Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

detoxify-pile-chunk3-50000-100000

like 0

[ "Two Killed and Two Injured in Clarke County Car Crash\n\nPosted on Oct 22, 2011\n\nA Clarke County car crash took the life of two people shortly after noon on Monday, October 10, 2011. ", "The accident occurred on Commerce Road near Bob Holman Road. ", "The Athens-Clarke County Police Department investigated the accident and has reported that a Ford Focus driven by 48-year-old Angela Ellington, of Maysville, hydroplaned as it came around a curve in the road.", "\n\nWhen the car allegedly hydroplaned it crossed from the southbound to the northbound lane of Commerce Road and collided with 2008 Dodge Dakota driven by 19-year-old Haley Dodd, of Commerce.", "\n\nMs. Ellington and 57-year-old Priscilla Mathis of Commerce, her front seat passenger, died at the scene of the accident. ", "A back seat passenger in Ms. Ellington's car, who has been identified as 26-year-old Sandra Baggett, of Columbus, was taken to Athens Regional Medical Center for treatment. ", "Ms. Dodd was also taken to Athens Regional Medical Center for treatment. ", "Their injuries are not reported to be life threatening.", "\n\nWe extend our condolences to the families and friends of Angela Ellington and Priscilla Mathis, and we extend our best wishes for full and fast recoveries to Haley Dodd and Sandra Baggett following this two-vehicle Georgia car accident." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.001582543132826686, 0.0009756023064255714, 0.0006697735516354442, 0.0006397460238076746, 0.0017845178954303265, 0.0007046664832159877, 0.0006565123912878335, 0.0008917196537368, 0.0005755810998380184 ]

[ "Motor vehicles use a stabilizer bar installed across the frame of the vehicle between the lower control arms of the vehicle's suspension system to control vehicle sway during turns. ", "When a vehicle travels around a curve, the centrifugal force tends to keep the vehicle body moving in a straight line, causing the vehicle to lean outward, i.e., away from the direction of the turn, putting additional compressive force on the outer coil spring and causing the outer control arm to move upward, which carries one end of the stabilizer bar upward. ", "The inner coil spring is placed in tension during the turn as there is less weight on the inner control arm, which lowers the control arm and carries the opposite end of the stabilizer bar downward. ", "Thus, when turning a vehicle, the outer end of the stabilizer bar is carried upward and the inner end is carried downward, causing a rotational or twisting movement of the stabilizer bar. ", "Therefore, the stabilizer bar must be mounted to the frame using a mounting system which allows the stabilizer bar to rotate.", "\nPrior art systems mount the stabilizer bar on the vehicle frame with a U-shaped bracket securing a rubber or rubber like support having a bore equal in size to the outer diameter of the stabilizer bar. ", "Typically, the stabilizer bar is made of steel bar stock having a generally smooth exterior.", "\nWhen the stabilizer bar rotates within the rubber support member, i.e., during a turn, a squeak or other audible noise is produced as a result of the friction occurring between the stabilizer bar and the rubber support. ", "It is believed that the stabilizer bar bushing squeaks due to the high frictional coefficient of rubber, especially at low temperatures (below 0 degrees C.). ", "While this noise does not affect the performance of the vehicle, it is irritating to the vehicle owner and results in consumer complaints and increased warranty costs.", "\nMoreover, because the rubber bushing is providing access of the bar through a very narrow slit installation is more difficult than the \"snap on\" feature of the present invention.", "\nFor a detailed discussion of the operation of a stabilizer bar and stabilizer bar bushing reference is made to U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,118,070, incorporated herein by reference.", "\nIn view of the foregoing, there is a need for a stabilizer bar bushing which has a low friction, highly abrasion resistant material adhered thereto to reduce and/or eliminate the problem of unwanted noise and facilitate insertion of the stabilizer bar within the bushing.", "\nIt is an object of the present invention to provide a stabilizer bar bushing which has a low friction, highly abrasion resistant material adhered thereto to reduce and/or eliminate the problem of unwanted noise and facilitate insertion of the stabilizer bar within the bushing. ", "Another object of the present invention is to provide a process such that the rubber does not bleed and contact the stabilizer bar. ", "Yet another object of the invention is to provide a stabilizer bar bushing and method of manufacture that is simple and economical." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0006460736622102559, 0.0007557912031188607, 0.000732666696421802, 0.0007098320638760924, 0.0007854589493945241, 0.0007177150691859424, 0.0007048629340715706, 0.0007297191768884659, 0.0006419328274205327, 0.0009145300718955696, 0.0008887863950803876, 0.0006223218515515327, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0006237544002942741, 0.0006513213156722486, 0.0007866416708566248, 0.0007708765915594995, 0.0007292819209396839 ]

[ "Blackpool branch lines\n\nThe Blackpool branch lines run from Preston to Blackpool. ", "The lines split at Kirkham and Wesham junction: a double track branch runs to Blackpool North station (Blackpool's main passenger station) through , while a single track branch runs via to Blackpool South station.", "\n\nThe route to Blackpool North was re-signalled and electrified, with electric trains starting running from the May 2018 timetable change.", "\n\nPreston to Blackpool North\nThe route is used by the bulk of Blackpool's passenger trains, providing services to Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds as well as other destinations. ", "The planned electrification of the Manchester-to-Blackpool North route was announced in December 2009, and completed in May 2018.", "\n\nAvanti West Coast run trains between Blackpool North and London Euston using Class 390 and Class 221s.", "\n\nNorthern operate frequent services on the line. ", "First TransPennine Express formerly ran hourly services to Manchester Airport, but responsibility for these passed to the new Northern franchise as from the beginning of April 2016.", "\n\nPreston to Blackpool South\nThis branch serves Lytham St Annes as well as Blackpool Pleasure Beach, each with their own station. ", "It follows the Preston to Blackpool North line as far as Kirkham Junction. ", "Currently one service per hour runs along this branch, with most trains running beyond Preston to via the East Lancashire line (though only advertised as through running on Sundays). ", "The line from Kirkham to Blackpool South was reduced from double to single track in stages between 1982 & 1986 - as there are no intermediate passing loops, the route has limited capacity. ", "Until 1964, it ran further north into Blackpool to serve Blackpool Central station.", "\n\nPoulton to Fleetwood \nThe freight-only Burn Naze branch diverged at Poulton, but the junction has now been removed during the recent trackwork. ", "This served the industrial areas and ports around Fleetwood and used to carry passenger traffic to the town until 1970, but the line has now been lifted from Burn Naze onward. ", "Proposals exist to reopen the line in the future, as a large amount of track still remains and volunteers have begun to clear the line of the vegetation with which it was previously overgrown.", "\n\nKirkham to Blackpool Central\nAs well as the line via Blackpool South, a flyover junction at Kirkham and Wesham provided direct access to Blackpool Central station. ", "Blackpool Central station closed in 1964 and its site is now where the Central Car Park stands; the trackbed and embankment has been used for the road Yeadon Way (built in the 1980s), which provides direct access from the M55. ", "The first two miles of the M55 also occupy the former trackbed, until the Blackpool North line travels under the motorway at the point where the lines used to merge.", "\n\nElectrification\nThe electrification of the Manchester-to-Blackpool North route was announced in December 2009. ", "The main work to accomplish this commenced in