Datasets:

tomekkorbak

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detoxify-pile-chunk3-6100000-6150000

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[ "I början av augusti kunde DT berätta att en 25-årig svensk-somalier från Borlänge åkt till Syrien för att ansluta sig till IS, Islamiska staten. ", "Ingen anade mannens radikala sympatier.", "\n\n– Jag vet vem han är. ", "Vi blev alla chockade över uppgiften. ", "Vi visste inget, säger Abdirashid - som också växt upp i Borlänge.", "\n\nUnder lördagskvällen arrangerade Borlänges Somaliska kulturförening på initiativ av projektet Navigator som drivs av Somaliska riksförbundet ett seminarium och möte mot våldsbejakande extremism. ", "150 svensk-somaliska ungdomar och föräldrar kom till mötet i Tjärna Ängar.", "\n\n– Information och kunskap för unga är viktigt. ", "Utan det kan någon \"falla över stupet\". ", "Radikaliseringen vi ser har inget med religionen att göra. ", "Det som de gör är fel, säger Abdirashid.", "\n\nUnder kvällen informerade projektet Navigator, som leds av Somaliska riksförbundet, om våldsbejakande extremism. ", "Föreläsare var religionshistorikern Abdirahman Hassan vid Uppsala universitet.", "\n\n– Allt vi kan göra för att motverka våld är bra. ", "Unga somalier vill bli en del av samhället. ", "Inte radikaliseras, säger Abdirashid Daud.", "\n\nNavigators projektledare Omar Ahmed håller med.", "\n\n– Det viktigaste vi somalier kan göra är att tala om saken, att acceptera att detta problem med radikalisering av våra unga finns. ", "Tidigare fanns en tystnadskultur. ", "Nu erkänner vi problemet. ", "Då kan vi som grupp konfrontera det och göra något åt det, säger han.", "\n\nHan ser situationen som en ödesfråga för den somaliska gruppen i Sverige.", "\n\n– Det handlar om vår framtid och integration i detta samhälle. ", "Om vi lyckas stoppa okunskapen om den våldsbejakande extremismen så kommer vi minimera riskerna för att någon ansluter sig till någon av terrororganisationerna, säger han.", "\n\nOmar Ahmed är övertygad om att informationsmötena, som Navigator ska genomföra under tre år, i landet har effekt. ", "Redan har möten hållits i Göteborg, Stockholm, Örebro och Ludvika.", "\n\n– Och nu i Borlänge. ", "Jag måste säga att inställningen här i Borlänge är beundransvärd. ", "Alla - vuxna och ungdomar - inser problemet och vill göra allt de kan för att stoppa radikaliseringen. ", "Vi ska vinna alla unga som annars hade åkt iväg. ", "Jag är full av tillförsikt, säger Omar Ahmed.", "\n\nSaid Sayeed från lokala Somaliska kulturföreningen är lika förhoppningsfull.", "\n\n– Vi här i Borlänge kommer aldrig ge oss. ", "Vi kommer inte vika en tum för att få stopp på radikaliseringen. ", "Det samma gäller annat som brott och droger. ", "Vi kommer inte sluta med detta möte. ", "Vi kommer fortsätta med fler. ", "Våra unga ska lyckas här i Sverige, säger Said Sayeed." ]

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[ "A scrappy toucan’s beak outlook is looking much better.", "\n\nGrecia, a Costa Rican toucan, is set to receive a prosthetic beak after his was mutilated during an attack by a group of young kids.", "\n\nGrecia’s story went viral throughout South America after he was attacked in January. ", "A social media campaign quickly emerged and sympathetic users donated $3,000 to help the injured toucan.", "\n\nFour companies in Costa Rica have since volunteered to make the bird’s prosthetic beak, which will be produced using 3D printing. ", "A 3D-printed prosthesis was created for a bald eagle in 2012, and a penguin in 2014, according to 3Dprint.com.", "\n\nCarmen Soto, the veterinarian looking after Grecia, told the BBC that the toucan is doing well. “", "The quantity he manages to eat on his own is very small, so we have to help him.”", "\n\nAnimal cruelty laws in South America are largely non-existent, making cases such as Grecia’s hard to prosecute. ", "But the executive director for the Humane Society International in Latin America, Cynthia Dent, said that social media has started to change that.", "\n\n“In the past we would only hear about it when there was a case reported in the press,” Kent said in an interview to AFP. “", "But now we have outraged people who take advantage of social media to highlight these cases of cruelty and join forces against them.”" ]

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[ "The present disclosure relates in general to stringed musical instruments, and in particular, to neck construction for a stringed musical instrument that incorporates a generally V-shaped locking mechanism.", "\nStringed musical instruments such as electric guitars and electric basses are widely used in the performance of modern popular music. ", "A typical stringed musical instrument includes a body, a neck extending from the body, and a headstock situated at the end of the neck. ", "A set of strings span between a bridge located on the body and a nut located on the neck adjacent to the headstock. ", "When strummed, plucked, picked or otherwise stroked, the strings vibrate producing sound.", "\nPresently, stringed musical instruments are produced in various body and neck configurations. ", "For instance, to expedite the manufacturing process, an instrument body can be manufactured separately from a corresponding neck. ", "During assembly, the neck is joined to the body." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nElement authentication does not contain element credentials\n\nNow I read a book \"ASP.NET MVC5\" by Freeman and I try to create authentification window. ", "But I've changed file Web.config like in the book and have error.", "\n<system.web>\n <customErrors mode=\"Off\" />\n <compilation debug=\"true\" targetFramework=\"4.5\"/>\n <httpRuntime targetFramework=\"4.5\"/>\n <authentication mode=\"Forms\">\n <forms loginUrl=\"~/Account/Login\" timeout=\"2880\" />\n <credentials passwordFormat=\"Clear\"> <!-- ", "Error -->\n <user name=\"admin\" password=\"secret\" />\n </credentials>\n </authentication>\n </system.web>\n\nError: authentication does not contain element credentials.", "\n\nA:\n\nYour credentials element should be within your forms element. ", "Something like:\n<authentication mode=\"Forms\">\n <forms loginUrl=\"~/Account/Login\" timeout=\"2880\">\n <credentials passwordFormat=\"Clear\"> <!-- ", "Error -->\n <user name=\"admin\" password=\"secret\" />\n </credentials>\n </forms>\n</authentication>als>\n\n" ]

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[ "/**\n * Copyright (c) 2011, The University of Southampton and the individual contributors.", "\n * All rights reserved.", "\n *\n * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,\n * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n *\n * * \tRedistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,\n * \tthis list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n *\n * *\tRedistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,\n * \tthis list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation\n * \tand/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n *\n * *\tNeither the name of the University of Southampton nor the names of its\n * \tcontributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this\n * \tsoftware without specific prior written permission.", "\n *\n * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND\n * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED\n * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE\n * DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR\n * ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES\n * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;\n * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON\n * ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS\n * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n */\n/**\n * \n */\npackage org.openimaj.audio.timecode;\n\nimport org.openimaj.audio.util.", "MusicUtils;\n\n/**\n *\tA standard MIDI-timecode that uses measures, beats and ticks. ", "A beat is\n *\tdetermined by the BPM of the track, while ticks is a given subdivision\n *\tof a beat. ", "Measures is based on the meter of the track.", "\n *\n *\t@author David Dupplaw (dpd@ecs.soton.ac.uk)\n *\t\n *\t@created 28 Nov 2011\n */\npublic class MeasuresBeatsTicksTimecode extends AudioTimecode\n{\n\t/** Most western music is in four-time */\n\tpublic int beatsPerMeasure = 4;\n\t\n\t/** Standard MIDI is generally 120 ticks per beat */\n\tpublic int ticksPerBeat = 120;\n\t\n\t/** Number of beats per minute */\n\tpublic float bpm = 140;\n\n\t/** At the given bpm, the number of milliseconds per beat */\n\tprivate int mpb = MusicUtils.millisPerBeat( bpm );\n\t\n\t/**\n\t * \tSets up a 4-time, 120 tick MBT timecode.", "\n\t *\t@param bpm\n\t */\n\tpublic MeasuresBeatsTicksTimecode( float bpm )\n\t{\n\t\tsuper( 0 );\n\t\tthis.bpm = bpm;\n\t\tthis.mpb = MusicUtils.millisPerBeat( bpm );\n\t}\n\t\n\t/**\n\t * \tCreate a specific timecode.", "\n\t * \n\t *\t@param bpm The number of beats per minute\n\t *\t@param measures The number of measures\n\t *\t@param beats The number of beats\n\t *\t@param ticks The number of ticks\n\t */\n\tpublic MeasuresBeatsTicksTimecode( float bpm, long measures, int beats, \n\t\t\tint ticks )\n\t{\n\t\tthis( bpm );\n\t\tint mpt = mpb / ticksPerBeat;\n\t\tsuper.milliseconds = mpb * ((measures*beatsPerMeasure)+beats) + \n\t\t\t(mpt*ticks);\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t *\tCreate a specific timecode in a different time signature.", "\n\t * \n\t *\t@param bpm The number of beats per minute\n\t *\t@param measures The number of measures\n\t *\t@param beats The number of beats\n\t *\t@param ticks The number of ticks\n\t *\t@param beatsPerMeasure The number of beats in a measure\n\t */\n\tpublic MeasuresBeatsTicksTimecode( float bpm, long measures, int beats, \n\t\t\tint ticks, int beatsPerMeasure )\n\t{\n\t\tthis( bpm );\n\t\tthis.beatsPerMeasure = beatsPerMeasure;\n\t\tint mpt = mpb / ticksPerBeat;\n\t\tsuper.milliseconds = mpb * ((measures*beatsPerMeasure)+beats) + \n\t\t\t(mpt*ticks);\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * \tReturns the number of measures.", "\n\t *\t@return The number of measures.", "\n\t */\n\tpublic long getMeasures()\n\t{\n\t\treturn (milliseconds / mpb) / beatsPerMeasure;\n\t}\n\t\n\t/**\n\t * \tReturns the number of beats.", "\n\t *\t@return The number of beats.", "\n\t */\n\tpublic int getBeats()\n\t{\n\t\treturn (int)(milliseconds / mpb) % beatsPerMeasure;\n\t}\n\t\n\t/**\n\t *\tReturns the number of ticks in the current beat. ", "\n\t *\t@return The number of ticks in the current beat.", "\n\t */\n\tpublic int getTicks()\n\t{\n\t\tfloat mpt = mpb / (float)ticksPerBeat;\n\t\treturn (int)(milliseconds / mpt) % ticksPerBeat;\n\t}\n\t\n\t/**\n\t *\t{@inheritDoc}\n\t * \t@see org.openimaj.audio.timecode.", "AudioTimecode#toString()\n\t */\n\t@Override\n\tpublic String toString()\n\t{\n\t\treturn getMeasures()+\":\"+getBeats()+\":\"+getTicks();\n\t}\n}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I enforce uniqueness on a combination of two columns in a database table?", "\n\nI have a simple database with two tables :\nCatalog (id_catalog, name ) \nProduct (id_product, name, quantity, id_catalog# )\nNone of those fields can be empty, so I put a NOT NULL constraint everywhere.", "\nBut I need that two products couldn't have the same name if they are in the same catalog. ", "How could I do that?", "\nI mean\n1, chocolat, 5, 1\n2, chocolat, 7, 2\n\nthose are OK because they are in two different catalogs, but :\n1, chocolat, 5, 1\n2, chocolat, 7, 1\n\nshould not be allowed, because I shouldn't accept chocolat twice in the same catalog.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can create a unique index to avoid inserting more than one row with the same couple (name, id_catalog#).", "\nCreate the table:\nSQL> create table Product(id_product number, name varchar2(10), quantity number, id_catalog# number);\n\nTable created.", "\n\nAdd an index :\nSQL> create unique index idx1 on Product (name, id_catalog#);\n\nIndex created.", "\n\nThis will work:\nSQL> insert into Product (id_product, name, quantity, id_catalog#) values (1, 'chocolat', 5, 1);\n\n1 row created.", "\n\nThis will not work:\nSQL> insert into Product (id_product, name, quantity, id_catalog#) values (2, 'chocolat', 7, 1);\ninsert into Product (id_product, name, quantity, id_catalog#) values (2, 'chocolat', 7, 1)\n*\nERROR at line 1:\nORA-00001: unique constraint (ALEK.IDX1) violated\n\nBut this will, due to different id_catalog#\nSQL> insert into Product (id_product, name, quantity, id_catalog#) values (2, 'chocolat', 7, 2);\n\n1 row created.", "\n\nSQL>\n\n" ]

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[ "Anonymous\n\nNot logged in\n\nSearch\n\nGoogle Summer of Code/Project Ideas\n\nNamespaces\n\nMore\n\nPage actions\n\nIf you want to work on computer-aided design (CAD), geometry, or graphics, you've come to the right place! ", "Help us improve open source CAD.", "\n\nWell prepared proposals from capable students have an outstanding chance of getting selected. ", "We consider proposals for all skill levels ranging from simple to crazy hard and everything in between. ", "Introduce yourself, and we'll help you plan one right for you.", "\n\nRemember that project descriptions are just initial ideas. ", "You must expand with considerably more detail. ", "Change the goals to fit your experience and interests. ", "See our checklist to get started.", "\n\nThis year, BRL-CAD is coordinating with five other communities that will get 1-2 students each to help bridge our work and encourage collaboration. ", "Projects that help exchange data or share code are desired!", "\n\nOpenSCAD: rich syntax, programmable geometry. ", "Lots of possibilities to make it interoperate with BRL-CAD and LibreCAD.", "\n\nThis year, we are most interested in topics that will immediately benefit BRL-CAD users. ", "Please align your proposal with one of the following three focus areas. ", "Talk with us at http://brlcad.zulipchat.com\n\nOpenCL GPGPU Spatial Partitioning Raytracing: We use a Bounding Volume Hierarchy (BVH) to reduce the amount of intersections we need to compute to render an image. ", "We need to replace this with a Kd-tree in order to be able to early terminate a render in models with high depth complexity. ", "This should speed up render speed significantly for those models (e.g. Goliath).", "\n\nOpenCL GPGPU Brep Raytracing: We need to support Brep NURBS raytracing over the GPU. ", "There is example CPU only code. ", "Execution on the GPU should significantly enhance rendering performance of these primitives.", "\n\nOpen Channel For Goods Using Optics +robotics concept:\nWe can Create A Tunnel Like way Where we can transport goods like We Transport data through seas Using Optics. ", "Only Need Is To make it automated with perfect coding for destination. ", "We can Do this with the help of Software+Mechanical Engineers. ", "Where coding and assembly plays important role..\nCoding can Be Done In General By C/c++ language which is Simpler\n\nLibreCAD is a free Open Source CAD application for Windows, Apple and Linux. ", "Support and documentation is free from our large, dedicated community of users, contributors and developers.", "\nPlease refer to LibreCAD GSoC 2018 ideas for more detailed description.", "\n\nSTEP Coverage Test: Write a program that links against STEPcode and generates a STEP output instantiating every entity for a given schema. ", "Goal is a comprehensive program and data file for testing STEP import/export.", "\n\nSTEP Source Code Documentation: We already use doxygen, but could do much better. ", "Improve code documentation and utilize additional doxygen features such as topic pages. ", "Add a 'make doxygen' target to invoke doxygen.", "\n\nSTEP Viewer: STEP is a common CAD file format supported by just about every major CAD system. ", "Given we have an importer and an interface for displaying geometry, a stand-alone STEP file viewer has some great potential.", "\n\nPort the GUI to C++: The GUI is currently coded in Perl using wxWidgets and our goal is to have it ported to C++. ", "The wxWidgets API is almost identical between Perl and C++, so it's an easy task. ", "There are a couple things where we use the dynamic features of Perl which are trickier and interesting to port.", "\n\nFix bugs of the Boost.", "Voronoi library: The good but unmaintained Boost.", "Voronoi library has a couple minor issues affecting Slic3r's results. ", "Interesting task for learning the Voronoi algorithm and how to troubleshoot a computational geometry issue. #", "2948\n\nRefactor the TriangleMesh class and support non-solid walls: Replace the internal mesh representation (currently based on admesh) using an existing 3D mesh library or implementing a half-edge structure; only use admesh for fixing models. ", "Keep non-solid walls and slice them as single paths. ", "Bonus: import SVG paths and position them freely using the GUI for printing as single extrusions. #", "3560#3523\n\nWrite a Slic3r plugin for Grasshopper: Expose Slic3r functionality as many separate components that can be plugged in larger GH definitions (for example: slice a NURBS model in GH and feed the slices to the toolpath generation process in order to skip mesh generation, or provide flow calculation for people driving 5-axis robots with custom motion). ", "This requires a fair amount of design work.", "\n\nGSoC Path/Robot Integration: Path is the CNC/CAM workbench. ", "It currently lacks any simulation capability. ", "Robot workbench is a tool for simulating industrial robots. ", "Extend Path and Robot workbenches to support simulation of CNC operations in the Robot workbench.", "\n\nBRL-CAD operates under group mentorship. ", "That means you can contact anyone, not just the person assigned to you, for assistance. ", "The mailing list and IRC channel are the preferred communication methods." ]

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[ "Former Pakistan captain Azhar Ali has decided to quit ODIs and focus only on Tests going forward. ", "He had mostly been out of Pakistan's ODI plans in recent months, having last played the format in January 2018 against New Zealand. ", "Azhar never played T20 internationals.", "\n\nHis last major contribution came in the Champions Trophy last year when he scored 59 in the final against India after a 50 against the same opponents in the league stage and 76 against England in the semi-final. ", "He was dropped after the New Zealand tour earlier this year to be replaced by Imam-ul-Haq, who has scored three centuries and as many half-centuries in 10 innings since the Zimbabwe tour in July.", "\n\n\"I haven't taken this decision suddenly, I have been thinking about it,\" Azhar said at a press conference in Lahore. \"", "It's the right time to focus on Tests. ", "There have been terrific players in one-dayers in the Pakistan set-up. ", "I want to concentrate on Tests with the same fitness and energy that I have been.", "\n\n\"I didn't decide to retire after any hard feelings, it's my personal decision. ", "I want to focus on Tests with full energy and improve my career record there. ", "I don't have any regrets because I always gave all my efforts.", "\n\n\"As a former captain, I wish the team very best for an important season ahead before the World Cup next year. ", "I fully support Sarfraz [Ahmed]. ", "He has been leading them very well.\"", "\n\nAzhar will end his ODI career with 53 matches to his name. ", "He scored 1845 runs at an average of 36.90, with three centuries and 12 half-centuries.", "\n\nUnder Azhar's leadership - he last captained in ODIs in January 2017 - Pakistan slipped to a record-low ninth in the ODI rankings. ", "Pakistan won only four out of ten bilateral series under him (against Sri Lanka, West Indies, Zimbabwe and Ireland), tying one and losing five.", "\n\n\"It was tough [leading Pakistan],\" Azhar said. \"", "I had to take some tough decisions. ", "Initially, people were not accepting my captaincy. ", "We then lost the first series against Bangladesh 3-0. ", "But the support staff and the board helped me a lot and built the team. ", "After that I started to enjoy even when in tough situations. ", "Captaining a Pakistan side is never easy.\"", "\n\nWhile congratulating Azhar on his ODI career, PCB chairman Ehsan Mani said, \"He captained in a time of transition for the national team and did well both as a leader and batsman.", "\n\n\"Azhar remains an integral part of Pakistan's Test team. ", "I am confident that he will continue to serve the team with distinction.\"" ]

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[ "explain\n-------------------------------\nSELECTION(6)\n => Search Cond: default.a.r_name (TEXT) < default.b.c_name (TEXT)\n JOIN(7)(RIGHT_OUTER)\n => Join Cond: default.a.r_regionkey (INT4) = default.b.c_custkey (INT4)\n => target list: default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4), default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)\n => out schema: {(11) default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4), default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)}\n => in schema: {(11) default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4), default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)}\n SCAN(1) on default.customer as b\n => target list: default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)\n => out schema: {(8) default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)}\n => in schema: {(8) default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)}\n SCAN(0) on default.region as a\n => target list: default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4)\n => out schema: {(3) default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4)}\n => in schema: {(3) default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4)}\nexplain\n-------------------------------\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nExecution Block Graph (TERMINAL - eb_0000000000000_0000_000004)\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n|-eb_0000000000000_0000_000004\n |-eb_0000000000000_0000_000003\n |-eb_0000000000000_0000_000002\n |-eb_0000000000000_0000_000001\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nOrder of Execution\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n1: eb_0000000000000_0000_000001\n2: eb_0000000000000_0000_000002\n3: eb_0000000000000_0000_000003\n4: eb_0000000000000_0000_000004\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n=======================================================\nBlock Id: eb_0000000000000_0000_000001 [LEAF]\n=======================================================\n\n[Outgoing]\n[q_0000000000000_0000] 1 => 3 (type=HASH_SHUFFLE, key=default.a.r_regionkey (INT4), num=32)\n\nSCAN(0) on default.region as a\n => target list: default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4)\n => out schema: {(3) default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4)}\n => in schema: {(3) default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4)}\n\n=======================================================\nBlock Id: eb_0000000000000_0000_000002 [LEAF]\n=======================================================\n\n[Outgoing]\n[q_0000000000000_0000] 2 => 3 (type=HASH_SHUFFLE, key=default.b.c_custkey (INT4), num=32)\n\nSCAN(1) on default.customer as b\n => target list: default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)\n => out schema: {(8) default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)}\n => in schema: {(8) default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)}\n\n=======================================================\nBlock Id: eb_0000000000000_0000_000003 [ROOT]\n=======================================================\n\n[Incoming]\n[q_0000000000000_0000] 1 => 3 (type=HASH_SHUFFLE, key=default.a.r_regionkey (INT4), num=32)\n[q_0000000000000_0000] 2 => 3 (type=HASH_SHUFFLE, key=default.b.c_custkey (INT4), num=32)\n\nSELECTION(6)\n => Search Cond: default.a.r_name (TEXT) < default.b.c_name (TEXT)\n JOIN(7)(RIGHT_OUTER)\n => Join Cond: default.a.r_regionkey (INT4) = default.b.c_custkey (INT4)\n => target list: default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4), default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)\n => out schema: {(11) default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4), default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)}\n => in schema: {(11) default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4), default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)}\n SCAN(10) on eb_0000000000000_0000_000002\n => out schema: {(8) default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)}\n => in schema: {(8) default.b.c_acctbal (FLOAT8), default.b.c_address (TEXT), default.b.c_comment (TEXT), default.b.c_custkey (INT4), default.b.c_mktsegment (TEXT), default.b.c_name (TEXT), default.b.c_nationkey (INT4), default.b.c_phone (TEXT)}\n SCAN(9) on eb_0000000000000_0000_000001\n => out schema: {(3) default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4)}\n => in schema: {(3) default.a.r_comment (TEXT), default.a.r_name (TEXT), default.a.r_regionkey (INT4)}\n\n=======================================================\nBlock Id: eb_0000000000000_0000_000004 [TERMINAL]\n=======================================================\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.001868695137090981 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to get the last and first special chars of a string?", "\n\nI got a few string in an list:\nList<string> mylist = new List<string>();\nmylist.", "Add(\"_+hello[]_\");\nmylist.", "Add(\"_+how||\");\nmylist.", "Add(\"_+are,,\");\nmylist.", "Add(\"||you=_\");\nmylist.", "Add(\"_+doing\\\"_\");\n\nI want to get the last and first special chars (+,_[]=\") all in in array.", "\nstring[,] array = new string[5,2]\n\nmy array should look something like this on the end:\n_+ AND [] _\n_+ AND ||\n_+ AND ,,\n|| AND =_\n_+ AND \"_\n\nDoes anyone knows how to do this? ", "\nThanks in advance\n\nA:\n\nYou seem to want to split with alphanumeric chars. ", "Since \\w matches alphanumeric or underscore chars, you can subtract the _ form it and use it with Regex.", "Split:\nRegex.", "Split(str, @\"[\\w-[_]]+\")\n\nSee this regex demo\nOr\nRegex.", "Split(str, @\"[^\\W_]+\")\n\nHere is a regex demo\nThe [^\\W_] matches any char that is not a non-word char (that is, it matches any \\w) and not a _ (so, any \\w except _ that otherwise would get matched).", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "To the Editor: Pituitary disease is a group of pituitary gland disorders, including pituitary adenoma and other lesions, in the sellar region.\\[[@ref1]\\] Typical endocrine symptoms and mass effects are likely to have harmful results on patients, families, and society. ", "Pituitary databases of various sizes and focuses have been established in the USA and Europe.\\[[@ref2][@ref3][@ref4]\\] The vast territory, unbalanced economic development, uneven medical access, bias in awareness of the disease, and unsatisfactory data collection techniques have seriously affected the prognosis of patients with pituitary disease in China.\\[[@ref2]\\] The China Pituitary Disease Register Network (CPDRN) was established in 2015 as the first multicenter, nationwide pituitary disease registry in China, aiming to resolve the abovementioned problems.\\[[@ref5]\\] This article describes the establishment process and demographic baseline of the CPDRN.", "\n\nThe CPDRN was administered by the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) in 2015 and is accessible on the internet ([www.cpdrn.cn](http://www.cpdrn.cn)). ", "As of February 2018, 32 provincial and national hospitals throughout China, which are all members of the Chinese Pituitary Adenoma Collaboration Group, have been enlisted. ", "These are large pituitary centers performing over 100 pituitary operations annually.", "\n\nThe system is composed of software specifically designed based on the B/S structure and a database based on SQL Server 2012 software; the system can thereby support the automated data integration from third-party systems, including hospital information systems (HIS), laboratory information systems, radiology information systems, and electronic patient records. ", "Case report forms (CRFs) were designed by the China Pituitary Adenoma Specialist Council.", "\n\nThe database permits patients who have undergone pituitary surgery and have been pathologically diagnosed since 2015 to be entered prospectively; the database also allows patient data to be entered retrospectively for cases diagnosed before 2015, via electronic medical records. ", "The earliest case registered was diagnosed in 1978. ", "Diagnoses include 14 categories of pituitary diseases.", "\n\nPatients\\' demographics, diagnosis, initial evaluation, follow-up evaluation, details of treatment, and posttreatment evaluation have been uploaded. ", "Laboratory and imaging findings included hormonal data, pituitary image findings, and visual acuity plus field. ", "Treatment details included surgery, pathological results (pathological type, Ki-67, immunohistochemical staining, vimentin, CD34, p53, etc.), ", "medical treatment, and radiotherapy. ", "All clinical data were recorded in unified units. ", "Data monitoring was done in the following two steps: an automatic logical audit carried out by software and a manual review carried out by experienced physicians.", "\n\nWe characterized the CPDRN patients according to their baseline demographics. ", "Data were exported from the CPDRN database as Microsoft Excel files and were statistically analyzed using SPSS for Windows Version 22.0 (IBM Corp., NY, USA). ", "Mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum values were calculated.", "\n\nBy March 2018, 14,414 patients from 32 centers were included in the analysis, among whom 42.78% (6167/14,414) were men and 57.22% (8247/14,414) were women, with the majority being Han Chinese (9282/9564, 95.99% among those recorded). ", "The diagnosis dates ranged from 1978 to 2018, and age at diagnosis followed a normal distribution, with a mean age at initial diagnosis of 44.2 ± 14.3 years and a follow-up time of 0.58 (0--35.68; median \\[range\\]) years.", "\n\nThe CPDRN database includes patients from 33 out of 34 of China\\'s provinces. ", "Among these, North China had the most patients (4215, 41.31%), while South China had the least patients (250, 2.45%). ", "The geographical distribution of patients after 2008 gradually extended from North China to the other regions, consistent with an increasing number of centers.", "\n\nFourteen categories of pituitary disease were included in the CPDRN database. ", "Pituitary adenoma was the most common diagnosis (14,193, 98.47%), among which nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma accounted for the largest proportion. ", "Prolactin-secreting adenomas accounted for 15.02% of the total, which is lower than previously reported (44--59%). ", "The initial treatment of prolactin-secreting adenomas was dopaminergic agonists, rather than neurosurgery.\\[[@ref6]\\] Adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting adenomas accounted for approximately 12.28% of all pituitary adenomas in the CPDRN, which is higher than the 1--7% reported in Finland; this outcome is related to PUMCH\\'s expertise in Cushing\\'s disease, which affects patients\\' choice of hospital.\\[[@ref6]\\] Craniopharyngioma (95, 0.66%), Rathke\\'s clef cysts (74, 0.51%), hypophysitis (6, 0.04%), germinoma (3, 0.02%), pituitary carcinoma (44, 0.31%), and diabetes insipidus (1, 0.01%) were in the minority diagnoses, while no cases of histiocytosis have been entered in the registry \\[[Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}\\].", "\n\n###### \n\nEtiological characteristics of patients from the CPDRN (*N*=14,412)\n\n Etiology Male Female Total \n -------------------------------- ------ -------- ------- ------ ------ ------ -------\n Growth Hormone-Secreting Tumor 1377 40.0 1654 42.6 41.4 3031 21.03\n Prolactin-Secreting Tumor 640 40.3 1492 33.4 35.5 2132 14.79\n Gonadotropin-Secreting Tumor 368 53.7 170 52.3 53.3 538 3.73\n ACTH-Secreting Tumor 349 33.1 1394 36.7 36.0 1743 12.09\n Thyrotropin-Secreting Tumor 58 40.5 73 42.9 41.9 131 0.91\n NFPA 3063 51.2 3089 49.1 50.2 6152 42.68\n MEN 211 47.2 255 42.0 44.3 466 3.23\n Hypophysitis 4 51.5 2 41.0 47.6 6 0.04\n Rathke\\'s Cleft Cyst 22 50.5 52 45.3 46.9 74 0.51\n Craniopharyngioma 47 35.6 48 35.1 35.3 95 0.66\n Pituitary Carcinoma 25 48.0 19 41.1 45.1 44 0.31\n Germinoma 1 13.0 2\\* 17.0 38.3 3 0.02\n Diabeted insipidus 1^†^ 45.0 45.0 1 0.01\n\nCPDRN: China Pituitary Disease Register Network; ACTH: Adrenocorti cotrophic hormone; NFPA: Nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma; MEN: Multiple endocrine neoplasia. ", "\\*One of the germinoma patients was diagnosed Rathke\\'s cleft cyst at the same time. ", "^†^Diagnosed Rathke\\'s cleft cyst at the same time.", "\n\nThe registry is multicenter based instead of population based, and epidemiological data, including incidence and prevalence rates, cannot be obtained. ", "Selection bias arises because those who volunteer to participate in a registry or who attend a specialty clinic that provides registry data may not be representative of the true population. ", "Analytic techniques may be required to account for biases or for the complex sampling schemes encountered when using registry data. ", "Other discrepancies come from variations in data quality acquired from the different centers. ", "A total of 11,444 patients have no follow-up records, which points out insufficiencies in data collection. ", "Requiring a follow-up plan being entered into the database after uploading the initial treatment is a promising solution. ", "With a timespan from 1978 to 2018, the database contains changes not only in diagnostic criteria but also in diagnostic tools and all other aspects of medical care. ", "Thus, we collected clinical data based on well-defined CRFs, including laboratory tests, imaging findings, and pathologic results, to make it possible to include cases with the original evidence.", "\n\nIn conclusion, as the first nationwide multicenter pituitary disease registry database, the CPDRN has effectively formed a network among Chinese centers to support the excellent medical treatment of pituitary disease; these centers now can serve the entire population and function at terminals or webnodes to recruit further neurosurgery and endocrinology centers from their respective parts of China.", "\n\nDeclaration of patient consent {#sec2-1}\n==============================\n\nThe authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate consent forms from all patients. ", "By signing the form, the patients have given their consent for their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. ", "The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.", "\n\nFinancial support and sponsorship {#sec2-2}\n=================================\n\nThis study was supported by a grant from the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. ", "7182137).", "\n\nConflicts of interest {#sec2-3}\n=====================\n\nThere are no conflicts of interest.", "\n\nWe would like to thank the following hospitals, as well as all of our colleagues who contributed patients to the registry.", "\n\nThe following are sorted by total number of patients registered: Huashan Hospital, Second Hospital of Zhejiang University, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, and West China Medical Center of Sichuan University; these institutions are listed as authors for their contribution of abundant medical records for the CPDRN. ", "Additionally, we thank the following hospitals for their efforts: Anhui Provincial Hospital, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Southwest Hospital Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Hospital Third Military Medical University, Tangdu Hospital Third Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital Third Military Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Guizhou Provincial People\\'s Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, First Hospital of Jilin University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ruijin Hospital, Renji Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People\\'s Hospital, Wuxi Second People\\'s Hospital, Tongji Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, First Hospital of China Medical University, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.", "\n\n**Edited by:** Peng Lyu\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nYii2: How to set default attribute values in ActiveRecord?", "\n\nThis may seem like a trivial question, however all of the obvious solutions that I can think of have their own flaws.", "\nWhat we want is to be able to set any default ActiveRecord attribute value for new records only, in a way that makes it readable before and during validation and does not interfere with derived classes used for search.", "\nThe default values need to be set and ready as soon as we instantiate the class, so that (new MyModel)->attr returns the default attr value.", "\nHere are some of the possibilities and the problems they have:\n\nA) In MyModel override the init() method and assign default value when isNewRecord is true like so:\npublic function init() {\n if ($this->isNewRecord) {\n $this->attr = 'defaultValue';\n }\n parent::init();\n}\n\nProblem: Search. ", "Unless we explicitly unset our default attribute in MySearchModel (very error-prone because it is too easy to forget), this will also set the value before calling search() in the derived MySearchModel class and interfere with searching (the attr attribute will already be set so search will be returning incorrect results). ", "In Yii1.1 this was resolved by calling unsetAttributes() before calling search(), however no such method exists in Yii2.", "\nB) In MyModel override the beforeSave() method like so:\npublic function beforeSave($insert) {\n if ($insert) {\n $this->attr = 'defaultValue';\n }\n return parent::beforeSave();\n}\n\nProblem: Attribute is not set in unsaved records. (", "new MyModel)->attr is null. ", "Worse yet, even other validation rules that rely on this value will not be able to access it, because beforeSave() is called after validation. ", "\nC) To ensure the value is available during validation we can instead override the beforeValidate() method and set the default values there like so:\npublic function beforeValidate() {\n if ($this->isNewRecord) {\n $this->attr = 'defaultValue';\n }\n return parent::beforeValidate();\n}\n\nProblem: Attribute is still not set in unsaved (unvalidated) records. ", "We need to at least call $model->validate() if we want to get the default value.", "\nD) Use DefaultValidator in rules() to set a default attribute value during validation like so:\npublic function rules() {\n return [\n [\n 'attr', 'default',\n 'value' => 'defaultValue',\n 'on' => 'insert', // instantiate model with this scenario\n ],\n // ...\n ];\n}\n\nProblem: Same as B) and C). ", "Value is not set until we actually save or validate the record.", "\n\nSo what is the right way to set default attribute values? ", "Is there any other way without the outlined problems?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere's two ways to do this.", "\n$model => new Model();\n\nNow $model has all the default attributes from the database table.", "\nOr in your rules you can use:\n[['field_name'], 'default', 'value'=> $defaultValue],\n\nNow $model will always be created with the default values you specified.", "\nYou can see a full list of core validators here http://www.yiiframework.com/doc-2.0/guide-tutorial-core-validators.html\n\nA:\n\nThis is a hangup with Yii's bloated multi-purpose ActiveRecords\nIn my humble opinion the form models, active records, and search models would be better off split into separate classes/subclasses\nWhy not split your search models and form models?", "\nabstract class Creature extends ActiveRecord {\n ...\n}\n\nclass CreatureForm extends Creature {\n\n public function init() {\n parent::init();\n if ($this->isNewRecord) {\n $this->number_of_legs = 4;\n }\n }\n}\n\nclass CreatureSearch extends Creature {\n\n public function search() {\n ...\n }\n}\n\nThe benefits of this approach are\n\nYou can easily cater for different validation, set up and display cases without resorting to a bunch of ifs and switches\nYou can still keep common code in the parent class to avoid repetition\nYou can make changes to each subclass without worrying about how it will affect the other\nThe individual classes don't need to know about the existence of any of their siblings/children to function correctly\n\nIn fact, in our most recent project, we are using search models that don't extend from the related ActiveRecord at all\n\nA:\n\nI know it is answered but I will add my approach.", "\nI have Application and ApplicationSearch models. ", "In Application model I add init with a check of the current instance. ", "If its ApplicationSearch I skip initializations.", "\n public function init()\n { \n if(!$this instanceof ApplicationSearch) \n {\n $this->id = hash('sha256', 123);\n }\n\n parent::init();\n }\n\nalso as @mae commented below you can check for existence of search method in current instance, assuming you didn't add any method with name search to the non-search base model so the code becomes:\n public function init()\n { \n // no search method is available in Gii generated Non search class\n if(!method_exists($this,'search')) \n {\n $this->id = hash('sha256', 123);\n }\n\n parent::init();\n }\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\n2006 G35 - Body shop installed wrong front bumper\n\nAfter getting run off the road a few weeks ago, my car suffered a cracked front bumper, and received a complementary boot-shaped, softball-sized dent above the driver's wheel. ", "So, I called the insurance company, who sent me to a Caliber Collision location.", "\nWhen I got the car back, I noticed:\n\nThey installed the wrong bumper. ", "My car is equipped with a sport suspension package, which includes, among other things, a different front bumper cover (spoiler, different shaped vents, etc.). ", "The car has all the marks of that package, including orange stitching on the wheel, misc. ", "body trim components and, of course, different shocks. ", "\nThey installed the wrong bumper incorrectly. ", "There is now a gap of about 0.75\" between the bumper and driver's headlight. ", "The rep who went over the car with me said that they had to use aftermarket parts for the repairs, and couldn't get it to fit. (", "This may have something to do with them installing the wrong bumper.)", "\nThe paint is already flaking on the edge of the bumper closest to the driver's door. (", "I picked up the car less than 24 hours ago.)", "\n\nThe body shop has said that they can't have installed the wrong bumper because they \"Go by the VIN.\" ", "While it is not inconceivable that the previous owner swapped the bumper (he is a good friend of mine, and not the type to modify a car in any way), I doubt that the steering wheel, seat covers and suspension would also have been changed.", "\nThe Questions\nWhat recourse do I have since the shop seems unwilling to correct their shoddy work? ", "I'm not having much luck going through my insurance company.", "\nIs there a way to look at the car (VIN, etc.) ", "and tell what option package(s) it came with? ", "\n\nA:\n\nDon't accept \"no\" for an answer. ", "\nThe company you are dealing with has a lifetime warranty on their repairs:\n\nBecause Caliber places such importance on the high quality of our materials and workmanship, we are confident in our repairs. ", "That’s why we back all of our repair work with a written lifetime warranty. ", "If there’s ever something in relation to your repair that needs to be corrected, you can bring your vehicle to any one of our convenient locations for a quick fix.", "\n\nThis also implies to satisfaction as well.", "\nTake them to task. ", "Don't accept the repair as is. ", "If you are talking to the service manager, take it to the manager of the store. ", "This shop is advertised as a Nissan/Infinity Certified Collision Repair Network shop, which means they should have known the difference in your car and repair it accordingly. ", "What they are trying to do is attempting to get you to accept their mistake so as to save themselves money. ", "\nIf the manager doesn't want to make it right, start a campaign against them using any/all social media available, including Yelp/Google which they ask you to respond on.", "\nNext, go back to the insurance company you dealt with telling them you are not happy with the repair, telling them nicely the shop is trying to screw you over. ", "The shop will respond to the insurance company due to the fact they stand the chance of losing business from the insurance company, which is a huge chunk of their business.", "\nNext, take it to your insurance company, especially if you have full coverage insurance on the car. ", "When you tell them what is going on, they will contact either the other insurance company and/or the repair shop (for the same reasons as above). ", "Your insurance company does not want to insure a \"lesser\" car than what they started with. ", "Most companies will help you get satisfaction.", "\nIf all else fails, have a lawyer write a letter to the repair company telling them litigation is incoming if they fail to repair (haha, using an Army term there, lol) what they were paid to repair and to do it right this time.", "\nMore than likely, you won't need to follow this entire process. ", "Somewhere along the line, they will agree to finish the repair correctly. ", "Hopefully it will happen sooner rather than later. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMeaning of \"plus\" ($+$) index\n\nSo I came across a notation I can't remember seeing, or at least not in such context. ", "I have looked around and asked a few people unsuccessfully. ", "It is from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.11572.pdf and the line, or at least the part of the line that I don't know about\n$$\n\\lambda\\cdot\\mathbb{E} \\left[ (||\\nabla_x\\Psi_\\Theta(X)||-1)^2_+\\right],\n$$\nwhere I don't know what the $+$ index would refer to. ", "Would somebody have seen that notation?", "\n\nA:\n\nAs @copper.hat notes, a common notation is$$(x)_+:=\\max\\{0,\\,x\\}=\\frac{x+|x|}{2},\\,(x)_-:=\\min\\{0,\\,x\\}=\\frac{x-|x|}{2}.$$The corollaries$$(x)_++(x)_-=x,\\,(x)_+-(x)_-=|x|$$motivates this notation. ", "Further, $(x)_+$ is common in machine learning as a rectifier.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Weißenberg\n\nWeißenberg () is a town in the district of Bautzen, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. ", "It is located 11 km north of Löbau, and 16 km east of Bautzen.", "\n\nNotable people \n Pawoł Nedo (1908–1984), educator and anthropologist Sorbian, Chairman of the Domowina\n Benno von Heynitz (1924–2010), resistance fighter and lawyer, founder of Bautzen Committee e. V. and the Bautzen Memorial\n Wolfgang Beyer, city historian and former director of the outpatient clinic\n\nIn fiction\nIn James P. Hogan's science fiction novel The Proteus Operation, Weißenberg was the location of a time machine in Nazi Germany.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Towns in Saxony\nCategory:Bautzen (district)\nCategory:Kingdom of Saxony\nCategory:Bezirk Dresden" ]

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[ "Antonio de la Torre (actor)\n\nAntonio de la Torre Martín (born 18 January 1968) is a Spanish actor. ", "He has appeared in more than eighty films since 1993.", "\n\nSelected filmography\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\nCategory:1968 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Spanish male film actors\nCategory:People from Málaga\nCategory:Best Supporting Actor Goya Award winners" ]

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[ "Let your fun side free with these beautiful flare bottom pants! ", "Totally trendy right now, these pants are perfect for spring and summer! ", "Pair these with a simple tank and a sun hat for a fun beachy look or a fancier tank for a more sophisticated look. ", "You'll love the cool feel of these bad boys." ]

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[ "Chromaffin cell F-actin disassembly and potentiation of catecholamine release in response to protein kinase C activation by phorbol esters is mediated through myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate phosphorylation.", "\nThe large majority of chromaffin vesicles are excluded from the plasma membrane by a cortical F-actin network. ", "Treatment of chromaffin cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate produces disassembly of cortical F-actin, increasing the number of vesicles at release sites (Vitale, M. L., Seward, E. P., and Trifaró, J. M. (1995) Neuron 14, 353-363). ", "Here, we provide evidence for involvement of myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS), a protein kinase C substrate, in chromaffin cell secretion. ", "MARCKS binds and cross-links F-actin, the latter is inhibited by protein kinase C-induced MARCKS phosphorylation. ", "MARCKS was found in chromaffin cells by immunoblotting. ", "MARCKS was also detected by immunoprecipitation. ", "In intact or permeabilized cells MARCKS phosphorylation increased upon stimulation with 10(-7) m phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. ", "This was accompanied by cortical F-actin disassembly and potentiation of secretion. ", "MARCKS phosphorylation, cortical F-actin disassembly, and potentiation of Ca(2+)-evoked secretion were inhibited by a peptide (MARCKS phosphorylation site domain sequence (MPSD)) with amino acid sequence corresponding to MARCKS phosphorylation site. ", "MPSD was phosphorylated in the process. ", "A similar peptide (alanine-substituted phosphorylated site domain) with four serine residues of MPSD substituted by alanines was ineffective. ", "These results provide the first evidence for MARCKS involvement in chromaffin cell secretion and suggest that regulation of cortical F-actin cross-linking might be involved in this process." ]