early 2017. ", "Bridgeworks along the route to raise and rebuild those that had insufficient clearance for overhead wires was completed first. ", "Services over both the Blackpool South and Blackpool North branches temporarily ceased on 11 November 2017, to allow the track layout at Blackpool North and Kirkham to be remodelled and a third platform at Kirkham and Wesham station constructed (along with other facility improvements). ", "Both lines were re-signalled, and overhead line installation took place on the Preston-to-Blackpool North section; the completion date was 16 April 2018, enabling electric trains to run from May 2018. ", "Services to Blackpool South resumed on 29 January 2018, and the line to Blackpool North re-opened on 16 April 2018, with electric trains operating from the 20 May 2018 timetable change using Class 390 and 319 Electrical Multiple Units.", "\n\nSee also \n Fleetwood Branch Line\n Preston and Wyre Joint Railway\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Rail transport in Lancashire\nCategory:Railway lines in North West England\nCategory:Transport in Blackpool\nCategory:Transport in Preston\nCategory:Standard gauge railways in England" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0005934858345426619, 0.0007338846335187554, 0.0006206287071108818, 0.0006550925900228322, 0.0005605288315564394, 0.0009735093917697668, 0.0009280876838602126, 0.0006478018476627767, 0.0007869127439334989, 0.0007049583364278078, 0.0006849705241620541, 0.0007263358565978706, 0.0007032814319245517, 0.0007940002833493054, 0.000698246352840215, 0.0005851538735441864, 0.0007403097697533667, 0.000947040505707264, 0.0006975978030823171, 0.0005671448307111859, 0.0005683163763023913, 0.0005746643291786313, 0.0006554904975928366, 0.000596269965171814, 0.0007323650643229485, 0.0006221854710020125 ]

[ "[Catamenial pneumothorax during menstruation].", "\nRecurring pneumothorax associated with menstruation was named catamenial pneumothorax. ", "Proposed causes for catamenial pneumothorax include allows air to enter the peritoneal cavity via the genital tract, prostaglandins, diaphragmatic fenestrations and systemic endometriosis. ", "In this article, we review the literature experience with this entity and critically assess treatment options based on pathophysiology mechanism." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.007999250665307045, 0.011682081036269665, 0.006968334317207336, 0.0005265289801172912 ]

[ "Description\n\nTake safety to the next level! ", "This bike light allows you to keep a flashlight handy wherever you travel. ", "Other uses include clipping to the bar of a walker, wheelchair, stroller, or construction scaffolding. ", "Takes 3 AAA batteries to power 9 LED bulbs.", "\n\nItem Dimensions: 1\"H x 1\"W x 3-3/4\"D.Imprint Area: 1\"H x 1/4\"W.\n\nPrice includes one color, one location imprint.", "\n\nItem Colors\n\nBlack\n\n*Stock item colors shown on website are for reference only and may not match actual item color. ", "Please request a sample for exact colors.", "\n\nAdditional Information\n\nImprint Information\n\nImprint Method\n\nPad (This is the default imprint method. ", "Other imprint methods may be available. ", "Please call for details.)", "\n\nGraphic Design\n\nThere is no charge for art modifications and we offer FREE Virtual Proofs. ", "Our skilled graphic design team can help put the finishing touches on your logo or artwork no matter what type of image you send us!", "\n\nBrowse our selection of fonts. ", "If a specific font is requested that we do not have on file please have a copy of the font requested emailed to our art department for use.", "\n\nStock Imprint Colors*\n\nGold\n\nSilver\n\nWhite\n\n*Stock imprint colors shown on website are for reference only and may not match actual print color. ", "PMS charges may apply for non-stock ink color matches. ", "PMS color matching is not available on all products." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0007949598948471248, 0.0005659055896103382, 0.0007052734144963324, 0.0008563851588405669, 0.0006269295699894428, 0.0006640231586061418, 0.000531533733010292, 0.0005879286909475923, 0.0005599846481345594, 0.0005524596781469882, 0.0005810363218188286, 0.000568003102671355, 0.0007130957092158496, 0.0005638898001052439, 0.0006094643613323569, 0.0006055503035895526, 0.0005995755782350898 ]

[ "PAINTSQUARE BLOG\n\n|\n\nControlling Corrosion on Offshore Turbines with Coatings, Part 2\n\nTHURSDAY, APRIL 19, 2018\n\nBy Lee Wilson\n\nIn the first part of this two-part blog, we looked at corrosion control on offshore wind structures, and some of the environmental factors that make it a challenge. ", "In our concluding section, we’ll discuss coating systems currently in use on these structures and the steps I think will help the industry to more effectively and efficiently control corrosion.", "\n\nThere are a number of different turbine types and structural configurations and designs, and these all have an impact on the protective coating system applied. ", "The offshore wind turbines typically consist of the following designs:\n\nJacket: Sub Structure\n\nMonopile: Sub Structure\n\nGravity Based: Substructure\n\nOn any type of structure, an offshore wind turbine has several zones, all requiring different protective coating systems and different levels of corrosion protection. ", "The upper part of the tower is in atmospheric exposure; the \"splash zone\" near the water is subjected to off-and-on wetting due to waves and tides; the submerged section of the structure is completely underwater, and part of the structure is normally buried in the sea floor. (", "Except in the case of structures like the more recently developed \"floating wind farms,\" which don't have a buried zone.)", "\n\nOn any type of structure, an offshore wind turbine has several zones, all requiring different protective coating systems and different levels of corrosion protection.", "\n\nRegarding the coating systems used for corrosion protection, Karsten Mühlberg of Hempel wrote in JPCL:\n\nThe majority of steel towers for wind turbines located offshore are metallized and painted on their outer surfaces. ", "Inside the towers, only pure paint systems are typically used, except for the lower part where some specifications call for metallization plus paint.", "\n\n• Metallization (e.g. Zn/Al, 85/15) 60-100 μm\n\n• Epoxy paint 2 coats 100-120 μm (including flash coat)\n\n• Polyurethane paint 50-80 μm\n\nHowever, due to the demands for less time spent on painting, cost reduction, and good experience over years with paint systems, wind turbine structures may be metallized less often. ", "More and more, high quality paint systems without metallizing (according to DIN EN ISO 12944, C5- Marine), at 320 μm dry film thickness (dft) for external protection, are going to be used. ", "An example of such a paint system is an epoxy zinc dust primer applied at 60 μm dft; an epoxy mid- coat at 200 μm; and a polyurethane topcoat at 60 μm. ", "Inside of steel towers, paint systems at 240 μm dft (C4) are going to be used. ", "For example: epoxy zinc dust primer at 60 μm; epoxy paint at 180 μm; and another coating system used: epoxy zinc dust primer at 60 μm; epoxy midcoat at 120 μm; and a polyurethane topcoat at 60 μm.", "\n\nMühlberg, who wrote on the use of protective coating systems way back in 2010, was simply basing his requirements upon historical data and the Norsok M501-1 specification requirements for zonal areas—again adopted from the oil and gas industry.", "\n\nI must add there has been very little change with regard to materials used since then, with a vast reduction in metallization. ", "The DNV recommended code of practice DNV-RPO-0416 states that requirements for corrosion-protective coatings shall be specified in a dedicated document or in a section of some other relevant design document. ", "At least for primary structural parts, generic types of coating systems and requirements to the qualification of manufacturer-specific materials (as defined in the data sheet by the coating supplier of the intended protection system) to be used for such systems shall be specified in the project design basis. ", "Pre-qualification of these coating systems in accordance with a recognized standard (i.e., NORSOK M-501 or ISO 12944, which now includes what previously was known as ISO 20340) with the designated use for designated environment is mandatory.", "\n\nOrganic