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[ "The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is the major integrative center within the brainstem for cardiovascular homeostasis. ", "The NTS receives primary input from a variety of cardiovascular afferents such as arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, somatic and visceral afferents. ", "This information is integrated and via projections to the rostral and caudal ventro-lateral medulla (controlling efferent sympathetic activity) and to the ambiguous complex (controlling efferent parasympathetic activity), reflex control of autonomic nerve activity occurs. ", "Integration of primary afferent information in the NTS can also be markedly affected by descending projections from higher central structures such as specific nuclei within the hypothalamus which have reciprocal connections with the NTS. ", "The NTS neurons contain a rich vocabulary of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators which may affect NTS integration and therefore control of the cardiovascular system. ", "Recently, we and others have shown that adenosine markedly affects NTS integration and thus can elicit profound changes in cardiovascular control. ", "Adenosine levels in the NTS can rise via at least two distinct mechanisms, 1) during cerebral ischemia as occurs, for example, during marked hypotensive hemorrhage or high gravitational stress, and 2) via the breakdown of ATP released as a neurotransmitter or co-transmitter. ", "Adenosine, acting pre-synaptically via both A1 or A2a receptors can modulate the extent of neurotransmitter release. ", "Our previous studies strongly support the concept that different neurotransmitters/neuromodulators operating in the NTS are distinctly linked to specific patterns of regional cardiovascular and sympathetic responses archetypal for specific physiological and pathological situations. ", "A key observation is the unique role of adenosine in the activation of pre-ganglionic adrenal sympathetic nerve activity which innervates the adrenal medulla. ", "NTS adenosine receptor mediated activation of the adrenal medulla likely aids in the restoration of homeostasis during stress as well as likely contributes to the distinct cardiovascular patterns of the defense response. ", "This competing renewal application is focused on 1) determining the mechanisms mediating the responses to stimulation of NTS adenosine receptor subtypes and 2) the role of adenosine receptors in the NTS in modulating cardiovascular responses from descending pathways and ascending peripheral inputs. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMaror and vinegar at the Seder?", "\n\nMay the horseradish used for maror be put in vinegar after grating it on Erev Yom Tov and still be used for the mitzvah?", "\nMy understanding is that it may not be done. ", "\nIs that the case? ", "If so, how do you prevent the horseradish from becoming oxidized (brown) by the seder? ", "\n\nA:\n\nNo, it can not be used because if it's in vinegar for longer than 24 hours it's considered cooked. ", "And even less than that is not good since the surface is \"cooked\".", "\nBuy Mason Jars - they are airtight and excellent for this. ", "Walmart/Target/etc sell them by the case and they are pretty cheap - about $1 per jar.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Epifanes Wood Finish Gloss Varnish\n\nEpifanes Wood Finish Gloss varnish works especially well on Teak wood. ", "No sanding between coats is required. ", "This is the perfect alternative to traditional varnish as it eliminates all that sanding and repetitive care.", "\n\nPhenolic based resins, tung oil, and UV inhibitors build quickly for a high gloss finish with long lasting beauty on teak and other fine hard woods. ", "Formulated for extraordinary protection, even in tropical climates, Epifanes Wood Finish Gloss is also recommended as a sealer and filler for wood.", "\n\nTemperatures should be between 50 degrees F and 85 degrees F for application, with air humidity below 85 percent. ", "Avoid varnishing in too much sun or wind, a rapid loss of solvents will occur under these conditions and will decrease the flowing ability. ", "Epifanes Wood Finish Gloss is compatible with most other types of one-component alkyd or urethane based varnishes and over two-component varnishes.", "\n\n2014-12-09ANNIE PAYTON asked:How many square feet or square inches will one can of this varnish cover?", "\n\n+Expand Answers\n\n2014-12-09Rick White:A 1000ml can of Epifanes WF will do about 80 sq ft per coat.", "\n\n2014-10-19BRUCE ZENONE asked:Can this work on high quality maple surfaces?", "\n\n+Expand Answers\n\n2014-10-19BENJAMIN BUEHLER:I used it on my high quality mahogany interior on my 1967 Cal. ", "I thinned it out and sprayed on 5 coats. ", "By sanding a little in between I made the entire interior of my boat shine like glass. ", "It's a large area and that's why I sprayed. ", "The bulkheads are all solid mahogany too. ", "This was an awesome product and I very much recommend it.", "\n\n2014-10-19RALPH KIMBALL:Always used it on Teak but no reason why it wouldn't be just as good on Maple. ", "Love the no sand feature.", "\n\n2014-10-19WAYNE BEARDSLEY:It's an excellent varnish so I don't see why not. ", "It is important to thin the first few coats so that the varnish sinks into the wood and gets a good grip.", "\n\n2014-10-20CHARLES RAMEY:Yes, I have used this product to finish burl walnut dash wood in a Jaguar with great results.", "\n\n2014-10-21Bruce Zenone:Thanks, Charles.", "\n\n2014-10-14CARL ENFIELD asked:I am having an infestation of carpenter bees on the underside of pine roof decking. ", "Will Epifanes Wood Finish Gloss Varnish provide a sufficiently hard surface to stop the boring of the bees into the wood? ", "If so, how many coats are required?", "\n\n+Expand Answers\n\n2014-10-14LLOYD CLARKE:No. ", "I have had same bees. ", "And solution is poison in holes. ", "Google it.", "\n\n2014-10-14ALLEN COBB:Not sure about this material working to stop carpenter bees.", "\n\n2014-10-15darwin aurand:Carpenter bees will not penetrate newly applied Gloss Epifanes, however, it has been my experience that the soft pine will become more vulnerable to penetration after two to three years unless fresh coats are applied annually.", "\nIn doing restoration on pine and cedar carvings with carpenter bee penetration, it is not unusual to have their chambers drilled four to six inches into the core of the wood. ", "Carpenter bees do us a great benefit pollinating trees and plants in a world with shrinking bee populations, but people must understand their damaging capabilities.", "\n\n2014-10-19RALPH KIMBALL:I doubt it. ", "They go through paint with no issue so I don't see why varnish would stop them.", "\n\n2014-09-10A shopper asked:Is it a good idea to put a coat of Epifanes Clear gloss Varnish over the Woodfinish Gloss?", "\n\n+Expand Answers\n\n2014-09-10JAMES MCKINNELL:I do multiple coats of wood finish gloss followed clear gloss to give UV protection. ", "I have been using this system for years with very good results\n\n2014-09-10DAVID RICCIARDI:I've done it for a couple of seasons and it looks great, adding to the \"wet look.\" ", "Whether or not it improves durability more than another coat of WFG, I have no idea.", "\n\n2014-09-10ANNE SAVINO:We used it on wood table tops for our restaurant. ", "It's maintained the surface for 3 seaaeon's use.", "\n\n2014-09-10WAYNE BEARDSLEY:I think the Clear Gloss has slightly better appearance but in my opinion the WFG looks just fine by itself as long as you have enough coats (preferably 10 or so).", "\n\n2014-09-08HOWARD DAMBROSE asked:What is the best way to remove it if it didn't completely adhere or harden, and now has\"bubbles\" where it has been pushed?", "\n\n+Expand Answers\n\n2014-09-08AUSTIN CLARK:Let it fully dry, then sand off completely and start over. ", "Make sure the wood is fully clean before reapplying. ", "It sounds like you had adhesion problems. ", "It may take a while to dry....\n\n2014-09-09DANIEL WROBLESKI:environment wrong too hot too wet\nsurface may noy have been preped with sanding\nSand to bear wood and try again\n\n2014-09-10WAYNE BEARDSLEY:Best way to remove old varnish is with a heat gun and a scraper. ", "Removal by sanding is painfully slow. ", "There is an excellent book which describes all of this and more:\n\"Brightwork: The Art of Finishing Wood\"\n\n2014-08-08JIM KENYI asked:can it be put over acrylic paint on exterior like a birdhouse to protect paint surface.?", "\n\n+Expand Answers\n\n2014-08-08RALPH MCBRAYER:Waste of money.", "\n\n2014-08-08DAVID LIND:Varnish is not normally used to protect paint. ", "A good quality paint will last longer than varnish. ", "You would be much better off painting the birdhouse with good quality polyurethane paint like Interlux Brightsides (single part) or Interlux Perfection (two part poly, the best). ", "Pettit and yes Epifanes also make excellent poly paints.", "\n\n2014-08-13PATRICK MCNAMARA:The epifanes varnish is quite elastic and thus softer than indoor varnishes to permit wood movement with humidity/temperature, and has top rate UV protection.. It should help protect just about any other finish outside from weather, but it is not real hard.", "\n\n2014-04-17ROBERT REESE asked:This product label in the picture doesn't look quite the same as my can. ", "My can says \" Especially for teak...Epifanes and in white \"woodfinish gloss (high gloss, U.V. protection fast build, easy build\".", "\nIs this the same product?", "\n\n+Expand Answers\n\n2014-04-17JONATHAN RAAB:Yes, it's especially good on teak--but I've used it on a variety of other woods, always with great results. ", "The beauty of this varnish is that you don't have to sand between coats if applied within 1-3 days from prior application.", "\n\n2014-04-07KIOWA SIBLEY-CUTFORTH asked:Do I need to apply a coat of CPES before applying the Epifanes Varnish? ", "Or is it the other way around? ", "Thanks!", "\n\n+Expand Answers\n\n2014-04-07KEN LORING:I used thinned varnish first and second coats per the directions. ", "IT looks great and it has held up outside for two seasons.", "\n\n2014-04-07Kiowa Sibley-Cutforth:Thanks so much for your response! ", "Do you know about how many ml cans are necessary per square foot of coverage?", "\n\n2014-04-07KEN LORING:No,\nIt depends on the wood and the amount of sanding required to get a second and third coat. ", "The first coat raises the grain, if you want a smooth finished product you sand down most of the first coat. ", "3M sanding blocks are my choice for this work\n\n2014-04-07DANIEL WROBLESKI:DO NOT KNOW WHAT CPES IS?", "\nBare would should be prepared with a sealer or increasing strenghs of epifanes varnish. ", "Wood finish can be used over varnish, between coats\nof varnish or alone. ", "Advantage is that there is no sanding between coats if less than 24 hours\n\n2014-04-08RONALD ROHRBACH:I am using the Epifanes on mahogany railings on my ocean front beach home. ", "I just apply layer after layer as is, works wonderfully. ", "If you are doing something fine on a boat, I would ask someone else.", "\n\n2014-04-08GERALD WADLEY:No, you do not need to use CPES. ", "Just dilute the Epiphanes varnish by 50% for the first coat. ", "This will allow penetration and provide the necessary sealing.", "\n\n2014-02-21FRED SHERRIFF asked:Is this the best base for an 8 coat exterior marine finish and if so how many coats can you apply without sanding?", "\n\n+Expand Answers\n\n2014-02-21RONALD ROHRBACH:I use the version that requires no sanding. ", "But, I am using this for a mahogany railing about 200 feet worth on my oceanfront home. ", "It produces a great result.", "\n\n2014-02-21ROBERT MEIMBRESSE:Not sure what you are referring to (base coat). ", "If you mean sealer, two coats thinned 15% then full strength. ", "I did 14 coats . ", "Sanding every 3 with 320 grit. ", "Any finer will not give something for the varnish to hold to. ", "In between coats should be done within 24 hours or you will have to sand in between coats.", "\nIf you stain or I'll sealer should be something with a different base ie lacquer,I used cpes then varnished. ", "I rolled on with foam roller and tipped with good quality 2\" foam brush. ", "Key is good quality. ", "I think Jamestown has 2 types.", "\n\n2014-02-21TIMOTHY DOW:Hi Fred,\nWe do a ton of bright work in our shop and I have to say that in the last couple years we have been using Awlspar varnish instead with tremendous success. ", "We usually coat twice between sandings and have seen great UV resistance. ", "My experience with Epifanes was good, but again I find Awlspar superior\nTim Dow\nNorEaster Marine Services\nChatham,MA\n\n2014-02-21KEN LORING:I used it on a 1948 Chrysler Town and Country restoration. ", "The directions say to thin the first and second coats and sand lightly between each coat. ", "Follow the directions and you will be very happy with the results.", "\nI also used it on teak outdoor furniture with good results.", "\n\n2013-09-20KEVIN REED asked:I have used your clear varnish for several years on an outdoor railing made of ipe wood. ", "Can I switch to this wood finish gloss varnsh on it without sanding between coats ? ", "Or should I continue with the clear varnish ? ", "Thanks\n\n+Expand Answers\n\n2013-09-20GREG HOPKINS:The clear varnish has more UV filters than wood finish gloss. ", "Outdoor environment is tougher on UV. ", "I'd stick to the epiphane clear even though its a little more work to sand between coats.", "\n\n2013-10-13PATRICK MCNAMARA:I am unsure of the answer, however I always sand between coats if they have completely dried. ", "Epiphanes says their clear varnish has the most UV protection, and wood finish is warmer in color I believe.", "\n\nI started varnishing a 23' Pearson Ensign and a Chesapeak Lightcraft kayak with Interlux brand varnishes. ", "I was very discouraged by the brush strokes remaining in the dryed finish and the dull/dry spots left due to the wet edge being very quick setting. ", "I switched to Bristol Finish two part system and was thoroughly disgusted by gummy material applied. ", "It couldn't be sanded and would not apply evenly. ", "I then switched to Epifanes. ", "I sanded all of above down, applied 3 coats of Wood Gloss finish followed by 1 coat of Gloss Varnish. ", "-Every- coat went on smooth and easy with results looking better at each coat. ", "Light sanding before applying the last coat of varnish. ", "Done deal.", "I will no longer use any other product line except Epifanes.", "\n\nI used Epifanes paint and varnish on my nearly complete sailboat,COQUINA, that I've built over the last several years ....I decided to use the best finishes available after spending years working on my boat!", "\n\nCan there exist a more satisfying finish than well-varnished teak? ", "I think not! ", "This alternative to tradtional varnishes (which require sanding between each coat, unlike this product which does not) puts on a beautiful glossy finish and is pretty straightforward in use. ", "Sand before initial coat and thin to specifications with their thinner but BE CERTAIN to heed their instructions regarding the maximum 72 hour window for recoating or you'll end up with a milky coat that must be sanded down and you'll lose the time you saved. ", "With that caveat aside the product seems terrific.", "\n\nI bought this primarily because of the no sanding between coats. ", "This was of interest to me because I needed something to put on Adirondack chairs that were obviously going to be outside. ", "I had previously used the clear high gloss varnish but the sanding between coats was a real chore because of all the slats that go to make up a chair. ", "The wood finish went on very and looked good after only 3 coats although I put on 5 coats for extra protection. ", "Interesting enough was the fact that the directions on the can said that for maximum protection topcoat with several coats of the clear high gloss varnish.", "\n\nGreat product for build coats. ", "Too thick from can, must add thinner. ", "If applying in the tropics use 333 as the thinner and it won't dry too quickly, leaves a very smooth finish when applied with a quality badger bristle brush. ", "I usually seal the teak first with a few coats of Smith's CPES, then use this for the build coats so I don't need to sand between layers, then do two top coats of Epifanes Clear, sanding between. ", "You get a mirror finish when done.", "\n\nSelected this based on a Practical Sailor review. ", "Was not disappointed. ", "Preparation is key, mixing with thinner in reasonable ratios (not necessarily exact) works really well. ", "Used on trim and large flat areas. ", "With just 4 coats or more, looked great all season, even through blazing sunshine. ", "Changed the way my boat looks.", "\n\nI apply thinned preliminary coats as advised on the can, wet sanding between coats using 320 grit with mineral spirits lubricant. ", "Sometimes the finish is slow to dry on the edge of ebony fingerboards and painting a little Japan dryer on the wood or first coat of finish there with a Q-tip solves this problem. ", "If the final coat is thinned, it is easier to rub out. ", "Incredibly durable and the instruments sound great.", "\n\nI use this product on numerous tropical hardwoods, usually after having applied tung oil (and let dry completely) and it gives an excellent finish. ", "Gives a depth and warmth to the wood with excellent clarity and a nice feel to the touch. ", "Quite thick requiring dilution, which means that there is a lot of solids unlike the domestic products, and a good deal of coverage.", "\n\nI have been using this product ever since I bought my boat. ", "I use on all the exterior teak on my boat and follow up 6 or 8 coats with a finish coat of Epifanes clear varnish. ", "This gives a beautiful gloss finish. ", "I start with a first coat thinned with 10 to 20% penetrol and thinner." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Liverpool captain Gerrard: Devastating if Suarez left for Arsenal\n\nArsenal are still the only club to have tabled an offer and Gerrard says allowing him to move to the Emirates is unthinkable - even if they match Liverpool's £55million valuation.", "\n\nGerrard told the Liverpool Echo: \"If he goes to Arsenal, it obviously makes our season that bit more difficult,\" he said. \"", "It strengthens them an awful lot and they are our rivals for a top four position. ", "From the club's point of view it doesn't make sense at all, no matter how much money is put on the table.", "\n\n\"Luis wants Champions League but so do I. If he was to stay around for 12 months and we achieved a top four finish, there is no better place in the world to play Champions League football than in front of an Anfield crowd.", "\n\n\"You only have to walk around this training ground to see some of the quotes from top players and top managers around the world when they talk about atmospheres on a Champions League night. ", "Surely, you want to play Champions League with Liverpool rather than anyone else." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nEndometrial stromal tumors are rare tumors that originate from the endometrial stroma, accounting for \\<2% of all cases of uterine tumor ([@b1-ol-0-0-10409],[@b2-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "According to clinical, pathological and genetic characteristics, the Fourth Edition of the World Health Organization classification in 2014 ([@b1-ol-0-0-10409]) divided endometrial stromal tumors into the following four categories: Endometrial stromal nodule, undifferentiated uterine sarcoma, high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) and low-grade ESS.", "\n\nLow-grade ESS is a rare malignant interstitial tumor, which often occurs in females between 40 and 55 years old ([@b3-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "Low-grade ESS is an inert tumor with slow growth that has a favorable prognosis ([@b4-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "In patients with low-grade ESS, 30--50% of cases present with extrauterine spread at the time of the diagnosis ([@b3-ol-0-0-10409],[@b5-ol-0-0-10409]--[@b7-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "Distant metastases may develop even if the primary tumor is resected, and the most common location of distant metastases is the lungs, with a reported incidence rate of 7 to 28% ([@b8-ol-0-0-10409]).", "\n\nPulmonary metastasis of low-grade ESS can manifest as various patterns on computed tomography (CT) images of the chest, which may cause difficulties in making a diagnosis ([@b8-ol-0-0-10409]--[@b12-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "Clinical trials and data on the pulmonary metastasis of low-grade ESS are extremely limited. ", "The present study reports one case of pulmonary metastasis of low-grade ESS that was treated at the Chinese PLA General Hospital. ", "In addition, previous literature on the pulmonary metastasis of low-grade ESS was reviewed by searching the PubMed database for pulmonary metastases of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. ", "The clinical manifestations, imaging data, pathological features, treatment and prognosis of these cases (the present case and the reported cases retrieved from PubMed) were retrospectively analyzed to investigate the clinical and pathological features, and enhance the awareness of pulmonary metastases in patients with low-grade ESS.", "\n\nCase report\n===========\n\nA 55-year-old female was admitted to Chinese People\\'s Liberation Army General Hospital (Beijing, China) in March 2017 due to a nodule in the left lung that had been present for 1 year along with recurrent chest tightness, and chest pain that had been occurring for 6 months. ", "In November 2015, the patient had undergone a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy to remove low-grade ESS. ", "A pulmonary nodule (4 mm) was identified in the left upper lobe on the chest CT scan during the perioperative period, but the patient did not receive any treatment. ", "The patient had experienced chest tightness, shortness of breath and chest pain since August 2016, and the chest CT scan revealed right-sided pneumothorax. ", "The patient was treated with closed thoracic drainage and the pneumothorax subsequently improved. ", "The patient experienced pneumothorax a further three times over the following 6 months. ", "The nodule in the left lung was enlarged and multiple thin-walled cysts in the bilateral lung fields were detected in February 2017.", "\n\nThe patient was admitted to the hospital for further diagnosis and treatment following an existing diagnosis of cystic lung disease and a nodule in the left lung. ", "The physical examination was unremarkable. ", "No moist or dry rales were heard on either side. ", "The heart and abdominal examinations were negative. ", "The superficial lymph nodes were not palpable. ", "The laboratory examination demonstrated a normal white blood cell count. ", "The levels of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin were within normal limits. ", "However, the level of tumor marker cancer antigen 125 was increased compared with the normal levels. ", "The chest CT scan revealed a solid nodule (2×2.5 cm) in the left upper lung and multiple thin-walled cysts in the bilateral lung fields ([Fig. ", "1](#f1-ol-0-0-10409){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was performed in March 2017 to make a further diagnosis. ", "Consequently, resections of the solid nodule (2.5×2×0.8 cm) from the upper lobe ([Fig. ", "2A](#f2-ol-0-0-10409){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and the apex of the left lung, including the thin-walled cysts ([Fig. ", "2B](#f2-ol-0-0-10409){ref-type=\"fig\"}), were performed.", "\n\nFor histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the resected lung nodule, the material from the surgical specimen was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (cat. ", "no., ", "HT 501128; Sigma-Aldrich; EMD Millipore) for 24 h, at room temperature, embedded in paraffin, cut into 4 µm-thick sections, and then hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were performed.", "\n\nIn H&E staining, paraffin lung nodule sections were deparaffinized in 2 changes of xylene, 10 min each, at room temperature. ", "Sections were re-hydrated in 2 changes of alcohol for 5 min each. ", "Alcohol series were as follows: 95% alcohol for 2 min and 70% alcohol for 2 min. ", "After washing in running tap water for 5 min, sections were stained with hematoxylin solution (cat, no., ", "3095771; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for 5 min, at room temperature. ", "After washing in water for 5 min, lung nodule sections were differentiated in 1% acid alcohol for 30 sec and washed with running tap water for 1 min. ", "Slides were stained with 5% eosin solution (cat, no. ", "318906; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for 1--3 min, at room temperature. ", "After washing in running tap water for 5 min, lung nodule was dehydrated through 95% alcohol, 2 changes of absolute alcohol for 5 min each. ", "Finally, lung nodule sections were cleared in 2 changes of xylene for 5 min each, and mounted with xylene based mounting medium. ", "H&E staining reaction was observed using a standard light microscope (Leica, DM2000; magnification 10×10; Leica Microsystems GmbH).", "\n\nIn IHC staining, the EnVision two-step immunohistochemical staining technique ([@b13-ol-0-0-10409]) was used and the visualization system was 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB). ", "Sections were dewaxed and hydrated. ", "After endogenous peroxidase blocking with EnVision Flex^+^ (cat, no., ", "K8002; Dako; Agilent Technologies, Inc.) for 5 min, at room temperature, the sections were incubated with primary antibodies at an optimal dilution ([Table I](#tI-ol-0-0-10409){ref-type=\"table\"}), for 30 min, at room temperature. ", "After washing with PBS for 10 min, the sections were incubated with a secondary antibody EnVision™ (cat, no., ", "K8009; Dako; Agilent Technologies, Inc.) for 30 min at room temperature. ", "After being washed with water, signal visualization was performed with 3--3′diaminobenzidine DAB medium (D7034; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), for 5 min at room temperature. ", "Finally, the sections were washed and mounted. ", "The immunohistochemical reaction was interpreted using a standard light microscope (Leica, DM2000; magnification 10×10; Leica Microsystems GMBH).", "\n\nUpon pathological examination, the resected lung nodule was determined to be a short spindle cell malignant tumor. ", "Hematoxylin and eosin staining indicated a proliferation of oval or spindle cells and scattered arterioles ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-ol-0-0-10409){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Immunohistochemical examinations of the tumor tissues revealed that they were strongly positive for cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR). ", "Furthermore, the tumor cells demonstrated positivity for vimentin and Bcl-2, and were negative for α-smooth muscle actin, desmin, creatine kinase (CK), S-100 and inhibin ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-ol-0-0-10409){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The immunophenotype supported metastatic stromal sarcoma of the uterus. ", "A cystic specimen was observed in the left upper lobe of the lung and the wall of the cyst was covered with oval cell tumors. ", "The cystic specimen was positively immunoreactive for ER, PR and CD10 ([Fig. ", "4](#f4-ol-0-0-10409){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The results of the histological and immunohistochemical examinations of both the resected lung nodule and the thin-walled cyst specimens demonstrated that the low-grade ESS (the original uterine tumor) had metastasized to the lungs.", "\n\nAfter establishing the diagnosis, treatment with megestrol was initiated, which was administered orally at a dose of 320 mg/day. ", "Following 2 months of treatment, a number of the small cysts disappeared, although the majority of them remained unchanged. ", "To date, the patient has continued with the megestrol regimen and no new pulmonary metastatic lesions have been identified.", "\n\nLiterature review\n=================\n\n### Materials and methods\n\nThe PubMed database was searched using 'pulmonary metastases of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma' as the key phrase and the full text results were downloaded. ", "The inclusion criteria were as follows: i) Female patients (without age restriction) with a history of pathologically confirmed low-grade ESS; ii) pathologically confirmed pulmonary metastasis of low-grade ESS that had occurred at the time of the initial diagnosis of low-grade ESS or during follow-up; ii) the article contained clear and specific descriptions of the symptoms, imaging data, pathological features, treatment and prognosis; and ii) the article was published in English. ", "No date limit was applied. ", "Duplicate reports and those that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded.", "\n\nA total of 35 cases described in articles that were retrieved from the PubMed database were included in the present study ([@b8-ol-0-0-10409]--[@b12-ol-0-0-10409],[@b14-ol-0-0-10409]--[@b26-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "The present study retrospectively analyzed the clinical manifestations, imaging data, pathological features, treatment and prognosis of the 36 cases of pulmonary metastases of low-grade ESS, which include the 35 reported cases and the present case. ", "The 36 cases are summarized in [Table II](#tII-ol-0-0-10409){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nThe 36 patients diagnosed with low-grade ESS had an age range of 28--65 years. ", "Among them, 25 patients (69.4%) were initially diagnosed with low-grade ESS, and 11 patients (30.6%) were initially misdiagnosed as not having low-grade ESS and then received a modified diagnosis of low-grade ESS during treatment. ", "A total of 9 patients (25%) had undergone a hysterectomy and bilateral adnexal resection, 25 patients (69.4%) had undergone a hysterectomy alone, 1 patient (2.8%) had undergone tumor resection and 1 patient (2.8%) had no history of surgery as the patient refused surgery. ", "Pulmonary metastases were identified in 5 patients (13.9%) at the time of diagnosed with low-grade ESS, and in 31 patients (86.1%) following gynecological surgery. ", "The time period from confirmation of low-grade ESS to lung metastases was 1.5--27 years.", "\n\nOf the 36 patients with pulmonary metastases of low-grade ESS, dyspnea was experienced by 9 patients (25.0%), chest pain was reported by 8 patients (22.2%), pneumothorax was identified in 7 patients (19.4%), coughing was experienced by 6 patients (16.7%), hemoptysis was presented by 2 patients (5.6%) and 18 patients (50%) were asymptomatic. ", "The most common pulmonary symptom reported was dyspnea, followed by chest pain, pneumothorax and coughing.", "\n\nAmong the 36 patients with pulmonary metastases of low-grade ESS, 18 patients (50%) presented with multiple pulmonary nodules, 6 patients (16.7%) had a solitary nodule or mass, 6 patients (16.7%) exhibited cystic lesions and 2 patients (5.6%) had a reticular formation. ", "Furthermore, 2 patients (5.6%) had multiple nodules with pleural effusion, 2 patients (5.6%) exhibited multiple pulmonary nodules with cystic lesions, 1 patient (2.8%) presented with a solitary nodule with cystic lesions and 1 patient (2.8%) had multiple nodules with cystic lesions and cavities.", "\n\nThe histology results for the 36 patients with pulmonary metastases of low-grade ESS demonstrated that the lung lesions were composed of short spindle cells arranged in ill-defined whorls that were centered on numerous uniform arterioles. ", "The neoplastic cells were small with unremarkable nuclear features and sparse cytoplasm. ", "One tumor contained areas of fibroblastic differentiation. ", "Epithelioid features characterized by sex cord-like differentiation were observed in 3 patients. ", "The immunohistochemical results revealed strong diffuse immunoreactivity for ER and PR in almost all of the cases of pulmonary metastasis. ", "There was positive immunoreactivity for CD10 and vimentin and negative immunoreactivity for CD45, CK and S-100 in the majority of the specimens.", "\n\nPulmonary surgery in the form of a wedge resection and/or lobectomy was performed in 21 patients. ", "Among them, 5 patients received hormonal therapy following pulmonary surgery and 3 patients received chemotherapy following pulmonary surgery. ", "A total of 8 patients received hormonal therapy only and 2 patients received chemotherapy only. ", "Only 1 patient received chemotherapy following hormonal therapy. ", "In total, 4 patients did not receive any treatment.", "\n\nFollow-up data were available for 33 patients. ", "Among them, 6 patients succumbed to the disease. ", "A total of 14 were alive with no evidence of disease and 13 were alive with evidence of stable disease.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe present study describes the case of a female with metastatic low-grade ESS who presented with simultaneous cystic and solitary nodular lesions via chest CT imaging. ", "The patient had undergone a hysterectomy for low-grade ESS of the uterus 1.5 years previously. ", "The simultaneous presentation of cystic and nodular lesions made the diagnosis problematic. ", "VATS was conducted for further diagnosis and, consequently, resections of the solid nodule and the apex of the left lung, including the thin-walled cysts, were performed. ", "The pathological examination of the resected lung specimens revealed a proliferation of tumor cells with oval-shaped nuclei in both the nodular portion and the cystic lesions. ", "The cystic and solitary nodular lesions were considered to be pulmonary metastasis of low-grade ESS.", "\n\nTo investigate the clinical and pathological features, and enhance the awareness of pulmonary metastases in patients with low-grade ESS, the 35 previously reported cases identified in the literature and the current case were further reviewed. ", "Among these cases, the interval from hysterectomy to the identification of pulmonary metastasis ranged from 1.5 to 27 years. ", "Patients with pulmonary metastases of low-grade ESS usually have no specific symptoms. ", "A number of patients have pulmonary metastasis at the initial diagnosis of low-grade ESS and this may be accompanied by corresponding respiratory symptoms ([@b3-ol-0-0-10409],[@b6-ol-0-0-10409],[@b7-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "In the present study, the most common pulmonary symptom was dyspnea, followed by chest pain, pneumothorax and coughing. ", "Asymptomatic pulmonary metastases were identified in 50% of the patients.", "\n\nPulmonary metastasis of low-grade ESS can manifest as various patterns on CT scans ([@b8-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "The present study identified that the most common pattern of pulmonary metastatic low-grade ESS was multiple pulmonary nodules, which was observed in 50% of the patients reviewed. ", "Unusual presentations identified in the present study included a solitary nodule, bilateral reticulonodular infiltrates and spontaneous pneumothoraces associated with predominantly cystic lesions. ", "Although the majority of patients possessed multiple nodules, 16.7% presented with a solitary nodule. ", "Therefore, if a patient has a history of low-grade ESS, the presence of a solitary nodule on a chest CT scan should be closely monitored for lung metastasis. ", "Cystic metastases were identified in 16.7% of the patients with pulmonary metastasis of ESS that were reviewed in the present study. ", "The thin-walled cysts may have been caused by the proliferation of ESS cells in the airways. ", "Tumor invasion in the bronchial valve leads to pulmonary cysts. ", "A solitary nodule and cysts are individually known to reflect pulmonary metastasis of low-grade ESS; however, the coexistence of these imaging features is rare and can contribute to difficulty in making a diagnosis ([@b8-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "The present study reports a case of metastatic low-grade ESS that simultaneously presented cystic and solitary nodular lesions via a chest CT scan. ", "The mechanism underlying the coexistence of multiple lesions requires investigation.", "\n\nAt present, the diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis of low-grade ESS is based on the histopathological results ([@b1-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "Histology is used to confirm that the pulmonary metastasis has the pathological features of low-grade ESS. ", "Microscopically, low-grade ESS tumor cells are small and consistently shaped, with short fusiform nuclei, swirled around spiral arteriole-like vessels ([@b1-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "Tumor cells are similar to endometrial stromal cells in the proliferative phase, with minimal cell atypia and usually low mitotic activity (\\<5 mitoses/10 high power fields). ", "The typical microscopic feature of the tumor is tongue-like invasion of the muscular layer and lymphatic vessels ([@b8-ol-0-0-10409]).", "\n\nImmunohistochemical analysis of low-grade ESS reveals positive expression of CD10, ER and PR. ", "CD10 exhibits high sensitivity and poor specificity, and requires staining with more than two smooth muscle markers, including desmin, SMA or h-caldesmon, to make a definite diagnosis ([@b1-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "As low-grade ESS can be accompanied by smooth muscle differentiation, smooth muscle markers may be focal positive ([@b8-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "Hwang *et al* ([@b27-ol-0-0-10409]) revealed that the combined application of CD10, ER, PR, h-caldesmon and transgelin successfully distinguishes low-grade ESS from uterine leiomyosarcoma; the identification of positive expression of CD10, ER and PR, and negative expression of h-caldesmon and transgelin increases the diagnostic accuracy for low-grade ESS.", "\n\nPrevious studies have expanded the understanding of the molecular features of ESS. ", "In low-grade ESS, the most common chromosomal translocation is t(7;17)(p15;q21), which results in the fusion of JAZF1 and SUZ12 genes ([@b28-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "Other gene fusions include JAZF1-PHF1, EPC1-PHF1, MEAF6-PHF1, ZC3H7-BCOR and MBTD1-CXorF67 ([@b29-ol-0-0-10409]--[@b32-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "These cytogenetic changes may be associated with pathogenesis, and can be detected by fluorescence *in situ* hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. ", "These aforementioned molecular features may contribute to the diagnosis of morphologically unclear cases.", "\n\nAt present, the treatment for patients with low-grade ESS predominantly consists of surgery ([@b33-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "The basic surgery for stage I--II low-grade ESS involves a total hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy, while patients with advanced stage (III--IV) low-grade ESS can be treated with tumor cell inactivation therapies. ", "Postoperative adjuvant therapies for low-grade ESS can be of great value. ", "The 2016 National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines for Uterine Tumors ([@b34-ol-0-0-10409]) recommend that only observation or hormone therapy should be conducted in patients with stage I low-grade ESS, hormone therapy with or without tumor-targeted radiotherapy should be performed in patients with stages II--IVA, and hormone therapy with or without palliative radiotherapy should be conducted in those with stage IVB.", "\n\nLow-grade ESS has a high reoccurrence rate, and the optimal treatment for low-grade ESS with pulmonary metastasis has not yet been established. ", "It has been reported that patients could benefit from further surgery, including the resection of distant metastatic lesions ([@b35-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "In the cases reviewed in the present study, the surgeries were performed in the form of wedge resection and/or lobectomy, and the majority of patients exhibited a good prognosis. ", "As low-grade ESS is sensitive to hormone therapy, hormone therapy is also recommended for patients with low-grade ESS that has recurred ([@b34-ol-0-0-10409],[@b36-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "The recommended hormone therapy drugs include megestrol, medroxyprogesterone and aromatase inhibitors, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs can also be used ([@b34-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "Due to the lack of prospective studies, the optimal dosage, drugs and treatment time of hormone therapy are not clear. ", "Low-grade ESS demonstrates a low response rate to chemotherapy, so chemotherapy is only considered when hormone therapy is ineffective ([@b33-ol-0-0-10409]). ", "In addition, previous studies have reported a number of potential therapeutic targets for low-grade ESS, including platelet-derived growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and histone deacetylases ([@b37-ol-0-0-10409]); however, their clinical value requires further investigation and confirmation.", "\n\nIn conclusion, the present study reports a case of pulmonary metastatic low-grade ESS that simultaneously presented as cystic and solitary nodular lesions. ", "The coexistence of these imaging features therefore indicates pulmonary metastasis of low-grade ESS. ", "The literature review demonstrated that pulmonary metastases of low-grade ESS are not common but should be disregarded. ", "The clinical manifestations are not specific and diagnosis is often difficult. ", "The combination of clinical history, imaging results and histological findings is essential for the diagnosis of low-grade ESS with pulmonary metastasis. ", "A combination of surgery and adjuvant therapy may improve the treatment outcome. ", "As a rare disease, there is a lack of large sample research data on low-grade ESS, and the optimal treatment strategy requires further investigation.", "\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nFunding\n=======\n\nNo funding was received.", "\n\nAvailability of data and materials\n==================================\n\nAll data generated or analyzed during the present study are included in this published article.", "\n\nAuthors\\' contributions\n=======================\n\nYX and ZL made substantial contributions to the analysis and interpretation of patient data, and YX was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. ", "XG made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study. ", "Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed by JG. ", "YL performed the pathological examination. ", "XS made contributions to the acquisition of imaging data. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nEthics approval and consent to participate\n==========================================\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nPatient consent for publication\n===============================\n\nThe patient provided written informed consent for publication.", "\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nESS\n\n: endometrial stromal sarcoma\n\nCT\n\n: computed tomography\n\nVATS\n\n: video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery\n\nCD10\n\n: cluster of differentiation 10\n\nER\n\n: estrogen receptor\n\nPR\n\n: progesterone receptor\n\nSMA\n\n: α-smooth muscle actin\n\nCK\n\n: creatine kinase\n\n{#f1-ol-0-0-10409}\n\n{#f2-ol-0-0-10409}\n\n{#f3-ol-0-0-10409}\n\n{#f4-ol-0-0-10409}\n\n###### \n\nPrimary antibodies used in immunohistochemical analysis.", "\n\n Antibody Dilution Catalogue number Supplier\n ---------- ---------- ------------------ -------------------------------------\n CD10 1:00 ab227659 Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA\n ER 1:50 sc787 Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA\n PR 1:50 sc810 Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA\n Vimentin 1:200 ab92547 Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA\n Bcl-2 1:50 sc509 Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA\n Inhibin 1:50 ab14087 Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA\n Desmin 1:50 sc23879 Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA\n α-SMA 1:200 A5228 Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA\n CK 1:100 Ab108388 Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA\n S-100 1:800 ab52642 Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA\n\nCD10, cluster of differentiation 10; ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; CK, creatine kinase.", "\n\n###### \n\nInformation for the 35 patients with pulmonary metastasis of LGESS identified by literature review and the current case.", "\n\n Author, year Case no. ", " Diagnosis Age at diagnosis of LGESS, years Gynecological surgery Time from confirmation of LGESS to lung metastases, years Respiratory symptoms Radiological findings Treatment Follow-up (Refs.)", "\n ------------------------ ---------- ----------- ---------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------- -----------------------\n Kim *et al*, 2004 1 LGESS 33 Hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo- oophorectomy 4 Dyspnea Multiple micronodules Chemotherapy and hormonal therapy Alive with evidence of disease ([@b10-ol-0-0-10409])\n Satoh *et al*, 2003 2 LGESS 34 Hysterectomy 11 Asymptomatic Multiple nodules Lobectomy Alive with ([@b14-ol-0-0-10409])\n evidence of \n disease \n Murakami *et al*, 2014 3 LGESS 46 Hysterectomy 11 Pneumothoraces Multiple nodules, Partial Alive with ([@b15-ol-0-0-10409])\n cavitary lesions resection no evidence \n and multiple thin- and hormonal of disease \n walled cysts therapy \n Miyamoto *et al*, 2009 4 LGESS 45 Hysterectomy 23 Asymptomatic One mass Lobectomy Alive with ([@b16-ol-0-0-10409])\n and two nodules no evidence \n of disease \n Lim *et al*, 2010 5 LGESS 30 Hysterectomy Prior to Asymptomatic Multiple nodules Hormonal Alive with ([@b17-ol-0-0-10409])\n and bilateral surgery therapy no evidence \n salpingo- of disease \n oophorectomy \n Mahadeva *et al*, 1999 6 LGESS 39 None At the same Dyspnea, Fine reticular None Succumbed ([@b18-ol-0-0-10409])\n time as the pneumothoraces shadowing to the \n diagnosis of disease \n LGESS \n Inayama *et al*, 2000 7 LGESS 43 Hysterectomy 25 Dry cough Multiple bilateral None Succumbed ([@b12-ol-0-0-10409])\n nodules to the \n disease \n Akhavan *et al*, 2012 8 LGESS 39 Hysterectomy 4 Asymptomatic Multiple Chemotherapy Alive with ([@b19-ol-0-0-10409])\n bilateral nodules evidence of \n disease \n Binesh *et al*, 2013 9 LGESS 50 Hysterectomy and Prior to Dyspnea, cough, Two masses None Succumbed ([@b20-ol-0-0-10409])\n bilateral salpingo- surgery blood-tinged to the \n oophorectomy sputum disease \n Kang *et al*, 2014 10 LGESS 35 Myomectomy 7 Asymptomatic Multiple bilateral Wedge Alive with ([@b21-ol-0-0-10409])\n nodules resection and evidence of \n chemotherapy disease \n Abrams *et al*, 1989 11 LGESS 34 Hysterectomy 27 Asymptomatic A cystic nodule Wedge Alive with ([@b11-ol-0-0-10409])\n resection no evidence \n of disease \n 12 LGESS 33 Hysterectomy and Prior to surgery Hemoptysis, Multiple cysts Chemotherapy Succumbed \n bilateral salpingo- pneumothoraces to the \n oophorectomy disease \n Itoh *et al*, 1997 13 LGESS 42 Hysterectomy 16 Pneumothoraces Multiple Wedge resection Unknown ([@b9-ol-0-0-10409])\n dry cough thin-walled \n cysts \n Ota *et al*, 2002 14 LGESS 48 Hysterectomy and 10 Asymptomatic Multiple bilateral Segmentectomy Alive with ([@b22-ol-0-0-10409])\n bilateral salpingo- nodules no evidence \n oophorectomy of disease \n Steele *et al*, 1968 15 LGESS 35 Hysterectomy 5 Chest pain, An opacity Pneumonectomy Succumbed to ([@b23-ol-0-0-10409])\n wheezing the disease \n Nakamura *et al*, 2016 16 LGESS 52 Hysterectomy and 6 Asymptomatic A mass Hormonal Alive with ([@b24-ol-0-0-10409])\n bilateral salpingo- therapy, evidence of \n oophorectomy surgery and disease \n chemotherapy \n Chong *et al*, 2014 17 LGESS 65 Hysterectomy and Prior to Dyspnea, Hematoxylin Hormonal Unknown ([@b25-ol-0-0-10409])\n bilateral salpingo- surgery pneumothorax and eosin therapy \n oophorectomy staining indicated \n oval or spindle \n cell proliferation; \n multiple \n pulmonary \n nodules and small- \n walled cysts \n Spano *et al*, 2003 18 LGESS 44 Hysterectomy 3 Asthenia Bilateral Hormonal Alive with ([@b26-ol-0-0-10409])\n pulmonary therapy no evidence \n nodules of disease \n 19 LGESS 34 Hysterectomy and 6 Asymptomatic Bilateral pulmonary Hormonal Alive with no \n bilateral salpingo- nodules therapy evidence of \n oophorectomy disease \n Aubry *et al*, 2002 20 LGESS 40 Hysterectomy 11 Asymptomatic Multiple nodules Hormonal Alive ([@b8-ol-0-0-10409])\n therapy and with no \n wedge evidence of \n resection disease \n 21 LGESS 51 Hysterectomy 5 Collarbone Multiple bilateral Hormonal Alive with \n pain nodules therapy and evidence of \n wedge resection disease \n 22 LGESS 33 Hysterectomy 5 Asymptomatic Solitary nodule Lobectomy Alive with no \n evidence of \n disease \n 23 LGESS 29 Hysterectomy 2.5 Asymptomatic Multiple bilateral Wedge Alive with no \n nodules and cysts resection evidence of \n disease \n 24 LGESS 64 Hysterectomy 13 Asymptomatic Multiple bilateral Wedge Alive with \n nodules resection evidence of \n disease \n 25 LGESS 30 Hysterectomy 16 Shortness of Multiple nodules Hormonal Alive with \n breath, cough, and pleural therapy evidence of \n chest pain effusion disease \n 26 LGESS 28 Hysterectomy 20 Shortness of Multiple nodules Lobectomy Succumbed to \n breath, cough, and bilateral and wedge the disease \n chest pain pleural effusion resection \n 27 LGESS 43 Hysterectomy 10 Shortness of Multiple nodules Chemo- Alive with \n breath, cough, radiation and no evidence \n chest pain wedge resection of disease \n 28 LGESS 29 Hysterectomy 3 Recurrent Pleural None Alive with \n pneumothoraces thickening evidence of \n and cysts disease \n 29 LGESS 58 Hysterectomy 9 Asymptomatic Solitary Wedge Alive with \n nodule resection no evidence \n of disease \n 30 LGESS 37 Hysterectomy 3 Shortness of Bilateral Hormonal Alive with \n breath, chest pain reticulonodular therapy evidence of \n infiltrates disease \n 31 LGESS 59 Hysterectomy 8 Asymptomatic Solitary nodule Wedge Alive with \n resection evidence of \n disease \n 32 LGESS 48 Hysterectomy 7 Asymptomatic Multiple nodules Hormonal Alive with \n therapy evidence of \n disease \n 33 LGESS 49 Hysterectomy 4 Asymptomatic Multiple Wedge Unknown \n bilateral cysts resection \n 34 LGESS 36 Hysterectomy 7 Right lower Solitary nodule Hormonal Alive with no \n quadrant pain therapy and evidence of \n wedge disease \n resection \n 35 LGESS 31 Hysterectomy 15 Asymptomatic Multiple Wedge Alive with no \n nodules resection evidence of \n disease \n Present case 36 LGESS 53 Hysterectomy and 1.5 Chest tightness, A solid nodule Hormonal Alive with --\n bilateral salpingo- chest pain, and multiple therapy evidence of \n oophorectomy pneumothoraces thin-walled cysts disease \n\nLGESS, low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma.", "\n\n[^1]: Contributed equally\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Different p53 mutation patterns in colorectal tumors from smokers and nonsmokers.", "\nEpidemiological studies consistently find associations between colorectal cancer and cigarette smoking; however, there are little molecular data supporting the association. ", "To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer, we compared p53 mutation patterns in colorectal tumors from smokers and nonsmokers. ", "In this study, 153 tumor tissues from colorectal cancer patients, including 63 smokers and 90 nonsmokers, were examined for p53 mutation and p53 protein expression by direct sequencing and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. ", "p53 mutations were detected in 77 of 153 (50.3%) colorectal tumors, and no difference was observed in the p53 mutation frequencies in tumors from smokers and nonsmokers (33 of 63, 50.8% for smokers vs. 44 of 90, 48.9% for nonsmokers, P = 0.743). ", "IHC showed that p53-immunoreactive tumors were positively correlated with p53-mutated tumors (P < 0.0001). ", "G:C-->A:T transition and G:C-->T:A transversion were the predominant types of mutations detected in the tumor p53 genes. ", "G:C-->A:T mutation was relatively more common in nonsmokers than in smokers (93.5% for nonsmokers vs. 77.3% for smokers), although this difference was not significant. ", "The frequency of deletion mutation in smoker tumors, however, was significantly higher than that in nonsmoker tumors (7 of 33, 21.2% for smokers vs. 1 of 44, 2.3% for nonsmokers, P = 0.01). ", "Although there were only a few cases of p53 deletion mutation in this study, the observation of a higher frequency of p53 deletion mutation in smoker tumors supports the association between cigarette smoking and the development of colorectal cancer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Dinsdale railway station\n\nDinsdale railway station serves the village of Middleton St George in the borough of Darlington and the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. ", "It is located on the Tees Valley Line and is operated by Northern who provide all passenger train services. ", "It is closely linked with the history of the Stockton & Darlington railway (S&DR), the station having replaced the earlier station on the original S&DR line.", "\n\nThe station was named after the village of Low Dinsdale, commonly called Dinsdale. ", " In the early 19th century the station served Dinsdale Spa.", "\n\nServices\n\nAs of December 2013, the station has two trains per hour each way (Mondays to Saturdays) to Middlesbrough and Saltburn and to Darlington with some additional services to (two-hourly) and Newcastle (a.m peak only). ", " One train per hour each way calls on Sundays. ", "Passenger numbers have almost doubled between 2006 and 2012 due to improved services.", "\n\nStation improvements are in progress as of 2013, including new CCTV cameras, new shelters, seating, passenger information screens and announcements, resurfaced platform areas and clearer signage at the station entrance.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Railway stations in the Borough of Darlington\nCategory:Former North Eastern Railway (UK) stations\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1887\nCategory:Railway stations served by Northern (train operating company)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Turner's Syndrome and Psoriatic Arthritis.", "\nGonadal dysgenesis, or Turner's syndrome, is a common X chromosome genetic disorder with characteristic clinical and radiological features. ", "Psoriasis is a common skin disorder that can be associated with arthritis. ", "This report describes a 34-year-old woman with both diseases. ", "Radiological features of Turner's syndrome are described with illustrations of how some changes might be confused with those of rheumatic disease. ", "Although psoriatic arthritis has not been previously reported, other autoimmune diseases have been associated with Turner's syndrome." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nHappiness, also known as subjective well-being (SWB), is usually defined as a combination of frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect and a high level of satisfaction with life ([@R14]; [@R15]; [@R16]). ", "Recently there has been greater recognition of the positive impact SWB can have on psychological adjustment and adaptation (for a review see [@R49]; [@R59]). ", "As a consequence, attention has turned to the factors that contribute to well-being and how an individual\\'s level of well-being can be increased (e.g., [@R48]; [@R65]; [@R66]; [@R67]).", "\n\nCurrent understanding of the key determinants of SWB has been informed by the findings of twin and adoption studies, research on personality traits, investigations into the impact of changes in circumstances, along with research on the role of motivational and attitudinal factors (see [@R16], for a review). [", "@R50] proposed a three-factor model in which genetics is believed to account for approximately 50% of the variance in well-being and demographics and circumstances account for approximately 10%, leaving 40% of the variance to be governed by intentional activity.", "\n\n[@R50] argued that intentional behavioral, cognitive or volitional activity potentially offers the best route for achieving sustainable increases in well-being. ", "By intentional activity, the authors meant discrete actions or practices that individuals must choose to engage in and that require some effort to enact. ", "This might include adopting new behaviors such as an exercise program, changing one\\'s cognitive attitudes or practices such as practicing forgiveness, or volitional activity such as pursuing personal goals. ", "They suggested that to be effective in increasing well-being, new activities should fit the individual\\'s values and interests. ", "They further suggested that individuals could avoid habituation, by making a habit out of initiating activity, while at the same time varying how and when they implement the activity. ", "Individuals should be advised that trying to increase happiness by accumulating wealth or particular objects (e.g., a bigger house or a new television) may not be a successful strategy in the longer term, because they will tend to habituate to such stable factors.", "\n\nEvidence supporting the idea that it is possible to increase well-being has steadily been accumulating. [", "@R68] recently conducted a meta-analysis of positive psychology interventions (PPIs); that is, interventions or intentional activities that aim to cultivate positive feelings, behaviors and/or cognitions. ", "The results revealed that PPIs enhance well-being and ameliorate depressive symptoms, and that these effects are enhanced for individuals with depression. ", "Consequently, the authors recommended that clinicians incorporate positive psychology techniques into their clinical work. ", "Importantly, interventions excluded from Sin and Lyubomirksy\\'s meta-analysis were those aimed at 'fixing, remedying or healing something that is pathological or deficient' since these 'do not fit the definition of a PPI' ([@R68]).", "\n\nWhile there is increasing recognition for the potential of PPIs to enhance well-being, less is known about the potential of existing clinical interventions. ", "One intervention approach that is consistent with Lyubomirksy and colleagues' recommendations for increasing happiness is behavioral activation. ", "Behavioral activation (BA), originally developed to treat depression, emphasizes 'structured attempts at engendering increases in overt behavior that is likely to bring the patient into contact with reinforcing environmental contingencies' ([@R33], p. 700). ", "The approach evolved out of the 'reinforcement' explanation of depression which proposes that the behavior of depression is the result of a loss or lack of response-contingent positive reinforcement ([@R23]; [@R39]). ", "In support of this proposal was the finding that there is a significant relationship between mood and participation in pleasant activities ([@R41]; [@R42]). ", "Individuals with depression find fewer activities pleasant and engage in pleasant activities less frequently, and therefore obtain less positive reinforcement than other individuals ([@R51]).", "\n\nBased on this theory, Lewinsohn and colleagues developed a behavioral treatment of depression in which an activity schedule is constructed for each patient based on activities and events that have been enjoyable, pleasant, meaningful, or interesting for them in the past. ", "The patient then monitors their daily mood and participation in these activities in order to see the connection between them. ", "Subsequently, each patient is encouraged and taught how to increase the frequency and quality of pleasant events in his or her life, and to decrease unpleasant ones ([@R40]; [@R43]).", "\n\nA number of other variants of BA have been developed, most notably Jacobson and colleagues' contextual approach ([@R35]; [@R53]; for a review of other variants see [@R54]). ", "Jacobson and his colleagues emphasized the role of an individual\\'s life circumstances and avoidance in depression ([@R34]). ", "Certain aspects of a person\\'s life circumstances can trigger depression and particular ways of responding to these circumstances can maintain it. ", "Avoidance (e.g., of interpersonal situations, occupational or daily-life demands, and distressing thoughts or feelings) is viewed as a coping strategy to avoid the short-term distress that is often associated with pursuing potentially mood-enhancing reinforcers, at the longer-term cost of reducing opportunities to contact these very reinforcers and by creating or exacerbating life problems. ", "Increased activation and engagement is presented as a strategy to break this cycle.", "\n\nThe initial treatment objective of Jacobson and colleagues' BA approach is to increase patients' awareness of avoidance patterns by monitoring and reviewing daily behavior. ", "Once these patterns are recognized, the principal objective becomes one of helping the patients to identify and reengage with activities and situations that are reinforcing and consistent with their long-term goals. ", "Many of the same behaviorally focused activation strategies used in cognitive therapy ([@R4]) are used including self-monitoring, structuring and scheduling daily activities, rating the degree of pleasure and accomplishment experienced during engagement in specific daily activities, exploring alternative behaviors related to achieving goals, and using role-play to address specific behavioral deficits. ", "In addition, this protocol includes the establishment or maintenance of routines and behavioral strategies for targeting rumination, including an emphasis on the function of ruminative thinking and on moving attention away from the content of ruminative thoughts toward direct, immediate, experience.", "\n\nAlthough BA interventions have traditionally been associated with the treatment of depression, there is little that differentiates these interventions from some behaviorally focused PPIs other than the intent with which they are used. ", "It is of note that, in what many consider to be the first positive psychology intervention study, [@R24] tested an 'activities program' that involved increasing participation in pleasant activities against an early version of his multi-component Fundamentals happiness program. ", "This activities program proved to be as effective as the Fundamentals program in increasing well-being over a 2-week period. ", "In another study, [@R25] found that the behaviorally focused 'lifestyle' components of the Fundamentals program had a more rapid effect on measures of well-being and could account for the gains made by the full program, at least for those participants who showed a weakness in this area.", "\n\nIf it can be established that BA is effective in increasing the well-being of a normative sample it would indicate that BA is a parsimonious option for increasing the well-being for both individuals with and without depression. ", "The field of positive psychology would be presented with an existing technology for increasing well-being and this might save time and energy that would otherwise be devoted to the development of new interventions focused on increasing well-being. ", "It may also provide important insights into how to prevent illness and promote well-being. ", "Although BA seems to be a promising intervention approach to increase psychological well-being, no formal meta-analysis of BA interventions has been conducted. ", "We decided, therefore, to conduct a meta-analysis to examine the effects of BA on well-being.", "\n\nMethod {#s2}\n======\n\nIdentification and selection of studies {#s2a}\n---------------------------------------\n\nA computer search (using PsycINFO and Medline databases) was conducted to find articles, chapters and dissertations published between January 1970 and April 2008 that included the terms *activity scheduling, behavioural activation* or *behavioral activation, pleasant events* or *pleasant activities*. ", "Reference lists of all articles were searched for additional articles. ", "Also, 23 researchers who have published on BA were contacted by email for relevant data. ", "Studies were included in the meta-analysis if the effect of a BA intervention was compared to a comparison condition in a randomized controlled trial, and the effect was assessed using a measure of one or more components of psychological well-being (e.g., positive affect, happiness, life satisfaction, quality of life, self-esteem). ", "No language restrictions were applied and unpublished dissertations, where available, were included so as to describe the universe of studies. ", "Over 520 articles, chapters and theses were reviewed. ", "A treatment was considered to be BA when it primarily involved strategies to prompt participants to engage with, or act on, the environment so as to increase positive reinforcement and undermine punishment. ", "Thirty-seven percent of the reviewed works were not empirical studies. ", "Other works were excluded for a variety of reasons, namely: the interventions did not reflect the BA approach (33%), the BA approach was confounded with other treatment components such as the modification of thoughts (11%), a measure of well-being was not used (8%), there was no comparison condition (6%), and insufficient information was provided to extract effect sizes (2%).", "\n\nQuality assessment {#s2b}\n------------------\n\nThe methodological quality of each study was assessed using nine criteria based on a range of important methodological features of psychotherapy research ([@R10]). ", "The criteria were: (a) adequacy of sample size to allow a stable estimate of effect size, (b) confidence in sample description, (c) confidence in outcome assessment tools, (d) use of treatment manuals, (e) adequacy of therapist training and monitoring, (f) extent to which investigator allegiance is balanced, (g) equivalence of comparison groups at pre-test, (h) completeness of data set such that observations did not systematically exclude participants who refused treatment or dropped out, and (i) checks for therapist or site effects. ", "We developed a numerical system for this study whereby a score of 0 to 2 (0 to 1 in the case of adequacy of sample size) was assigned according to the extent that each criterion was met. ", "This resulted in each study being allocated a numerical rating from 0 to 17. ", "Studies scoring a rating greater than 11 were considered to be of high quality; those between 6 and 11 were considered to be of moderate quality; and those below 6 were considered to be of low quality. ", "No studies were excluded on the basis of methodological quality.", "\n\nMeta-analysis {#s2c}\n-------------\n\nStandardized mean difference effect sizes (*ES~sm~*) were calculated with the following formula: *ES~sm~* = (*M~c~--M~t~*)/*SD~p~*, in which *M~t~* = the posttest mean of the treatment group on a specific outcome, *M~c~* = the posttest mean of the comparison group, and *SD~p~* = the pooled standard deviation of the two groups. ", "If means or standard deviations were not provided, effect sizes were calculated from the *t* or *F* ratio, or from the significance level when *t* or *F* were not reported. ", "If a result was reported as significant but did not provide an exact probability, the one-tailed p value was assumed to be 0.025. ", "If a result was simply reported as nonsignificant and no data were provided to calculate an exact probability, it was conservatively assigned *p* (one-tailed) = 0.5.", "\n\nCalculations of effect sizes relied on methods described by [@R45]. ", "Standardized mean difference effect sizes express effect size in standard deviation units; thus, an effect size of 1.00 on a given dependent measure indicates that the treatment group scored one standard deviation better, on average, than the comparison group on that measure. ", "Effect sizes of 0.67 or greater are assumed to be large, while effect sizes of 0.31 to 0.66 are moderate, and effect sizes of 0.00 to 0.30 are small ([@R45]).", "\n\nIn calculations of effect sizes for well-being, only those instruments that were capable of measuring components of psychological well-being were used. ", "If more than one well-being measure was used, the mean of the effect sizes was calculated, so that each study (or comparison group) only had one effect size. ", "This approach produces conservative estimates of effect size ([@R64]). ", "Where studies permitted two comparisons under the same category (e.g., cognitive therapy/cognitive behavior therapy and antidepressant medication) we entered these comparisons separately but halved numbers in the behavioral arm to avoid double counting and inaccurate weighting of trials. ", "Results in the unpredicted direction (i.e., the comparison group experienced greater increases in well-being compared to the BA group) were recorded as negative values.", "\n\n[@R30] correction for small sample bias was applied to all effect sizes. ", "The resultant Hedges\\'s *gs* were then combined using the formula: M~g~ = Σ*w~i~g~i~*/Σ*w~i~* where *w~i~* is the weight for each study and *g~i~* is the effect size for each study. ", "Because the present study accumulated data from studies that have been performed by researchers operating independently and using different populations, a common effect size was not assumed. ", "Consequently, mean effect sizes were calculated with the random-effects model. ", "In the random-effects model each study is weighted by the inverse of its variance, which includes both within-studies variance and the estimate of between-studies variance ([@R7]). ", "Comprehensive Meta-analysis (Version 2.2.046; [@R6]) was used to calculate pooled mean effect sizes. ", "The subgroup analyses as implemented in Comprehensive Meta-analysis Version 2.2.046 were used to examine whether the effect sizes of specific subgroups differed from each other.", "\n\nAs an indicator of homogeneity, Cochran\\'s heterogeneity statistic *Q* was calculated. ", "This statistic tests the null hypothesis that effect sizes from each of the studies are similar enough that they share a common effect size ([@R11]). ", "Cochran\\'s *Q* was calculated using the following formula: *Q* = *σ w~i~* (*d~i~* -- *d~w~*)^2^, where *d*~*i*~ is the individual effect size for *i* = 1 to *k* (the number of effect sizes), *d~w~* is the weighted mean effect size over the *k* effect sizes, and *w~i~* is the individual weight for *d~i~*. ", "The significance of *Q* is evaluated against a chi-square distribution with *k*−1 degrees of freedom. ", "The *I*^2^ statistic (*I*^2^ = 100% **x** (*Q* -- *df)/Q*, where *Q* is Cochran\\'s heterogeneity statistic and *df* the degrees of freedom) was used to estimate heterogeneity. ", "A value of 0% indicates no observed heterogeneity, and larger values show increasing heterogeneity, with 25% as low, 50% as moderate, and 75% as high heterogeneity ([@R31]).", "\n\nCaution is needed in interpreting meta-analytical findings because of the potential for selection and other biases that may be introduced in the process of locating, selecting, and combining studies ([@R19]). ", "Such bias was examined using a funnel graph, a plot of sample size versus effect size estimates ([@R44]). ", "If no bias is present, this plot should be shaped like an inverted funnel, with a broad spread of points for the less precise smaller studies at the bottom and decreasing spread as the sample size increases. ", "Asymmetry was tested using Egger\\'s weighted regression test ([@R19]). ", "If asymmetry was found to be significant, [@R18] 'trim and fill' method was used to estimate the number of missing studies that might exist and the unbiased effect size. ", "Finally, the *fail-safe* N^1^ and the critical number of studies^2^ were estimated in order to address the file drawer problem. ", "The *fail-safe* N is an estimate of the number of studies with null results that would need to be added to the meta-analysis for the effect to no longer be reliable. ", "The *critical number of studies* is an estimate of the number of unpublished non-significant studies. ", "If the *fail-safe* N is greater than or equal to the *critical number of studies* it is assumed that the significance of the observed effects is unchallengeable. ", "An alpha level of 0.05 was used for all statistical tests.", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nDescription of studies {#s3a}\n----------------------\n\nTwenty studies, with a total of 1353 participants (484 in the BA conditions, and 869 in the comparison conditions) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the current study. ", "Selected characteristics of the included studies are described in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}. (", "Note: throughout the following sections, numbers within square brackets refer to the study numbers listed in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}.) ", "Participants were mostly adult university students \\[3--9, 13, 16, 18\\], although seven studies recruited adults from the community or from clinical settings \\[2, 10−12, 17, 19, 20\\]), two studies recruited older adults from senior citizen apartment buildings \\[1, 14\\], and one study recruited children from an elementary school \\[15\\]. ", "Most studies recruited participants showing elevated or clinical levels of depressive symptomatology \\[2, 7--12, 15--20\\], but six studies recruited participants with minimal symptoms \\[3--6, 13, 14\\] and two studies recruited some participants with minimal symptoms and some participants showing elevated symptoms \\[1, 9\\]. ", "Most BA interventions consisted of simply encouraging participants to increase their participation in pleasant activities \\[2--4, 7--10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19\\], but two were concerned with becoming more active at a broader 'lifestyle' level \\[5, 6\\], three focused on increasing pleasant activities in the context of behavioral self-control ([@R26]) \\[1, 14, 17\\], and two were consistent with [@R35] contextual BA approach \\[11, 20\\]. ", "Control conditions consisted of waiting list \\[1, 2, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19\\], treatment as usual (without BA) \\[17, 20\\], placebo course activities \\[4, 6\\], and no instruction control \\[13\\]. ", "Cognitive and cognitive behavioral therapy (CT/CBT) conditions consisted of interventions based on [@R3] or [@R21] treatment procedures \\[2, 18, 19\\], or self-control interventions that included both a behavioral and a cognitive focus ([@R60]) \\[15\\]. ", "Other psychological interventions included increasing 'control' activities and self-monitoring \\[3, 7--9, 16\\], [@R24] Fundamentals happiness program and variants \\[4--6\\], nondirective support \\[2, 12, 18\\], brief psychodynamic therapy \\[11\\], relaxation \\[11\\], or problem solving \\[10\\]. ", "One study included an antidepressant medication (ADM) condition involving amitriptyline \\[11\\]. ", "The quality of studies ranged from low \\[3, 5, 6, 8--10, 16, 18, 19\\] to high \\[11, 15\\]. ", "Nine studies were judged to be moderate in quality \\[1, 2, 4, 7, 12--14, 17, 20\\].", "\n\n###### \n\nSelected characteristics of controlled and comparative studies on behavioral activation.", "\n\n Study Country Age group and age(years) Recruitment Inclusion criteria Condition Cell size at baseline Male participants**(%)** Length of intervention(weeks) Format or Mode Numberof sessions(sessionlength) Attrition at posttest**(%)** Measurements Measuresof well-being Quality ofresearchdesign (low,0--17, high)\n ---------------------------- --------- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------\n \\[1\\] [@R2] US Elderly(*M* = 77) Community (Senior citizen apartment buildings) Age \\> 65(Excluded if actively suicidal, moderately or severely demented, or receiving treatment for depression) Low depressed subgroup (CES-D \\<16, M = 8.74). ", "High depressed subgroup (CES-D ≥16, *M* = 22.28) 1\\. Self-control \\[Self-control\\] 25 \\~6 6 Group 6 (90 min) \\~9 Pre, post. ", " LSI-A 9 (mod)\n 2\\. Waiting-list (6 week) 24 \\~6 NA NA 6 (90 min) \\~9 \n \\[2\\] [@R5] US Adults (*M* = 42) Community Self-reported depression of at least 2 weeks duration: BDI ≥ 13 1\\. Cognitive therapy 10 40 4 Group 4 (120 min) 0 Pre, post, 1-month FU TSCS 9 (mod)\n 2\\. Behavior therapy \\[Pleasant Activities\\] 14 \\~27 4 Group 4 (120 min) 21 \n 3\\. Nonspecific therapy 10 \\~33 4 Group 4 (120 min) 10 \n 4\\. Waiting list (4 week) 16 \\~18 NA NA 4 (120 min) 31 \n \\[3\\] [@R17] US Young adults (*M* = 21) University Availability (students of an undergraduate psychology course) 1\\. Self-monitor 22 27 2 NR 3 (NR) 0 Average score from daily recordings over 2 1-week periods DACL, MR 5 (low)\n 2\\. Behavior \\[Pleasant Activities\\] 20 40 2 NR 3 (NR) 0 \n 3\\. Cognitive / behavior 23 26 2 NR NA 0 \n \\[4\\] [@R24]; study 1 US Young adults (*M* = 23) Community College Availability (students of undergraduate psychology courses) 1\\. Insight 48 \\~46 2 Group NR 0 Pre, post, 2-month FU HM 8 (mod)\n 2\\. Fundamentals 44 \\~46 2 Group NR 0 \n 3\\. Activities \\[Pleasant Activities\\] 50 \\~46 2 Group NR 0 \n 4\\. Placebo course activities 60 \\~46 2 Group NR 0 \n \\[5\\] [@R25]; study 5 US Young adults (*M* = 23) Community College Availability (students of undergraduate psychology courses) 1\\. Fundamentals \\~57 \\~48 10 Group NR -13 Pre, post POI-TR,POI-SR,HM 5 (low)\n 2\\. Life-style 1/3 \\[Lifestyle\\] \\~24 \\~48 10 Group NR -13 \n \\[6\\] [@R25]; study 6 US Young adults (*M* = 25) Community College Availability (students of undergraduate psychology courses) 1\\. Fundamentals \\~14 \\~37 6 Group NR NR Pre, 2-weekmid, 4-weekmid, post HM, DACL 5 (low)\n 2\\. Personality 1/3 \\~10 \\~37 6 Group NR NR \n 3\\. Attitude and values 1/3 \\~12 \\~37 6 Group NR NR \n 4\\. Life-style 1/3 \\[Lifestyle\\] \\~8 \\~37 6 Group NR NR \n 5\\. Placebo course activities \\~13 \\~37 6 Group NR NR \n \\[7\\] [@R27] US Young adults (*M* = 19) University BDI\\>12 1\\. Increased mood-related activities \\[Pleasant Activities\\] 30 \\~43 2 Individual 1 (60 min) 30 Pre, post DACL 10 (mod)\n 2\\. Increased control activities 30 \\~43 2 Individual 1 (60 min) 10 \n 3\\. Activity monitoring condition 30 -43 2 Individual 1 (60 min) 27 \n \\[8\\] [@R29]~:~ US Young adults (*M* = NR) University Mild to moderate depression (based on 1\\. Increase activities \\[Pleasant Activities\\] 10 NR 2 NR 1 (NR) NR Averagescore fromdaily DACL, ED Scale 5 (low)\n experiment 1 screening with D30, FCC & PFS) recordings over 2 weeks \n 2\\. Expectancy control 10 NR 2 NR 1 (NR) NR \n 3\\. Self-monitor control 10 NR 2 NR 1 (NR) NR \n 4\\. No treatment control (2 weeks) 10 NR NA NR 1 (NR) NR \n \\[9\\] [@R29], experiment 2 US Young adults (*M* = NR) University Non-depressed and depressed (based on screening with D30 & BDI) 1\\. Increase activities \\[Pleasant Activities\\] \\~12 NR 1 NR 1 (NR) NR Average score from daily recordings over 1 week DACL, ED Scale 5 (low)\n 2\\. Self-monitor \\~12 NR 1 NR 1 (NR) NR \n \\[10\\] [@R47] US Adults (*M* = 59) Community Family member caregivers of frail elders 25.9% experiencing a major depressive episode and 22.4% a minor depressive episode (based on SADS) 1\\. Life satisfaction \\[Pleasant Activities\\] \\~33 ∼17 10 Group 10 (120 min) \\~42 Pre, post PGCMS 4 (low)\n 2\\. Problem-solving \\~28 \\~17 10 Group 10 (120 min) \\~42 \n 3\\. Waiting list \\~27 \\~17 NA NA NA \\~42 \n \\[11\\] [@R55]: [@R56] CA Adults(M = 39) Community \\(a\\) Between 20 and 60 years of age; (b) satisfying diagnostic criteria for clinical depression, and depressed for at least the last 2 months; (c) functionally impaired because of depression; (d) within or beyond the moderate range on two out of three psychometric tests for depression 1\\. Psychotherapy 37 ∼28 10 Individual 10 (60 min) 30 Pre, post, 3-monthFU,2.25-yearFU Average satisfaction index, Mood index 12 (high)\n MMPI-D ≥ 25/29.5, BDI ≥ 23, DACL ≥ 14: (e) fluent in English; (f) not receiving treatmenl for depression elsewhere. ", " \n 2\\. Relaxation Therapy 38 ∼28 10 Individual 10 (60 min) 26 \n 3\\. Behavior Therapy \\[Behavioral Activation\\] 40 ∼28 10 Individual 10 (60 min) 5 \n 4\\. Drug Therapy 39 ∼28 11 Individual 4 (15 min) 36 \n \\[12\\] [@R58] US Adults (range = 21--56) Community Women with moderate depression (SRSD, GICL) 1\\. Counseling 12 33 12 Individual 12 (NR) 0 Pre, post DACL 8 (mod)\n 2\\. Behavioral \\[Pleasant Activities\\] 12 17 12 Individual 12 (NR) 0 \n \\[13\\] [@R61] US Young adults (*M* = NR) University Availability (students of undergraduate psychology courses) 1\\. Increase 12 activities \\[Pleasant Activities\\] \\~49 NR 2 NR 2(NR) 5 Pre, post(after 4 weeks) PQLS 8 (mod)\n 2\\. Increase 2 activities \\[Pleasant Activities\\] \\~49 NR 2 NR 2(NR) 5 \n 3\\. No instruction control \\~49 NR 2 NR 2(NR) 5 \n \\[14\\] [@R62] US Elderly (*M* = 77) Community(subsidized housing projects) Age \\> 65 (Excluded if receiving treatment for depression, suicidal, evidencing signs of dementia) 1\\. Life satisfaction : \\[Self-control\\] 21 5 6 Group 6 (90 min) 0 Pre, post LSI-A 7 (mod)\n 2\\. Waiting-list (6 week) 20 5 NA NA NA 0 \n \\[15\\] [@R69] US Children (*M* = ll) Elementary school CDI\\> 16; parental permission 1\\. Self-control 9 56 5 Group 12 (45--50 min) \\~5 Pre, post, 8-week FU CSEI 12 (high)\n 10 60 5 Group 12 (45--50 min) -5 \n 2\\. Behavioral problem solving \\[Pleasant Activities\\] \n 3\\. Waiting list (5 week) 9 56 NA NA NA 0 \n \\[16\\] [@R71] US Young adults (*M* = 24) University DACL T≥70 and reported depression as primary concern. ", " 1\\. Activities increase \\[Pleasant Activities\\] 14 50 4 Individual 5 (50 min) NR Pre, post DACL 4 (low) \n 2\\. Expectancy control 14 50 4 Individual 5 (50 min) NR \n 3\\. Self-monitoring 14 50 4 Individual 5 (50 min) NR \n 4\\. Attention-control 14 50 4 Individual 5 (50 min) NR \n \\[17\\] [@R72] ND Adults (*M* = 34; Range −20--59) Clinical (Day treatment centre of a psychiatric SCID-III-R, major depression and / dysthymia. ", "Excluded if bipolar Self-control therapy & TAU \\[Self-: Control\\] 15 38 12 Group 12 (90 min) -10 Pre, post, SES,13-week VROPSOM FU 8 (mod) \n hospital) mood disorder: psychotic disorder, alcohol or drug dependence; anxiety disorder. ", "PTSD. ", "SRDS ≥ 50 \n 2\\. TAU (structured group therapy; creative therapy and physical exercise; social skills training and occupational therapy) 14 42 12 Group NR \\~10 \n \\[18\\] [@R73] US Young adults (*M* = NR) University BDI≥8 1\\. Increased positive reinforcement \\[Pleasant Activities\\] 10 \\~12 4 Group 4 (60 min) 10 Pre, post, MAAD,2-month FU POI-TR,POI-SR 5 (low) \n 2\\. Systematic rational restructuring 10 \\~12 4 Group 4 (60 min) 0 \n 3\\. Emotional awareness training 10 \\~12 4 Group 4 (60 min) 20 \n 4\\. Waiting list (4 weeks) 9 \\~12 NA NA NA 0 \n \\[19\\] [@R74] AU Adults (*M* = 40: range = 20--58) Community BDI≥ 17; no previous concurrent treatment with major tranquilizers or lithium: 1\\. Behavior therapy \\[Pleasant Activities\\] 9 25 8 Individual 8 (60 min) 11 Pre, mid,post,5-month FU MRs 5 (low)\n absence of other major physical or 2\\. Cognitive therapy 11 12 8 Individual 8 (60 min) 27 \n psychiatric disorders; self-reported duration of depression of at least 3 months; absence of suicidal intention or ideation 3\\. Waiting list (8 weeks) 9 22 NA NA NA 0 \n \\[20\\] [@R75] US Adults(M \\~ 53) Clinical (Specialized inpatient PTSD unit of a Veteran Affairs Medical Centre) Exposed to combat during military service, having a diagnosis of PTSD. ", "Literate in English. ", "Aged between 18 and 75 years. ", "Excluded if physically unable to participate in activities, actively suicidal, actively psychotic, actively using alcohol or drugs. ", " 1\\. TAU 31 100 4 NA NA 32 Pre, 1-monthFU ComQol 11 (mod)\n 2\\. TAU & Behavioral Activation 29 100 4 Group 8 (60--90 min) 17 \n\nNote: AU = Australia; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; CA = Canada; CDI = Child Depression Inventory; CES-D = Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; ComQol = Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale-Adult Fifth Edition; CSEI = Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory; D30 = D30 Depression Scale; DACL = Depression Adjective Checklist; ED Scale = Elation-Depression Scale; FCC = Feelings and Concerns Checklist; FU = follow-up; HM = Happiness Measures; LSI-A = Life Satisfaction Index A; MAAD = Multiple Affect Adjective Check-List; MMPI-D = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--Depression Scale; MR = Mood Rating; NA = not applicable; NR = not reported; PFS = Personal Feelings Scales; PGCMS = Philadelphia Geriatric Centre Morale Scale; POI-SR = Personal Orientation Inventory-Support Ratio; POI-TR = Personal Orientation Inventory-Time Ratio; PQLS = Perceived Quality of Life Scale; PTSD = Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; SCID-III-R = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R; SADS = Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; SES = Self-esteem Scale; SRDS = Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale; TAU = treatment as usual; TSCS = Tennessee Self-Concept Scale; US = United States of America; VROPSOM = Dutch version of the DACL.", "\n\nEffects of behavioral activation at posttest {#s3b}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nBehavioral activation could be compared against control conditions in 10 studies \\[1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 13, 15, 17--19\\] totaling 11 contrasts involving 465 participants. ", "These yielded a moderate and significant pooled effect size of 0.52 favoring BA. ", "Heterogeneity was low and nonsignificant. ", "A funnel graph showed no evidence of asymmetry providing little indication of selection bias (Egger\\'s regression intercept = 0.73; 95% CI --1.38 to 2.84, *p* = 0.453). ", "The *fail-safe* **N** resulted in a figure of 67 studies, which exceeded the critical number of 65 studies indicating that the significance of this effect is unchallengeable. ", "This main analysis is presented as a forest plot in [Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nSubgroup analysis indicated that the interventions yielded moderate effects for both participants with minimal symptoms of depression and participants with elevated symptoms of depression, and that these effects did not differ significantly from each other (*p* = 0.955). ", "Low quality studies yielded a large pooled effect whereas moderate quality studies yielded a moderate pooled effect. ", "The one high quality study produced a negligible effect. ", "These effects did not differ significantly from each other (*p* = 0.241). ", "The effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals of these comparisons are listed in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nAll 10 studies attempted to increase participants' engagement in pleasant events, it is therefore of interest to consider the impact of these interventions on activity. ", "Posttest comparisons between BA and control conditions on measures of activity (typically, activity lists derived from the Pleasant Events Schedule; [@R52]) were possible in seven studies \\[1, 2, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18\\] giving a total of 294 participants. ", "These yielded a moderate and significant mean effect size of 0.37 (95% CI 0.14 to 0.60, *p* = 0.002) in favor of BA. ", "Heterogeneity was negligible and nonsignificant (*Q* = 5.74; *p* = 0.570; *I*^2^ = 0.00%). ", "A funnel graph showed no evidence of asymmetry, providing little indication of selection bias (Egger\\'s regression intercept = 0.52; 95% CI --1.53 to 2.8, *p* = 0.558). ", "The *fail-safe N* resulted in a figure of 12 studies, which did not exceed the critical number of 45 studies indicating that the significance of this effect is not unchallengeable. ", "The relationship between mean effect size for activity and mean effect size for SWB was not significant (*r* = 0.44, *p* = 0.329).", "\n\nComparison to other treatments at posttest {#s3c}\n------------------------------------------\n\nBehavioral activation could be compared directly to other psychological interventions in 14 studies \\[2--12, 15, 16, 18, 19\\] totaling 19 contrasts involving 825 participants. ", "The pooled effect size indicating the difference between BA and other interventions was 0.09 (95% CI --0.10 to 0.29, *p* = 0.355) in favor of BA. ", "Heterogeneity was low to moderate and nonsignificant (*p* = 0.064). ", "A funnel graph showed little evidence of asymmetry providing little indication of selection bias (Egger\\'s regression intercept = −1.04; 95% CI −2.81 to 0.73, *p* = 0.232).", "\n\nSubgroup analyses indicated that the interventions yielded a small effect for participants with elevated symptoms of depression and a negligible effect for participants with minimal symptoms of depression and that these effects did not differ significantly from each other (*p* = 0.459). ", "High and moderate quality studies yielded a small pooled effect in favor of BA, whereas low quality studies yielded a negligible pooled effect. ", "These effects did not differ significantly from each other (*p* = 0.708). ", "Studies which compared BA to CT/CBT yielded a small pooled effect size in favor of CT/CBT. ", "Studies which compared BA to other psychological interventions yielded a small pooled effect size in favor of BA. ", "The one study that compared BA to ADM yielded a moderate effect in favor of BA. ", "These effects did not differ significantly from each other (*p* = 0.315). ", "The effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals of these comparisons are listed in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nEffects at follow-up {#s3d}\n--------------------\n\nThe effects of BA compared to a control condition at follow-up could be calculated in only three studies \\[17, 18, 20\\] totaling 78 participants. ", "All of these participants reported elevated symptoms of depression. ", "The pooled effect size indicated a moderate but nonsignificant (*p* = 0.295) difference in favor of BA. ", "Heterogeneity was moderate but nonsignificant (*p* = 0.115). ", "A funnel graph appeared somewhat asymmetrical with a smaller study having more pronounced benefits in favor of BA, however this asymmetry did not reach significance (Egger\\'s regression intercept = 9.85; 95% CI −8.49 to 28.19, *p* = 0.093). ", "Subgroup analysis indicated that the two moderate quality studies yielded a negligible pooled effect whereas the low quality study yielded a large and significant effect. ", "These effects were significantly different from each other (*p* = 0.038). ", "The effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals of these comparisons are listed in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n###### \n\nEffects of behavioral activation on measures of well-being: Overall results and subgroup analyses.", "\n\n N~cmp~ N~prtcpnts~ Hedges\\'s *g* 95% CI *Q* *I*^2^\n ----------------------------------------------- -------- ------------- ------------------------------------------ --------------------- ----------------------------------------- --------\n Comparison to Control at Posttest \n  All Participants 11 465 0.52[^∗∗∗^](#TF2-3){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 0.27 to 0.77 13.52 26.08\n   Non-clinical 4 303 0.53[^∗∗^](#TF2-2){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 0.18 to 0.88 5.41 44.53\n   Elevated symptoms 7 162 0.51[^∗∗^](#TF2-2){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 0.15 to 0.88 8.12 26.11\n   High quality 1 19 0.04 −0.82 to 0.90 0.00 0.00\n   Moderate quality 6 347 0.45[^∗∗∗^](#TF2-3){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 0.23 to 0.67 3.44 0.00\n   Low quality 4 99 0.93[^∗∗^](#TF2-2){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 0.27 to 1.58 7.06 57.48\n Comparison to Other Interventions at Posttest \n  All other interventions 19 825 0.09 −0.10 to 0.29 27.85 35.38\n   Non-clinical 5 318 \\~0.02 −0.36 to 0.32 6.99 42.77\n   Elevated symptoms 14 507 0.14 −0.10 to 0.39 19.79 34.32\n   High quality 3 218 0.18 0.55 to 0.91 8.81[^∗^](#TF2-1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 77.30\n   Moderate quality 5 272 0.14 −0.16 to 0.43 4.81 16.89\n   Low quality 11 335 −0.01 −0.24 to 0.22 10.54 5.13\n   CT/CBT 4 71 −0.10 −0.73 to 0.53 5.20 42.28\n   Other psychological 14 684 0.09 −0.12 to 0.31 19.92 34.75\n   ADM 1 70 0.47 −0.04 to 0.98 0.00 0.00\n Comparison at 1--3 month follow-up \n  To Control 3 78 0.36 −0.31 to 1.02 4.32 53.72\n   Non-clinical 0 0 − − − −\n   Elevated symptoms 3 78 0.36 −0.31 to 1.02 4.32 53.72\n   High quality 0 0 − − − −\n   Moderate quality 2 59 0.04 −0.46 to 0.55 0.03 0.00\n   Low quality 1 19 1.17[^∗^](#TF2-1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 0.23 to 2.11 0.00 0.00\n  To all other interventions 7 236 0.28 −0.17 to 0.72 12.77[^∗^](#TF2-1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 53.01\n   Non-clinical 0 0 − − − −\n   Elevated symptoms 7 236 0.28 −0.17 to 0.72 12.77[^∗^](#TF2-1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 53.01\n   High quality 3 175 −0.11 −0.88 to 0.67 9.03[^∗^](#TF2-1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 77.85\n   Moderate quality 2 31 0.75[^∗^](#TF2-1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} −0.04 to 1.46 0.54 0.00\n   Low quality 2 30 0.57 −0.16 to 1.30 0.02 0.00\n   CT/CBT 3 48 −0.04 **--** 1.20 to 1.12 8.07[^∗^](#TF2-1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 75.23\n   Other psychological 3 129 0.57[^∗∗^](#TF2-2){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 0.16 to 0.98 0.89 0.00\n  ADM 1 59 0.06 −0.47 to 0.60 0.00 0.00\n\nNotes: - = no data. ", "ADM = antidepressant medication. ", "CT/CBT = cognitive therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. ", "N~cmp~ = number of comparisons. ", "N~prtcpnts~ = number of participants.", "\n\n^∗^*p* \\<0.05.", "\n\n^∗∗^*p* \\<0.01.", "\n\n^∗∗∗^*p* \\<0.001.", "\n\nBehavioral activation could be compared to other treatments at follow-up in 4 studies \\[2, 11, 15, 18\\] totaling 7 contrasts involving 236 participants ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "All of these participants reported elevated symptoms of depression. ", "The pooled effect size indicated a small, but nonsignificant (*p* = 0.225), difference in favor of BA. ", "Heterogeneity was moderate and significant (*p* = 0.047). ", "A funnel graph appeared somewhat asymmetrical with one study \\[15\\] yielding a large effect in favor of a comprehensive self-control intervention, however this asymmetry was nonsignificant (Egger\\'s regression intercept = −0.02; 95% CI ---4.74 to 4.70, *p* = 0.991).", "\n\nSubgroup analyses indicated that the high quality studies yielded a small pooled effect in favor of other psychological interventions, whereas the moderate quality studies yielded a large and significant pooled effect in favor of BA and the low quality studies yielded a moderate effect in favor of BA. ", "These effects were not found to differ significantly from each other (*p* = 0.254). ", "The studies comparing BA to CT/CBT yielded a negligible pooled effect size. ", "The studies comparing BA to other psychological interventions yielded a moderate and significant pooled effect size in favor of BA. ", "The one study that compared BA to ADM yielded a small effect in favor of BA. ", "These effects did not differ significantly from each other (*p* = 0.263). ", "The effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals of these comparisons are listed in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nThese results provide evidence that BA interventions can increase the well-being of recipients and that they are equally effective regardless of depression status. ", "The overall effect size of 0.52 is moderate in size and, although smaller than the large effect sizes achieved on measures of depressive symptomatology when BA interventions are applied to depressed populations ([@R12]; [@R20]; [@R54]), is comparable in size to the mean effect on measures of well-being achieved by PPIs (0.61; [@R68]). ", "A number of studies permitted comparisons between BA interventions and other psychological interventions. ", "These comparisons indicated that BA and other interventions are equally effective in increasing well-being at posttest, but that BA interventions and CT/CBT interventions may be more successful than other psychological interventions at maintaining increases in well-being at follow-up periods of up to 3 months.", "\n\n[@R65] proposed three components of a happy life: positive emotion, engagement and meaning. ", "It might be argued that contemporary BA interventions target all three of these components by encouraging engagement in life through commitment to meaningful and achievable goals that are likely to result in increased rates of positive reinforcement and positive feelings (for discussions on how personal goals influence behavior and promote purpose, meaning and positive affect see [@R9]; [@R13]; [@R22]; [@R36]; [@R46]). ", "It is perhaps not surprising then that BA interventions can not only reduce symptoms of depression but also boost well-being. ", "What is more intriguing is the evidence that other psychological interventions might be just as effective as BA and PPIs at helping recipients attain life\\'s positives. ", "Measures of well-being are not routinely used in psychotherapy research and it is perhaps because of this that their potential in this area has passed relatively unnoticed. ", "This shortcoming should be redressed in future research.", "\n\nThe present study\\'s finding that BA interventions can increase well-being indicates that BA should be added to the growing number of viable interventions in the field of positive psychology. ", "Two attractive aspects of the BA approach are (1) intervention protocols already exist, and (2) in its simplest form, it is suitable for a broad range of target populations including those that cannot be treated with more complex interventions. ", "For instance, interventions involving the presentation of favorite stimuli, or scheduling leisure activities, have been piloted with individuals with severe or profound intellectual and multiple disabilities to increase indices of happiness (e.g., [@R28]; [@R37]; [@R76]). ", "The approach would also appear to be suitable for individuals with dementia (e.g., [@R70]).", "\n\nBehavioral activation interventions have been effectively delivered in a variety of formats including group therapy, brief individual therapy and longer-term individual therapy. ", "The approach might also lend itself to self-help applications in the form of bibliotherapy (e.g., [@R1]; [@R32]) or computer-based interventions (e.g., [@R57]). ", "These formats would be suited for people who want to increase their psychological well-being with minimal cost or practitioner contact.", "\n\nA moderate increase in activity (mostly reflecting increased participation in pleasant activities) for BA conditions relative to control conditions was observed. ", "This result is consistent with the goal of increasing participation in pleasant activities, which was the focus of early versions of the BA approach (e.g., [@R40]). ", "Notably 65% of the studies included in this analysis might be considered 'traditional' in this regard. ", "Recent variants of the BA approach for depression have expanded on this form of BA by emphasizing an ideographic approach where each participant\\'s circumstances, interests and values are taken into account, and avoidance behaviors are analyzed and addressed (e.g., [@R35]; [@R38]; [@R53]). ", "There is some evidence that contemporary versions of BA might be more effective for depression than earlier variants ([@R54]). ", "It might be speculated that these contemporary versions could be adapted for non-clinical populations and that they might result in greater intervention effects.", "\n\nIt would also be of interest to investigate other interventions that might augment BA. [", "@R17] found that participants who were instructed to think about the pleasurable or beneficial aspects of their activities before and after engaging in them, in addition to increasing their participation in pleasant activities, showed a greater improvement on outcome measures over a 2-week period compared to those who increased their participation in pleasant activities alone. [", "@R8] have documented a number of ways the enjoyment of positive experiences might be intensified or prolonged in this way. ", "It would be of interest to see what synergies might be achieved by combining these two approaches.", "\n\nDespite the intriguing findings and possibilities of the present study they should be considered with caution because of several limitations. ", "First, the number of studies included in the present study was small. ", "In particular, the number of comparisons for non-clinical populations, CT/CBT interventions and for comparisons at follow-up was small. ", "Second, several studies were included with small sample sizes, which tends to provide a less stable estimate of effect size. ", "Third, several studies were 'pilot like' and short in duration. [", "@R68] found that PPIs of longer duration were relatively more likely to produce greater gains in well-being. ", "In this way, it is possible that some studies included in the present meta-analysis may have 'undersold' BA. ", "Fourth, most studies did not assess the sustainability of effects by conducting follow-up assessments. ", "The question of whether interventions are effective for the long-term is at least as important as their efficacy in the short-term. ", "Finally, the quality of well-being measures used in studies varied in their focus and quality. ", "Clearly there is much that can be done in improving the literature base of this intervention as it relates to fostering well-being. ", "Despite these limitations, confidence in the overall conclusion that BA interventions can increase well-being is bolstered by the fact that, when compared to control conditions: (a) heterogeneity was low to moderate, (b) 91% of comparisons pointed in the same positive direction, and (c) the number of unpublished studies reporting null results needed to reduce the calculated effect to the point of non-significance is high and exceeds the critical number of studies.", "\n\nThis paper presents encouraging data about the potency of BA interventions to not only treat depression but also build well-being. ", "Behavioral activation offers a ready intervention technology that can be adapted to a range of populations in both clinical and non-clinical settings. ", "It remains to be seen what the true potential of BA might be in terms of preventing illness and promoting well-being, and what the approach might contribute to the field of positive psychology.", "\n\nReferences marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis.", "\n\nNotes\n=====\n\n1. ", " *k*~0~ = *k*\\[*MES~k~/MES~c~*−1\\], where *k*~0~ is the number of effect sizes with a value of zero needed to reduce the mean effect size to *MES~c~*, *k* is the number of studies in the mean effect size, *MES~k~* is the weighted mean effect size, and *MES~c~* is the criterion effect size level ([@R63]).", "\n\n2. ", " *k~c~* = 5*k* + 10, where *k~c~* is the critical number of studies, *k* is the number of studies in the mean effect size ([@R63]).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "On Sat, 21 Jan 2006 ishida@w3.org wrote:\n>\n> Comment: In 6.1.1, it should be made clear that the styling language\n> (e.g. CSS) must provide a prefix binding mechanism.", "\nThe working group discussed this.", "\nSince it is possible to use Selectors with languages that do not have\nnamespaces at all (e.g. the language most used with CSS, namely HTML4), we\ndo not agree that such a prefix binding mechanism must be provided.", "\n> It is also unclear what effect, if any, namespace declarations in the\n> document being styled have on prefixes used in the stylesheet.", "\nWhere the prefixes are defined and what influence, if any, the source\ndocument has is not for this draft to define. ", "We expect it to be defined\nin the Namespaces module.", "\nOn Mon, 23 Jan 2006, Felix Sasaki wrote:\n>\n> I don't understand you. ", "Your reply to comment #3 asks \"what is CSS\n> specific about the document?\", ", "and your reply here refers only to a\n> syntax module *for CSS*. ", "Maybe this is a general problem. ", "A previous\n> version was called \"css selectors\" (\n> http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/WD-css3-selectors-20010126/ ), and your\n> terminology in the document is sometimes inconsistent: mostly you talk\n> of selectors, but sometimes about css selectors (sec. ", "11), or w3c\n> selectors (sec. ", "12).", "\nThe reference to \"W3C Selectors\" has been fixed.", "\nCSS Selectors are used when the examples are CSS-specific. ", "CSS is,\nnaturally, a major use case for Selectors. ", "However, other use cases exist,\nin practice STTS, and it has also been proposed to use it with XBL2.", "\nThese mechanisms, in particular XBL2, can and do use different prefix\nbinding mechanisms.", "\nOn Mon, 23 Jan 2006, Felix Sasaki wrote:\n>\n> again: do you depend on css or not?", "\nThere is a dependency on CSS2.1's definitions for the pseudo-elements. ", "It\nis perfectly possible to use Selectors without CSS, however.", "\nOn Tue, 24 Jan 2006, Felix Sasaki wrote:\n>\n> IMO the situation looks like:\n>\n> - CSS implementations of selectors: depend on syntax module & are fine.", "\n> - other implementations of selectors: if they don't use namespaces, they are\n> fine, if not: nobody knows what should happen with namespace prefix bindings.", "\nIt depends. ", "In the proposed XBL2 draft, for instance, the XML Namespaces\nsyntax (xmlns=\"\" attributes) is used to declare namespace prefixes for\nSelectors. ", "This has to be determined on a per-\"host language\" basis.", "\n> Why is it not possible to formulate s.t. ", "like \"If selectors are used in\n> a language which incooperates the namespace mechanisms, the following\n> binding rules apply: ...\"?", "\nBecause the rules might vary.", "\nIf this does not satisfy you, please let us know.", "\n--\nIan Hickson U+1047E )\\._.,--....,'``. ", "fL\nhttp://ln.hixie.ch/ U+263A /, _.. \\ _\\ ;`._ ,.", "\nThings that are impossible just take longer. ", "`._.-(,_..'--(,_..'`-.;.'" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nChecking if a Git branch has been merged into master when SQUASHED?", "\n\nI'd like to automate cleaning of remote branches. ", "I want to be able to check to see if a branch has been merged into master already. ", "Originally, my plan was to use git merge-base to see the last common commit. ", "\nHowever, it turns out that we squash all of our branches as we merge them into master. ", "As this creates a new commit hash, I'm unable to find the common commits between master and my branches.", "\nHow might I go about determining if a branch has been merged if we've squashed them all when merging?", "\nThanks in advance!", "\n\nA:\n\nHere's one approach:\n\nUse the GitHub API to get the HEAD SHA for all merged pull requests.", "\nMatch these SHAs against local branches.", "\n\nIf a local branch's HEAD has corresponds to that of a PR that's been merged, then you can safely delete it. ", "This will work regardless of how the PR was merged (full merge, fast foward, squash and merge).", "\nI implemented this approach in a delete-squashed-branches script. ", "Here's what usage looks like:\n(master) $ git branch\n delete-merged-prs\n fixup\n unmerged-branch\n* master\n\n(master) $ delete-squashed-branches\nFinding local branches which were merged onto origin/master via GitHub...\nwarning: deleting branch 'delete-merged-prs' that has been merged to\n 'refs/remotes/origin/delete-merged-prs', but not yet merged to HEAD.", "\nDeleted branch delete-merged-prs (was 325a42b).", "\nwarning: deleting branch 'fixup' that has been merged to\n 'refs/remotes/origin/fixup', but not yet merged to HEAD.", "\nDeleted branch fixup (was e54f54b).", "\n\n(master) $ git branch\n unmerged-branch\n* master\n\n(The warnings can be ignored since the branches were merged onto master via Squash & Merge.)", "\nCaveats:\n\nYou'll need to pip install pygithub to use the script.", "\nIt will look for local branches that were merged onto origin/(current branch). ", "So you'll want to run it on master, develop or whatever branch you work off of.", "\nIf you have multiple long-lived branches, this approach won't work very well.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "n-3 PUFA and lipotoxicity.", "\nExcess lipid accumulation in nonadipose tissues may occur in the setting of high levels of plasma free fatty acids or triglycerides (TGs) in a process called \"lipotoxicity\". ", "Evidence from human studies and animal models suggests that lipid accumulation in the heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, and liver play an important role in the pathogenesis of heart failure, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ", "During the past few years, several studies have shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have potentially cardioprotective effects, especially in high-risk patients with dyslipidemia, and might therefore be expected to be of benefit in T2DM. ", "Moreover, new information has demonstrated the beneficial effects of consuming n-3 PUFA in preventing the complications of lipotoxicity. ", "n-3 PUFA dietary intake thus had positive effects on fatty liver in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with an improvement in liver echotexture and a significant regression of hepatic brightness, associated with improved liver hemodynamics. ", "The n-3 PUFA also had beneficial effects on ectopic fat accumulation inside the heart, with stabilization of cardiac myocytes and antiarrhythmic effects. ", "On the other hand, recent data from animal models suggest that oral dosing of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) could contribute to protect against beta-cell lipotoxicity. ", "This review discusses the latest hypotheses regarding lipotoxicity, concentrating on the impact of the n-3 PUFA that contribute to ectopic lipid storage, affecting organ function. ", "Further human studies are needed to test the evidence and elucidate the mechanisms involved in this process." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I change a value of a BooleanField in Django?", "\n\nThe view class:\nclass PostCreateView(CreateView):\n form_class = PostForm\n model = Post\n\nThe model class:\nclass Post(models.", "Model):\n title = models.", "CharField(max_length=256)\n text = models.", "TextField()\n created_date = models.", "DateTimeField(default=timezone.now)\n neg_sentiment = models.", "BooleanField(default=False)\n\n def get_absolute_url(self):\n return reverse('post_detail', kwargs={'pk': self.pk})\n\n def __str__(self):\n return self.title\n\nI'm trying to get BooleanField to change to True, but I don't know how to reassign it\n\nA:\n\nurls.py:\nurlpatterns = [\n path('publish_post/<int:pk>', views.", "PublishPost, name='publish_post'),\n]\n\nviews.py:\ndef PublishPost(request, pk):\n\n post = Post.objects.get(pk=pk)\n post.neg_sentiment.save()\n post.save()\n\n context = {'success' : True}\n\n return HttpResponse(context)\n\nThen in your template you can set up a post request to 'publish_post' with the id of the post object.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "var createMathOperation = require('./_createMathOperation');\n\n/**\n * Subtract two numbers.", "\n *\n * @static\n * @memberOf _\n * @since 4.0.0\n * @category Math\n * @param {number} minuend The first number in a subtraction.", "\n * @param {number} subtrahend The second number in a subtraction.", "\n * @returns {number} Returns the difference.", "\n * @example\n *\n * _.subtract(6, 4);\n * // => 2\n */\nvar subtract = createMathOperation(function(minuend, subtrahend) {\n return minuend - subtrahend;\n}, 0);\n\nmodule.exports = subtract;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Tunneling of quasiparticles between two nearly-aligned graphene sheets produces resonant current-voltage characteristics because of the quasi-exact conservation of in-plane momentum. ", "We claim that, in this regime, vertical transport in graphene/boron nitride/graphene heterostructures carries precious information on electron-electron interactions and the quasiparticle spectral function of the two-dimensional electron system in graphene. ", "We present extensive microscopic calculations of the tunneling spectra with the inclusion of quasiparticle lifetime effects and elucidate the range of parameters (inter-layer bias, temperature, twist angle, and gate voltage) under which electron-electron interaction physics emerges.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Karina A. Guerrero-Becerra'\n- Andrea Tomadin\n- Marco Polini\ntitle: 'Resonant tunneling and the quasiparticle lifetime in graphene/boron nitride/graphene heterostructures'\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sect:intro}\n============\n\nThe quantum lifetime [@mahan_book_1981] of electrons roaming in semiconductors and semimetals is the result of microscopic scattering events between electrons and disorder, lattice vibrations, and other electrons in the Fermi sea.", "\n\nAt low temperatures, the lifetime of electrons close to the Fermi surface is dominated by elastic scattering off of the static disorder potential in the material. ", "Upon increasing temperature, however, inelastic scattering mechanisms like electron-phonon and electron-electron (e-e) scattering begin to play a role. ", "Standard electrical transport measurements are sensitive to elastic scattering and electron-phonon processes. ", "The e-e scattering time $\\tau_{\\rm ee}$, which in a normal Fermi liquid coincides with the quasiparticle lifetime [@Nozieres; @Pines_and_Nozieres; @Giuliani_and_Vignale], is much harder to extract from dc transport since such e-e scattering processes conserve the total momentum of the electron system. ", "At low temperatures, order-of-magnitude estimates of $\\tau_{\\rm ee}$ are often obtained from weak localization measurements [@altshuler_jpc_1982; @imry_sst_1994] of the dephasing time $\\tau_\\phi$.\n\nDirect measurements of $\\tau_{\\rm ee}$ are however possible. ", "Any experiment that accesses the so-called quasiparticle spectral function [@Nozieres; @Pines_and_Nozieres; @Giuliani_and_Vignale] ${\\cal A}({\\bm k},\\varepsilon; \\mu)$, is sensitive to $\\tau_{\\rm ee}$. (Here, ${\\bm k}$, $\\varepsilon$, and $\\mu$ denote wave vector, energy, and chemical potential, respectively.) ", "It is well known that angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) [@damascelli_rmp_2003] is one of such experiments. ", "In the case of graphene, accurate ARPES measurements [@bostwick_naturephys_2007; @zhou_naturemater_2007; @bostwick_science_2010; @walter_prb_2011; @siegel_pnas_2011] of ${\\cal A}({\\bm k},\\varepsilon; \\mu)$ require large flakes and have therefore been limited to high-quality epitaxial samples grown on the silicon or carbon face of SiC.\n\nWhat is less known is that tunneling between two two-dimensional (2D) electron systems [@murphy_prb_1995; @Giuliani_and_Vignale] with [*simultaneous*]{} conservation of energy and momentum also probes ${\\cal A}({\\bm k},\\varepsilon; \\mu)$ and therefore $\\tau_{\\rm ee}$. In these experiments, the tunnel current flowing perpendicularly between two parallel 2D electron systems separated by a barrier is measured. ", "The conservation of in-plane momentum ${\\bm k}$ strongly constrains the phase space for tunneling processes and grants unique access to the quasiparticle spectral function ${\\cal A}({\\bm k},\\varepsilon; \\mu)$. 2D-to-2D tunneling spectroscopy was carried out by Murphy [*al.*]{}", " [@murphy_prb_1995] on double quantum well heterostructures consisting of two GaAs quantum wells separated by an undoped ${\\rm Al}_x{\\rm Ga}_{1-x}{\\rm As}$ barrier with a width $d$ in the range $17.5~{\\rm nm} \\leq d \\leq 34~{\\rm nm}$. Experimental results for the width of the tunneling resonances were compared with available theoretical results on the quasiparticle lifetime of a 2D parabolic-band electron system [@chaplik_jetp_1971; @hodges_prb_1971; @fukuyama_prb_1983; @giuliani_prb_1982] and stimulated much more theoretical work [@jungwirth_prb_1996; @zheng_prb_1996; @reizer_prb_1997; @marinescu_prb_2002; @qian_prb_2005].", "\n\n[fig01]{}\n\nRecently, a large number of 2D-to-2D tunneling spectroscopy experiments has been carried out in van der Waals heterostructures [@geim_nature_2013] comprising two graphene sheets separated by a hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) barrier [@britnell_nanolett_2012; @britnell_science_2012; @britnell_naturecommun_2013; @mishchenko_naturenano_2014]. ", "In particular, this work is motivated by the recently gained ability to [*align*]{} the two graphene crystals [@britnell_naturecommun_2013; @mishchenko_naturenano_2014; @fallahazad_nanolett_2015], which enables tunneling measurements in which the in-plane momentum ${\\bm k}$ is nearly exactly conserved. ", "Here, we present a theoretical analysis of the role of [*intra-layer*]{} e-e interactions on the tunneling characteristics of graphene/hBN/graphene heterostructures as sketched in Fig.", " \\[fig:setup\\]. ", "To the best of our knowledge, all available theoretical studies [@feenstra_jourapplphys_2012; @delabarrera_jvactechnol_2014; @brey_prapp_2014; @wallbank_thesis_2014; @mishchenko_naturenano_2014; @lane_apl_2015] of tunneling in these heterostructures have not dealt with e-e interaction effects.", "\n\nOur Article is organized as following. ", "In Sect.", " \\[sect:hamiltonian\\] we present the tunneling Hamiltonian and an expression for the tunneling current $I=I(V_{\\rm b})$ as a functional of the quasiparticle spectral function ${\\cal A}_{\\lambda}({\\bm k}, \\varepsilon; \\mu)$ for conduction- ($\\lambda = +$) and valence-band ($\\lambda = -$) states in each layer. ", "In Sect.", " \\[sect:details\\] we present two crucial ingredients for the calculation of the tunneling current: i) electrostatic relations linking the chemical potentials $\\mu_{\\rm T}$ and $\\mu_{\\rm B}$ in the two layers with gate voltage $V_{\\rm G}$ and inter-layer bias $V_{\\rm b}$ and ii) the quasiparticle spectral function $A_{\\lambda}(\\bm{k},\\varepsilon; \\mu)$ with the inclusion of quasiparticle lifetime effects. ", "In Sect.", " \\[sect:numerics\\] we present and discuss our main numerical results. ", "Finally, in Sect.", " \\[sect:summary\\] we summarize our main findings.", "\n\nTunneling Hamiltonian and current-voltage characteristics {#sect:hamiltonian}\n=========================================================\n\nWe consider the setup depicted in Fig.", " \\[fig:setup\\], consisting of two parallel graphene layers, separated by a tunneling barrier of thickness $d$. The misalignment angle between the lattices of the two graphene layers is denoted by $\\theta$. The bottom layer is separated from a back gate by an insulating layer of thickness $D$. The back gate is maintained at the electric potential $V_{\\rm G}$ while an electric potential bias $V_{\\rm b}$ is applied between the top and bottom graphene layers. ", "Our aim is to calculate the tunneling current density $I$ between the two layers, as a function of the applied bias $V_{\\rm b}$. (The total tunneling current is obtained by multiplying the current density by the area of the region where the two graphene layers overlap.)", "\n\nWe model the tunneling heterostructure in Fig.", " \\[fig:setup\\] with the following Hamiltonian in the layer-pseudospin basis: $$\\label{eq:eff-ham}\n\\hat{\\cal H}^{\\rm eff} = \n\\begin{pmatrix}\n\\hat{\\cal H}_{\\rm T} & 0 \\\\\n0 & \\hat{\\cal H}_{\\rm B} \\\\ \n\\end{pmatrix}+\n\\begin{pmatrix}\n0 & \\hat{\\cal H}_{\\rm TB} \\\\\n\\hat{\\cal H}_{\\rm TB}^{\\dagger} & 0 \\\\ \n\\end{pmatrix}~.$$ Here, $\\hat{\\cal H}_{\\rm T}$ ($\\hat{\\cal H}_{\\rm B}$) is the 2D massless Dirac fermion Hamiltonian [@kotov_rmp_2012] of the top (bottom) graphene layer and $$\\label{eq:tunnham}\n\\hat{\\cal H}_{\\rm TB} = \\frac{\\gamma_{\\rm eff}}{3} \\sum_{j = 1,2,3} e^{-i \\Delta {\\bm K}_{j} \\cdot \\hat{\\bm r}} \n\\begin{pmatrix}\n1 & e^{-i \\frac{2\\pi}{3}(j -1)} \\\\\ne^{i \\frac{2\\pi}{3}(j -1)} & 1 \\\\ \n\\end{pmatrix}$$ is the tunneling Hamiltonian between two graphene layers in the lattice-pseudospin basis [@bistrizer_prb_2010; @bistrizer_pnas_2011; @bistrizer_prb_2011; @mele_prb_2011; @dossantos_prb_2012]. ", "Eq.", " (\\[eq:tunnham\\]) assumes that: 1) tunneling between the two graphene layers occurs through highly misaligned hBN [@mishchenko_naturenano_2014] (which is therefore treated as a homogeneous dielectric); 2) chirality of the eigenstates of the 2D massless Dirac fermion Hamiltonians $\\hat{\\cal H}_{\\rm T}$ and $\\hat{\\cal H}_{\\rm B}$ is preserved upon tunneling [@mishchenko_naturenano_2014]; and 3) [*inter-layer*]{} e-e interactions are negligible. ", "While assumptions 1) and 2) are certainly reasonably justified, assumption 3) is certainly unjustified since tunnel experiments in graphene/hBN/graphene heterostructures [@britnell_nanolett_2012; @britnell_science_2012; @britnell_naturecommun_2013; @mishchenko_naturenano_2014] are always carried out in the strong coupling regime [@gorbachev_naturephys_2012; @carrega_njp_2012], i.e. $d k_{\\rm F, T(B)} \\ll 1$, where $k_{\\rm F, T(B)}$ is the Fermi wave vector in the top (bottom) graphene layer. ", "This is at odds with aforementioned tunneling experiments in (and related theory work on) double quantum well heterostructures consisting of two GaAs quantum wells separated by undoped ${\\rm Al}_x{\\rm Ga}_{1-x}{\\rm As}$ barriers. ", "Relaxing assumption 3) is certainly an interesting conceptual endavor, which is well beyond the scope of the present Article and is left for future work.", "\n\nIn Eq.", " (\\[eq:tunnham\\]), $\\gamma_{\\rm eff}$ is an effective inter-layer coupling strength, which strongly depends on the thickness $d$ of the hBN barrier, and $\\Delta \\bm{K}_{j}\\equiv \\theta \\hat{\\bm z} \\times \\bm{K}_{j}$. Here, ${\\bm K}_{j}$ with $j=1,2,3$ denote the three equivalent positions of the corners of the Brillouin zone of the bottom layer, with $\\theta=0$ denoting the A-A stacking configuration. ", "Physically, the quantity $\\Delta \\bm{K}_{j}$ ($-\\Delta \\bm{K}_{j}$) represents the in-plane wave vector change of electrons upon tunneling from the top to the bottom (bottom to the top) layer. ", "The matrix elements of the Hamiltonian (\\[eq:tunnham\\]) between plane-wave states in the two different layers read as following: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:matrixelements}\nt_{\\lambda, \\lambda'}(\\bm{k},\\bm{k}') & = & \n\\gamma_{\\rm eff} \\frac{(2 \\pi)^2}{6} \\sum_{j= 1,2,3} \\left\\{1+ \\lambda e^{-i [2 \\pi(j-1)/3 - \\varphi_{\\bm k}]}\\right\\} \\nonumber \\\\\n&& \\times \\left\\{1+\\lambda' e^{i [2 \\pi(j-1)/3 - \\varphi_{{\\bm k}'}]}\\right\\}~,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\lambda, \\lambda' = \\pm$ are band indices, ${\\bm k}$ (${\\bm k}'$) is the wave vector of the electronic state in the bottom (top) layer, with polar angle $\\varphi_{\\bm k}$ ($\\varphi_{{\\bm k}'}$).", "\n\nTo second order in the inter-layer coupling $\\gamma_{\\rm eff}$, the tunneling current density is given by [@mahan_book_1981; @wolf_book_2012]\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq2:current}\nI(V_{\\rm b}) & = & \\frac{e}{2\\pi h} N_{\\rm f} \\sum_{\\lambda, \\lambda'} \\int \\frac{d\\bm{k}}{(2\\pi)^{2}} \\vert t_{\\lambda, \\lambda'}(\\bm{k},\\bm{k}')\\vert^2 \\nonumber \\\\\n&& \\times \\int \\frac{d \\varepsilon}{2\\pi}{\\cal A}_{\\lambda}(\\bm{k},\\varepsilon; \\mu_{\\rm B}) {\\cal A}_{\\lambda'}(\\bm{k}',\\varepsilon-\\Delta \\varepsilon_{\\rm D}; \\mu_{\\rm T}) \\nonumber \\\\\n&& \\times [n_{\\rm F}(\\varepsilon;\\mu_{\\rm B})-n_{\\rm F}(\\varepsilon -\\Delta \\varepsilon_{\\rm D};\\mu_{\\rm T})]~,\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere $N_{\\rm f}=4$ is the number of fermion flavors in graphene and the wave vector $\\bm{k}'$ in the top layer is fixed by momentum conservation to the value $\\bm{k}' = \\bm{k}-\\Delta{\\bm K}_{j}$. (Any choice of $j=1,2,3$ is possible due to the three-fold rotational symmetry of the system.) ", "In Eq.", " (\\[eq2:current\\]) $$n_{\\rm F}(\\varepsilon; \\mu) =\\left\\{ \\exp{\\left[\\frac{\\varepsilon- \\mu}{k_{\\rm B} T}\\right]} + 1 \\right\\}^{-1}$$ is the Fermi-Dirac distribution function at temperature $T$ and chemical potential $\\mu$, while $${\\cal A}_{\\lambda}({\\bm k},\\varepsilon; \\mu) = \\frac{-2 \\Sigma_\\lambda''({\\bm k},\\varepsilon;\\mu)}{[\\varepsilon - \\varepsilon_{{\\bm k}, \\lambda} - \\Sigma_\\lambda ' ({\\bm k},\\varepsilon;\\mu)]^2+[\\Sigma_\\lambda '' ({\\bm k},\\varepsilon;\\mu)]^2}$$ is the spectral function of an interacting system of 2D massless Dirac fermions [@polini_prb_2008], here expressed in terms of the real $\\Sigma_{\\lambda} ' ({\\bm k}, \\varepsilon;\\mu)$ and imaginary $\\Sigma_{\\lambda} '' ({\\bm k}, \\varepsilon;\\mu)$ parts of the retarded quasiparticle self-energy $\\Sigma_{\\lambda}({\\bm k}, \\varepsilon;\\mu)$. The chemical potentials in the bottom and top layers are denoted by $\\mu_{\\rm B}$ and $\\mu_{\\rm T}$, respectively, and are measured with respect to the energy of the Dirac point in the corresponding layer. ", "The Dirac points of the top and bottom layers are offset by an energy $\\Delta \\varepsilon_{\\rm D}$.\n\n[fig02a]{}(1.8,55)[(a)]{}\n\n[fig02b]{}(1.8,55)[(b)]{}\n\nElectrostatics and the quasiparticle spectral function {#sect:details}\n======================================================\n\nIn this Section we summarize the two crucial ingredients that are required for the calculation of the tunneling current: i) electrostatic relations linking the chemical potentials $\\mu_{\\rm T}$ and $\\mu_{\\rm B}$ in the two layers with gate voltage $V_{\\rm G}$ and inter-layer bias $V_{\\rm b}$ and ii) details on the quasiparticle spectral function $A_{\\lambda}(\\bm{k},\\varepsilon; \\mu)$ and quasiparticle lifetime effects.", "\n\nElectrostatics {#subsect:electrostatics}\n--------------\n\nFor the sake of completeness, we here report a closed system of equations [@mishchenko_naturenano_2014] relating the chemical potentials $\\mu_{\\rm B}$ and $\\mu_{\\rm T}$ and the energy offset $\\Delta \\varepsilon_{\\rm D}$ to the gate voltage $V_{\\rm G}$ and inter-layer bias $V_{\\rm b}$. We remark that the chemical potential in each layer is measured with respect to the Dirac point of that layer.", "\n\nThe energy offset between top and bottom graphene layers is defined by $$\\label{eq:delta-epsilon-D}\n\\Delta \\varepsilon_{\\rm D} \\equiv -e(V_{\\rm T}- V_{\\rm B})~,$$ where $V_{\\rm B}$ ($V_{\\rm T}$) is the magnitude of the electric potential at the bottom (top) layer. ", "Here, we assume that all quantities do not change in the ${\\hat {\\bm x}}$-${\\hat {\\bm y}}$ plane, i.e. in the direction perpendicular to the “growth” direction of the van der Waals stack.", "\n\nThe electro-chemical potential $\\tilde{\\mu}_{\\rm B,T}$ in each graphene layer is given by the sum of the chemical potential and the electric potential energy, i.e. $\\tilde{\\mu}_{\\rm B,T} \\equiv \\mu_{\\rm B,T}-e V_{\\rm B,T}$. The difference between the electro-chemical potentials of the top and bottom layers is due to the applied bias voltage, i.e. $-eV_{\\rm b}= \\tilde{\\mu}_{\\rm T}- \\tilde{\\mu}_{\\rm B}$. Combining the above equations, we find the following electrostatic relation $$\\label{eq:sys1}\n-eV_{\\rm b} = \\mu_{\\rm T} + \\Delta \\varepsilon_{\\rm D}-\\mu_{\\rm B}~.$$ A second electrostatic relation follows from the [*charge neutrality condition*]{}: $$\\label{eq:neutrcharge}\nn_{\\rm B} +n_{\\rm T} + n_{\\rm G} = 0~,$$ where $n_{\\rm B}$, $n_{\\rm T}$, and $n_{\\rm G}$ are the charge densities on the bottom graphene layer, top graphene layer, and back gate, respectively. ", "We assume that both graphene layers have negligible residual doping.", "\n\nWe now relate these carrier densities to $V_{\\rm G}$ and $V_{\\rm b}$. Using Gauss theorem, we find $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:gausslaw}\nE_{1} & = & -e n_{\\rm G}/(\\epsilon_0 \\epsilon_{\\rm r}) \\nonumber \\\\\nE_{2}-E_{1} & = & -e n_{\\rm B}/(\\epsilon_0 \\epsilon_{\\rm r})~,\\end{aligned}$$ where $E_{1}$ is the magnitude of the electric field in the $\\hat{\\bm z}$ direction between the gate and bottom graphene layer, while $E_{2}$ is the magnitude of the electric field in the $\\hat{\\bm z}$ direction between the bottom and top graphene layers. ", "In Eq.", " (\\[eq:gausslaw\\]), $\\epsilon_0$ is the vacuum permittivity, while $\\epsilon_{\\rm r}$ is an effective relative dielectric constant describing screening due to the dielectric materials surrounding the graphene layers. ", "For sake of simplicity, we follow Ref.", "  and take $\\epsilon_{\\rm r} = 4$. One can easily improve on this approximation by a more detailed electrostatic calculation that takes into account the uniaxial nature of hBN and thin-film effects (see e.g. Ref.", " ).", "\n\nThe electric fields are related to the electric potentials on the graphene layers and on the gate by the relations $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:electricpotdef}\nE_{1} & = & -(V_{\\rm B} -V_{\\rm G})/D \\nonumber \\\\\nE_{2} & = & -(V_{\\rm T} -V_{\\rm B})/d~.\\end{aligned}$$ Finally, we can relate the chemical potential $\\mu_{{\\rm T}({\\rm B})}$ to the carrier density $n_{{\\rm T}({\\rm B})}$ by using $$\\label{eq:mudef}\n\\mu \\equiv \\frac{\\partial [n\\varepsilon(n)]}{\\partial n}~.$$ In Eq.", " (\\[eq:mudef\\]), $\\varepsilon(n)$ is the ground-state energy per particle of the system of interacting fermions [@barlas_prl_2007; @asgari_annals_2014], calculated independently in each layer. ", "For example, to obtain $\\mu_{\\rm T}$ one needs to use Eq.", " (\\[eq:mudef\\]) with $n\\to n_{\\rm T}$ and $\\varepsilon(n) \\to \\varepsilon_{\\rm T} = \\varepsilon_{\\rm T}(n_{\\rm T})$.\n\nAt temperatures $k_{\\rm B} T\\ll \\varepsilon_{{\\rm F}, {\\rm B} ({\\rm T})}$ and neglecting many-body exchange and correlation effects [@barlas_prl_2007; @asgari_annals_2014], we can use the approximate relation $$\\label{eq:chemdens}\n\\mu_{{\\rm T} ({\\rm B})} =\\varepsilon_{{\\rm F}, {\\rm T}({\\rm B})} \\left [ 1 - \\frac{\\pi^{2}}{6}\\left(\\frac{k_{\\rm B} T}{\\varepsilon_{{\\rm F}, {\\rm T} ({\\rm B})}}\\right)^2 \\right]~,$$ where $\\varepsilon_{{\\rm F}, {\\rm T}({\\rm B})} = \\hbar v_{\\rm F} \\sqrt{4 \\pi n_{{\\rm T}({\\rm B})}/N_{\\rm f}}$ is the Fermi energy in each layer and $v_{\\rm F} \\sim 10^{6}~{\\rm m}/{\\rm s}$ is the graphene Fermi velocity.", "\n\nWithout loss of generality, we assume that the bottom layer is grounded, which implies $V_{\\rm B} = 0$. Eqs.", " (\\[eq:sys1\\]), (\\[eq:neutrcharge\\]), (\\[eq:gausslaw\\]), (\\[eq:electricpotdef\\]), and (\\[eq:chemdens\\]) can be solved for the eight unknowns $n_{\\rm B}$ $n_{\\rm T}$, $n_{\\rm G}$, $\\mu_{\\rm T}$, $\\mu_{\\rm B}$, $E_{1}$, $E_{2}$, and $V_{\\rm T}$, as functions of the experimentally relevant parameters $V_{\\rm b}$ and $V_{\\rm G}$. Typical results are shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:electro\\].", "\n\nThe quasiparticle spectral function {#subsect:quasiparticle}\n-----------------------------------\n\nIn this Article we are interested in the impact of quasiparticle lifetime effects on the tunneling spectra of nearly-aligned graphene sheets. ", "For the sake of simplicity, we use a Lorentzian approximation for the quasiparticle spectral function: $$\\label{eq:approximate_spectral_function}\n\\mathcal{A_{\\lambda}}(\\bm{k},\\varepsilon; \\mu)= \\frac{\\hbar/ [\\tau(\\varepsilon_{\\bm{k},\\lambda}-\\mu)]}{(\\varepsilon-\\varepsilon_{\\bm{k},\\lambda})^2+\\lbrace \\hbar/ [2 \\tau(\\varepsilon_{\\bm{k},\\lambda}-\\mu) ] \\rbrace^2 }~.$$ In Eq.", " (\\[eq:approximate\\_spectral\\_function\\]), $\\varepsilon_{\\bm{k},\\lambda}=\\lambda \\hbar v_{\\rm F} |\\bm{k}|$ is the Dirac band energy [@kotov_rmp_2012] and $$\\label{eq:Matthiessen}\n\\frac{\\hbar}{\\tau(\\xi)} = \\frac{\\hbar}{\\tau_{\\rm ee}(\\xi)} + \\frac{\\hbar}{\\tau_{\\rm s}}~.$$ The quantity $\\tau_{\\rm ee}(\\xi)$ is the lifetime of a quasiparticle of energy $\\xi$ (measured from the chemical potential) and is related to the imaginary part of the retarded self-energy by the relation $[ \\tau(\\varepsilon_{{\\bm k},\\lambda} - \\mu)]^{-1} = - 2\\Sigma_{\\lambda} '' ({\\bm k}, \\varepsilon_{{\\bm k},\\lambda};\\mu)/\\hbar$. In the spirit of Matthiessen’s rule [@hwang_prb_2008], in Eq.", " (\\[eq:Matthiessen\\]) we have included a temperature-independent spectral width $\\hbar /\\tau_{\\rm s}$ to take into account the effect of elastic scattering off of the static disorder potential on the quasiparticle lifetime.", "\n\nIn the high-temperature $|\\xi| \\ll k_{\\rm B} T$ limit, the expression for the decay rate $\\hbar/ \\tau_{\\rm ee}(\\xi)$ due to e-e interactions near the Fermi surface is independent of $\\xi$ and reads as following [@polini_arxiv_2014; @li_prb_2013]: $$\\label{eq:taufinitet}\n\\frac{\\hbar}{\\tau_{\\rm ee}(\\xi)} = \\frac{\\pi}{4}\\frac{(k_{\\rm B} T)^2}{|\\varepsilon_{\\rm F}|}\\ln \\left (\\frac{\\Lambda}{k_{\\rm B} T} \\right )~,$$ $\\Lambda$ being a suitable cutoff [@polini_arxiv_2014]. ", "On the contrary, in the low-temperature $k_{\\rm B} T \\ll |\\xi|$ limit the lifetime depends on the quasiparticle energy and is given by [@polini_arxiv_2014; @li_prb_2013] $$\\label{eq:tauzerot}\n\\frac{\\hbar}{\\tau_{\\rm ee}(\\xi)} = \\frac{1}{4 \\pi}\\frac{\\xi^2}{|\\varepsilon_{\\rm F}|}\\ln \\left ( \\frac{\\Lambda}{|\\xi|} \\right )~.$$ The simple Lorentzian approximation (\\[eq:approximate\\_spectral\\_function\\]), which has already been used e.g. in Ref.", "  in the non-interacting $\\tau_{\\rm ee} \\to \\infty$ limit, can be transcended by employing the GW-RPA approximation [@polini_prb_2008]. ", "A study of these refinements on the spectral function and a detailed investigation of the role of graphene plasmons in the tunneling spectra [@polini_prb_2008; @principi_ssc_2012] is well beyond the scope of the present Article and will be discussed elsewhere.", "\n\nNumerical results and discussion {#sect:numerics}\n================================\n\n[fig03a]{}(2,55)[(a)]{}\n\n[fig03b]{}(2,55)[(b)]{}\n\n![", "\\[fig:broadening\\] (Color online) Broadening $\\Delta V_{\\rm b}$ of the current density peak as a function of the misalignment angle $\\theta$. Different sets of data refer to different values of temperature: $T = 10~{\\rm K}$ (black triangles), $T = 45~{\\rm K}$ (blue squares), and $T = 100~{\\rm K}$ (red circles). ", "The dashed lines are guides to the eye. ", "Data in this plot have been obtained by setting $V_{\\rm G} = 0$. Quasiparticle lifetime effects emerge for small values of the misalignment angle.](fig04){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nWe calculate the tunneling current by numerically performing the integrals in Eq.", " (\\[eq2:current\\]). ", "For the integration over the wave vector ${\\bm k}$, we use a square mesh centered around the Dirac point, with maximum wave vector $k_{\\rm max} = 2~{\\rm nm}^{-1}$ and step $\\Delta k = 4\\times 10^{-2}~{\\rm nm}^{-1}$. We have verified that the results do not change appreciably by using $k_{\\rm max}$ up to $6~{\\rm nm}^{-1}$. The energy mesh is symmetric and extends up to $\\varepsilon_{\\rm max} = 2~{\\rm eV}$ with step $\\Delta \\varepsilon \\lesssim 2\\times 10^{-4}~{\\rm eV}$. In all numerical calculations we set $\\Lambda = 3~{\\rm eV}$, $D = 320~{\\rm nm}$, and $\\hbar /\\tau_{\\rm s} = 2~{\\rm meV}$. Finally, we set the hBN barrier thickness at $d = 1.4$ nm (approximately corresponding to $4$ hBN layers) and the effective coupling strength in Eq.", " (\\[eq:tunnham\\]) at $\\gamma_{\\rm eff} = 3~\\mu{\\rm eV}$. The latter choice is made to match the order of magnitude of the tunneling current measured experimentally [@mishchenko_naturenano_2014].", "\n\n[fig05a]{}(2,55)[(a)]{}\n\n[fig05b]{}(2,55)[(b)]{}\n\nOur main numerical results are summarized in Figs.", " \\[fig:deptemp\\]-\\[fig:gatedep\\]. ", "We clearly see that the current density as a function of bias voltage displays two peaks, which occur when the following condition is met [@mishchenko_naturenano_2014]: $$\\label{eq:collinearity}\n\\Delta \\varepsilon_{\\rm D} = \\sigma \\hbar v_{\\rm F} |\\Delta \\bm{K}_{j}|,\n\\quad \\sigma = \\pm 1~.$$ To visualize the geometric meaning of this condition, it is useful to represent the conical band structures of the two graphene layers on the same wave vector-energy plane $({\\bm k},\\varepsilon)$, with the Dirac points displaced horizontally by $\\Delta {\\bm K}_{j}$ and vertically by $\\Delta \\varepsilon_{\\rm D}$. Each point on the surface of a Dirac cone corresponds to a single-particle state on one of the two layers. ", "Because of energy and momentum conservation, electron tunneling is possible only between pairs of single-particle states, on opposite layers, which correspond to the [*same*]{} point on the plane $({\\bm k},\\varepsilon)$. In other words, states which can undergo energy-conserving tunneling correspond to the intersection of each layer’s Dirac cone with the other layer’s displaced Dirac cone. ", "The finite width of the spectral function relaxes energy conservation and broadens the region of $({\\bm k},\\varepsilon)$ space where the tunneling process has a non-vanishing probability to occur.", "\n\nThe condition (\\[eq:collinearity\\]) with $\\sigma = 1$ ($\\sigma = -1$) corresponds to the situation in which the top layer’s Dirac point falls on the bottom layer’s upper (lower) Dirac cone. ", "These two cases correspond to tunneling between states close the Dirac point of the top layer and those in the conduction and valence band of the bottom layer, respectively. ", "In such configuration, the intersection between the two cones—which is in general an ellipse, a hyperbola, or a parabola—degenerates to a single line, such that all the wave vectors of states participating in the tunneling process are [*collinear*]{} to $\\Delta {\\bm K}_{j}$. For this reason, we refer to (\\[eq:collinearity\\]) as to the “collinearity” condition. ", "It is well known that, for 2D massless Dirac fermions, collinear scattering yields a divergent spectral density of electron-hole pairs (see, for example, Ref.", "  and references therein to earlier work) and ultrafast non-equilibrium dynamics of photo-excited carriers [@tomadin_prb_2013; @brida_naturecommun_2013].", "\n\nPeaks in the current density at collinearity are symmetric with respect to $V_{\\rm b} = 0$ for $V_{\\rm G} = 0$, as in Fig.", " \\[fig:deptemp\\], while the current profile is asymmetric for finite values of $V_{\\rm G}$, as in Fig.", " \\[fig:gatedep\\]. ", "The asymmetry between the two graphene layers is a consequence of the position of the gate layer. ", "The value of the inter-layer bias potential at which the collinearity condition is met is found as explained in Fig.", " \\[fig:electro\\](b). ", "Here, the dotted horizontal lines, displaying $\\pm \\hbar v_{\\rm F} |\\Delta \\bm{K}_{j}|$, are intersected with the solid line, displaying $\\Delta \\varepsilon_{\\rm D}$. For large regions of parameter space, the peak corresponding to $\\sigma = 1$ ($\\sigma = -1$) appears at negative (positive) bias voltages. ", "However, at very small angles and sufficiently large $V_{\\rm G}$, the collinearity condition with both $\\sigma = \\pm$ may be met at $V_{\\rm b}>0$.\n\nThe tunneling current density at finite temperature and for vanishing gate voltage is shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:deptemp\\]. ", "Data in this figure have been obtained by using Eq.", " (\\[eq:taufinitet\\]) for the quasiparticle lifetime. ", "Peaks at collinearity are evident and located at bias voltages close to those predicted on the basis of the simple expression (\\[eq:collinearity\\]). ", "Increasing temperature, the peaks become broader and drift to slightly larger absolute values of the bias potential. ", "Moreover, the linear dependence of the current on the bias voltage around $V_{\\rm b} = 0$ becomes steeper as temperature increases. ", "Comparing the current profiles for two different values of the misalignment angle $\\theta$ in the two panels of Fig.", " \\[fig:deptemp\\], we see that these effects are much more evident for small misalignment angles. ", "This behavior is due to the fact that, for large values of $\\theta$, broadening of the current peak is dominated by lattice misalignment effects, while e-e interactions play the most important role in the condition of near-alignment. ", "Indeed, temperature affects the tunneling current through the suppression of the quasiparticle lifetime $\\tau_{\\rm ee}$, i.e. broadening of the spectral function. ", "A broader spectral function entails a more relaxed energy conservation in the tunneling processes, and thus the collinear peak widens around its zero-temperature, geometrically-deduced position. ", "Varying temperature has no effect on the current profile, if the quasiparticle lifetime is not affected by e-e interactions. ", "Our results thus show that the tunneling current at sufficiently small misalignment angles bear clear signatures of e-e interactions. ", "This is central result of this Article.", "\n\nTo quantify the role of e-e interactions, in Fig.", " \\[fig:broadening\\] we plot the broadening of the current peak as a function of the misalignment angle $\\theta$ for various temperatures. ", "Since the current profile around the peak is not symmetric and extends to large values of the bias voltage $V_{\\rm b}$, the definition of “peak broadening” is not obvious. ", "Therefore, we adopt an [*ad hoc*]{} definition to estimate how temperature affects the peak broadening. ", "We define the broadening as the standard deviation $\\Delta V_{\\rm b} = \\langle [V_{\\rm b} - \\langle V_{\\rm b} \\rangle]^{2} \\rangle^{1/2}$, where the average $$\\langle X \\rangle = \\frac{ \\int_{V_{{\\rm b},1}}^{V_{{\\rm b},2}} d V_{\\rm b} ~ X(V_{\\rm b}) I(V_{\\rm b}) }{ \\int_{V_{{\\rm b},1}}^{V_{{\\rm b},2}} d V_{\\rm b} ~ I(V_{\\rm b}) }$$ is defined with respect to the current profile. ", "The extremes of integration $V_{{\\rm b},1}$, $V_{{\\rm b},2}$ are symmetric around the peak position $V_{{\\rm b},{\\rm peak}}$ with a total extent $V_{{\\rm b},2} - V_{{\\rm b},1} = 100~{\\rm meV}$. Fig.", " \\[fig:broadening\\] shows that the broadening of the current peak depends on temperature—a clear signature of e-e interactions. ", "However, the temperature dependence is weak at misalignment angles $\\theta \\gtrsim 0.5^{\\circ}$ (where the tunneling current away from collinearity is suppressed by lattice misalignment) and stronger at $\\theta \\lesssim 0.5^{\\circ}$ (where the effect of e-e interactions becomes more important).", "\n\nAt low temperatures, a further signature of the electron spectral properties is found by studying the profile of the tunneling current as a function of gate voltage. ", "This is shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:gatedep\\]. ", "Data in this figure have been obtained by using Eq.", " (\\[eq:tauzerot\\]) for the quasiparticle lifetime. ", "We have decided not to calculate the value of the current for ranges of $V_{\\rm b}$ such that bottom- or top-layer carrier densities are smaller than $10^{10}~{\\rm cm}^{-2}$. This is because the normal Fermi liquid expression (\\[eq:tauzerot\\]) for the quasiparticle decay rate is not justified near the charge neutrality point. ", "In these regions, the derivative of the carrier density of either layer with respect to $V_{\\rm b}$ vanishes (see Fig.", " \\[fig:electro\\]). ", "As a consequence, the differential conductance $dI/dV_{\\rm b}$ is nearly zero, as observed experimentally [@mishchenko_naturenano_2014; @britnell_naturecommun_2013].", "\n\nWe observe that for small misalignment angles and large gate voltages the peak corresponding to the collinearity condition with $\\sigma = 1$ \\[indicated by arrows in Fig.", " \\[fig:gatedep\\](a)\\] is located at $V_{\\rm b} > 0$. In this regime, the height of the peak is very sensitive to disorder and increases as the residual spectral width $\\hbar/\\tau_{\\rm s}$ decreases. ", "This is because the most important contribution to the energy integral in Eq.", " (\\[eq2:current\\])—due to collinearity—arises from a region in the $({\\bm k},\\varepsilon)$ plane where $\\xi$ is small \\[see inset in Fig.", " \\[fig:gatedep\\](a)\\]. ", "That is, the dominant contribution to the tunneling current comes from particles tunneling from the neighborhood of the chemical potential in one cone to the neighborhood of the chemical potential in the other cone. ", "In this case, the e-e contribution to the quasiparticle lifetime tends to zero, as in all Fermi liquids, so that both the initial and final states involved in the tunneling process are long-lived and the tunneling probability is enhanced. ", "The finite height of the current peak is determined by the the residual spectral width due to disorder. ", "Similarly to the effect of e-e interactions at finite temperature, the effect of the residual spectral width is suppressed at larger misalignment angles \\[see Fig.", " \\[fig:gatedep\\](b)\\], where the width and height of the current peaks is rather insensitive to the value of gate voltage.", "\n\nSummary {#sect:summary}\n=======\n\nIn this Article we have presented a theory of the tunneling characteristics between misaligned graphene layers, which takes into account the spectral properties of the tunneling electrons. ", "We have taken into account quasiparticle lifetime effects into the quasiparticle spectral function by treating on an equal footing electron-electron interactions and elastic scattering off of the static disorder potential. ", "Effects of electron-electron interactions on the quasiparticle lifetime are considered separately at finite (Figs.", " \\[fig:deptemp\\]-\\[fig:broadening\\]) and very low (Fig.", " \\[fig:gatedep\\]) temperatures. ", "In both cases, we study the interplay between the misalignment angle and the quasiparticle lifetime.", "\n\nThe profile of the tunneling current as a function of the bias voltage is characterized by peaks which originate from the enhanced tunneling probability between electronic states with collinear wave vectors in the two layers. ", "Due to electron-electron interactions, the broadening of these peaks depends on temperature at small misalignment angles. ", "In this regime, comparing experimental data with our theoretical results enables measurements of the quasiparticle lifetime $\\tau_{\\rm ee}$ in a vertical transport experiment. ", "At very low temperatures, instead, by tuning the gate voltage, it is possible to reach a regime in which the height of one current peak is entirely determined by the quasiparticle lifetime due to elastic scattering. ", "Both effects disappear when the misalignment angle $\\theta$ is larger than $0.5^{\\circ}$-$1^{\\circ}$, because, in this case, the width of the current peaks is dominated by the non-conservation of in-plane wave vector during the tunneling process.", "\n\nMeasurements of $\\tau_{\\rm ee}$ can be compared with many-body theory calculations [@polini_arxiv_2014; @li_prb_2013; @principi_arxiv_2015] and are important to assess the region of parameter space (carrier density and temperature) where transport in massless Dirac fermion fluids can be described by hydrodynamic theory [@bandurin_arxiv_2015; @torre_prb_2015].", "\n\nK.A.G.B. acknowledges useful discussions with J.R. Wallbank, P. D’Amico, and G. Borghi. ", "This work was supported by the EC under the Graphene Flagship program (contract no.", " CNECT-ICT-604391) and MIUR through the program “Progetti Premiali 2012” - Project “ABNANOTECH”. ", "We have made use of free software [@python].", "\n\n[77]{} G.D. 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{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to call a GET method in android with aws api gateway?", "\n\nso i have this lambda function which simply takes in a username as input, and goes to dynamoDB and grabs me the corresponding user in that table with all its attributes and logs it out. ", "It works just fine, when i test in lambda. ", "But, when i call the GET method through the sdk it doesn't work, and i dont understand why?", "\nhere is that function in lambda. ", "\nAWS.config.update(dynamoDBConfiguration);\n\nvar dynamodb = new AWS.DynamoDB.DocumentClient(); \nexports.handler = function(event, context, callback) \n{\n console.log('entered exports handler');\n console.log(JSON.stringify(event, null, ' '));\n\n var userTableName = \"usersTable\";\n\n var params = {\n TableName : userTableName,\n Key: {\n \"username\": event.username\n }\n // AttributesToGet: [\n // 'STRING_VALUE',\n // /* more items */\n // ],\n };\n dynamodb.get(params, function(err, data)\n { if (err) {\n console.log(err);\n callback(err);\n } else {\n console.log('great success: %j',data);\n callback(null, data);\n }\n });\n};\n\nNow im trying to test this function in API getway so i can later deploy the sdk, but im having huge trouble figuring this out and hope you guys can help me out of what im missing!", "\nHere is my GET method in my api\n\nNext, my method request.", "\n\nMy integration request\n\nMy method response\n\nfollowed by my output model\n{\n \"$schema\": \"http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#\",\n \"type\": \"object\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"username\": {\"type\":\"string\"}\n },\n \"title\": \"Output\"\n}\n\nAnd my integration response\n \nAnd here is the output i get when i test in Lambda (so works fine).", "\n{\n \"Item\": {\n \"experience\": \"0\",\n \"displayName\": \"Archer\",\n \"profileImageRef\": \"default\",\n \"folders\": {\n \"My Cards\": {\n \"cards\": {},\n \"name\": \"My Cards\"\n }\n },\n \"birthdate\": \"1/1/1990\",\n \"lastName\": \"Farooqui\",\n \"username\": \"Archer\",\n \"email\": \"qteen1@gmail.com\",\n \"firstName\": \"Qamar\"\n }\n}\n\nIn android, here is my sdk i generated to put into my android studio. ", "\nMyUserClient sdk\n@com.amazonaws.mobileconnectors.apigateway.annotation.", "Service(endpoint = \"https://ow2zhiry2b.execute-api.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/awsTest\")\n\n public interface MyUserClient {\n\n /**\n * A generic invoker to invoke any API Gateway endpoint.", "\n * @param request\n * @return ApiResponse\n */\n com.amazonaws.mobileconnectors.apigateway.", "ApiResponse execute(com.amazonaws.mobileconnectors.apigateway.", "ApiRequest request);\n\n /**\n * \n * \n * @param username \n * @return Output\n */\n @com.amazonaws.mobileconnectors.apigateway.annotation.", "Operation(path = \"/\", method = \"GET\")\n Output rootGet(\n @com.amazonaws.mobileconnectors.apigateway.annotation.", "Parameter(name = \"username\", location = \"query\")\n String username);\n }\n\nHere is my out output class that was generated as well from the sdk\npublic class Output {\n @com.google.gson.annotations.", "SerializedName(\"username\")\n private String username = null;\n\n /**\n * Gets username\n *\n * @return username\n **/\n public String getUsername() {\n return username;\n }\n\n /**\n * Sets the value of username.", "\n *\n * @param username the new value\n */\n public void setUsername(String username) {\n this.username = username;\n }\n\n}\n\nAnd finally, i try to implement the GEt method in an async task, but it keeps crashing on a log statement.", "\nclass gateWayAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<Void, Void, Void>\n {\n private String userName;\n public gateWayAsyncTask(String userName)\n {\n this.userName = userName;\n }\n @Override\n protected Void doInBackground(Void... params)\n {\n creatingUser = clientFactory.build(com.awsTest.clientsdk.", "MyUserClient.class);\n userName = creatingUser.rootGet(\"Archer\").getUsername();\n return null;\n //clientFactory, and creatingUser variables are assigned in the parent class of this Async task don't worry.", "\n }\n @Override\n public void onPostExecute(Void var)\n {\n Log.d(\"gateway\",\"gateway succeded!\");", "\n Log.d(\"gateway\",userName);\n Toast.makeText(getBaseContext(),userName,Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n }\n }\n\nAnd here is my stackTrace\n12-27 12:42:48.929 29019-29019/com.daprlabs.aaron.swipedeck2 E/UncaughtException: java.lang.", "NullPointerException: println needs a message\n at android.util.", "Log.println_native(Native Method)\n at android.util.", "Log.d(Log.java:139)\n at com.daprlabs.aaron.zivitApp.", "Cognito.", "LogInZivit$gateWayAsyncTask.onPostExecute(LogInZivit.java:313)\n at com.daprlabs.aaron.zivitApp.", "Cognito.", "LogInZivit$gateWayAsyncTask.onPostExecute(LogInZivit.java:281)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask.finish(AsyncTask.java:651)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask.access$500(AsyncTask.java:180)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask$InternalHandler.handleMessage(AsyncTask.java:668)\n at android.os.", "Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)\n at android.os.", "Looper.loop(Looper.java:148)\n at android.app.", "ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5525)\n at java.lang.reflect.", "Method.invoke(Native Method)\n at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:730)\n at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:620)\n12-27 12:42:49.169 29019-29019/com.daprlabs.aaron.swipedeck2 E/AndroidRuntime: FATAL EXCEPTION: main\n Process: com.daprlabs.aaron.swipedeck2, PID: 29019\n java.lang.", "NullPointerException: println needs a message\n at android.util.", "Log.println_native(Native Method)\n at android.util.", "Log.d(Log.java:139)\n at com.daprlabs.aaron.zivitApp.", "Cognito.", "LogInZivit$gateWayAsyncTask.onPostExecute(LogInZivit.java:313)\n at com.daprlabs.aaron.zivitApp.", "Cognito.", "LogInZivit$gateWayAsyncTask.onPostExecute(LogInZivit.java:281)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask.finish(AsyncTask.java:651)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask.access$500(AsyncTask.java:180)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask$InternalHandler.handleMessage(AsyncTask.java:668)\n at android.os.", "Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)\n at android.os.", "Looper.loop(Looper.java:148)\n at android.app.", "ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5525)\n at java.lang.reflect.", "Method.invoke(Native Method)\n at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:730)\n at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:620)\n12-27 12:43:14.387 29295-29295/com.daprlabs.aaron.swipedeck2 D/gateway: gateway succeded!", "\n12-27 12:43:14.388 29295-29295/com.daprlabs.aaron.swipedeck2 E/UncaughtException: java.lang.", "NullPointerException: println needs a message\n at android.util.", "Log.println_native(Native Method)\n at android.util.", "Log.d(Log.java:139)\n at com.daprlabs.aaron.zivitApp.", "Cognito.", "LogInZivit$gateWayAsyncTask.onPostExecute(LogInZivit.java:313)\n at com.daprlabs.aaron.zivitApp.", "Cognito.", "LogInZivit$gateWayAsyncTask.onPostExecute(LogInZivit.java:281)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask.finish(AsyncTask.java:651)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask.access$500(AsyncTask.java:180)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask$InternalHandler.handleMessage(AsyncTask.java:668)\n at android.os.", "Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)\n at android.os.", "Looper.loop(Looper.java:148)\n at android.app.", "ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5525)\n at java.lang.reflect.", "Method.invoke(Native Method)\n at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:730)\n at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:620)\n12-27 12:43:14.604 29295-29295/com.daprlabs.aaron.swipedeck2 E/AndroidRuntime: FATAL EXCEPTION: main\n Process: com.daprlabs.aaron.swipedeck2, PID: 29295\n java.lang.", "NullPointerException: println needs a message\n at android.util.", "Log.println_native(Native Method)\n at android.util.", "Log.d(Log.java:139)\n at com.daprlabs.aaron.zivitApp.", "Cognito.", "LogInZivit$gateWayAsyncTask.onPostExecute(LogInZivit.java:313)\n at com.daprlabs.aaron.zivitApp.", "Cognito.", "LogInZivit$gateWayAsyncTask.onPostExecute(LogInZivit.java:281)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask.finish(AsyncTask.java:651)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask.access$500(AsyncTask.java:180)\n at android.os.", "AsyncTask$InternalHandler.handleMessage(AsyncTask.java:668)\n at android.os.", "Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)\n at android.os.", "Looper.loop(Looper.java:148)\n at android.app.", "ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5525)\n at java.lang.reflect.", "Method.invoke(Native Method)\n at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:730)\n at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:620)\n\nUPDATE\nSo when i looked at cloud watch. ", "It does show that my lambda function is being called and executed. ", "But, i am not getting a return value. ", "So something is wrong with my method response and/or integration response, but i am not sure what. ", "\n\nA:\n\nIt looks like your template in the integration response is empty and the Lambda output does not match your output model. ", " On the integration response page, under Body Mapping Templates, select application/json on the left hand side. ", " On the right hand side, enter a template body like this:\n\n {\n \"username\": $input.json('$.username')\n }\n\nAlso, try testing your API Gateway GET method via the test execute on the API Gateway console. ", " If you're still having trouble, post the \"Logs\" output from the test invoke.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "/**\n * @copyright\n * ====================================================================\n * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one\n * or more contributor license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file\n * distributed with this work for additional information\n * regarding copyright ownership. ", " The ASF licenses this file\n * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the\n * \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance\n * with the License. ", " You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,\n * software distributed under the License is distributed on an\n * \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY\n * KIND, either express or implied. ", " See the License for the\n * specific language governing permissions and limitations\n * under the License.", "\n * ====================================================================\n * @endcopyright\n */\n\npackage org.apache.subversion.javahl;\n\nimport java.util.", "Date;\n\nimport org.apache.subversion.javahl.types.", "LogDate;\n\n/**\n * This class describes a item which will be committed.", "\n */\npublic class CommitInfo implements java.io.", "Serializable\n{\n // Update the serialVersionUID when there is a incompatible change made to\n // this class. ", " See the java documentation for when a change is incompatible.", "\n // http://java.sun.com/javase/7/docs/platform/serialization/spec/version.html#6678\n private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;\n\n /** the revision committed */\n long revision;\n\n /** the date of the revision */\n Date date;\n\n /** the author of the revision */\n String author;\n\n /** post commit error (or NULL) */\n String postCommitError;\n\n /** repos root (or NULL) */\n String reposRoot;\n\n /** This constructor will be only called from the jni code. ", " */\n public CommitInfo(long rev, String d, String a, String pce, String rr)\n throws java.text.", "ParseException\n {\n revision = rev;\n date = (new LogDate(d)).getDate();\n author = a;\n postCommitError = pce;\n reposRoot = rr;\n }\n\n /**\n * retrieve the revision of the commit\n */\n public long getRevision()\n {\n return revision;\n }\n\n /**\n * return the date of the commit\n */\n public Date getDate()\n {\n return date;\n }\n\n /**\n * return the author of the commit\n */\n public String getAuthor()\n {\n return author;\n }\n\n /**\n * return any post commit error for the commit\n */\n public String getPostCommitError()\n {\n return postCommitError;\n }\n\n /**\n * return the repos root\n */\n public String getReposRoot()\n {\n return reposRoot;\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Digital sensemaking is sensemaking mediated by a digital information infrastructure, such as the Worldwide Web (“Web”). ", "Through the Web, users can access both “traditional” Web sites that post information from diverse sources and interactive Web sites, including moderated Web logs or “blogs,” user forums, and Web sites with voting, which allow users to actively rank new information.", "\nAs a digital information repository, the Web continually evolves as events occur, ideas get synthesized, and new trends emerge. ", "New information is posted continuously. ", "Mainstream media Web sites generally cover popular topics, such as news, business, politics, sports, entertainment, and weather, but a host of additional topics exist through other Web sources. ", "These topics range from slightly less popular topics, for instance, technology news, to specialized or obscure topics that are relevant to a comparatively small number of people, such as evening class schedules for a local community college.", "\nThe demand for items in many markets follows a “Long Tail” distribution, such as described in C. Anderson, The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More, (Hyperion Press) (2006), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. ", "FIG. ", "1 is a graph showing, by way of example, a hypothetical long tail distribution 10 for digital information. ", "The x-axis represents digital information and the y-axis represents popularity level. ", "Items appearing at the head of the distribution 11, although few in number, enjoy the greatest popularity, such as media stories falling into a small number of popular categories. ", "However, more items along the “long tail” 12, which cover niche topics with smaller readerships, outnumber head items 11. ", "Although any single head item 11 enjoys greater popularity than any one of the long tail items 12, the aggregate popularity of a large enough group of long tail items 12 will exceed the popularity of all head items 11 when enough long tail items 12 are included, which implies that a larger overall audience could be reached by focusing on long tail topics, provided the audience can be made aware of them.", "\nConsumers of information have only a limited amount of time and cannot pay attention to everything. ", "As more topics become available, mainstream topics receive a shrinking fraction of readers' attention. ", "Analogously, prime time television audiences are currently shrinking, as cable and satellite networks improve their programming and increase their viewership. ", "Similarly, musical “hits” today sell fewer copies than sold a decade ago, as more choices and purchasing options become available. ", "The economics and popularity trends from these observations can be succinctly summarized: “if you give people choices, they take them” and “the head of the distribution is shrinking.”", "\nThe problem is not only finding new or popular information: the problem is finding new information that is relevant to a user's specific needs, that is, new information on the “long tail.” ", "Existing approaches fall short. ", "Web search engines, for example, passively retrieve Web content in response to user queries and frequently favor old information. ", "The Goggle search engine, for instance, is based on the Page Rank algorithm, which depends on inter-page hyperlinks to estimate authoritativeness and popularity. ", "Web pages that are most cited by other Web pages are assumed best, yet may not actually be the most relevant.", "\nSimilarly, online news services are frequently aligned with mainstream media sources, which group news into a handful of popular topics, although specialized topics are sometimes available through syndication feeds. ", "Online news aggregators correspondingly provide consolidated summarizations of news from multiple sources, but often fail to coherently group news under appropriate topics or categorize news into fine grains. ", "As a result, readers are faced with a confusing blend of articles on disparate topics whenever they try to follow a story or topic. ", "A reader may begin by reading articles under a technology topic to follow a new computer phone. ", "However, the phone articles may end up mixed in with other technology articles and be scattered across the news aggregator's Web site. ", "Searching for phone articles by keywords also may not correctly match all relevant articles. ", "Thus, online news services and news aggregators lack sufficient granularity to enable the reader to only receive the best and most relevant articles delivered in a way that facilitates easily following developments on a topic\nFinally, news Web sites with voting invite users to vote on news stories. ", "The highest ranking content is promoted to the front page, such as through the Digg Web site. ", "Digg categorizes articles into a handful of topics, which each use different front page promotion algorithms. ", "Only articles that have received sufficient “diggs” appear on a front page and only registered users can submit, comment on, and promote articles. ", "The topics consequently reflect popular topics at the head of a long tail distribution. ", "Voting has been criticized as susceptible to collusion, suppression, and paid promotion, such as described in C. Mezel, “The Digg Algorithm—Unofficial FAQ,” SeoPedia, (Nov. 2, 2006); N. Patel, “There's More to Digg Than Meets the Eye,” Pronet Advertising, (Jan. 15, 2007); and J. Dowdell et al., “", "Digg's Kevin Rose on Recent Indiggnation: Fact vs. Fiction,” Marketing Shift, (Sep. 7, 2006), the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.", "\nTherefore, a need remains in digital sensemaking for discovering new, relevant, and authoritative digital information that is automatically categorized within topics for a particular subject area and emphasized at a personal level." ]