Coatings vs. Metallizing\n\nThere has been a trend to lean toward organic coating materials with a reduction in the use of metal spraying and galvanic protection through TSA and TSZ coatings. ", "It has been clearly demonstrated that thermally sprayed aluminium and zinc coatings, which have been used for more than 40 years to protect offshore oil and gas platforms from seawater corrosion, can also reliably and cost-effectively extend the life of offshore wind turbine foundations to 20-40 years. ", "The biggest advantage is offered in areas of highest risk. ", "This includes areas subject to alternate wetting by the sea, i.e., the splash and tidal zone, as well as subsea. ", "This has been overlooked my many owners and operators who have deemed this process to be time-consuming and ultimately expensive; however, this initial cost including production time is far less that the cost of offshore maintenance.", "\n\nWith the cost of wind energy still double that of fossil fuels, a reduction in the through-life cost of wind farms is a high priority. ", "Offshore wind turbine foundations represent 30% of the cost of a wind farm. ", "They need effective protection from corrosion. ", "This is usually provided by a combination of thick (>0.5 mm) organic paint/epoxy coatings, and cathodic protection. ", "The coating helps reduce the load on the cathodic protection system. ", "In the splash and tidal zone, however, where the corrosion rate is at its highest, cathodic protection is ineffective and the structure is totally reliant on the integrity of its coating.", "\n\nWith this said, owners and operators need to be looking at high-end, robust and durable products applied with full supervision and meticulous inspection and quality control in order to ensure long-term corrosion protection and reduce maintenance fees. ", "In recent years unexpected corrosion-related issues have emerged, especially in relation to the monopile structures. ", "It has to be remembered that offshore wind farms are typically designed with an anticipated service life of 25 years.", "\n\nEarlier on, it was assumed that the internal side of foundations below the lower working platform was airtight. ", "If airtight, corrosion was assumed to cease when the oxygen present inside the foundation was consumed. ", "This assumption has been shown to not be fully valid, as both sea water and oxygen have access to the inside of the monopile under certain conditions—not the least on sites where large tidal variations exist (up to approximately 10 meters). ", "This may result in active corrosion, which can compromise the durability of the wind farm and reduce the service life if not prevented.", "\n\nThe industry is lacking the experience in wind turbine fabrication and good inspectors are being overlooked for offshore wind farm maintenance and onshore fabrication due to a lack a lack of wind turbine experience.", "\n\nExternally the corrosion in general is well understood and rather similar to the challenges observed across multiple offshore industries. ", "Internally, in the closed compartments, the guidelines and standards, however, are inadequate—but data from inspections and surveys are becoming available. ", "Issues such as fatigue life, internal (and external) cathodic protection design and internal cathodic protection and corrosion need to be considered. ", "The same cannot be said for internal corrosion, as Kathy Riggs Larsen recently noted in Materials Performance:\n\nIndustry experience has shown, however, that it is difficult in practice to completely seal compartments and render them airtight. ", "If the closed-compartment structure is not properly sealed, direct ingress of air is possible. ", "Seawater and oxygen ingress have been detected in foundations that are two to 10 years old, which increased the rate of corrosion and localized corrosion attacks. ", "Furthermore, in some cases, the increasing water level has led to the internal aluminum ladder acting as a sacrificial anode.", "\n\nThese unexpected contradictions to design expectations were discovered during inspections and surveys related to grout failures that caused the settling of the transition piece on the monopile in a large number of northern European wind farms. ", "In the case of oxygen ingress, the corrosion rate in the atmospheric zone initially may be high, but it will decrease in time. ", "Below the water line, corrosion is caused by aeration differences between the upper layer of water and the active steel surface beneath. ", "If the water level is completely stagnant, corrosion will be highly localized with limited coverage, so widespread corrosion is not expected at greater depths in the foundation or on the portion of the structure buried in sediment.", "\n\nThere is also a risk of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in a closed-compartment foundation, with localized corrosion attacks on the submerged surface and in the portions of the monopile buried in the upper region of the sediment. ", "Alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions may also favor bacteria growth, and the risk of MIC depends on the bacteria species and the environmental conditions present. ", "Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are expected to be present, and if growth conditions are favorable, then sulfide production can occur.", "\n\nIn my opinion, the offshore wind industry still has many challenges to face with regard to corrosion mitigation, control and protection. ", "There must be more awareness and focus on long-term protection; a better understanding of corrosion mechanisms and deterioration of wind turbines; and better standards, codes of practices and specifications coupled with high-end engineering and quality control for assets.", "\n\nI have recently attended several coating failure analysis investigations of a number of high-profile wind farms. ", "Upon inspection it was determined that the vast majority of the failures were due to a lack of adhesion and inadequate curing of the initial protective coating system. ", "This adds weight to my theory of mass-produced and rushed fabrication of turbines. ", "The repair costs of these farms are to be substantial—and to think that these problems and issues could have easily been prevented. ", "Subsequently the field owners now have to implement an unplanned and unscheduled maintenance/retrofit program.", "\n\nI have seen an increase in the demand for QA/QC Inspectors for the offshore sector, which is promising from a quality perspective—however, I am well aware that the industry is lacking the experience in wind turbine fabrication and good inspectors are being overlooked for offshore wind farm maintenance and onshore fabrication due to a lack of wind turbine experience. ", "This is a major mistake, as the specifications and standards all originated from the oil and gas sector. ", "Oil and gas inspectors have vast experience with these systems specification and standard requirements. ", "These are fairly straightforward and, in my opinion, easily transferable skills.", "\n\nOwners really need to stress corrosion control at the design stage and ensure that their projects are well supervised, managed and inspected from front-end engineering through to engineering, procurement, construction and installation, or they will unfortunately keep hemorrhaging money and carrying out unnecessary offshore reworks—which is not an economically or viable solution to the world’s environmental problems.", "\n\nABOUT THE BLOGGER\n\nLee Wilson\n\nLee Wilson, CEng, FICorr, is a NACE Level 3-certified CIP Instructor, NACE Corrosion Specialist, NACE Protective Coating Specialist and Senior Corrosion Technologist, as well as an ICorr Level 3 Painting Inspector and Level 2 Insulation Inspector. ", "The author of the best-selling Paint Inspector’s Field Guide, Lee was named one of JPCL Top Thinkers: The Clive Hare Honors in 2012. ", "Contact Lee.", "\n\nDaer Lee, I found that the first image in the blog is taken from DNVGL-RP-0416, 2016, page 16. ", "Although you omitted some letters and changed \"Atmospheric zone\" into \"Tower\" (which, by the way, is not consistent with corrosion zones), it's the same image. ", "I wonder if you could correct that and mention the copyright instead of claiming it as your image. ", "Regards. ", "Andreas\n\nComment from Andy Mulkerin, (4/20/2018, 4:55 PM)\n\nHi Andreas --\nThanks for the note; the inclusion and attribution of the original image you mention was a result of a miscommunication between Lee and myself as his editor. ", "For clarity's sake we've removed the image in favor of another and an additional piece of text.", "\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/22/2018, 3:19 PM)\n\nHi Andreas, Sorry about the Tower reference however in your technical paper \"Performance and integrity of protective coating systems for offshore wind power structures\" Fig 1 states the same quote \" Fig 1 corrosion zones on offshore wind power structures investigated in this study (left)\". ", "The image describes the turbine in 3 locations as Foundation, Flange, Tower as !,", "2, and 3 with 3 being the Tower section in your technical paper as corrosion zones? ", "Well done Andy and thanks for the clarification my esteemed colleague.", "\n\nComment from Lars Lichtenstein, (4/23/2018, 4:40 AM)\n\nHi Lee, I can follow most of you arguments, and standards and guidelines can always get better..., but I see our DNVGL-RP-0416 givins quite holistic recommendation towards long lasting corrosion protection. ", "Of cause this has to be combined with sound engeneerign knowledge, quality control, and good workmanship. ", "These documents are no cookbooks and the experience from oil and gas shall be used.", "\nSo thanks for the article, improvement is always needed and I have a good feeling the major players have learned some lessons and are adapting. ", "Best regards, Lars\n\nComment from Henry Begg, (4/23/2018, 5:31 AM)\n\nHi Lee,\nThanks for two interesting blog posts! ", "I’d just like to highlight the fact that the link you provide to TWI, relates to a project completed in 2014. ", "We have recently completed another large TSA research project in collaboration with a number of offshore wind companies (https://www.twi-global.com/news-events/news/2018-02-collaborative-crown-project-commended-for-offshore-wind-corrosion-work/) and will continue this research with a follow-on project shortly. ", "There is currently a lot of interest in the use of TSA for offshore wind structures, particularly now that Arkona project in the Baltic Sea has installed foundations using TSA for the primary corrosion protection.", "\nRegards,\nHenry\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/23/2018, 6:42 AM)\n\nHi Lars and Henry great comments I am sure the great so called major players have also learned, we all learn on a daily basis. ", "great to see the use of TSA is being used more predominantly in ones opinion its essential for long term corrosion control and mitigation particularly in these environments. ", "its essential that asset integrity needs to be maintained throughout the lifespan of the assets taking into consideration long term economic corrosion control\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/23/2018, 6:48 AM)\n\nLooking at most of the technical papers that have been been produced it seems that its repeating oil and gas standards that have been in situ for decades \"successfully if carried out correctly\" The tests carried out by numerous papers have been published years ago with the same systems in the same environments! ", "Pointless exercise in ones opinion as the deterioration rates are well recorded from the oil and gas sectors with far greater corrosion accelerators and worse corrosive cats\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/23/2018, 6:51 AM)\n\nThe internal corrosion I do concur has been challenging for the renewable sector however the oil and gas sector have been dealing with this for decades\n\nComment from Lars Lichtenstein, (4/23/2018, 7:17 AM)\n\nOil and gas experience shall be used, but offshore wind is different as well! ", "Monopiles with diameters of ~8m diameter leads to internal enviroments different to internals of jackets. ", "And the fatigue loading of wind structures is unique and fatigue resistance is crucial and design driving. ", "Corrosion allowance is much less impartant, but what S-N curve to apply for what time.", "\nBest regards, Lars\nPS: You will soon receive the offical note for using the picture from DNVGL-RP-0416, 2016, page 16.", "\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/23/2018, 7:37 AM)\n\nwater depth ?, ", "pressures, H2s, chlorides, sulphates, oil and gas in major quantities, major fatigue loads in oil and gas look at prelude FPSO example PS corrosion allowance is always important as a specialist for DNV I would of thought this of upmost importance\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/23/2018, 7:45 AM)\n\nThe S N curve or the magnitude of an alternating stress versus the number of cycles to failure for a given material depends highly upon circumstances\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/23/2018, 7:57 AM)\n\nThere is a major difference between oil and gas and wind energy standards, The former being the most controversial, whilst I appreciate the DNV recommendation we have to see it as it is ? ", "As only a recommendation a good one I concur but is it not based upon oil and gas recommendations for corrosion zones?", "\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/23/2018, 8:01 AM)\n\n?", "\n\nComment from Lars Lichtenstein, (4/23/2018, 8:20 AM)\n\nHi Lee, please have a look here for more detailed regulations, as has been introduced by the BSH in Germany:\nhttps://www.vgb.org/_wind_download.html\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/23/2018, 8:40 AM)\n\nHi lars thank you some really good links here and good food for thought keep up the good work my esteemed colleague\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/23/2018, 8:59 AM)\n\nI will say though that it is a great shame when an image of a wind turbine becomes the highlight of a blog between leading institutes taking into consideration that we are all looking for the same ulterior motives and directives i.e safety to our fellow colleagues\n\nComment from Mario Colica, (4/24/2018, 2:40 AM)\n\nMany thanks to Lee\nWe needed such a clear and complete analysis.", "\nPersonally I'm involved in Zn/Al metallisation and I have appreciated too much his article\nwww.colimet.it\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/24/2018, 3:01 AM)\n\nappreciated Mario I am aware of your systems continue the good work I am glad you enjoyed the blog as I say safety first my friend. ", "its paramount that we control corrosion control through sharing experience and collaboration its vital for the future of our industry\n\nComment from Lee Wilson, (4/24/2018, 5:55 AM)\n\nAs can be seen there is a great deal of unprofessional attitudes towards information sharing and safety I have to question the morals of certain institutes in regards to corrosion control! ", "is this not our priority?", "\n\nComment from Erik Andreassen, (9/4/2018, 1:37 AM)\n\nI agree to what you are stating regarding the inspection personnel. ", "I have been working in China on and off for the last 6 years along side of the tower fabrications. ", "They are still to this day using a 4 coat system over a metallisation. ", "The industry has progressed a long way in coating development since these towers came into service. ", "How many qualified inspectors are out there saying that the systems are out dated and questioning, who is advising these so called designers. ", "Talk to the coating companies guy's and take good advice from the offshore inspection people.", "Specifiers tend to stick to what was tried and tested from years ago..We have all moved on.", "Good report Lee.", "\n\nComment from Andreas Momber, (9/5/2018, 6:07 AM)\n\nI have some comments:\n1. ", "A more recent and comprehensive review on OWEA coating systems can be found in our publication: \"Protective coatings for offshore wind energy devices (OWEAs): a review\", J.of Coating Research and Technology, 2018, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-017-9979-5. ", "It covers all aspects of OWEA coatings, including standards, specifications, loads, testing, etc.", "\n2. ", "Corrosivioty category C5-M does not exist anymore in the revised version of ISO 12944. ", "It's CX now for offshore structures. ", "Please check the new part 9 of ISO 12944; it replaces ISO 20340.", "\n3. ", "Be careful with the spray metal designations. ", "Mario Colina in his comment mentions Zn/Al alloys, and this is what we are talking about for OWEA towers (as duplex system with coating layers). ", "TSA and TSZ are a different story.", "\n4. ", "Results of 750 OWEA inspection points on OWEA in the North Sea and Baltic Sea do not reveal many signs of lack in adhesion or inadequate curing. ", "The majority of all damages to the coatings was due to mechanical loads and isufficient steel design (see: A. Momber: \"Quantitative performance assessment of corrosion protection systems for offshore wind power transmission platforms\", Renewable Energy, 2016; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148116302439). ", "This is also verified by other authors.", "\n5. ", "In my opinion, industrial production of tower segments will increasae quality and effectivity! ", "The use of paining robots, for example, contributes to these improvements; see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTP4KXwUlW0\n\nFor unlimited access to all free content on our site, take 2 minutes to register now. ", "You’ll have a wealth of searchable resources at your fingertips, including news, technical articles, videos, webinars, problem-solving forums and much more.", "\n\nPLUS: You can sign up for a FREE 3-month trial subscription to the Journal of Protective Coatings & Linings, the voice of SSPC." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005573068629018962, 0.0005067803431302309, 0.0005369303398765624, 0.0005626082420349121, 0.0006449880893342197, 0.0005799899809062481, 0.0005596143892034888, 0.0005848079454153776, 0.0005824230029247701, 0.0005590353976003826, 0.0005986149189993739, 0.000728858110960573, 0.0006269699078984559, 0.0006760354735888541, 0.0005728809628635645, 0.0005363837699405849, 0.0005553473019972444, 0.0005147377378307283, 0.0005480653489939868, 0.0005871340981684625, 0.0005655012209899724, 0.0006212995504029095, 0.0007083028904162347, 0.0005556112737394869, 0.0006643576780334115, 0.0006420579738914967, 0.0006060304003767669, 0.0006718899821862578, 0.0006356396479532123, 0.0006111090769991279, 0.0005323985242284834, 0.000553690071683377, 0.0005480305990204215, 0.0006782240816392004, 0.0006386099266819656, 0.0005842577666044235, 0.0005755583406426013, 0.0006125146755948663, 0.000557876075617969, 0.0005467095761559904, 0.0005353407468646765, 0.0005968297482468188, 0.0006677416386082768, 0.0006761530530638993, 0.0009768579620867968, 0.0005846084095537663, 0.0005953673389740288, 0.0006269555306062102, 0.000615414057392627, 0.0005796934710815549, 0.000626302498858422, 0.0006292870384640992, 0.0006007267511449754, 0.0005574078531935811, 0.0005387437995523214, 0.0005989969940856099, 0.000642560247797519, 0.0007063496741466224, 0.0005873408517800272, 0.0005234802374616265, 0.000656342483125627, 0.000548382056877017, 0.0005408816505223513, 0.0006091090035624802, 0.0007710019126534462, 0.0006286815623752773, 0.0013036391464993358, 0.0006029664073139429, 0.0006123739294707775, 0.0006437334814108908, 0.0006765936850570142, 0.0006039326544851065, 0.0006387977045960724, 0.00055166200036183, 0.0006020794971846044, 0.000598723825532943, 0.0005744099034927785, 0.000567386276088655, 0.0005680862232111394, 0.0005864768754690886, 0.0005298086325637996, 0.0005924657452851534, 0.0005260875914245844, 0.0005276466254144907, 0.0005310680717229843, 0.0005824557156302035, 0.0005459730164147913, 0.0005628960207104683, 0.0009690748993307352, 0.0006262186216190457, 0.0005812409217469394, 0.0007351863314397633, 0.0006078879232518375, 0.0006824232405051589, 0.0005474396166391671, 0.0005640655290335417, 0.0006668999558314681, 0.000672879396006465, 0.0005243926425464451, 0.0005859570228494704, 0.0008617090643383563, 0.0005323523073457181, 0.0005343548255041242, 0.000657052209135145, 0.0005567501648329198, 0.000568806251976639, 0.0005302946665324271, 0.0005868526641279459, 0.0007976350607350469, 0.0006137421005405486, 0.000550308614037931, 0.0006081393803469837, 0.001185585861094296, 0.0006733268965035677, 0.0006245241966098547, 0.0005423356196843088, 0.00117425003554672, 0.0007293889648281038, 0.0005687859375029802, 0.0009779023239389062, 0.0012900278670713305, 0.0006758570671081543, 0.0007136688800528646, 0.0005808081477880478, 0.0013671480119228363, 0.0005871208850294352, 0.0008521719137206674, 0.0005783438682556152, 0.0005419604713097215 ]

[ "/*\nCopyright (c) 2003-2018, CKSource - Frederico Knabben. ", "All rights reserved.", "\nFor licensing, see LICENSE.md or https://ckeditor.com/legal/ckeditor-oss-license\n*/\nCKEDITOR.plugins.setLang( 'colorbutton', 'fa', {\n\tauto: 'خودکار',\n\tbgColorTitle: 'رنگ پس​زمینه',\n\tcolors: {\n\t\t'000': 'سیاه',\n\t\t'800000': 'خرمایی',\n\t\t'8B4513': 'قهوه​ای شکلاتی',\n\t\t'2F4F4F': 'ارغوانی مایل به خاکستری',\n\t\t'008080': 'آبی مایل به خاکستری',\n\t\t'000080': 'آبی سیر',\n\t\t'4B0082': 'نیلی',\n\t\t'696969': 'خاکستری تیره',\n\t\tB22222: 'آتش آجری',\n\t\tA52A2A: 'قهوه​ای',\n\t\tDAA520: 'میله​ی طلایی',\n\t\t'006400': 'سبز تیره',\n\t\t'40E0D0': 'فیروزه​ای',\n\t\t'0000CD': 'آبی روشن',\n\t\t'800080': 'ارغوانی',\n\t\t'808080': 'خاکستری',\n\t\tF00: 'قرمز',\n\t\tFF8C00: 'نارنجی پررنگ',\n\t\tFFD700: 'طلایی',\n\t\t'008000': 'سبز',\n\t\t'0FF': 'آبی مایل به سبز',\n\t\t'00F': 'آبی',\n\t\tEE82EE: 'بنفش',\n\t\tA9A9A9: 'خاکستری مات',\n\t\tFFA07A: 'صورتی کدر روشن',\n\t\tFFA500: 'نارنجی',\n\t\tFFFF00: 'زرد',\n\t\t'00FF00': 'فسفری',\n\t\tAFEEEE: 'فیروزه​ای رنگ پریده',\n\t\tADD8E6: 'آبی کمرنگ',\n\t\tDDA0DD: 'آلویی',\n\t\tD3D3D3: 'خاکستری روشن',\n\t\tFFF0F5: 'بنفش کمرنگ',\n\t\tFAEBD7: 'عتیقه سفید',\n\t\tFFFFE0: 'زرد روشن',\n\t\tF0FFF0: 'عسلی',\n\t\tF0FFFF: 'لاجوردی',\n\t\tF0F8FF: 'آبی براق',\n\t\tE6E6FA: 'بنفش کمرنگ',\n\t\tFFF: 'سفید',\n\t\t'1ABC9C': 'Strong Cyan', // MISSING\n\t\t'2ECC71': 'Emerald', // MISSING\n\t\t'3498DB': 'Bright Blue', // MISSING\n\t\t'9B59B6': 'Amethyst', // MISSING\n\t\t'4E5F70': 'Grayish Blue', // MISSING\n\t\t'F1C40F': 'Vivid Yellow', // MISSING\n\t\t'16A085': 'Dark Cyan', // MISSING\n\t\t'27AE60': 'Dark Emerald', // MISSING\n\t\t'2980B9': 'Strong Blue', // MISSING\n\t\t'8E44AD': 'Dark Violet', // MISSING\n\t\t'2C3E50': 'Desaturated Blue', // MISSING\n\t\t'F39C12': 'Orange', // MISSING\n\t\t'E67E22': 'Carrot', // MISSING\n\t\t'E74C3C': 'Pale Red', // MISSING\n\t\t'ECF0F1': 'Bright Silver', // MISSING\n\t\t'95A5A6': 'Light Grayish Cyan', // MISSING\n\t\t'DDD': 'Light Gray', // MISSING\n\t\t'D35400': 'Pumpkin', // MISSING\n\t\t'C0392B': 'Strong Red', // MISSING\n\t\t'BDC3C7': 'Silver', // MISSING\n\t\t'7F8C8D': 'Grayish Cyan', // MISSING\n\t\t'999': 'Dark Gray' // MISSING\n\t},\n\tmore: 'رنگ​های بیشتر...',\n\tpanelTitle: 'رنگها',\n\ttextColorTitle: 'رنگ متن'\n} );\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0009566429071128368, 0.0006133938441053033, 0.0011488276068121195 ]

[ "Phencyclidine increased while isolation rearing did not affect progressive ratio responding in rats: Investigating potential models of amotivation in schizophrenia.", "\nSchizophrenia is a debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1% of the global population with heterogeneous symptoms including positive, negative, and cognitive. ", "While treatment for positive symptoms exists, none have been developed to treat negative symptoms. ", "Animal models of schizophrenia are required to test targeted treatments and since patients exhibit reduced effort (breakpoints) for reward in a progressive ratio (PR) task, we examined the PR breakpoints of rats treated with the NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine or those reared in isolation - two common manipulations used to induce schizophrenia-relevant behaviors in rodents. ", "In two cohorts, the PR breakpoint for a palatable food reward was examined in Long Evans rats after: 1) a repeated phencyclidine regimen; 2) A subchronic phencyclidine regimen followed by drug washout; and 3) post-weaning social isolation. ", "Rats treated with repeated phencyclidine and those following washout from phencyclidine exhibited higher PR breakpoints than vehicle-treated rats. ", "The breakpoint of isolation reared rats did not differ from those socially reared, despite abnormalities of these rats in other schizophrenia-relevant behaviors. ", "Despite their common use for modeling other schizophrenia-relevant behaviors neither phencyclidine treatment nor isolation rearing recreated the motivational deficits observed in patients with schizophrenia, as measured by PR breakpoint. ", "Other manipulations, and negative symptom-relevant behaviors, require investigation prior to testing putative therapeutics." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0007114777690730989, 0.021429844200611115, 0.0007225353620015085, 0.0005982600850984454, 0.000652492803055793, 0.0009644736419431865, 0.0007064516539685428, 0.0007189640891738236, 0.0005971259088255465 ]