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[ "27\nSuppose -29*c + 147 = -85. ", "Let i = -11 - -25. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of c + 6 + (-12)/2 and i.\n56\nSuppose -6*d + 10 = -11*d. ", "Suppose 5*a - 25 = 5*s, 5*a + 3*s + 7 = 40. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of a and d - (3 - 0)*(-6)/6.", "\n6\nSuppose -3*d = -5*o + 276, -4*o + 225 = 22*d - 23*d. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of o and 8.", "\n456\nLet a be ((-9)/2)/((33/57864)/11). ", "Let t = a - -331981/4. ", "Let z = t + 3780. ", "Find the common denominator of 40/7 and z.\n28\nLet g be 1*10*(5 + (-9)/2). ", "Let i be ((-6)/(-30) + (-18546)/g)*-5. ", "Let b = i + -408069/22. ", "Calculate the common denominator of b and 55/6.", "\n66\nLet o = 12675 + -12590. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of o and 4.", "\n340\nSuppose 2*f - 274 = -5*y, -115*y + 143 = f - 114*y. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of f and 504?", "\n3528\nLet w(i) = 159*i**2 + 33*i + 117. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of w(-3) and 18?", "\n2898\nLet o be (11 - (-189)/(-14)) + 136767/6. ", "Let s = o - 1185103/52. ", "Let q = 13009 - 260101/20. ", "Find the common denominator of q and s.\n260\nLet j(a) = a**3 - 7*a**2 + 6*a + 45. ", "Let b be j(11). ", "Calculate the common denominator of 9/2 and b/(-15) - (1 + (-15)/9).", "\n2\nLet d = -2320732/17671005 - -3/178495. ", "Let s = -2273/858 - -134/143. ", "What is the common denominator of d and s?", "\n198\nLet c(h) = -4*h**2 + 1 - 15*h - h**3 + 3*h + 9*h - h**2 - 4*h**2. ", "Suppose 45 = -0*u - 5*u. ", "What is the least common multiple of 11 and c(u)?", "\n308\nLet n = -2/1283 - -1535/161658. ", "Let y = -1249/1386 - n. Let o = -232535/18 + 12924. ", "What is the common denominator of y and o?", "\n198\nSuppose -4*v + 4 = 0, 2982 = -5*c + 8*v - 6*v. ", "Calculate the common denominator of (c/(-120))/(6/(-15)) and 50/33.", "\n132\nLet n = -1218891/50 - -48751/2. ", "Let j = -2851/8645 + 3/2470. ", "Calculate the common denominator of j and n.\n350\nLet w be (-14 - -11) + (5 - -3). ", "Calculate the common denominator of 13/2 and (8/134)/(w - (-530)/(-110)).", "\n134\nLet m be -39 + 24/(-32)*4. ", "Calculate the common denominator of 4/m + 2097/1512 and -1 + -1*128/42.", "\n168\nFind the common denominator of ((-544)/99960)/((-18)/231) and -23/315.", "\n315\nSuppose 17*g = 21*g - 5*z - 1155, -g + 259 = 3*z. ", "What is the least common multiple of g and 350?", "\n1400\nSuppose 73 = 4*f - 15. ", "Suppose -q = -u - 110 + 185, -3*u = 2*q - 190. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of u and f?", "\n748\nWhat is the least common multiple of 130 and ((-20)/(-3) + -6)/((-38)/(-12825))?", "\n5850\nLet q be ((2 - -1)/(-3))/(-1). ", "Calculate the common denominator of -35/12 and 7 + -1*q - 9/(-36).", "\n12\nLet i = 3751 - 56348/15. ", "Let m(g) = -37*g. ", "Let w be m(3). ", "Let r = w + 70. ", "What is the common denominator of i and r?", "\n15\nLet m(f) = 16*f + 2. ", "Suppose -3*u - 3 = -6*u. ", "Let g be m(u). ", "Let w = g - 8. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of w and 48.", "\n240\nLet t = 473 + -446. ", "Let l = -56 + 92. ", "What is the least common multiple of l and t?", "\n108\nFind the common denominator of (153228/(-44748))/(((-42)/5)/3*-5) and 37/87.", "\n13398\nSuppose -3*l + 21 = 3*z, -4*z + 17 = -l + z. Suppose -51 = -2*o - o - 4*g, l*g = o - 4. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of o and 2.", "\n26\nSuppose 6*p - o - 392 = 3*p, 0 = p + 3*o - 114. ", "Let n = p - 123. ", "What is the least common multiple of 9 and n?", "\n18\nSuppose 3*u - y = 87, 0 = 4*u - 6*y + y - 127. ", "Let b = u - -124. ", "What is the common denominator of (2*-11)/(b/28 - 2) and -31/20?", "\n60\nLet x be 6/81*3*2*9. ", "Suppose 8*c - 13*c + 23 = r, 3*r - x*c - 12 = 0. ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of r and 57.", "\n456\nLet l(k) = -46*k - 3420. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of l(-123) and 18.", "\n6714\nCalculate the common denominator of (-88)/3564*(-1 - -9) and 16/153.", "\n1377\nLet s(b) = 4 + 0*b**2 - 6 - b**3 - 3*b + 6*b**2 - 3. ", "Let g be s(5). ", "What is the common denominator of -14/9 and 3 - ((-1245)/(-12))/g?", "\n36\nSuppose -3629 = -25*j + 3571. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of 1008 and j.\n2016\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of ((-538)/(-6) + -1)*(-528)/(-616) and 32.", "\n608\nLet p = 14676 - 14368. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of 2618 and p?", "\n5236\nLet p(i) = -i**2 - 313*i + 70. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of p(-11) and 448?", "\n23744\nLet w = -97/13 - -3044/455. ", "Calculate the common denominator of w and -1 + 0 - (-73)/65.", "\n455\nLet z = -4537929027155/589285996686 + 14/66676397. ", "Let x = z - -44/491. ", "What is the common denominator of 10/(-3)*(-5 + 195/25) and x?", "\n18\nSuppose -26*r = -30*r + 36. ", "Let v(z) = z**3 - 17*z**2 + 20*z + 10. ", "Let i be v(r). ", "Let p = -947/2 - i. What is the common denominator of 5/8 and p?", "\n8\nLet o = -747 + 1903. ", "What is the least common multiple of o/187 - (-2)/(-11) and (-22)/(-5) + 4/(-10)?", "\n12\nLet k(p) = p**2 - 11*p - 6. ", "Let f be k(16). ", "Let l = f + -72. ", "Suppose q + l = 11. ", "What is the least common multiple of q and 20?", "\n180\nLet a = -189 + 138. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of 6140/170 - (-6)/a and 114?", "\n684\nFind the common denominator of (-1142)/(-234) + (-165)/33 and -53/84.", "\n3276\nLet h = 1596 - 964. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of h and 869?", "\n6952\nLet i(f) = -30*f - 543. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of i(-26) and 42.", "\n3318\nSuppose 0 = 3*w + 5*s + 19, w - s - 5 = 3*s. ", "Let t(k) = 2*k**3 - 5*k**2 + 7. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of ((-32)/w)/(5 + 26/(-6)) and t(3).", "\n16\nSuppose d + 2*j = 31 + 11, 5*d - 195 = -5*j. ", "Let o(p) = p**2 - 18*p + 97. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of o(11) and d?", "\n180\nLet a = -4066331/26879710 - 2/620301. ", "Calculate the common denominator of 97/208 and a.\n3120\nLet g = -284 - -288. ", "Calculate the common denominator of (3 - (-3843)/540) + g/5 and -28/31.", "\n372\nLet t = 2183826/7051 + 530/641. ", "Let h = t - 10062/55. ", "Let k = 380/3 - h. Find the common denominator of k and -6.", "\n15\nFind the common denominator of 121/160 and 57/3648*(-712)/(-28).", "\n1120\nLet c be -1*62819/31410 + (-12)/(-6). ", "Let p = 36414659/31410 + c. Let g = -1169 + p. Find the common denominator of g and -41/5.", "\n15\nCalculate the common denominator of -11/90 and (-14240)/(-2358) + (-15 + -12 - -21).", "\n11790\nSuppose -4*r = -16*z + 12*z + 2216, 2*z - 3*r = 1111. ", "Let y = z + -543. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of ((-66)/4)/(6/(-8)) and y?", "\n88\nLet l(h) = -h**3 + 5*h**2 + 13*h - 3. ", "Let b be l(5). ", "Let g = -61 + b. What is the common denominator of (-2 + 165/6)*g/21 and 9/4?", "\n28\nLet h = 38 + -36. ", "Let f(o) = 4 - 14 + h*o - 5. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of f(11) and 1?", "\n7\nLet s = 4554 + -13646/3. ", "Calculate the common denominator of s and -37/1635.", "\n1635\nLet h = -1429/4 + 4891459/13692. ", "Let y = h + 215681/54768. ", "Find the common denominator of y and 47/40.", "\n80\nSuppose 0 = 5*g - 46 + 16. ", "Let v be (4/2)/((-5)/(405/g)). ", "Calculate the common denominator of 0 - 1/(v/228) and -41/11.", "\n99\nLet w(y) = 56*y**3 + 15*y**2 + 8*y + 24. ", "Let c be w(-10). ", "Let a = c - -1964137/36. ", "Calculate the common denominator of -45/8 and a.\n72\nLet m = 41384298/7 - 164999106323/27909. ", "Let a = m + 2/443. ", "Find the common denominator of a and -41/2.", "\n18\nSuppose -4*d - 5*h = 1395, 4*h = -d - 0*d - 346. ", "Let y = -322 - d. What is the least common multiple of 28 and y?", "\n28\nSuppose -2*x = -5*v + 3017, -v + 7 = 4*x - 614. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of v and 770?", "\n8470\nLet s = -49 - -2941/60. ", "Calculate the common denominator of -55/24 and s.\n120\nSuppose 3*t - 16 = j + 15, 3*j - 3*t = -117. ", "Calculate the common denominator of 576/(-960) - 1/30*j and -77/412.", "\n1236\nLet o(y) = -4*y**3 - 36*y**2 - 37*y - 18. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of o(-8) and 121.", "\n242\nLet u = -6/55658303 + -25555120214209/1113166060. ", "Let l = u - -22952. ", "Calculate the common denominator of l and 1445/(-50) - ((-36)/30)/3.", "\n20\nSuppose -2*t - 536*g + 149 = -539*g, 0 = 3*t - 3*g - 219. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of t and 6.", "\n210\nCalculate the least common multiple of 427/21 + (-30)/(-45) and 48.", "\n336\nLet y = 454593229/952 - 477514. ", "Calculate the common denominator of y and -87/80.", "\n9520\nLet f = -893/12 + 7925/108. ", "What is the common denominator of 154/(-260) + (-236)/(-9204) and f?", "\n270\nLet v = 111776/1918895 - 69/1255. ", "Calculate the common denominator of v and 127/834.", "\n9174\nLet x = 7558702/2717 - 2782. ", "Find the common denominator of 77/78 and x.\n16302\nCalculate the common denominator of -103/1068 and (-5)/15*((-57)/4 - -2 - -8).", "\n1068\nLet p(h) = -h**3 - 7*h**2 - 4*h - 9. ", "Let q be p(-6). ", "Let n = q + 41. ", "What is the least common" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Ya I know I’m super bad dated.. haha.. I have been a lazy pig in blogging. ", "Maybe life is so not exciting like before. ", "How I wish I never do my teeth. ", ":X Everyone keep telling me think about the later part when you remove your braces.. *I think I will be old already* Haha..\n\nAnyway back to F1. ", "I’m lucky to have a chance to watch F1 on friday. ", "The first day of F1, their training session. ", "Got the ticket from my wonderful Dr Tan!! ", "Hehe.. all my colleagues can’t go coz too last min, he only ask us when we are going to finish work and Elaine is wonderful to let me to have her ticket to watch it with Benny!", "\n\nWhen Dr Tan ask me whether I want to go, I ask him whether the sit good anot, otherwise I don’t want to go.. haha.. me damm bad.. 😛 The sitting place is wonderful, is located at the grandstand, the area whereby we can see the F1 car, changing tyre, refill fuel and its also the starting point of the race.", "\n\nPopular Read\n\nBlog Archive\n\nBlog Archive\n\nError: Access Token is not valid or has expired. ", "Feed will not update. ", "This error message is only visible to WordPress admins\n\nThere's an issue with the Instagram Access Token that you are using. ", "Please obtain a new Access Token on the plugin's Settings page.", "If you continue to have an issue with your Access Token then please see this FAQ for more information." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Yazdani\n\nYazdani or Yezdani may refer to:\n\n Yazdani (surname)\n Demonym of people from Yazd or Yazdan\n Follower of the assumed pre-Islamic Kurdish religion Yazdânism\n Yazdani Bakery, Irani cafe or Persian style bakery in Mumbai, India\n\nSee also \n Yazdan (disambiguation)\n Abbas Yazdani, village in Iran\n Chah-e Mohammadabad Yazdani, village in Iran\n Chah-e Rezaabad-e Yazdani, village in Iran\n Ebrahimabad-e Yazdani, village in Iran\n Mazraeh-ye Yezdani, Isfahan, village in Iran\n Mazraeh-ye Yezdani, Golestan, village in Iran\n Tolombeh-ye Hajj Mohammad Taqi Yazdani, village in Iran" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Time-Division Duplex (TDD) is the application of time-division multiplexing to separate uplink and downlink signals at the same frequency. ", "Signalling is divided into time slots where some time slots are allocated for uplink and others are allocated for downlink communication It may thus emulate full duplex communication over a half duplex communication link.", "\nTime division duplex is advantageous in the case where there is asymmetry of the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) data rate transmission requirements or demands. ", "As the amount of uplink data increases, more UL communication capacity can be dynamically allocated, and as the UL traffic load becomes lighter, UL capacity can be released and taken away. ", "The same applies in the downlink direction.", "\nFor radio systems that aren't moving quickly, another advantage is that the uplink and downlink radio paths are likely to be very similar. ", "This means that techniques such as beamforming based on radio channel reciprocity work well with TDD systems.", "\nExamples of Time Division Duplexing systems include the following communication standards. ", "UMTS 3G supplementary air interfaces TD-CDMA for indoor mobile telecommunications. ", "The TD-LTE 4-G, TD-SCDMA 3-G mobile communications air interface. ", "DECT wireless telephony. ", "Half-duplex packet mode networks based on carrier sense multiple access, for example 2-wire or hubbed Ethernet, Wireless local area networks and Bluetooth, can be considered as Time Division Duplex systems, albeit not TDMA with fixed frame-lengths. ", "IEEE 802.16 WiMAX and PACTOR.", "\nA potential problem with TDD, since both uplink and downlink signalling occurs at the same frequency, is that radio communications which occur in close vicinity of each other between devices aimed for different communication links interfere with each other unless the communications use the same allocation of uplink and downlink time slots. ", "For example, two mobile devices in the same area may interfere with each other if one transmits and the other tries to receive radio signals from an other communication source at the same time.", "\nEP 1 229 671 discloses time slot allocation in the CDMA-TDD scheme. ", "A time slot of uplink is allocated to a mobile station in a cell. ", "At the same time, a time slot of downlink, having the same time slot number as that of the foregoing time slot, is allocated to another mobile station in an adjacent cell, provided that the two mobile stations are distant from each other." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Kateryna Tabashnyk\n\nKateryna Tabashnyk (born 15 June 1994) is a Ukrainian high jumper who formerly competed in the heptathlon. ", "Tabashnyk is 178 cm tall (5'10\").", "\n\nCareer\nShe did not finish the heptathlon at the 2012 World Junior Championships. ", "She has since recorded no heptathlon results on an international level.", "\n\nShe competed in high jump without reaching the final at the 2011 World Youth Championships and the 2013 European Indoor Championships. ", "She then won the gold medal at the 2013 European Junior Championships.", "\n\nHer personal best high jump is 1.99 metres, achieved indoors on 26 January 2019 in Hustopeče, Czech Republic.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1994 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Ukrainian female high jumpers\nCategory:Ukrainian heptathletes" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Optoelectronic implementation of real-time control of an inverted pendulum by fuzzy-logic-control units based on a light-emitting-diode array and a position-sensing device.", "\nWe have realized a novel optoelectronic implementation of an analog fuzzy-inference architecture, using the movement of the center of gravity of a far-field pattern. ", "In the inference process Gaussianlike membership functions and a product-sum-gravity method are used. ", "Antecedent membership functions and the grade evaluations are realized by combining light-emitting-diode (LED) arrays for sequential light emission and position-sensing devices for center-of-gravity detection. ", "Consequent and defuzzification operations are realized by a LED array and a position-sensing device. ", "High-speed fuzzy inference of more than several tens of mega fuzzy logical inference per second is possible with these units. ", "The usefulness of the system is demonstrated by the real-time standing control of an inverted pendulum." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\nIt’s Time to Plan for a Future Beyond Passwords - ohjeez\nhttps://www.forbes.com/sites/waynerash/2019/11/21/its-time-to-plan-for-a-future-beyond-passwords/#24363ee72e7d\n======\nrkeene2\nThe executive branch of the US Government got rid of passwords a long time ago\nas part of Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 (HSPD-12) of August of\n2004. ", "Almost all agencies within the executive branch switched to using\nPersonal Identification and Verification (PIV) smartcards, which have X.509v3\ncertificates issued by the Federal PKI (FPKI) and RSA private keys. ", "The US\nDepartment of Defense was already using Common Access Cards (CAC) which were\nvery similar to the PIV cards, and after NIST standardized PIV as NIST SP\n800-73, the DOD updated their CACs to be PIV-compliant.", "\n\nWebAuthn/U2F are all newer than the migration to PIV (and they are\ncompatible). ", "I maintain PIV/CAC middleware called CACKey (\n[https://cackey.rkeene.org](https://cackey.rkeene.org) ) and I’ve been\nthinking of adding WebAuthn support.", "\n\nThe DOJ should be a part of the executive branch of the US Government so they\nshould not be using passwords, and their statistics for HSPD-12 compliance\nlooks pretty good: [https://www.justice.gov/archives/us-hspd-12-piv-card-\nissuanc...](https://www.justice.gov/archives/us-hspd-12-piv-card-issuance-\nstatistics)\n\nSo, why they had passwords is interesting, but it is (in my experience) an\nanomaly.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "---\nabstract: |\n In this paper we consider various problems involving the action of a reductive group $G$ on an affine variety $V$. We prove some general rationality results about the $G$-orbits in $V$. In addition, we extend fundamental results of Kempf and Hesselink regarding optimal destabilizing parabolic subgroups of $G$ for such general $G$-actions.", "\n\n We apply our general rationality results to answer a question of Serre concerning how his notion of $G$-complete reducibility behaves under separable field extensions. ", "Applications of our new optimality results also include a construction which allows us to associate an optimal destabilizing parabolic subgroup of $G$ to any subgroup of $G$. Finally, we use these new optimality techniques to provide an answer to Tits’ Centre Conjecture in a special case.", "\nauthor:\n- Michael Bate\n- Benjamin Martin\n- Gerhard Röhrle\n- Rudolf Tange\ntitle: |\n Closed Orbits and uniform $S$-instability\\\n in Geometric Invariant Theory\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nLet $G$ be a reductive linear algebraic group over an algebraically closed field $k$ and suppose $G$ acts on an affine variety $V$ over $k$. A fundamental problem in geometric invariant theory is to understand the structure of the $G$-orbits $G\\cdot v$ and their closures ${{\\overline{G\\cdot v}}}$ for $v\\in V$. It is well known that ${{\\overline{G\\cdot v}}}$ is a union of $G$-orbits, exactly one of which is closed. ", "Moreover, the Hilbert-Mumford Theorem [@kempf Thm.", " 1.4] tells us that if $G\\cdot v$ is not closed, then there exists a cocharacter $\\lambda$ of $G$ such that $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists and lies outside ${G\\cdot v}$. One can associate to $\\lambda$ a parabolic subgroup $P_\\lambda$ of $G$; we call $\\lambda$ a [*destabilizing cocharacter*]{} for $v$ and we call $P_\\lambda$ a [*destabilizing parabolic subgroup*]{} for $v$.\n\nA strengthened version of the Hilbert-Mumford Theorem — due to Kempf [@kempf] and Rousseau [@rousseau] — says that there exists a so-called [*optimal cocharacter*]{} $\\lambda_v$ such that $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda_v(a)\\cdot v$ exists and lies outside $G\\cdot v$, and such that $\\lambda_v$ takes $v$ outside $G\\cdot v$ “as fast as possible”. ", "This optimality notion has had several applications, including to $G$-complete reducibility [@BMR], [@BMR2], [@BMRT] and the theory of associated cocharacters for nilpotent elements of $\\operatorname{Lie}G$ [@jantzen], [@premet]; see [@mumford p64 and App.", " 2B] for further discussion. ", "Hesselink used optimality to study the nullcone of a rational $G$-module [@He2].", "\n\nIn this paper we investigate the structure of the orbits when the field $k$ is not algebraically closed. ", "Little seems to be known here. ", "Indeed, one of Kempf’s motivations for his optimality construction was to prove a rationality result for destabilizing cocharacters over a perfect field [@kempf Thm.", " 4.2]. ", "In Sections \\[sec:orbrat\\] and \\[sec:uniform\\] we prove some results in the general setting of geometric invariant theory. ", "In Section \\[sec:appl-gcr\\] we give applications to the theory of $G$-complete reducibility and Tits’ Centre Conjecture. ", "Below we describe the contents of the paper in more detail.", "\n\nIt is convenient to extend the concept of orbit closure to the non-algebraically closed case. ", "We say that the $G(k)$-orbit $G(k)\\cdot v$ is *cocharacter-closed over $k$* if for any $k$-defined cocharacter $\\lambda $ of $G$ such that $v':= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists, $v'$ is $G(k)$-conjugate to $v$ (see Definition \\[def:cocharclosure\\]). ", "Clearly, this notion depends only on the $G(k)$-orbit $G(k)\\cdot v$ of $v$ and not on $v$ itself. ", "Let ${{\\overline{k}}}$ denote the algebraic closure of $k$. It follows from the Hilbert-Mumford Theorem that $G\\cdot v$ is closed if and only if $G({{\\overline{k}}})\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over ${{\\overline{k}}}$. It is sensible, therefore, to consider the $G(k)$-orbits that are cocharacter-closed over $k$ as a generalization to non-algebraically closed fields $k$ of the closed $G$-orbits.", "\n\nUnderstanding the structure of the orbits is a delicate problem because the interplay between the $G$-orbits and the $G(k)$-orbits is quite complicated. ", "Let $v\\in V(k)$. Suppose first that $G\\cdot v$ is not closed and let $S$ be the unique closed $G$-orbit contained in ${{\\overline{G\\cdot v}}}$. It can happen that $G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$, so there need not exist a $k$-defined cocharacter $\\lambda$ such that $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists and belongs to $S$; indeed, $S$ need not have any $k$-points at all. ", "Now suppose that $G\\cdot v$ is closed. ", "If $\\lambda$ is a $k$-defined cocharacter, then it can happen that $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists but lies outside $G(k)\\cdot v$: in this case, $G(k)\\cdot v$ is not cocharacter-closed over $k$. We give concrete examples of these phenomena in Remark \\[rem:obstacle\\] (see also Question \\[qn:cocharclsdext\\]).", "\n\nOur work on geometric invariant theory has two main strands. ", "Let $v\\in V(k)$ and let $\\lambda$ be a $k$-defined cocharacter of $G$ such that $v':= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists. ", "First we consider the case when $v'$ lies in $G(k)\\cdot v$. Our main results here are Theorems \\[thm:Ruconj\\] and \\[thm:cocharclosedcrit\\], which show that under some additional hypotheses, $v'$ lies in $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)\\cdot v$. Theorem \\[thm:Ruconj\\] was first proved by H. Kraft and J. Kuttler for $k$ algebraically closed of characteristic zero in case $V = G/H$ is an affine homogeneous space, cf.[@schmitt Prop.", " 2.1.4] or [@Gomez Prop.", " 2.1.2].", "\n\nSecond, we consider the case when $v'$ lies outside $G\\cdot v$. We extend work of Kempf and Hesselink on optimality. ", "In [@kempf], Kempf shows that if $v \\in V$ is a point whose $G$-orbit $G\\cdot v$ is not closed, and $S$ is a $G$-stable closed subvariety of $V$ which meets the closure of $G\\cdot v$, then there is an optimal class of cocharacters which move $v$ into $S$ (by taking limits). ", "In a similar vein, in [@He] Hesselink develops a notion of *uniform instability*: here the single point $v \\in V$ in Kempf’s construction is replaced by a subset $X$ of $V$, but the $G$-stable subvariety $S$ is taken to be a single point of $V$. Moreover, Hesselink’s results work for arbitrary non-algebraically closed fields. ", "Our constructions, culminating in Theorem \\[thm:kempfrousseau\\], combine these two ideas within the single framework of *uniform $S$-instability*, providing a useful extension of these optimality methods in geometric invariant theory.", "\n\nThere is an important open problem which we do [**not**]{} address. ", "We do not deal with the intermediate case when $v'$ lies inside $G\\cdot v$ but outside $G(k)\\cdot v$: in particular, our optimality results do not give a true generalization of the Hilbert-Mumford-Kempf-Rousseau optimality theorem to arbitrary $k$. To do this, one would have to answer the following question. ", "Suppose $v\\in V(k)$ and there exists a $k$-defined cocharacter $\\lambda$ such that $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists and lies outside $G(k)\\cdot v$. Does there exist an optimal $k$-defined cocharacter which takes $v$ outside $G(k)\\cdot v$ as fast as possible? ", "The cocharacter $\\lambda_v$ described above will not suffice: for instance, if $G\\cdot v$ is closed, then $\\lambda_v$ is not even defined. ", "We plan to return to this question in future work.", "\n\nThe hypothesis that the point $v\\in V$ is a $k$-point turns out to be unnecessarily strong, and we can often get away with a weaker condition on the stabilizer $C_G(v)$ (see the beginning of Section \\[sec:orbrat\\]). ", "This is convenient in applications to $G$-complete reducibility (see Remark \\[rem:generictuple\\]).", "\n\nAs well as being of interest in their own right, our general results on $G$-orbits and rationality have applications to the theory of $G$-complete reducibility, introduced by Serre [@serre1.5] and developed in [@BMR], [@BMR2], [@BMRT], [@BMRT:relative], [@liebeckseitz0], [@liebeckseitz], [@liebecktesterman], [@seitz1], [@serre0], [@serre1], [@serre2]. ", "In particular, we are able to use them to answer a question of Serre about how $G$-complete reducibility behaves under extensions of fields (Theorem \\[thm:serresquestion\\]). ", "Our notion of a cocharacter-closed orbit allows us to give a geometric characterization of $G$-complete reducibility over a field $k$ (Theorem \\[thm:cocharclosedcritforGcr\\]), thereby extending [@BMR Cor.", " 3.7]. ", "We use our optimality results to attach to any subgroup $H$ of $G$ an optimal parabolic subgroup of $G$ containing $H$, which is proper if and only if $H$ is not $G$-completely reducible (see Theorem \\[thm:optpar\\] and Definition \\[defn:optpar\\]). ", "This optimal parabolic subgroup provides a very useful tool in the study of subgroups of reductive groups. ", "As an illustration of its effectiveness, we give short proofs of some existing results, and prove a special case of Tits’ Centre Conjecture (Theorem \\[thm:X\\^N\\]). ", "An important tool, which we introduce in Definition \\[def:generictuple\\], is the notion of a generic tuple of a subgroup $H$ of $G$. Replacing generating tuples with generic tuples allows us to avoid many technical problems that arose in our earlier work (see Remark \\[rem:generictuple\\]).", "\n\nWe also refer the reader to [@BMRT:relative], where we discuss further consequences of the results of the present paper.", "\n\nNotation and preliminaries {#sec:prelims}\n==========================\n\nBasic notation\n--------------\n\nLet $k$ be a field, let $k_s$ denote its separable closure, and let ${{\\overline{k}}}$ denote its algebraic closure. ", "Note that $k_s={{\\overline{k}}}$ if $k$ is perfect. ", "We denote the Galois group $\\operatorname{Gal}(k_s/k)=\\operatorname{Gal}({{\\overline{k}}}/k)$ by $\\Gamma$. We use the notion of a $k$-scheme from [@Bo AG.11]: a $k$-scheme is a ${{\\overline{k}}}$-scheme together with a $k$-structure. ", "So $k$-schemes are assumed to be of finite type and reduced separated $k$-schemes are called $k$-varieties. ", "Furthermore, a subscheme of a scheme $V$ over $k$ or over ${{\\overline{k}}}$ is always a subscheme of $V$ as a scheme over ${{\\overline{k}}}$ and points of $V$ are always closed points of $V$ as a scheme over ${{\\overline{k}}}$. By “variety” we mean “variety over ${{\\overline{k}}}$”. ", "Non-reduced schemes are only used in Section \\[sec:uniform\\] and there they only play a technical rôle; we always formulate our results for $k$-varieties. ", "If $S$ is a subset of a variety, then ${{\\overline{S}}}$ denotes the closure of $S$.\n\nNow let $V$ be a $k$-variety. ", "If $k_1/k$ is an algebraic extension, then we write $V(k_1)$ for the set of $k_1$-points of $V$. By a *separable point* we mean a $k_s$-point. ", "If $W$ is a subvariety of $V$, then we set $W(k_1)= W\\cap V(k_1)$. Here we do not assume that $W$ is $k$-defined, so $W(k_1)$ can be empty even when $k_1= k_s$. The Galois group $\\Gamma$ acts on $V$; see, e.g., [@spr2 11.2]. ", "Recall the Galois criterion for a closed subvariety $W$ of $V$ to be $k$-defined: $W$ is $k$-defined if and only if it contains a $\\Gamma$-stable set of separable points of $V$ which is dense in $W$ (see [@Bo Thm.", " AG.14.4]).", "\n\nWe denote by ${\\rm Mat}_m$ or ${\\rm Mat_m}(k)$ the algebra of $m\\times m$ matrices over $k$. The general linear group ${\\rm GL}_m$ acts on ${\\rm Mat}_m$ by conjugation.", "\n\nLet $H$ be a $k$-defined linear algebraic group. ", "By a subgroup of $H$ we mean a closed subgroup. ", "We let $Z(H)$ denote the centre of $H$ and $H^0$ the connected component of $H$ that contains $1$. Recall that $H$ has a $k$-defined maximal torus [@Bo 18.2(i) Thm.]. ", "For $K$ a subgroup of $H$, we denote the centralizer of $K$ in $H$ by $C_H(K)$ and the normalizer of $K$ in $H$ by $N_H(K)$. We denote the group of algebraic automorphisms of $H$ by $\\operatorname{Aut}H$.\n\nFor the set of cocharacters (one-parameter subgroups) of $H$ we write $Y(H)$; the elements of $Y(H)$ are the homomorphisms from the multiplicative group ${{\\overline{k}}}^*$ to $H$. We denote the set of $k$-defined cocharacters by $Y_k(H)$. There is a left action of $H$ on $Y(H)$ given by $(h\\cdot \\lambda)(a) = h\\lambda(a)h^{-1}$ for $\\lambda\\in Y(H)$, $h\\in H$ and $a \\in {{\\overline{k}}}^*$. The subset $Y_k(H)$ is stabilized by $H(k)$.\n\nThe *unipotent radical* of $H$ is denoted $R_u(H)$; it is the maximal connected normal unipotent subgroup of $H$. The algebraic group $H$ is called *reductive* if $R_u(H) = \\{1\\}$; note that we do not insist that a reductive group is connected.", "\n\nLet $A$ be an algebraic group, a Lie algebra or an associative algebra. ", "If $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$ and ${{\\mathbf {x}}}= (x_1,\\ldots, x_n)\\in A^n$, then we say that ${{\\mathbf {x}}}$ generates $A$ if the $x_i$ generate $A$ as an algebraic group (resp.", " Lie algebra, resp.", " associative algebra). ", "By this we mean in the algebraic group case that the algebraic subgroup of $A$ generated by the $x_i$ is the whole of $A$, and we say that the algebraic group $A$ is topologically finitely generated.", "\n\nThroughout the paper, $G$ denotes a $k$-defined reductive algebraic group, possibly disconnected. ", "We say an affine $G$-variety $V$ is $k$-defined if both $V$ and the action of $G$ on $V$ are $k$-defined. ", "By a rational $G$-module, we mean a finite-dimensional vector space over ${{\\overline{k}}}$ with a linear $G$-action. ", "If both $V$ and the action are $k$-defined, then we say the rational $G$-module is $k$-defined.", "\n\nSuppose $T$ is a maximal torus of $G$. Let $\\Psi = \\Psi(G,T)$ be the set of roots of $G$ relative to $T$. Let $\\alpha\\in \\Psi$. Then $U_\\alpha$ denotes the root subgroup of $G$ associated to $\\alpha$.\n\nNon-connected reductive groups {#subsec:noncon}\n------------------------------\n\nThe crucial idea which allows us to deal with non-connected groups is the introduction of so-called *Richardson parabolic subgroups* (*R-parabolic subgroups*) of a reductive group $G$. We briefly recall the main definitions and results; for more details and further results, the reader is referred to [@BMR Sec.", " 6].", "\n\n\\[defn:rpars\\] For each cocharacter $\\lambda \\in Y(G)$, let $P_\\lambda = \\{ g\\in G \\mid \\underset{a \\to 0}{\\lim}\\,\n\\lambda(a) g \\lambda(a){{^{-1}}}\\textrm{ exists} \\}$ (see Section \\[subsec:Gvars\\] for the definition of limit). ", "Recall that a subgroup $P$ of $G$ is *parabolic* if $G/P$ is a complete variety. ", "The subgroup $P_\\lambda$ is parabolic in this sense, but the converse is not true: e.g., if $G$ is finite, then every subgroup is parabolic, but the only subgroup of $G$ of the form $P_\\lambda$ is $G$ itself. ", "If we define $L_\\lambda = \\{g \\in G \\mid \\underset{a \\to 0}{\\lim}\\,\n\\lambda(a) g \\lambda(a){{^{-1}}}= g\\}$, then $P_\\lambda = L_\\lambda \\ltimes R_u(P_\\lambda)$, and we also have $R_u(P_\\lambda) = \\{g \\in G \\mid \\underset{a \\to 0}{\\lim}\\,\n\\lambda(a) g \\lambda(a){{^{-1}}}= 1\\}$. The map $c_\\lambda :P_\\lambda \\to L_\\lambda$ given by $c_\\lambda(g) = \\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\, \\lambda(a)g\\lambda(a){{^{-1}}}$ is a surjective homomorphism of algebraic groups with kernel $R_u(P_\\lambda)$; it coincides with the usual projection $P_\\lambda{\\rightarrow}L_\\lambda$. We abuse notation and denote the corresponding map from $P_\\lambda^n$ to $L_\\lambda^n$ by $c_\\lambda$ as well, for any $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$. The subgroups $P_\\lambda$ for $\\lambda \\in Y(G)$ are called the *Richardson parabolic* (or *R-parabolic*) *subgroups* of $G$. Given an R-parabolic subgroup $P$, a *Richardson Levi* (or *R-Levi*) *subgroup* of $P$ is any subgroup $L_\\lambda$ such that $\\lambda \\in Y(G)$ and $P=P_\\lambda$.\n\nIf $G$ is connected, then the R-parabolic subgroups (resp.", " R-Levi subgroups of R-parabolic subgroups) of $G$ are exactly the parabolic subgroups (resp.", " Levi subgroups of parabolic subgroups) of $G$; indeed, most of the theory of parabolic subgroups and Levi subgroups of connected reductive groups carries over to R-parabolic and R-Levi subgroups of arbitrary reductive groups. ", "In particular, all R-Levi subgroups of an R-parabolic subgroup $P$ are conjugate under the action of $R_u(P)$. If $P,Q$ are R-parabolic subgroups of $G$ and $P^0= Q^0$, then $R_u(P)= R_u(Q)$.\n\n\\[lem:Levidown\\] Let $P,Q$ be R-parabolic subgroups of $G$ with $P\\subseteq Q$ and $P^0= Q^0$, and let $M$ be an R-Levi subgroup of $Q$. Then $P\\cap M$ is an R-Levi subgroup of $P$.\n\nFix a maximal torus $T$ of $G$ such that $T\\subseteq M$. Then $T \\subseteq P$, since $P^0= Q^0$. There exists a unique R-Levi subgroup $L$ of $P$ such that $T\\subseteq L$, [@BMR Cor.", " 6.5]. ", "There exists a unique R-Levi subgroup $M'$ of $Q$ such that $L\\subseteq M'$, [@BMR Cor.", " 6.6]. ", "Since $M$ is the unique R-Levi subgroup of $Q$ that contains $T$, [@BMR Cor.", " 6.5], we must have $M= M'$. Hence $L\\subseteq P\\cap M$. If this inclusion is proper, then $P\\cap M$ meets $R_u(P)= R_u(Q)$ non-trivially, a contradiction. ", "We deduce that $L= P\\cap M$.\n\nWe now consider some rationality issues. ", "The proof of the next lemma follows immediately from the definitions of limit and of the actions of $\\Gamma$ on $k_s$-points and on $k_s$-defined morphisms.", "\n\n\\[lem:Galoislim\\] Let $\\lambda\\in Y_{k_s}(G)$ and let $\\gamma\\in \\Gamma$. Then $P_{\\gamma\\cdot \\lambda}= \\gamma\\cdot P_\\lambda$ and $L_{\\gamma\\cdot \\lambda}= \\gamma\\cdot L_\\lambda$.\n\n\\[rem:krpars\\] If $G$ is connected, then a parabolic subgroup $P$ of $G$ is $k$-defined if and only if $P=P_\\lambda$ for some $\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$, [@spr2 Lem.", " 15.1.2(ii)]. ", "However, the analogous result for R-parabolic subgroups of a non-connected group $G$ is not true in general. ", "To see this, let $T$ be a non-split one-dimensional torus over $k$ and let $F$ be the group of order $2$ acting on $T$ by inversion. ", "Then $T$ is a $k$-defined R-parabolic subgroup of the reductive group $G:=FT$, but $T$ is not of the form $P_\\lambda$ for any $\\lambda$ over $k$, because $Y_k(G) = \\{0\\}$. Our next set of results allow us to deal with this problem.", "\n\n\\[lem:Rparrat\\] Let $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$.\n\n1. ", " If $P_\\lambda$ is $k$-defined, then so is $R_u(P_\\lambda)$. Moreover, if $\\lambda$ belongs to $Y_k(G)$, then $P_\\lambda$, $L_\\lambda$ and the isomorphism $L_\\lambda\\ltimes R_u(P_\\lambda){\\rightarrow}P_\\lambda$ are $k$-defined.", "\n\n2. ", " Suppose $P_\\lambda$ is $k$-defined. ", "Then there exists $\\mu\\in Y_k(G)$ such that $P_\\lambda\\subseteq P_\\mu$ and $P_\\lambda^0=P_\\mu^0$.\n\n3. ", " Let $P$ be a $k$-defined $R$-parabolic subgroup. ", "Then any $k$-defined maximal torus of $P$ is contained in a unique $k$-defined R-Levi subgroup of $P$ and any two $k$-defined R-Levi subgroups of $P$ are conjugate by a unique element of $R_u(P)(k)$.\n\n(i).", " We have that $P_\\lambda^0$ is $k$-defined, so $R_u(P_\\lambda) = R_u(P_\\lambda^0)$ is $k$-defined, by [@Bo Prop.", " V.20.5]. ", "Now assume that $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$. Then $L_\\lambda= C_G(\\lambda({{\\overline{k}}}^*))$ is defined over $k$, by [@Bo Cor.", " III.9.2]. ", "Now the multiplication map $G\\times G{\\rightarrow}G$ is $k$-defined, so $P_\\lambda$ is $k$-defined, thanks to [@Bo Cor.", " AG.14.5], and the stated isomorphism is then clearly also $k$-defined.", "\n\n(ii).", " After conjugating $\\lambda$ by an element of $P_\\lambda$, we may assume that $\\lambda\\in Y(T)$ for some $k$-defined maximal torus $T$ of $P_\\lambda$. Since $T$ splits over a finite Galois extension of $k$, $\\lambda$ has only finitely many $\\Gamma$-conjugates. ", "Let $\\mu\\in Y(T)$ be their sum. ", "Since $P_\\lambda$ is $k$-defined, we have $P_{\\gamma\\cdot\\lambda}=P_\\lambda$ for all $\\gamma\\in\\Gamma$. By considering the pairings of $\\lambda$ and $\\mu$ with the coroots of $G$ relative to $T$, we deduce that $P_\\mu^0=P_\\lambda^0$ (cf.", " [@spr2 15.1.2]). ", "Using a $G$-equivariant embedding of $G$ acting on itself by conjugation into a finite-dimensional $G$-module, we deduce that $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\, \\mu(a)\\cdot g$ exists if $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\, (\\gamma\\cdot\\lambda)(a)\\cdot g$ exists for all $\\gamma\\in\\Gamma$. So $P_\\lambda\\subseteq P_\\mu$.\n\n(iii).", " Because of [@Bo Prop.", " V.20.5] and [@BMR Cors.", " 6.5, 6.6, 6.7], it is enough to show that the unique R-Levi subgroup of $P$ containing a given $k$-defined maximal torus of $P$ is $k$-defined. ", "Let $T$ be a $k$-defined maximal torus of $P$. By the proof of (ii), there exists $\\mu\\in Y_k(T)$ such that $P\\subseteq P_\\mu$ and $P^0=P_\\mu^0$. Clearly, $L_\\mu$ is the R-Levi subgroup of $P_\\mu$ containing $T$, and it is $k$-defined by (i). ", "The unique R-Levi subgroup of $P$ containing $T$ is $P\\cap L_\\mu$, by Lemma \\[lem:Levidown\\]. ", "Since $P\\cap G(k_s)$ and $L_\\mu\\cap G(k_s)$ are $\\Gamma$-stable, the same holds for $P\\cap L_\\mu\\cap G(k_s)$. So it suffices to show that this set is dense in $P\\cap L_\\mu$. This follows because the components of $P\\cap L_\\mu$ are components of $L_\\mu$ and the separable points are dense in each component of $L_\\mu$.\n\n\\[cor:kLevi\\] Let $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$ and let $\\mu\\in Y(G)$ such that $P_\\lambda=P_\\mu$ and $L_\\mu$ is $k$-defined. ", "Then there exists $\\nu\\in Y_k(G)$ such that $P_\\lambda=P_\\nu$ and $L_\\mu=L_\\nu$.\n\nBy Lemma \\[lem:Rparrat\\](iii), there exists $u\\in R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$ such that $L_{u\\cdot\\lambda}=uL_\\lambda u{{^{-1}}}=L_\\mu$, so we can take $\\nu=u\\cdot\\lambda$.\n\n$G$-varieties {#subsec:Gvars}\n-------------\n\nIf $G$ acts on a set $V$, then we denote for a subset $S$ of $V$, the pointwise stabilizer $\\{g\\in G \\mid g\\cdot s= s \\textrm{ for all } s\\in S\\}$ of $S$ in $G$ by $C_G(S)$ and the setwise stabilizer $\\{g\\in G \\mid g\\cdot S = S\\}$ of $S$ in $V$ by $N_G(S)$.\n\nNow suppose $G$ acts on an affine variety $V$ and let $v \\in V$. Then for each cocharacter $\\lambda \\in Y(G)$, we can define a morphism of varieties $\\phi_{v,\\lambda}:{{\\overline{k}}}^* \\to V$ via the formula $\\phi_{v,\\lambda}(a) = \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$. If this morphism extends to a morphism $\\widehat\\phi_{v,\\lambda}:{{\\overline{k}}} \\to V$, then we say that $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\, \\lambda(a) \\cdot v$ exists, and set this limit equal to $\\widehat\\phi_{v,\\lambda}(0)$; note that such an extension, if it exists, is necessarily unique.", "\n\nLet $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$. Then the set of $v\\in V$ such that $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\, \\lambda(a) \\cdot v$ exists is $P_\\lambda$-stable and we have $$\\label{eqn:limx.v}\n \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot (x\\cdot v)= c_\\lambda(x)\\cdot \\left(\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v\\right),$$ for all $x\\in P_\\lambda$ and $v\\in V$. Suppose that the $G$-variety $V$ is $k$-defined. ", "It is easily shown that if $\\phi_{v,\\lambda}$ is $k$-defined, then $\\widehat\\phi_{v,\\lambda}$ is $k$-defined and $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v\\in V(k)$; in particular, this is the case if $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$ and $v\\in V(k)$.\n\n\\[rem:linear\\] In many of our proofs, we want to reduce the case of a general ($k$-defined) affine $G$-variety $V$ to the case of a ($k$-defined) rational $G$-module $V_0$. Such a reduction is possible, thanks to [@kempf Lem.", " 1.1(a)], for example: given $V$, there is a $k$-defined $G$-equivariant embedding of $V$ inside some $V_0$. As this situation arises many times in the sequel, we now set up some standard notation which will be in force throughout the paper.", "\n\nLet $V$ be a rational $G$-module. ", "Given $\\lambda \\in Y(G)$ and $n\\in\\mathbb{Z}$, we define $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:defvlambda0}\nV_{\\lambda,n} :=\n\\{v\\in V\\mid \\lambda(a)\\cdot v=a^nv\\text{\\ for all\\ }a\\in {{\\overline{k}}}^*\\},\\\\\nV_{\\lambda, \\ge0}:=\\sum_{n\\ge0} V_{\\lambda,n}\n\\quad\n\\textrm{ and }\n\\quad\nV_{\\lambda, >0}:=\\sum_{n>0} V_{\\lambda,n}.\\notag\\end{aligned}$$ Then $V_{\\lambda,\\ge0}$ consists of the vectors $v\\in V$ such that $\\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists, $V_{\\lambda,>0}$ is the subset of vectors $v \\in V$ such that $\\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v = 0$, and $V_{\\lambda,0}$ is the subset of vectors $v \\in V$ such that $\\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v = v$. Furthermore, the limit map $v\\mapsto\\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ is nothing but the projection of $V_{\\lambda,\\ge0}$ with kernel $V_{\\lambda, >0}$ and image $V_{\\lambda,0}$. Of course, similar remarks apply to $-\\lambda$, $V_{\\lambda, \\le0} := V_{-\\lambda, \\ge0}$, and $V_{\\lambda,<0}:=V_{-\\lambda,>0}$. If the $G$-module $V$ is defined over $k$, then each $V_{\\lambda,n}$ and $V_{\\lambda,>0}$, etc., ", "is $k$-defined (cf.", " [@Bo II.5.2]).", "\n\nNow let $T$ be a torus in $G$ with $\\lambda\\in Y(T)$. For $\\chi\\in X(T)$, let $V_\\chi$ denote the corresponding weight space of $T$ in $V$. If $v\\in V$, then we denote by $v_\\chi$ the component of $v$ in the weight space $V_\\chi$ and we put ${\\rm supp}_T(v)=\\{\\chi\\in X(T)\\mid v_\\chi\\ne0\\}$, called the *support of $v$ with respect to $T$*. ", "Then $V_{\\lambda, 0}$, $V_{\\lambda,\\ge0}$ and $V_{\\lambda, >0}$ are the direct sums of the subspaces $V_{\\lambda,\\langle\\lambda,\\chi\\rangle}$, where $\\chi \\in X(T)$ is such that $\\langle\\lambda,\\chi\\rangle=0$, $\\ge0$ and $>0$, respectively. ", "Furthermore, $v\\in V_{\\lambda,\\ge0}$ if and only if $\\langle\\lambda,\\chi\\rangle\\ge0$ for all $\\chi\\in{\\rm supp}_T(v)$.\n\nFinally, we recall a standard result [@Bo1 Lem.", " 5.2]. ", "Suppose $T$ is a maximal torus of $G$ with $\\lambda\\in Y(T)$. Let $\\alpha\\in \\Psi = \\Psi(G,T)$, $v\\in V_{\\lambda,n}$ and $u\\in U_\\alpha$. Then $$\\label{eqn:repborel}\n u\\cdot v-v\\in \\sum_{m\\ge1} V_{\\lambda,n+ m\\langle\\lambda,\\alpha\\rangle}.$$ Hence, for any $u\\in R_u(P_\\lambda)$ and any $v\\in V_{\\lambda,\\geq 0}$, we have $$\\label{eqn:repborel2}\n u\\cdot v-v\\in V_{\\lambda,>0}.$$\n\nWe continue with some further preliminary results used in the proofs below.", "\n\n\\[lem:Ruconj\\] Suppose $G$ acts on an affine variety $V$. Let $v\\in V$, let $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$ and let $u\\in R_u(P_\\lambda)$. Then $\\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim}\\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists and equals $u\\cdot v$ if and only if $u^{-1}\\cdot\\lambda$ centralizes $v$.\n\nIf $\\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim}\\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists and equals $u\\cdot v$, then $\\lambda$ fixes $u\\cdot v$ and therefore $u^{-1}\\cdot\\lambda$ centralizes $v$. Now assume that the latter is the case. ", "Then $\\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim}\\lambda(a)u^{-1}\\lambda(a)^{-1}=1$ and $u^{-1}\\lambda(a)^{-1}u$ fixes $v$ for all $a\\in {{\\overline{k}}}^*$, so $u\\cdot v\n=\n\\left(\\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim}\\lambda(a)u^{-1}\\lambda(a)^{-1}\\right)\\cdot u\\cdot v\n= \\underset{a{\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim}\\lambda(a)\\cdot (u^{-1}\\lambda(a)^{-1}u)\\cdot v\n= \\underset{a{\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim}\\lambda(a)\\cdot v$.\n\n\\[lem:pconjuconj\\] Suppose $G$ acts on an affine variety $V$. Let $v\\in V$, $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$, such that $v':=\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists. ", "Furthermore, let $x\\in P_{-\\lambda}$ and $u\\in R_u(P_\\lambda)$ be such that $xu\\cdot v$ is $\\lambda({{\\overline{k}}}^*)$-fixed. ", "Then $v'= u\\cdot v$.\n\nWithout loss, we may assume that $V$ is a rational $G$-module (cf.", " Remark \\[rem:linear\\]). ", "Write $x=yl$, where $y\\in R_u(P_{-\\lambda})$ and $l\\in L_\\lambda$. Since $V_{\\lambda,\\le0}$ is $P_{-\\lambda}$-stable and $ylu\\cdot v\\in V_{\\lambda, 0}$, we have that $lu\\cdot v=y^{-1}ylu\\cdot v\\in V_{\\lambda,\\le0}$. On the other hand, $lu\\cdot v\\in V_{\\lambda,\\ge0}$, since $v\\in V_{\\lambda,\\ge0}$ and $V_{\\lambda,\\ge0}$ is $P_\\lambda$-stable. ", "So $lu\\cdot v\\in V_{\\lambda, 0}$. It follows that $$lu\\cdot v= \\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim}\\lambda(a)\\cdot lu\\cdot v=\n\\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim}\\lambda(a) lu\\lambda(a)^{-1}\\cdot\\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim}\\lambda(a)\\cdot v=\nl\\cdot v'.$$ So $v'= u\\cdot v$.\n\nThe proof of Lemma \\[lem:pconjuconj\\] also works if we replace the assumption that $xu\\cdot v$ is $\\lambda({{\\overline{k}}}^*)$-fixed by the weaker assumption that $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim} \\lambda(a)^{-1}\\cdot(xu\\cdot v)$ exists. ", "If $x u\\cdot v$ is $\\lambda({{\\overline{k}}}^*)$-fixed, then we can draw the additional conclusion that $ylu\\cdot v=lu\\cdot v$, since $R_u(P_{-\\lambda})$ acts trivially on $V_{\\lambda,\\le0}/V_{\\lambda,<0}$, by Eqn.", " .", "\n\n\\[lem:dblecochar\\] Let $V$ be a rational $G$-module. ", "Let $\\lambda,\\mu\\in Y(G)$ such that $\\lambda({{\\overline{k}}}^*)$ and $\\mu({{\\overline{k}}}^*)$ commute. ", "Then for $t\\in {\\mathbb N}$ sufficiently large, the following hold:\n\n1. ", " $V_{t\\lambda+ \\mu,\\ge0}\\subseteq V_{\\lambda,\\ge0}$, $V_{t\\lambda+ \\mu,>0}\\supseteq V_{\\lambda,>0}$ and $V_{t\\lambda+ \\mu,0}=V_{\\lambda,0}\\cap V_{\\mu,0}$;\n\n2. ", " $P_{t\\lambda+ \\mu}\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ (hence $R_u(P_{t\\lambda+ \\mu})\\supseteq R_u(P_\\lambda)$) and $L_{t\\lambda+ \\mu}=L_\\lambda\\cap L_\\mu$.\n\nFurthermore, if $t\\in {\\mathbb N}$ is such that property (i) holds and $v\\in V$ is such that $v':= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ and $v'':= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\mu(a)\\cdot v'$ exist, then $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} (t\\lambda+ \\mu)(a)\\cdot v$ exists and equals $v''$.\n\nChoose a maximal torus $T$ of $G$ such that $\\lambda,\\mu\\in Y(T)$. Let $\\Phi$ be the set of weights of $T$ on $V$. Choose $t\\in {\\mathbb N}$ large enough such that for any $\\chi\\in\\Phi$ with $\\langle \\lambda,\\chi\\rangle\\neq 0$, we have that $\\langle t\\lambda+\\mu,\\chi\\rangle$ is nonzero and has the same sign as $\\langle \\lambda,\\chi\\rangle$. Then (i) follows. ", "Part (ii) follows from the argument of the proof of [@martin1 Prop.", " 6.7] (increasing $t$ if necessary). ", "Alternatively, it can be deduced from part (i) by embedding $G$ with the conjugation action $G$-equivariantly in a rational $G$-module $W$ and observing that $P_\\nu=W_{\\nu,\\ge0}\\cap G$ and $L_\\nu=W_{\\nu,0}\\cap G$.\n\nNow assume that $t\\in {\\mathbb N}$ is such that (i) holds and let $v\\in V$ be such that the limits $v'$ and $v''$ above exist. ", "Since (i) holds, we have for all $\\chi\\in\\Phi$ that $\\langle t\\lambda+\\mu,\\chi\\rangle=0$ if and only if $\\langle \\lambda,\\chi\\rangle=0$ and $\\langle\\mu,\\chi\\rangle=0$. For $\\nu\\in Y(T)$, let $\\Phi_{\\nu,\\geq 0}$ and $\\Phi_{\\nu,0}$ be the sets of weights $\\chi\\in\\Phi$ such that $\\langle \\nu,\\chi\\rangle\\ge0$ and $\\langle \\nu,\\chi\\rangle=0$, respectively. ", "Then ${\\rm supp}_T(v)\\subseteq \\Phi_{\\lambda,\\geq 0}$ and ${\\rm supp}_T(v)\\cap \\Phi_{\\lambda,0}\\subseteq \\Phi_{\\mu,\\geq 0}$. It follows that $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} (t\\lambda+ \\mu)(a)\\cdot v$ exists and equals $v''$.\n\nWe finish the section with a result that lets us pass from $k$-points to arbitrary points. ", "Let $V$ be a $k$-defined rational $G$-module and let $k_1/k$ be a field extension. ", "Let $v\\in V(k_1)$ and let $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$. Pick a basis $(\\alpha_i)_{i\\in I}$ for $k_1$ over $k$; then we can write $v = \\sum_{i \\in J} \\alpha_iv_i$ for some finite subset $J$ of $I$ and certain (unique) $v_i \\in V(k)$. Clearly, we may assume that $J=\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}$ for some $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$. Set $\\mathbf{v} = (v_1,\\ldots,v_n) \\in V^n$ and let $G$ act diagonally on $V^n$.\n\n\\[lem:notrat\\] With the notation as above, the following hold:\n\n1. ", " $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists if and only if $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot {\\mathbf v}$ exists if and only if $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v_i$ exists for each $i$.\n\n2. ", " Suppose the limits in (i) exist. ", "Then for any $g\\in G(k)$, we have $v'= g\\cdot v$ if and only if ${\\mathbf v}'= g\\cdot {\\mathbf v}$ if and only if $v_i'= g\\cdot v_i$ for each $i$.\n\nPart (ii) is obvious. ", "In part (i), it follows easily from the definitions of limit and direct product that the second limit exists if and only if the third limit exists. ", "Since $\\lambda$ is $k$-defined, $V_{\\lambda,\\ge 0}$ is $k$-defined, so $V_{\\lambda,\\ge 0}=\\bigoplus_{i\\in I}\\alpha_i(V_{\\lambda,\\ge 0}\\cap V(k))$. So $v\\in V_{\\lambda,\\ge 0}$ if and only if $v_i\\in V_{\\lambda,\\ge 0}$ for all $i\\in J$. Hence the first limit exists if and only if the third limit exists. ", "This completes the proof.", "\n\nOrbits and rationality {#sec:orbrat}\n======================\n\nIn this section we prove some results about $G(k)$-orbits as indicated in the Introduction. ", "We maintain the notation from the previous sections; recall in particular that $\\Gamma = \\operatorname{Gal}(k_s/k)$.\n\nSuppose $V$ is a $k$-defined affine $G$-variety. ", "Even when one is interested mainly in rationality questions, one must sometimes consider points $v\\in V$ that are not $k$-points. ", "For instance, we often want to prove results about a $k$-defined subgroup $H$ of $G$ by choosing a generating tuple ${{\\mathbf {h}}}= (h_1,\\ldots, h_n)\\in H^n$ for some $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$, but $H$ need not admit such a tuple with the $h_i$ all being $k$-points (for example when $k$ is finite and $H$ is infinite). ", "Fortunately, the weaker property that $C_{G(k_s)}(v)$ is $\\Gamma$-stable will often suffice (see Theorem \\[thm:sepRuconj\\], for example). ", "We do not require $C_G(v)$ to be $k$-defined here; note that even when $v$ is a $k$-point, $C_G(v)$ is $k$-closed but need not be $k$-defined. ", "Some of our results hold without any rationality assumptions on $v$ at all (see Theorems \\[thm:Ruconj\\] and \\[thm:cocharclosedcrit\\]).", "\n\n\\[thm:sepRuconj\\] Suppose $V$ is a $k$-defined affine $G$-variety. ", "Let $v \\in V$ and let $\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$ be such that $v':=\\lim_{a\\to 0}\\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists. ", "If $v'$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k_s)$-conjugate to $v$ and $C_{G(k_s)}(v)$ is $\\Gamma$-stable, then $v'$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$-conjugate to $v$.\n\nSet $P = P_\\lambda$. By hypothesis, there exists $u \\in R_u(P)(k_s)$ such that $v' = u \\cdot v$. By Lemma \\[lem:Ruconj\\], $\\mu := u{{^{-1}}}\\cdot\\lambda \\in Y_{k_s}(G)$ centralizes $v$, so $\\mu({{\\overline{k}}}^*) \\subseteq C_P(v)$, and $\\mu(k_s^*) \\subseteq C_{G(k_s)}(v) \\cap P$. Note that since $u \\in P$, we have $P_\\mu = P$. Let $H$ be the subgroup of $G$ generated by the $\\Gamma$-conjugates of $\\mu({{\\overline{k}}}^*)$; then the union of the $\\Gamma$-conjugates of $\\mu(k_s^*)$ is dense in $H$, so $H$ is closed, connected and $k_s$-defined, by [@Bo AG.14.5, I.2.2], and $H \\subseteq P$, since $\\mu({{\\overline{k}}}^*) \\subseteq P$ and $P$ is $\\Gamma$-stable. ", "Moreover, since $C_{G(k_s)}(v)$ is $\\Gamma$-stable, we can conclude that $H \\subseteq C_P(v)$. Since $H$ has a $\\Gamma$-stable dense set of separable points, $H$ is $k$-defined, and hence contains a $k$-defined maximal torus $S$. There exists $h \\in H$ such that $\\mu' := h \\cdot\\mu$ belongs to $Y(S)$; note that $\\mu'$ centralizes $v$, and since $h \\in P$, we deduce that $P_{\\mu'} = P$.\n\nBy [@Bo Cor.", " III.9.2], $C_P(S)$ is $k$-defined, so it has a $k$-defined maximal torus $T$. Note that $S\\subseteq T$, since $S$ commutes with $T$ and $T$ is maximal. ", "There exists a unique $k$-defined R-Levi subgroup $L$ of $P$ containing $T$, by Lemma \\[lem:Rparrat\\](iii). ", "But $L_{\\mu'}$ is an R-Levi subgroup of $P$ containing $T$, so $L_{\\mu'} = L$. Thus we have two R-Levi subgroups $L_\\lambda$ and $L_{\\mu'}$ of $P$, both $k$-defined. ", "By Lemma \\[lem:Rparrat\\](iii), there exists a unique $u_0 \\in R_u(P)(k)$ such that $L_\\lambda = u_0 L_{\\mu'} u_0{{^{-1}}}$. We also have $\\mu' = hu{{^{-1}}}\\cdot \\lambda$, and since $hu{{^{-1}}}\\in P$, we can write $hu{{^{-1}}}= u_1l$ with $u_1 \\in R_u(P)$ and $l \\in L_\\lambda$. But $L_\\lambda$ centralizes $\\lambda$, so $\\mu' = u_1l\\cdot\\lambda = u_1\\cdot\\lambda$. So $u_0{{^{-1}}}L_\\lambda u_0 = L_{\\mu'}=L_{u_1\\cdot\\lambda}\n= u_1L_\\lambda u_1{{^{-1}}}.$ Since $R_u(P)$ acts simply transitively on the set of R-Levi subgroups of $P$, we must have $u_1 = u_0{{^{-1}}}$, and hence $\\mu' = u_0{{^{-1}}}\\cdot\\lambda$. Applying Lemma \\[lem:Ruconj\\] again, we see that $v' = u_0\\cdot v$, because $\\mu'$ centralizes $v$. This proves the theorem.", "\n\n\\[exmp:wkdefnec\\] The assumption that $C_{G(k_s)}(v)$ is $\\Gamma$-stable in Theorem \\[thm:sepRuconj\\] is necessary. ", "For instance, let $G= \\operatorname{SL}_2$ act on $V=G$ by conjugation. ", "Choose $y\\in k_s\\setminus k$ and $x\\in k^* \\setminus \\{\\pm 1\\}$. Let $v'= {{\\left(\\begin{array}{ll} x & 0 \\\\ 0 & x^{-1} \\end{array}\\right)}}$ and $v= {{\\left(\\begin{array}{ll} 1 & y \\\\ 0 & 1 \\end{array}\\right)}} {{\\left(\\begin{array}{ll} x & 0 \\\\ 0 & x^{-1} \\end{array}\\right)}} {{\\left(\\begin{array}{ll} 1 & -y \\\\ 0 & 1 \\end{array}\\right)}}$, and define $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$ by $\\lambda(a)= {{\\left(\\begin{array}{ll} a & 0 \\\\ 0 & a^{-1} \\end{array}\\right)}}$. It is easily seen that $v'= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ and that $v'$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k_s)$-conjugate to $v$ but not $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$-conjugate to $v$.\n\nWe can now state our first main result.", "\n\n\\[thm:Ruconj\\] Suppose $k$ is perfect. ", "Suppose $V$ is a $k$-defined affine $G$-variety and let $v\\in V$. Let $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$ such that $v':=\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists and is $G(k)$-conjugate to $v$. Then $v'$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$-conjugate to $v$.\n\nFix a maximal torus $T$ of $P_\\lambda$ such that $\\lambda\\in Y(T)$ and a Borel subgroup $B$ of $P_\\lambda^0$ such that $T\\subseteq B$. Let $B^-$ be the Borel subgroup of $G$ opposite to $B$ with respect to $T$; note that $B^-\\subseteq P_{-\\lambda}$. We begin with the case that $k$ is algebraically closed. ", "We can assume that $v\\neq v'$. For $a\\in k^*$, set $v_a= \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$; then $v_a\\ne v'$ for all $a\\in k^*$. We show that $v\\in P_{-\\lambda}^0 R_u(P_\\lambda)\\cdot v'$. Let $\\varphi:G\\to G\\cdot v'$ be the orbit map of $v'$. Then $\\varphi$ is open, by [@Bo AG Cor.", " 18.4]. ", "The set $P_{-\\lambda} ^0R_u(P_\\lambda)$ contains the big cell $B^-B\\subseteq G^0$, which is an open neighbourhood of $1$ in $G$, so $\\varphi(P_{-\\lambda}^0 R_u(P_\\lambda))$ contains an open neighbourhood of $\\varphi(1)=v'$ in $G\\cdot v'$. The image of $k^*$ under the limit morphism $\\widehat\\phi_{v,\\lambda}:k \\to V$ meets this neighbourhood, so there exists $a\\in k^*$ such that $v_a\\in P_{-\\lambda}^0 R_u(P_\\lambda)\\cdot v'$. But then also $v\\in P_{-\\lambda}^0 R_u(P_\\lambda)\\cdot v'$, since $P_{-\\lambda}^0 R_u(P_\\lambda)$ is stable under left multiplication by elements of $T$. Lemmas \\[lem:Rparrat\\] and \\[lem:pconjuconj\\] now imply that $v'= u\\cdot v$ for some $u\\in R_u(P_\\lambda)$. This completes the proof when $k$ is algebraically closed.", "\n\nNow assume $k$ is perfect. ", "First assume $v\\in V(k)$. By the algebraically closed case, we know that $v$ and $v'$ are $R_u(P_\\lambda)$-conjugate. ", "Since $C_{G(k_s)}(v)$ is $\\Gamma$-stable, we can apply Theorem \\[thm:sepRuconj\\] to deduce that $v$ and $v'$ are $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$-conjugate. ", "Now let $v$ be arbitrary. ", "There is no loss in assuming that $V$ is a $k$-defined rational $G$-module (cf.", " Remark \\[rem:linear\\]). ", "Let ${\\mathbf v}, {\\mathbf v}'\\in V^n$ be as in Lemma \\[lem:notrat\\]. ", "Then $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0}\\lambda(a)\\cdot {\\mathbf v}= {\\mathbf v}'$ and ${\\mathbf v}$ and ${\\mathbf v}'$ are $G(k)$-conjugate, so they are $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$-conjugate by the argument above. ", "Lemma \\[lem:notrat\\](ii) implies that $v$ and $v'$ are $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$-conjugate, as required.", "\n\n\\[rem:Ruconj\\] Theorem \\[thm:Ruconj\\] was first proved by H. Kraft and J. Kuttler for $k$ algebraically closed of characteristic zero in case $V = G/H$ is an affine homogeneous space (by a method different from ours), cf.[@schmitt Prop.", " 2.1.4] or [@Gomez Prop.", " 2.1.2]. ", "We do not know whether this theorem holds for arbitrary $k$.\n\nThe following consequence of Theorem \\[thm:Ruconj\\] is used in the proof of [@BMRT:relative Prop.", " 3.34].", "\n\n\\[cor:doubleorbit\\] Let $G_1$ and $G_2$ be reductive groups and let $V$ be an affine $(G_1\\times G_2)$-variety. ", "Let $v\\in V$ and $\\lambda_1\\in Y(G_1)$ and assume that $v':=\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0}\\lambda_1(a)\\cdot v$ exists. ", "Then the following hold:\n\n1. ", " If $v'$ is $(G_1\\times G_2)$-conjugate to $v$, then it is $G_1$-conjugate to $v$. In particular, $G_1\\cdot v$ is closed if $(G_1\\times G_2)\\cdot v$ is.", "\n\n2. ", " Let $\\pi:V\\to V/\\!\\!/G_2$ be the canonical projection and assume that $\\pi^{-1}(\\pi(v))=G_2\\cdot v$. If $\\pi(v')$ is $G_1$-conjugate to $\\pi(v)$, then $v'$ is $G_1$-conjugate to $v$.\n\n(i). ", "By Theorem \\[thm:Ruconj\\], there exists $u\\in R_u(P_{\\lambda_1}(G_1\\times G_2))$ such that $v'= u\\cdot v$. But $R_u(P_{\\lambda_1}(G_1\\times G_2))= R_u(P_{\\lambda_1}(G_1))\\times \\{1\\}$, so $v'$ is $G_1$-conjugate to $v$, as required. ", "The second assertion follows immediately from the Hilbert-Mumford Theorem.", "\n\n(ii). ", "This follows immediately from (i).", "\n\nThe following example shows that the converse of Corollary \\[cor:doubleorbit\\](i) does not hold in general.", "\n\nLet $G = G_1 \\times G_2$, where $G_i= k^*$ for $i = 1,2$ (here $k$ is assumed algebraically closed). ", "Set $V = k^2$, and let $G$ act on $V$ as follows: $$(t_1,t_2)\\cdot(x_1,x_2) := (t_1^2t_2{{^{-1}}}x_1, t_2^2t_1{{^{-1}}}x_2),$$ for $t_i \\in G_i$ and $(x_1,x_2) \\in V$. Consider the point $(1,1) \\in V$. Then the $G_i$-orbits of $(1,1)$ are clearly closed, but the $G$-orbit of $(1,1)$ is not closed (if $\\lambda \\in Y(G)$ is given by $\\lambda(a) = (a,a)$, then $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot (1,1)= (0,0)$).", "\n\nHere is a further consequence of Theorem \\[thm:Ruconj\\]: it gives a criterion for determining whether an orbit is closed when $k$ is perfect.", "\n\n\\[cor:perfectclsd\\] Assume $k$ is perfect. ", "Let $V$ be a $k$-defined affine $G$-variety and let $v\\in V$ such that $C_{G(k_s)}(v)$ is $\\Gamma$-stable. ", "Suppose there exists $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$ such that $v':= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists and is not $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$-conjugate to $v$. Then $v'\\not\\in G\\cdot v$. In particular, $G\\cdot v$ is not closed.", "\n\nSuppose $v'$ is $G$-conjugate to $v$. Then $v'$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)$-conjugate to $v$, by Theorem \\[thm:Ruconj\\]. ", "Since $C_{G(k_s)}(v)$ is $\\Gamma$-stable and $k$ is perfect, $v'$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$-conjugate to $v$ by Theorem \\[thm:sepRuconj\\], a contradiction. ", "Hence $v'\\not\\in G\\cdot v$, and thus this orbit is not closed.", "\n\nIn order to state our next main result, we need an appropriate extension of the concept of orbit closure to the non-algebraically closed case.", "\n\n\\[def:cocharclosure\\] Let $V$ be a $k$-defined affine $G$-variety. ", "Let $v\\in V$. We say that the $G(k)$-orbit $G(k)\\cdot v$ is *cocharacter-closed over $k$* if for any $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$ such that $v':= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists, $v'$ is $G(k)$-conjugate to $v$. Note that we do not require $v$ to be a $k$-point of $V$.\n\n\\[rem:cocharclosure\\]\n\nIn what follows we give $V(k)$ the topology induced by the Zariski topology of $V$.\n\n(i). ", "Let $v\\in V(k)$. If $k$ is infinite, then $G(k)$ is dense in $G$ [@Bo V.18.3 Cor.], ", "so $G(k)\\cdot v$ is dense in the closure of $G\\cdot v$. It follows easily that if $G(k)\\cdot v$ is closed in $V(k)$, then $G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$. Corollary \\[cor:perfectorbitcrit\\] now implies that if $k$ is infinite and perfect and $G(k)\\cdot v$ is closed in $V(k)$, then $G\\cdot v$ is closed. ", "On the other hand, if $k$ is finite, then $G(k)\\cdot v$ is a finite subset of $V(k)$ and hence is closed in $V(k)$, even though $G(k)\\cdot v$ need not be cocharacter-closed over $k$.\n\n(ii). ", "If $G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$, then $G(k)\\cdot v$ need not be closed in $V(k)$, even if $G\\cdot v$ is closed. ", "We give two examples. ", "First, let $k$ be a non-perfect field of characteristic $p>0$. Let $G={{\\overline{k}}}^*$ acting on $V={{\\overline{k}}}^*$ by $g\\cdot v= g^pv$. Give $G$ and $V$ the obvious $k$-structures. ", "Then $G(k)\\cdot 1=(k^*)^p$ is not closed in $V(k)=k^*$, but $G\\cdot 1={{\\overline{k}}}^*$ is closed. ", "Moreover, $G(k)\\cdot 1$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$, since the limit $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot 1$ does not exist for any non-trivial $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$. Second, let $k={\\mathbb R}$ and let $G= {\\rm SL}_2$ acting on $V=G$ by conjugation. ", "Let $v= {{\\left(\\begin{array}{ll} 0 & -1 \\\\ 1 & 0 \\end{array}\\right)}}$, $w= {{\\left(\\begin{array}{ll} 0 & 1 \\\\ -1 & 0 \\end{array}\\right)}}$, and $g= {{\\left(\\begin{array}{ll} i & 0 \\\\ 0 & -i \\end{array}\\right)}}$. Then $v,w\\in V({\\mathbb R})$ and $w= g\\cdot v$, so $v$ and $w$ are $G({\\mathbb C})$-conjugate, but it is easily checked that they are not $G({\\mathbb R})$-conjugate. ", "Hence $w$ lies in the closure in $V({\\mathbb R})$ of $G({\\mathbb R})\\cdot v$, which implies that $G({\\mathbb R})\\cdot v$ is not closed in $V({\\mathbb R})$. But $G\\cdot v$ is closed since $v$ is semisimple ([@Bo III.9.2 Thm.]), ", "so $G({\\mathbb R})\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over ${\\mathbb R}$ by Corollary \\[cor:perfectclsd\\].", "\n\nOur next result says that we can remove the hypothesis that $k$ is perfect in Theorem \\[thm:Ruconj\\] if we assume that $G$ is connected and $G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$.\n\n\\[thm:cocharclosedcrit\\] Suppose $V$ is a $k$-defined affine $G$-variety. ", "Assume that $G$ is connected. ", "Let $v\\in V$. Then the following are equivalent:\n\n1. ", " $G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$;\n\n2. ", " for all $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$, if $v':= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists, then $v'$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$-conjugate to $v$.\n\nIt is immediate that (ii) implies (i), so we need to prove that (i) implies (ii). ", "Assume $G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$. Without loss of generality we can assume that $V$ is a $k$-defined rational $G$-module (cf.", " Remark \\[rem:linear\\]). ", "We argue by induction on $\\dim V_{\\lambda,0}$ for $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$. Suppose $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$ and let $v\\in V$ such that $v':= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists. ", "If $\\dim V_{\\lambda,0}=0$, then $V_{\\lambda,0}=0$ and so $v'=0$, which forces $v=0$ and we are done. ", "Let $S$ be a maximal $k$-split torus of $G$ with $\\lambda\\in Y_k(S)$, let ${}_k\\Psi$ be the set of roots of $G$ relative to $S$ and let ${}_kW=N_G(S)/C_G(S)$ be the Weyl group over $k$. Any $w\\in {}_kW$ has a representative in $N_G(S)(k)$, see [@Bo V.21.2]. ", "We have $C_G(S)\\subseteq P_\\lambda$. Fix a minimal $k$-defined parabolic subgroup $P$ of $G$ with $C_G(S)\\subseteq P\\subseteq P_\\lambda$. Using the notation of [@Bo V.21.11], the choice of $P$ corresponds to a choice of simple roots ${}_k\\Delta\\subseteq{}_k\\Psi$ and then, $P_\\lambda={}_kP_J$ for a unique subset $J$ of ${}_k\\Delta$. Define the subset ${}_kW^J$ of ${}_kW$ as in [@Bo V.21.21], and for each $w\\in{}_kW^J$ define the subgroup $U_w'$ of $R_u(P_\\lambda)$, as in [@Bo V.21.14]. ", "For each $w\\in{}_kW^J$, let $\\dot{w}$ be a representative of $w$ in $N_G(S)(k)$. Then, by [@Bo V.21.16 and V.21.29] or [@BoTi 3.16 proof], we have $$\\label{eqn:bruhat}\nG(k)=\\bigcup_{w\\in{}_kW^J}U_w'(k)\\dot{w}P_\\lambda(k)$$ and $$\\label{eqn:conjugate}\n\\dot{w}^{-1}U_w'\\dot{w}\\subseteq R_u(P_{-\\lambda})\\text{\\quad for each }w\\in{}_kW^J.$$\n\nSince $G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$, there exists $g\\in G(k)$ such that $v'= g\\cdot v$. By and Lemma \\[lem:Rparrat\\], we have $g=u'\\dot{w}lu$ for some $w\\in{}_kW^J$, $u'\\in U_w'(k)$, $l\\in L_\\lambda(k)$ and $u\\in R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$. Now the argument splits in two cases. ", "Put $n=\\dot{w}$.\\\n[**Case 1:**]{} $n$ normalizes $V_{\\lambda,0}$. Then $n^{-1}u'nlu\\cdot v=n^{-1}\\cdot v' \\in V_{\\lambda,0}$. Furthermore, $n^{-1}u'n\\in R_u(P_{-\\lambda})$ by , so $n^{-1}u'nl\\in P_{-\\lambda}$. The desired conclusion follows from Lemma \\[lem:pconjuconj\\].\\\n[**Case 2:**]{} $n$ does not normalize $V_{\\lambda,0}$. Let $\\Phi$ be the set of weights of $S$ on $V$ and for $\\nu\\in Y_k(S)$ let $\\Phi_{\\nu,\\geq 0}$ be the set of weights $\\chi\\in\\Phi$ such that $\\langle \\nu,\\chi\\rangle\\ge0$. We have $v'=u'nlu\\cdot v$ and therefore $n^{-1}u'^{-1}\\cdot v'=lu\\cdot v$. Furthermore, $u'^{-1}\\cdot v'- v'\\in V_{\\lambda,>0}$ by  , whence ${\\rm supp}_S(v')\\subseteq {\\rm supp}_S(u'^{-1}\\cdot v')$. Now $n^{-1}$ normalizes $S$, so $$n^{-1}\\cdot{\\rm supp}_S(v')\\subseteq n^{-1}\\cdot{\\rm supp}_S(u'^{-1}\\cdot v')\n={\\rm supp}_S(n^{-1}u'^{-1}\\cdot v')\\subseteq \\Phi_{\\lambda,\\geq 0},$$ since $n^{-1}u'^{-1}\\cdot v'=lu\\cdot v\\in V_{\\lambda,\\ge0}$. It follows that ${\\rm supp}_S(v')\\subseteq n\\cdot\\Phi_{\\lambda,\\geq 0}=\\Phi_{n\\cdot\\lambda,\\geq 0}$. So $v'':= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} (n\\cdot \\lambda)(a)\\cdot v'$ exists. ", "We can choose $\\gamma\\in Y_k(G)$ of the form $\\gamma= t\\lambda+ n\\cdot \\lambda$ for $t\\in {\\mathbb N}$ sufficiently large such that the following hold:\n\n(1) $V_{\\gamma,0}\\subseteq V_{\\lambda,0}$ and $V_{\\gamma,0}\\subseteq V_{n\\cdot \\lambda,0}$;\n\n(2) $v''= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\gamma(a)\\cdot v$;\n\n(3) $v''= \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\gamma(a)\\cdot v'$;\n\n(4) $P_\\gamma\\subseteq P_\\lambda$.\n\nProperties (1), (2) and (4) follow immediately from Lemma \\[lem:dblecochar\\], while (3) follows from (2), since $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} (n\\cdot \\lambda)(a)\\cdot v'=v''$ and $\\lambda(k^*)$ fixes $v'$. If $V_{\\lambda,0}=V_{\\gamma,0}$, then $V_{\\lambda,0}\\subseteq V_{n\\cdot \\lambda,0}=n\\cdot V_{\\lambda,0}$, so $V_{\\lambda,0}=n\\cdot V_{\\lambda,0}$, contradicting the fact that $n$ does not normalize $V_{\\lambda,0}$. Hence we must have $\\dim V_{\\gamma,0}< \\dim V_{\\lambda,0}$. Now $G(k)\\cdot v'=G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$. So, by the induction hypothesis, $v$ and $v'$ are both $R_u(P_\\gamma)(k)$-conjugate — and hence $P_\\gamma(k)$-conjugate — to $v''$, and hence $v$ and $v'$ are $P_\\gamma(k)$-conjugate. ", "By (4), $v$ and $v'$ are $P_\\lambda(k)$-conjugate. ", "But then they are $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$-conjugate, by Lemmas \\[lem:Rparrat\\] and \\[lem:pconjuconj\\].", "\n\nIn view of Theorems \\[thm:sepRuconj\\], \\[thm:Ruconj\\] and \\[thm:cocharclosedcrit\\], it is natural to ask the following rationality question.", "\n\n\\[qn:cocharclsdext\\] Let $V$ be a $k$-defined affine $G$-variety. ", "Let $v\\in V$ such that $C_{G(k_s)}(v)$ is $\\Gamma$-stable. ", "Suppose $k_1/k$ is an algebraic extension. ", "Is it true that $G(k_1)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k_1$ if and only if $G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$?", "\n\nOur final result in this section gives an affirmative answer to the forward implication of Question \\[qn:cocharclsdext\\] in two instances.", "\n\n\\[thm:GeneralSeparableDown\\] Let $k_1/k$ be an algebraic extension of fields and let $V$ be a $k$-defined affine $G$-variety. ", "Let $v \\in V$ such that $C_{G(k_s)}(v)$ is $\\Gamma$-stable. ", "Suppose that (i) $G$ is connected and $k_1/k$ is separable, or (ii) $k$ is perfect. ", "If $G(k_1)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k_1$, then $G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$.\n\nSuppose $\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$ such that $v' = \\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot v$ exists. ", "Then $\\lambda \\in Y_{k_1}(G)$. Since $G(k_1)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k_1$, $v'$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k_1)$-conjugate to $v$, by Theorem \\[thm:cocharclosedcrit\\] in case (i) and Theorem \\[thm:Ruconj\\] in case (ii). ", "Since $k_1/k$ is separable, Theorem \\[thm:sepRuconj\\] implies that $v'$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$-conjugate to $v$. Hence $G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$, as required.", "\n\n(i). ", "If $v\\in V(k)$, then the reverse direction holds for $k$ perfect in Theorem \\[thm:GeneralSeparableDown\\] and the answer to Question \\[qn:cocharclsdext\\] is yes: this follows from Corollary \\[cor:perfectorbitcrit\\] below. (", "ii). ", "For arbitrary $k$ it can happen that $G(k)\\cdot v$ is not cocharacter-closed over $k$ but $G\\cdot v$ is closed or vice versa, even when $v\\in V(k)$ (see Remark \\[rem:obstacle\\]; cf.", " also Remark \\[rems:optimal\\](ii)).", "\n\nUniform $S$-instability {#sec:uniform}\n=======================\n\nIn this section we show that the results of Kempf in [@kempf] extend to *uniform instability* as defined by W. Hesselink in [@He]. ", "Since this is a straightforward modification of Kempf’s arguments, we only indicate the relevant changes. ", "We point out here that the extension to non-connected $G$ is unnecessary for the results in this section, since they follow immediately from the corresponding statements for $G$ connected. ", "We state the results for $G$ non-connected, because this is more convenient for our applications. ", "As our field $k$ is not necessarily algebraically closed, we restrict to $k$-defined cocharacters of $G$ in Kempf’s optimization procedure, cf. [", "@He].", "\n\nThroughout this section, $G$ is a reductive $k$-defined normal subgroup of a $k$-defined linear algebraic group $G'$ which acts on an affine ${{\\overline{k}}}$-variety $V$, and $S$ is a non-empty $G$-stable closed subvariety of $V$.\n\n\\[def:norm\\] A *$G'(k)$-invariant norm* on $Y_k(G)$ is a non-negative real-valued function $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ on $Y_k(G)$ such that\n\n- $\\left\\| g \\cdot \\lambda \\right\\| = \\left\\| \\lambda \\right\\|$ for any $g \\in G'(k)$ and any $\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$,\n\n- for any $k$-split $k$-defined torus $T$ of $G$, there is a positive definite integer-valued form $(\\ {,}\\ )$ on $Y_k(T)$ such that $(\\lambda, \\lambda) = \\left\\| \\lambda \\right\\|^2$ for any $\\lambda \\in Y_k(T)$.\n\nIf $k={{\\overline{k}}}$, then we speak of a [*$G'$-invariant norm*]{} on $Y(G)$, and in this case we say that $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ on $Y(G)$ is *$k$-defined* if it is $\\Gamma$-invariant (see [@kempf Sec.", " 4]). ", "Note that a $G'$-invariant norm $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ on $Y(G)$ determines a $G'(k)$-invariant norm on $Y_k(G)$. A $k$-defined $G'$-invariant norm on $Y(G)$ always exists, by the argument of [@He 1.4].", "\n\n\\[def:destabilizing\\] For each non-empty subset $X$ of $V$, define $\\Lambda(X)$ as the set of $\\lambda \\in Y(G)$ such that $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\, \\lambda(a)\\cdot x$ exists for all $x\\in X$, and put $\\Lambda(X,k)=\\Lambda(X)\\cap Y_k(G)$. Extending Hesselink [@He], we call $X$ *uniformly $S$-unstable* if there exists $\\lambda \\in \\Lambda(X)$ such that $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\, \\lambda(a)\\cdot x \\in S$ for all $x \\in X$, and we say that such a cocharacter *destabilizes $X$ into $S$* or is a *destabilizing cocharacter for $X$ with respect to $S$*. ", "We call $X$ *uniformly $S$-unstable over $k$* if there exists such a $\\lambda$ in $\\Lambda(X,k)$. We say that $x\\in V$ is *$S$-unstable over $k$* if $\\{x\\}$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over $k$. Finally, (uniformly $S$-) unstable without specifying a field always means (uniformly $S$-) unstable over ${{\\overline{k}}}$. By the Hilbert-Mumford Theorem, $x\\in V$ is $S$-unstable if and only if ${{\\overline{G\\cdot x}}}\\cap S\\ne\\varnothing$.\n\nFollowing Hesselink [@He (2.1)], we allow the trivial case that $X\\subseteq S$. In this case the optimal class of Definition \\[def:optimalclass\\] below consists just of the trivial cocharacter $\\lambda=0$ and the optimal destabilizing parabolic subgroup of Definition \\[def:optimalparabolic\\] is the whole of $G$. Kempf [@kempf Thm.", " 3.4] only defines the optimal class and optimal destabilizing parabolic subgroup if $X=\\{x\\}$ and $x\\notin S$ and in this case our definitions coincide with his.", "\n\nLet $x\\in V$ and let $\\lambda\\in\\Lambda(x)$. Let $\\varphi:{{\\overline{k}}}\\to V$ be the morphism $\\widehat\\phi_{x,\\lambda}$ from Section \\[subsec:Gvars\\]. ", "If $x\\notin S$, then the scheme-theoretic inverse image $\\varphi^{-1}(S)$ is either empty or has affine ring ${{\\overline{k}}}[T]/(T^m)$ for a unique $m\\in {\\mathbb N}$, and we define $a_{S,x}(\\lambda):=m$ (taking $m$ to be 0 if $\\varphi^{-1}(S)$ is empty). ", "If $x\\in S$, then we define $a_{S,x}(\\lambda):=\\infty$. For a non-empty subset $X$ of $V$ and $\\lambda\\in\\Lambda(X)$, we define $a_{S,X}(\\lambda):=\\min_{x\\in X}a_{S,x}(\\lambda)$. Note that $a_{S,X}(\\lambda)>0$ if and only if $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\, \\lambda(a)\\cdot x\\in S$ for all $x\\in X$, $a_{S,X}(\\lambda) = 0$ if and only if $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\, \\lambda(a)\\cdot x\\not\\in S$ for some $x \\in X$, and $a_{S,X}(\\lambda)=\\infty$ if and only if $X\\subseteq S$.\n\nNow we choose a $G'(k)$-invariant norm $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ on $Y_k(G)$.\n\n\\[def:optimalclass\\] Let $X$ be a non-empty subset of $V$. If $X\\subseteq S$, we put $\\Omega(X,S,k)=\\{0\\}$, where $0$ denotes the trivial cocharacter of $G$. Now assume $X\\nsubseteq S$. If the function $\\lambda\\mapsto a_{S,X}(\\lambda)/{\\left\\|\\lambda\\right\\|}$ has a finite strictly positive maximum value on $\\Lambda(X,k)\\setminus\\{0\\}$, then we define $\\Omega(X,S,k)$ as the set of indivisible cocharacters in $\\Lambda(X,k)\\setminus\\{0\\}$ on which this function takes its maximum value. ", "Otherwise we define $\\Omega(X,S,k)=\\varnothing$. Note that $X$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over $k$ (in the sense of Definition \\[def:destabilizing\\]) provided $\\Omega(X,S,k)\\ne\\varnothing$. The set $\\Omega(X,S,k)$ is called the *optimal class for $X$ with respect to $S$ over $k$*.", "\n\nWe are now able to state and prove the analogue of Kempf’s instability theorem ([@kempf Thm.", " 4.2]) in this setting.", "\n\n\\[thm:kempfrousseau\\] Let $X$ be a non-empty subset of $V$ which is uniformly $S$-unstable over $k$. Then $\\Omega(X,S,k)$ is non-empty and has the following properties:\n\n1. ", " $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\, \\lambda(a)\\cdot x \\in S$ for all $\\lambda \\in \\Omega(X,S,k)$ and any $x \\in X$.\n\n2. ", " For all $\\lambda, \\mu \\in \\Omega(X,S,k)$, we have $P_\\lambda = P_\\mu$. Let $P(X,S,k)$ denote the unique R-parabolic subgroup of $G$ so defined. (", "Note that $P(X,S,k)$ is $k$-defined by Lemma \\[lem:Rparrat\\].)", "\n\n3. ", " If $g \\in G'(k)$, then $\\Omega(g\\cdot X,g\\cdot S,k) = g\\cdot \\Omega(X,S,k)$ and $P(g\\cdot X,g\\cdot S,k) = gP(X,S,k)g^{-1}$.\n\n4. ", " $R_u(P(X,S,k))(k)$ acts simply transitively on $\\Omega(X,S,k)$: that is, for each $k$-defined R-Levi subgroup $L$ of $P(X,S,k)$, there exists one and only one $\\lambda \\in \\Omega(X,S,k)$ with $L = L_\\lambda$. Moreover, $N_{G(k)}(X) \\subseteq P(X,S,k)(k)$.\n\nIf $X \\subseteq S$, then $\\Omega(X,S,k) = \\{0\\}$ and $P(X,S,k) = G$, so all the statements are trivial in this case. ", "Hence we may assume that $X \\not\\subseteq S$. We have that $G^0$ is $k$-defined and, clearly, $Y_k(G)=Y_k(G^0)$ and $R_u(P_\\lambda) = R_u(P_\\lambda(G^0))$. So we may assume that $G$ is connected. ", "We use Kempf’s “state formalism”, [@kempf Sec.", " 2]. ", "Actually we may consider states as only defined on $k$-split subtori of $G$. First we need an analogue over $k$ of [@kempf Thm.", " 2.2]. ", "This is completely straightforward: we simply work with $Y_k(G)$ instead of $Y(G)$ and use the conjugacy of the maximal $k$-split tori of $G$ under $G(k)$, [@Bo V.20.9(ii)], as in [@He]. ", "We also use the result that two $k$-defined parabolic subgroups of $G$ have a common maximal $k$-split torus [@Bo V.20.7 Prop.].", "\n\nNext we need a way to associate to a non-empty finite subset $X_0\\ne\\{0\\}$ of a rational $G$-module $V_0$ a bounded admissible state. ", "This is done as in [@He 2.4]. ", "Then [@kempf Lem.", " 3.2] holds with $V$ and $v$ replaced by $V_0$ and $X_0$, respectively.", "\n\nFinally, we need to construct two bounded admissible states as in [@kempf Lem.", " 3.3]. ", "This is done precisely as in the proof of *loc.", " cit.* ", "The embedding of $V$ in a rational $G$-module $V_0$ (denoted $V$ in *loc.", " cit.*) ", "and the morphism $f:V\\to W$, $W$ a rational $G$-module, with the scheme-theoretic preimage $f^{-1}(0)$ equal to $S$, can be chosen as in [@kempf Thm.", " 3.4]. ", "Let $\\Xi$ and $\\Upsilon$ be the state of $X$ in $V_0$ and the state of $f(X)$ in $W$, respectively. ", "Then assertions (i), (ii), (iii) and the first assertion of (iv) follow as in [@kempf]. ", "The final assertion of (iv) is proved as follows. ", "Fix $\\lambda\\in\\Omega(X,S,k)$. Let $g \\in N_{G(k)}(X)$. Then $g\\cdot \\Omega(X,S,k)=\\Omega(g\\cdot X,g\\cdot S,k)=\\Omega(X,S,k)$, by (iii) (note that $g\\cdot S= S$). ", "So $g\\cdot\\lambda\\in\\Omega(X,S,k)$. By the first assertion of (iv), $g\\cdot\\lambda=u\\cdot\\lambda$ for some $u\\in R_u(P(X,S,k))(k)$. So $u^{-1}g\\in C_G(\\lambda({{\\overline{k}}}^*)) = L_\\lambda\\subseteq P(X,S,k)$ and therefore $g\\in P(X,S,k)\\cap G(k)=P(X,S,k)(k)$.\n\n\\[def:optimalparabolic\\] We call $P(X,S,k)$ from Theorem \\[thm:kempfrousseau\\] the *optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup for $X$ with respect to $S$ over $k$*. ", "It is clear that $P(X,S,k)$ is a proper subgroup of $G$ if and only if $X\\not\\subseteq S$. If $k$ is algebraically closed, then we often suppress the $k$ argument and write simply $\\Omega(X,S)$ and $P(X,S)$.\n\nNext we discuss rationality properties of this construction. ", "If $X$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over $k$ and $k_1/k$ is a field extension, then $X$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over $k_1$. We want to investigate the relationship between $P(X,S,k)$ and $P(X,S,k_1)$. It appears that one can say little in general if $k_1/k$ is not separable, so we consider the special case when $k_1= k_s$. We denote the $k$-closure of $X$ by $X^k$, cf.", " [@Bo AG.11.3]. ", "We obtain a rationality result as in [@He Thm.", " 5.5].", "\n\nWe now choose a $G'$-invariant norm $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ on $Y(G)$. Note that this determines a $G(k_1)$-invariant norm on $Y_{k_1}(G)$ for any subfield $k_1$ of ${{\\overline{k}}}$.\n\n\\[thm:kr-rationality\\] Assume that $V$ is an affine $k$-variety and that $S$ and the action of $G$ on $V$ are $k$-defined. ", "Let $X$ be a non-empty subset of $V$. Then the following hold:\n\n1. ", " $X$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over $k$ if and only if $X^k$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over $k_s$.\n\n2. ", " Assume that $X$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over $k$ and that the norm $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ on $Y(G)$ is $k$-defined. ", "Then $\\Omega(X,S,k)$ consists of the $k$-defined cocharacters in $\\Omega(X^k,S,k_s)$. In particular, the cocharacters in $\\Omega(X,S,k)$ are optimal for $X^k$ over $k_s$.\n\nThe embedding $V\\hookrightarrow V_0$ and the morphism $f:V\\to W$ of the proof of Theorem \\[thm:kempfrousseau\\] can chosen to be defined over $k$, see [@Bo I.1.9] and the proof of [@kempf Lem.", " 1.1]. ", "One can then easily check that for $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$ and any integer $r$, $$\\label{eqn:semicty}\n \\mbox{the set $\\{x\\in V \\mid \\lambda\\in\\Lambda(x),a_{S,x}(\\lambda)\\ge r\\}$ is\n$k$-closed,}$$ cf.", " the proof of [@He Thm.", " 5.5]. ", "It follows that $\\Lambda(X,k)=\\Lambda(X^k,k)$ and that $a_{S,X}(\\lambda)=a_{S,X^k}(\\lambda)$ for all $\\lambda\\in\\Lambda(X,k)$.\n\nSo we may assume that $X$ is $k$-closed. ", "We have to show that if $X$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over $k_s$, then $\\Omega(X,S,k_s)$ contains a $k$-defined cocharacter. ", "If $Z$ is a $k$-variety (over ${{\\overline{k}}}$), then $\\Gamma = \\operatorname{Gal}(k_s/k)$ acts on the set $Z$ and the $k$-closed subsets of $Z$ are the $\\Gamma$-stable closed subsets of $Z$; see [@spr2 11.2.8(ii)]. ", "Furthermore, if $Z_1$ and $Z_2$ are $k$-varieties, then $\\Gamma$ acts on the $k_s$-defined morphisms from $Z_1$ to $Z_2$ and such a morphism is $k$-defined if and only if it is fixed by $\\Gamma$; see [@spr2 11.2.9]. ", "So in our case $\\Gamma$ acts on the sets $G$ and $V$ and $X$ is $\\Gamma$-stable. ", "Now we can finish the proof as in [@kempf Thm.", " 4.2] or [@He Thm.", " 5.5].", "\n\n\\[cor:sepopt\\] Suppose the hypotheses of Theorem \\[thm:kr-rationality\\] hold and that $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ is $k$-defined. ", "Let $k_1/k$ be a separable algebraic extension. ", "Then $X$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over $k$ if and only if $X^k$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over $k_1$, and in this case we have $\\Omega(X,S,k)= \\Omega(X^k,S,k_1)\\cap Y_k(G)$ and $P(X,S,k)= P(X^k,S,k_1)$.\n\n\\[rems:optimal\\] (i). ", "Hesselink’s optimal class consists in general of virtual cocharacters, since, essentially, he requires $a_{S,X}(\\lambda)=1$ (he minimizes the norm). ", "We work with Kempf’s optimal class which consists of indivisible cocharacters. ", "There is an obvious bijection between the two optimal classes.", "\n\n(ii). ", "If $k$ is not perfect, then $X$ can be $S$-unstable over ${{\\overline{k}}}$ but need not be $S$-unstable over $k$ (see Remark \\[rem:obstacle\\]). ", "Even when $X$ is $S$-unstable over both $k$ and ${{\\overline{k}}}$, our methods do not tell us whether or not $P(X,S,k)= P(X,S)$ when $k$ is not perfect.", "\n\n(iii). ", "Assume that $k$ is perfect and that $X=\\{v\\}$ with $v$ a $k$-point of $V$ outside $S$ whose $G$-orbit closure meets $S$. Then Corollary \\[cor:sepopt\\] gives the existence of a $k$-defined destabilizing cocharacter for $v$ and $S$ which is optimal over ${{\\overline{k}}}$. This was first proved by Kempf in [@kempf Thm.", " 4.2].", "\n\nCorollary \\[cor:perfectorbitcrit\\] below and Corollary \\[cor:sepopt\\] answer Question \\[qn:cocharclsdext\\] for perfect $k$.\n\n\\[cor:perfectorbitcrit\\] Suppose that $k$ is perfect. ", "Let $V$ be an affine $G$-variety over $k$. Let $v\\in V(k)$. Then $G\\cdot v$ is closed if and only if $G(k)\\cdot v$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$.\n\nIf $G(k)\\cdot v$ is not cocharacter-closed over $k$, then $G\\cdot v$ is not closed, by Corollary \\[cor:perfectclsd\\]. ", "Conversely, suppose $G\\cdot v$ is not closed. ", "Let $S$ be the unique closed $G$-orbit in ${{\\overline{G\\cdot v}}}$. Then ${{\\overline{G\\cdot v}}}$ is $k$-defined (see, e.g., [@spr2 1.9.1]). ", "Let $\\gamma\\in\\Gamma$. Then $\\gamma(S)$ is a closed $G$-orbit which is contained in ${{\\overline{G\\cdot v}}}$, so it is equal to $S$. It follows that $S$ is $\\Gamma$-stable and therefore $k$-defined, since $k$ is perfect. ", "Now $v$ is $S$-unstable by the Hilbert-Mumford Theorem and therefore $S$-unstable over $k$, by Theorem \\[thm:kr-rationality\\](i). ", "Since $S\\cap G\\cdot v=\\varnothing$, it is clear that $G(k)\\cdot v$ is not cocharacter-closed over $k$.\n\nApplications to $G$-complete reducibility {#sec:appl-gcr}\n=========================================\n\nIn this section we discuss some applications of the theory developed in this paper, with particular reference to Serre’s concept of $G$-complete reducibility. ", "We briefly recall the definitions here; for more details, see [@BMR], [@serre2].", "\n\n\\[def:gcr\\] A subgroup $H$ of $G$ is said to be *$G$-completely reducible ($G$-cr)* if whenever $H$ is contained in an R-parabolic subgroup $P$ of $G$, there exists an R-Levi subgroup $L$ of $P$ containing $H$. Similarly, a subgroup $H$ of $G$ is said to be *$G$-completely reducible over $k$* if whenever $H$ is contained in a $k$-defined R-parabolic subgroup $P$ of $G$, there exists a $k$-defined R-Levi subgroup $L$ of $P$ containing $H$.\n\nWe have noted (Remark \\[rem:krpars\\]) that not every $k$-defined R-parabolic subgroup of $G$ need stem from a cocharacter in $Y_k(G)$. However, our next result shows that when considering questions of $G$-complete reducibility over $k$, it suffices just to look at $k$-defined R-parabolic subgroups of $G$ of the form $P_\\lambda$ with $\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$.\n\n\\[lem:Gcroverk\\] Let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. Then $H$ is $G$-completely reducible over $k$ if and only if for every $\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$ such that $H$ is contained in $P_\\lambda$, there exists $\\mu \\in Y_k(G)$ such that $P_\\lambda = P_\\mu$ and $H \\subseteq L_\\mu$.\n\nAssume that for every $\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$ such that $H$ is contained in $P_\\lambda$, there exists $\\mu \\in Y_k(G)$ such that $P_\\lambda = P_\\mu$ and $H \\subseteq L_\\mu$. Let $\\sigma\\in Y(G)$ such that $P_\\sigma$ is $k$-defined and $H\\subseteq P_\\sigma$. After conjugating $\\sigma$ by an element of $P_\\sigma$, we may assume that $\\sigma\\in Y(T)$ for some $k$-defined maximal torus $T$ of $P_\\sigma$. By Lemma \\[lem:Rparrat\\](ii), there exists $\\lambda\\in Y_k(T)$ such that $P_\\sigma\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ and $P_\\sigma^0=P_\\lambda^0$. Note that $L_\\sigma=L_\\lambda\\cap P_\\sigma$, by Lemma \\[lem:Levidown\\]. ", "By assumption, there exists $\\mu \\in Y_k(G)$ such that $P_\\lambda=P_\\mu$ and $H \\subseteq L_\\mu$. There exists $u\\in R_u(P_\\lambda)=R_u(P_\\sigma)$ such that $uL_\\lambda u^{-1}=L_\\mu$. But then $L_{u\\cdot\\sigma}= uL_\\sigma u^{-1}= u(L_\\lambda\\cap P_\\sigma)u^{-1}=L_\\mu\\cap P_\\sigma$ contains $H$. By Lemma \\[lem:Rparrat\\](iii), $L_{u\\cdot\\sigma}$ is $k$-defined, since $L_{u\\cdot\\sigma}^0=L_\\mu^0$ is $k$-defined. ", "Hence $H$ is $G$-cr over $k$. The other implication follows from Corollary \\[cor:kLevi\\].", "\n\nIf $k$ is algebraically closed (or even perfect, see [@BMR Thm.", " 5.8]) and $H$ is $k$-defined, then $H$ is $G$-cr over $k$ if and only if $H$ is $G$-cr.", "\n\nGeometric criteria for $G$-complete reducibility {#subsec:serre}\n------------------------------------------------\n\nIn [@BMR], we show that $G$-complete reducibility has a geometric interpretation in terms of the action of $G$ on $G^n$, the $n$-fold Cartesian product of $G$ with itself, by simultaneous conjugation. ", "Let $\\mathbf{h} \\in G^n$ and let $H$ be the algebraic subgroup of $G$ generated by ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$. Then $G\\cdot\\mathbf{h}$ is closed in $G^n$ if and only if $H$ is $G$-cr [@BMR Cor.", " 3.7]. ", "To generalize this to subgroups that are not topologically finitely generated, we need the following concept.", "\n\n\\[def:generictuple\\] Let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$ and let $G\\hookrightarrow\\operatorname{GL}_m$ be an embedding of algebraic groups. ", "Then ${{\\mathbf {h}}} \\in H^n$ is called a *generic tuple of $H$ for the embedding $G\\hookrightarrow\\operatorname{GL}_m$* if ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$ generates the associative subalgebra of $\\operatorname{Mat}_m$ spanned by $H$. We call ${{\\mathbf {h}}}\\in H^n$ a *generic tuple of $H$* if it is a generic tuple of $H$ for some embedding $G\\hookrightarrow\\operatorname{GL}_m$.\n\nClearly, generic tuples exist for any embedding $G\\hookrightarrow\\operatorname{GL}_m$ if $n$ is sufficiently large. ", "The next lemma gives the main properties of generic tuples.", "\n\n\\[lem:generictuple\\] Let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$, let ${{\\mathbf {h}}}\\in H^n$ be a generic tuple of $H$ for some embedding $G\\hookrightarrow\\operatorname{GL}_m$ and let $H'$ be the algebraic subgroup of $G$ generated by ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$. Then we have:\n\n1. ", " $C_M({{\\mathbf {h}}})=C_M(H')=C_M(H)$ for any subgroup $M$ of $G$;\n\n2. ", " $H'$ is contained in the same R-parabolic and the same R-Levi subgroups of $G$ as $H$;\n\n3. ", " If $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ for some $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$, then $c_\\lambda({{\\mathbf {h}}})$ is a generic tuple of $c_\\lambda(H)$ for the given embedding $G\\hookrightarrow\\operatorname{GL}_m$.\n\nBy assumption, ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$ generates the associative subalgebra $A$ of $\\operatorname{Mat}_m$ spanned by $H$. For $\\lambda\\in Y(\\operatorname{GL}_m)$ let ${\\mathcal}P_\\lambda$ be the subset of elements $x\\in\\operatorname{Mat}_m$ such that $\\underset{a {\\rightarrow}0}{\\lim}\\, \\lambda(a)\\cdot x$ exists and let ${\\mathcal}L_\\lambda$ be the centralizer of $\\lambda(k^*)$ in $\\operatorname{Mat}_m$. Denote the limit morphism ${\\mathcal}P_\\lambda\\to{\\mathcal}L_\\lambda$ by $c_\\lambda$. The well-known characterization of ${\\mathcal}P_\\lambda$ and ${\\mathcal}L_\\lambda$ in terms of flags of subspaces shows that they are subalgebras of $\\operatorname{Mat}_m$ and that $c_\\lambda$ is a homomorphism of algebras. ", "For $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$ we have $P_\\lambda(G)=G\\cap{\\mathcal}P_\\lambda$ and $L_\\lambda(G)=G\\cap{\\mathcal}L_\\lambda$.\n\n(i).", " If a subset $S$ of $\\operatorname{Mat}_m$ generates the associative subalgebra $E$ of $\\operatorname{Mat}_m$, then $C_M(S)=M\\cap C_{\\operatorname{Mat}_m}(E)$. So $C_M(H)= C_M(H')=M\\cap C_{\\operatorname{Mat}_m}(A)=C_M({{\\mathbf {h}}})$.\n\n(ii).", " If a subset $S$ of $G$ generates the associative subalgebra $E$ of $\\operatorname{Mat}_m$, then $S\\subseteq P_\\lambda(G)$ if and only if $E\\subseteq{{\\mathcal}P}_\\lambda$, and $S\\subseteq L_\\lambda(G)$ if and only if $E\\subseteq{{\\mathcal}L}_\\lambda$. This implies the assertion.", "\n\n(iii).", " Since $c_\\lambda:{{\\mathcal}P}_\\lambda\\to{{\\mathcal}L}_\\lambda$ is a homomorphism of associative algebras, $c_\\lambda({{\\mathbf {h}}})$ generates the associative subalgebra $c_\\lambda(A)$ and this is also the associative subalgebra of $\\operatorname{Mat}_m$ generated by $c_\\lambda(H)$.\n\n\\[rem:genericgenerators\\] If $H$ is a subgroup of $G$ which is topologically generated by a tuple ${{{\\mathbf {h}}}}\\in H^n$, then ${{{\\mathbf {h}}}}$ is a generic tuple of $H$ in the sense of Definition \\[def:generictuple\\]. ", "To see this, consider an embedding $G\\hookrightarrow\\operatorname{GL}_m$. Since the minimal polynomial of each $h_i$ has non-zero constant term, we can express $h_i^{-1}$ as a polynomial in $h_i$. Hence, if $A$ is the associative subalgebra of $\\operatorname{Mat}_m$ generated by ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$, then $A$ contains the inverses of each of the components $h_i$, so it contains the subgroup of $\\operatorname{GL}_m$ generated by ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$. But $A$ is closed, so it contains $H$.\n\n\\[rem:generictuple\\] Let $H$ be a $k$-defined subgroup of $G$. Even if $H$ is topologically finitely generated, there need not exist a $k$-defined generating tuple. ", "The notion of a generic tuple lets us get around this problem. ", "Note that if ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$ is a generic tuple of $H$, then $C_{G(k_s)}({{\\mathbf {h}}})$ is $\\Gamma$-stable by Lemma \\[lem:generictuple\\](i), which is a sufficient condition for many of the results in Section \\[sec:orbrat\\] to hold. ", "Another advantage of generic tuples is that one can extend the action of $S_n$ on an $n$-tuple by permutation of the components (cf.", " [@BMR Thm.", " 5.8]) to an action of ${\\rm GL}_n(k)$ (cf. [", "@BMRT:relative Sec.", " 3.8]).", "\n\nThe connection between $G$-complete reducibility and $G$-orbits of tuples is made transparent by part (iii) of the following theorem which is, essentially, a consequence of Theorem \\[thm:Ruconj\\]. ", "It also shows how statements about generic tuples can be translated back into statements about subgroups of $G$. Note that, in view of Remark \\[rem:genericgenerators\\], the final statement of Theorem \\[thm:orbclosconjcrit\\](iii) recovers [@BMR Cor.", " 3.7].", "\n\n\\[thm:orbclosconjcrit\\]\n\n1. ", " Let $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$, let ${{\\mathbf {h}}}\\in G^n$ and let $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$ such that ${{\\mathbf {m}}}:=\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0}\\lambda(a)\\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$ exists. ", "Then the following are equivalent:\n\n 1. ", " ${{\\mathbf {m}}}$ is $G$-conjugate to ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$;\n\n 2. ", " ${{\\mathbf {m}}}$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)$-conjugate to ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$;\n\n 3. ", " $\\dim G\\cdot{{\\mathbf {m}}}=\\dim G\\cdot{{\\mathbf {h}}}$.\n\n2. ", " Let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$ and let $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$. Suppose $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ and set $M= c_\\lambda(H)$. Then $\\dim C_G(M)\\geq \\dim C_G(H)$ and the following are equivalent:\n\n 1. ", " $M$ is $G$-conjugate to $H$;\n\n 2. ", " $M$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)$-conjugate to $H$;\n\n 3. ", " $H$ is contained in an R-Levi subgroup of $P_\\lambda$;\n\n 4. ", " $\\dim C_G(M)=\\dim C_G(H)$.\n\n3. ", " Let $H$, $\\lambda$ and $M$ be as in (ii) and let ${{\\mathbf {h}}}\\in H^n$ be a generic tuple of $H$. Then the assertions in (i) are equivalent to those in (ii). ", "In particular, $H$ is $G$-completely reducible if and only if $G\\cdot{{\\mathbf {h}}}$ is closed in $G^n$.\n\n(i). ", "It is obvious that (b) implies (a) and (a) implies (c). ", "It follows immediately from Theorem \\[thm:Ruconj\\] and [@Bo Prop.", " I.1.8] that (c) implies (b).", "\n\n\\(ii) and (iii). ", "Let ${{\\mathbf {h}}}\\in H^n$, let $H'$ be the algebraic subgroup of $G$ generated by ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$ and let $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$. Then $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0}\\lambda(a)\\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$ exists if and only if $H'\\subseteq P_\\lambda$. Now assume that ${{\\mathbf {m}}}=\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0}\\lambda(a)\\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$ exists. ", "Let $u\\in R_u(P_\\lambda)$. Then ${{\\mathbf {h}}}=u\\cdot{{\\mathbf {m}}}$ if and only if $u\\cdot\\lambda$ fixes ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$ (Lemma \\[lem:Ruconj\\]) if and only if $H'\\subseteq L_{u\\cdot\\lambda}=uL_\\lambda u^{-1}$. Pick a generic tuple ${{\\mathbf {h}}}\\in H^n$ of $H$ for some $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$. Then ${{\\mathbf {m}}}=c_\\lambda({{\\mathbf {h}}})$ is a generic tuple of $M$, by Lemma \\[lem:generictuple\\](iii). ", "Now the first assertion of (ii) follows from the fact that $\\dim G\\cdot{{\\mathbf {m}}}\\le\\dim G\\cdot{{\\mathbf {h}}}$ (see [@Bo Prop.", " I.1.8]), since $\\dim G\\cdot{{\\mathbf {h}}}=\\dim G-\\dim C_G({{\\mathbf {h}}})$, which equals $\\dim G-\\dim C_G(H)$ (Lemma \\[lem:generictuple\\](i)), and likewise for ${{\\mathbf {m}}}$. Now we prove the equivalences. ", "Clearly, (b) implies (a) and (a) implies (d). ", "Furthermore, we have for $u\\in R_u(P_\\lambda)$ that $H\\subseteq L_{u\\cdot\\lambda}$ if and only if $H=c_{u\\cdot\\lambda}(H)=uMu^{-1}$. So (b) is equivalent to (c). ", "Now assume that (d) holds. ", "Then $\\dim G\\cdot{{\\mathbf {m}}}=\\dim G\\cdot{{\\mathbf {h}}}$. So ${{\\mathbf {m}}}$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)$-conjugate to ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$, by (i), whence $H'$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)$-conjugate to $c_\\lambda(H')$. By the equivalence of (b) and (c) (applied to $H'$), $H'$ is contained in an R-Levi subgroup of $P_\\lambda$. Since ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$ is a generic tuple of $H$, (c) holds by Lemma \\[lem:generictuple\\](ii). ", "Lemma \\[lem:generictuple\\](i) implies that (i)(c) and (ii)(d) are equivalent, so the first assertion of (iii) holds. ", "The final assertion of (iii) follows from the first, Lemma \\[lem:generictuple\\](ii) and the Hilbert-Mumford Theorem.", "\n\nWe now give a geometric characterization of $G$-complete reducibility over an arbitrary field $k$, using Theorem \\[thm:cocharclosedcrit\\]. ", "Note that the subgroup $H$ in Theorem \\[thm:cocharclosedcritforGcr\\] need not be $k$-defined. ", "In view of Remark \\[rem:cocharclosure\\], Theorem \\[thm:cocharclosedcritforGcr\\] in the special case $k = {{\\overline{k}}}$ yields the final assertion of Theorem \\[thm:orbclosconjcrit\\](iii).", "\n\n\\[thm:cocharclosedcritforGcr\\] Suppose that $G$ is connected. ", "Let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$ and let ${{\\mathbf {h}}} \\in H^n$ be a generic tuple of $H$. Then $H$ is $G$-completely reducible over $k$ if and only if $G(k)\\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$.\n\nSuppose that $G(k)\\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$. In order to show that $H$ is $G$-cr over $k$, we just need to consider R-parabolic subgroups of $G$ containing $H$ of the form $P_\\lambda$ with $\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$, by Lemma \\[lem:Gcroverk\\]. ", "Let $\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$ be such that $P_\\lambda$ contains $H$. Then ${{\\mathbf {h}}}': = c_\\lambda({{\\mathbf {h}}})$ exists. ", "Since $G(k)\\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$, there exists $u \\in R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$ such that ${{\\mathbf {h}}}' = u \\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$, by Theorem \\[thm:cocharclosedcrit\\]. ", "By Lemma \\[lem:Ruconj\\], $u^{-1}\\cdot\\lambda$ centralizes ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$. Hence $H \\subseteq L_{u^{-1}\\cdot\\lambda}$. Since $L_{u^{-1}\\cdot\\lambda}$ is $k$-defined, $H$ is $G$-completely reducible over $k$.\n\nNow assume that $H$ is $G$-completely reducible over $k$. Let $\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$ such that ${{\\mathbf {h}}}': = c_\\lambda({{\\mathbf {h}}})$ exists. ", "Then $H \\subseteq P_\\lambda$. So, by hypothesis, there exists a $k$-defined R-Levi subgroup $L$ of $P_\\lambda$ with $H \\subseteq L$. By Lemma \\[lem:Rparrat\\](iii), there exists $u \\in R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$ such that $L = u^{{^{-1}}}L_\\lambda u = L_{u^{{^{-1}}}\\cdot \\lambda}$. Hence $u^{{^{-1}}}\\cdot \\lambda$ centralizes $H$ and so $u^{{^{-1}}}\\cdot \\lambda$ centralizes ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$. Thus, by Lemma \\[lem:Ruconj\\], we have ${{\\mathbf {h}}}' = u \\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$. Consequently, $G(k)\\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$.\n\n\\[rem:obstacle\\] We now provide examples for the failure of Question \\[qn:cocharclsdext\\] in general. ", "In [@BMRT Ex.", " 7.22], we give an example of a reductive group $G$ and a subgroup $H$, both $k$-defined, such that $H$ is $G$-completely reducible but not $G$-completely reducible over $k$. Let ${\\mathbf h}\\in H^n$ be a generic tuple of $H$. Then, by Theorem \\[thm:cocharclosedcritforGcr\\], $G\\cdot {\\mathbf h}$ is closed in $G^n$ but $G(k)\\cdot {\\mathbf h}$ is not cocharacter-closed over $k$. Conversely, an example due to McNinch, [@BMR Ex.", " 5.11], gives a reductive group $G$ and a subgroup $H$, both $k$-defined, such that $H$ is $G$-completely reducible over $k$ but not $G$-completely reducible, and this implies that there exists a generic tuple ${\\mathbf h}\\in H^n$ for some $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$ such that $G(k)\\cdot {\\mathbf h}$ is cocharacter-closed over $k$ but $G\\cdot {\\mathbf h}$ is not closed. ", "Hence ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over ${{\\overline{k}}}$ but not uniformly $S$-unstable over $k$, where $S$ is the unique closed $G$-orbit contained in ${{\\overline{G\\cdot v}}}$. In fact, we have $S= \\{(1,\\ldots, 1)\\}$ in this example, so $S$ has a $k$-point. ", "Note that $C_{G(k_s)}({{\\mathbf {h}}})$ is $\\Gamma$-stable in both cases (this follows from Lemma \\[lem:generictuple\\](i)), so we have counterexamples to Question \\[qn:cocharclsdext\\]; moreover, in both cases the extension ${{\\overline{k}}}/k$ is not separable.", "\n\nWe even have an example where $v\\in V(k)$, $k$ is infinite, $G\\cdot v$ is not closed and $G(k)\\cdot v$ is a Zariski-closed subset of $V(k)$. Let $k$ be a separably closed non-perfect field of characteristic 2 and let $G= {\\rm GL}_2$ acting on $V= {\\rm GL}_2$ by conjugation. ", "Choose $a\\in k^{1/2}\\setminus k$. Let $v= {{\\left(\\begin{array}{ll} 0 & 1 \\\\ a^2 & 0 \\end{array}\\right)}}$ and let $v'= {{\\left(\\begin{array}{ll} a & 0 \\\\ 0 & a \\end{array}\\right)}}$ (cf. [", "@spr2 2.4.11]). ", "It is easily checked that the closure of $G\\cdot v$ is $G\\cdot v\\cup \\{v'\\}$. Moreover, the orbit map $G{\\rightarrow}G\\cdot v$, $g\\mapsto g\\cdot v$ is separable (cf.", " [@BMR Ex.", " 3.28 and Rem.", " 3.31]) and hence is surjective on $k$-points [@Bo AG.13.2 Thm.]. ", "This implies that $G(k)\\cdot v$ is closed in $V(k)$ (and hence is cocharacter-closed over $k$, by Remark \\[rem:cocharclosure\\](ii)). ", "The unique closed $G$-orbit $S$ contained in ${{\\overline{G\\cdot v}}}$ has no $k$-points — in contrast to the previous example — and it follows that $v$ is uniformly $S$-unstable over ${{\\overline{k}}}$ but not uniformly $S$-unstable over $k$.\n\nThe interpretation of $G$-complete reducibility in terms of orbits allows us to provide a partial answer to a question of Serre; for a more general result, see [@BMRT:relative Thm.", " 4.13]. ", "Let $k_1/k$ be a separable algebraic extension of fields. ", "Serre has asked whether it is the case that a $k$-defined subgroup $H$ of $G$ is $G$-completely reducible over $k$ if and only if it is $G$-completely reducible over $k_1$. This was proved in [@BMR Thm.", " 5.8] for $k$ perfect by passing back and forth between $k$ and ${{\\overline{k}}}$ and between $k_1$ and ${{\\overline{k}}}$. In general this approach fails because the extension ${{\\overline{k}}}/k$ need not be separable; we discuss this further in Example \\[exmp:obstacle\\] below. ", "This shows that even if one is interested only in separable field extensions $k_1/k$, problems with inseparability can arise.", "\n\nWe can now answer one direction of Serre’s question. ", "Theorem \\[thm:serresquestion\\] gives a group-theoretic analogue of Theorem \\[thm:GeneralSeparableDown\\].", "\n\n\\[thm:serresquestion\\] Suppose $k_1/k$ is a separable extension of fields. ", "Let $H$ be a $k$-defined subgroup of $G$. If $H$ is $G$-completely reducible over $k_1$, then $H$ is $G$-completely reducible over $k$.\n\nLet $\\mathbf{h} \\in H^n$ be a generic tuple of $H$ for some $n$. Suppose $\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$ is such that $H \\subseteq P_\\lambda$. Then since $H$ is $G$-cr over $k_1$, there exists $u_1 \\in R_u(P_\\lambda)(k_1) \\subseteq R_u(P_\\lambda)(k_s)$ such that $H \\subseteq L_{u_1{{^{-1}}}\\cdot\\lambda}$. Thus, $u_1{{^{-1}}}\\cdot\\lambda$ centralizes $H$ and so $u_1{{^{-1}}}\\cdot\\lambda$ centralizes ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$. It thus follows from Lemma \\[lem:Ruconj\\] that $\\lim_{a\\to 0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot \\mathbf{h} = u_1\\cdot \\mathbf{h}$. Now $C_{G(k_s)}(\\mathbf{h})$ is $\\Gamma$-stable by Remark \\[rem:generictuple\\], so we can apply Theorem \\[thm:sepRuconj\\] to conclude that there exists $u \\in R_u(P_\\lambda)(k)$ such that $\\lim_{a\\to 0} \\lambda(a)\\cdot \\mathbf{h} = u\\cdot \\mathbf{h}$. Thus $u{{^{-1}}}\\cdot\\lambda \\in Y_k(G)$ centralizes $\\mathbf{h}$ (Lemma \\[lem:Ruconj\\]), whence $u{{^{-1}}}\\cdot\\lambda$ centralizes $H$ (Lemma \\[lem:generictuple\\](ii)). ", "We therefore have $H \\subseteq L_{u{{^{-1}}}\\cdot \\lambda}$, a $k$-defined R-Levi subgroup of $P_\\lambda$, as required.", "\n\n\\[ex:serreGL\\] We show that the answer to Serre’s question is yes when $G = \\operatorname{GL}(V)$, where $V = {{\\overline{k}}}^n$ with the standard $k$-structure $k^n$ on $V$. This of course determines the usual $k$-structure on $\\operatorname{GL}(V)$. Let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$ and let $A$ be its enveloping algebra: that is, the ${{\\overline{k}}}$-span of $H$ in $\\operatorname{End}_{{{\\overline{k}}}}(V)$. Then $A$ is $k$-defined provided $H$ is. ", "To see this, we exhibit a $\\Gamma$-stable, dense subset of separable points in $A$ and for this set we simply take the $k_s$-span of $H(k_s)$ in $\\operatorname{End}_{{{\\overline{k}}}}(V)$. As a consequence, we obtain the following characterization of $\\operatorname{GL}(V)$-complete reducibility over $k$ under the assumption that $H$ is $k$-defined: $H$ is $\\operatorname{GL}(V)$-cr over $k$ if and only if $V(k)=k^n$ is a semisimple $A(k)$-module (if and only if $A(k)$ is a semisimple algebra). ", "Here $A(k)$ denotes the algebra of $k$-points of $A$ (this is a $k$-structure on $A$: $A = {{\\overline{k}}}\\otimes_k A(k)$).", "\n\nFinally, if $H$ and $A$ are as above and $k_1\\subseteq {{\\overline{k}}}$ is an algebraic extension of $k$, then $A(k_1) = k_1\\otimes_k A(k)$. It follows from [@curtisreiner Cor.", " 69.8 and Cor.", " 69.10] that $A(k)$ is semisimple if and only if $A(k_1)$ is semisimple, provided $k_1$ is a separable extension of $k$. By the above this means that $H$ is $\\operatorname{GL}(V)$-cr over $k$ if and only if $H$ is $\\operatorname{GL}(V)$-cr over $k_1$.\n\nOptimal destabilizing parabolic subgroups for subgroups of $G$ {#subsec:optnongcr}\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn this section we assume $G$ is a normal $k$-subgroup of a $k$-defined linear algebraic group $G'$. If $G'$ is not explicitly given, we just take $G'$ to be $G$. We fix a $G'$-invariant norm $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ on $Y(G)$, see Definition \\[def:norm\\]. ", "Recall our convention that $P_\\lambda$ is a subgroup of $G$: so the optimal destabilizing subgroups defined below are parabolic subgroups of $G$, not of $G'$.\n\nLet $H$ be a subgroup of $G$ such that $H$ is not $G$-completely reducible. ", "Suppose there exists ${{\\mathbf {h}}}\\in H^n$ such that $H$ is generated by ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$. Then $G\\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$ is not closed in $G^n$, and we can construct the optimal destabilizing parabolic subgroup $P_{{\\mathbf {h}}}= P({{\\mathbf {h}}},S)$ of $G$ for ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$, where $S$ is the unique closed $G$-orbit contained in ${{\\overline{G\\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}}}}$. Several recent results involving $G$-complete reducibility have rested on this construction [@martin2], [@BMR Sec.", " 3, Thm.", " 5.8], [@BMRT Thm.", " 5.4(a)]. ", "There are some technical problems in applying it. ", "For instance, if $g\\in G$ normalizes $H$, then $g$ need not centralize ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$ (cf.", " the proof of [@BMRT Prop.", " 5.7]).", "\n\nWe now show how to associate an optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup $P(H)$ to $H$ using uniform $S$-instability. ", "This avoids the above problems and yields shorter, cleaner proofs, because we need not deal explicitly with a generating tuple for $H$.\n\n\\[rem:BorelTits\\] We can regard the following construction as a generalization of the Borel-Tits construction [@boreltits], which associates to a non-trivial unipotent element $u\\in G$ a parabolic subgroup $P_{\\rm BT}$ of $G$ such that $u\\in R_u(P_{\\rm BT})$. More generally, the latter construction associates to a non-reductive subgroup $H$ of $G$ a parabolic subgroup $P_{\\rm BT}$ of $G$ such that $R_u(H)\\subseteq R_u(P_{\\rm BT})$. Our construction works for any non-G-completely reducible $H$, including the case when $H$ is reductive. ", "Note, however, that if $H$ is non-reductive, then $P_{\\rm BT}$ does not necessarily coincide with $P(H)$ from Definition \\[defn:optpar\\], [@He Rem.", " 8.4].", "\n\nFirst we need a prelimimary result which gives us a closed $G$-stable subvariety $S_n(M)$ of $G^n$ to work with. ", "The idea is that the $G$-conjugacy class of a generic tuple of the group $M$ from Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\] corresponds to the unique closed $G$-orbit in the $G$-orbit closure of a generic tuple of $H$.\n\n\\[prop:uniquegcr\\] Let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$.\n\n1. ", " There exists $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$ and a $G$-completely reducible subgroup $M$ of $G$ such that $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ and $c_\\lambda(H)=M$. Moreover, $M$ is unique up to $G$-conjugacy and its $G$-conjugacy class depends only on the $G$-conjugacy class of $H$.\n\n2. ", " Any automorphism of the algebraic group $G$ that stabilizes the $G$-conjugacy class of $H$, stabilizes the $G$-conjugacy class of $M$.\n\n3. ", " Any $\\gamma\\in \\Gamma$ that stabilizes the $G$-conjugacy class of $H$, stabilizes the $G$-conjugacy class of $M$.\n\n4. ", " If $\\mu\\in Y(G)$ and $H\\subseteq P_\\mu$, then the procedure described in (i) associates the same $G$-conjugacy class of subgroups to $H$ and $c_\\mu(H)$.\n\n(i).", " Let $P_\\lambda$ be an R-parabolic subgroup of $G$ which is minimal with respect to containing $H$. Since $H\\subseteq c_\\lambda(H)R_u(P_\\lambda)$ and $R_u(P_\\lambda)\\subseteq R_u(Q)$ for every R-parabolic subgroup $Q$ of $G$ with $Q\\subseteq P_\\lambda$, we have that $P_\\lambda$ is also minimal with respect to containing $M=c_\\lambda(H)$. So $M$ is $L_\\lambda$-irreducible and therefore $G$-cr, see [@BMR Cor.", " 6.4, Cor.", " 3.22].", "\n\nNow suppose $\\lambda,\\mu\\in Y(G)$ such that $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ and $H\\subseteq P_\\mu$, and such that $M_1=c_\\lambda(H)$ and $M_2=c_\\mu(H)$ are $G$-cr. ", "Since $P_\\lambda$ and $P_\\mu$ have a maximal torus in common (see, e.g., [@Bo Cor.", " IV.14.13]), after possibly replacing $M_1$ by an $R_u(P_\\lambda)$-conjugate and $M_2$ by an $R_u(P_\\mu)$-conjugate, we may assume that $\\lambda(k^*)$ and $\\mu(k^*)$ commute. ", "Clearly, $P_\\lambda\\cap P_\\mu$ is stable under $c_\\lambda$ and $c_\\mu$. It follows from [@BMR Lem.", " 6.2(iii)] that, on $P_\\lambda\\cap P_\\mu$, the composition $c_\\lambda\\circ c_\\mu=c_\\mu\\circ c_\\lambda$ is the projection $P_\\lambda\\cap P_\\mu \\to L_\\lambda\\cap L_\\mu$ with kernel $R_u(P_\\lambda\\cap P_\\mu)$. So $c_\\lambda(M_2)=c_\\mu(M_1)$. Now $M_1$ is $G$-cr, so, by Theorem \\[thm:orbclosconjcrit\\](ii), $M_1$ is $R_u(P_\\mu)$-conjugate to $c_\\mu(M_1)$. Similarly, $M_2$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)$-conjugate to $c_\\lambda(M_2)$. So $M_1$ and $M_2$ are $G$-conjugate. ", "Finally, we observe that if $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ and $g\\in G$, then $gHg^{-1}\\subseteq P_{g\\cdot\\lambda}$ and $c_{g\\cdot\\lambda}(gHg^{-1})=gc_\\lambda(H)g^{-1}$, so the $G$-conjugacy class of $M$ only depends on that of $H$.\n\n(ii).", " Let $\\varphi$ be an automorphism of the algebraic group $G$ that stabilizes the $G$-conjugacy class of $H$ and let $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$ such that $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ and $c_\\lambda(H)$ is $G$-cr. ", "Then $\\varphi(H)$ is $G$-conjugate to $H$ and $\\varphi(H)\\subseteq P_{\\varphi\\circ\\lambda}$. Now $\\varphi(c_\\lambda(H))=c_{\\varphi\\circ\\lambda}(\\varphi(H))$ is $G$-conjugate to $c_\\lambda(H)$ by (i), since $c_\\lambda(H)$ is $G$-cr.", "\n\n(iii).", " Let $\\gamma\\in \\Gamma$ such that $\\gamma$ stabilizes the $G$-conjugacy class of $H$ and let $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$ such that $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ and $c_\\lambda(H)$ is $G$-cr. ", "Then $\\gamma\\cdot H$ is $G$-conjugate to $H$ and $\\gamma\\cdot H\\subseteq P_{\\gamma\\cdot \\lambda}$. Now $\\gamma\\cdot M$ is $G$-cr by Lemma \\[lem:Galoislim\\], so $\\gamma\\cdot M= \\gamma\\cdot(c_\\lambda(H))=c_{\\gamma\\cdot \\lambda}(\\gamma\\cdot H)$ is $G$-conjugate to $c_\\lambda(H)$ by (i).", "\n\n(iv).", " Assume that $H\\subseteq P_\\mu$ and let $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$ such that $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ and $c_\\lambda(H)$ is $G$-cr. ", "After replacing $\\lambda$ by a $P_\\lambda$-conjugate and $\\mu$ by a $P_\\mu$-conjugate, we may assume that $\\lambda$ and $\\mu$ commute. ", "As in (i), $P_\\lambda\\cap P_\\mu$ is stable under $c_\\lambda$ and $c_\\mu$ and $c_\\lambda(c_\\mu(H))=c_\\mu(c_\\lambda(H))$ is $R_u(P_\\mu)$-conjugate to $c_\\lambda(H)$ and is $G$-cr, since $c_\\lambda(H)$ is $G$-cr.", "\n\n\\[def:SnM\\] Let $M$ be a subgroup of $G$. Given $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$, set $S_n(M) := {{\\overline{G\\cdot M^n}}}$, a closed $G$-stable subset of $G^n$. Note that $S_n(M)$ only depends on the $G$-conjugacy class of $M$. Now suppose there exists $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$ such that $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ and $M=c_\\lambda(H)$. Note that if $k$ is algebraically closed, then some subgroup of $G$ in the $G$-conjugacy class attached to $H$ of $G$-cr subgroups of $G$, provided by Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\], satisfies this hypothesis. ", "Then we have $c_\\lambda(H^n)\\subseteq M^n\\subseteq S_n(M)$, so $H^n$ is uniformly $S_n(M)$-unstable over $k$ (in the sense of Definition \\[def:destabilizing\\]).", "\n\n\\[thm:optpar\\] Let $G$, $G'$ and $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ be as above. ", "Let $H$ be any subgroup of $G$ and let $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$ such that $H^n$ contains a generic tuple of $H$. Let $M$ be a subgroup of $G$ and suppose that $M=c_\\lambda(H)$ for some $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$ with $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$. Put $\\Omega(H,M,k) := \\Omega(H^n,S_n(M),k)$. Then the following hold:\n\n1. ", " $P_\\mu = P_\\nu$ for all $\\mu, \\nu \\in \\Omega(H,M,k)$. Let $P(H,M,k)$ denote the unique R-parabolic subgroup of $G$ so defined. ", "Then $H\\subseteq P(H,M,k)$ and $R_u(P(H,M,k))(k)$ acts simply transitively on $\\Omega(H,M,k)$.\n\n2. ", " For $g\\in G'(k)$ we have $\\Omega(gHg^{-1},gMg^{-1},k)= g\\cdot\\Omega(H,M,k)$ and $P(gHg^{-1},gMg^{-1},k)= gP(H,M,k)g^{-1}$. If $g\\in G(k)$ normalizes $H$, then $g\\in P(H,M,k)$.\n\n3. ", " If $\\mu\\in\\Omega(H,M,k)$, then $\\dim C_G(c_\\mu(H))\\ge\\dim C_G(M)$. If $M$ is $G$-conjugate to $H$, then $\\Omega(H,M,k)=\\{0\\}$ and $P(H,M,k)= G$. If $M$ is not $G$-conjugate to $H$, then $H$ is not contained in any R-Levi subgroup of $P(H,M,k)$.\n\n\\(i) and (ii). ", "Clearly, $H^n$ is uniformly $S_n(M)$-unstable over $k$, so $\\Omega(H,M,k)$ is well-defined. ", "If $\\mu\\in \\Omega(H,M,k)$, then $\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0} \\mu(a)\\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$ exists for all ${{\\mathbf {h}}}\\in H^n$, so $H\\subseteq P_\\mu= P(H,M,k)$. The rest follows immediately from Theorem \\[thm:kempfrousseau\\].", "\n\n(iii). ", "We have $\\dim C_G({{\\mathbf {m}}})\\ge\\dim C_G(M)$ for all ${{\\mathbf {m}}}\\in G\\cdot M^n$. Since ${{\\mathbf {m}}}\\mapsto\\dim C_G({{\\mathbf {m}}})$ is upper semi-continuous, cf.", " [@newstead Lem.", " 3.7(c)], this inequality holds for all ${{\\mathbf {m}}}\\in S_n(M)$.\n\nLet $\\mu\\in\\Omega(H,M,k)$. Let ${{\\mathbf {h}}}\\in H^n$ be a generic tuple of $H$. Then $c_\\mu({{\\mathbf {h}}})$ is a generic tuple of $c_\\mu(H)$, by Lemma \\[lem:generictuple\\](iii). ", "So $\\dim C_G(c_\\mu(H))=\\dim C_G(c_\\mu({{\\mathbf {h}}}))\\ge\\dim C_G(M)$, since $c_\\mu({{\\mathbf {h}}})\\in S_n(M)$.\n\nIt follows easily from the definitions that $P(H,M,k)=G$ if and only if $\\Omega(H,M,k)=\\{0\\}$ if and only if $H^n\\subseteq S_n(M)$. Clearly, the latter is the case if $M$ is $G$-conjugate to $H$. Now assume that $M$ is not $G$-conjugate to $H$ and pick $\\mu\\in\\Omega(H,M,k)$. Then $\\dim C_G(M)>\\dim C_G(H)$, by Theorem \\[thm:orbclosconjcrit\\](ii) (applied to $\\lambda$). ", "So $\\dim C_G(c_\\mu(H))>\\dim C_G(H)$, by the above and $H$ is not contained in any R-Levi subgroup of $P(H,M,k)$, by Theorem \\[thm:orbclosconjcrit\\](ii) (applied to $\\mu$).", "\n\n\\[defn:optpar\\] We call $\\Omega(H,M,k)$ the *optimal class for $H$ with respect to $M$ over $k$* and we call $P(H,M,k)$ the *optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup for $H$ with respect to $M$ over $k$*. ", "Assume the $G$-conjugacy class given by Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\] contains a group $M$ of the form $c_\\lambda(H)$ for some $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$. Then we set $\\Omega(H,k):= \\Omega(H,M,k)$ and $P(H,k):= P(H,M,k)$. Under this assumption we have, by Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\] and Theorem \\[thm:optpar\\], that $N_{G(k)}(H)$ is contained in $P(H,k)$ and that for $\\mu\\in\\Omega(H,k)$, $c_\\mu(H)$ is $G$-completely reducible. ", "So, by Theorem \\[thm:orbclosconjcrit\\](ii), if $H$ is not $G$-completely reducible, then it is not contained in any R-Levi subgroup of $P(H,k)$. Note that, trivially, $P(H,k)=G$ if $H$ is $G$-completely reducible. ", "We call $\\Omega(H,k)$ the *optimal class for $H$ over $k$* and we call $P(H,k)$ the *optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup for $H$ over $k$*. ", "We suppress the dependence on the choice of $n$ and $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ in the notation (cf.", " Remark \\[rem:independence\\]).", "\n\nNote that the assumption of the previous paragraph is satisfied if $k$ is algebraically closed. ", "In that case we usually suppress the $k$ argument and write simply $\\Omega(H)$ and $P(H)$ instead; we refer to these as the *optimal class for $H$* and the *optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup for $H$*, respectively.", "\n\nWe now suppose that the fixed norm $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ on $Y(G)$ is $k$-defined, cf.", " Definition \\[def:norm\\]. ", "We get the following rationality result.", "\n\n\\[thm:potrat\\] Let $G$, $G'$, $H$ and $n$ be as in Theorem \\[thm:optpar\\] and assume that $H$ is $k$-closed. ", "Then the following hold:\n\n1. ", " Suppose that $M$ is a subgroup of $G$ such that $M=c_\\lambda(H)$ for some $\\lambda\\in Y_{k_s}(G)$ with $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$ and such that $S_n(M)$ is $k$-defined (this is the case in particular if $M$ is $k$-defined). ", "Then $\\Omega(H,M,k)$ is well-defined and equal to $\\Omega(H,M,k_s)\\cap Y_k(G)$. Moreover, $P(H,M,k)$ is well-defined and equal to $P(H,M,k_s)$. In particular, $P(H,M,k_s)$ is $k$-defined.", "\n\n2. ", " If $k$ is perfect, then $\\Omega(H,k)$ is well-defined and equal to $\\Omega(H)\\cap Y_k(G)$. Moreover, $P(H,k)$ is well-defined and equal to $P(H)$. In particular, $P(H)$ is $k$-defined.", "\n\n(i).", " This follows immediately from Theorem \\[thm:kr-rationality\\].", "\n\n(ii).", " Since $k$ is perfect, $k_s={{\\overline{k}}}$. Let $M$ be as in Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\]; then $H$ is uniformly $S_n(M)$-unstable over ${{\\overline{k}}}$. Now $S_n(M)$ is $\\Gamma$-stable by Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\](iii) and hence is $k$-defined, since $k$ is perfect. ", "The result now follows from (i).", "\n\n\\[rems:optpar\\] (i). ", "Let $M$ be as in Theorem \\[thm:optpar\\] and let $M_0$ be a $G$-cr subgroup from the $G$-conjugacy class associated to $H$ by Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\]. ", "Then we have $S_n(M_0)\\subseteq S_n(M)$ for any $n$. To prove this we may, by the final assertion in Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\], assume that $M=H$. Furthermore, we may assume that $M_0=c_\\lambda(H)$ for some $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$ with $H\\subseteq P_\\lambda$. Since $\\lambda(a)\\cdot H^n\\subseteq G\\cdot H^n$ for all $a\\in k^*$, we have $M_0^n= c_\\lambda(H^n)\\subseteq S_n(H)$. So $S_n(M_0)\\subseteq S_n(H)$.\n\n(ii). ", "Note that $G\\cdot M^n$ need not be closed: e.g., take $G$ connected and non-abelian, $n$ to be 1 and $H = M$ to be a maximal torus of $G$.\n\nWe give an example of the usefulness of this construction (cf.", " [@martin2] and [@BMR Thm.", " 3.10]). ", "Let $H$ be a $G$-completely reducible subgroup of $G$ and let $N$ be a normal subgroup of $H$. We prove that $N$ is $G$-completely reducible. ", "Suppose not. ", "Then $H\\subseteq N_G(N)\\subseteq P(N)$. Since $N$ is not contained in an R-Levi subgroup of $P(N)$, neither is $H$. But $H$ is assumed to be $G$-completely reducible, so this is impossible. ", "We deduce that $N$ is $G$-completely reducible after all.", "\n\nHere is a second example, which illustrates the gap in the theory pointed out in the Introduction.", "\n\n\\[exmp:obstacle\\] Assume $k$ is perfect and $H$ is a $k$-defined subgroup of $G$. Suppose $H$ is not $G$-completely reducible. ", "Then $H$ is not contained in any R-Levi subgroup of the optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup $P(H)$ of $G$. Now $P(H)=P_\\lambda$ for some $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$, by Theorem \\[thm:potrat\\](ii), so $H$ is not $G$-completely reducible over $k$. This proves the forward direction of [@BMR Thm.", " 5.8]. ", "The proof of the reverse direction given in [*loc.", " cit.*]{} ", "is essentially just a special case of the proof of Theorem \\[thm:sepRuconj\\].", "\n\nOne deduces from the above as in [@BMR Thm.", " 5.8] that if $k_1/k$ is a separable algebraic extension of fields and $G$ and $H$ are $k$-defined, then, under the hypothesis that $k$ is perfect, $H$ is $G$-completely reducible over $k_1$ if and only if $H$ is $G$-completely reducible over $k$. We answered the forward direction of Serre’s question Theorem \\[thm:serresquestion\\] without the hypothesis that $k$ is perfect. ", "We cannot answer the reverse direction by passing to ${{\\overline{k}}}$ using the argument in the previous paragraph: for $H$ can be $G$-completely reducible over $k$ (or $k_1$) and yet not $G$-completely reducible over ${{\\overline{k}}}$, or vice versa (see Remark \\[rem:obstacle\\]). ", "To give a direct proof that the reverse implication holds, one would like to associate an “optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup” $P$ to $H$ having the property that $P$ is defined over $k_1$ and no R-Levi $k_1$-subgroup of $P$ contains $H$; optimality should imply that $P$ is $\\operatorname{Gal}(k_1/k)$-stable and hence $k$-defined, which would show that $H$ is not $G$-completely reducible over $k$. We cannot take $P$ to be $P(H,c_\\mu(H),k_1)$ for any $\\mu\\in Y_{k_1}(H)$, because if $H$ is $G$-completely reducible, then $P(H,c_\\mu(H),k_1)$ is just $G$.\n\n\\[rem:independence\\] The construction of the optimal class of $k$-defined cocharacters and the optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup $P(H)$ from Definition \\[defn:optpar\\] depends on the choice of $n$ and the choice of norm $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$. In view of [@He Sec.", " 7] it is plausible that this construction is independent of these choices. ", "Since the results we obtain here are sufficient for our applications in the present and subsequent sections, we do not pursue this question here and leave it instead to a future study.", "\n\nCounterparts for Lie subalgebras {#sub:Lie}\n--------------------------------\n\nThere are counterparts to our results for Lie subalgebras ${\\mathfrak h}$ of the Lie algebra ${\\mathfrak g}= \\operatorname{Lie}G$ of $G$. All of our results carry over with obvious modifications. ", "For instance, if ${\\mathfrak h}$ is not $G$-completely reducible, then there is an optimal destabilizing parabolic subgroup $P$ of $G$ such that ${\\mathfrak h}\\subseteq {\\mathfrak p}$ but ${\\mathfrak h}\\not\\subseteq {\\mathfrak l}$ for any R-Levi subgroup $L$ of $P$, see Theorem \\[thm:optparLie\\] below. ", "Many of the proofs are actually easier in the Lie algebra case: for example, it often suffices to work in connected $G$. We just state the counterparts of Theorems \\[thm:orbclosconjcrit\\] and \\[thm:optpar\\] in this Lie algebra setting. ", "We leave the details of the proofs to the reader.", "\n\nFor a subgroup $H$ of $G$ we denote its Lie algebra $\\operatorname{Lie}H$ by ${\\mathfrak h}$. We start with the analogue of Definition \\[def:gcr\\] in this setting, cf.", " [@mcninch]; see also [@BMRT:relative Sec.", " 3.3].", "\n\n\\[def:relLieGcr\\] A subalgebra ${\\mathfrak h}$ of ${\\mathfrak g}$ is *$G$-completely reducible* if for any R-parabolic subgroup $P$ of $G$ such that ${\\mathfrak h}\\subseteq {\\mathfrak p}$, there is an R-Levi subgroup $L$ of $P$ such that ${\\mathfrak h}\\subseteq {\\mathfrak l}$.\n\nWe require some standard facts concerning Lie algebras of R-parabolic and R-Levi subgroups of $G$ (cf.", " [@rich Sec.", " 2.1]).", "\n\n\\[lem:liealgebrasofRpars\\] For $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$, put ${\\mathfrak p}_\\lambda=\\operatorname{Lie}(P_\\lambda)$ and ${\\mathfrak l}_\\lambda=\\operatorname{Lie}(L_\\lambda)$. Let $x\\in{\\mathfrak g}$. Then\n\n1. ", " $x\\in{\\mathfrak p}_\\lambda$ if and only if $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\,\n \\lambda(a)\\cdot x$ exists;\n\n2. ", " $x\\in{\\mathfrak l}_\\lambda$ if and only if $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\,\n \\lambda(a)\\cdot x$ exists and equals $x$ if and only if $\\lambda({{\\overline{k}}})$ centralizes $x$;\n\n3. ", " $x\\in\\operatorname{Lie}(R_u(P_\\lambda))$ if and only if $\\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\,\n \\lambda(a)\\cdot x$ exists and equals $0$.\n\nThe map $c_\\lambda : {\\mathfrak p}_\\lambda \\to {\\mathfrak l}_\\lambda$ given by $x \\mapsto \\underset{a\\to 0}{\\lim}\\, \\lambda(a)\\cdot x$ coincides with the usual projection of ${\\mathfrak p}_\\lambda$ onto ${\\mathfrak l}_\\lambda$. In analogy with the construction for subgroups of $G$, we consider the action of $G$ on ${\\mathfrak g}^n$ by simultaneous adjoint action.", "\n\n\\[rem:uniqueLiegcr\\] A statement analogous to Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\] holds for Lie algebras: that is, given any Lie subalgebra ${\\mathfrak h}$ of ${\\mathfrak g}$, we can find a uniquely defined $G$-conjugacy class of subalgebras of ${\\mathfrak g}$ which contains $c_\\lambda({\\mathfrak h})$ for some $\\lambda \\in Y(G)$, each member of which is $G$-cr.", "\n\n\\[thm:orbclosconjcritLie\\]\n\n1. ", " Let $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$, let ${{\\mathbf {h}}}\\in {\\mathfrak g}^n$ and let $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$ such that ${{\\mathbf {m}}}:=\\lim_{a{\\rightarrow}0}\\lambda(a)\\cdot {{\\mathbf {h}}}$ exists. ", "Then the following are equivalent:\n\n 1. ", " ${{\\mathbf {m}}}$ is $G$-conjugate to ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$;\n\n 2. ", " ${{\\mathbf {m}}}$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)$-conjugate to ${{\\mathbf {h}}}$;\n\n 3. ", " $\\dim G\\cdot{{\\mathbf {m}}}=\\dim G\\cdot{{\\mathbf {h}}}$.\n\n2. ", " Let ${\\mathfrak h}$ be a subalgebra of ${\\mathfrak g}$ and let $\\lambda\\in Y(G)$. Suppose ${\\mathfrak h}\\subseteq {\\mathfrak p}_\\lambda$ and set ${\\mathfrak m}= c_\\lambda({\\mathfrak h})$. Then $\\dim C_G({\\mathfrak m})\\geq \\dim C_G({\\mathfrak h})$ and the following are equivalent:\n\n 1. ", " ${\\mathfrak m}$ is $G$-conjugate to ${\\mathfrak h}$;\n\n 2. ", " ${\\mathfrak m}$ is $R_u(P_\\lambda)$-conjugate to ${\\mathfrak h}$;\n\n 3. ", " ${\\mathfrak h}$ is contained in the Lie algebra of an R-Levi subgroup of $P_\\lambda$;\n\n 4. ", " $\\dim C_G({\\mathfrak m})=\\dim C_G({\\mathfrak h})$.\n\n3. ", " Let ${\\mathfrak h}$, $\\lambda$ and ${\\mathfrak m}$ be as in (ii) and let ${{\\mathbf {h}}}\\in {\\mathfrak h}^n$ be a generating tuple of ${\\mathfrak h}$. Then the assertions in (i) are equivalent to those in (ii). ", "In particular, ${\\mathfrak h}$ is $G$-completely reducible if and only if $G\\cdot{{\\mathbf {h}}}$ is closed in ${\\mathfrak g}^n$.\n\nNote that the final statement of Theorem \\[thm:orbclosconjcritLie\\](iii) is [@mcninch Thm.", " 1(1)].", "\n\nIf ${\\mathfrak h}$ is a Lie subalgebra of ${\\mathfrak g}$ and ${\\mathfrak h}\\subseteq {\\mathfrak p}_\\lambda$ for $\\lambda \\in Y(G)$, then setting ${\\mathfrak m}:= c_\\lambda({\\mathfrak h})$ and $S_n({\\mathfrak m}) := \\overline{G \\cdot {\\mathfrak m}^n}$, we get an optimal class $\\Omega({\\mathfrak h}^n,S_n({\\mathfrak m}))$ of cocharacters, as in Definition \\[def:SnM\\].", "\n\n\\[thm:optparLie\\] Let $G$, $G'$ and $\\left\\|\\,\\right\\|$ be as in Theorem \\[thm:optpar\\]. ", "Let ${\\mathfrak h}$ be any subalgebra of ${\\mathfrak g}$ and let $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$ such that ${\\mathfrak h}^n$ contains a generating tuple of ${\\mathfrak h}$. Let ${\\mathfrak m}$ be a subalgebra of ${\\mathfrak g}$ and suppose that ${\\mathfrak m}= c_\\lambda({\\mathfrak h})$ for some $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$ with ${\\mathfrak h}\\subseteq {\\mathfrak p}_\\lambda$. Put $\\Omega({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k) := \\Omega({\\mathfrak h}^n,S_n({\\mathfrak m}),k)$. Then the following hold:\n\n1. ", " $P_\\mu = P_\\nu$ for all $\\mu, \\nu \\in \\Omega({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)$. Let $P({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)$ denote the unique R-parabolic subgroup of $G$ so defined. ", "Then ${\\mathfrak h}\\subseteq \\operatorname{Lie}(P({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k))$ and $R_u(P({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k))(k)$ acts simply transitively on $\\Omega({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)$.\n\n2. ", " For $g\\in G'(k)$ we have $\\Omega(g \\cdot {\\mathfrak h},g \\cdot {\\mathfrak m},k)= g\\cdot\\Omega({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)$ and $P(g \\cdot {\\mathfrak h},g \\cdot {\\mathfrak m},k)= gP({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)g^{-1}$. If $g\\in G(k)$ normalizes ${\\mathfrak h}$ and stabilizes $S_n({\\mathfrak m})$, then $g\\in P({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)$.\n\n3. ", " If $\\mu\\in\\Omega({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)$, then $\\dim C_G(c_\\mu({\\mathfrak h}))\\ge\\dim C_G({\\mathfrak m})$. If ${\\mathfrak m}$ is $G$-conjugate to ${\\mathfrak h}$, then $\\Omega({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)=\\{0\\}$ and $P({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)= G$. If ${\\mathfrak m}$ is not $G$-conjugate to ${\\mathfrak h}$, then ${\\mathfrak h}$ is not contained in the Lie algebra of any R-Levi subgroup of $P({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)$.\n\n\\[defn:optparLie\\] We call $\\Omega({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)$ the *optimal class for ${\\mathfrak h}$ with respect to ${\\mathfrak m}$ over $k$* and we call $P({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)$ the *optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup for ${\\mathfrak h}$ with respect to ${\\mathfrak m}$ over $k$*. ", "Assume the $G$-conjugacy class given by Remark \\[rem:uniqueLiegcr\\] contains a subalgebra ${\\mathfrak m}$ of the form $c_\\lambda({\\mathfrak h})$ for some $\\lambda\\in Y_k(G)$. Then we set $\\Omega({\\mathfrak h},k):= \\Omega({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)$ and $P({\\mathfrak h},k):= P({\\mathfrak h},{\\mathfrak m},k)$. Under this assumption we have, by Remark \\[rem:uniqueLiegcr\\] and Theorem \\[thm:optparLie\\], that $N_{G(k)}({\\mathfrak h})$ is contained in $P({\\mathfrak h},k)$ and that for $\\mu\\in\\Omega({\\mathfrak h},k)$, $c_\\mu({\\mathfrak h})$ is $G$-completely reducible. ", "So, by Theorem \\[thm:orbclosconjcritLie\\](ii), if ${\\mathfrak h}$ is not $G$-completely reducible, then ${\\mathfrak h}$ is not contained in the Lie algebra of any R-Levi subgroup of $P({\\mathfrak h},k)$. Note that, trivially, $P({\\mathfrak h},k)=G$ if ${\\mathfrak h}$ is $G$-completely reducible. ", "We call $\\Omega({\\mathfrak h},k)$ the *optimal class for ${\\mathfrak h}$ over $k$* and we call $P({\\mathfrak h},k)$ the *optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup for ${\\mathfrak h}$ over $k$*.", "\n\nNote that the assumption of the previous paragraph is satisfied if $k$ is algebraically closed. ", "In that case we usually suppress the $k$ argument and write simply $\\Omega({\\mathfrak h})$ and $P({\\mathfrak h})$ instead; we refer to these as the *optimal class for ${\\mathfrak h}$* and the *optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup for ${\\mathfrak h}$*, respectively.", "\n\n\\[ex:GcrvsLieGcr\\] As a further illustration of the power of our construction, we use Theorem \\[thm:optparLie\\] to give a short alternative proof of [@mcninch Thm.", " 1(2)], which states that ${\\mathfrak h}=\\operatorname{Lie}H$ is $G$-completely reducible if $H$ is $G$-completely reducible.", "\n\nLet $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. Assume that ${\\mathfrak h}$ is not $G$-cr. ", "Let $P({\\mathfrak h})$ be the optimal destabilizing R-parabolic subgroup for ${\\mathfrak h}$. By Theorem \\[thm:optparLie\\](ii), $N_G({\\mathfrak h}) \\subseteq P({\\mathfrak h})$. Clearly, $H\\subseteq N_G({\\mathfrak h})$. Moreover, if $\\mu\\in \\Omega({\\mathfrak h})$ and $H\\subseteq L_\\mu$, then ${\\mathfrak h}\\subseteq {\\mathfrak l}_\\mu$. This is impossible by Theorem \\[thm:optparLie\\](iii), so $H$ is not $G$-cr. ", "Thus we can conclude that if $H$ is $G$-cr, then so is ${\\mathfrak h}$.\n\nA special case of the Centre Conjecture\n---------------------------------------\n\nIn this final section we describe an application of optimal destabilizing parabolic subgroups to the theory of spherical buildings [@tits1]. ", "Suppose from now on that $G$ is connected. ", "Let $X=X(G,k)$ be the spherical Tits building of $G$ over $k$; then $X$ is a simplicial complex whose simplices correspond to the $k$-defined parabolic subgroups of $G$. The conjugation action of $G(k)$ on itself naturally induces an action of $G(k)$ on $X$. We identify $X$ with its geometric realization. ", "A subcomplex $Y$ of $X$ is *convex* if whenever two points of $Y$ are not opposite in $X$, then $Y$ contains the unique geodesic joining these points, and $Y$ is *contractible* if it has the homotopy type of a point. ", "The following is a version due to Serre of the so-called Centre Conjecture of J. Tits [@serre2 Sec.", " 2.4]. ", "This has been proved by B. Mühlherr and J. Tits for spherical buildings of classical type [@muhlherrtits].", "\n\n\\[conj:centre\\] Let $Y$ be a convex and contractible subcomplex of $X$. Then there is a point $y\\in Y$ such that $y$ is fixed by any automorphism of $X$ that stabilizes $Y$.\n\nA point $y \\in Y$ whose existence is asserted in Conjecture \\[conj:centre\\] is frequently referred to as a “natural centre” or just “centre” of $Y$. Our idea is to take as a centre of $Y$ the barycentre of the simplex corresponding to the optimal destabilizing parabolic subgroup in an appropriate sense. ", "This approach is not new; indeed, it was part of the motivation for Kempf’s paper [@kempf] on optimality (cf.", " [@mumford p. 64]). ", "We show how to make this work to prove the Centre Conjecture in the case that $Y$ is the *fixed point subcomplex $X^H$* for some subgroup $H$ of $G$, where $X^H$ consists of all the simplices in $X$ corresponding to parabolic subgroups containing $H$. Note that $X^H$ is always a convex subcomplex of $X$ [@serre1.5 §2.3.1].", "\n\n\\[thm:X\\^N\\] Suppose $G$ is semisimple and adjoint and $k$ is a perfect field. ", "Let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$ and suppose that $Y:=X^H$ is contractible. ", "Then there is a point $y\\in Y$ which is fixed by any element of $(\\operatorname{Aut}G)(k)$ that stabilizes $Y$.\n\nSince we are assuming that $G$ is semisimple and defined over $k$, $\\operatorname{Aut}G$ is an algebraic group also defined over $k$ [@tits1 5.7.2]. ", "Since $G$ is adjoint, we can also view $G$ as a subgroup of $\\operatorname{Aut}G$. Let $K$ be the intersection of all the $k$-defined parabolic subgroups of $G$ that contain $H$. Then $K$ is $k$-defined, because $k$ is perfect, and $X^{K}= Y$, cf.", " the proof of [@BMR:tits Thm.", " 3.1]. ", "Since $Y$ is contractible, $K$ is not $G$-cr over $k$, by a result of Serre [@serre2 Sec.", " 3], and hence $K$ is not $G$-cr, by [@BMR Thm.", " 5.8].", "\n\nNow let $M$ be a representative of the unique $G$-conjugacy class of $G$-cr subgroups attached to $K$ given by Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\]. ", "Let $P=P(K)$ be the optimal destabilizing parabolic subgroup for $K$ (over $\\overline{k}$), Definition \\[defn:optpar\\]. ", "Then $P$ is a parabolic subgroup of $G$ containing $K$, by Theorem \\[thm:optpar\\](i), and $P$ is defined over $k$, by Theorem \\[thm:potrat\\](ii), so $P$ corresponds to a simplex of $Y$. Moreover, any element of $(\\operatorname{Aut}G)(k)$ that stabilizes $Y$ also normalizes $K$, and hence stabilizes the $G$-conjugacy class of $M$, by Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\](ii). ", "So any such automorphism normalizes $P$, by Theorem \\[thm:optpar\\](ii), with $G' = \\operatorname{Aut}G$. We can therefore take $y$ to be the barycentre of the simplex corresponding to $P$.\n\nThe assumptions that $G$ is semisimple and adjoint in Theorem \\[thm:X\\^N\\] allow us to apply our optimality results, because they ensure that $\\operatorname{Aut}G$ is an algebraic group and $G$ is a subgroup of $\\operatorname{Aut}G$. In the context of buildings, however, these assumptions are no loss: given any connected reductive $G$, let $\\operatorname{Ad}$ denote the adjoint representation of $G$. Then the building of $G$ is isomorphic to the building of the adjoint group $\\operatorname{Ad}(G)$, and a subgroup $H$ of $G$ is $G$-cr if and only if the image of $H$ in $\\operatorname{Ad}(G)$ is $\\operatorname{Ad}(G)$-cr [@BMR Lem.", " 2.12]. ", "Moreover, all automorphisms of $X(G)$ that come from $\\operatorname{Aut}G$ survive this transition from $G$ to $\\operatorname{Ad}(G)$.\n\nTo establish that the Centre Conjecture holds for subcomplexes of the form $Y=X^H$, we need to find a centre $y\\in Y$ which is fixed by all building automorphisms of $X$ that stabilize $X^H$, not just the building automorphisms that arise from algebraic automorphisms of $G$. For most $G$, however, $\\operatorname{Aut}X$ is generated by $\\operatorname{Aut}G$ together with field automorphisms: see [@tits1 Cor.", " 5.9] for more details. ", "We finish by showing how to deal with field automorphisms in some cases.", "\n\nRecall that $\\Gamma$ denotes the group $\\operatorname{Gal}(k_s/k)$. Following [@tits1 5.7.1], any $\\gamma \\in \\Gamma$ induces an automorphism of the building $X = X(G,\\overline{k})$, which we also denote by $\\gamma$. Recall that $\\Gamma$ also acts on the set of cocharacters $Y(G)$ and we can ensure that the norm is invariant under this action (i.e., the norm is $k$-defined in the sense of Section \\[sec:uniform\\]).", "\n\n\\[thm:fieldauts\\] Suppose $G$ is connected. ", "Let $X = X(G,\\overline{k})$ be the building of $G$ over the algebraic closure of $k$. Let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$ and suppose that $Y:=X^H$ is contractible. ", "Let $\\Gamma_Y$ denote the subgroup of $\\Gamma$ that stabilizes $Y$. Then there is a point $y\\in Y$ which is fixed by any element of $\\Gamma_Y$.\n\nAs in the proof of Theorem \\[thm:X\\^N\\], let $K$ be the intersection of the parabolic subgroups corresponding to simplices in $Y$. Then $Y=X^K$, and since $Y$ is stabilized by all $\\gamma \\in \\Gamma_Y$, we have $\\gamma\\cdot K = K$ for all $\\gamma \\in \\Gamma_Y$. Let $\\lambda$ and $M = c_\\lambda(K)$ be as in Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\]. ", "Choose $n\\in {\\mathbb N}$ such that $K$ admits a generic $n$-tuple ${\\mathbf k}\\in K^n$. Then $S_n(M)$ is $\\Gamma_Y$-stable by Proposition \\[prop:uniquegcr\\](iii). ", "Because the norm is $\\Gamma$-invariant, for any $\\lambda\\in \\Lambda(K^n)$ and any $\\gamma\\in \\Gamma_Y$, we have $$\\frac{\\alpha_{S_n(M),K^n}(\\gamma\\cdot \\lambda)}{\\left\\| \\gamma\\cdot \\lambda \\right\\|}= \\frac{\\alpha_{S_n(M),K^n}(\\lambda)}{\\left\\| \\lambda \\right\\|}.$$ It follows that the optimal parabolic subgroup $P(K)$ for $K$ is stabilized by $\\Gamma_Y$. We can therefore take $y$ to be the barycentre of the simplex corresponding to $P(K)$.\n\n(i). ", "Combining Theorem \\[thm:X\\^N\\] and Theorem \\[thm:fieldauts\\] goes a long way towards proving the full version of Tits’ Centre Conjecture for subcomplexes of the form $X^H$ in many cases. ", "For example, if $G$ is a split simple group of adjoint type defined over a finite field $k$, then, with a few exceptions, the automorphism group of $X(G,\\overline{k})$ is a split extension of $\\operatorname{Aut}G$ by the automorphism group of the field $\\overline{k}$ (see [@tits1 Cor.", " 5.10]), and the results above show how to deal with many of these automorphisms.", "\n\n(ii). ", "Theorems \\[thm:X\\^N\\] and \\[thm:fieldauts\\] improve on [@BMR:tits Thm.", " 3.1].", "\n\n: The authors acknowledge the financial support of EPSRC Grant EP/C542150/1 and Marsden Grant UOC0501. 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{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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0.06621478497982025, 0.014723293483257294, 0.02503341995179653, 0.16354350745677948, 0.1201879158616066, 0.02162010781466961, 0.00481265876442194, 0.05381740257143974, 0.000847632298246026, 0.02914988063275814, 0.0015080244047567248, 0.004885966889560223, 0.04712577536702156, 0.033265091478824615, 0.001512068323791027, 0.006666088942438364, 0.013381141237914562, 0.001166550675407052, 0.0009093938861042261, 0.0008922924753278494, 0.000712971028406173, 0.001301111769862473, 0.0006111498223617673, 0.0007903199875727296, 0.0007522007217630744, 0.012813369743525982, 0.02353469282388687, 0.0054176365956664085, 0.004434104077517986, 0.4899376630783081, 0.0008503715507686138, 0.0033986903727054596, 0.017323579639196396, 0.0009296275675296783, 0.004841024521738291, 0.011370095424354076, 0.0052035097032785416, 0.00418713828548789, 0.0009096048888750374, 0.0011685675708577037, 0.0005606127087958157, 0.0005614380934275687, 0.0023782255593687296, 0.006888189818710089, 0.0057770246639847755, 0.03692847117781639, 0.0316593162715435, 0.011249560862779617, 0.0015466809272766113, 0.0010974779725074768, 0.0006177850882522762, 0.0007049730629660189, 0.17612169682979584, 0.0008503715507686138, 0.0005322858924046159, 0.0005644707707688212, 0.0005531386705115438, 0.0007174548809416592, 0.001076695043593645, 0.001374269020743668, 0.0007087410776875913, 0.0007925942772999406, 0.001076695043593645, 0.0008337560575455427, 0.21873696148395538, 0.0008691698894836009, 0.0009680516086518764, 0.0009330612956546247, 0.0008664820343255997, 0.0007748817442916334, 0.00125192292034626, 0.0008406738634221256, 0.0007561942911706865, 0.0006775796064175665, 0.0008573347586207092, 0.0036381918471306562, 0.0005992576479911804, 0.0006351413321681321, 0.0006599180051125586, 0.0006170562701299787, 0.0007918748306110501, 0.001076695043593645, 0.0008533310028724372, 0.0008030827739275992, 0.0007272096700035036, 0.0011367942206561565, 0.0008406738634221256, 0.0013787426287308335, 0.0008600897854194045, 0.0007556579075753689, 0.0006515830173157156, 0.0006542659248225391, 0.000729281222447753, 0.0011912413174286485, 0.0008406738634221256, 0.0032540345564484596, 0.0007268160698004067, 0.0006754867499694228, 0.0008406738634221256, 0.0008132042712531984, 0.004966332111507654, 0.0008406738634221256, 0.0008211166714318097, 0.0008825630648061633, 0.0007043294608592987, 0.000803205999545753, 0.0007455744198523462, 0.0008406738634221256, 0.0006860151770524681, 0.0006613396690227091, 0.0012244058307260275, 0.00125192292034626, 0.0008406738634221256, 0.0007812372641637921, 0.0013787426287308335, 0.0007574568153358996, 0.0006267978460527956, 0.0007414839928969741, 0.0006498032016679645, 0.0007005632505752146, 0.0008159101125784218, 0.0007229145267046988, 0.0006854956154711545, 0.0007258581463247538, 0.0009454519604332745, 0.007587737403810024, 0.0006809170008637011, 0.0008305149967782199, 0.0007416662992909551, 0.0009787672897800803, 0.0007470914861187339, 0.0007426090305671096, 0.0010936246253550053, 0.0006132123526185751, 0.0006202730583027005, 0.0007294844835996628, 0.0007636826485395432, 0.013090594671666622, 0.001283303601667285, 0.0008406738634221256, 0.0007812372641637921, 0.0008188756182789803, 0.000948401284404099, 0.009560401551425457, 0.0007852209964767098, 0.0009715275373309851, 0.0007761823944747448, 0.0006387709872797132, 0.0009106068755500019, 0.0008407310233451426, 0.0009811532218009233, 0.0010330677032470703, 0.0008041180553846061, 0.0008428820292465389, 0.0007812351104803383, 0.0008034129859879613, 0.0008488795720040798, 0.000713493034709245, 0.0007665455341339111, 0.0007176948129199445, 0.0008502869168296456, 0.0007392354309558868, 0.0006424706079997122, 0.0009644915699027479, 0.0006245485856197774, 0.0006334615754894912, 0.0007164747221395373, 0.0007185434806160629, 0.0006994628347456455, 0.0007147439173422754, 0.001995587022975087 ]

[ "namespace L016CaptureWeChatWindow\n{\n partial class Form1\n {\n /// <summary>\n /// 必需的设计器变量。", "\n /// </summary>\n private System.", "ComponentModel.", "IContainer components = null;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// 清理所有正在使用的资源。", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"disposing\">如果应释放托管资源，为 true；否则为 false。</param>\n protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)\n {\n if (disposing && (components !", "= null))\n {\n components.", "Dispose();\n }\n base.", "Dispose(disposing);\n }\n\n #region Windows 窗体设计器生成的代码\n\n /// <summary>\n /// 设计器支持所需的方法 - 不要修改\n /// 使用代码编辑器修改此方法的内容。", "\n /// </summary>\n private void InitializeComponent()\n {\n this.pictureBox1 = new System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "PictureBox();\n this.button1 = new System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "Button();\n ((System.", "ComponentModel.", "ISupportInitialize)(this.pictureBox1)).BeginInit();\n this.", "SuspendLayout();\n // \n // pictureBox1\n // \n this.pictureBox1.Location = new System.", "Drawing.", "Point(135, 9);\n this.pictureBox1.Name = \"pictureBox1\";\n this.pictureBox1.Size = new System.", "Drawing.", "Size(375, 429);\n this.pictureBox1.TabIndex = 3;\n this.pictureBox1.TabStop = false;\n // \n // button1\n // \n this.button1.Location = new System.", "Drawing.", "Point(13, 9);\n this.button1.Name = \"button1\";\n this.button1.Size = new System.", "Drawing.", "Size(102, 36);\n this.button1.TabIndex = 2;\n this.button1.Text = \"微信截图\";\n this.button1.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;\n this.button1.Click += new System.", "EventHandler(this.", "Button1_Click);\n // \n // Form1\n // \n this.", "AutoScaleDimensions = new System.", "Drawing.", "SizeF(6F, 12F);\n this.", "AutoScaleMode = System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "AutoScaleMode.", "Font;\n this.", "ClientSize = new System.", "Drawing.", "Size(515, 450);\n this.", "Controls.", "Add(this.pictureBox1);\n this.", "Controls.", "Add(this.button1);\n this.", "Name = \"Form1\";\n this.", "Text = \"Form1\";\n ((System.", "ComponentModel.", "ISupportInitialize)(this.pictureBox1)).EndInit();\n this.", "ResumeLayout(false);\n\n }\n\n #endregion\n\n private System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "PictureBox pictureBox1;\n private System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "Button button1;\n }\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0010089230490848422, 0.0007918336777947843, 0.0010074226884171367, 0.0024781418032944202, 0.018105877563357353, 0.001668010139837861, 0.0012944943737238646, 0.0012624982045963407, 0.0008371984004043043, 0.000933045637793839, 0.0007310681394301355, 0.00074294168734923, 0.000933045637793839, 0.0007310681394301355, 0.000835802813526243, 0.0010074226884171367, 0.0007930913707241416, 0.0010278872214257717, 0.0009278852376155555, 0.000705347687471658, 0.0009278852376155555, 0.0008105460437946022, 0.0009278852376155555, 0.0007176452782005072, 0.0009278852376155555, 0.0008100835839286447, 0.0008090637275017798, 0.0008609830983914435, 0.0008488334715366364, 0.0009278852376155555, 0.0007874231669120491, 0.0008681707549840212, 0.000933045637793839, 0.0007310681394301355, 0.002002291614189744, 0.0007262853905558586, 0.0007742483867332339, 0.0009278852376155555, 0.0006915787816978991, 0.0006958339945413172, 0.0007816364523023367, 0.0006958339945413172, 0.0009294974151998758, 0.0006640155916102231, 0.0006469739018939435, 0.0010074226884171367, 0.0008336055325344205, 0.0010891187703236938, 0.000933045637793839, 0.0007310681394301355, 0.00071073102299124, 0.000933045637793839, 0.0007310681394301355, 0.0012617319589480758 ]