[ "Q:\n\nShowing the trichotomy property for the integers\n\nI am new to proof writing. ", "The book I am reading leaves it to the reader to show that:\nGiven $r,s \\in \\mathbb{Z}$, exactly one of the following is true: $r<s$, $s<r$, or $r=s$. \nMy thought is to do the following:\n\nAssume r is in P\nUse the cases that s is in P, $\\{0\\}$, and (-P) to show that those are the 3 options\nAssume r is in $0$\nUse the cases that s is in P, $\\{0\\}$, and (-P) to show that those are the 3 options\nAssume r is in (-P)\nUse the cases that s is in P, $\\{0\\}$, and (-P) to show that those are the 3 options\n\nIs this a valid proof?", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, if you prove the result for all nine cases, you'll have a valid proof -- assuming that it has already been proven that $\\mathbb Z = -P \\cup \\{0\\} \\cup P$. If that's how your book defined $\\mathbb Z$, then you're good. ", "If you defined $\\mathbb Z$ in some other way, then $\\mathbb Z = -P \\cup \\{0\\} \\cup P$ becomes a theorem that needs a proof of its own.", "\nAs Peter suggests in the comments, if you have already established even more facts about $\\mathbb Z$, then there are more elegant proofs available. ", "For example, if you know that $r<s$ iff $r-s<0$, then you can just inspect the sign of $r-s$.\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007197147351689637, 0.0012355591170489788, 0.0009852194925770164, 0.0056061167269945145, 0.00062055594753474, 0.002744314493611455 ]

[ "/*\n * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\n#ifndef ART_COMPILER_OPTIMIZING_COMMON_DOMINATOR_H_\n#define ART_COMPILER_OPTIMIZING_COMMON_DOMINATOR_H_\n\n#include \"nodes.h\"\n\nnamespace art {\n\n// Helper class for finding common dominators of two or more blocks in a graph.", "\n// The domination information of a graph must not be modified while there is\n// a CommonDominator object as it's internal state could become invalid.", "\nclass CommonDominator {\n public:\n // Convenience function to find the common dominator of 2 blocks.", "\n static HBasicBlock* ForPair(HBasicBlock* block1, HBasicBlock* block2) {\n CommonDominator finder(block1);\n finder.", "Update(block2);\n return finder.", "Get();\n }\n\n // Create a finder starting with a given block.", "\n explicit CommonDominator(HBasicBlock* block)\n : dominator_(block), chain_length_(ChainLength(block)) {\n }\n\n // Update the common dominator with another block.", "\n void Update(HBasicBlock* block) {\n DCHECK(block !", "= nullptr);\n if (dominator_ == nullptr) {\n dominator_ = block;\n chain_length_ = ChainLength(block);\n return;\n }\n HBasicBlock* block2 = dominator_;\n DCHECK(block2 !", "= nullptr);\n if (block == block2) {\n return;\n }\n size_t chain_length = ChainLength(block);\n size_t chain_length2 = chain_length_;\n // Equalize the chain lengths\n for ( ; chain_length > chain_length2; --chain_length) {\n block = block->GetDominator();\n DCHECK(block !", "= nullptr);\n }\n for ( ; chain_length2 > chain_length; --chain_length2) {\n block2 = block2->GetDominator();\n DCHECK(block2 !", "= nullptr);\n }\n // Now run up the chain until we hit the common dominator.", "\n while (block !", "= block2) {\n --chain_length;\n block = block->GetDominator();\n DCHECK(block !", "= nullptr);\n block2 = block2->GetDominator();\n DCHECK(block2 !", "= nullptr);\n }\n dominator_ = block;\n chain_length_ = chain_length;\n }\n\n HBasicBlock* Get() const {\n return dominator_;\n }\n\n private:\n static size_t ChainLength(HBasicBlock* block) {\n size_t result = 0;\n while (block !", "= nullptr) {\n ++result;\n block = block->GetDominator();\n }\n return result;\n }\n\n HBasicBlock* dominator_;\n size_t chain_length_;\n};\n\n} // namespace art\n\n#endif // ART_COMPILER_OPTIMIZING_COMMON_DOMINATOR_H_\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0005898622912354767, 0.0005534342490136623, 0.0005547429318539798, 0.0010072062723338604, 0.000813099613878876, 0.000947031017858535, 0.0013980764197185636, 0.0010441392660140991, 0.004714203532785177, 0.0012438566191121936, 0.021418210119009018, 0.01902913674712181, 0.015050748363137245, 0.00950680673122406, 0.0024819248355925083, 0.036043521016836166, 0.022064970806241035, 0.050182491540908813, 0.01990007981657982, 0.003470164490863681 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'A charmed quark experiences drag and diffusion in the quark-gluon plasma, as well as strong interaction with the plasma surface. ", "Our simulations indicate that charmed quarks created in heavy ion collisions will be trapped in the mixed phase and will come to equilibrium in it. ", "Their momentum distribution will thus reflect the temperature at the confinement phase transition.'", "\naddress: 'School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel'\nauthor:\n- Benjamin Svetitsky and Asher Uziel\ndate: 3 September 1997\ntitle: 'Charm—a thermometer of the mixed phase[^1]'\n---\n\n\\#1[\\#1]{}\n\n  {#section .unnumbered}\n=\n\nConsider charm created in a high-energy nuclear collision. ", "Some 99% of the charmed quarks created in hadronic collisions are [*not*]{} to be found in $c\\bar c$ bound states, but rather in the open charm continuum. ", "Much like their bound counterparts, the unbound charmed quarks are created early, move through the interaction region slowly, and react strongly with their environment. ", "They should contain as much information about the collision region as the $J/\\psi$, although this information may be harder to extract.", "\n\nAssuming invariance of the collision kinematics under longitudinal boosts [@Bj], a space-time picture shows that a charmed quark, created near $t=z=0$ (the initial nucleus–nucleus collision), moves according to $z=v_0t$ which is exactly a longitudinal streamline of the fluid. ", "Thus there is not much information to be gained from the quark’s eventual longitudinal momentum; it is to the transverse momentum that we turn in order to learn about the quark’s interaction with the surrounding matter.", "\n\nThe quark is created in the nascent plasma and, assuming it is not created too near the edge, sees this plasma cool to the mixed phase and beyond, to the hadron gas which dissociates soon after. ", "The mixed phase lasts a long time, typically ten times as long as the pure plasma which precedes it. ", "Our calculation thus concentrates on the charmed quark’s interaction with the mixed phase [@bqsl]. ", "We track the quark’s diffusion through the initial plasma, its hadronization upon emerging into the hadron phase, its collisions (as a $D$ meson) with pions, and its possible reabsorption by a plasma droplet. ", "For a given initial transverse momentum, we calculate the distribution of the final $p_\\perp$ of the $D$ meson. (", "For details of the following see [@us].)", "\n\nOur simulation of the mixed phase is based on the cascade hydrodynamics code of Bertsch, Gong, and McLerran [@Bertsch]. ", "At proper time $\\tau=\\tau_p$, the uniform plasma breaks up into droplets of radius $r_0=1.0$ or $1.5$ fm (a parameter of which we have little knowledge). ", "Each droplet has a mass equal to its volume times the Stefan-Boltzmann energy density at the transition temperature, $M=(\\frac43\\pi r_0^3)\\times\n(\\gamma T^{*4})$, and its temperature is fixed at $T^*$. Each droplet then radiates pions as a black body. ", "At each pion emission, the droplet shrinks (to conserve energy) and recoils (to conserve momentum). ", "Similarly, a droplet absorbs any pion that comes close enough, with the concomitant growth and recoil. ", "Pion–pion collisions are included in the simulation as well. ", "The dominant motion of the droplet–pion mixture is a rarefaction due to the longitudinal expansion imposed by the initial conditions. ", "This leads to the eventual evaporation of the droplets.", "\n\nA charmed quark is created inside the plasma at $\\tau_0<\\tau_p$ and is allowed to diffuse according to a Langevin process [@bqs], $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\bf x}(t+\\epsilon)&=&{\\bf x}(t)+\\frac{{\\bf p}(t)}{E(t)}\\epsilon\\\\\n{\\bf p}(t+\\epsilon)&=&{\\bf p}(t)-\\gamma(T){\\bf