[ "In recent years, messaging between mobile devices has become ubiquitous. ", "In addition to Short Message Service (SMS) text messages, wireless devices are now able to exchange picture, video, audio, and other types of data in messages via Multimedia Message Service (MMS), an instant messenger protocol, email, social networks, or many other types of messaging platforms. ", "When a wireless device receives a message from another wireless device, a user of the receiving device typically manipulates a user interface in order to view the message. ", "The user of the receiving device may not want to manipulate the user interface when the message is received. ", "The user of the receiving device may apply filters to block messages or silence messaging alerts. ", "For example, the user may turn off alerting mechanisms, such as tones and vibrations. ", "The user may also instruct the network to block messages from particular senders.", "\nUnfortunately, the sender of the message does not have an efficient or effective way to assist the receiving user in this task. ", "The sender may select a time for delayed message delivery. ", "The sender may also select a network for message delivery. ", "In some cases, the sender may even track the location of the receiving device and manually control their messaging to the receiving device accordingly. ", "The sender does not have an efficient or effective way to control the delivery of a message based on the status of the receiving device when they are sending the message." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0005647804937325418, 0.0006102621555328369, 0.0006177343893796206, 0.000631564820650965, 0.0007204321445897222, 0.0006499490700662136, 0.0009726635762490332, 0.0006991398986428976, 0.000578509527258575, 0.0005938601098023355, 0.0006169439293444157, 0.0007126164273358881 ]

[ "m**3 - m**3 + 3*m**3) + (1 - 3 + 0)*(-3 - 2*m**4 + 3) + 5*m**4 - m**4 - 5*m**4 + 5*m - 5*m - m**4.", "\n72*m**4\nExpand (-2 + 5 - 1)*(-2*u**3 + u - u) + 2*u**3 - 5*u**3 + 2*u**3 + 5*u**3 - 53*u**3 - u**3.", "\n-54*u**3\nExpand -1 + 2*o**2 - 3*o**2 + 0 + (-45 - 12 - 9)*(1 + 4*o - 1)*(-2*o + o + 3*o).", "\n-529*o**2 - 1\nExpand 3*h**3 - 6*h**3 - 5*h**3 + (2*h - 3*h + 4*h)*(3*h - 3*h - 3*h**2) + 0 - 2*h**3 + 0.", "\n-19*h**3\nExpand (-2 + 2 + 3*x)*(200*x**2 + 324*x**2 - 657*x**2) + 3 - x**3 - 3 + (0 - 3 + 2)*(-2*x**3 - 3 + 3).", "\n-398*x**3\nExpand (-l + 3*l - 4*l)*(0*l**3 - 3*l**3 + 7*l**3) + (-3*l + 3*l + 2*l)*(3*l - 3*l**3 - 3*l).", "\n-14*l**4\nExpand (10*n - 2272*n**2 + 4 + 12*n + 2276*n**2)*(1 - 5 + 2).", "\n-8*n**2 - 44*n - 8\nExpand -p + 3 - 3 + (-35 + 90 - 38)*(-p + 0*p - 3*p)*(-4 + 1 + 2).", "\n67*p\nExpand (6 - 5 - 3 + 2 - 1 - 3 + (-1 + 1 + 2)*(-1 + 2 + 0) - 3 + 1 + 3 + 2 - 6 + 2)*(-5 + 5 + 7*q)*(-15 - 34 + 17).", "\n672*q\nExpand (-455 + 455 - 381*j)*(-2*j + 2*j - j).", "\n381*j**2\nExpand (2*x + 183 - 328 + 167)*(-5 + 5 - 2).", "\n-4*x - 44\nExpand (s - 3 + 3 - 3*s - 2*s + 4*s + (-2*s - 2 + 2)*(3 - 3 + 2) + 2*s - s - 3*s - 16*s - 4*s + 7*s)*(-2 - 7 + 2).", "\n133*s\nExpand 3 + 10*a**3 - 10*a**3 - 3*a**5 + (-2 - a**2 + 2)*(3*a**3 + a**3 - 2*a**3) + 19*a + 16*a + 11*a**5 - 33*a.", "\n6*a**5 + 2*a + 3\nExpand (-5*h - 5*h + 0*h)*(-3*h**4 + 0*h**4 + h**4) + 8*h**5 + 7*h**5 - 30*h**5.", "\n5*h**5\nExpand (106*i - 229*i + 107*i)*(-2 + 0 + 3).", "\n-16*i\nExpand (-58*v**2 - 110*v**2 + 127*v**2)*(-5*v**2 + v**2 + 3*v**2 + (-2*v - 2*v + 2*v)*(-v + v + 2*v) + v**2 - 2*v + 2*v).", "\n164*v**4\nExpand (-2*j - 27*j**2 + 82*j**2 + 87*j**2)*(j**2 + 0*j**2 + 2*j**2)*(j - 1 + 1).", "\n426*j**5 - 6*j**4\nExpand (-6*t - 7*t + 4*t + (-1 + 2 + 1)*(4*t - 3*t - 2*t) + 12*t - 5*t - 11*t + (-t + 4 - 4)*(2 - 4 + 5) - 2*t + 0 + 0)*(3*t - 5*t + 0*t).", "\n40*t**2\nExpand (-3*d - 8*d + 5*d)*(3*d - 7*d + 2*d + (1 - 2 - 1)*(4*d - 2*d - 3*d) - 2*d + 2*d + d + 2*d + 0*d + 4*d).", "\n-42*d**2\nExpand (-17*z**2 + 27*z**2 - 9*z**2)*(-z**2 - 2*z + 2*z)*(7*z - z + 2*z).", "\n-8*z**5\nExpand (3 + 1 - 2)*(i + 2*i - 4*i)*(-1 + 2 - 5) - i + 10 - 10.", "\n7*i\nExpand (4*z - 2*z - 4*z + (1 + 0 + 0)*(0*z + 6*z + 0*z))*((-3*z - 5*z + 5*z)*(-3 + 3 + z) - 2*z - 2*z**2 + 2*z + 0*z**2 + 4*z**2 - 5*z**2).", "\n-24*z**3\nExpand ((-5*t + 4*t + 2*t)*(2*t - 3*t + 0*t) + t**2 + t**2 - 3*t**2 - 2*t**2 + 0*t**2 + 3*t**2 - t**2 + 0*t**2 - 3*t**2)*(-6 - 6 - 1).", "\n65*t**2\nExpand (5*c + 4*c - 2*c + 7*c)*(-4*c + 4*c - 3*c).", "\n-42*c**2\nExpand (4*k + 2*k**2 - 4*k)*((-4 + 3 + 0)*(2*k - 3*k - k) + 3*k + 7*k + 19*k + (3*k - 2*k - 3*k)*(0 + 0 - 1)).", "\n66*k**3\nExpand (-2 - 2*k**4 + 2)*(-4 + 2 + 1) + (k**2 + 4*k - 4*k)*(3*k**2 - 1 - 4*k**2 - 1) + (1 - 1 - k)*(-85 - 64*k**3 + 85).", "\n65*k**4 - 2*k**2\nExpand (0 + 0 - f)*(2 + 4 - 4) + (4*f + 0*f - 2*f)*(-2 + 1 - 1) - 5*f + 3*f + 4*f + (2 - 1 + 0)*(2*f - 2*f + f) - 7*f - 1 + 1.", "\n-10*f\nExpand (-3 - 2 + 4)*(-2*k**2 - 3*k**2 + k**2) - 6*k**2 + 3*k**2 + 4*k**2 + (2*k + k - 2*k)*(-3*k + 0*k + k) + (5*k + 0*k - 3*k)*(3*k - 5*k + k).", "\nk**2\nExpand (-2*s**3 + 2*s**3 - 6*s**3)*(0 + 0 - s) + (-65*s**4 - 781*s + 781*s)*(-1 + 0 - 1).", "\n136*s**4\nExpand ((2 + 1 - 2)*(4 - 3 - 2) + (1 - 4 + 1)*(-1 - 2 + 2) + 0 + 0 - 10)*(-3*b - 6 + 6).", "\n27*b\nExpand -3 + 3 + r**3 + 2*r**3 + r**3 + 0*r**3 + (r**3 + r**3 + 0*r**3)*(0 + 0 - 1).", "\n2*r**3\nExpand (0 + 0 + 2)*(-2*q - 2 + 2) + (3*q + 7*q - 3*q)*(1 + 66 - 7).", "\n416*q\nExpand (n**2 + 20*n - 57*n + 18*n)*((-1 + 5 - 2)*(-3 + 1 + 1) + 2 - 2 + 1 + 8 - 3 + 11).", "\n15*n**2 - 285*n\nExpand (-3*i**4 + 3*i**4 + i**4 + (0*i**2 + 0*i**2 - 2*i**4)*(4 + 2 - 4) + 4*i**4 - 3 + 3)*(-50 + 50 - 15*i) + (-2*i**4 + i - i)*(-i + 4*i - 4*i).", "\n-13*i**5\nExpand 0*z + 0*z + 1 + z + (52*z - 32 + 32)*(4 - 1 + 0).", "\n157*z + 1\nExpand (0 - 4 + 2)*(-1 - 1 + 4)*(2*t**4 - 4*t**4 + 0*t**4 + (0*t - 3*t + 5*t)*(-t**3 + 4*t**3 + 0*t**3)).", "\n-16*t**4\nExpand (-w - 416*w**2 + 239*w**2 + 234*w**2)*((0*w - 2*w + 0*w)*(3 + 3 - 5) + 3 - 3 - w).", "\n-171*w**3 + 3*w**2\nExpand 10*a**4 + 11*a**4 - 8*a**4 - a**4 - 3*a**4 + 3*a**4 + (a**2 - 3*a**2 + 4*a**2)*(-4*a**2 + a**2 + 4*a**2) + (1 - a - 1)*(-5 - 2*a + 5)*(3*a**2 - a + a).", "\n20*a**4\nExpand (4*q - 2*q - 3*q)*(-27*q**2 - 5*q**2 + 6*q**2) + (-q**2 + 3*q**2 + 2*q**2)*(3 - 3 + q).", "\n30*q**3\nExpand (33*p - 1731 + 1731 + 3*p - 3*p + 2*p + (0 + 0 - 2*p)*(4 - 2 + 0))*(-1 - 5*p**3 + 1) + p**4 + 0*p**4 + 2*p**4.", "\n-152*p**4\nExpand (-7 - 7 + 7)*(4*a - a + 0*a) + 1 + a - 4*a - 5*a + (-a - 2*a + 2*a)*(-1 + 1 - 1) + a + a - 4*a.", "\n-30*a + 1\nExpand (-5 + 0 + 1)*(2*l - 2*l - l**2) + (l**2 - l**2 - l**2)*(-2 - 2 + 3) - 4*l**2 - 9 + 9 - 2*l**2 + 6*l**2 - 2*l**2.", "\n3*l**2\nExpand (-2 + 3 + 0 + (1 + 3 - 5)*(1 + 1 - 3) + 1 - 3 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 1 - 8 + 14 - 13)*(0*t**2 - t**2 + 2*t**2)*(2*t**2 + 2*t**2 + 12*t**2).", "\n-64*t**4\nExpand -56*a**3 - 22*a**3 + 8*a**3 + (0 + 4 - 5)*(3*a**3 - 2*a**3 - 3*a**3) + (-2*a + 0*a + a)*(2*a**2 + 0*a**2 - 3*a**2).", "\n-67*a**3\nExpand (148 - 11164*n + 11167*n - 17)*(-n + 2*n + n).", "\n6*n**2 + 262*n\nExpand (0*l + 3*l - 2*l)*(0 - 1 - 1)*(0 + 0 - 2)*(781*l - 23*l**2 - 781*l).", "\n-92*l**3\nExpand (3*o - 26 + 26)*(-1 - 13 + 2).", "\n-36*o\nExpand (18 + 23 - 57 - 56)*(2*n**3 - n**3 - 3*n**3)*(17*n + 6*n + 16*n).", "\n5616*n**4\nExpand (-5*k - 2*k + 5*k - 3*k - k + 2*k + (4*k - 3*k - 2*k)*(1 + 3 - 2))*(-11 + 1 - 12).", "\n132*k\nExpand (0*b + b - 2*b)*(-2*b + 2*b**3 + 2*b) + 2805*b - 2805*b - 67*b**4.", "\n-69*b**4\nExpand -i + i - i + (0*i + 3*i - i)*(-3 + 2 - 1) - 2 + 2*i + 2 + 56 + 10*i - 56 - 3*i + 0*i + 2*i.", "\n6*i\nExpand 3*n - 21*n - 3*n + (3*n + 3*n - 4*n)*(-3 + 4 + 2).", "\n-15*n\nExpand (j**2 - j + j)*(-1051*j**3 + 1007*j**3 + 3*j - 3*j).", "\n-44*j**5\nExpand (-a**3 + 6 - 6)*(-389*a + 196*a + 2 + 197*a + 6*a**2).", "\n-6*a**5 - 4*a**4 - 2*a**3\nExpand 4*r**2 - 7*r**2 + 2*r**2 + (-2 + 0 + 3)*(3*r**2 - 15*r**2 + 0*r**2) + 4*r**2 - 5*r**2 - r**2.", "\n-15*r**2\nExpand 5*v**2 + v - v + (0*v - v + 3*v)*(-3*v + 3*v + 3*v) + 8*v**2 - 4*v**2 - 16*v**2.", "\n-v**2\nExpand (-2 + 1 + 3 + (-3 + 5 - 1)*(-5 + 3 + 3) + 3 - 5 + 3)*(-3 - 1 + 2)*(12*m - 2*m - 2*m).", "\n-64*m\nExpand -3 + f**4 + 3 + (3*f**4 + 3*f**4 - 4*f**4)*(1 + 0 + 0) + (165*f + 2692 - 2692)*(2*f + 0*f**3 - 2*f**3 - 4*f).", "\n-327*f**4 - 330*f**2\nExpand (-3*f + 3*f - 3*f**2)*((f - 3*f + 4*f)*(2 - 2 - 1) + (37 + 6*f - 37)*(-1 + 4 - 4)).", "\n24*f**3\nExpand (-601*j + 347*j + 280*j + 296*j)*(-3*j + 2*j + 2*j).", "\n322*j**2\nExpand (-2*p + p + 0*p)*(148*p**2 + 64*p**2 + 35*p**2).", "\n-247*p**3\nExpand (30 - 14 + 13)*(11 - 15*l + 6*l + 11*l).", "\n58*l + 319\nExpand (0 - 4 + 2)*(l**3 - l**5 - l**3) + 3*l**4 - 3*l**4 - 3*l**5 + (-17*l**4 + 48 - 48)*(-3 + 3 + 2*l).", "\n-35*l**5\nExpand (5*q - 4*q + q)*(2*q**3 - 2*q**2 + 2*q**2) - 2*q**4 + 3*q**4 - 2*q**4 + 96*q**3 - 96*q**3 + 80*q**4.", "\n83*q**4\nExpand (-4 + 2 + 3)*(1408921*f**2 + 143*f - 1408921*f**2 + 7*f**3).", "\n7*f**3 + 143*f\nExpand (-2*i - 5 + 5 - 6*i - i + 4*i + (-2 + 5 - 1)*(1 - 1 - 2*i))*(0 + 0 - i).", "\n9*i**2\nExpand -31*h**3 + 14*h**5 + 31*h**3 + (-2 + 2 - h**3)*(-3*h**2 + 6*h**2 + 7*h**2).", "\n4*h**5\nExpand (-43*h**2 + 283*h**2 + 187*h**2)*(4*h**2 - h**2 - h**2) + (-4*h**2 + 0*h**2 + 5*h**2)*(-5*h**2 + 2*h**2 + h**2).", "\n852*h**4\nExpand (3*k + 0*k - k)*(-235*k + 542*k - 207*k) - 4*k**2 + k**2 + k**2.", "\n198*k**2\nExpand (123 - 123 - 38*g)*(-3 - 2 + 1).", "\n152*g\nExpand (1 + 5 - 4)*(57 - 4*x - 7*x**2 + 5*x - 61).", "\n-14*x**2 + 2*x - 8\nExpand (4*k - 2*k - 4*k)*(-15 + 2*k - 23 - 3*k)*(1 - 1 + 2*k).", "\n4*k**3 + 152*k**2\nExpand (2*d + 2*d - 2*d - d - 2*d + 2*d + (0 + 4 - 2)*(-4 + 4 - 2*d) - 6*d + 3*d + 4*d + (-252*d - 2331 + 2331)*(1 + 0 - 3))*(3*d**3 - 2*d**3 + d**3).", "\n1004*d**4\nExpand (-6 + 34 + 613)*(3*s - 4*s - s + (0 - 2 + 3)*(-1 + 1 + s)) + 2*s - 2 + 2.", "\n-639*s\nExpand (-6 + 1 + 3)*((-31*r**4 + 100 - 100)*(-2 - 3 + 4)*(8*r + 0*r + 0*r) + (2*r**3 - 4 + 4)*(-2*r**2 + 3*r - 3*r) + 2*r**3 + 2*r**5 - 2*r**3).", "\n-492*r**5\nExpand (21*q + 80*q**2 - 60*q - 83*q**2)*(-4 + 1 + 1).", "\n6*q**2 + 78*q\nExpand (-3*q**3 + q**3 + 3*q**3)*(9*q**2 + 19*q**2 + 14*q**2 + (1 - 1 + q**2)*(-3 + 6 - 4)).", "\n41*q**5\nExpand (3 - q - 3)*(2 - 2 - 1) + 273*q - 307 + 307.", "\n274*q\nExpand (8 - o - 8)*(1 + 12 - 3)*(-2*o + 3*o + 0*o).", "\n-10*o**2\nExpand (-2*n - 3*n + 3*n)*(-2 + 2 + 1) - 4*n + n + 4*n + (n + 0*n + 0*n)*(103 - 20 + 107) + (1 - 1 - 2*n)*(4 + 1 - 6).", "\n191*n\nExpand -203*l**3 - 1 - 794*l + 794*l - l**3 + 0*l**3 + 3*l**3 + (2*l + l**3 - 2*l)*(5 - 1 - 3) - 3*l**3 + 0*l**3 + 4*l**3.", "\n-199*l**3 - 1\nExpand (3*o - 2*o**2 - 3*o)*(-88 - 10 - 36).", "\n268*o**2\nExpand (37" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "\n742 F.Supp. ", "612 (1990)\nFEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION, in its corporate capacity, Plaintiff,\nv.\nCHERRY, BEKAERT & HOLLAND, a general partnership, et al., ", "Defendants.", "\nNo. ", "88-1147-CIV-T-15C.\nUnited States District Court, M.D. Florida, Tampa Division.", "\nApril 18, 1990.", "\n*613 Alison Berman, Federal Deposit Ins. ", "Corp., Washington, D.C., Leonard H. Gilbert, Robert Pass, Chris S. Coutroulis, Mary Stenson Scriven, Carlton, Fields, Ward, Emmanuel, Tampa, Fla., for plaintiff.", "\nMichael Minkin, Hermelee Cowart & Minkin, Miami, Fla., John R. Gerstein, Ross, Dixon & Masback, Washington, D.C., for defendants.", "\n\nORDER\nCASTAGNA, District Judge.", "\nBefore the Court are plaintiff the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's (FDIC) motions for summary judgment on defendant Cherry, Bekaert & Holland's (Cherry Bekaert) third, fourth and eleventh affirmative defenses, and the respective responses.", "\nIn February, 1986 the FDIC was appointed receiver of Park Bank. ", "As receiver, the FDIC subsequently sold particular assets to the FDIC in its corporate capacity, the plaintiff in this case. ", "The FDIC seeks damages from defendant Cherry Bekaert, a partnership of certified public accountants, for its alleged negligent audit of Park Bank. ", "Cherry Bekaert has raised numerous affirmative defenses in its answer, and the FDIC has moved for summary judgment on three of these defenses.", "\nCherry Bekaert's fourth and eleventh affirmative defenses assert that the FDIC's claims are barred on the grounds of comparative and/or contributory negligence, and failure to mitigate damages. ", "In its response to the summary judgment motion, Cherry Bekaert argues that since the FDIC in its corporate capacity is an assignee of the FDIC in its capacity as receiver, the assignee is subject to the same defenses as could be asserted against the assignor. ", "Thus, Cherry Bekaert is entitled to assert as a defense against the FDIC the alleged comparative negligence of Park Bank's officers, and, to the extent that the FDIC seeks to recover damages arising after it was appointed receiver, the comparative negligence of the FDIC after it took over the bank.", "\nIn considering whether Cherry Bekaert may assert these affirmative defenses against the FDIC for its actions after it assumed the receivership, the Court finds two Eleventh Circuit decisions helpful. ", "In FDIC v. Harrison, 735 F.2d 408, 412 (11th Cir.1984), the court held that the FDIC acting in its corporate capacity to collect debts acquired from a failed bank was subject to the same defenses as any other private party. ", "Thus, since the defendants in the case could have asserted the equitable estoppel defense against a private party, the court permitted the defense against the FDIC. ", "The Harrison decision goes on to state that although the FDIC is protected from defenses of fraud on the part of the failed bank, or oral agreements between the borrower and the failed bank, defenses often asserted by borrowers when the FDIC seeks to collect on defaulted loans, this protection \"is afforded only when necessary to further the policy of promoting the stability of the nation's banking system by facilitating FDIC's smooth acquisition of assets in a purchase and assumption transaction.\" ", "Id. at 413 n. 6.", "\nA more recent decision, FDIC v. Jenkins, 888 F.2d 1537 (11th Cir.1989) once again declined to afford the FDIC in its corporate capacity special protected status. ", "In Jenkins, the FDIC argued that pursuant to statutory and common law, it was entitled to absolute priority over any other creditor's claims against the failed bank. ", "While the Court agreed that the FDIC should be permitted to maximize its efforts to recover funds in order to preserve the country's banking system, the Court went on to state that since Congress had not addressed the issue of FDIC's status in third party law suits statutorily, the Court was not convinced that a rule of absolute priority for the FDIC was essential to the recovery of the deposit insurance fund. ", "The Court thus found that when the FDIC appears in a lawsuit in a \"normal, commercial context,\" there was no reason to relieve the FDIC from the operation of state law.", "\nIn its motion, the FDIC cites case law from other jurisdictions which it asserts *614 support its claim that the FDIC owes no legal duty to Cherry Bekaert regarding the FDIC's management of the collateral for the loans after the FDIC assumed its receivership. ", "One decision, FDIC v. Renda, 692 F.Supp. ", "128, 134 (D.Kan 1988), did not permit the suit based on sovereign immunity. ", "Another decision, FDIC v. Greenwood, 719 F.Supp. ", "749, 750 (C.D.Ill.1989) held that based on public policy concerns—the public's interest in the prompt recovery of a failed bank—the FDIC did not owe a duty to the former directors of the failed banks in its collection of assets. ", "Finally, in Vogel v. Grissom, No. ", "CS 3-89-1467-D (N.D.Tex. ", "Sept. 9, 1989), the case cited by the FDIC which most directly addresses the issue, the district court held that the FDIC acts in a discretionary manner when it disposes of assets, and thus was protected from the affirmative defense of contributory negligence.", "\nA California district court came to a different conclusion in FDIC v. Carter, 701 F.Supp. ", "730 (C.D.Cal.1987). ", "In Carter, the FDIC in its corporate capacity filed suit against the former directors of a failed bank, alleging negligence and breach of contract. ", "Defendants filed counterclaims and affirmative defenses which alleged that the FDIC failed to minimize the bank's damages in its efforts to collect on loans. ", "The FDIC argued that the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b) barred such pleadings. ", "The Carter court rejected this argument, holding that the FTCA did not apply to counterclaims in suits where the FDIC was the plaintiff. ", "Id. at 733. ", "The Court went on to hold also that when the FDIC acts to dispose the assets of the bank, these actions fall outside the public policy role of the FDIC and may serve as a basis for a counterclaim and affirmative defenses. ", "Id. at 736.", "\nNeither the Vogel or Carter decisions are binding on this Court, and it must be noted that they are distinguishable since they involve suits by the FDIC against former officials of the failed bank, rather than against third parties. ", "However, the Court finds the reasoning in the Carter decision—that the corporate FDIC's disposal of assets falls outside its public policy role—to be persuasive. ", "This reasoning appears consistent with the two Eleventh Circuit decisions discussed above, Harrison and Jenkins. ", "Although not addressing the precise issue before this Court, Harrison and Jenkins form the basis of the Court's view that the FDIC as plaintiff in this action is acting in a normal commercial context and should be treated no differently than any other litigant. ", "As Cherry Bekaert argues in its memorandum, it would be permitted to assert its affirmative defense against any other party that had assumed the collateral of Park Bank. ", "In response, the FDIC does not cite any statutory authority affording it special protection from this defense, and like the Jenkins court, this Court declines to speculate that Congress contemplated that negligence suits against third party defendants are a necessary part of the recovery of the insurance fund. ", "Therefore, the Court finds that Cherry Bekaert may assert its affirmative defenses against the FDIC in this action.", "\nThe FDIC bases its argument for dismissal of Cherry Bekaert's affirmative defense alleging contributory negligence on the part of the former Park Bank officers on the doctrine stated in D'Oench, Duhme & Co., Inc. v. FDIC, 315 U.S. 447, 62 S.Ct. ", "676, 86 L.Ed. ", "956 (1942) and its progeny. ", "The D'Oench doctrine prohibits borrowers from asserting affirmative defenses such as fraud and alleged oral side agreements between the borrower and failed bank officials which do not appear on the loan documents against the FDIC when it seeks to enforce the defaulted loans. ", "The FDIC argues that the doctrine set forth in D'Oench and its progeny fashions special federal rules allowing the FDIC to carry out its function of attempting to stabilize the national banking system.", "\nThe Court cannot accept the FDIC's argument that the D'Oench doctrine protects them in this case. ", "First of all, as stated in the Harrison decision, the special protections afforded the FDIC by D'Oench and its progeny are limited in scope. ", "Harrison, 735 F.2d at 412, n. 6. ", "Indeed, each of the cases cited by the FDIC barred affirmative defenses by borrowers regarding alleged *615 oral side agreements and fraud by the former bank officials in order to protect the FDIC as receiver in recovering the assets of the failed bank. ", "This case involves defendants other than defaulting borrowers and defenses much different than those considered by the D'Oench progeny courts.", "\nSecondly, in the Court's view the FDIC is in a different posture in this case than in the D'Oench progeny cases. ", "Here, the FDIC has stepped out of its role as a bank's receiver seeking to collect on borrower's debts, and instead is acting in its corporate capacity as an assignee. ", "As the FDIC concedes, under Florida law an assignee takes the assignment subject to any defenses the obligor could raise against the assignor. ", "Shirley v. Lake Butler Corporation, 123 So.2d 267, 270 (Fla. 2d DCA 1960), and Cherry Bekaert could assert its comparative negligence defense against Park Bank, Devco Premium Finance Co. v. North River Insurance Co., 450 So.2d 1216, 1220 (Fla. 1st DCA 1984), review denied, 458 So.2d 272 (Fla.1984). ", "Given the Eleventh Circuit's decisions in Harrison and Jenkins which declined to afford the FDIC in its corporate capacity any special status or protections, this Court sees no reason that the FDIC in this case should be treated differently than any other assignee. ", "Nor should Cherry Bekaert be barred from presenting evidence that other parties contributed to the FDIC's damages in an effort to reduce its own liability. ", "FDIC v. Renda, 692 F.Supp. ", "128, 137 (D.Kan.1988).", "\nThe Court now turns to the FDIC's motion for summary judgment on Cherry Bekaert's third affirmative defense which asserts that the statute of limitations bars a portion of the FDIC's claims. ", "The FDIC sets forth two arguments in support of its motion. ", "First, it seeks the Court to find that the statute of limitations period provided in the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) controls in this case. ", "The FDIC cites sec. ", "212(a) of FIRREA, 12 U.S.C. 1821(d)(14), which states:\n[T]he applicable statute of limitations with regard to any action brought by the Corporation as conservator or receiver shall be (i) in the case of any contract claim the longer of—(I) the 6-year period on which the claim accrues; or (II) the period applicable under state law; and (ii) in the case of any tort claim, the longer of—(I) the 3-year period beginning on the date claim accrues; or (II) the period applicable under state law.", "\nThis section goes on to state that the applicable statute of limitations begins to run on either the date the FDIC was appointed receiver or the date the cause of action accrued, whichever is later. ", "Based on this provision, and § 217(4) which states that the FDIC in its corporate capacity has all of the \"rights, powers, privileges and authorities\" of the FDIC as receiver, the FDIC claims that since the FDIC was appointed receiver on February 14, 1986, as a matter of law none of FDIC's tort or contract claims against Cherry Bekaert could be barred.", "\nCherry Bekaert raises three points in opposition to the argument that FIRREA controls this action. ", "First, Cherry Bekaert cites the title of § 212(a) which reads: \"Statute of Limitations for Actions Brought by Conservator or Receiver,\" as a clear indication that this section applies only to the FDIC in its capacity as receiver, and not to the FDIC in its corporate capacity, as it appears in this action. ", "As for § 217(4), Cherry Bekaert argues that this section cannot alter the clear limitation imposed by the title of § 212(a), and that \"rights, powers, etc.\" ", "does not apply to a statute of limitations.", "\nSecondly, Cherry Bekaert argues that even if § 212(a) is read to include the FDIC in its corporate capacity, FIRREA as a whole was not intended to be applied retroactively to pending litigation. ", "Cherry Bekaert asserts that a review of FIRREA demonstrates that when Congress intended particular sections to be retroactive, it did so expressly. ", "Additionally, Cherry Bekaert cites two statements made during the Congressional hearings by Representative Solomon Ortiz and Representative Henry Gonzalez, the Chairman of the House's Banking, *616 Finance and Urban Affairs Committee, which imply that FIRREA was not intended to apply retroactively. ", "Representative Ortiz commented during the hearings:\nI seek to clarify the intent and effect of prospective application of the proposed bill. ", "I understand this bill would redefine and augment the powers of the Federal Insurance Corporation when that Corporation serves as a receiver for a failed financial institution. ", "The powers set forth in this bill are, in many respects, new, and there is no intent that such powers be applied to receiverships that have been established prior to the enactment of this bill.", "\n135 Cong.", "Rec. ", "H5003 (Daily Ed. ", "August 3, 1989). ", "When Representative Gonzalez, the sponsor of the bill, was asked about the effect of the bill on particular pending litigation (suits involving banks challenging their alleged wrongful denial of applications to leave FSLIC), he replied, \"... [A]s far as I know, there is no retroactive language in any part of the bill that would have any impact one way or the other on pending litigation.\" ", "135 Cong.", "Rec. ", "H2748 (Daily Ed. ", "June 15, 1989).", "\nThe Court concludes that it need not address whether § 212(a) includes actions brought by the FDIC in its corporate capacity since it is not convinced that Congress intended § 212(a) of FIRREA to apply retroactively to pending litigation. ", "This conclusion is supported by the statements made by the two representatives, one the sponsor of the bill, which specifically address the issue of the retroactive application of FIRREA. ", "These statements are more indicative of Congressional intent regarding retroactivity than those of Senator Donald Riegle, presented by the FDIC in support of its motion.[1]\nAlternatively, the FDIC argues that even if the Court finds that FIRREA does not apply in this case, its claims are not barred by the statute of limitations set forth in 28 U.S.C. §§ 2415-16. ", "Section 2415 provides that contract claims filed by an agency of the United States must be filed within six years after the right of action accrues, and that tort claims must be filed within three years after accrual. ", "For purposes of calculating the time provided in § 2415, § 2416 excludes \"all periods during which facts material to the right of action are not known and reasonably could not be known by an official of the United States charged with the responsibility to act in the circumstances.\" ", "Thus, according to the FDIC, since it was appointed receiver of Park Bank on February 14, 1986, it could not have known of the claims until that date, and the statute of limitations for tort actions would not run until February 14, 1989, well after this action was filed.", "\nAlthough courts considering §§ 2415-16 appear to agree that the sections apply to FDIC claims, the circuits are split as to when the FDIC's cause of action accrues. ", "For example, the Third, and Ninth Circuits have held that under § 2416 accrual occurs at the time the FDIC is appointed receiver[2], while decisions from the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals and a district court in the D.C. Circuit support the view that the claim accrues at the time it occurred.[3] Apparently 11th Circuit *617 courts have not yet addressed this issue, although Cherry Bekaert has cited a former Fifth Circuit case, United States v. Sellers, 487 F.2d 1268, 1270 n. 1 (5th Cir. ", "1973) which, although not involving the FDIC, stated in a footnote that the date that a loan went into default was the date that the statute of limitations accrued, even though the government agency had not acquired the claim until a later date.", "\nEven if this Court were to follow the decisions that find that the FDIC's cause of action against Cherry Bekaert accrued on the date of the receivership appointment, the Court's inquiry into this issue would not be completed. ", "In FDIC v. Hinkson, 848 F.2d 432, 434 (3rd Cir.1988), one of the cases holding that an FDIC claim accrued when the FDIC was appointed receiver, the court went on to hold that if the state statute of limitations has already run on a particular claim, it is not revived by transfer of the claim to a federal agency. ", "The Hinkson Court relied on the United States Supreme Court decision Guaranty Trust Co. v. United States, 304 U.S. 126, 142, 58 S.Ct. ", "785, 793, 82 L.Ed. ", "1224 (1938), which held that the United States does not acquire a right free of any \"pre-existing infirmities\" including the statute of limitations. ", "See also FDIC v. Former Officers and Directors of Metropolitan Bank, 884 F.2d 1304, 1309 n. 4 (9th Cir.1989); FDIC v. Consolidated Mortgage & Finance Corp., 805 F.2d 14, 17-18 n. 4 (1st Cir.1986). ", "This holding is important in this case because Florida's statute of limitations for professional malpractice is two years. ", "Fla.Stat.", "Ann. § ", "95.11(4)(a). ", "Thus, if the Court adopts the Hinkson and Metropolitan Bank holdings in their entirety, any claims of professional malpractice which had expired under state law before the FDIC was appointed receiver, would not be revived by the appointment. ", "Since the claims are not revived, they could not be transferred to the FDIC in its corporate capacity.", "\nThe FDIC attempts to distinguish the holdings of these cases by noting that the cases did not consider the impact the decisions would have on the \"unique federal policies\" the FDIC is attempting to carry out. ", "One such policy cited is that the FDIC should not be subject to a state statute of limitations defense against the failed bank since it would interfere with its efforts to collect the assets to restore the Insurance Fund. ", "In Florida in particular, the FDIC claims that a two-year statute of limitations would severely frustrate the FDIC's regulatory activities. ", "The FDIC argues also that the Eleventh Circuit has consistently held that the FDIC is not \"an ordinary assignee\" that takes claims subject to all defenses available against the assignor.", "\nThe Court finds the holdings in Hinkson and Metropolitan Bank decisions persuasive in their entirety. ", "Thus, the Court adopts the view that the statute of limitations provided in §§ 2415-16 governs the FDIC's claims in this case, and that the FDIC's claims accrued when it was appointed receiver. ", "However, any claims which were barred by Florida's statute of limitations prior to the receivership are not revived by the receivership, and thus could not be transferred to the FDIC in its corporate capacity. ", "As to the FDIC's assertion that this conclusion will frustrate its efforts to carry out national policy, the Court finds that application of these cases does not interfere with the FDIC's acquisition of assets in a purchase and assumption transaction, the policy consideration cited by the Eleventh Circuit in Harrison as justifying the special protections afforded FDIC in the D'Oench progeny cases.", "\nBased on the foregoing, it is\nORDERED:\nPlaintiff the FDIC's motions for summary judgment on defendants' third, fourth, and eleventh affirmative defenses (D-134, D-148) are denied, and defendant may assert these affirmative defenses in a manner consistent with the Court's discussion in this Order.", "\nDONE AND ORDERED.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The FDIC cites the following statements attributed to Senator Riegle, who introduced the bill into the Senate:\n\n[T]hese limitations periods will significantly increase the amount of money that can be recovered by the Federal Government through litigation, and help ensure the accountability of the persons responsible for the massive losses the Government has suffered through the failures of insured institutions. ", "The provisions should be construed to maximize potential recoveries by the Federal Government by preserving to the greatest extent permissible by law claims that would otherwise have been lost due to the expiration of hitherto applicable limitations periods.", "\n135 Cong.", "Rec. ", "S10205 (Daily Ed. ", "Aug. 4, 1989). ", "The FDIC argues that the Senator's references to \"losses the Government has suffered,\" and \"claims that would otherwise have been lost,\" demonstrates that the section was intended to be applied retroactively.", "\n[2] FDIC v. Former Officers and Directors of Metropolitan Bank, 884 F.2d 1304 (9th Cir.1989); FDIC v. Hinkson, 848 F.2d 432 (3rd Cir.1988);\n[3] FDIC v. Galloway, 856 F.2d 112, 116 (10th Cir.1988); United States v. Rollinson, 629 F.Supp. ", "581, 583 (D.D.C.1986), aff'd on other grounds, 866 F.2d 1463 (D.C.Cir), cert. ", "denied, ___ U.S. ___, 110 S.Ct. ", "71, 107 L.Ed.2d 37 (1989).", "\n" ]

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[ "Kitchener station\n\nKitchener station is a railway station located in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, slightly to the northeast of downtown Kitchener, at 126 Weber Street West, near the corner of Victoria Street. ", "It is a heritage building containing a waiting room and ticket counter built beside a set of tracks also used as a freight yard. ", "A separate building to the east of the passenger area, originally built in 1925 as a freight building, now serves as the headquarters for the Goderich–Exeter Railway.", "\n\nThe station is served by two daily Via Rail trains in each direction running between Sarnia and Toronto via London. ", "On weekdays there are also 8 eastbound and 7 westbound GO Transit train trips between Kitchener and Toronto. ", " In the times or directions that train service is not operating, GO bus route 30 Kitchener provides express service to Bramalea GO Station where passengers can connect to off-peak trains. ", "Grand River Transit routes 4, 6, 20, 34 and 204 stop near to the station on either Weber Street or Victoria Street.", "\n\nHistory\n\nBerlin Station opened on 1 July 1856 as part of the Grand Trunk Railway line between Toronto and Berlin (now Kitchener). ", " The railway was extended beyond Berlin to St. Marys Junction in 1858, and to Sarnia in 1859. ", " In 1916, the town of Berlin was renamed Kitchener, and the station was renamed accordingly.", "\n\nThe GTR built the current station building in 1897 to replace a smaller building built in 1856. ", "The station building originally included a prominent Gothic clock tower. ", "A second tower was added to the station after a 1908 fire. ", "In 1966, Canadian National Railway (CN), by this point the owner of the station, removed the clock tower and the other roof features. ", "In 1983, CN threatened to demolish the station, but Via Rail, who had assumed responsibility for CN's passenger services in 1978, opted to retain it. ", " Under the provisions of Canada's Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act, it was designated a railway heritage structure as of February 15, 1994.", "\n\nBetween 1982 and 2004, Kitchener was served by the Via Rail and Amtrak International Limited service between Chicago and Toronto.", "\n\nIn November 2010, a partial rollout of GO train service was announced to be in place by late 2011. ", "Two Kitchener line trains daily serve Acton, Guelph and Kitchener with layover for those trains at a small facility in Kitchener. ", "$18 million was spent to get this first stage operational, with further upgrades to come. ", "Service began on December 19, serving only Kitchener and Guelph to begin with.", "\n\nFuture\nThe Region of Waterloo plans to replace Kitchener Station with a new Kitchener Central Station located at King Street where the railway crosses the Ion light rail line. ", "In addition to the Via Rail and GO Transit trains and buses relocated from the current facility, the new facility would also serve the new light rail line, and Greyhound and Coach Canada intercity buses which are currently served from Charles Street Transit Terminal. ", "The Central Station light rail stop opened in 2019 along with the light rail line itself, but as of 2016 the new railway station could only open in 2022 at the earliest.", "\n\nA larger GO train layover facility is planned west of Kitchener near Baden, in order to allow increased train service to Kitchener. ", "In the meantime, trains are stored in an interim yard in Kitchener off Shirley Avenue east of the station.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nKitchener & Waterloo Street Railway\n\nCategory:Grand Trunk Railway stations in Ontario\nCategory:Via Rail stations in Ontario\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Kitchener, Ontario\nCategory:Railway stations in Kitchener, Ontario\nCategory:Canadian National Railway stations in Ontario\nCategory:GO Transit railway stations\nCategory:Designated Heritage Railway Stations in Ontario\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1897\nCategory:1897 establishments in Ontario\nCategory:Former Amtrak stations in Canada" ]

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[ "The Hamas terrorists who infiltrated Israel on Monday morning were wearing standard and correct IDF uniforms, an investigation into the incident found.", "\n\nFollow Ynetnews on Facebook and Twitter\n\n\n\nThe terrorists, 9 of which had been killed, were carrying army bullet-proof vests, wore IDF boots with rubber bands to keep pants from snagging at anything, as well as helmets with camouflage covers very similar to the ones used by the army.", "\n\nVIDEO: Terrorists infiltrators targeted by IDF (צילום: דובר צהל)\n\nX\n\nThe terrorists crossed the border fence from Beit Hanoun in the northern Gaza Strip and came across an IDF force near kibbutz Nir Am.", "\n\nObservation units identified the terrorists in the bushes, but the army did not open fire at them at first because they were wearing correct IDF uniforms, and the troops feared these were IDF soldiers, since many different units operate in the area.", "\n\nThe troops were ordered to open fire only after the terrorists started firing at them with AK-47s.", "\n\nSeveral of the terrorists tried to run back into the Strip, but nine of them were shot down from the air." ]

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[ "Our team loves creating jaw-dropping WOW moments. ", "Showstopping experiential visual displays using 3D projection mapping send social media wild and get people talking.", "\n\nMotion Mapping are video mapping and creative content specialists who work alongside a range of clients, business or private, supporting successful events, brand activations, product launches, marketing campaigns, weddings and any other milestone moments that need an awesome WOW!", "\n\nWe are a projection mapping company based in the UK and work all over the world." ]

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[ "The Corollary to Moroccan Exceptionalism\n\nThe Arab Spring movement continues to have an impact on nations across the Arab world. ", "Now this remarkable time of change has touched Morocco, the region’s oldest monarchy. ", "In a televised speech on June 18, King Mohammed VI once again set the kingdom apart from the rest of the region by announcing sweeping constitutional reforms whereby he would relinquish some of his powers, empowering a hitherto moribund parliamentary system and granting the prime minister more executive powers. ", "As a citizen of Morocco and backer of the 47-year-old monarch’s reform proposals, I see them as a bold and shrewd move that underscores his commitment to Morocco’s democratization and meaningful transition to a constitutional monarchy.", "\n\nWhat is more interesting is that by pro-actively and preemptively taking steps to open up the political space, the king has not only set the country apart from the other nations of the region but has set himself apart from the hereditary republics. ", "Despite some mild protests by the February 20th movement – a loose coalition of young liberals, secularists, Islamists (much smaller in numbers than those in Egypt, Syria, Libya, Yemen, etc.) – ", "the King was courageous enough to embrace the winds of change in the region, and confirm to the whole world his role as a reformer; a role he has embodied since assuming the throne in 1999.", "\n\nA few words must be said about what many have termed “Moroccan Exceptionalism.” ", "While most, if not all, the countries of the Arab world have experienced unprecedented upheaval after the successful overthrows of tyrants in Tunisia and Egypt, Morocco has been a relative island of stability. ", "Despite socioeconomic conditions in fact more parlous than their North African counterparts – which would seemingly have presented Morocco as a prime candidate for revolution – the phrase Moroccan exceptionalism was invoked to argue the kingdom was immune to revolutionary foment.", "\n\nBut the same was said about Tunisia and Egypt, before what many thought was impossible was achieved. ", "Contagion finally did spread to the westernmost North African country, though the term Moroccan exceptionalism still held a modicum of truth. ", "In fact, protesters under the umbrella of the February 20th movement (which you can read more about here) numbering the few hundred or few thousands at best, scattered around major cities, were not met with repression as in Syria, Libya, or the Gulf states.", "\n\nBut to someone from Morocco, that is hardly surprising. ", "Protests are not uncommon in Morocco; in fact they are routine. ", "Freedom of expression is guaranteed, albeit with certain red lines that ensure the inviolability and sacredness of the 400-year old Alawite dynasty. ", "Despite a weak party system, multipartyism has always been a political reality, and the country is hardly a police state compared to Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt.", "\n\nIn March, the King made a speech where he announced historic changes: the devolution and decentralization through a process of regionalization, granting local municipalities more power and autonomy, the election rather than appointment of the prime minister, an independent judiciary, a commission to investigate corruption, and so on. ", "The speech was praised by prominent politicians in the U.S and Europe, confirming the monarch’s long-standing commitment to the modernization and democratization of the country. ", "Despite terrorist attacks in Marrakesh in April, which killed 15 and wounded 20 (most of them tourists), King Mohammed VI did not exploit it to put a break on reform and resort to repressive tactics.", "\n\nOn June 18, though, the constitutional provisions he proposed in his historical speech once again suggested an aura of Moroccan exceptionalism. ", "The King promised a nationwide referendum on July 1st, where Moroccans will decide whether or not to ratify the new constitution – one which curtails the political powers of the King. ", "The reforms he promised include a prime minister elected by the people (determined by party that wins the elections), who will be the president of the government. ", "An independent judiciary will also be ensured. ", "The King, however, will retain his role as Commander of the Faithful and thus the highest religious authority of the country, as well as maintain his power over security affairs and the army.", "\n\nImmediately after the speech, a number of Moroccans flocked to the streets waving Moroccan flags and honking their cars in support of the monarch’s reforms. ", "What is even more commendable are the sweeping reforms with regards to women’s rights and the elevation of their status, freedom of worship, and the officialization of Amazigh, the language of the Berber minority – enshrined in the constitution as existing alongside the official language, Arabic, as further evidence of the king’s commitment to cultural pluralism. ", "In his speech, he stated:\n\n“Given the cohesion characterizing the various components of our unified, rich and diverse national identity — including the Arabic Islamic, Berber, Saharan, African, Andalusian, Jewish [emphasis added] and Mediterranean components — the draft Constitution confirms the status of Arabic as an official language of the Kingdom, and provides that the State pledges to protect and promote it.”", "\n\nMorocco’s February 20 movement, however, has responded to the king’s speech with skepticism, calling the promised reforms cosmetic and not substantive enough. ", "They plan more protests to come, although the short timeframe for the referendum campaign limits opportunities for opposition to form. ", "Furthermore, this loose coalition, with no specific mandate, by playing the rejectionist card, may see its support erode. ", "As a reformer myself, I see the King’s reforms as indeed unprecedented, and at least seem to have the potential to embark the country upon the path of democracy and constitutional monarchy.", "\n\nDespite the announced political reforms, the protesters’ socioeconomic grievances are certainly legitimate and more still needs to be done to address these concerns. ", "Youth unemployment is at about 30 percent, corruption is rampant and crony capitalism is manifest. ", "Nearly half the population is illiterate, a lot of Moroccans do not have access to health care, and disparities between rich and poor are more pronounced than ever. ", "Although this landmark constitution shows that summer might have come to Morocco, these changes must be embraced and the new political avenues that the king has offered must be pursued to address the country’s dire socioeconomic needs. ", "Nonetheless, as some have argued, all this suggests that there is something to be learned from the Moroccan experience. ", "On July 1st, we will see where Moroccan exceptionalism will go." ]

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[ "Business essay papers\n\nA good option to end an essay is using of aphorisms and quotations. ", "Proper research on the school to adequately answer the second question: He originally started off in a grocery store, which wa There has to be some type of curriculum that I can follow for this job, some requirements that must be met to help me onto this path of becoming a Business Analyst.", "\n\nOur competitive advantage is the low pricing with an excellent quality of all tasks. ", "Henlys consists of Blue Bird Corporation, We can serve you in the shortest deadline as well, with adequate quality to obtain your expected grades.", "\n\nOur highly qualified and experienced writers extend their help to resolve these issues for you. ", "My short-term goal is to lead a team, furthering success in the Ridgeview area.", "\n\nWe try to uphold the paper quality by including only relevant contents in an argumentative manner, with the support of credible references and noteworthy examples. ", "There are currently three main competitors within the school bus manufacturing industry.", "\n\nThe later company is said to be the target of the former company. ", "Attractive a retrospective seem at the businesses internationally in the majority recent hundred years, well-known internationals failed, or even disappeared, though there are a number of still drama luminously.", "\n\nThe final part of an essay should contain a generalization and reasoned conclusions on the subject. ", "Its entrance to the Stock Exchange will create even more responsibilities for its shareholders.", "\n\nBut this one I consider the best, as their performers managed to do everything due to the initial requirements and introduced the draft changes that I needed. ", "Each essay is a new draft created from scratch. ", "For learn- ing of verbs that informs the readers expectations about academic writing in order to respond effectively to the different linguistic characteristics.", "\n\nOnly through my ability to embrace the change happening around me was I able to find a new job and start a new life with new visions and goals. ", "This writer learned how to maintain strength, perseverance and adaptability in challenging situations.", "\n\nI expect to gain skills and experiences from ABC Business School that will propel my short and long-term goals.", "Database of example Business essays - these essays are examples of the work produced by our professional essay writers.", "\n\nTopics about Business, we’ve collected for you from our best Business papers samples! ", "Grab ideas, see examples and create own perfect Business essay and research paper!", "\n\nAny finance and marketing student can greatly benefit from the help of a business essay writing service – custom written papers prepared by sufficiently professional writers can go a long way to helping one clearer understand all the finer points of writing business papers of this kind.", "\n\nWrite my essay in time! ", "Order papers from our professional team that offers paper writing on any type of topic.", "\n\nFast, cheap and unique! ", "Write my essay edubirdie! ", "Do you remember watching Alladin when you were younger? ", "Imagine if you had a genie for all your school essays, you can make wishes like these. ", "Find A+ essays, research papers, book notes, course notes and writing tips." ]

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[ "MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — Memphis residents are as proud of their water as their barbecue and blues.", "\n\nThe Tennessee Valley Authority's coal-burning Allen Fossil Plant on Friday, July 14, 2017 in Memphis, Tenn. Groundwater in wells at the plant have tested for excessive levels of arsenic and lead. ", "AP Photo/Adrian Sainz MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — Memphis residents are as proud of their water as their barbecue and blues.", "\n\nSo alarms went off when state environmental officials and the Tennessee Valley Authority revealed high levels of arsenic and lead had been found in groundwater under the coal-fired Allen Fossil Plant in southwest Memphis.", "\n\nA layer of clay lies between the groundwater and the aquifer, and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation says it is confident the contaminants are not impacting drinking water. ", "But the state has asked the department has asked Memphis Light, Gas & Water — the city's water utility — to test treated drinking water.", "\n\nThe department has told the TVA, which has a history of problems handling coal ash, that it must determine where the toxins came from. ", "TVA spokesman Scott Brooks says the power company doesn't know the origin of the toxins and is cooperating with the state." ]

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[ "The images are amazing and I see how it ties into the company name. ", "However, would these ads influence an art buyer, art director, or whomever to use them over Taylor James, S&B, or Aliceblue? ", "Unless their small, underestimated company can truly slaughter the fiercer competition." ]

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[ "Name* Email Id* Mobile No* Interest* 2.5 BHK 3 BHK 3.5 BHK\n\nThank you for your interest. ", "Our Sales team will get back to you." ]

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[ "PRAGUE STORM: Fly your team to Prague and play the Russian A-Team (really not to be advised - they're disagreeable, and they cheat), then travel by train to Cologne with the Berlin A-Team, and play a display match against us at our showcase event at GDC in August. ", "10 Dusters. ", "10 x Android or iOS apps + Agent logins. ", "Rank: Broker. ", "Efficiency: 30. ", "1000 speks per Duster. ", "6 Hail Mary speks per empty mag every 24 hours until 2015. ", "Resurrection speed: 1 minute. ", "Plus we accommodate and train you in Prague and Cologne. ", "Work it so you fly into Prague and depart from Cologne - we'll take care of everything else! ", "Plus full cooperation rights.", "\n\nLess" ]

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nMotor vehicle exhaust emissions are ubiquitous, with exposure occurring through indoor and outdoor air, as well as in many occupational settings. ", "An estimated 781,000 workers (92% of employed males), or 4.6 % of the working Canadian population, are exposed to diesel engine exhaust \\[[@CR1], [@CR2]\\]. ", "The two largest exposed occupational groups are truck drivers and heavy equipment operators \\[[@CR1], [@CR2]\\]. ", "Diesel and gasoline are the most widely used fuels in combustion engines, and their emissions are comprised of a complex mixture of chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitroarenes, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds, such as benzene and formaldehyde \\[[@CR3], [@CR4]\\]. ", "While similar particles are emitted from both gasoline and diesel powered engines, the distribution and surface properties of the particles are different, which suggests potential differences in the health effects associated with these exposures \\[[@CR5]\\].", "\n\nThe International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recently classified diesel exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on studies of lung cancer, an update from the 1988 classification of probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A) \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "However, the evidence for other cancers remains limited. ", "Gasoline was classified as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B) by IARC in 1989 and again in 2012, based on inadequate evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "Although in most developed countries exposures to gasoline emissions have surpassed those from diesel, few studies have examined its effects on cancer risk, especially for sites other than the lung.", "\n\nColorectal cancer (CRC), affecting the colon and/or the rectal areas, is a major contributor to the worldwide cancer burden \\[[@CR6]\\]. ", "CRC has been linked to several modifiable risk factors including obesity, physical inactivity, consumption of red and processed meat and smoking \\[[@CR7]--[@CR9]\\]. ", "In addition to physical activity, a potential role for other occupational risk factors has been suggested \\[[@CR10], [@CR11]\\]. ", "To date, few studies have investigated the relationship between exposure to diesel and gasoline emissions and CRC risk, but they did report modest positive associations \\[[@CR12]--[@CR14]\\]. ", "However, only two case--control studies used a systematic and validated approach to exposure assessment \\[[@CR12], [@CR13]\\], and many of these studies lacked detailed information on several major lifestyle-related CRC risk factors, such as body-mass index (BMI), diet and physical activity.", "\n\nCurrently, the overall evidence linking diesel and gasoline emissions to CRC is considered to be weak \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "Further investigating the carcinogenic potential of these prevalent exposures has been identified as a high priority by IARC \\[[@CR15]\\]. ", "To our knowledge, this is the largest population-based case--control study of the effects of diesel and gasoline emissions on the risk of colon and rectal cancer, with a comprehensive exposure assessment strategy, along with detailed information on important confounders. ", "This work addresses an important gap in our understanding of the extensive health effects of exposure to diesel and gasoline emissions, and has implications for preventive efforts.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nStudy population {#Sec3}\n----------------\n\nThe data used in this analysis are from the colon and rectal cancer case--control components of the Canadian National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System (NECSS), a collaborative effort between Health Canada and the cancer registries in 8 Canadian provinces. ", "The NECSS collected data from a population-based sample of 21022 cases of 19 different cancers and 5039 controls between 1994 and 1997. ", "Data for rectal and colon cases were not collected in Ontario, therefore this analysis is based on male participants from 7 provinces. ", "Cancer-free controls were recruited using a random sample of the provincial population obtained from health insurance plans in 5 provinces (Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and British Columbia) and random-digit dialing in Newfoundland and Alberta \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "Frequency-matching to the overall case grouping (19 cancer sites) was used to select controls for every case within each sex and 5-year age group for any cancer site.", "\n\nOf the total cases ascertained, physician consent was obtained for 89 % of rectal (*n* = 1169) and 85 % (*n* = 1375) colon cases. ", "Deceased cases were excluded (76 rectal; 138 colon), as well as patients whose physician refused consent (71 rectal; 98 colon). ", "The NECSS collected detailed information for a number of modifiable cancer risk factors, including: sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometry, diet, smoking, alcohol use, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and physical activity. ", "Individuals were also asked to provide details on their lifetime residential and occupational history. ", "Information on diet from 2 years prior to the interview was collected using a modified 60-item food-frequency diet questionnaire based on instruments that have been extensively validated \\[[@CR17], [@CR18]\\]. ", "Completed questionnaire were returned by 830 rectal and 959 male colon cases, representing 71 and 70 % of those contacted, respectively. ", "Questionnaires were mailed to 4270 men who were identified as eligible controls. ", "Approximately 7 % (*n* = 287) were returned due to an incorrect address. ", "Completed questionnaires were received from 2547 male controls, representing 59.6 % of those ascertained and 64.0 % of those contacted.", "\n\nThe study sample was restricted to men because we expected few women to be occupationally exposed to diesel and gasoline emissions during the relevant exposure periods (between the 1960s--1990s). ", "We excluded individuals under the age of 40, and those who had not worked for at least one year, since individuals with shorter employment histories would have had fewer opportunities for exposure, and their CRC diagnoses would be more likely attributable to genetic conditions, such as familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, which confer lifetime risks as high as 70--80 % \\[[@CR19], [@CR20]\\], with a mid-40s average age at diagnosis \\[[@CR21]\\]. ", "In the NECSS, 2.9 % (*n* = 28) of incident colon cancer and 2.1 % (*n* = 18) rectal cancer cases were diagnosed before the age of 40; the corresponding number of controls excluded to meet the age requirement was 282. ", "After applying the exclusion criteria there remained a total of 931 colon and 840 rectal cancer cases, and 1360 controls.", "\n\nAssignment of occupational exposures {#Sec4}\n------------------------------------\n\nParticipants were asked to provide information for each job held, in Canada, for at least 12 months from the time they were 18 years old to the time of the interview. ", "The information for each occupation included the job title, main tasks performed, type of industry, location, and period of employment. ", "Using these job descriptions, a team of chemists and industrial hygienists, who were blinded to case or control status, carried out a comprehensive exposure assessment and determined the exposure status of each job with respect to diesel emissions, gasoline emissions, aromatic amines, asbestos and crystalline silica.", "\n\nAs in our previously published studies of lung cancer \\[[@CR22]--[@CR24]\\], the occupation and industry coding was reviewed and upgraded to the more precise 7-digit Canadian Classification and Dictionary of Occupation (CCDO) codes \\[[@CR25]\\] which were used in the subsequent steps of the exposure assessment. ", "A total of 16,009 jobs contained sufficient occupational information for the exposure assessment. ", "Exposure metrics were not assigned to jobs with insufficient information (*n* = 199), including those missing full-time, seasonal or part-time employment status (*n* = 74). ", "In addition, jobs were not coded for diesel or gasoline emissions exposure if they were self-reported as retirement (*n* = 87), student (*n* = 35), disability (*n* = 5), institutionalized (*n* = 1), and unemployed (*n* = 10).", "\n\nThe occupational exposure assessment was based on the expert-approach, where a team of industrial hygienists assigned individual exposures based on details provided for each job \\[[@CR26]\\]. ", "This approach is considered to be reliable and recognized as the reference method for such a study design \\[[@CR27]\\]. ", "It has been described in detail elsewhere \\[[@CR28]\\], and has been successfully applied to other case--control studies \\[[@CR28], [@CR29]\\] and previously published analyses of NECSS data \\[[@CR22]--[@CR24]\\]. ", "When assigning exposures, hygienists had access to previous NECSS expert-based codings, summarized as a job exposure matrix, which they could modify to reflect circumstances specific to each job description. ", "Exposure coding was repeated for a random subset of 96 participants with 385 jobs to estimate the reliability of the exposure coding. ", "Our analysis of this subset suggests excellent inter-rater agreement between exposure coders (weighted kappa = 0.81, 95 % CI: 0.78-0.85; manuscript in preparation).", "\n\nThe assignment of exposure to diesel and gasoline emissions was carried out across three dimensions: concentration, frequency, and reliability. ", "Each of these variables was defined using a semi-quantitative scale: none (unexposed), low, medium, or high. ", "Non-exposure was defined as exposure up to background levels found in the general environment. ", "The frequency of exposure was determined based on the proportion of time in a typical workweek that the participant was exposed to a substance. ", "Low frequency of exposure corresponded to \\<5 %, 5 %--30 % was classified as medium, and high frequency was defined as \\>30 % of work time. ", "This metric also accounted for part-time or seasonal employment. ", "Concentration was assessed on a relative scale with respect to established benchmarks. ", "Low concentration was assigned to subjects with the lowest possible concentration that could still be considered above the background level of the general population. ", "The same exposure assessment approach was also applied to a number of other exposures of interest and potential confounders, including crystalline silica, asbestos and aromatic amines.", "\n\nThe reliability metric was used to measure the confidence that the exposure was actually present in the job that was evaluated. ", "Low reliability refers to \"possible\" exposure, medium reliability was interpreted as \"probable\" exposure, and high reliability corresponded to \"definite\" exposure. ", "In order to reduce the potential for exposure misclassification, all exposure metrics that used in this analysis classified estimates with a low reliability score corresponding to \"possible\" exposure (*n* = 613, 30.4 % for diesel and *n* = 342, 19.7 % for gasoline) as unexposed.", "\n\nExposure to diesel and gasoline emissions {#Sec5}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nThe effects of occupational exposure to diesel and gasoline emissions were modeled using 5 exposure metrics: ever exposure, highest attained exposure concentration, duration of exposure, frequency of exposure, and cumulative exposure. ", "Ever exposure was modeled as a binary variable indicating that an individual had worked in a job that was classified as exposed across any of the dimensions evaluated in the exposure assessment. ", "The highest attained exposure concentration corresponded to the maximum concentration value assigned to jobs with an individual's employment history. ", "Duration of exposure corresponded to years of employment in occupations classified as exposed. ", "Duration was modeled continuously, as well as using ordinal categories based on tertiles of exposure duration among the controls. ", "Each set of cut-points was determined separately for diesel and gasoline emissions.", "\n\nThe cumulative measure of diesel and gasoline exposure was defined as:$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$ CE={\\displaystyle \\sum_{i=1}^k{C}_i{F}_i{D}_i} $$\\end{document}$$\n\nwhere *CE* was the cumulative exposure, *i* represented the *i*^*th*^ job held, *k* was the total number of jobs held, *C* was the concentration of diesel or gasoline exposure (low, medium, high), *F* was the frequency of exposure (low, medium, high), and *D* was the duration of employment in years.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec6}\n--------------------\n\nOdds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression for each of the exposure metrics. ", "Trends were also examined using logistic regression. ", "Ordinal metrics of diesel and gasoline exposure were treated as continuous in the regression model in order to obtain an estimate of the slope and associated p-values (p-trend). ", "Descriptive analyses were conducted and the influence of possible risk factors suggested by the literature and by previous analyses of NECSS data was investigated. ", "These included the characteristics presented in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}, as well as additional nutritional factors, including consumption of red meat and intake of added fat. ", "Exposure metrics for diesel and gasoline emissions were entered into the statistical models together in order to account for the simultaneous exposure to both of these constituents of motor vehicle exhaust. ", "Additional occupational confounders and potential co-exposures included asbestos and aromatic amines, which were entered into the models as dichotomous variables.", "Table 1Selected demographic characteristics of incident colon and rectal cancer cases and controls in the Canadian National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System 1994--97Colon (*n* = 931)Rectum (*n* = 840)Controls (*n* = 1360)OR^a^95 % CIN(%)N(%)N(%)Age groups (years) 40 to \\<5067(7.2)79(9.4)137(10.1) 50 to \\<60174(18.7)179(21.3)239(17.6) 60 to \\<70445(47.9)380(45.2)581(45.7) 70≤244(26.2)202(24.1)403(29.6)Province of residence Newfoundland42(4.5)46(5.5)105(7.7) Prince Edward Island20(2.2)17(2.0)63(4.6) Nova Scotia77(8.3)71(8.5)307(22.6) Manitoba97(10.4)85(10.1)126(9.3) Saskatchewan90(9.7)108(12.9)120(8.8) Alberta283(30.4)184(21.9)265(19.5) British Columbia322(34.6)329(39.2)374(27.5)Use of proxy respondents None (self)579(62.2)485(57.7)903(66.4)1.00 Other352(37.8)355(42.3)457(33.6)1.35(1.16,1.57)Education (total years)  \\< 9219(23.5)189(22.5)308(22.7)1.00 9 to 11295(31.7)273(32.5)395(29.0)0.99(0.81,1.21) 12 to 14241(25.9)233(27.7)350(25.7)0.80(0.64,1.00) 14≤176(18.9)145(17.3)307(22.6)0.61(0.48,0.77)BMI (kg/m^2^) Normal: 18.5 to \\<25251(27.0)254(30.2)490(36.0)1.00 Underweight: \\<18.514(1.5)6(0.7)20(1.5)0.99(0.52,1.91) Overweight: 25 to \\<30464(49.9)418(49.8)641(47.1)1.44(1.22,1.70) Obese: 30≤202(21.7)162(19.3)209(15.4)1.89(1.52,2.35)Percent change (%) from maximum lifetime weight in kg Q1: \\<2.4287(30.8)233(27.7)280(20.6)1.00 Q2: 2.4 to \\<4.9226(24.3)202(24.1)359(26.4)0.60(0.49,0.74) Q3: 4.9 to \\<8.8222(23.9)202(24.1)336(24.7)0.68(0.55,0.83) Q4: 8.8 ≤196(21.1)203(24.2)385(28.3)0.56(0.46,0.69)Cigarette pack-years Never smokers178(19.4)161(19.5)302(22.6)1.00  \\< 10145(15.8)153(18.6)223(16.7)1.19(0.94,1.52) 10 to \\<20173(18.8)136(16.5)233(17.4)1.19(0.94,1.50) 20 to \\<30155(16.9)143(17.3)214(16.0)1.38(1.08,1.75) 30 to \\<40107(11.6)104(12.6)147(11.0)1.43(1.09,1.88) 40 to \\<50101(11.0)79(9.6)108(8.1)1.61(1.20,2.17) 50 to \\<6025(2.7)16(1.9)53(4.0)0.86(0.55,1.36) 60≤35(3.8)33(4.0)56(4.2)1.29(0.86,1.94)Quartiles of alcohol intake (servings/week) None259(27.8)227(27.0)451(33.2)1.00 Q1: ≤2.0168(18.1)145(17.3)253(18.6)1.04(0.84,1.29) Q2: \\>2.0 to ≤6157(16.9)131(15.6)247(18.2)1.03(0.82,1.28) Q3: \\>6 to ≤14.5186(20.0)152(18.1)216(15.8)1.29(1.03,1.61) Q4: \\>14.5161(17.3)185(22.0)193(14.2)1.50(1.19,1.87)Quartiles of processed meat intake (servings/week) Q1: ≤1.4216(23.2)192(22.9)427(31.4)1.00 Q2: \\>1.4 to ≤3.5224(24.1)232(27.7)368(27.1)1.32(1.08,1.61) Q3: \\>3.5 to ≤6.5245(26.3)212(25.2)267(19.6)1.81(1.46,2.23) Q4: \\>6.5246(26.4)204(24.3)298(21.9)1.49(1.21,1.83)Quartiles of total vegetable intake (servings/week) Q1: ≤12.5225(24.2)217(25.8)343(25.2)1.00 Q2: \\>12.5 to ≤18.4247(26.5)204(24.3)338(24.9)1.05(0.86,1.29) Q3: \\>18.4 to ≤25.0227(24.4)215(25.6)336(24.7)1.01(0.83,1.25) Q4: \\>25.0232(24.9)204(24.3)343(25.2)1.03(0.83,1.26)Quartiles of total fruit intake (servings/week) Q1: ≤4.4229(24.6)211(25.1)347(25.5)1.00 Q2: \\>4.4 to ≤8.9236(25.4)208(24.8)345(25.4)0.99(0.80,1.21) Q3: \\>8.9 to ≤14239(26.7)218(26.0)341(25.1)1.01(0.82,1.24) Q4: \\>14227(24.4)203(24.2)327(24.0)0.99(0.80,1.22)Quartiles of moderate physical activity (hours/month) Q1: ≤3.8222(23.9)204(24.3)355(26.1)1.00 Q2: \\>3.8 to ≤12.2240(25.8)206(24.5)339(24.9)1.00(0.81,1.23) Q3: \\>12.2 to ≤25.3244(26.2)196(23.3)343(25.2)0.95(0.77,1.17) Q4: \\>25.3225(24.2)234(27.9)323(23.8)1.05(0.85,1.29)Quartiles of strenuous physical activity (hours/month) Q1: 0460(49.4)397(47.3)673(49.5)1.00 Q2: \\>0 to ≤1.2151(16.2)151(18.0)221(16.3)0.97(0.79,1.20) Q3: \\>1.2 to ≤7.3167(17.9)136(16.2)230(16.9)0.96(0.78,1.18) Q4: \\>7.3153(16.4)156(18.6)236(17.4)0.89(0.72,1.10)Composite index of strenuous and moderate physical activity^b^ (quartiles) Q1: Least active203(21.8)186(22.1)340(25.0)1.00 Q2257(27.6)217(25.8)340(25.0)1.10(0.89,1.35) Q3221(23.7)190(22.6)340(25.0)0.94(0.76,1.16) Q4: Most active250(26.9)247(29.4)340(25.0)1.09(0.88,1.34)Ever exposed to aromatic amines No914(98.2)830(98.8)1348(99.1)1.00 Yes17(1.8)10(1.2)12(0.9)1.71(0.84,3.45)Ever exposed to asbestos No781(83.9)719(85.6)1209(88.9)1.00 Yes150(16.1)121(14.4)151(11.1)1.43(1.15,1.78)Ever exposed to crystalline silica No597(35.8)293(34.9)929(68.3)1.00 Yes334(64.1)547(65.1)431(31.7)1.09(0.93,1.28)^a^OR estimated for colon and rectal cancers combined^b^Composite index of physical activity was derived y summing the hours/month of moderate and strenuous activity\n\nAdjustments were also made for age at cancer diagnosis or interview, province of residence, use of proxy respondents; BMI categories (\\<18.5 (underweight), 18.5 to \\<25.0 (normal), 25.0 to \\<30.0 (overweight), and ≥30 (obese)); percent (%) change from maximum lifetime BMI; cigarette pack-years (number of years smoking on average 20 cigarettes per day); consumption of processed meat; and physical activity. ", "In order to comprehensively adjust for different types of physical activity, a composite index was created, which included hours per month of moderate and strenuous activity \\[[@CR30], [@CR31]\\]. ", "Results for minimally adjusted models with age, province of residence, and use of proxy respondents as the only covariates are provided as Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S1, Additional file[2](#MOESM2){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S2, Additional file[3](#MOESM3){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S3, Additional file[4](#MOESM4){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S4.", "\n\nAll analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4 (Cary, N.C.).", "\n\nThe participating cancer registries obtained approval of the NECSS study protocol from their respective ethics review boards. ", "The study was also approved by Research Ethics Boards at Health Canada and the University of Toronto.", "\n\nResults {#Sec7}\n=======\n\nA summary of socio-demographic and occupational characteristics is presented in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Compared to controls, CRC cases were older and more likely to require the use of proxy respondents. ", "A statistically significant association emerged between increasing BMI and CRC risk. ", "Consistent with previous studies, increased consumption of processed meat was positively associated with CRC (*p* \\< 0.05). ", "However, there was no association with consumption of fruits and vegetables, or physical activity. ", "Among the additional occupational agents that were evaluated, ever exposure to aromatic amines (OR = 1.73, 95 % CI = 0.84--3.45), asbestos (OR = 1.43, 95 % CI = 1.15--1.78), and crystalline silica (OR = 1.09, 95 % CI = 0.93--1.28) were associated with increased risk of CRC.", "\n\nA total of 638 (36.0) CRC cases and 491 (36.1 %) controls were exposed to diesel emissions at some point during their occupational history (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Exposure to gasoline emissions was more prevalent than diesel emissions, with 814 (46.0) cases and 577 (57.6 %) controls exposed (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Ever exposure to either diesel (OR = 0.88, 95 % CI = 0.74--1.06) or gasoline (OR = 1.10, 95 % CI = 0.93--1.31) was not associated with statistically significant increases in the odds of CRC. ", "Similar results were observed when colon and rectal cancers were considered separately (Tables [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"} and [5](#Tab5){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 2Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for colorectal cancer in relation to occupational exposure to diesel emissionsExposure Metric^a^Cases (%)Controls (%)OR^b^ (95 % CI)Ever exposed No1133(64.0)869(63.9)1.00 Yes638(36.0)491(36.1)0.88(0.74,1.06)Highest attained exposure concentration Unexposed1133(64.0)869(63.9)1.00 Low450(25.4)377(27.7)0.79(0.65,0.96) Medium136(7.7)89(6.5)1.00(0.73,1.36) High52(2.9)25(1.8)1.65(0.98,2.80) p-trend0.78Duration of exposure (years) Unexposed1133(64.5)869(64.4)1.00  \\> 0 to \\<11208(11.9)157(11.6)0.90(0.70,1.16)  ≥ 11 to ≤31220(12.5)166(12.3)0.91(0.71,1.18)  \\> 31195(11.1)157(11.6)0.80(0.60,1.08) p-trend0.11Duration of exposure at high concentration (years) Unexposed1719(97.2)1335(98.2)1.00  \\> 0 to ≤1029(1.6)13(1.0)1.60(0.80,3.21)  \\> 1021(1.2)11(0.8)1.90(0.85,4.23) p-trend0.04Frequency of exposure Unexposed1191(68.8)910(71.1)1.00 Low: 5 %76(4.4)60(4.7)1.21(0.80,1.82) Medium: 6--30 %351(20.3)229(17.9)1.10(0.88,1.38) High: \\>30 %113(6.5)81(6.3)1.06(0.76,1.48) p-trend0.37Cumulative occupational exposure^c^ Unexposed1133(64.5)869(64.6)1.00 Lowest tertile174(9.9)139(10.3)0.86(0.65,1.14) Middle tertile246(14.0)183(13.6)0.85(0.66,1.09) Highest tertile158(11.6)158(11.7)0.89(0.69,1.15) p-trend0.24Total1771(100.0)1360(100.0)^a^Exposures were restricted to estimates with reliability \\> possible; estimates with low reliability were classified as unexposed^b^Adjusted for age, province of residence, use of proxy respondents, BMI categories, percent change in weight from maximum lifetime weight, cigarette pack years, combined physical activity index (hours/month), alcohol consumption (servings/week), consumption of processed meat (servings/week), occupational exposure to asbestos (yes/no), occupational exposure to aromatic amines (yes/no)^c^Cumulative metric of exposure to diesel emissions was derived from estimates of concentration of exposure, frequency of exposure and duration of employmentTable 3Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for colorectal cancer in relation to occupational exposure to gasoline emissionsExposure metric^a^Cases (%)Controls (%)OR^b^ (95 % CI)Ever exposed No957(54.0)783(42.4)1.00 Yes814(46.0)577(57.6)1.10(0.93,1.31)Highest attained exposure concentration Unexposed957(54.0)783(57.7)1.00 Low647(36.5)462(34.0)1.17(0.97,1.41) Medium109(6.2)71(5.2)1.04(0.73,1.49) High58(3.3)44(3.2)1.04(0.67,1.63) p-trend0.77Duration of exposure (years) Unexposed957(54.7)783(58.1)1.00  \\> 0 to \\<7245(14.0)179(13.3)1.07(0.84,1.36)  ≥ 7 to ≤26285(16.3)196(14.5)1.11(0.88,1.40)  \\> 26264(15.1)190(14.1)1.11(0.84,1.45) p-trend0.32Duration of exposure at high concentration (years) Unexposed1713(96.9)1316(97.1)1.00  \\> 0 to ≤530(1.7)21(1.6)0.95(0.51,1.75)  \\> 525(1.4)18(1.3)1.11(0.57,2.17) p-trend0.83Frequency of exposure Unexposed1110(64.1)852(66.6)1.00 Low: 5 %46(2.7)56(4.4)0.68(0.43,1.07) Medium: 6--30 %437(25.3)282(22.0)1.10(0.89,1.36) High: \\>30 %138(8.0)90(7.0)1.09(0.79,1.49) p-trend0.33Cumulative occupational exposure^c^ Unexposed957(54.6)783(58.0)1.00 Lowest tertile225(12.8)175(13.0)0.95(0.73,1.24) Middle tertile308(17.6)204(15.1)1.16(0.93,1.45) Highest tertile262(15.0)187(13.9)1.13(0.88,1.45) p-trend0.27Total1771(100.0)1360(100.0)^a^Exposures were restricted to estimates with reliability \\> possible; estimates with low reliability were classified as unexposed^b^Adjusted for age, province of residence, use of proxy respondents, BMI categories, percent change in weight from maximum lifetime weight, cigarette pack years, combined physical activity index (hours/month), alcohol consumption (servings/week), consumption of processed meat (servings/week), occupational exposure to asbestos (yes/no), occupational exposure to aromatic amines (yes/no)^c^Cumulative metric of exposure to diesel emissions was derived from estimates of concentration of exposure, frequency of exposure and duration of employmentTable 4Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for rectal cancer and colon cancer in relation to occupational exposure to diesel emissionsRectal cancer (*n* = 840)Colon cancer (*n* = 931)Exposure metric^a^Cases (%)Controls (%)OR^b^(95 % CI)Cases (%)Controls (%)OR^b^(95 % CI)Ever exposed No538(64.0)869(63.9)1.00595(63.9)869(63.9)1.00 Yes302(36.0)491(36.1)0.89(0.72,1.10)336(36.1)491(36.1)0.90(0.73,1.11)Highest attained exposure concentration Unexposed538(64.1)869(63.9)1.00595(63.9)869(63.9)1.00 Low212(25.2)377(27.7)0.78(0.61,0.99)238(25.6)377(27.7)0.81(0.64,1.03) Medium61(7.3)89(6.5)0.99(0.68,1.44)75(8.1)89(6.5)1.09(0.76,1.56) High29(3.5)25(1.8)1.98(1.09,3.60)23(2.5)25(1.8)1.35(0.72,2.54) p-trend0.56p-trend0.91Duration of exposure (years) Unexposed538(64.5)869(64.4)1.00595(64.5)869(64.4)1.00  \\> 0 to \\<1199(11.9)157(11.6)0.91(0.67,1.24)109(11.8)157(11.6)0.91(0.68,1.24)  ≥ 11 to ≤31112(13.4)166(12.3)0.99(0.73,1.35)108(11.7)166(12.3)0.87(0.64,1.18)  \\> 3185(10.2)157(11.6)0.76(0.52,1.10)110(11.9)157(11.6)0.86(0.60,1.21) p-trend0.16p-trend0.31Duration of exposure at high concentration (years) Unexposed811(96.7)1335(98.2)1.00908(97.6)1335(98.2)1.00  \\> 0 to ≤1016(1.9)13(1.0)1.84(0.84,4.05)13(1.4)13(1.0)1.37(0.60,3.14)  \\> 1012(1.4)11(0.8)2.33(0.94,5.78)9(1.0)11(0.8)1.34(0.51,3.55) p-trend0.02p-trend0.39Frequency of exposure Unexposed558(68.2)910(71.1)1.00633(69.3)910(71.1)1.00 Low: 5 %33(4.0)60(4.7)1.27(0.76,2.12)43(4.7)60(4.7)1.21(0.75,1.94) Medium: 6--30 %171(20.9)229(17.9)1.15(0.87,1.51)180(19.7)229(17.9)1.10(0.84,1.44) High: \\>30 %56(6.9)81(6.3)1.20(0.80,1.79)57(6.2)81(6.3)0.95(0.64,1.41) p-trend0.16p-trend0.70Cumulative occupational exposure^c^ Unexposed538(64.5)869(64.4)1.00595(64.5)869(64.4)1.00 Lowest tertile87(10.4)139(10.3)0.87(0.63,1.20)87(9.4)139(10.3)0.85(0.61,1.18) Middle tertile116(13.9)183(13.6)0.88(0.65,1.18)130(14.1)183(13.6)0.83(0.63,1.11) Highest tertile93(11.2)158(11.7)0.92(0.66,1.28)111(12.0)158(11.7)0.98(0.71,1.35) p-trend0.38p-trend0.42^a^Exposures were restricted to estimates with reliability \\> possible; estimates with low reliability were classified as unexposed^b^Adjusted for age, province of residence, use of proxy respondents, BMI categories, percent change in weight from maximum lifetime weight, cigarette pack years, combined physical activity index (hours/month), alcohol consumption (servings/week), consumption of processed meat (servings/week), occupational exposure to asbestos (yes/no), occupational exposure to aromatic amines (yes/no)^c^Cumulative metric of exposure to diesel emissions was derived from estimates of concentration of exposure, frequency of exposure and duration of employmentTable 5Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for rectal cancer and colon cancer in relation to occupational exposure to gasoline emissionsRectal cancer (*n* = 840)Colon cancer (*n* = 931)Exposure metric^a^Cases (%)Controls (%)OR^b^(95 % CI)Cases (%)Controls (%)OR^b^(95 % CI)Ever exposed No452(53.8)783(57.6)1.00505(54.2)783(57.6)1.00 Yes388(46.2)577(42.4)1.12(0.91,1.38)426(45.8)577(42.4)1.04(0.85,1.27)Highest attained exposure concentration Unexposed452(53.8)783(57.6)1.00505(54.2)783(57.6)1.00 Low305(36.3)462(34.0)1.20(0.96,1.50)342(36.7)462(34)1.10(0.88,1.37) Medium55(6.6)71(5.2)1.12(0.73,1.73)54(5.8)71(5.2)0.92(0.60,1.42) High28(3.3)44(3.2)1.04(0.60,1.79)30(3.2)44(3.2)1.04(0.61,1.76) p-trend0.74p-trend0.91Duration of exposure (years) Unexposed452(54.3)783(58.1)1.00505(55.0)783(58.1)1.00  \\> 0 to \\<7117(14.1)179(13.3)1.09(0.82,1.46)128(13.9)161(11.9)1.00(0.76,1.34)  ≥ 7 to ≤26144(17.3)196(14.5)1.20(0.91,1.59)141(15.4)185(13.7)0.96(0.73,1.27)  \\> 26120(14.4)190(14.1)1.08(0.77,1.51)144(15.7)219(16.3)1.10(0.79,1.51) p-trend0.33p-trend0.77Duration of exposure at high concentration (years) Unexposed812(96.8)1316(97.1)1.00901(97.0)1316(97.1)1.00  \\> 0 to \\<515(1.8)21(1.6)1.02(0.48,2.16)15(1.6)21(1.6)0.94(0.46,1.94)  ≥ 512(1.4)18(1.3)1.08(0.48,2.39)13(1.4)18(1.3)1.13(0.51,2.52) p-trend0.84p-trend0.84Frequency of exposure Unexposed528(64.6)852(66.6)1.00582(63.8)852(66.6)1.00 Low: 5 %14(1.7)56(4.4)0.46(0.24,0.89)32(3.5)56(4.4)0.85(0.51,1.42) Medium: 6--30 %213(26.0)282(22.0)1.08(0.84,1.40)224(24.5)282(22.0)1.08(0.84,1.38) High: \\>30 %63(7.7)90(7.0)1.00(0.68,1.48)75(8.2)90(7.0)1.16(0.80,1.66) p-trend0.72p-trend0.30Cumulative occupational exposure^c^ Unexposed452(54.3)783(58.0)1.00505(55.0)783(58.0)1.00 Lowest tertile117(14.1)175(13.0)1.13(0.84,1.51)108(11.8)144(10.7)0.85(0.63,1.15) Middle tertile140(16.8)204(15.1)1.14(0.86,1.51)168(18.3)217(16.1)1.13(0.87,1.48) Highest tertile124(14.9)187(13.9)1.11(0.81,1.51)138(15.0)205(15.2)1.06(0.78,1.43) p-trend0.38p-trend0.55^a^Exposures were restricted to estimates with reliability \\> possible; estimates with low reliability were classified as unexposed^b^Adjusted for age, province of residence, use of proxy respondents, BMI categories, percent change in weight from maximum lifetime weight, cigarette pack years, combined physical activity index (hours/month), alcohol consumption (servings/week), consumption of processed meat (servings/week), occupational exposure to asbestos (yes/no), occupational exposure to aromatic amines (yes/no)^c^Cumulative metric of exposure to diesel emissions was derived from estimates of concentration of exposure, frequency of exposure and duration of employment\n\nA positive association with CRC was observed for individuals who had been exposed to diesel emissions at high levels of concentration compared to unexposed individuals (OR = 1.65, 95 % CI = 0.98--2.80; p-trend = 0.78). ", "Examining colon and rectal cancer separately (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}) revealed that the highest attained concentration of diesel emissions was more strongly associated with rectal (OR = 1.98, 95 % CI = 1.09--3.60; p-trend = 0.56) than colon cancer (OR = 1.35, 95 % CI = 0.72--2.54; p-trend = 0.91). ", "The tests for trend did not reach statistical significance, which suggests that the increase in rectal cancer risk is not linear, and appears to sharply rise only for exposure to high concentrations of diesel emissions.", "\n\nDuration of exposure to diesel emissions did not appear to be statistically significantly associated with any cancer. ", "However, statistically significant positive trends in cancer risk where revealed when analyses were restricted duration of exposure at high concentrations only. ", "Compared to the unexposed, men with \\>10 years of diesel exposure at high concentrations had an elevated risk of colorectal (OR = 1.90, 95 % CI = 0.85--4.23; p-trend = 0.02) and rectal cancer (OR = 2.33, 95 % CI = 0.94--5.78; p-trend = 0.02) compared to the unexposed.", "\n\nExposure to gasoline emissions was not associated with a marked increase in the risk of CRC, colon or rectal cancers for any of the metrics tested. ", "Notably, cumulative exposure to either diesel or gasoline emissions was not associated with an appreciable increase in the odds of CRC, colon, or rectal cancer.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec8}\n==========\n\nExposure to diesel and gasoline emissions is widespread, and accurately assessing its impact on multiple health outcomes continues to be a public health priority. ", "In this study, our aim was to conduct a comprehensive investigation of occupational exposure to diesel and gasoline emissions on colon and rectal cancer risk, using data from a large population-based case--control study. ", "Despite the robust associations previously observed for lung cancer in these data \\[[@CR22]\\] and other studies, the increases in colon and rectal cancer risk appeared to be attenuated. ", "Statistically significant excesses in rectal cancer risk were observed for exposure to diesel emissions at high levels of concentration, as well as for long durations of exposure at high levels of concentration. ", "Exposure to gasoline emissions was not associated with elevated cancer risks in our data.", "\n\nAn important finding of this analysis was the 2-fold increase in the odds of rectal cancer with exposure to diesel exhaust. ", "However, the association observed for the highest attained concentration of diesel exposure and duration of exposure at high concentration should be viewed in the context of weak and null associations observed for other exposure metrics. ", "The lack of monotonically increasing trends in risk for frequency and duration of exposure, suggests that diesel emissions may be associated with rectal cancer risk only in specific occupational sub-groups with prolonged (\\>10 years) exposure at very high concentrations, such as underground miners, which represent the benchmark for high concentration of diesel exposure in the NECSS. ", "Our results point to concentration as a key dimension of exposure influencing the association with cancer risk. ", "However, given the inconsistent overall pattern of results and the modest prior evidence for a causal relationship, the observed increases in rectal cancer risk should be viewed with caution, and it is possible that some of these associations may be due to chance.", "\n\nThe hypothesis linking diesel emissions to increased risk of colon and rectal cancer postulates that clearance of inhaled the gases and particulate matter by mucocilliary transport and diffusion into the pulmonary capillaries is likely the pathway by which these particles translocate to other organs \\[[@CR32]\\]. ", "Although the carcinogenic mechanism of PAHs has been attributed to genotoxic effects, such as the formation of bulky DNA adducts \\[[@CR33]--[@CR35]\\], the underlying process is less clear for other constituents of motor vehicle exhaust, such as elemental carbon \\[[@CR35], [@CR36]\\]. ", "Toxicology data suggest that generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting mutations represent another potential carcinogenic mechanism. ", "Dietary exposure to diesel exhaust particles has been linked with ROS-mediated protein oxidation, DNA breaks, and increased formation of DNA-adducts in colon mucosa cells \\[[@CR35]\\]. ", "Studies in experimental models also indicate that a large single dose of exposure to diesel exhaust leads to more pronounced DNA damage, compared to the effects of the same total dose administered in smaller increments over time \\[[@CR37]\\]. ", "These observations suggest that an exposure threshold may exist for the genotoxic effects of diesel exhaust particles, and this is consistent with the results of our analysis, where concentration of exposure, but not duration alone, was associated with cancer risk.", "\n\nPrevious epidemiological studies of diesel and gasoline emissions and CRC risk have reported a somewhat different pattern of results to the one we observed in our data. ", "In a large Canadian population-based case--control study in the 1980's, exposure to diesel engine exhaust was linked to increased risks of colon cancer (OR = 1.7 for long-term, high-level exposure) \\[[@CR12]\\]. ", "Contrary to our findings, gasoline engine exhaust was associated with elevated risks of rectal cancer (OR = 1.6 for long-term, high-level exposure) \\[[@CR12]\\]. ", "However, this analysis was based on small case series (364 colon and 190 rectal cancers), and lacked information on BMI, diet and physical activity. ", "In another analysis of the same dataset, Goldberg et al. ", "\\[[@CR13]\\] assessed the association of colon cancer with diesel engine emissions in 497 male cases compared with 1514 other cancer patients (excluding cancers of the lung, peritoneum, esophagus, stomach and rectum) and 533 population controls. ", "When the pooled control group was used, the resulting OR for colon cancer was 1.6, whereas the risk increased to 2.1 when only the population-based controls were used \\[[@CR13]\\]. ", "It is plausible that the levels of exposure experienced by population-based controls in our study were higher, which would attenuate the observed associations.", "\n\nIn interpreting the results of our study, it is important to consider that the workplace exposure of NECSS subjects may have been lower than what may be required to produce a detectable increase in cancer risk. ", "The effects of exposure could also be modified by individual differences in ability to metabolize and clear PAHs, and repair DNA damage resulting from oxidative stress generated by other constituents of motor vehicle exhaust \\[[@CR38]\\]. ", "An additional challenge in estimating the effects of diesel and gasoline emissions lies in disentangling the effects of one of these exposures from the other, while also controlling for their mutual confounding. ", "It should also be noted that even if a causal relationship with exposure to diesel emissions exists, it's contribution to overall CRC risk may be overshadowed by other lifestyle and genetic risk factors. ", "One of the key strengths of our study was the availability of extensive information on anthropometric measures, diet, and physical activity, which allowed us to adjust for these important determinants of CRC risk in a more comprehensive way, compared to previous studies.", "\n\nAnother key advantage of our study is our rigorous and extensive exposure assessment. ", "Compared to studies of job title or industry alone, the expert review enhances our ability to take into consideration idiosyncrasies within each job that can influence exposure dimensions. ", "Experts could take into consideration the time-varying nature of motor vehicle exhaust emissions, resulting from changes in engine technology, use of protective equipment, and policy regulations \\[[@CR39]\\]. ", "The resulting semi-quantitative indices have been shown to be a credible way of assessing exposure, and given the blinded nature of our assessment, this also serves to mitigate the potential for recall bias that is often introduced in self-reported case--control data \\[[@CR40]\\]. ", "Furthermore, our exposure assessment provided information on other occupational agents, such as aromatic amines, asbestos and crystalline silica, which have been taken into account in this analysis.", "\n\nDespite its many advantages, our exposure assessment also has some limitations. ", "The response rates were modest for cases and controls in our study. ", "Although selection bias resulting from the lower response rate in controls may be a concern, we do not believe that the magnitude of this bias would be large enough to lead to seriously distort the odds ratios for diesel exposure that have been reported. ", "Firstly, it is unlikely that differences in study participation were directly related to diesel and gasoline exposure, since this was not explicitly identified as a study hypothesis during participant recruitment. ", "The potential for selection bias is further reduced since only 1.2 % (*n* = 199) of eligible jobs were excluded from the exposure assessment due to insufficient information.", "\n\nThe impact of non-participation bias is also likely to be minimal because adjustment for socioeconomic factors that are expected to be related to participation, such as education, do not have an appreciable effect on the observed associations with diesel and gasoline exposure. ", "For instance, after adjusting for total years of schooling, the rectal cancer association with exposure to the highest concentration level of diesel emissions remained statistically significant and comparable in magnitude (OR = 1.90 vs. OR = 1.98). ", "A similar pattern was observed for duration of exposure at high concentrations, and other metrics of diesel and gasoline exposure.", "\n\nLastly, the associations observed for known colon and rectal cancer risk factors in earlier NECSS publications \\[[@CR41], [@CR42]\\] and in our data, including BMI and dietary factors (i.e.: red and processed meat consumption), also exhibited dose--response patterns that were comparable in magnitude and direction to those that have been previously reported in the literature \\[[@CR7], [@CR9], [@CR43]\\].", "\n\nThe reliance on self-reported job histories makes our data vulnerable to measurement error resulting from inaccuracies in recall, which can decrease statistical power and attenuate the observed associations. ", "Misclassification of exposure likely occurred, although this would have been non-differential, thereby attenuating the observed associations. ", "Moreover, in the absence of direct measurements of exposure, our semi-quantitative indices cannot be used for quantitative risk assessment.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec9}\n===========\n\nOur findings are suggestive of a modest association between occupational exposure to high concentrations of diesel emissions and risk of rectal cancer.", "\n\nAdditional files {#Sec10}\n================\n\nAdditional file 1: Table S1.Minimally adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for colorectal cancer in relation to occupational exposure to diesel emissions. (", "DOCX 24 kb)Additional file 2: Table S2.Minimally adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for colorectal cancer in relation to occupational exposure to gasoline emissions. (", "DOCX 24 kb)Additional file 3: Table S3.Minimally adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for rectal cancer and colon cancer in relation to occupational exposure to diesel emissions. (", "DOCX 30 kb)Additional file 4: Table S4.Minimally adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for rectal cancer and colon cancer in relation to occupational exposure to gasoline emissions. (", "DOCX 29 kb)\n\nCRC\n\n: colorectal cancer\n\nOR\n\n: odds ratio\n\nCI\n\n: confidence intervals\n\nIARC\n\n: International Agency for Research on Cancer\n\nNECSS\n\n: National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System\n\n**Competing interests**\n\nThe authors declare no conflicts of interest. ", "No payment or services received from a third party. ", "No relevant financial activities outside the submitted work. ", "No patents (planned, pending, or issued) broadly relevant to this work. ", "No other relationships or conditions or circumstances that present a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\n**Authors' contribution**\n\nConception and design of the NECSS study and data collection were carried out by KCJ and members of the Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group. ", "Conception and design of the secondary analysis of NECSS data, along with data acquisition, were conducted by PJV, MEP, SAH and KCJ. ", "Exposure assessment was lead by MEP. ", "Data analysis and drafting of manuscript was carried out by LK. ", "Data interpretation was lead by LK. ", "All authors participated in revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript\n\nThe Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group comprised a principal investigator from some of the provincial cancer registries involved in the National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System: Farah McCrate, Eastern Health, Newfoundland; Ron Dewar, Nova Scotia Cancer Registry; Nancy Kreiger, Cancer Care Ontario; Donna Turner, Cancer Care Manitoba.", "\n\nThis project was funded by a research grant provided by the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (Ontario) - WSIB\\# 10011. ", "We thank the chemists/industrial hygienists at INRS Institute Armand- Frappier, Louise Nadon, Benoit Latreille, Ramzan Lakhani, and Mounia Rhazi for their contribution to this work. ", "We also acknowledge the support of the Ontario Occupational Cancer Research Center (OCRC) and Health Canada. ", "Marie- Élise Parent is the recipient of career awards from Fonds de recherche du Québec- Santé (FRQS).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Hey !", "\n\n\n\n\n\nIt’s that wonderful time of month again when the postman comes bearing a beautiful owlcrate box. ", "This month's theme is Fast Times at YA High. ", "So basically it held items from YA books that occurred in High School. ", "I had to get this box ever since I found out that it will have an Eleanor and Park inspired piece of jewelry, and as you all should know by now.. I LOVE ELEANOR AND PARK.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSo I am going to ignore the order on the Spoiler Card and start with the necklace inspired by Eleanor and Park SINCE IT IS THE SOLE REASON THAT I GOT THIS BOX. ", "The necklace was created by OwlCrate and comes in the cutest blue bag. ", "It is basically a small circular pendant with the photo from the book cover in a glass dome, and it also has a small metallic cassette tape. ", "What I love about this necklace is that it has got a long chain.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNow that that is out the way I shall now resume with the order on the Spoiler Card or I'll get overwhelmed by all the goodies !", "\n\n\n\n\n\nOwlCrate has put in an extremely cute ,pocket sized decomposition book, which is created from recycled pages ! ", "The bicycle pattern it has along with the yellow colour, makes it look vintage. ", "On the inside covers, there are little drawings that are simply exquisite, if you ask me. ", "Small random drawings that make the page look wonderful.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNext up we have a cute little button (or badge) from Taryn Draws, which says Hogwarts is my Home. ", "It is perfect for all the PotterHeads out there. ", "Another perfect thing for PotterHeads is the beautiful drawing of the Trio by Suzanne Draws. ", "I love that it is a portrait of them based off the books and not off the films.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis next thing that is in the box made me squeal because I have been meaning to get one : An Adult Coloring Book. ", "This one is by Blue Star and it has 48 pages of magnificent patterns ! ", "You can remove the pages after you finish them as they are perforated.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nLast thing on the Spoiler Card is the Book. ", "This month's book is P.S I like you by Kasie West. ", "I am excited to read this book because I have read The Distance Between us by Kasie and I loved it ! ", ".This book came with a letter and a bookplate, along with a small box of colouring pencils.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlong with all these beautiful objects, we find a small badge with the words Chapter Raptor on it and a lizard reading, and a small card for all the Rainbow Rowell lovers out there.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNext month's theme will be Darkness !", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHave any of you gotten this month's beautiful Owl Crate? ", "It is definitely been my favourite out of the boxes that I have gotten, and I want to know what you thought about all the wonderful things in this box.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUntil next time, lovelies.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n~Aby\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Mr. Pruitt also requested that the agency order other items — including leather-bound notebooks, fountain pens and stationery — from which he wanted to omit the E.P.A. seal and upon which he wanted to feature his name prominently, according to Mr. Slotkin and the person who participated in the discussions about the seal . ", "Ultimately, the items retained a small version of the seal, according to several people familiar with the orders.", "\n\nThe debate over souvenirs came as Mr. Pruitt was engaged in personal and public spending that has since become the subject of scrutiny, threatening his tenure at the E.P.A.\n\nMr. Pruitt has been under fire for renting a condominium for $50 a night from the wife of a lobbyist with business before his agency, as well as for his spending of taxpayer dollars on first-class travel, which he has asserted was necessary for security reasons.", "\n\nIn an interview with The Washington Examiner this month, Mr. Pruitt said he was under attack because he has been effective in enacting President Trump’s regulatory overhaul agenda and opponents would like to stop him. “", "And do I think that they will resort to anything to achieve that?” ", "he said. “", "Yes.”", "\n\nMr. Trump defended Mr. Pruitt in a weekend Twitter message: “While Security spending was somewhat more than his predecessor, Scott Pruitt has received death threats because of his bold actions at E.P.A. Record clean Air & Water while saving U.S.A. Billions of Dollars. ", "Rent was about market rate, travel expenses O.K. Scott is doing a great job!”", "\n\nSome critics of Mr. Pruitt’s coin proposal said it missed the point of the gift item. ", "Scott H. Amey, general counsel of the Project on Government Oversight, a watchdog group, said that the coins were intended to honor jobs well done and lift morale. “", "The coin should reference the E.P.A., and not become tribute to Pruitt or Oklahoma,” he said." ]