p}(t)\\epsilon+\\bbox{\\eta}(t)\n\\sqrt{\\epsilon}\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\bbox{\\eta}(t)$ is a Gaussian noise variable. ", "The plasma cools as $T=T_i(\\tau_i/\\tau)^{1/3}$ until it reaches $T^*$, whereupon it breaks into droplets. (", "We make sure the quark is [*inside*]{} a droplet.) ", "The quark continues to diffuse. ", "If the quark hits the surface of a droplet, it stretches a flux tube out into the vacuum. ", "This flux tube has a tension $\\sigma=0.16~\\text{GeV}^2$ and a fission rate (per unit length) $d\\Gamma/d\\ell=0.5$ to $2.5~\\text{fm}^{-2}$. (This is the range of values used in string-based event generator programs.) ", "If the flux tube breaks in time, then the $c$ quark finds itself to be a $D$ meson outside the droplet; otherwise it is reflected back into the droplet.", "\n\nIf the quark indeed hadronizes, it is tracked as a $D$ meson in the pion gas. ", "If this $D$ meson hits a droplet, it is absorbed: The light quark gets stripped off and the $c$ quark proceeds back into the plasma.", "\n\nVery often, a $c$ quark coming to the surface of its droplet has insufficient energy to emerge as a meson. (", "It needs about 350 MeV.) In that case the quark is [*trapped*]{}. ", "Unless it gains energy through diffusion or through droplet recoil, it will remain trapped until the droplet evaporates away much later.", "\n\nNow to results. ", "We show in Fig.", " \\[fig1\\] the mean $p_\\perp$ of a $D$ meson as a function of the initial $p_\\perp$ of its parent $c$ quark.", "\n\nNote the very weak dependence on the initial momentum. ", "This feature, together with the width of the final-momentum distribution, indicates that the $D$ meson is [*thermalized*]{}. ", "The mean thermal $p_\\perp$ of a $D$ meson at $T^*=150$ MeV is 820 MeV, and we attribute the higher $\\eval{p_\\perp}$ shown in the figure to the flow of the droplet fluid.", "\n\nIn interpreting our results we distinguish between two populations of charmed quarks, those that emerge from flux-tube fission and then escape the system—[*fragmentation mesons*]{}—and those that are trapped within their original droplets until the latter evaporate—[*breakup mesons*]{}.", "\n\nAs can be seen in Fig.", " \\[fig2\\], between 40% and 80% of the quarks are trapped until breakup.", "\n\nFig.", " \\[fig3\\] shows that the breakup mesons are well thermalized while the fragmentation mesons carry some memory of their quarks’ initial momentum.", "\n\nFinally, we compare results for two different transition temperatures. ", "Fig.", " \\[fig4\\] shows a comparison of the predictions for $T^*$=150 MeV with those for $T^*$=200 MeV.\n\nThe $D$ transverse momentum shows a sensitivity to a temperature difference of 50 MeV which rises above the effects of the uncertainty in the two model parameters $r_0$ and $d\\Gamma/d\\ell$.\n\nTo summarize our qualitative conclusions:\n\n1. ", " The mean $p_\\perp$ of a $D$ meson is almost independent of the initial $p_\\perp$ of the parent $c$ quark.", "\n\n2. ", " Many $c$ quarks (40% – 80%) are trapped until the droplets evaporate, and come to equilibrium at the transition temperature.", "\n\n3. ", " Other $D$ mesons come close to equilibrium in the plasma and in the pion gas, and in any case decouple shortly after the transition is complete.", "\n\n4. ", " Recapture by the droplets (which we haven’t discussed) is an important effect, affecting the equilibration of 10% – 40% of the particles.", "\n\nThe distribution of $D$ momenta is roughly thermal, but the mean momentum is above the thermal average because of transverse flow. ", "Presumably the latter may be gauged by the momentum distributions of the lighter species. ", "Everything considered, the $p_\\perp$ of the $D$ mesons does provide a rough thermometer of the phase transition.", "\n\nB.S. thanks Brookhaven National Laboratory for making possible his participation in the RHIC ’97 workshop.", "\n\nJ. D. Bjorken, Phys. ", "Rev. D [**27**]{}, 140 (1983). ", "B. Svetitsky, Phys. ", "Lett. [**", "227B**]{}, 450 (1989). ", "B. Svetitsky and A. Uziel, Phys. ", "Rev. D [**55**]{}, 2616 (1997). ", "G. Bertsch, M. Gong, L. McLerran, V. Ruuskanen, and E. Sarkkinen, Phys. ", "Rev. D [**37**]{}, 1202 (1988). ", "B. Svetitsky, Phys. ", "Rev. D [**37**]{}, 2484 (1988).", "\n\n[^1]: Talk delivered by B.S. at [*RHIC ’97, The Brookhaven Theory Workshop on Relativistic Heavy Ions*]{}, July 6–16, 1997.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.0006105786887928843, 0.0005814437754452229, 0.0005346013931557536, 0.000617512792814523, 0.0008632758399471641, 0.0006175116286613047, 0.0005580696742981672, 0.000631671049632132, 0.0006152012501843274, 0.001012312131933868, 0.00056752550881356, 0.0006161776836961508, 0.0014428027207031846, 0.0027127282228320837, 0.0005451020551845431, 0.0005784486420452595, 0.0009021422592923045, 0.0024368346203118563, 0.0007494503515772521, 0.0011391649022698402, 0.0007504898821935058, 0.0006659180507995188, 0.0006959715974517167, 0.006024809088557959, 0.005480508785694838, 0.0018202983774244785, 0.0006501937750726938, 0.0012580857146531343, 0.0008341582142747939, 0.016734877601265907, 0.020968783646821976, 0.03594755381345749, 0.005055108107626438, 0.0007977745844982564, 0.0007865806110203266, 0.0008295713923871517, 0.0006412550574168563, 0.007945624180138111, 0.0006504435441456735, 0.0027184539940208197, 0.0023601949214935303, 0.0007422835333272815, 0.0006083055050112307, 0.0010577166685834527, 0.0008292015991173685, 0.0008431603200733662, 0.0005256291478872299, 0.0008292015991173685, 0.000753269880078733, 0.008442017249763012, 0.001185585861094296, 0.002539511304348707, 0.00117425003554672, 0.015059820376336575, 0.0012900278670713305, 0.0005678031011484563, 0.0006850606296211481, 0.0005332494038157165, 0.005060670431703329, 0.0005527715547941625, 0.0009410729981027544, 0.0007212905329652131, 0.0012530520325526595, 0.0018622804200276732, 0.0007293204544112086, 0.0010998966172337532, 0.0006990942638367414, 0.0009995035361498594, 0.0007111964514479041, 0.0012530520325526595, 0.0007209290633909404, 0.0005728195537813008, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Most forms of food poisoning are thankfully short-lived but that doesn’t mean you have to be left to tough it out. ", "Home remedies exist that can make getting through the illness much more tolerable.", "\n\nCauses of Food Poisoning\n\nFood poisoning is usually the result of either bacteria or viruses that have contaminated a meal either as a result of a safety measure failing in production or by cross-contamination from another source.", "\n\nBacteria: Bacteria are responsible for the majority of foodborne illnesses in the United States. ", "They tend to thrive in unsanitary conditions and can come from almost any form of food that is not cooked, cleaned, or stored properly. ", "Bacterial foodborne illnesses are often the result of either cross-contamination from raw meat or vegetables or what is called the “fecal-oral” route. ", "This is a delicate way of saying that someone didn’t wash their hands properly and has contaminated the food with tiny bits of feces. ", "Lastly, bacterial food poisoning can come from eggs laid by infected hens.", "\n\nViral: Viruses are the second most common cause of food poisoning but unlike bacteria they are not often the result of something wrong with the food itself. ", "Instead, viral poisonings are typically because someone involved in preparing the food was ill and didn’t properly wash themselves or their workplace before making the meal. ", "Some viruses, like the norovirus, can also persist in an airborne form for some time after an episode of sneezing, coughing, or vomiting, and be transmitted that way.", "\n\nAm I At Risk of Food Poisoning?", "\n\nEveryone is vulnerable to contracting food poisoning and, statistically speaking, almost everyone will contract it at some point. ", "Keep in mind that the elderly, children, people with compromised immune systems, and pregnant women are considered especially vulnerable during outbreaks.", "\n\nFood Poisoning Symptoms\n\nAlthough there are multiple pathogens that can cause food poisoning, most cases present themselves with similar symptoms. ", "Should you develop food poisoning, expect to develop some combination of the following:\n\nAbdominal cramps\n\nDiarrhea (watery and/or bloody)\n\nVomiting\n\nLoss of appetite\n\nFever (usually mild or low-grade)\n\nWeakness\n\nNausea\n\nHeadaches\n\nCases of food poisoning are