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[ "INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}\n============\n\nOcular trauma is an important cause of blindness in children and the middle-aged. ", "Ocular trauma is responsible for 7--45% of noncongenital monocular blindness in adults, especially in developing countries.[@ref1][@ref2] Previous reports indicate that 90% of cases are preventable using simple measures. ", "Cases of ocular trauma lead to permanent damage that can impact occupation and quality of life, cause psychological disorders, and increase the burden of disease. ", "In America, the annual treatment cost for different types of ocular trauma is approximately 934 million dollars.[@ref3][@ref4][@ref5][@ref6] Various studies have examined the rate of traumatic ocular damage in developed and developing countries.[@ref7][@ref8] All these studies indicate a high-risk of trauma among children and adolescents (under 30 years of age), stating that 12--38% of children reported a history of ocular trauma.[@ref7][@ref8] The annual rate of blindness due to ocular trauma is 1.6 million, 2.3 million cases cause bilateral disability, and 19 million cause unilateral visual impairment.[@ref4] In America, 2 million cases of ocular trauma are registered annually; of these, 40,000 lead to permanent blindness and 30% of the case occur in children under 17 years of age.[@ref9][@ref10] The majority of trauma-related injuries require emergency surgery and potentially, hospitalization with 4.9--89/100,000 hospitalizations due to ocular trauma.", "\n\nSeveral epidemiologic studies have reported the prevalence of a history of trauma. ", "Due to the potential for visual morbidity and public health burden of ocular trauma, knowledge of the prevalence of ocular trauma in different populations is required. ", "It is also necessary to identify the common types and patterns of ocular trauma as they may vary from region to region. ", "Different types of ocular trauma may cause a different kind of injury to the eyes. ", "Common ocular complications include traumatic cataract, changes in refraction following sharp trauma to the corneal surface, and even more serious retinal problems following severe trauma. ", "Data on the distribution and patterns of ocular trauma can help health care experts set appropriate priorities for ocular trauma within the public health sector. ", "The information can also be used to develop protocols to prevent ocular trauma, especially in children. ", "To the best of our knowledge, the only population-based epidemiologic data on ocular trauma in Iran comes from the Tehran Eye Study. ", "Ocular trauma results in detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of society, and a significant financial burden on the health system. ", "Hence, data on the prevalence and patterns of ocular trauma in other Iranian populations is required. ", "The present report evaluates the prevalence of ocular trauma, the risk factors, and their association to blindness.", "\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS {#sec1-2}\n=====================\n\nThis report is part of the Shahroud Eye Cohort Study; the first cross-sectional phase was conduction in 2009. ", "The detailed methodology of the study had been published elsewhere.[@ref11] To summarize briefly; the target population of the study was 40--64-year-old residents of Shahroud, a City in Northern Iran. ", "Potential participants were selected through multistage cluster sampling from 9 Health Care Centers in Shahroud. ", "Three hundred clusters were randomly selected, and from each cluster, 20 individuals were systematically selected. ", "To enroll these participants, we first started with the head household that was chosen at random and then proceeded in a clockwise direction with adjacent households using a systematic approach. ", "If there was no response on the first contact, the household was approached again in the evening or another day so that they could be invited to participate in the study. ", "All potential subjects were invited to the study site which was equipped with ophthalmic, optometric, and imaging facilities. ", "After obtaining consents, the subjects underwent an interview to gather demographic information such as age, gender, and education and they were asked about their history of smoking and certain eye conditions. ", "To collect detailed information about a history of ocular trauma, we recorded the type of trauma (blunt, sharp, chemical burn), and any history of hospitalization, surgery or medical visits due to the trauma.", "\n\nExaminations {#sec2-1}\n------------\n\nAll participants underwent measurement of uncorrected near and distance visual acuity using the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution chart. ", "Each eye underwent an autorefraction (AR 8800 Autorefractometer; Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan), and results were used for objective refraction (Heine retinoscope; Heine Optotechnik, Herrsching, Germany) and subjective refraction. ", "For ophthalmic exams, participants underwent slit lamp biomicroscopy. ", "Cataract and lens opacities were determined based on the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III). ", "Similar to other studies, nuclear cataract was defined as nuclear color or nuclear opacity grade 4 or worse. ", "In cases of cortical and posterior sub capsular opacities, an LOCS III grade 2 or worse was defined as cataract.", "\n\nBiometric tests {#sec2-2}\n---------------\n\nBiometric tests were done after measuring the visual acuity and before cycloplegic refraction or ophthalmic exams. ", "All participants were tested using the Allegro Biograph (WaveLight AG, Erlangen, Germany).", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#sec2-3}\n--------------------\n\nIn this study, we describe the prevalence of a history of different types of trauma and the 95% confidence intervals (CI). ", "To explore associations of the history with other variables, we used simple and multiple logistic regression models and calculated the odds ratio (OR). ", "Comparison of mean ocular biometric components in people with and without a history of ocular trauma was performed with linear regression tests. ", "The effect of cluster sampling was accounted for in calculating the standard error and CI. ", "A *P* \\< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.", "\n\nRESULTS {#sec1-3}\n=======\n\nOf the 6311 invitees, 5190 (82.2%) participated in the study. ", "The mean age of the respondents was 50.9 ± 6.25 years (range, 40--64 years), and 58.6% were female. ", "The overall prevalence of a history of trauma was 8.57% (95% CI: 7.72--9.43). ", "The prevalence of a history of a blunt trauma, sharp trauma, and chemical burn was 3.91% (95% CI: 3.3--4.52), 3.82% (95% CI: 3.2--4.43), and 1.93% (95% CI: 1.51--2.34), respectively.", "\n\n[Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} summarizes the prevalence of the different types of trauma based on age and patient demographics. [", "Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"} presents the association of type of trauma with age and gender, according to multiple logistic regression. ", "After adjusting for age, the prevalence rates of the different types of trauma were significantly higher among males. ", "Only chemical burns significantly correlated to age, with prevalence significantly decreasing with age.", "\n\n###### \n\nPrevalence of history of ocular trauma, by type, gender, and age in Shahroud, Iran\n\n![](", "MEAJO-22-377-g001)\n\n###### \n\nThe association of type of ocular trauma with age and gender in Shahroud, Iran\n\n![](", "MEAJO-22-377-g002)\n\nThe rates medical of visits due to trauma was 5.43% (95% CI: 4.47--6.12). ", "The rates of hospitalization and surgery due to ocular trauma were 1.64% (95% CI: 1.24--2.03) and 0.67% (95% CI: 0.37--0.97), respectively. ", "Of those with a history of blunt trauma, 46.3% stated they saw a physician; for those with sharp trauma and chemical burns, 79.4% and 70.5%, respectively presented to a physician. ", "The highest hospitalization rate was seen among cases with a history of chemical burns (30.7%), and 11.4% and 18.9% of those with blunt trauma and sharp trauma, respectively, required hospitalization.", "\n\n[Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"} describes the biometric components in cases with and without a history of ocular trauma. ", "In cases with a history of trauma, axial length was significantly higher. ", "Furthermore, the corneal radius of curvature was significantly larger in those with a history of sharp trauma and chemical burns.", "\n\n###### \n\nMean and 95% CI of ocular biometric components in participants with and without a history of ocular trauma\n\n![](", "MEAJO-22-377-g003)\n\nThe prevalence of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) was significantly higher in those with a history of blunt trauma (*P* = 0.011). ", "The prevalence of PSC was 3.5% for cases with a history of trauma and 1.6% in those without a history of trauma. ", "There was no significant difference nuclear cataract, cortical cataract, and other types of trauma (*P* \\> 0.05, call cases). ", "The prevalence of corneal opacity was significantly higher in participants with a history of blunt trauma (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.61--3.37). ", "The prevalence of corneal opacity was significantly higher in those with a history of sharp trauma (OR = 4.46; 95% CI: 2.99--6.64). ", "However, there was no significant association between corneal opacity and chemical burns (*P* = 0.218). ", "Furthermore, both corrected and uncorrected visual acuity were significantly worse in participants with a history of blunt or sharp trauma to the eye (*P* \\< 0.001).", "\n\nBased on uncorrected and corrected visual acuity worse than 20/400, the prevalence of blindness in at least one eye in cases with a history of ocular trauma was 11.62 (95% CI: 8.6--14.6) and 7.3% (95% CI: 4.8--9.8), respectively. ", "For those without a history of ocular trauma, these rates were 3.3% (95% CI: 2.8--3.8) and 1.4% (95% CI: 1.1--1.8), respectively. ", "After adjusting for age and gender, the odds of blindness were significantly higher for those with a history of ocular trauma based on uncorrected vision (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 2.06--4.41) and corrected vision (OR: 3.33; 95% CI: 2.00--5.52) (*P* \\< 0.001).", "\n\nDISCUSSION {#sec1-4}\n==========\n\nIn this report, we described the history of ocular trauma in a 40--64-year-old population of Shahroud City. ", "This is the second population-based study evaluating the history of trauma in an Iranian population. ", "In addition, to describing the prevalence of a history of trauma by type of trauma, we examined the biometric components in individuals with a history of trauma to provide new information.", "\n\nOverall, 8.57% of the study participants stated a history of ocular trauma. ", "A review of the relevant literature shows that rates vary widely and can be between 1.7% and 21.1%. ", "The prevalence rates of ocular trauma worldwide vary considerably. ", "For example, the prevalence is 1.7% in Beijing,[@ref12]3.97% in Southern India,[@ref13]4.5% in the rural population of Southern India,[@ref14]5% in the Singapore Malay,[@ref15]6.98% in the US,[@ref10]19.8% in the Beaver Dam Study,[@ref16] and 21.1% in Australia.[@ref17] Notably, the prevalence of ocular trauma appears to be higher in industrialized countries such as the US and Australia. ", "This could be interpreted as a higher exposure to dangerous factors or it could be due to the better registration of incidents and trauma in these countries. ", "The prevalence of a history of ocular trauma is relatively high. ", "Since trauma is the most important cause of monocular blindness, they deserve better attention so that they can be prevented through interventional and educational programs in the health system, especially for elderly and the visually impaired.", "\n\nAs demonstrated, the prevalence of a history of ocular trauma decreased with age. ", "Studies of ocular trauma an age have been inconclusive. ", "Some studies report increased ocular trauma with age,[@ref13] while others report the opposite.[@ref12][@ref15] Most studies on younger populations[@ref18][@ref19] report that ocular trauma increases with age. ", "A variety of explanations has been presented to justify correlations between a history of ocular trauma and age. ", "We cannot explain how age might function as a risk factor for ocular trauma.", "\n\nThe age-related increase in the prevalence of a history of ocular trauma seen in some studies can be attributed to the cumulative effect seen at an older age. ", "Or it could be that a higher rate of visual impairment at older age increases the chance of incidents and trauma to be reported. ", "However, in agreement with our results, there are studies that have observed a decreased prevalence of a history of ocular trauma with aging. ", "Two factors may be contributing to this effect. ", "First, aging is associated with a higher rate of forgetfulness and mental disease which increases recall bias. ", "Second, it could be an age cohort effect; they might have been exposed to fewer and lower environmental and occupational risk factors when they were younger and working, and the lower prevalence is, in fact, work-related. ", "In agreement with previous studies, the prevalence of ocular trauma was higher in males; this is quite expected because of the occupational conditions for males and their exposure to risk factors outside the home environment.", "\n\nAccording to our findings, 5.43% of the study participants sought medical treatment and 1.64% stated a history of hospitalization as a result of their ocular trauma. ", "In addition, 0.67% of the participants required surgery. ", "This points to the significance of the burden of ocular trauma on the health system and is stated in other reports from India, America, and Australia.[@ref5][@ref10][@ref13][@ref17][@ref20] As an ophthalmic emergency, ocular trauma tends to require hospitalization and urgent care. ", "The incidence of hospitalization as a result of ocular trauma is 8/100,000 population in Scotland, 12.6 in Singapore, and 13.2/100,000 in America.[@ref2][@ref7][@ref21][@ref22][@ref23] Rates from developing countries are much higher due to limited resources for prevention. ", "For example, 33/100,000 people are hospitalized in Guinea-Bissau.[@ref24] Of note, not only does ocular trauma cause complications and consequences for individuals, it is responsible for great treatment expenses that are imposed on the health system.", "\n\nOur study is one of the few that concerns not only visual acuity and some ocular disorders in cases with a history of ocular trauma, but also examines associations with ocular biometric components. ", "As demonstrated, mean axial length was significantly higher in the group with a history of ocular trauma. ", "This association is rarely mentioned previously; ocular trauma is unlikely to change the axial length, but since myopia is more common among people with longer axial length, the visual impairment associated with myopia, especially high myopia, may increase the chances of ocular trauma. ", "Though some studies have shown that ocular trauma can cause myopia by inducing changes to the anterior chamber and the location and thickness of the lens.[@ref25] In our study, the corneal radius of curvature was higher in cases with a history of sharp trauma and chemical burns. ", "Corneal changes induced by corneal tear and necrosis after chemical burns flatten the cornea. ", "Thus, the cornea in such cases is not a virgin cornea and intraocular lens power calculations must address this issue.", "\n\nWe found a higher prevalence of PSC in cases with a history of ocular trauma, while other types of cataract showed no statistically significant association. ", "This association has been studied previously by several investigators. ", "In Australia, McCarty *et al*.[@ref26] reported no significant correlation between a history of trauma and any type of cataract. ", "However, an exclusive report on ocular trauma and different types of cataract by Wong *et al*.[@ref27] from the Beaver Dam Eye Study discussed an association similar to our findings; that is, they found that a history of trauma is associated with a higher rate of PSC and other types of cataract have no significant correlation after correcting for confounding factors. ", "Further, study of these associations is warranted to understand the biology. ", "We believe trauma-related changes in the vitreous may induce more oxidation, and spread of oxygen from the retina to the posterior lens can lead to PSC cataract. ", "Lens opacification as a result of oxidative changes and vitreous thinning has been discussed by Boscia *et al*.[@ref28]\n\nOur findings indicated an association between corneal opacity and blunt and sharp trauma. ", "This confirms the findings of Brian *et al*.[@ref20] and Liu *et al*.[@ref29] According to Chang *et al*.[@ref30] trauma is the leading cause of corneal opacities in children. ", "Currently, 50% of corneal opacities in children are due to trauma. ", "From a health perspective, these observations indicate the need to aware of corneal opacity as a complication of ocular trauma because many studies have shown that corneal opacities are among global causes of blindness and visual impairment. ", "Thus, practitioners must examine the eyes for possible corneal changes as a result of trauma, which may lead to blindness. ", "We have shown that these cases are 3.5 times more likely to be blind.", "\n\nThere are some advantages and some limitations to our study design. ", "An advantage is the large sample size selected from the general population, and evaluation of associations of a history of ocular trauma with biometric components, some ocular disorders, visual status, and the proportion of people requiring hospitalization due to ocular trauma. ", "However, the data were collected through interviews, and the exact date of trauma was not clear. ", "Hence, our results might underestimate the prevalence due to recall bias; therefore, our results should be interpreted with caution.", "\n\n**Financial support and sponsorship** Noor Ophthalmology Research Center and Shahroud University of Medical Sciences.", "\n\n**Conflicts of interest** There are no conflicts of interest.", "\n" ]

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[ "Research in the Cellular Neurology Unit focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including mitochondrial disorders, dystonia, and the hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs). ", "These disorders, which together afflict millions of Americans, worsen insidiously over a number of years, and treatment options are limited for many of them. ", "Our laboratory is investigating inherited forms of these disorders, using molecular and cell biology approaches to study how mutations in disease genes ultimately result in cellular dysfunction. ", "In this project, we are emphasizing investigations into the regulation of mitochondrial morphology within cells. ", "Indeed, fusion and fission events that regulate mitochondrial morphology are essential for proper mitochondrial function, and their regulation is increasingly recognized in diverse cellular functions. ", "Mitochondrial fission events in mammals are orchestrated by at least two proteins;the dynamin-related protein Drp1 and the integral membrane protein Fis1. ", "The reciprocal process of mitochondrial fusion also requires large GTPases of the dynamin superfamily: OPA1 and the mitofusins Mfn1 and Mfn2. ", "Since mutations in Drp1, Mfn2, and OPA1 have been identified in patients with inherited neurological disorders, and there is prominent fragmentation of mitochondria during programmed cell death, insights into the regulation of these processes is highly relevant clinically. ", "In 2007, we published a study demonstrating that cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation of the Drp1 protein modulates its GTPase activity as well as mitochondrial morphology. ", "We now have collaborative investigations underway focusing on the relevance of this modification in the regulation of a number of intracellular processes, including one study that was published in 2008. ", "In addition, we have identified the sites of sumoylation within the Drp1 protein and are currently using dominant-negative approaches to determine the functional role of sumoylation in Drp1 function. ", "We have recently completed a study of the Drp1 A395D mutation that caused a neonatally fatal mitochondrial disorder due to markedly diminished mitochondrial fission. ", "In this study, we were able to show that this mutation resulted in loss of higher-order multimeric interactions of the Drp1 protein. ", "Lastly, in ongoing studies we have identified a number of Drp1-interacting proteins that may be involved in the proper distribution of mitochondria within cells. ", "Together, these studies are continuing to provide critical insights into the regulation of mitochondrial morphology within a cell, an area of increasing clinical relevance and importance." ]

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[ "\n\nAsk HN: Web Framework for light and fast development - bischofs\n\nI need to build a customized work request system with many different interactions and views, but am shy about a heavy framework with too much of a learning curve. ", "Ive used rails and django in the past so I am starting with those two. ", "Looking for something with above average template system and code generation.", "\n======\nricherlariviere\nWhat about lumen ([http://lumen.laravel.com/](http://lumen.laravel.com/))? ", "It\nis a micro framework (inherited from Laravel). ", "If you need more features, you\ncan easily scale up your project to use Laravel because Lumen uses the same\nstructure.", "\n\n------\nmsukan\nI'd suggest Express ([http://expressjs.com/](http://expressjs.com/)). ", "It's\neasy to learn with a good feature set and still very minimalist.", "\n\n------\nramon\nI like to use Gulp with gulp-file-include, full static front-end optimized\nbuild process.", "\n\nI really like being able to always play with the build process to optimize the\nfront-end only, Gulp rules.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Nathan Geffen says Monessa Shapiro is guilty of highly selective citation\n\nMonessa Shapiro's selective citations and extraordinary justifications for racism\n\nThe argument in my article \"Why is Israel singled out?\" ", "is that Israel receives special treatment in the form of massive US aid and the propaganda efforts of well organised Zionist organisations.1\n\nIn contrast to many other gross human rights abusers, there are no US, EU or UN sanctions against Israel. ", "In her response, Monessa Shapiro did not address this. ", "She does say there are more UN resolutions against Israel than any other country, but while I agree that there are countries deserving of more, this factoid actually strengthens my argument, not hers. ", "Why are there no sanctions against a country in such blatant violation of international law?", "\n\nIn response to my comment that Israel is less democratic than Turkey and comparable to Morocco and Algeria, Shapiro cites Freedom House's indices of political and civil liberties.", "\n\nThe institution gives Israel a status of free, while Turkey and Morocco are partly free and Algeria is not free. ", "Putting aside concerns about the methodology of these kinds of indices 2 and about Freedom House itself 3, Shapiro should have looked up the rankings for the West Bank and Gaza. ", "The organisation ranks them not free, on a par with Algeria, lower than Morocco and considerably lower than Turkey. ", "4\n\nThis is partly due to the Palestinian Authority and Hamas, but it is Israel that must take primary responsibility because it controls the territories, especially the West Bank.", "\n\nThere are over 2 million Palestinians living under Israeli occupation in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. ", "They have no meaningful franchise --they cannot vote in Israeli elections for the government that actually rules their lives-- and their civil rights are, as Freedom House notes-- very restricted. ", "Yet, the several hundred thousand Israelis living there have the vote and full civil liberties.", "\n\nIsrael can't have it both ways. ", "If it wishes to be considered a full democracy then it must either give the Occupied Territories independence, or incorporate them into one political entity with Green-line Israel and give everyone the same rights.", "\n\nShapiro's defence of the Family Reunification Law is extraordinary. ", "Similar arguments were used to defend the pass laws. ", "In response to her:\n\nShe does not deal with the racist discrimination of the law. ", "It does not apply to Jews. ", "Shapiro's words only consider the rights of Jewish Israelis. ", "There is an implicit failure to recognise that Arabs living in Green-line Israel who are affected by the law have the same rights as Jews.", "\n\nUsing the statistics she cites, out of 140,000 Palestinians granted residency as a result of reunification, 54 were implicated in terrorism. ", "That's 0.04%. ", "Calling the Family Reunification Law a disproportionate response is an understatement. ", "A more likely reason for the law is that the Israeli government is trying to keep the long-term Jewish majority in Green-line Israel.", "\n\nAccording to statistics calculated using B'tselem data, 754 Israelis have been killed by Palestinians between 29 September 2000 and 31 December 2011, of which the vast majority were during the Intifada. ", "To have some perspective, more than double the number of people are murdered in Cape Town annually than all the Israelis murdered by Palestinians since 29 September 2000. ", "But the IDF killed 6,508 Palestinians. ", "Since after the attack on Gaza 20 Israelis have been killed as compared to 254 Palestinians. ", "This begs the question: where are the Knesset laws to protect Palestinians from the IDF?", "\n\nFootnotes:\n\n1. ", "I criticised the human rights records of over a dozen countries, so it is interesting that the vehement responses to my article have so far come from defenders of the policies of only one country: Israel. ", "That itself is evidence for my argument about the strength of the Zionist organisations. ", "↩\n\n2. ", "Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, which investigate human rights abuses much more comprehensively than Freedom House, do not rank countries or publish indices. ", "↩\n\n3. ", "See When Freedom Stumbles published in the Economist on 17 June 2008. ", "The fact that Freedom House considers the Occupied Palestinian Territories disputed and not occupied also betrays its bias. ", "So did its open support for the US war on Iraq. ", "↩\n\n4. ", "See Freedom House's Table of Disputed Territories. ", "↩\n\nClick here to sign up to receive our free daily headline email newsletter" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDraw Threejs TextGeometry along the path\n\nI have some model and want cover it with text.", "\nI've rendered and bended TextGeometry but it is difficult to combine these two meshes.", "\n(Аnd yes, I've tried the dynamic textures, this way prohibits the use of own fonts)\nscrinshot of existing model\nPerhaps there is another way to draw the text along the path?", "\n\nA:\n\nAs you want to cover it with text, why not to use textures.", "\nYou can set it from a picture with THREE.TextureLoader() or you can draw your own on a canvas and apply it to a texture with var texture = new THREE.Texture(canvas);\nFor exmaple:\nvar texture = new THREE.Texture(canvas);\ntexture.repeat.set(5, 1);\ntexture.needsUpdate = true;\n\nSee the jsfiddle example.", "\nThere you can uncomment those lines\n//texture.wrapS = THREE.RepeatWrapping;\n//texture.wrapT = THREE.RepeatWrapping;\n\nand see, how the result will change.", "\nUPD. ", "I've updated the fiddle. ", "Used the trick with WebFontLoader (from this SO)\nWebFontConfig = {\n google: {families: ['Monoton']},\n active: function() {\n init();\n animate();\n },\n};\n\n(function(){\n var wf = document.createElement(\"script\");\n wf.src = 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/webfont/1.6.26/webfontloader.js';\n wf.async = 'true';\n document.head.appendChild(wf);\n})();\n\n" ]

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[ "China on Thursday re-invoked the doctrine of Panchsheel — the five principle of peaceful co-existence — as the template for addressing India’s concerns over the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the China-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).", "\n\nIn response to a question, Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson Hua Chunying, citing remarks by President Xi Jinping at the recently concluded Belt and Road Forum (BRF), said that the five principles of peaceful cooperation along the Belt and Road should be the basis for addressing India’s concerns.", "\n\nIndia had decided to skip the BRF hosted by China on the grounds that CPEC — an economic corridor with Pakistan, infringed New Delhi’s sovereignty as it passed through Kashmir.", "\n\nMs. Hua stressed that “We would like to follow the five principles of coexistence in developing friendly relations with other countries, including our efforts in promoting regional connectivity.”", "\n\n“I am sure you would have noticed that during the Belt and Road Forum of International Cooperation, President Xi also said that we would follow the principle of peaceful coexistence to promote friendly cooperation along the Belt and Road. ", "So I think in this way the concerns from the Indian side must be addressed,” she added.", "\n\nIn his address on Sunday, Mr. Xi had said that five principles of peaceful coexistence — the brainchild of China, India and Myanmar in the 1950s — should be the mantra for advancing the Belt and Road Initiative and as a vehicle for achieving sustainable globalisation.", "\n\nIn his keynote address, President Xi highlighted that China “will enhance friendship and cooperation with all countries in the world on the Belt and Road Initiative on the basis of the five principles of peaceful coexistence.”", "\n\nMr. Xi had stressed that China had “no intention to interfere in other countries’ internal affairs, export our own social system or model of development, or impose our own will on others.”", "\n\nThe five principles cited by the Chinese President are: mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence.", "\n\nA note posted on the Chinese foreign ministry website says that in June 1954, Premier Zhou Enlai visited India and Burma, now Myanmar. “", "The joint Statement of the Prime Ministers of China and India issued on 28 June and the Joint Statement of the Prime Ministers of China and Burma issued on 29 June both affirmed that the Five Principles of Peaceful Existence as guiding principles in their bilateral relations and the Five Principles were formally proposed as the norms governing international relations.”", "\n\nSeparately, a speech by former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru during the Asian Prime Ministers Conference in Colombo had also cited Panchsheel as the touchstone of peaceful international relations.", "\n\nMs. Hua highlighted that the “CPEC is an important part of the Belt and Road (that) will bring benefits to regional connectivity and common development and prosperity.”", "\n\nRegarding the status of Kashmir, she reiterated “As we said before, it is an issue between India and Pakistan and the Belt and Road initiative will not change China’s position on the Kashmir issue.”", "\n\nOn Tuesday China had said that its “doors will always remain open” for India’s participation in the BRI, notwithstanding New Delhi’s decision not to participate in a two-day brainstorming forum that had concluded the previous day.", "\n\n“Doors will always remain open. ", "We will always welcome the participation from the Indian side,” Ms. Hua had observed." ]

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[ "Combination of EGFR-TKIs and chemotherapy in advanced EGFR mutated NSCLC: Review of the literature and future perspectives.", "\nEpidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) improved clinical outcome compared to chemotherapy in EGFR mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. ", "Nonetheless, acquired resistance develops within 10-14 months and 20-30% of EGFR-mutated patients do not respond to EGFR-TKI. ", "In order to delay or overcome acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs, combination therapies of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy has been investigated with conflicting results. ", "Early studies failed to show a survival benefit because of a lack of patient selection, but more recently clinical studies in EGFR mutated patients have shown promising results. ", "This review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies of combination of EGFR-TKIs, including the third-generation TKI osimertinib, with chemotherapy in first- and second-line settings, using concurrent or intercalated treatment strategies. ", "In the new era of third-generation EGFR-TKIs, new studies of this combination strategy are warranted." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nNSUserDefaults between app delegate and view controller\n\nif im using\nsettings = [NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults];\n\nin my view controller, will using \nsettings = [NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults];\n\nin my app delegate (2 different properties in 2 different files) have this\n[settings objectForKey:@\"location\"];\n\nreturn the same value? ", "Thanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nYES. ", "That is the purpose of standardUserDefaults.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "South Coast railway line, Queensland\n\nThe South Coast railway line was an Australian railway from Brisbane, the capital city of Queensland, to the Gold Coast. ", " It operated from 1889 to 1964. ", " The Gold Coast railway line re-opened in 1996 along a modified alignment in the north and a new route south.", "\n\nHistory\n\nThe Beenleigh railway line opened in 1885 before being extended to Southport in 1889. ", "The firm of J. W. Sutton and Company of Kangaroo Point in Brisbane provided materials and aided in bridge construction for the railway line.", "\nA branch line running from Southport Junction (later renamed Ernest Junction) to Tweed Heads opened on 10 August 1903.", "\n\nIt had been hoped that the New South Wales Government would extend its Casino to Murwillumbah line a further 30 kilometres from Murwillumbah to Tweed Heads, but this did not occur due to cost of resuming the land and the expenses associated with the tunnel and bridge that would be required.", "\n\nDue to the increasing popularity of the motor car, and political interests in road transport, the Tweed Heads branch closed on 1 July 1961, followed by the Beenleigh to Southport line on 30 June 1964.", "\n\nRoute\nThe initial South Coast line officially opened on 24 January 1889 and included stops at Yatala, Stapylton, Ormeau, Pimpama, Coomera, 39 Mile Platform (Oxenford), Helensvale, Coombabah, Ernest Junction and Southport. ", "It included a number of cuts, river crossings, long grades and a tunnel at, Ernest Junction, that remains in situ. ", "The second branch of the South Coast line, known as the Nerang-Tweed Heads extension, opened in 1903 and stretched from Ernest Junction to the Queensland-New South Wales border. ", "Stops included Benowa, Molendinar, Nerang, Worongary, Mudgeeraba, Reedy Creek, West Burleigh, Elanora, Currumbin, Tugun, Bilinga, Kirra, Coolangatta and Tweed Heads. ", "The present day Pacific Motorway largely follows the route the railway between Yatala and Currumbin. ", "Stewart Street between Currumbin and Tugun, the Gold Coast Highway between Tugun and Kirra, Coolangatta Road between Kirra and Coolangatta, and Griffith Street in Coolangatta/Tweed Heads are built on the former railway reservation.", "\n\nServices\nPassenger trains ran from South Brisbane to Southport with connecting trains from Ernest Junction or Southport to Tweed Heads. ", "Picnic and excursion trains ran through from South Brisbane to Tweed Heads on Sundays.", "\n\nFrom opening until the 1950s, services were operated exclusively by PB15 class locomotives, the largest locomotive permitted to cross the Logan River. ", "Diesel rail cars operated some passenger services from the 1950s until closure.", "\n\nRemains\n\n The Beenleigh railway line is still in use. ", "\n The track bed between Ernest Junction and Southport, and between Tugun and Coolangatta, is still visible. ", "\n The railway bridge over Currumbin Creek was converted to a footbridge. ", "As was the Tallebudgera Creek bridge converted to a footbridge\n Short sections of the route at Currumbin,Coolangatta and Southport have been reused as a pedestrian/bicycle paths. ", "\n The Southport tunnel still exists, but the 2 West Burleigh tunnels do not; they were demolished to make way for the Pacific Motorway.", "\n The Coolangatta station area is now located between Chalk St and Griffith Street.", "\n\nReplacement\nThe Gold Coast railway line on a new alignment opened from Beenleigh to Helensvale in 1996, Nerang in 1997, Robina in 1998 and Varsity Lakes in 2009.", "\n\nSee also\n\n Construction of Queensland railways\n Rail transport in South East Queensland\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n1925 map of the Queensland railway system\n\nCategory:Closed railway lines in Queensland\nCategory:History of Gold Coast, Queensland\nCategory:Public transport in Queensland\nCategory:Railway lines opened in 1889\nCategory:Railway lines opened in 1903\nCategory:Railway lines closed in 1961\nCategory:Railway lines closed in 1964\nCategory:3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Australia" ]

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[ "Fibrillar collagen regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is involved in altered smooth muscle cell migration.", "\nVascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) cultured on polymerized type I collagen fibrils are arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and their phenotypic markers and pattern of expressed genes are markedly altered. ", "In this study, we examined polymerized collagen regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and its involvement in SMC migration. ", "We demonstrate that secretion and cell surface accumulation of PAI-1 are suppressed in SMCs cultured on polymerized collagen compared with SMCs cultured on monomer collagen. ", "SMCs replated on vitronectin after culture on monomer collagen result in PAI-1 accumulation at focal adhesions and colocalization with alpha(v)beta3 integrins. ", "In contrast, polymerized collagen inhibits PAI-1 accumulation at focal adhesions when the SMCs are replated on vitronectin. ", "Furthermore, for SMCs cultured on polymerized collagen, platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated migration on vitronectin is enhanced by PAI-1, with its function counteracted by urinary plasminogen activator. ", "Finally, exogenous addition of PAI-1 appears to partly restore platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated alpha(v)beta3-dependent SMC migration that is specifically suppressed by polymerized collagen. ", "Polymerized type I collagen fibrils dynamically regulate PAI-1, which may be involved in altered alpha(v)beta3 integrin-dependent SMC migration." ]

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[ "package org.edx.mobile.module.registration.model;\n\nimport com.google.gson.annotations.", "SerializedName;\n\npublic class RegistrationRestriction {\n private @SerializedName(\"min_length\") int minLength = -1;\n private @SerializedName(\"max_length\") int maxLength = -1;\n\n public int getMinLength() {\n return minLength;\n }\n\n public int getMaxLength() {\n return maxLength;\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Mandela and the unfinished struggle for freedom, justice\n\n(NNPA) – As chairman of Freedom Inc. in Youngstown, Ohio, a community-based, Pan Africanist organization, I was privileged to be among a small group of activists/organizers who launched the mobilization to hold the first African Liberation Day in the U.S. in 1972. ", "The focus of ALD was to mobilize political and material support for the liberation movements fighting to achieve independence in the last remaining European colonial regimes in Africa – Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Southwest Africa (Namibia), Rhodesia/Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Mozambique and of course South Africa.", "\n\nOf all of these brutal regimes, the vicious apartheid regime in South Africa seemed to be the most impregnable. ", "An entrenched and determined White minority ruthlessly controlled more than 85 percent of the land and resources and compelled the vast Black majority to live as sub-humans in wretched conditions under a system of rigid separation of the races.", "\n\nTime and time again, the White supremacist regime demonstrated its willingness to use the state-controlled mechanisms of force/violence to crush protests, rallies and demonstrations as evidenced by the Sharpsville massacre in 1960, merciless suppression of the Soweto uprising in 1976, and countless overt efforts by the Black majority and its allies to shatter the shackles of apartheid.", "\n\nBut, the thirst for freedom and will to resist oppression could not be extinguished in large measure because of the man who came to encapsulate and symbolize the aspirations of the people, Madiba, Nelson Mandela.", "\n\nMandela was the “tallest tree” in a forest that included many movements and stellar leaders, e.g., the Pan African Congress, Black Consciousness Movement, Mass Democratic Movement, Steve Biko, Bishop Desmond Tutu, Allan Boesak, Cyril Ramaphosa, Albertina and Walter Sisulu, and Oliver Tambo to mention a few. ", "This is an important note because of the tendency to cast successful movements as the result of the acts of a solitary heroic figure.", "\n\nMandela emerged as the face of struggle in South Africa and abroad because of his vision, courage and commitment as a leader and his willingness, if necessary, to die for the cause – an expression of courage and commitment that he unapologetically stated at his trial before being sentenced to prison. ", "His willingness to face death and suffer a long imprisonment while never surrendering or giving up on the dream of a multiracial, democratic South Africa is the stuff that made him the symbol and face of the movement, an icon and legend even before the apartheid regime was forced to release him.", "\n\n“Free Mandela” became the battle cry of the freedom struggle in South Africa and the world. ", "This was certainly the case in the U.S., most notably among the forces within the Black liberation movement.", "\n\nAn incredible movement was exploding across the country. ", "Over the objection of the U.S. government, students organized campaigns to demand that colleges/universities divest or withdraw investments from South Africa. ", "City councils around the nation followed suit. ", "There was an aggressive effort to use economic sanctions/boycotts to force U.S. corporations doing business in South Africa to divest as well. ", "South African lobster tails, Budweiser beer and Coca Cola Company come to mind as some of the targets. ", "Indeed “Coke sweetens apartheid” was one of the more popular slogans of the time. ", "The Congressional Black Caucus mounted a vigorous campaign to impose economic sanctions on South Africa to break the back of apartheid. ", "With the mass movement intensifying, Congress overrode the veto of President Ronald Reagan to impose sanctions and finally place the U.S. government on the right side of the heroic freedom struggle in South Africa." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "/**\n * Performance updates to various sprocs\n */\n\nIF OBJECT_ID('[dbo].[CollectionUser_UpdateUsers]') IS NOT NULL\nBEGIN\n DROP PROCEDURE [dbo].[CollectionUser_UpdateUsers];\nEND\nGO\n\nCREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[CollectionUser_UpdateUsers]\n @CollectionId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,\n @Users AS [dbo].[SelectionReadOnlyArray] READONLY\nAS\nBEGIN\n SET NOCOUNT ON\n\n DECLARE @OrgId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = (\n SELECT TOP 1\n [OrganizationId]\n FROM\n [dbo].[Collection]\n WHERE\n [Id] = @CollectionId\n )\n\n -- Update\n UPDATE\n [Target]\n SET\n [Target].[ReadOnly] = [Source].[ReadOnly]\n FROM\n [dbo].[CollectionUser] [Target]\n INNER JOIN\n @Users [Source] ON [Source].[Id] = [Target].[OrganizationUserId]\n WHERE\n [Target].[CollectionId] = @CollectionId\n AND [Target].[ReadOnly] !", "= [Source].[ReadOnly]\n\n -- Insert\n INSERT INTO\n [dbo].[CollectionUser]\n SELECT\n @CollectionId,\n [Source].[Id],\n [Source].[ReadOnly]\n FROM\n @Users [Source]\n INNER JOIN\n [dbo].[OrganizationUser] OU ON [Source].[Id] = OU.[Id] AND OU.[OrganizationId] = @OrgId\n WHERE\n NOT EXISTS (\n SELECT\n 1\n FROM\n [dbo].[CollectionUser]\n WHERE\n [CollectionId] = @CollectionId\n AND [OrganizationUserId] = [Source].[Id]\n )\n \n -- Delete\n DELETE\n CU\n FROM\n [dbo].[CollectionUser] CU\n WHERE\n CU.[CollectionId] = @CollectionId\n AND NOT EXISTS (\n SELECT\n 1\n FROM\n @Users\n WHERE\n [Id] = CU.[OrganizationUserId]\n )\n\n EXEC [dbo].[User_BumpAccountRevisionDateByCollectionId] @CollectionId, @OrgId\nEND\nGO\n\nIF OBJECT_ID('[dbo].[GroupUser_UpdateGroups]') IS NOT NULL\nBEGIN\n DROP PROCEDURE [dbo].[GroupUser_UpdateGroups];\nEND\nGO\n\nCREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[GroupUser_UpdateGroups]\n @OrganizationUserId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,\n @GroupIds AS [dbo].[GuidIdArray] READONLY\nAS\nBEGIN\n SET NOCOUNT ON\n\n DECLARE @OrgId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = (\n SELECT TOP 1\n [OrganizationId]\n FROM\n [dbo].[OrganizationUser]\n WHERE\n [Id] = @OrganizationUserId\n )\n\n -- Insert\n INSERT INTO\n [dbo].[GroupUser]\n SELECT\n [Source].[Id],\n @OrganizationUserId\n FROM\n @GroupIds [Source]\n INNER JOIN\n [dbo].[Group] G ON G.[Id] = [Source].[Id] AND G.[OrganizationId] = @OrgId\n WHERE\n NOT EXISTS (\n SELECT\n 1\n FROM\n [dbo].[GroupUser]\n WHERE\n [OrganizationUserId] = @OrganizationUserId\n AND [GroupId] = [Source].[Id]\n )\n \n -- Delete\n DELETE\n GU\n FROM\n [dbo].[GroupUser] GU\n WHERE\n GU.[OrganizationUserId] = @OrganizationUserId\n AND NOT EXISTS (\n SELECT\n 1\n FROM\n @GroupIds\n WHERE\n [Id] = GU.[GroupId]\n )\n\n EXEC [dbo].[User_BumpAccountRevisionDateByOrganizationUserId] @OrganizationUserId\nEND\nGO\n\nIF OBJECT_ID('[dbo].[GroupUser_UpdateUsers]') IS NOT NULL\nBEGIN\n DROP PROCEDURE [dbo].[GroupUser_UpdateUsers];\nEND\nGO\n\nCREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[GroupUser_UpdateUsers]\n @GroupId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,\n @OrganizationUserIds AS [dbo].[GuidIdArray] READONLY\nAS\nBEGIN\n SET NOCOUNT ON\n\n DECLARE @OrgId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = (\n SELECT TOP 1\n [OrganizationId]\n FROM\n [dbo].[Group]\n WHERE\n [Id] = @GroupId\n )\n\n -- Insert\n INSERT INTO\n [dbo].[GroupUser]\n SELECT\n @GroupId,\n [Source].[Id]\n FROM\n @OrganizationUserIds AS [Source]\n INNER JOIN\n [dbo].[OrganizationUser] OU ON [Source].[Id] = OU.[Id] AND OU.[OrganizationId] = @OrgId\n WHERE\n NOT EXISTS (\n SELECT\n 1\n FROM\n [dbo].[GroupUser]\n WHERE\n [GroupId] = @GroupId\n AND [OrganizationUserId] = [Source].[Id]\n )\n \n -- Delete\n DELETE\n GU\n FROM\n [dbo].[GroupUser] GU\n WHERE\n GU.[GroupId] = @GroupId\n AND NOT EXISTS (\n SELECT\n 1\n FROM\n @OrganizationUserIds\n WHERE\n [Id] = GU.[OrganizationUserId]\n )\n\n EXEC [dbo].[User_BumpAccountRevisionDateByOrganizationId] @OrgId\nEND\nGO\n\nIF OBJECT_ID('[dbo].[OrganizationUser_UpdateWithCollections]') IS NOT NULL\nBEGIN\n DROP PROCEDURE [dbo].[OrganizationUser_UpdateWithCollections];\nEND\nGO\n\nCREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[OrganizationUser_UpdateWithCollections]\n @Id UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,\n @OrganizationId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,\n @UserId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,\n @Email NVARCHAR(50),\n @Key VARCHAR(MAX),\n @Status TINYINT,\n @Type TINYINT,\n @AccessAll BIT,\n @ExternalId NVARCHAR(300),\n @CreationDate DATETIME2(7),\n @RevisionDate DATETIME2(7),\n @Collections AS [dbo].[SelectionReadOnlyArray] READONLY\nAS\nBEGIN\n SET NOCOUNT ON\n\n EXEC [dbo].[OrganizationUser_Update] @Id, @OrganizationId, @UserId, @Email, @Key, @Status, @Type, @AccessAll, @ExternalId, @CreationDate, @RevisionDate\n\n -- Update\n UPDATE\n [Target]\n SET\n [Target].[ReadOnly] = [Source].[ReadOnly]\n FROM\n [dbo].[CollectionUser] AS [Target]\n INNER JOIN\n @Collections AS [Source] ON [Source].[Id] = [Target].[CollectionId]\n WHERE\n [Target].[OrganizationUserId] = @Id\n AND [Target].[ReadOnly] !", "= [Source].[ReadOnly]\n\n -- Insert\n INSERT INTO\n [dbo].[CollectionUser]\n SELECT\n [Source].[Id],\n @Id,\n [Source].[ReadOnly]\n FROM\n @Collections AS [Source]\n INNER JOIN\n [dbo].[Collection] C ON C.[Id] = [Source].[Id] AND C.[OrganizationId] = @OrganizationId\n WHERE\n NOT EXISTS (\n SELECT\n 1\n FROM\n [dbo].[CollectionUser]\n WHERE\n [CollectionId] = [Source].[Id]\n AND [OrganizationUserId] = @Id\n )\n \n -- Delete\n DELETE\n CU\n FROM\n [dbo].[CollectionUser] CU\n WHERE\n CU.[OrganizationUserId] = @Id\n AND NOT EXISTS (\n SELECT\n 1\n FROM\n @Collections\n WHERE\n [Id] = CU.[CollectionId]\n )\nEND\nGO\n\nIF OBJECT_ID('[dbo].[User_BumpAccountRevisionDateByCipherId]') IS NOT NULL\nBEGIN\n DROP PROCEDURE [dbo].[User_BumpAccountRevisionDateByCipherId];\nEND\nGO\n\nCREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[User_BumpAccountRevisionDateByCipherId]\n @CipherId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,\n @OrganizationId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER\nAS\nBEGIN\n SET NOCOUNT ON\n\n UPDATE\n U\n SET\n U.[AccountRevisionDate] = GETUTCDATE()\n FROM\n [dbo].[User] U\n INNER JOIN\n [dbo].[OrganizationUser] OU ON OU.[UserId] = U.[Id]\n LEFT JOIN\n [dbo].[CollectionCipher] CC ON CC.[CipherId] = @CipherId\n LEFT JOIN\n [dbo].[CollectionUser] CU ON OU.[AccessAll] = 0 AND CU.[OrganizationUserId] = OU.[Id] AND CU.[CollectionId] = CC.[CollectionId]\n LEFT JOIN\n [dbo].[GroupUser] GU ON CU.[CollectionId] IS NULL AND OU.[AccessAll] = 0 AND GU.[OrganizationUserId] = OU.[Id]\n LEFT JOIN\n [dbo].[Group] G ON G.[Id] = GU.[GroupId]\n LEFT JOIN\n [dbo].[CollectionGroup] CG ON G.[AccessAll] = 0 AND CG.[GroupId] = GU.[GroupId] AND CG.[CollectionId] = CC.[CollectionId]\n WHERE\n OU.[OrganizationId] = @OrganizationId\n AND OU.[Status] = 2 -- 2 = Confirmed\n AND (\n CU.[CollectionId] IS NOT NULL\n OR CG.[CollectionId] IS NOT NULL\n OR OU.[AccessAll] = 1\n OR G.[AccessAll] = 1\n )\nEND\nGO\n\nIF OBJECT_ID('[dbo].[User_BumpAccountRevisionDateByCollectionId]') IS NOT NULL\nBEGIN\n DROP PROCEDURE [dbo].[User_BumpAccountRevisionDateByCollectionId];\nEND\nGO\n\nCREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[User_BumpAccountRevisionDateByCollectionId]\n @CollectionId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,\n @OrganizationId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER\nAS\nBEGIN\n SET NOCOUNT ON\n\n UPDATE\n U\n SET\n U.[AccountRevisionDate] = GETUTCDATE()\n FROM\n [dbo].[User] U\n INNER JOIN\n [dbo].[OrganizationUser] OU ON OU.[UserId] = U.[Id]\n LEFT JOIN\n [dbo].[CollectionUser] CU ON OU.[AccessAll] = 0 AND CU.[OrganizationUserId] = OU.[Id] AND CU.[CollectionId] = @CollectionId\n LEFT JOIN\n [dbo].[GroupUser] GU ON CU.[CollectionId] IS NULL AND OU.[AccessAll] = 0 AND GU.[OrganizationUserId] = OU.[Id]\n LEFT JOIN\n [dbo].[Group] G ON G.[Id] = GU.[GroupId]\n LEFT JOIN\n [dbo].[CollectionGroup] CG ON G.[AccessAll] = 0 AND CG.[GroupId] = GU.[GroupId] AND CG.[CollectionId] = @CollectionId\n WHERE\n OU.[OrganizationId] = @OrganizationId\n AND OU.[Status] = 2 -- 2 = Confirmed\n AND (\n CU.[CollectionId] IS NOT NULL\n OR CG.[CollectionId] IS NOT NULL\n OR OU.[AccessAll] = 1\n OR G.[AccessAll] = 1\n )\nEND\nGO\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0009443288436159492, 0.0019284931477159262, 0.00567530607804656 ]

[ "Order entered June 6, 2019\n\n\n\n\n In The\n Court of Appeals\n Fifth District of Texas at Dallas\n No. ", "05-18-01131-CV\n\n PAULINE MCLARTY NEVERS, Appellant\n\n V.\n\n LLOYD G. NEVERS, Appellee\n\n On Appeal from the 255th Judicial District Court\n Dallas County, Texas\n Trial Court Cause No. ", "DF-18-01965\n\n ORDER\n We abated this appeal October 25, 2018 due to the bankruptcy of a party. ", "See TEX. ", "R.\n\nAPP. ", "P. 8.2. ", "Before the Court is appellant’s motion to reinstate the appeal. ", "Attached to the\n\nmotion is a copy of the bankruptcy court’s order dismissing the bankruptcy.", "\n\n We GRANT the motion and REINSTATE the appeal. ", "See id. 8.3. ", "As the appellate\n\nrecord appears complete, we ORDER appellant to file her brief on the merits no later than July\n\n8, 2019.", "\n\n /s/ KEN MOLBERG\n JUSTICE\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0006498982547782362, 0.0007810340612195432, 0.0006864608731120825, 0.000749652914237231, 0.0009979488095268607, 0.000823451962787658, 0.0007858815952204168, 0.0007050536805763841, 0.0006293131154961884, 0.0011093550128862262, 0.00056838383898139, 0.0007883431972004473 ]

[ "[Chondrocalcinosis of the temporomandibular joint revealed by a hearing loss: a case report].", "\nChondrocalcinosis is a microcrystalline arthropathy that principally affects the knee. ", "It is a rare disorder, usually asymptomatic, that occurs mainly in the elderly people. ", "To report a case of a temporomandibular joint chondrocalcinosis with ossicular contact revealed by a conductive hearing loss. ", "We describe the case of a 57-year-old man with a right conductive sudden hearing loss of 15 dB. The CT scan revealed a lytic lesion in the right attic extended to the middle cerebral fossa in contact with the ossicles with a suspicion of lysis of the head of the malleus. ", "MRI showed a lesion enhancing after gadolinium injection on T1 weighted images. ", "A biopsy revealed a chondrocalcinosis of the temporomandibular joint. ", "Due to the complexity of surgical excision and the benin character of the lesion, a medical treatment and a radiologic follow-up every six months were proposed. ", "Chondrocalcinosis of the temporo-mandibular joint is rare especially when it is revealed by a hearing loss. ", "We present here a review of the literature." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0007419678149744868, 0.01987709477543831, 0.0009386359015479684, 0.0009447334450669587, 0.0012463886523619294, 0.0009550510440021753, 0.001466378103941679, 0.0006149726104922593, 0.001602825941517949, 0.0005329892737790942 ]

[ "Q:\n\nLarge vertex buffer vs multiple draw calls\n\nI'm just getting started with OpenGL, and I'm attempting to use it to create a 2D game. ", "In this game, I have a hexagonal grid made up of a very large variety of differently-colored hexagons. ", "As a newbie OpenGL programmer, I see two ways of drawing this grid:\n\nUsing a vertex buffer with the data for a single hexagon, then using a uniform offset value and iterating on the CPU to draw the same program many times until I have a grid.", "\nCreating a singular very large pre-calculated vertex buffer that draws all the hexagons in a single call.", "\n\nWhat's the most efficient method? ", "Is there a better way of doing this?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere are indeed a few ways to make such a grid.", "\nThe most efficient way would be instancing. ", "This way you make your hexagon only once in a VBO, and render this a hundred, a thousand or a million times. ", "You can do it manually using shaders with uniforms as you said in point 1, but there also is a built-in OpenGL functionality for it. ", "For that, take a look at glDrawElementsInstanced.", "\nNote that instancing is only faster than other methods if you draw more than a certain amount of instanced objects. ", "For example drawing 300 can be faster using 1 big VBO, but drawing 2 million can be faster if you use instanced rendering.", "\nIf you use instanced rendering you can send per-object data using Attribute Divisors. ", "In your case you would want to send the position and the color.", "\nA good tutorial on instanced rendering: click\nReally the best way is to try both methods, and check the amount of milliseconds it takes to draw 1 frame. ", "This way you also learn both ways, which is always good.", "\nAlso note that instanced rendering is a modern OpenGL functionality, and that you will have to use shaders to use it. ", "But it's always best to learn it the correct way from the beginning.", "\n\nA:\n\nMethod 1 is simpler to code and will be fine as long as you don't have too many hexagons in view at once. ", " You might want to stick with this since you're new to OpenGL, to avoid putting too much complexity on your plate at once.", "\nIf there are a large number of hexagons (like several hundred or over a thousand) in view at once, a lower-overhead method would be necessary to avoid the CPU overhead of doing so many individual draws. ", " Method 2 would work for this, or even better, use instancing. ", " I'd expect instancing to be faster than method 2, or certainly no worse, since you only have to update a buffer of per-instance data rather than a (much larger) buffer of vertex data for all the instances.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Deva Georgian Pair of Chrome Basin Taps\n\nThese basin taps are traditional in style and will make an ideal addition to any traditional styled bathroom suite.", "\n\nFeatures:\n\nThese taps benefit from ceramic disc cartridges, a simple device within the taps that boosts their performance and gives them a longer life.", "\n\nThese taps have a minimum water pressure requirement of 0.3 bar to 6 bar. ", "This makes it suitable for all pressurised water systems, so if you have a combination boiler, Megaflow etc then these taps are perfect for you however if you have a low pressure system such as a tank and cylinder (gravity fed) water system then we would not recommend these taps for you unless you are intending to fit a pump. ", "If you are in any way unsure about if these taps are suitable for your domestic water system then please call us on our sales and advice line and we will advise you.", "\n\nAbout Deva\n\nDeva, are part of the Methven group and have over 30 years manufacturing experience in the brassware market.", "\n\nOver the years Deva has grown to become one of the largest suppliers of taps and showers to the UK market. ", "Deva has gained a reputation for quality, service and customer care that is unrivalled in the brassware and shower markets. ", "With their excellent sourcing netweork they ensure that they bring quality products to the market - and at the right price.", "\n\nOther items in this Range\n\nThis tap range is an extensive range with many differing styles of taps available, to view all of the items available in this range then click here (link opens in a new tab/window)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005571740912273526, 0.0005759584018960595, 0.0007053124718368053, 0.0005743319052271545, 0.0005238990415818989, 0.0007468690164387226, 0.0007605358259752393, 0.0008296473533846438, 0.0007654702640138566, 0.0005829102592542768 ]

[ "[Endoscopic stenting for patients with malignant colorectal obstruction in our hospital].", "\nIn January 2012, the Wall Flex Colonic Stent (Boston Scientific) for treating patients with malignant colorectal obstruction was included in the National Health Insurance (NHI) price list in Japan, and since July 2012, our hospital has placed this stent in 22 patients(as bridge-to-surgery [BTS] in 14 patients and as palliative treatment in 8 patients). ", "The subjects included 13 men and 9 women, aged 27-94 years. ", "The placement sites were the ileocecal lesion in 1 patient, the ascending colon in 1 patient, the transverse colon in 3 patients, the descending colon in 6 patients, the sigmoid colon in 4 patients, and the rectum in 7 patients. ", "Stent placement was successful in all 22 patients (100%). ", "The primary endpoint was improvement in scores on the ColoRectal Obstruction Scoring System (CROSS). ", "The mean CROSS score before stenting was 1.18. ", "The mean CROSS score after stenting was 3.71. ", "Only 1 patient showed no change in the CROSS score(before versus after stenting). ", "The rate of clinical efficacy was 95.4%. ", "One patient experienced restenosis, an accidental event, requiring re-stenting after 3 days. ", "There was 1 case of stent migration, which occurred 32 days after stenting. ", "Colonic stent placement, as BTS and palliative treatment, is effective in improving the quality of life (QOL) of patients." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.001130271120928228, 0.0007534788455814123, 0.0009965796489268541, 0.004549034405499697, 0.0006466499762609601, 0.0005846039857715368, 0.0009475527331233025, 0.0009129889658652246, 0.0006437101401388645, 0.0007098324131220579, 0.0009639582713134587, 0.0007292701047845185, 0.000962771475315094 ]

[ "On Monday evening, Geo News started telecasting an interview of former Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari. ", "But a few minutes into the interview, it was stopped, without any explanation.", "\n\nEarlier in the day, Rana Sanaullah (in photo), a senior leader of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), was arrested by the Anti-Narcotics Force (ANF) for “possession of a huge amount of drugs”, allegedly found in his car. ", "The incidents have raised fears about censorship and crackdown on political vendetta.", "\n\nJournalist Muneeb Farooq said the current government is a renewed version of Pervez Musharraf’s military regime where there was a titular head who owed everything to the people who brought him to power. “", "It is designed to be a 10-year-rule. ", "Brace yourselves for more crackdowns, for more censorship and for more arrests of Opposition leaders. ", "The interesting bit is that nobody can predict that maybe a year down the line, the ones who are blue-eyed can become expendables,” Mr. Farooq toldThe Hindu.", "\n\nAjmal Jami, a journalist with Dunya News channel, said it was quite surprising that a seasoned politician like Rana Sanaullah and someone who already knew he was going to be arrested soon was caught with such a large amount of drugs in his own car. “", "This makes it easy for the Opposition, especially the PML-N, to raise fingers as this entire exercise was a bit suspicious. ", "ANF officials are saying that they have sufficient evidence and they will present them in the court of law,” said Mr. Jami.", "\n\nBesides Mr. Sanaullah, a number of Pakistan’s Opposition politicians, including Mr. Zardari and former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif are in jail on corruption charges. ", "Mr. Sharif’s brother and former Punjab Chief Minister Shehbaz Sharif was also arrested last year.", "\n\nPopulist direction\n\nThe arbitrarily imposed curbs on freedom of expression over the past year have certainly endangered Pakistan’s democratic fabric, said Fahd Humayun of the Jinnah Institute. “", "Restrictions on journalists, fake news and media clampdowns are being witnessed the world over as populist leaders try to shore up support in the face of slow growth, wage stagnation and unemployment. ", "Recent trends at home suggest a similar direction,” Mr. Humayun said.", "\n\nSenior analyst Raza Rumi said the problem in Pakistan is twofold. ", "First is the continued self-censorship which many media outlets are undertaking even if there is no advisory or direct order to censor content. “", "They do this because owners of TV channels and newspapers are reluctant to take risks. ", "In a way, this is the classic corporatisation of media that is taking place, which has already reached its zenith in the U.S. and India and other bigger countries.”", "\n\nThe second problem, Mr. Rumi said, pertains to the political polarisation. “", "The journalists and media houses are divided along political lines and it is not a healthy sign for the growth of independent media and even the consolidation of journalism. ", "What is required is that the editors and the news managers of media houses should take stock of the situation and try to make their programming and reporting less polarised and less partisan. ", "This might help the overall impression of some kind of censorship in place.”", "\n\nWhen Mr. Zardari’s interview was abruptly taken off air, many people pointed out how Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan spokesman Ehsanullah Ehsan’s interview was aired despite the fact that the TTP has killed thousands of Pakistanis in dastardly attacks.", "\n\n“The following terrorists, murderers, etc. ", "allowed interviews and television coverage but not former President @AAliZardari. ", "Why is our wannabe dictator so scared,” Mr. Zardari’s daughter Bakhtawar Bhutto tweeted, quoting a tweet with pictures of Ehsanullah Ehsan, Kulbhushan Jadhav (Indian charged with spying), Abhinandan (Indian pilot) and Saulat Mirza (a convicted murderer).", "\n\nTV journalist Sabir Shakir, however, diasgreed with her. “", "Comparing her father with them is not appropriate. ", "Besides, PEMRA (Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority) laws don’t give permission for such interviews. ", "Ehsanullah Ehsan’s interview was a mistake; it shouldn’t have gone on air. ", "Two wrongs don’t make a right.”", "\n\nMehmal Sarfraz is a journalist based in Lahore." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nKernel of a homomorphism is a subobject?", "\n\nBackground\nI'm currently reading an abstract algebra textbook, written in a category-theoretical way. ", "The contents are similar to any other algebra textbook. ", "It covers groups, rings, $R$-modules, $R$-algebras, fields, etc. ", "One special thing (in my opinion) about this textbook is that the author states definitions, theorems and exercises using \"$\\square\\square$\", which is an interface for algebraic structures mentioned above. ", "For example,\n\nDefinition. ", "Let $X$, $X'$ be a $\\square\\square$. For each binary operation $\\ast$ equipped in $X$, if there exists a bijection $\\varphi: X\\rightarrow X'$ that satisfies $$\\varphi(x\\ast y) = \\varphi(x)\\ast\\varphi(y)$$ then we say that \"$X$ and $X'$ are isomorphic as $\\square\\square$\". ", "Moreover, $\\varphi$ is called an $\\square\\square$-isomorphism. ", "\n\nI have no problem understanding this - I can plug in groups, rings in $\\square\\square$ - and I really like the way the author introduces isomorphism in this way, since it gives the general idea of an isomorphism and isomorphic structures.", "\nI was doing fine, until I started a chapter on subobjects...\nThe author chose not to define the (category theoretical) term object, and introduced subobjects as the following.", "\n\nDefinition. ", "Let $X$ be a $\\square\\square$, and let $Y\\subseteq X$. Using the binary operations of $X$, if $Y$ itself forms a $\\square\\square$, then $Y$ is a sub-$\\square\\square$ of $X$, and we write $Y\\leq X$.\n\nI also had no problem understanding the definition, (I don't know if this is actually correct, I have no reason not to believe the definition in the book) since I have already studied subgroups and (vector) subspaces. ", "But as I read on, I felt that there must be something I don't know yet.", "\n\nThe Problem\n\nLet $\\varphi:X\\rightarrow Y$ be a $\\square\\square$-homomorphism. ", "Show that $\\ker \\varphi \\leq X$.\n\nThe statement itself looks really simple. ", "But I got stuck when I tried to prove this. ", "If $\\square\\square$ were some concrete algebraic structure such as groups or rings, I could prove this, using the subgroup/subring criterion.", "\nOne thing I realized was that such criterion is different for different algebraic structures. ", "\n\nMy Question (TL;DR)\n\nWhat is a subobject?", "\nIs the statement in the problem true for general algebraic structure $\\square\\square$?", "\nIf the statement is true, how would I prove this general statement? (", "Other than proving for each algebraic structure)\n\nThe question became too long, but thanks for reading and any references, hints are always welcome. ", "Thanks in advance.", "\nNote. ", "I keep referring to category theory, but I have not studied category theory. ", "It's just that I got curious and did some googling online for objects and subobjects (since the author won't be defining it) and found many results being related to category theory.", "\n\nA:\n\nBefore we start, I just want to note one thing. ", "While most algebraic structures have at least one binary operation, they can also have nullary operations that need to be preserved by homomorphisms. ", "Nullary operations take no inputs and given an output. ", "In other words, they're just constants. ", "For example, groups have their identities and unital rings have both $0$ and $1$ that need to be preserved.", "\nYou might even make things more general by having any finite arity, or even infinite arity operations.", "\n\nWhat is a subobject?", "\n\nIn this specific context, I would say it's a subset that is closed under all the operations of the algebraic object, be that binary operations (like the $*$ mentioned) or nullary operations.", "\nPerhaps more generally than you need, a subobject in a category can be defined to be an equivalence class of monomorphisms into that object, where two such monomorphisms are equivalent if they factor through each other. ", "If none of that made sense, don't worry. ", "You'll learn all the necessary details in time.", "\n\nIs the statement in the problem true for general algebraic structure $\\square\\square$?", "\nIf the statement is true, how would I prove this general statement? (", "Other than proving for each algebraic structure)\n\nTo even define $\\ker \\varphi$, we need some notion of a zero in $Y$. This is why I mentioned nullary operations above: $0$ is a nullary operation. ", "Granted this, $\\ker \\varphi$ can be defined as the subset of elements of $X$ that $\\varphi$ maps to $0$.\nTo check if this is a subobject, we need to check that it's closed under any binary operations and any nullary operations. ", "If $x$ and $x'$ are in the kernel, then $x *_X y$ is in the kernel precisely if $\\varphi(x *_X y) = 0 \\leftrightarrow \\varphi(x) *_Y \\varphi(y) = 0 \\leftrightarrow 0 *_Y 0 = 0$. For any nullary operation $e$ (i.e., a constant), $e_X$ is in the kernel iff $\\varphi(e_X) = 0 \\leftrightarrow e_Y = 0$.\nSo for this to be true in general, this zero element has to be closed under all the binary and nullary operations of the algebraic structure (in particular, the only nullary operation can be $0$ itself).", "\nThis should make some amount of sense. ", "For groups, all this works perfectly. ", "For rings there's a bit of a wrinkle with unital vs. non-unital rings. ", "For unital-rings, kernels aren't really subobjects. ", "The objects you get are (in general) non-unital, so they aren't algebraic objects of the same type. ", "This happens precisely because $1 \\neq 0$ in general, so $1$ is rarely in the kernel (remember that unital ring homomorphisms have to take $1$ to $1$).", "\nFor non-unital rings, things work out better. ", "Non-unital ring homomorphisms don't need to worry about $1$ at all, so the only thing to check is that $0$ is closed under $*$ and $+$. ", "Since $0 * 0 = 0 + 0 = 0$, kernels are subobjects.", "\n\nJust an addendum. ", "An example of an algebraic structure that most people don't really thing of as algebraic is pointed sets. ", "For pointed sets, there aren't any binary operations: just a single nullary operations giving a specified point in the set. ", "Homomorphisms of pointed sets have to preserve this specified point and the criterion above shows that we can use the specified point to define kernels and show that they're subobjects.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "You doubt many of us can relate. ", "How correct you are.", "\n\n199 shares" ]

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[ "5, u: 1, c: 4}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 u, 1 c, and 2 m?", "\n4/21\nWhat is prob of picking 2 u when two letters picked without replacement from {t: 4, u: 3, c: 7}?", "\n3/91\nTwo letters picked without replacement from huu. ", "Give prob of picking 1 u and 1 h.\n2/3\nCalculate prob of picking 1 d and 1 l when two letters picked without replacement from wwuwwdzrulzwllwzlu.", "\n4/153\nWhat is prob of picking 1 b and 1 q when two letters picked without replacement from {b: 2, c: 2, a: 1, w: 1, q: 1}?", "\n2/21\nWhat is prob of picking 3 t when three letters picked without replacement from ttjyyttttyyyytyyytyy?", "\n14/285\nThree letters picked without replacement from {d: 2, n: 2, x: 1, a: 2, i: 1, p: 10}. ", "Give prob of picking 2 x and 1 d.\n0\nCalculate prob of picking 2 b and 2 s when four letters picked without replacement from {b: 2, s: 3}.", "\n3/5\nTwo letters picked without replacement from nnnn. ", "Give prob of picking 2 n.\n1\nFour letters picked without replacement from {f: 2, r: 8, o: 4}. ", "Give prob of picking 1 o, 1 f, and 2 r.\n32/143\nWhat is prob of picking 2 o and 2 q when four letters picked without replacement from {o: 3, m: 1, z: 4, k: 2, q: 2}?", "\n1/165\nWhat is prob of picking 1 h and 1 z when two letters picked without replacement from zbbzozbobbtthvb?", "\n1/35\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {m: 9, d: 2, f: 1, r: 3, u: 3, w: 1}. ", "Give prob of picking 1 w and 1 r.\n1/57\nWhat is prob of picking 2 m and 1 e when three letters picked without replacement from oomoeoome?", "\n1/42\nFour letters picked without replacement from yyyxyyyyxyyyxyyyyyx. ", "What is prob of picking 4 x?", "\n1/3876\nCalculate prob of picking 3 x when three letters picked without replacement from vxvxvvvxxvvvvvvvvxx.", "\n20/969\nCalculate prob of picking 2 j when two letters picked without replacement from {c: 6, j: 7, b: 4}.", "\n21/136\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {o: 6, a: 4, w: 2, b: 1, p: 4}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 b and 1 o?", "\n3/68\nFour letters picked without replacement from {d: 2, y: 4, i: 8, z: 3, l: 2}. ", "Give prob of picking 2 i and 2 z.\n7/323\nTwo letters picked without replacement from taflg. ", "What is prob of picking 1 t and 1 l?", "\n1/10\nWhat is prob of picking 1 i and 1 c when two letters picked without replacement from {z: 3, c: 4, f: 1, i: 6}?", "\n24/91\nWhat is prob of picking 1 c, 1 g, and 1 t when three letters picked without replacement from {e: 4, j: 1, d: 2, g: 2, c: 1, t: 4}?", "\n2/91\nFour letters picked without replacement from {u: 6, c: 2, y: 5}. ", "Give prob of picking 1 y, 1 u, and 2 c.\n6/143\nCalculate prob of picking 1 v and 1 s when two letters picked without replacement from {x: 4, p: 4, h: 1, v: 2, s: 3, z: 6}.", "\n3/95\nWhat is prob of picking 1 u, 1 y, and 1 o when three letters picked without replacement from omhuppyyh?", "\n1/42\nWhat is prob of picking 2 t when two letters picked without replacement from dwtltttd?", "\n3/14\nCalculate prob of picking 2 s when two letters picked without replacement from {s: 2, o: 1, a: 6, e: 3, p: 1}.", "\n1/78\nFour letters picked without replacement from rrivrvzrrziviwiriwrr. ", "Give prob of picking 4 r.\n14/969\nWhat is prob of picking 2 y and 1 z when three letters picked without replacement from {z: 4, y: 7}?", "\n28/55\nWhat is prob of picking 1 z and 1 o when two letters picked without replacement from gxxxxssgoozs?", "\n1/33\nCalculate prob of picking 1 t and 1 i when two letters picked without replacement from inpnisnpsstiniisisn.", "\n2/57\nTwo letters picked without replacement from zxssxgssxszgxxzfx. ", "Give prob of picking 1 s and 1 z.\n15/136\nCalculate prob of picking 3 p when three letters picked without replacement from {p: 5, x: 2, z: 4, s: 2}.", "\n5/143\nCalculate prob of picking 1 a, 2 q, and 1 w when four letters picked without replacement from hweqesqqaasq.", "\n4/165\nWhat is prob of picking 2 z and 2 n when four letters picked without replacement from zzzzzzzzzzzznzzzzzzz?", "\n0\nWhat is prob of picking 1 p and 3 e when four letters picked without replacement from {e: 5, p: 7}?", "\n14/99\nWhat is prob of picking 1 h, 1 k, and 1 x when three letters picked without replacement from kwhkxhkwikkmkikhw?", "\n21/680\nThree letters picked without replacement from {r: 10, g: 4, u: 1, x: 2}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 u and 2 x?", "\n1/680\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {c: 11, x: 2}. ", "What is prob of picking 2 x?", "\n1/78\nCalculate prob of picking 2 e when two letters picked without replacement from lmbxbllbtmeeell.", "\n1/35\nCalculate prob of picking 3 t and 1 i when four letters picked without replacement from vnitivvnvvivnivivv.", "\n0\nWhat is prob of picking 1 a, 1 u, and 1 x when three letters picked without replacement from xuhxaxuxaxsxxk?", "\n1/13\nThree letters picked without replacement from {d: 2, t: 1, z: 1, b: 2}. ", "Give prob of picking 3 t.\n0\nCalculate prob of picking 1 x, 2 y, and 1 e when four letters picked without replacement from veeeeevxxevyveeveee.", "\n0\nFour letters picked without replacement from rqrrrrrwgrqqqgqrqg. ", "Give prob of picking 1 w and 3 r.\n14/765\nWhat is prob of picking 2 h and 1 i when three letters picked without replacement from iuiuhuuauahapiuhp?", "\n9/680\nWhat is prob of picking 2 q, 1 v, and 1 s when four letters picked without replacement from {z: 3, q: 3, l: 3, s: 1, v: 8}?", "\n2/255\nCalculate prob of picking 1 t and 1 o when two letters picked without replacement from {d: 1, o: 1, f: 1, t: 1, v: 2, h: 2}.", "\n1/28\nFour letters picked without replacement from {x: 4, l: 4, t: 8}. ", "What is prob of picking 4 t?", "\n1/26\nCalculate prob of picking 2 k and 1 d when three letters picked without replacement from {k: 8, d: 3}.", "\n28/55\nFour letters picked without replacement from cyrhnra. ", "Give prob of picking 1 n, 1 c, 1 h, and 1 r.\n2/35\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {w: 2, t: 4, g: 2, h: 11}. ", "Give prob of picking 1 t and 1 g.\n8/171\nWhat is prob of picking 2 p and 1 o when three letters picked without replacement from oooooooogooopp?", "\n11/364\nWhat is prob of picking 1 v and 3 h when four letters picked without replacement from hhhvhhhhqhhhhhh?", "\n22/105\nThree letters picked without replacement from pppapa. ", "What is prob of picking 3 p?", "\n1/5\nWhat is prob of picking 1 l and 1 m when two letters picked without replacement from ddmdzzlzidzrz?", "\n1/78\nCalculate prob of picking 2 r when two letters picked without replacement from prrr.", "\n1/2\nCalculate prob of picking 1 d and 1 a when two letters picked without replacement from mdffa.", "\n1/10\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {g: 2, c: 1, k: 7, s: 2}. ", "What is prob of picking 2 s?", "\n1/66\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {j: 13, r: 5}. ", "What is prob of picking 2 r?", "\n10/153\nWhat is prob of picking 1 t and 2 z when three letters picked without replacement from {k: 2, v: 4, t: 1, h: 1, z: 8}?", "\n1/20\nThree letters picked without replacement from yryjjjjr. ", "What is prob of picking 1 y and 2 r?", "\n1/28\nThree letters picked without replacement from {m: 3, j: 2, k: 2, t: 6, v: 1}. ", "Give prob of picking 1 k, 1 t, and 1 m.\n9/91\nThree letters picked without replacement from {j: 4, c: 7}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 j and 2 c?", "\n28/55\nThree letters picked without replacement from kulumlllh. ", "What is prob of picking 1 l, 1 k, and 1 m?", "\n1/21\nFour letters picked without replacement from ppppp. ", "What is prob of picking 4 p?", "\n1\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {a: 2, h: 2, p: 1, x: 8, c: 1}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 h and 1 a?", "\n4/91\nThree letters picked without replacement from mzzmrgkrkmzo. ", "Give prob of picking 1 z, 1 r, and 1 m.\n9/110\nTwo letters picked without replacement from bzbzzzzzzbb. ", "Give prob of picking 2 b.\n6/55\nTwo letters picked without replacement from xcevxeewvxx. ", "Give prob of picking 1 c and 1 w.\n1/55\nCalculate prob of picking 1 r, 1 p, and 1 d when three letters picked without replacement from rypydyrrmpyyrypp.", "\n1/35\nCalculate prob of picking 1 o and 1 k when two letters picked without replacement from {c: 1, r: 1, k: 1, o: 1, u: 1}.", "\n1/10\nThree letters picked without replacement from {i: 3, n: 1}. ", "Give prob of picking 3 i.\n1/4\nFour letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, n: 1, w: 2, s: 1}. ", "What is prob of picking 2 s and 2 i?", "\n0\nThree letters picked without replacement from srhvghvlg. ", "What is prob of picking 1 l, 1 s, and 1 r?", "\n1/84\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {k: 3, x: 5, g: 2}. ", "Give prob of picking 2 k.\n1/15\nCalculate prob of picking 1 y and 1 k when " ]

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[ "Biometric systems are used to collect biometric information from individuals for issuance of identifying documents, identity badges, credit cards, and documents entitling people to benefits. ", "These systems generally collect information such as fingerprints, facial images, and/or other biometric data. ", "A local operator is generally required to monitor, perform in-person proofing, and guide the collection process. ", "If any documents are required to be collected from an individual, such documents are manually scanned and verified by the physically present operator in a time-consuming process. ", "As a result, the document proofing process is left to the judgment of an operator that has little experience and limited exposure to the totality of acceptable document types. ", "Moreover, operators generally perform enrollments as a secondary job function, which further limits the operators' exposure and experience with various document types and their authentication, as well as behavior that may be indicative of fraud or ill intent. ", "As a result and for example, some enrollment and document collection processes may require at least 45 minutes and still may result in errors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhere are registers and what do they look like?", "\n\nI racked my brain through my comp-arch class and reread wiki’s article on hardware registers (they’re flip-flops, I get that), but one year later and I still don’t understand what a register physically is, other than that detail. ", "Where on a processor is it? ", "What do they look like? ", "How big are they?", "\nTentatively (assuming this isn’t worthy of a second question), I also ask: how does a datum from the rest of the system make its way to the register?", "\n\nA:\n\nI still don’t understand what a register physically is... Where on a\n processor is it? ", "What do they look like? ", "How big are they?", "\n\nPhysically it is made from the same structures that make up all the other logic in the processor. ", "Depending on the implementation that could be transistors created on a silicon wafer, or discrete transistors, or vacuum tubes, neon lamps, electromechanical relays etc.. \nA modern CPU may have billions of tiny transistors and multiple cores which make it tricky to spot individual registers and their relationship to other parts. ", "However the same principles apply to simpler CPUs such as the Intel 8080A, shown below.", "\n \nThe area marked '16 bit register array' contains the flip flops that make up the BC, DE, HL, SP and PC registers. ", "They are located close to the ALU and Address buffer for fast communication with these subsections. ", "A register can be connected to the internal 8 bit bus via tri-state buffers for access to the accumulator, ALU and external data bus, or to the address buffer for addressing external memory. ", " \nThe chip dimensions are 4.28 mm x 4.18 mm, so the entire register array takes up an area of ~1.2 mm2.", "\nAfter removing the metallization layer and zooming in we see the fine structure of the registers. ", "From this it should be possible to identify individual transistors and derive the equivalent electronic circuit of each register.", "\n\nOf course this pattern is specific to the structure and layout of this particular chip - another CPU could look quite different. ", "But what doesn't change is the functionality. ", "No matter how it is implemented physically, a register still does the same job logically.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou've got most of it down. ", "Let's start here: there are billions of transistors inside a computer's processor. ", "Many of those transistors are used to create registers. ", "Here's a basic description of the building-blocks of a register, from smallest to largest:\nTransistor:\nThere are many different types of transistors. ", "For the sake of simplicity, the following descriptions will simply use MOSFETs. ", "A MOSFET is a voltage-controlled switch - you probably have a basic idea of what they are already.", "\n\nNAND Gate:\nA NAND gate is one type of \"universal\" logic gate. ", "By \"universal\" I mean that you can use them to build any other type of logic gate. ", "A NAND gate is made up of MOSFETs as shown below:\n \nFlip-Flop:\nA flip-flop is a type of device which, in its simplest form, is made up of two NAND gates:\n\nAdding another NAND gate connected to behave as an inverter as well as two more NAND gates to allow an enable signal turns the above \"Set-Reset\" flip-flop into a \"D-type\" flip-flop:\n \nThis is a basic latch which latches the current state of input \"D\" at the output \"Q\" whenever the \"clock\" (or \"enable\") pin is switched. ", "This D-type flip-flop is a 1-bit register, meaning it can store one bit of data on its output.", "\nRegister:\nA register is simply a collection of these flip-flops, as shown below:\n\nThe above image shows 4 flip-flops, which means 4-bits of data can be stored. ", "This is a 4-bit register. ", "The data bus consists of the four inputs, D0 through D3. ", "When the signals D0 through D3 are applied to the inputs and the \"CP\" (clock pulse) input is switched, the output of the flip-flops (the register) remain(s) in the same state as D0 through D3 were when the clock pulse was applied, even after the inputs are changed. ", "They will stay in the latched state until the \"CP\" is switched again with new values at the D0 through D3 inputs. ", " \nYou can put as many of these flip-flops together as you like to create different sizes of registers. ", "Two common sizes for computers nowadays are 32-bit (meaning there are 32 flip-flops in each register within the processor) and 64-bit (64 flip-flops per register). ", "\nThere is quite a bit more involved but hopefully this gives you a basic understanding of what a register is in the physical world. ", "If you are interested in delving deeper and investing some real time in learning, I very strongly recommend Ben Eater's \"Building an 8-bit Breadboard Computer\" series on YouTube.", "\n\nA:\n\nOthers have already done what strikes me as a reasonable job of answering your first question, so I'm going to concentrate on your second question. ", "Here's a rough idea of one way to structure a CPU.", "\n\nThis is assuming a CPU on the general order of an x86, where many operations specify a source and a destination register, where the source field really specifies both a source and a destination. ", "That is, you take the specified source and destination registers as inputs, modify them as specified in the instruction, and deposit the result in the specified destination.", "\nSo in this picture, I haven't tried to show the instruction decoder, just the three primary fields: the source, destination, and op-code fields. ", "The source and destination fields each choose a register to read from, and feed into all the functional units. ", "The op-code field then chooses which of those results to keep. ", "The destination field is also fed to a demultiplexer to choose which register to write the result to.", "\nFor a CPU that has separate fields for source 1, source 2, and destination, the destination field would connect to the demultiplexer, and the source 1 and source 2 fields would connect to the first two multiplexers.", "\nSide note: the technique of feeding the operands to all the execution units and using a multiplexer to choose which of those to keep is used primarily in relatively small CPUs, at least in my experience. ", "For a couple of examples, this is used in both the 6502 and (at least some versions of) the Xilinx Picoblaze.", "\nFor \"larger\" CPUs, you could use a demux connected to the op-code field, feeding an enable line for each execution unit. ", "In this case, you could use pull-downs on the outputs, and wire-or the results.", "\nOf course, a modern high-end CPU has a considerably more complex structure. ", "In particular, with multiple instructions executing concurrently, your results will normally be written to a large bank of rename registers, with a separate demux for each execution unit1, so in one cycle you might do an addition that deposits its result in one register and also a multiplication that deposits its result in a different register.", "\nOh, and of course, this is only showing a subset of the real instructions. ", "In a real CPU, you'd typically have a fair number more. ", "Likewise you might easily have more than 8 registers. ", "This doesn't really affect the structure though, just the widths of the mux/demuxers.", "\n\n1. ", "Well, since those wide muxes and demuxes can be fairly expensive, you typically don't actually have a separate demux for each execution unit. ", "Rather, you might have, say, half a dozen or so groups of execution units, each with a demux to choose its destination, allowing up to six instructions to execute in parallel.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow did the US bring down federal debt ratio after World War II?", "\n\nI saw this infographic about the ballooning US Federal Debt-to-GDP ratio and how it might exceed WWII levels:\nhttps://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-debt-and-deficit-projections-hit-records/\nBut I was curious how the US managed to bring its debt ratio down from over 100% during WWII to a low of around 20% by 1980?", "\nWas it higher taxes? ", "A fast growing economy? ", "Or multiple factors?", "\n(Updated to clarify this is about debt-to-GDP ratio, and not gross debt.)", "\n\nA:\n\nIt didn't. ", "This graph is misleading. ", "The red line is actually a percentage of the GDP. ", "The GDP grew significantly after WWII (emphasis mine):\n\nThe debt-to-GDP ratio hit its all-time record of 113% by war's end. ", "Debt was at $241.86 billion in 1946, about $2.87 trillion in current dollars. ", "Unlike after World War I, the US never really tried to pay down much of the debt it incurred during World War II. ", "Still the debt shrank in significance as the US economy grew. ", "It would take the debt-to-GDP ratio until 1962 just to get back to where the US was before the war. ", "And with some fits and starts the debt load declined until hitting its recent low in 1974 at 24%, when the debt outstanding held by the public was $343.7 billion ($1.61 trillion, in current dollars.)", "\n\nSo the total debt didn't shrink: the debt-to-GDP ratio shrank, due to an increasing economy that grew the GDP.", "\n\nA:\n\nQuick answer: GDP growth plus inflation were responsible for cutting the debt-to-GDP ratio rapidly after WWII. ", "Exactly how much each of these contributed seems actually a non-trivial (modelling) problem.", "\nIn general, it's not controversial that inflation (also) reduces the debt-to-GDP ratio.", "\nAdditionally, the so-called \"financial repression\" of the Bretton-Woods system probably contributed:\n\nIn the heavily regulated\nfinancial markets of the Bretton Woods system, several restrictions facilitated a sharp and rapid reduction\nin public debt/GDP ratios from the late 1940s to the 1970s. ", "Low nominal interest rates help reduce\ndebt servicing costs while a high incidence of negative real interest rates liquidates or erodes the real value\nof government debt. ", "Thus, financial repression is most successful in liquidating debts when accompanied\nby a steady dose of inflation. ", "Inflation need not take market participants entirely by surprise and, in\neffect, it need not be very high (by historic standards). ", "For the advanced economies in our sample,\nreal interest rates were negative roughly ½ of the time during 1945-1980. ", "For the United States and\nthe United Kingdom our estimates of the annual liquidation of debt via negative real interest rates\namounted on average from 3 to 4 percent of GDP a year.", "\n\nAn article in The Economist (based on the above research) has dubbed this period \"The Great Repression\". ", "And it snips an additional summary point regarding the US:\n\nThe effect over a decade was large. ", "From 1945 to 1955, the authors estimate that repression reduced America's debt load by 50 percentage points, from 116% to 66% of GDP. ", "Negative real interest rates were worth tax revenues equivalent to 6.3% of GDP per year.", "\n\nIn contrast\n\nFrom 1981 to 2007 real interest rates were almost always positive.", "\n\nSimilar findings:\n\nThe primary balance plays the dominant role in debt\nreductions, except during the post-WWII period when the interest-growth differential was\nnotably favorable.", "\n\nAnd annoyingly I could not find a more \"for dummies\" (detailed) explanation like this for the US, but the UK story is probably suggestive enough, since similar processes were at play:\n\nShortly after the end of the Second World War, UK government debt peaked at around 270 per cent of GDP. ", "Over the subsequent three decades, the debt ratio fell steadily to around 50 per cent of GDP [...]\nOver the 30 years from 1946, national debt increased from £27 billion to £64 billion in nominal terms. ", "That £37 billion increase was almost entirely due to the issuance of fresh debt to cover interest payments over the period, as successive governments ran a cumulative primary (i.e. non-interest) surplus of £7.6 billion over this period, averaging 1.6 per cent of GDP a year. ", "Both non-interest spending and receipts were broadly flat as a share of GDP over most of the 30 years.", "\nIn nominal terms, GDP grew by 8.8 per cent a year on average over this period, comprising 2.3 per cent average annual real GDP growth and a 6.5 per cent average annual rate of whole economy inflation. ", "The growth rate of nominal GDP was higher than the 3.6 per cent average effective interest rate paid by the government on public debt. ", "This large average difference meant that the debt ratio would have fallen as long as the primary balance was in deficit by no more than 6.4 per cent of GDP on average, though that average disguises a very wide range from year to year.", "\nThe interest rate on government debt was also lower than the inflation rate in 24 of the 30 years, notably when inflation was particularly high. ", "The persistence of these negative real interest rates in part reflected ‘financial repression’ – in other words, that the interest rates at which the government could borrow were held below inflation by a number of institutional and policy factors. ", "Among them was the Bretton Woods system, which featured restrictive exchange rate controls and a fixed exchange rate. ", "Quantity and price controls on domestic bank lending also encouraged domestic financial institutions to invest in government debt.", "\nWhen the percentage increase in nominal debt caused by interest payments is lower than the percentage increase in nominal GDP from economic growth, the ‘snowball’ effect on the public debt to GDP ratio is to reduce that ratio. ", "In nominal terms, debt increased by 137 per cent over the 30 years, but nominal GDP increased by more than 1,200 per cent in the same period. ", "This reduced the debt ratio by four-fifths of its original level to less than 50 per cent of GDP.", "\n\nNotably, in the UK case, inflation contributed annually roughly 2.8 times more than the real GDP growth (6.5% : 2.3%) to the reduction of the debt-to-GDP ratio (over that 30-year period).", "\nI managed to dig up the relevant numbers for the US from the following table/paper. ", "The real GDP growth for the US was significantly higher than for the UK at 3.7% over a similar 28-year period, with inflation only 3.4%. ", "So in the US case, the relative ratio of these contributing factors was about 0.92.", "\n\nInteresting aside (perhaps) from this last paper, among European countries\n\nThe UK was the country with the highest financial repression index (FRI) from 1950 to 1979.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Complications of varicella in healthy children in Izmir, Turkey.", "\nThe purpose of the paper was to evaluate the indications of hospital admissions and complications of varicella infection in immunologically healthy children. ", "Between 1997 and 2001, patient records of children hospitalized due to varicella infection were reviewed. ", "Incidence and clinical spectrum of complications and their distribution related to age and seasonal variations were analyzed. ", "A total of 178 immunocompetent children were hospitalized for varicella complications during the study period. ", "This resulted in a crude incidence of 6.3/100 000 population at risk. ", "All hospital admissions were due to accompanying complications. ", "The majority of complications occurred in preschool-age children with a median age of 3 years. ", "No gender predominance was found. ", "The most frequent complications were infectious complications, which were observed in 79 children (44%). ", "Superinfections of the skin were present in 24 patients. ", "Pneumonia was observed in 59 children: 49 had bacterial, 10 had viral pneumonia. ", "Pyogenic arthritis was seen in two children and one had concomitant osteomyelitis. ", "Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci were recovered from two patients with invasive bacterial infections. ", "A total of 68 (38%) neurologic complications were observed. ", "Cerebellar ataxia was present in 24, encephalitis was present in 17. ", "Infectious complications occurred more frequently in younger children (median age: 2 years), whereas neurologic complications occurred at an older age (median age: 6 years). ", "Hematologic complications were seen in nine children. ", "There was a seasonal distribution of complications with a peak in January. ", "Complications of varicella requiring hospitalization in immunocompetent children are more frequent than previously thought." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "### 《香港人权与民主法案》通过三个月 制裁何时来？", "\n------------------------\n\n#### [首页](https://github.com/gfw-breaker/banned-news/blob/master/README.md) &nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp; [手把手翻墙教程](https://github.com/gfw-breaker/guides/wiki) &nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp; [禁闻聚合安卓版](https://github.com/gfw-breaker/bn-android) &nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp; [网门安卓版](https://github.com/oGate2/oGate) &nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp; [神州正道安卓版](https://github.com/SzzdOgate/update) \n\n\n\n<div id=\"headerimg\">\n <img alt=\"2019年11月19日，在参议院全院无异议通过《香港人权与民主法案》之际，俄勒冈州民主党联邦参议员默克里(Jeff Merkley)在院会发表演说。（US Senate\r\n）\" src=\"https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/gangtai/al-03112020093028.html/8D3A-4.jpg/@@images/9211c3f5-2e0c-4f72-8f73-1f5a19a8be1c.jpeg\" title=\"2019年11月19日，在参议院全院无异议通过《香港人权与民主法案》之际，俄勒冈州民主党联邦参议员默克里(Jeff Merkley)在院会发表演说。（US Senate\r\n）\"/>\n <div id=\"headerimgcontents\">\n <div id=\"headerimgcaption\">\n <span>\n 2019年11月19日，在参议院全院无异议通过《香港人权与民主法案》之际，俄勒冈州民主党联邦参议员默克里(Jeff Merkley)在院会发表演说。（US Senate\r\n）\n </span>\n <!-- ", "zoomattribute -->\n </div>\n <!-- ", "headerimgcaption -->\n </div>\n <!-- ", "headerimagecontents -->\n</div>\n\n<hr/>\n\n\n#### [翻墙必看视频（文昭、江峰、法轮功、八九六四、香港反送中...）](https://github.com/gfw-breaker/banned-news/blob/master/pages/link3.md)\n\n<div id=\"storytext\">\n <div>\n <div class=\"slot_header\">\n </div>\n </div>\n <p>\n 去年美国通过《香港人权与民主法案》，当中制裁打压香港人权自由人士的部分，为港人关注焦点。上周香港民主派议员、香港行政会议成员及港府代表赴美参与“美港交流”，而另一方面，作为《人权法案》关键依据的年度认证报告，将于5月前发布，对落实制裁措施有何影响？", "\n </p>\n <p>\n 疫情肆虐之下，香港的街头抗争并未完全消退，港府至今未回应民间诉求，成立独调查委员会调查警察滥权滥暴问题，令警暴问题愈见猖獗，警务处处长邓炳强只对涉嫌严重违法违纪警员“训斥”了事，而特首林郑月娥更呼吁大众“包容”警队，港人唯有继续“求援国际”。", "\n </p>\n <p>\n </p>\n <p>\n </p>\n <p>\n 美国去年11月通过《香港人权与民主法案》，当中最为港人关注的，是要求美国政府制裁侵犯香港人权的中国及香港官员，但如何决定谁会被制裁？如何制裁？至今未有具体机制。", "\n </p>\n <p>\n </p>\n <p>\n <iframe frameborder=\"0\" height=\"622\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FRFAChinese%2Fvideos%2F567600793813471%2F&amp;show_text=0&amp;width=622\" width=\"622\">\n </iframe>\n </p>\n <p>\n <i>\n 视频\n <span class=\"_44bj\">\n 【美国参议院一致同意通过《香港人权与民主法案》】【参议员: 习近平压制香港人不会得逞】\n </span>\n </i>\n </p>\n <p>\n </p>\n <p>\n <b>\n 首份年度认证报告将公布\n </b>\n <b>\n 港人引颈以待\n </b>\n </p>\n <p>\n 而《人权法案》也要求美国国务卿每年向国会提交报告，和原来每年的《美国—香港政策法》报告不同的是，新的报告将按新通过的《人权法案》提出认证项目，评论香港自治情况是否及格。而《人权法案》通过后首份年度认证报告，将于5月前公布，上周香港3名民主派议员、4名行政会议成员及港府代表赴美参与由非政府组织World Affairs Council举办的“美港交流会”，期间曾与美国国务院亚太事务副助卿费德玮及美国驻港澳总领事史墨客等官员交流。", "\n </p>\n <p>\n <b>\n 民主派倡设投诉机制收集证据\n </b>\n </p>\n <p>\n 3名民主派议员周三（11日）会见传媒，民主派立法会议员谭文豪表示，是次交流有谈及关于如何划订《人权法案》制裁人士的界线，比如非法进行逃犯移交、非法禁锢、实施酷刑等。", "\n </p>\n <p>\n 谭文豪说：“是需要有实质证据去支持某一些人，像刚才所说的，不论是酷刑、或非法禁锢、或移交逃犯出了问题。我们过去是否没有发生这些事？当然不是。无论是‘721’、‘831’及新屋岭事件等，我们认为这些都是符合(制裁条件)的。所以那些负责的人、警务处处长等，都要在这个(制裁)名单之上。”", "\n </p>\n <p>\n </p>\n <p>\n <iframe frameborder=\"0\" height=\"620\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FRFAChinese%2Fvideos%2F2225138001112342%2F&amp;show_text=0&amp;width=622\" width=\"622\">\n </iframe>\n </p>\n <p>\n <i>\n 视频【《香港人权与民主法案》感恩节集会】\n </i>\n </p>\n <p>\n </p>\n <p>\n 谭文豪期望有投诉机制，让港人自行投诉，但暂时未有落实一个方案。不过谭文豪强调，警暴问题持续发生，因此亦不能再等待美方启动机制，他们会尽快展开工作，按照要求草拟一份违反人权的制裁名单，并会主力提交足够证据至美国国务院，希望可以先展开第一轮制裁。", "\n </p>\n <p>\n 民主派立法会议员莫乃光则认为，美方已清楚掌握香港的情况。", "\n </p>\n <p>\n 莫乃光说：“我们认为美方给我们的反应，他们是非常清楚香港现在的民主、人权状况，特别是过去一年反送中运动开始后，加入了极之严重的警暴问题。香港成为一个‘警察社会’的问题，其实他们是非常清楚地掌握。”", "\n </p>\n <p>\n 他表示，今年这份新报告会有更多美方部门参与，当中包括商务部等，相信形式会与过去的报告有较大分别。他表示有向美方代表反映，过去的报告以叙述为主，期望新一份报告能更具前瞻性，甚至画下一条“红线”。", "\n </p>\n <p>\n </p>\n <p>\n <div class=\"image-inline captioned\" style=\"width:1500px;\">\n <div style=\"width:1500px;\">\n <img alt=\"香港行政会议召集人陈智思、行会成员叶刘淑仪、廖长江、张国钧日前分别获邀往美国，出席非政府组织 World Affairs Council 举行的「美港交流」 对话会。（图源：新传网）\" src=\"https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/gangtai/al-03112020093028.html/0310884c6703621054e1.jpg\" title=\"香港行政会议召集人陈智思、行会成员叶刘淑仪、廖长江、张国钧日前分别获邀往美国，出席非政府组织 World Affairs Council 举行的「美港交流」 对话会。（图源：新传网）\r\"/>\n </div>\n <div class=\"image-caption\">\n <span style=\"width:1500px;\">\n 香港行政会议召集人陈智思、行会成员叶刘淑仪、廖长江、张国钧日前分别获邀往美国，出席非政府组织 World Affairs Council 举行的「美港交流」 对话会。（图源：新传网）\n </span>\n <span class=\"copyright\">\n </span>\n </div>\n </div>\n </p>\n <p>\n <b>\n 学者：制裁具体实施困难重重\n </b>\n </p>\n <p>\n 至于第一份年度认证报告公布，会否让制裁措施立即上马？香港理工大学社会政策研究中心主任锺剑华对本台分析，要美方立即实行制裁，其实过程相当複杂，执行法案上亦要有清楚的罚则及程序，所以需要美国国务卿提交的报告再评估状况。他表示通过法案摆出姿态相对容易，但具体罚则就涉及法律操作及政治考虑，所以目前仍时尚早，相信第一份报告会是“试金石”。", "\n </p>\n <p>\n 锺剑华说：“情况除非恶化，否则第一次就下重手的机会不大。不过会提出一些警告、利用法案本身的存在製造言论上或政治上的姿态，令香港政府或北京多一些顾忌，我相信会的，亦要保护美国在香港本地的利益。但至于会否第一次就出手惩处某些人，我相信未必一定会这么快。”", "\n </p>\n <p>\n 不过锺剑华认为，即使如此，法案对美国来说犹如“尚方宝剑”，对香港乃至北京政府有一定程度的阻吓作用。", "\n </p>\n <p>\n </p>\n <p>\n 记者：文海欣 吕熙  责编：胡力汉 许书婷\n </p>\n</div>\n\n<hr/>\n手机上长按并复制下列链接或二维码分享本文章：<br/>\nhttps://github.com/gfw-breaker/banned-news/blob/master/pages/yataibaodao/al-03112020093028.md <br/>\n<a href='https://github.com/gfw-breaker/banned-news/blob/master/pages/yataibaodao/al-03112020093028.md'><img src='https://github.com/gfw-breaker/banned-news/blob/master/pages/yataibaodao/al-03112020093028.md.png'/></a> <br/>\n原文地址（需翻墙访问）：https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/gangtai/al-03112020093028.html\n\n\n------------------------\n#### [首页](https://github.com/gfw-breaker/banned-news/blob/master/README.md) &nbsp;|&nbsp; [一键翻墙软件](https://github.com/gfw-breaker/nogfw/blob/master/README.md) &nbsp;| [《九评共产党》](https://github.com/gfw-breaker/9ping.md/blob/master/README.md#九评之一评共产党是什么) | [《解体党文化》](https://github.com/gfw-breaker/jtdwh.md/blob/master/README.md) | [《共产主义的终极目的》](https://github.com/gfw-breaker/gczydzjmd.md/blob/master/README.md)\n\n\n<img src='http://gfw-breaker.win/banned-news/pages/yataibaodao/al-03112020093028.md' width='0px' height='0px'/>" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "\nBritish Airways: All flights cancelled amid IT crash - CmdSft\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40069865\n======\n2manyredirects\nOne of the unions has been quick to attribute the issue to the outsourcing to\nIndia of some of the IT responsibility, which the right wing press here has\nbeen all too eager to publish, but BA have rebuffed this and said at this\nstage they believe the root cause was a power supply issue - sure, that could\nbe attributed somewhere along the lines to an 'alpha male business asshole'\n(as I read in one of the comments here), but it's probably best to wait and\nsee what the post-mortem really is rather than seek to blame someone,\nsomewhere, be it a businessman, an Indian dev team or anything else.", "\n\nI am reminded of a post a while back regarding AWS' issues affecting multiple\ndata centres (I forget the specifics), and how their post mortem didn't\nappropriate blame on anyone (which it really easily could have), but rather\ntheir own checks and balances, which allowed the issue to arise in the first\nplace. ", "I do hope that when the dust settles we see a measured response rather\nthan a witch hunt.", "\n\n~~~\nStavrosK\nI've found that not only is it good to not assign blame in postmortems, but\nit's also accurate: The culprit usually _is_ the checks and balances, as\nmistakes _will_ happen, and the goal should be to have failsafes and\ndetection.", "\n\nI'm reminded of airplane accidents: Whenever you hear of an airplane accident,\nit's always some amazingly crazy series of things going exactly wrong to get\nthe plane to crash. ", "We have a tendency to think \"wow, what bad luck\", but a\nbetter way to think about it is that airplanes are _so safe_ that an accident'\n_can 't occur_ unless a whole series of things go very specifically wrong.", "\n\nA company's goal should be to increase the number of necessary things that\nneed to all go wrong before there is downtime.", "\n\n~~~\ndevonkim\nOne other important point is that the very term \"root cause\" is extremely\nharmful in that it presumes a primary failure and already seeds the idea of\none bad actor and, by proxy, blame. ", "Systems today are too complex to blame\nupon one or two things - we operate in a very complicated, \"complected\" world\nboth in our software and in many organizations.", "\n\nWhile there are always technical causes for larger technical failures, I've\nseen far too many times RCA post-mortems performed that result in witch hunts\ninstead of a solemn contemplation of how things could be better done by\neveryone. ", "Such an RCA may ignore that a normally careful engineer was\noverworked by managers, never is lack of relevant monitoring and testing due\nto budget cuts cited, and you'll certainly never see \"teams X and Y\ncollaborated too much\" as a reason for failure in these places. ", "Because in a\ntypical workplace, the company's values and culture are never related to a\nfailure. ", "You can't objectively measure how bad or how good a culture is\neither. ", "Why make it part of post mortems when you don't think it's a failure?", "\n\n~~~\nhinkley\nI don't recall ever having a manager use the term root cause analysis in the\nway you are implying. ", "Usually we are looking for the cheapest or most\neffective process change that will prevent that class of problem happening\nagain.", "\n\n------\nmancerayder\nIn the tech-related (but now fully mainstream, unlike a few years ago) news\nthese days, there are a number of recurring themes.", "\n\n1\\. Massive security breaches affecting major corporations, governments, and\nso on.", "\n\n2\\. Massive IT outages, affecting corporations, governments and so forth.", "\n\nIt doesn't take a lot of incidents to mark them as 'massive' since things are\nstrongly centralized in this world.", "\n\nMeanwhile, in the last 15 years of my IT career, never have I seen such a\nstrong push towards offshoring. ", "One would think that with such a vulnerable IT\nlandscape mixed with an unprecedented dependence on IT infrastructure, that\nCTO's would want to spend more and not LESS on operational costs.", "\n\nI'm slightly baffled.", "\n\n~~~\nfauigerzigerk\nIs there any evidence that IT outsourcing has made matters worse? ", "Or is it\nonly worse if the provider is located offshore?", "\n\nArguably, delegating IT operations to a proper IT company could improve\nsecurity and reliability.", "\n\nWe use a low cost offshore IT provider and we haven't had any security or\nreliability issues so far\n([https://gsuite.google.com/](https://gsuite.google.com/))\n\n~~~\nraesene9\nThe key is incentives. ", "An IT outsourcer's goal is generally to fulfill their\ncontractual obligations (to the letter not the spirit) for as little money as\npossible.", "\n\nSo if something like security or reliability isn't clearly stated in contracts\n(and it's extremely difficult to do that well) it is disregarded.", "\n\nAn outsourcing company is not going to spend money it doesn't have to, simple\nas that.", "\n\nSAAS like gsuite is an entirely different prospect. ", "you're buying a service\nfrom Google not outsourcing your IT to them. ", "If google's service was insecure\nor unreliable no one would buy it.", "\n\n~~~\nfauigerzigerk\nI don't see why an IT outsourcing company would not have the greatest\nincentive to take security and reliability extremely seriously.", "\n\nIs there anything worse for an IT service provider than being blamed for a\nmassive IT outage at a global corporation? ", "This is headline news.", "\n\nAnd I don't see any difficult contractual issues at all. ", "On the contrary. ", "A\nmassive outage, by definition, means that the contractual obligation is not\nbeing met.", "\n\n~~~\nraesene9\nSecurity costs money, reliability costs money. ", "If it's not in your contract,\nyou don't pay for it.", "\n\nif there's any outage that is because the customer didn't ask you do do\nsomething that's their fault not yours.", "\n\nFor example would you as an IT outsourcer pay for a redundant datacentre if\nyour contract didn't call for it?", "\n\nWould you patch all your systems immediately even if it caused availability\nissues if it wasn't explicitly outlined in the contract?", "\n\nwould you explain to your shareholders that your profits were lower this year\nbecause you undertook activities not specified in your contracts because they\nwere good for the security and reliability of the services you managed...?", "\n\nWhen outsourcing contracts are bid for there's a common experience of lower\ncosts win. ", "that inevitably leads to items that aren't strictly required being\nexcluded.", "\n\n~~~\nfauigerzigerk\n_> For example would you as an IT outsourcer pay for a redundant datacentre if\nyour contract didn't call for it?_", "\n\nI would assume that the contract calls for particular service levels and that\ndowning the entire fleet of a large carrier for days is in breach of that\ncontract.", "\n\nIf the contract says \"provide service X with 99.999% availability\" the service\nprovider cannot come back and say, oh but you forgot to specify that we should\nrun a redundant data center to guarantee that availability.", "\n\n~~~\nClubber\n>If the contract says \"provide service X with 99.999% availability\"\n\nIf you read those contracts, you have to read what the consequences are for\nbreaking that uptime guarantee. ", "Usually it's something silly like 10% off your\nnext bill.", "\n\n------\ndavidf18\nBy using IT outsourcing in India (Tata?), ", "Poland, BA and its parent is\nrevealing some important information: They are cutting corners to the point of\nrisking airline operations. ", "The question is, where else are they unnecessarily\ncutting corners? ", "Are they cutting unnecessary corners on airplane maintenance?", "\n\nOther quality airlines have outsourced IT or part of their IT operations, but\nthey are careful about choosing their IT vendors.", "\n\nFor example, Israel's national carrier, El Al, which also has extremely good\nsecurity against hijacking, outsources at least its ticketing as a cost\nsavings move, but this it does to Lufthansa the German national carrier, which\nuses the Amadeus Ticketing platform. ", "El Al is saving money over running their\nown operations, but still using a reliable vendor.", "\n\nQuantas, the airline of Australia, outsources its IT operations to IBM. ", "They\ndid not choose the cheapest alternative, but a reliable one.", "\n\nContrasting with Israeli and Australian flag carriers El Al and Quantas, BA\nthe British flag carrier made some extremely unwise choices trying choose a\n\"cheapest\" solution, instead of a money saving cheaper solution.", "\n\nCompared with El Al and Quantas, BA management has shown us that quality of\noperations is not their top priority. ", "The question is, where else in their\noperations is this a problem?", "\n\nBA management is revealing to customer and shareholder alike that customer\nservice and shareholder value is not their highest priority. ", "They are\nsignaling to shareholders that it is time for a change before they further\nharm the BA brand and before some serious accident happens.", "\n\n~~~\ndchichkov\nYes, it's a cyclic trend in IT:\n\n \n \n Step 0. ", "Well functioning and balanced company.", "\n Step 1. ", "Why these engineers are so expensive? ", "We can hire 'ten for one' in 'country A'.", "\n Step 2. ", "Cut local IT budget twice, put goals to have *zero* local IT budget in 2 years. ", "Outsource everything to 'country A'.", "\n Step 3. ", "People are fired, everything is outsourced, operational knowledge accumulated over the last few years is lost. ", "\n Step 4. ", "Why everything is broken and we loosing millions? ", "The service is of a quality like we live in 'country A'!", "\n Step 5. ", "We need to hire high quality local team that can take *ownership* over product. ", "We are willing to pay a fortune.", "\n Step 6. ", "Well functioning and balanced company.", "\n \n\nNot sure, if airplane maintenance is being treated the same way.", "\n\n~~~\nZigurd\nYou cat bet it is: [http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/11/airplane-\nmaintenance-...](http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/11/airplane-maintenance-\ndisturbing-truth)\n\nFTA:\n\n>The airplanes that U.S. carriers send to Aeroman undergo what’s known in the\nindustry as “heavy maintenance,” which often involves a complete teardown of\nthe aircraft. ", "Every plate and panel on the wings, tail, flaps, and rudder are\nunscrewed, and all the parts within—cables, brackets, bearings, and bolts—are\nremoved for inspection. ", "The landing gear is disassembled and checked for\ncracks, hydraulic leaks, and corrosion. ", "The engines are removed and inspected\nfor wear. ", "Inside, the passenger seats, tray tables, overhead bins, carpeting,\nand side panels are removed until the cabin has been stripped down to bare\nmetal. ", "Then everything is put back exactly where it was, at least in theory.", "\n\n>The work is labor-intensive and complicated, and the technical manuals are\nwritten in English, the language of international aviation. ", "According to\nregulations, in order to receive F.A.A. certification as a mechanic, a worker\nneeds to be able to “read, speak, write, and comprehend spoken English.” ", "Most\nof the mechanics in El Salvador and some other developing countries who take\napart the big jets and then put them back together are unable to meet this\nstandard. ", "At Aeroman’s El Salvador facility, only one mechanic out of eight is\nF.A.A.-certified. ", "At a major overhaul base used by United Airlines in China,\nthe ratio is one F.A.A.-certified mechanic for every 31 non-certified\nmechanics. ", "In contrast, back when U.S. airlines performed heavy maintenance at\ntheir own, domestic facilities, F.A.A.-certified mechanics far outnumbered\neveryone else. ", "At American Airlines’ mammoth heavy-maintenance facility in\nTulsa, certified mechanics outnumber the uncertified four to one.", "\n\n~~~\nraverbashing\nTo be honest this article is not great\n\nMaintenance facilities are usually certified by the local aviation authority\n\nAviation is also \"regulated\" by two extra entities: plane lessors and\ninsurance companies. ", "Both won't be happy if the maintenance done at these\nfacilities is not correct\n\n------\nmarkonen\nThe main KPI for BA's IT function is the percentage of jobs they have moved\n\"nearshore\" (to Krakow).", "\n\nNot that I think this is the Krakow workers' fault, mind you; rather this (and\nthe string of similar IT incidents recently at BA) seems to fit the pattern of\nupper management focusing on driving down costs to the exclusion of everything\nelse.", "\n\n~~~\nidlewords\nKrakow is a big tech center, is in the EU, and it's not obvious why moving\njobs there would have anything to do with a drop in quality.", "\n\n~~~\nmarkonen\nIt's not about Krakow per se. ", "But when a company works towards specific\ntargets like \"90/10 supplier offshore ratio\", rather than metrics based on\nquality or efficiency, I don't think quality comes first.", "\n\n~~~\ntajen\nOn the one hand I've never seen a successful project with non-colocated teams,\nwhether 300km away or 10.000km away. ", "On the other hand, I'm surprised a\nairplane company is so much localized in UK.", "\n\n~~~\nmethyl\nBasecamp\n\n------\na-dub\nLooks like their new (as of 2 yrs) CEO comes from the low-cost airline world:\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lex_Cruz_(businessman)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lex_Cruz_\\(businessman\\))\nso that may be a hint...\n\nAlthough, I've seen this sort of thing before... Usually it starts with a\nmiddle management hiring of some alpha-male business asshole who is driven to\nadvance his career and thinks that because he can use a spreadsheet that he's\nqualified to run IT. ", "He'll then go on to sell upper management on some kind of\nridiculous story straight out of some bullshit CIO magazine about how\nconsolidating all the existing best-in-class systems into one system will cut\ncosts and open opportunities for building and mining customer data to increase\nrevenue. ", "He'll get the greenlight and a shit-ton of capital, and then he has\nto make the decision about whether to build or buy. ", "That question is\nirrelevant, as our intrepid hero has no idea what the fuck he is doing and\nwill fuck things up regardless of which path he takes. ", "Once the \"new system\"\nis fully half baked, he then shoves it out all over the company in some\nridiculous balls to the wall no going back roll out plan. ", "Subsequently there\nwill be huge problems, massive lines, pissed off customers, pissed off\nemployees... but this is where our intrepid hero really shines. ", "His mastery of\nthe art of bullshit successfully deflects all blame from himself and his\nincompetence onto the users/operators (eg, people who are responsible for\nrevenue generating businesses) of his monstrosity. ", "Somehow it is forgotten\nthat outages never happened before and all the revenue loss and customer ill-\nwill is blamed on the operators for not having well-tuned disaster recovery\nplans in place for manual operation.", "\n\nOf course the only disasters they ever dealt with were a result of his\nincompetence, and in a stunning feat of failing upwards, he's destined to helm\nthe company (and then likely others) within a few short years.", "\n\n------\ntim333\nQuite a lot of mixed gossip in the Daily Mail article\n\n>Yesterday's issues are the fourth BA failure in the past month, with problems\non June 19, July 7 and July 13\n\n>Union leaders say hundreds of BA staff complained about 'FLY' system and most\nworkers say it's not fit for purpose\n\n>A survey by GMB of 700 staff in June found that 89 per cent said training was\npoor, 94 cent suffered delays or system failures and 76 per cent said their\nhealth had suffered because of stress or anger aimed at them by frustrated\npassengers.", "\n\netc [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3695151/Philip-\nSchof...](http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3695151/Philip-Schofield-\nmelts-Heathrow-check-computer-failure-hits-BA-passengers-starting-summer-\nholidays.html)\n\n~~~\nkbob\nThat article is from July, 2016, which is why the dates \"in the past month\"\ndon't compute.", "\n\n------\nGordonS\nOne of the big take-aways from this is actually about how _not_ to handle\nsituations like this.", "\n\nProblems happen - even huge ones - and I think most customes understand that.", "\nWhat they don't understand is being given little or no information about what\nthey should do, and also being given vague, contradicting and even false\ninformation.", "\n\nThe BA Twitter feed seems to be the main source of dubious information. ", "They\nare telling people to check the website for flight status info - but it only\nworks intermittently, and different parts of the site say different things;\nfor example, the flight status tool says my flight is cancelled, but the\nbooking management tool says it's all fine.", "\n\nOn the Twitter feed they are telling people that they are contacting people\nand they rebooking them _automatically_ \\- but it's apparent this is happening\nfor very few people.", "\n\nThey are telling people to rebook on the _website_ \\- which only works\nintermittently, and will not allow rebooking even when it is working.", "\n\nThey are telling people to _call_ them to rebook - but their call centres\nseemed to be working on normal working hours (rather than getting all hand on\ndeck), so were not in operation between 20:00 and 09:00 (or whatever; it\nvaries by country). ", "During working hours, when calling any call centre\nanywhere in the world, you just get a recorded message and are then\ndisconnected. ", "Some people say they did get into the call queue, and have been\nwaiting on hold for 7+ hours!", "\n\nThey are sometimes telling people they _shouldn 't go to go to the airport to\nrebook, and sometimes telling them they _should* go to the airport to rebook.", "\n\nYesterday they were telling people they could book alternative travel with a\ndifferent airline and then claim it back from them... and today they are\nsaying they won't pay if you book alternative travel - this could cost\npassengers dearly.", "\n\nThe CEO, Alex Cruz, also made a laughing stock of himself yesterday when he\nrandomly donned a yellow high-visibility vest to do a recorded message in an\noffice.", "\n\nHonestly, the whole thing has been a lesson on how _not_ to treat your\ncustomers when things go wrong.", "\n\n------\ncoldcode\nAirlines these days are run by a complex set of systems most of which have to\nwork in order to have the airline function. ", "I remember a few years ago SABRE\n(one of the 3 major GDS companies in the world) had a 4 hour outage (I worked\nfor a division). ", "Half the world's airlines stopped functioning. ", "Generally\nthese things seldom go down but when they do, hell breaks loose. ", "Often these\nsystems not only do reservations, but crew scheduling, weight balancing,\ncheck-in, manifest creation and a whole host of other small but important\nthings. ", "Airlines also integrate some of their own pieces into the contracted\nones, and some just contract almost everything. ", "It usually comes down to\nmoney. ", "Even Southwest Airlines which doesn't share its res data with anyone\nuses a GDS backend for a lot of things (in this case SABRE).", "\n\n~~~\ntyingq\nSouthwest was never on Sabre, per se. ", "They had their own, separate reservation\nsystem, operated by Sabre the company, but not the main \"Sabre Res System\" /\nPSS. ", "It was called SAAS, and sometimes \"Cowboy\".", "\n\nThey moved off of that recently though, and are now on Amadeus/Altea.", "\n\n~~~\ncoldcode\nWas true when I worked there, of course changed since then.", "\n\n------\nkidjoedango\nI'm curious if anyone can give insight on how the passenger backlog is\nresolved in these situations. ", "How was it done before smart digital systems\n(probably circa 1980's?) ", "and how is it handled today given all the intertwined\napplications. ", "I can imagine that it must be fascinating and equally exhausting\non a grand scale.", "\n\n~~~\ntyingq\n>How was it done before smart digital systems\n\nManually. ", "The TPF reservation systems have a concept of \"Queues\". ", "They would\nplace travel records that needed to be reaccommodated onto a queue. ", "Then,\nreservations agents would \"work the queues\" from their green screens, make\nphone calls, etc.", "\n\n>how is it handled today given all the intertwined applications\n\nDepends on the airline, and the system, but the general answer is \"partially\nautomated\". ", "The processes for less widespread issues is more automated. ", "Think\nlike a major storm in the northeast. ", "Global outages are less automated because\nyou're dealing with multiple issues, not just passengers.", "\n\n------\ntyingq\nShopping, flight status, etc, on their website is working, so their central\nreservations system isn't down.", "\n\n[http://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-40069977](http://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-40069977)\nsays _\" A BA captain has said the failure affects the passenger and baggage\nmanifests\"_\n\nSo it's an legality/operational thing. ", "Passengers can get boarding passes,\netc, but the plane isn't allowed to take off without proper manifests.", "\n\n~~~\nCiaranMcNulty\nAccording to reports on flying forums checking is being processed manually\nwith huge queues as a result, flight status screens aren't working, etc.", "\n\nUntil an hour or so, ago login to the website was down for me.", "\n\nSo it seems it's a very widespread outage that they're in the process of\nrecovering from\n\n~~~\ntyingq\nLikely they turned both of those off on purpose. ", "If you can't depart due to\nlack of a manifest, you turn off flight status and check-in.", "\n\nI was able to do a flight status a little while ago though.", "\n\n------\niaw\nI wish there was a listing of company IT quality somewhere similar to the list\nof 2Fac financial institutions.", "\n\nI'm leaving my citi card for a chase one due to poor infrastructure but I\ncould have avoided a lot of wasted time if I hadn't opened it in the first\nplace.", "\n\n~~~\nspydum\nProblem is it's highly variable from engagement to engagement.", "\n\nA lot of the quality and poor performance could be bad process/management on\nthe clients side (though a outsourcing company will profit hugely from).", "\n\n------\ncrivabene\nI feel close to their IT staff having to deal with this on a Saturday\nafternoon.", "\n\nPartially OT: anyone wanting to share any on-call horror stories? :)", "\n\n~~~\ntyingq\nAirlines are especially stressful, as the problem compounds with time. ", "Once\nyou hit 45 minutes or so of downtime, you start invalidating downstream flight\nconnections. ", "Two hours in, and you've issues with crews not being legal to\nfly. ", "Four hours in, and there's not enough capacity the following day to fix\nthe missed flights from today, etc.", "\n\n~~~\nmtkd\nare there commonly algos or decision support tools to help unravel that in an\noptimised way?", "\n\n~~~\ntyingq\nSort of. ", "The software is called \"automated re-accommodation\". ", "But you're\nsolving for several intertwined problems. ", "Which aircraft models / tail numbers\nfly which flights...they have different seating capacities, nautical range,\netc. ", "Which crews are assigned to which aircraft. ", "They aren't all qualified to\nfly every model. ", "And, they aren't all in the right city, so you have to\n\"deadhead\" them there. ", "And, finally, which passengers go on which flights.", "\n\nThey do have solver/optimizer algorithms, but you can imagine it's not a\nbutton press thing. ", "There's a lot of human process, trial and error, etc. ", "Oh,\nand federal laws about crew hours / legality plus union work rules. ", "You can't\njust assign crews wherever you want for example...you have to consider\nseniority, their \"home base\" where they live, etc.", "\n\n~~~\nmtkd\nI was in the middle of some major rail cancellations a couple of months back\nover 2 days - on the 3rd day many of the assets were out of place around the\ncountry - they were clearly trying to solve it manually and the impact\nescalated over the day even though most of the original problems had cleared\n\nit's got to be a great problem to work on - and must be pretty rewarding to\nwatch when you get it right\n\n~~~\ngonzo\nRemember on 9/11/2001 when the US FAA declared a nation-wide ground stop, and\nrerouted all inbound international flights to other countries (e.g. Canada\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon))?", "\n\n~~~\nCamTin\nDo you have some airline/IT ops stories about that day and the aftermath? ", "If\nso, I (and I'm sure others) would be delighted to hear about them.", "\n\n------\npbhjpbhj\n>BA chief executive Alex Cruz said: \"We believe the root cause was a power\nsupply issue.\" //", "\n\nThat shut down BA operations World wide? ", "Does that seem likely? ", "Possible? ", "They\ndon't have power fail-over and operational centres in different countries?", "\n\nI've been re-shaping my aluminium foil hat and wondering if there wasn't a\nspecific terrorist threat that's been covered up; but then where I am there\nhave been 2 cities suffer bomb threats (with attendance of bomb disposal and\narmed police) that seem to have been buried in the news completely. ", "Also I've\nheard elsewhere that staff on the ground reported the incident as due to\n\"hackers\" almost immediately - the speculation being 'before they could\npossibly have known that' \\- which suggests some sort of disinformation\nprocess.", "\n\n/wild-speculation\n\n~~~\nmkempe\nSame thought here. ", "Ten years ago the UK foiled a terrorist plot to bomb 6-7\nairplanes in flight from the UK to the US. ", "That's the origin of the ban on\nbringing large amounts of liquid on board. [", "1] The recent bomb in Manchester\nwas apparently made using peroxide, too.", "\n\nAssuming they identified a real, immediate, and massive threat, I can see why\nthey would prefer to ground all planes until they've sorted things out.", "\n\n[1]\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_transatlantic_aircraft_pl...](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_transatlantic_aircraft_plot)\n\n~~~\nisostatic\nHalf the planes taking off at Heathrow are not BA. ", "If they wanted to ground\nthe planes, shutting down ATC would be the better way.", "\n\n~~~\nmkempe\nYou're assuming the hypothetical threat is not specific to BA.", "\n\n------\ntomschlick\nAirlines should band together and form working group to redevelop the old\nsystem in modern open source tech.", "\n\nYes it would probably take 5+ years to develop and roll out, but they can't\nkeep maintaining these 50 year old mainframes that cost them tens of millions\na year in downtime.", "\n\n~~~\nbenmarks\n\"Redevelop the old system in modern open source tech\" is a tough sell when so\nmany of these airlines are differentiating on technology. ", "Myself and many\nother frequent fliers will not engage with companies with poor functionality\nand bad UX. ", "We move or stay loyal when airline tech allows us to do & see most\nof the things we need.", "\n\n~~~\nmbaha\nTheir tech is not open enough to even allow for proper innovation and\ndifferentiation. ", "That's the main issue with legacy IT.", "\n\nWhen you live in a world w/ Docker, REST (and every other open tech there is),\nyou can build systems which are way more innovative.", "\n\n~~~\ngaius\n_When you live in a world w / Docker, REST (and every other open tech there\nis), you can build systems which are way more innovative_\n\nThat's quite funny because Docker and REST are just half-arsed reinventions of\nmainframe features from the 1970s.", "\n\n~~~\nmbaha\nI completely get where you're coming from, but you also have to acknowledge\nfor example that Docker is open source.", "\n\nThat's not a trivial add-on to IBM mainframes, it provides every developer (w/\nminimal resources e.g a laptop or free tier cloud service) the ability to run\nproduction-like environments.", "\n\nSometimes, we take that for granted, but having worked for an airline IT, I\nnoticed the bottleneck didn't come from hard algorithmic issues (most advanced\nroute features were very basic to implement), but from the huge leap between\nproduction and dev environments: this was not Ubuntu on a server VS a MacOS on\na laptop (manageable...), this was Ubuntu VMs (so should be close to prod?) ", "vs\ncryptic data center clusters that had impossible-to-replicate features.", "\n\nAs for REST, airline IT use an outdated messaging mechanism. ", "It implements\nversioning and grammar, so should be clean and nice to work with? ", "Not\nreally... The messages were impossible to read for an inexperienced dev\n(opposed to XML or JSON).", "\n\nI heard plans to put JSON blobs in one of the fields of the messaging\nmechanism (completely destroying the value of versionning and grammar btw).", "\nThat was not necessarily a bad idea, just a reaction to the lack of supported\ntooling, and readability for an obscure messaging mechanism.", "\n\nAgain, I get where you're coming from, but I'm just allergic to nostagia for\nthe sake of nostalgia where the old features clearly lacked essential features\nfor 2017.", "\n\n------\nhaveopinion\nThe facts are clear. ", "No effective mirror system or failover system. ", "I've\narchitected major 365x24 systems repeatedly in my career: Removing the\npossibility of power supply failure across the primary and secondary sites\n(and even within single site) is absolutely fundamental. ", "That clearly has not\nbeen done here, at least to the extent of making sure that the solution is\neffective- and the blame I would guess lie within a crazy management and\ndecision structure that seems to increasing permeate IT within large\ncompanies. ", "Tata do have some good staff (from my first hand experience over\nmany years):However, from my more recent experience, there is an increasingly\nMASSIVE CLIFF EDGE in talent/competence in within Indian companies generally,\n(and to some lesser extent UK companies as well): So the possibility of having\n\"very assertive, but stupid or incompetent\" middle and even senior managers is\nbecoming an ever greater real-world problem. ", "The criteria and method for\nselecting candidates for IT related work does not help - in particular role,\ncompetency, and \"modus operandi\" of recruiting agencies, is pretty atrocious,\nas many a seasoned contractor will attest! ", "But ultimately, I think Alex Cruz\nand his CIO must take responsibility for a lack of diligence and competence.", "\nThey clearly do not understand the most basic truth of high reliability,\nmission-critical IT: i.e. They NEVER needed cheaper IT staff (with all the\nattendant risk within their industry) , but rather much fewer technical staff,\nof the HIGHEST QUALITY, for all BA's key systems. ", "And that I’m afraid means\nprobably not putting Indian companies at the top of the list.", "\n\n------\nCiaranMcNulty\nOne customer was told that the root cause was a \"lightning strike on a\ndatacentre\", although it sounds pretty unlikely (there are storms today in the\nUK but surely there'd be a DR plan?)", "\n\n~~~\ntyingq\nThey do have DR plans, but the reality is that whole thing is a huge\ndistributed system with parts from different vendors, in different locations,\netc, with decades of legacy.", "\n\nA power outage the reboots a whole datacenter would screw any major airline\nfor at least half a day.", "\n\nThus far, nobody has found the economics of a modern, truly HA setup worth the\ncost. ", "Outsiders greatly underestimate the complexity too. ", "Think something like\n40 disparate applications from different vendors, or some homegrown systems,\nin different geographical locations. ", "Then, all the client applications are in\nbuildings you don't own (airports) where you aren't allowed to control the\ninfrastructure.", "\n\nIf it were a high margin business, perhaps things would be different. ", "It's\nnot.", "\n\n~~~\njacques_chester\n> _If it were a high margin business, perhaps things would be different. ", "It 's\n> not._", "\n\nMost of the loss here is not from lost bookings; a lot of people who prefer BA\nwill probably just wait and book once the systems are restored.", "\n\nIt's going to be from secondary losses -- lawsuits, ding to the reputation and\nso on.", "\n\nThese numbers are estimatable, even for low-margin businesses.", "\n\n~~~\ntyingq\nI agree, but I've been around this sort of thing and seen the post incident\nanalysis, been in the discussions, etc. ", "Despite the huge costs of these\noutages, they pale in comparison to the costs of a real HA solution for all\n\"needed to fly\" applications.", "\n\nTo give you some idea, ITA Software was bought by Google for $700 million.", "\nThey were some of the best and brightest minds in this space, on par with any\nSilicon Valley darling. ", "They successfully wrote a modern replacement for one\npopular airline function...shopping. ", "They failed, however, at delivering a\nmodern reservation system, despite tons of money and talent invested.", "\n\n~~~\njacques_chester\n> _Despite the huge costs of these outages, they pale in comparison to the\n> costs of a real HA solution for all \"needed to fly\" applications._", "\n\nThen, quite honestly, it's the rational decision for airlines to take.", "\n\nEven Google accepts that perfect reliability is impossible, and they're\nsailing in a pillow-strewn gold-plated yacht down a Mississippi of money.", "\n\n------\nCommanderData\nI've managed enterprise IT applications shift support to India. ", "I have to say\nwhen its done right, it can work well sometimes.", "\n\nBut my experience has taught me this. ", "The vast majority of time its a fragile\negg shell waiting to crack. ", "When it fails, it fails miraculously. ", "An IT\nsupport team on this scale is one of those things you should keep close to\nyour product or customer.", "\n\nOccasions like this I guarantee a bunch of execs somewhere in BA will pay\nANYTHING to have some of their loyal IT staff back to take control of the\nsituation.", "\n\n~~~\nsgt101\nBut within 4 months no one in the BA C-suite will remember this happened.", "\n\n------\ncauterize\nThere might be a better word than \"crashing\" when describing airline computer\nsystems malfunctioning. ", "Nevertheless, was happy to hear it wasn't a plane.", "\n\n------\nbitmapbrother\nI can't help but be amused of the fact that all of the money British Airways\nthought they saved, by outsourcing their IT, was just squandered by the\nadditional expenses it's going to cost them to fix this mess. ", "And I'm not even\nfactoring in all of the money this bad PR is going to cost them in the near\nand long term.", "\n\n------\nforgottenacc57\nAll those UML diagrams didn't make the software good.", "\n\n------\nchmaynard\nHenceforward, BA passengers will be required to bring portable power supplies\nwith them and make them available to airport personnel when asked to do so.", "\nFailure to do so will result in forced removal from the aircraft. ", "Over and\nout.", "\n\n~~~\nStavrosK\nNah, BA isn't a US airline.", "\n\n------\nknown\nCompanies ruined or almost ruined by Indians\n[http://sammyboy.com/showthread.php?98021-Companies-ruined-\nor...](http://sammyboy.com/showthread.php?98021-Companies-ruined-or-almost-\nruined-by-imported-Indian-labor-%28US%29)\n\n------\nfaragon\nTL;DR: yet another massive chaos because some \"smart\" PHB doing \"cost\nreduction\" in IT.", "\n\n------\nfrik\nApparently whole Heathrow airport, .. was shut down yesterday. ", "United and\nLufthansa has to cancel their flights there too. ", "So it meant more passengers\ntrying to get with other plans to neighbour countries.", "\n\n------\ngmisra\nFor reference, British Airways' parent company made a profit of €2.5 billion\nlast year, and expects higher profits this year [0].", "\n\nWithout meaningful consequences at the top of the executive chain for sub-par\nIT/infrastructure quality, these kinds of incidents seem inevitable. ", "But how\ndo you hold people responsibly for \"bad\" software? ", "We could adopt something\nakin to how PE licenses are required for civil engineering in the US. ", "I\nsuspect it is in the industry's best interest to address this need before a\ngovernment entity decides to.", "\n\n[0] [http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iag-results-\nidUKKBN1630MA](http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iag-results-idUKKBN1630MA)\n\n------\noliv__\nCrash might not be the best word to put in a sentence containing British\nAirways. ", "My brain was frozen for a couple seconds until I understood what had\ncrashed.", "\n\n------\nBoiledCabbage\nI have zero evidence, and am simply working through a though exercise, but it\ncould be targeted?", "\n\nMaybe a group on behalf of a nation state is testing out its muscle. ", "Or\nsending a warning. ", "Maybe the UK did something recently a nation didn't like,\nand this is the new form of \"diplomatic protest\". ", "Or sending a warning shot.", "\n\nI remember reading last year that the large Delta airlines outage was cyber\nterror related.", "\n\nIt really feels like we're not too far off from a war between two nations\nwithout a single bullet fired. ", "What happens when a country is hit with nation\nlevel ransomware? ", "Ie not, \"give us $300 bucks and you'll get your PC back\",\nbut \"sign XYZ treaty and you get your country's water system back\"? ", "Or \"we'll\nrestore your internet and turn your powerplants back online\"? ", "How much will a\nwealthy country (like us in the US) be willing to stomach of seeing people\ngoing thirsty and hungry before they want their govt to capitulate?", "\n\nOf course the world will condemn and complain, but as has always been the case\nthe country with the largest Army makes the rules. ", "And we might be using the\nwrong measuring stick. ", "Microsoft missed the boat by thinking (along with most\nof the industry) that measuring computing meant measuring PCs. ", "It wasn't until\nit was too late that it realized that computing was about to be dominated by\nMobile and smaller. ", "They were using the wrong measuring stick.", "\n\nAre we on the verge of an era where an army should be measured in its digital\nstrength and not its physical strength? ", "It's a very scary thought.", "\n\nAs an American I think first of the risks to my own country. ", "How long could we\nsit with a nationwide blackout, and the internet down (for anyone using backup\ngenerators)? ", "Food rotting in shipping containers because no cranes can offload\nit. ", "No easy communication or flights for quick way to move people or things\naround.", "\n\nAs a country (and as a world) I can't help but feel we're really not doing\nenough to take a risk like this seriously. ", "It's just a feeling, but based on\nsmall incidents here and there it really feels to me like something in the\nnext 5-10 years is gonna happen that'll make us all drop our jaws and say \"I\ndidn't think this was possible.\"", "\n\nRegardless of your political beliefs, a lot of people around the world didn't\nthink last year's US election was possible. ", "I was shocked by it as well, but\nit also opened my eyes to how much more really is in the realm of possible.", "\n\nAs engineers we have much a deeper knowledge of the risks involved and as a\nresult a much greater responsibility of raising awareness and getting the\nproblem fixed.", "\n\nEDIT: I'm not sure of the original location I saw the Delta stuff, but a quick\nlook now turns up this link.", "\n\n[http://observer.com/2016/09/did-a-cyber-attack-ground-\ndelta-...](http://observer.com/2016/09/did-a-cyber-attack-ground-delta-\nairlines/)\n\nAnd yes, I'll repeat this above comment is purely speculative by me.", "\n\n~~~\ntyingq\nThere's a little insider knowledge on the Flyertalk forum.", "\n\nSee this post, for example...a BA employee:\n[https://www.flyertalk.com/forum/28366141-post168.html](https://www.flyertalk.com/forum/28366141-post168.html)\n\nLater, there's some talk about a power outage and/or lighting strike, again\nfrom BA employees.", "\n\n~~~\nBoiledCabbage\nI could be mistaken, but from what I'm seeing in that thread they really have\nno idea what caused it. ", "Which, btw, seems fairly reasonable for how early into\nthis incident it is. ", "I wouldn't expect a root cause for a while.", "\n\nDelta Airlines also called their outage a \"power outage\", but it looks like\nthere was reason to believe it wasn't.", "\n\n[http://observer.com/2016/09/did-a-cyber-attack-ground-\ndelta-...](http://observer.com/2016/09/did-a-cyber-attack-ground-delta-\nairlines/)\n\n~~~\ntyingq\nI don't put much stock in that article. ", "Their conspiracy theory is that no\nother businesses saw a power outage. ", "But it didn't have to be a supplier/mains\nproblem. ", "They could have had an issue with their own, internal power grid.", "\nTheir data center likely has a UPS, generators, huge switches to move back and\nforth from battery/mains/generator etc. ", "A fault there would cause an outage.", "\n\nEdit: Yep. [", "http://bgr.com/2016/08/14/delta-finally-explained-how-one-\npo...](http://bgr.com/2016/08/14/delta-finally-explained-how-one-power-outage-\ngrounded-an-entire-airline/)\n\n------\npurpleostrich\nWho is John Galt?", "\n\n------\nriffic\nHopefully, this will be a wake-up call to the industry - government regulation\nin IT is needed.", "\n\n~~~\nal452\nThe UK government (perhaps the relevant one in this case) does not have a\nstellar track record of figuring out how to make big IT systems and projects\nsuccessful. ", "This knee-jerk appeal to regulation is unconvincing to say the\nleast.", "\n\n~~~\nriffic\nA modified form of ITIL would do a lot of good for important sectors. ", "Let me\nput it another way, if the industry won't regulate itself, then they will be\nregulated by force.", "\n\n~~~\ngaius\n_A modified form of ITIL would do a lot of good for important sectors_\n\nYou've never used ITIL for real, have you? ", "Because if you had you would know\nthat no amount of process can replace good engineers, and good engineers don't\nwant to work in ITIL shops...\n\n------\nid122015\nif this is another case when they employed a horror coder who doesnt know to\nprogram, they'd better employ me !", "\n\n------\ntechnofiend\nMaybe they hired the managers who handled Deepwater Horizon. ", "Although this\ntime around, I don't think Donald Trump should send a nuclear sub to drop a\nnuke down the shaft on day two of the disaster. ", "I'd wait at least a week.", "\n\n------\nGnarfGnarf\nThis is a distant early warning of the impending demise of commercial\naviation. ", "The inexorable rise of the price of fuel will eventually make flying\nunaffordable for all but the military and civil servants. ", "Airlines are already\nstruggling to remain solvent, and are cutting costs everywhere they can:\nsalaries, squashing passengers to increase seats/plane, nickel & dimeing us\nwith baggage surcharges, etc.", "\n\nOffshoring IT is an example of cutting costs to the bone.", "\n\nYour grandchildren will only know of flying as an ancient legend.", "\n\n~~~\n65827\nThis is nonsense, fuel prices have been plummeting amid new extraction tech\nand long term demand destruction. ", "These are fundamental changes and if you're\nstill droning on about peak oil you're just operating on old bad info.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Tunisian radish extract (Raphanus sativus) enhances the antioxidant status and protects against oxidative stress induced by zearalenone in Balb/c mice.", "\nRadish (Raphanus sativus) is a food plant known worldwide. ", "From antiquity it has been used in folk medicine as a natural drug against many toxicants. ", "Zearalenone (zen) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin present in corn and food mixture for farm animals and it is hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and genotoxic. ", "The objectives of the present study were to assess the biological activity of radish extract and to evaluate the protective role of radish extract against the toxicity of zen in female Balb/c mice. ", "Animals were divided into seven groups and treated orally for 10 days as follows: a control, an olive oil group, groups treated with radish extract alone (5, 10 and 15 mg kg(-1) b.w.), ", "a group treated with zen (40 mg kg(-1) b.w.) ", "and a group treated with zen plus the lowest dose of radish extract. ", "The results indicate that radish extract improved the antioxidant status and had no significant effects on hematological and biochemical parameters tested or histology of the liver and kidney. ", "Treatment with zen results in a significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, BILT, BILD, CRE accompanied with significant changes in most of hematological parameters and the antioxidant enzyme activities, co-treatment of zen and the radish extract results in a significant reestablishment of hematological, serum biochemical parameters, and the histology of the liver and kidney. ", "These findings suggest that radish extract is safe and can be overcome or, at least, significantly diminish zen effects." ]

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[ "import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';\nimport PropTypes from 'prop-types';\nimport styles from './NoteGallery.module.css';\nimport clsx from 'clsx';\nimport { useAlert } from 'react-alert';\nconst { clipboard } = require('electron');\n\nconst SelectedImage = ({ index, photo, margin }) => {\n const alert = useAlert();\n\n const imageClick = (_, del) => {\n let img = {\n index: index,\n photo: photo,\n };\n\n emitter.emit('clickPhoto', del, img);\n };\n\n const style = {\n margin: margin,\n height: photo.height,\n width: photo.width,\n };\n\n return (\n <div\n className={clsx(styles.imageContainer, 'gallery-img')}\n style={style}\n >\n <i\n className='fa fa-copy'\n onClick={x => {\n alert.success('Copied file path to clipboard');\n clipboard.writeText(photo.src);\n }}\n />\n <i className='fa fa-trash-alt' onClick={e => imageClick(e, true)} />\n <img\n className={'gallery-img'}\n onClick={e => imageClick(e, false)}\n {...photo}\n style={style}\n />\n </div>\n );\n};\n\nSelectedImage.propTypes = {};\nexport default SelectedImage;\n" ]

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[ "Mars has been the focus of a flurry of findings lately. ", "The Curiosity rover has been exploring the Gale Crater, where it detected methane jets and also sampled clays from the dry lakebed there, discovering clues about the history of water and hydrogen on the planet. ", "That points to Mars’ water, and hydrogen in its atmosphere, slowly being lost over a longer period than previously thought. ", "Meanwhile, the MAVEN spacecraft, orbiting Mars, has observed the process that causes that loss.", "\n\nBetween the rovers and the MAVEN spacecraft, it’s no surprise that so many new findings have come to light. ", "But amidst these discoveries, researchers have made yet another stride in understanding the planet’s history—and they’ve done so in a laboratory right here on Earth.", "\n\nThe meteorite, known as Allan Hills 84001, is named for the location in Antarctica where it was discovered in the 1980s. ", "It originated on Mars and, crucially for the enterprise of studying the planet’s history, it’s about 3.9 billion years old. ", "That puts its formation in the planet's water-rich Noachian era, so the carbonates it contains provide clues about this key period in the planet's history.", "\n\nBy examining the meteorite’s carbon and oxygen isotopes with an ion microprobe and by breaking down pieces of the meteorite with acid, the researchers were able to get details of the rock's formation. ", "They determined that, at the time the rock originated, the Martian atmosphere was comparatively much poorer in carbon-13 than it is today.", "\n\nChange in the relative levels of carbon-13 is likely to be the result of the atmosphere thinning out over time. ", "Carbon-12, a lighter isotope, should be lost to space more readily, shifting the relative abundance of carbon-13. ", "In other words, as the other isotopes leave more frequently, carbon-13 could find itself less of a minority in the atmosphere than at earlier points in Mars' history.", "\n\nThe ALH 84001 meteorite contains an anomaly in some of its oxygen isotopes, which likely originates in exposure to a fluid containing oxygen, such as water. ", "If that is the case, it tells us that this water had the same isotopic anomaly found in the meteorite. (", "Of course, it might not be water at all.)", "\n\nThese conclusions depend on a couple of assumptions about the formation of the meteorite, such as that the various materials it contains formed around the same time. ", "Specifically, it’s assumed the meteorite’s calcium-rich material can be considered in the same context as the rest of the meteorite. “", "It is certainly possible that this is not the case,” the authors write in their paper, “and that the [calcium]-rich phase observed here formed in a completely unrelated event that substantially postdated the formation of the bulk of the carbonate within the rock.”", "\n\nNonetheless, the authors conclude, it remains likely that the meteorite has been imprinted with the atmospheric conditions at the time it formed, and thus that there was already less carbon-13 in the Martian atmosphere 3.9 billion years ago.", "\n\nThis is yet another in the series of recent discoveries piecing together the atmospheric history of Mars. ", "Understanding the past conditions on the planet, and the interactions between the atmosphere and hydrosphere, among other things, will help scientists determine whether the planet could have ever sustained life. ", "Whether it did or not is a matter of conditions being just right at the right time.", "\n\nPNAS, 2014. ", "DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315615112 (About DOIs)" ]

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[ "By LAURAN NEERGAARD, AP Medical Writer\n\nWASHINGTON (AP) — Scientists carefully probe a placenta donated after birth, bluish umbilical cord still attached. ", "This is the body's most mysterious organ, and inside lie clues about how it gives life — and how it can go awry, leading to stillbirth, preterm birth, even infections like the Zika virus, that somehow sneak past its protective barrier.", "\n\nIn labs around the country, major research is underway to finally understand and monitor this floppy, bloody tissue that's often dismissed as the \"afterbirth,\" the organ that lives about nine months and then gets thrown away.", "\n\nThe stakes are high. ", "The placenta is the ultimate multitasker: It nourishes a fetus, acts as its lungs, kidneys and liver, provides immune defense, and even produces key hormones.", "\n\n\"We take it for granted,\" said Dr. Catherine Spong of the National Institutes of Health, which has spurred a research boom with its $50 million Human Placenta Project. \"", "Yet there are lifelong implications for both the mother and the baby.\"", "\n\nZika's shocking birth defects have brought into focus the desperate need to learn how a healthy placenta does its many jobs, and find treatments for when it is undermined.", "\n\n\"Tomorrow there may be a new virus,\" warned Dr. Yoel Sadovsky of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, a leading placenta researcher. \"", "If I was a virus and wanted to attack humans, probably the best time to do it was during pregnancy, where you're attacking the next generation.\"", "\n\nDoctors have few tools today to examine a placenta during pregnancy. ", "And precious as that donated placenta is for research, studying one that already ushered in a birth reveals only so much, like counting the rings in a downed tree to visualize the sapling.", "\n\nWhat scientists, and obstetricians, really need is a way to peek at how the placenta forms and changes in the different stages of pregnancy. ", "That could help spot problems early — such as preeclampsia, a blood pressure complication that can be life-threatening to mother and baby. ", "It affects up to 8 percent of pregnancies but typically isn't detected until the second trimester even though it's thought to stem from abnormal placenta formation.", "\n\nHow? ", "In a Washington lab, engineer Avinash Eranki turns over the donated placenta, examining the side that attached to Mom. ", "That outer layer is made up of cells called trophoblasts that had to invade the uterine wall and then burrow into maternal arteries, enlarging them to provide blood flow for the fetus.", "\n\nThe theory: If those cells get off course and the blood vessels don't widen enough, the downstream effects of a placenta struggling to support the fetus eventually stress the mother's own organs.", "\n\nThe research team at Children's National Health System is using a 3-D bioprinter to create a unique living model of how a human placenta forms, to mimic how trophoblasts create that blood supply. ", "The printer deposits layer after layer of human cells and other substances they need to thrive.", "\n\n\"It can actually grow. ", "It's a dynamic piece of tissue,\" said researcher Che-Ying Kuo of the University of Maryland and Children's National, which is funding the work.", "\n\nOnce it's complete, the model could help researchers test ways to detect brewing preeclampsia earlier, and intervene. ", "Today, the only cure for severe cases is premature delivery of the baby.", "\n\nAt the NIH, researchers are targeting another critical gap: It's hard to tell how much oxygen is reaching the fetus. ", "Doctors rely on indirect measurements, such as during labor when fetal heart rate can signal problems even if the baby's fine.", "\n\nBiomedical engineer Afrouz Anderson of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is developing a wireless device, called an oximeter, that uses near-infrared light to measure placental oxygen when held over mom's abdomen.", "\n\nAnderson, who is testing the device in a model that mimics blood flowing through a placenta, sees its potential use during preeclampsia or when the fetus isn't growing properly. ", "In a study planned for early next year, she'll team with military doctors to measure what's normal in healthy pregnant women.", "\n\n\"My biggest hope is if the oxygenation status would give a more accurate picture,\" so that \"we don't have to go do a C-section because the baby's actually happy,\" said Dr. Shad Deering, obstetrics chairman at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.", "\n\n\"It's very exciting to see people focusing on the real-time changes that happen during a pregnancy and how those shape later outcomes,\" said Dr. Anna Penn, a neonatologist at Children's National. ", "She studies hormones the placenta produces that affect brain development, in search of protective therapies for premature infants. \"", "The whole idea is early detection of problems so that if things are going off in the wrong direction, hopefully we can get back on track.\"", "\n\nBut the Zika virus, which can destroy a developing brain when an infected mother passes infection to her unborn child, is proving a tough challenge. ", "Only certain viruses can reach a fetus through the placenta and it's not clear how Zika does. ", "So far, researchers have found that it seems able to infect some types of placenta cells and not others.", "\n\nThe last epidemic of a birth defect-causing virus was rubella, or German measles, in the 1960s. ", "Dr. Carolyn Coyne, a University of Pittsburgh virologist, calls it shocking that scientists still don't know how rubella sneaked through — because those studies ended once life-saving rubella vaccination began.", "\n\nEven if Zika starts to fade, it's critical to get those answers, say Coyne and Sadovksy, who are studying new pathways the virus may be using.", "\n\n\"Really, societal health depends on the function of this organ,\" Sadovsky said." ]

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[ "[The assessment of nutritional habits of men with coronary heart disease over 60 years old].", "\nThe objective of the research was to assess nutritional habits of men with coronary heart disease aged > 60 years old (n=132), stratified by educational level. ", "The examined men were divided into 3 groups: group I--men with primary education (n=33), group II--men with secondary education (n=42), group III--men with higher education (n=57). ", "Nutritional habits of examined men were assessed on the basis of a 3-day food record. ", "The research showed that nutritional habits of examined men were characterized by too much saturated fat and cholesterol and were in accordance to hipolipemic diet. ", "Educational level did not significantly influence the parameters of the subjects' diet, but had an impact on the structure of the intake of selected products." ]

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[ "With respect to Karl's first point, I think Karl is likely to be right. ", "Large multinational corporations are likely to be bidders for new gTLD slots/strings. ", "Certainly as the price of slots comes down, this will be inevitable.", "With respect to Karl's second point about the cost of operating a TLD, I defer to Karl's superior knowledge. ", "His estimate (even if low by a factor of 10 or 100) suggests that 1000 is far too low as a cap for the ultimate level of TLD demand.", "Karl's third point (about private TLDs) is absolutely right And as Karl points out, that is the implication of the move to sTLDs.", "Lawrence Solum\n\nIf a registry requires servers across the world, and you take the current registries as the minimum acceptable level of technical ability, then I sincerely doubt that you, Karl, would spend the money for the infrastructure, much less the maintenance.", "\n\nYour argument presumes that you can run a registry with a single server in your basement. ", "You cannot." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUse MS Word doc as boilerplate template for pdf\n\nI am charged with the following task in a Rails project. ", " Clients will have templates in Word doc format which have boilerplate text and images with company logos and letterheads, etc...\nThey will be able to upload these templates. ", " What I need to do is read these templates, inject the relevant customer data, quote and sales information into them, and create a pdf file which is then emailed to the appropriate party.", "\nThe major stumbling block is getting the text and images from the Word doc into html and preserving the layout. ", " I want to avoid using third party software to convert the doc to html. ", " I am looking for a way to handle everything in my Rails app. ", " Is such a thing possible? ", " I know that M$ is bad and all but there is a huge user base of MS Office folk in the business community that needs to be interfaced with. ", " \nI have a very good handle on using WickedPDF and PDFKit and I am sure I could figure out Prawn if need be.", "\n\nA:\n\nAs Unixmonkey mentioned, OpenOffice could probably help with this requirement. ", " You would drop the HTML in the middle and go straight from Word to PDF. ", " If that conversion process is good enough for you (you can test manually by simply installing openoffice and manually converting the files to pdf), then JODReports or Docmosis could help you automate the process. ", " This is pretty late after your post... what did you end up doing?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Otmar Wiestler\n\nOtmar D. Wiestler (Born November 6, 1956 in Freiburg im Breisgau) is a German physician, a professor at the University of Heidelberg and President of the Helmholtz Association. ", "He is not a typical basic scientist, but he successfully entered a number of highly popular fields of clinical research, including cancer research, tumor genetics and, more recently, stem cell research. ", "He focuses on technology transfer of already existing technologies from basic science into clinical use, rather than developing the basic science.", "\n\nCareer\nFrom 1975 to 1981 Wiestler went to the Medical School at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg. ", "Under the direction of Paul Kleihues and Benedict Volk, Wiestler worked as assistant at the University of Freiburg until 1994, when he finished his thesis with summa cum laude. ", "As a PostDoc he joined Gernot Walter for three years at the Institute of Pathology at the University of California San Diego. ", "From 1987 to 1992 he was staff physician at the Department of Neuropathology at the Institute of Pathology of the University Hospital in Zürich, Switzerland, again with Paul Kleihues. ", "In 1989 he temporarily headed the department. ", "From 1992 to 2003, he was elected full professor and chair for Neuropathology at the university clinics in Bonn.", "\n\nSince 2000 Wiestler is known to the public as a supporter of stem cell research in Germany.", "\n\nFrom 2002 to 2003 Wiestler was also CEO of LIFE & BRAIN GmbH in Bonn. ", "In 2004, Wiestler succeeded Harald zur Hausen as Chairman and scientific member of the Foundation Board of the German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ). ", "In 2015 he became President of the Helmholtz Association. ", "In 2019 he was re-elected for a second term until 2025.", "\n\nOther activities\n\nCorporate boards\n Bayer AG, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2014)\n Siemens Medical Solutions, Member of the Advisory Board of Molecular Diagnostics (since 2007)\n\nNon-profit organizations\n Technical University of Munich (TUM), Chairman of the Board of Trustees (since 2016)\n Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres, Vice-President (since 2007)\n Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2007)\n Georg Speyer House, Member of the Board (since 2006)\n Hertie Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2005)\n German Cancer Aid, Chairman of the Advisory Committee and Member of the Board (since 2004)\n German Science Foundation (DFG), Chairman of the Technical Committee Theoretical Medicine (2000-2003)\n NCCR Neural Plasticity & Repair, Member of the Review Panel (since 2001)\n German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, Member (since 2001)\n Stem Cell Network Research of North Rhine-Westphalia, Chairman (2002-2003)\n German Society for Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy, President (1998-1999)\n\nAwards\nOn 8 April 2005 Wiestler received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.", "\n\nPublications\nWiestler has numerous original publications in journals of the neuropathology and cancer research. ", "He also edited several books and is in the Editorial Board of various journals.", "\n\n O. D. Wiestler, G. Walter: [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=363161 Developmental expression of two forms of pp60c-src in mouse brain] Molecular and Cellular Biology 8 / 1988, p. 502-504.", "\n H. K Wolf, O. D. Wiestler:Malformative and neoplastic glioneuronal lesions in patients with chronic pharmacoresistant epilepsies. ", "In: Advances in Neurology''81/1999, p. 69-79. ", "\n R. H. Eibl, P. Kleihues, P.S. Jat, O. D. Wiestler: model for primitive neuroectodermal tumors in transgenic neural transplants harboring the SV40 large T antigen.'' ", "Am J Pathol. ", "1994 Mar; 144 (3) :556-64\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links \n Director of German Cancer Research Center DKFZ\n\nCategory:German oncologists\nCategory:1956 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany" ]

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[ "Characteristics of the active transport of Ca2+ by submitochondrial vesicles.", "\nInner membrane vesicles have been prepared by cholate treatment of rat liver mitoplasts. ", "The vesicles can actively accumulate Ca2+ in the absence or presence of inorganic phosphate. ", "The uptake is inhibited by ruthenium red and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. ", "Like in intact mitochondria the driving force for the uptake reaction seems to be the negative inside membrane potential generated during the oxidation of substrates. ", "The level of antimycin-A-sensitive reduction of ferricyanide by succinate indicates that the cholate inner membrane vesicles are about 70% right side out. ", "Using cytochrome-c-extracted inner membrane vesicles it can be shown that only those which have the same right-side-out polarity as intact mitochondria can actively accumulate Ca2+." ]

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[ "To trigger JavaScript events, like KeyDown or KeyUp, you can use the type method.", "\n\nbrowser.type('type','typing text')\n\nIf you pass the argument slowly=True to the type method you can interact with the\npage on every key pressed. ", "Useful for testing field’s autocompletion (the browser\nwill wait until next iteration to type the subsequent key).", "\n\nforkeyinbrowser.type('type','typing slowly',slowly=True):pass# make some assertion here with the key object :)" ]

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[ "Paul Sinha looks at the forgotten women of history – from warriors to activists whose stories were not told at school. ", "From 2016.", "\n\nPaul looks at the forgotten women of history. ", "From warriors to inventors to civil rights activists, Paul unearths some stories, that for reasons of sexism and patriarchy, we never got told about at school. ", "You're welcome, ladies.", "\n\nPaul Sinha returns for a second series of the show that uncovers the fascinating stories that we've forgotten in our onward march of progress. ", "In the last series we learned how Alexander Graham Bell did NOT invent the telephone, and that the World Cup final of 2014 could only have happened because of the 1415 invasion of Morocco.", "\n\n\"Sinha's gift for finding humour in it all makes him worth a listen\" - The Telegraph\n\nWritten and performed by Paul Sinha\n\nProduced by Ed Morrish\n\nA BBC Radio Comedy Production first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2016." ]

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[ "Alucita manneringi\n\nAlucita manneringi is a moth of the family Alucitidae. ", "It was described by Cees Gielis in 2009. ", "It is found in Papua New Guinea.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 2009\nCategory:Alucitidae\nCategory:Moths of New Guinea" ]

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