usually unpleasant but not life-threatening. ", "This can change if the immune system is not up to the task of thwarting the infection or if the pathogen infiltrates certain parts of the body. ", "Seek medical attention immediately if you show any of the following symptoms:\n\nDiarrhea persists for more than three days\n\nFever is higher than 101.5 degrees Fahrenheit\n\nExtreme abdominal pain or cramping (“stabbing”)\n\nBlood vomit or diarrhea\n\nVomiting is intense enough that you can’t keep liquids down\n\nNeurological symptoms like tingling in the extremities or blurred vision\n\nHome Remedies for Food Poisoning\n\nIt is rare for food poisoning to last more than a week and you should consult a doctor if this is the case. ", "While many medicines are available over the counter to help combat food poisoning, they are not always required. ", "Here are a few things to try at home to help your body recover and fight back:\n\nGet settled: Your stomach is in a precarious mood when it is affected by food poisoning, especially in the initial period. ", "Take it easy and hold off on eating or drinking for a few hours until it settles down.", "\n\nStay hydrated: This is extremely important, especially if you are having diarrhea. ", "Sucking on ice chips or only taking small sips of water at a time can help get you the necessary fluids without aggravating your system too much. ", "If you’re feeling better, try moving on to clear broths, sports drinks with electrolytes, or clear soft drinks like ginger ale. ", "It’s best to avoid drinks with caffeine for now since those can agitate the stomach. ", "You can tell how hydrated you are by looking at your pee. ", "The lighter and clearer it is, the better you’re doing.", "\n\nEasing into eating: Bland, low-fat foods are easiest to digest and should be seen as a starting step in getting back to a normal diet. ", "Soda crackers, toast, applesauce, bananas, and rice are all examples of foods that you should consider. ", "If your stomach can tolerate it you can try probiotic yogurt to help return beneficial bacteria to your digestive tract, but be careful since dairy tends to be inadvisable during food poisoning. ", "Always stop eating if your nausea returns.", "\n\nAvoid agitators: Caffeine, alcohol, most dairy products, spicy foods, and anything with a high fat or sugar content should be saved for after you’ve recovered. ", "At best, these substances only aggravate your stomach and at worst they can make recovery harder.", "\n\nFood Poisoning Prevention and Protection\n\nAdvertisement\n\nPrevention is always the best cure and it’s better to not get food poisoning in the first place. ", "Proper preventative measures will drastically cut down on your risk of developing food poisoning.", "\n\nWash hands, utensils, and surfaces: Do it before and after preparing food or doing anything involving raw meat. ", "Use warm, soapy water for your hands but use hot water for utensils and surfaces like cutting boards or countertops. ", "You should also wash fruits and vegetables well before eating or preparing them, even if they were bought pre-washed.", "\n\nSeparate, don’t cross-contaminate: Keep raw food separated from ready-to-eat foods. ", "When preparing meals, never use the same plates, utensils, or surfaces to handle raw meat as other foods.", "\n\nCook well: A meat thermometer is the best way to tell the temperature of your cooking. ", "Most pathogens will simply die if exposed to the right temperature. ", "Ground beef is safe at 160 degrees Fahrenheit, steaks and chops are good at 145 degrees Fahrenheit, and poultry at 165 degrees Fahrenheit. ", "Fish and shellfish are harder to gauge but should be cooked as thoroughly as possible.", "\n\nDefrost properly: Thawing at room temperature is inadvisable since it increases the chance that bacteria can grow or spread. ", "If you need to defrost something you should do it in the refrigerator, microwave, or oven.", "\n\nWhen in doubt, throw it out!: ", "It is always best to err on the side of caution. ", "Food that is not stored properly, left out, or otherwise improperly handled can contain bacteria or toxins that will resist cooking temperatures. ", "Err on the side of caution and dispose of food that you aren’t sure about.", "\n\nThis cookbook is jampacked with 148 delicious ketogenic recipes that will help you burn fat like crazy. ", "Even stubborn belly and thigh fat won't stand a chance because your body will have NO CHOICE but to burn that fat for fuel!", "\n\nIf you've struggled to get rid of stubborn fat, you owe it to yourself to test-drive the keto diet and see how effective it really is. ", "It’ll be easy once you have this free cookbook...\n\nThis site is designed for educational purposes only and is not engaged in rendering medical advice, legal advice, or professional services. ", "If you feel that you have a medical problem, you should seek the advice of your physician or health care practitioner. ", "For additional information please see our full disclaimer and privacy information and terms of service." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0017180992290377617, 0.0015900173457339406, 0.001047003548592329, 0.000891939620487392, 0.0006923875771462917, 0.0007393805426545441, 0.2784361243247986, 0.03663656488060951, 0.0013152010506018996, 0.0013132927706465125, 0.0009653773158788681, 0.0021249207202345133, 0.000672948663122952, 0.0009071170352399349, 0.0007983943214640021, 0.020601049065589905, 0.0008118898840621114, 0.017044326290488243, 0.0006043573375791311, 0.01583954691886902, 0.0012804130092263222, 0.6328859925270081, 0.4711019992828369, 0.001090052886866033, 0.016179939731955528, 0.744927704334259, 0.0006325659924186766, 0.008486306294798851, 0.000650780217256397, 0.015002215281128883, 0.04658176004886627, 0.0030291264411062002, 0.02927527017891407, 0.0007358381408266723, 0.003804660402238369, 0.0011149649508297443, 0.001163637381978333, 0.002279064618051052, 0.0010879712644964457, 0.0007826832588762045, 0.0006384069565683603, 0.11232515424489975, 0.0015748057048767805, 0.0007405377109535038, 0.0007361026364378631, 0.0017773954896256328, 0.0014226204948499799, 0.0007546684355475008, 0.0009425666066817939, 0.005654390901327133, 0.7938209772109985, 0.8898012042045593, 0.519480288028717, 0.0006553764687851071, 0.0008154736133292317, 0.0005384693504311144 ]

[ "Plain English summary {#Sec1}\n=====================\n\nPregnant women with poor social support are at higher risk for depression but despite the association with many health related events to both mother and child, antenatal depression is less studied compared to post-natal depression. ", "An extensive literature search failed to show any published study conducted in Malaysia on antenatal depression and the risk of poor social support on it probably because like in other Asian cultures, social support is typically high in Malaysia. ", "Pregnancy is generally considered an opportunity to expand the family lineage, so expecting mothers generally receive good physical, emotional and social support from family and friends.", "\n\nMalaysia is undergoing extensive rural to urban migration with most young people moving to cities for better employment opportunities. ", "As a result of this migration, there is a transformation from extended to nuclear family household system resulting in most expecting mothers to lose the traditional social support system and inadvertently losing the proven mechanism in easing, obtaining and maintaining psychological changes and preventing depressive symptoms during pregnancy.", "\n\nThis study was conducted among 3000 pregnant women who attended antenatal clinics in Penang, Malaysia to determine the risk of antenatal depressive symptoms due to poor social support. ", "One in five participants had depressive symptoms and poor social support was significantly associated with depressive symptoms.", "\n\nBackground {#Sec2}\n==========\n\nDepression, a type of mental disorder which is portrayed by marked alterations in mood, is associated with distress and/or impaired functioning \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "Depression is projected to be the second leading cause of disability worldwide by 2020 and the fourth leading contributor to the global burden of disease \\[[@CR2]\\]. ", "Depression can range from mild, moderate to severe depression \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "People with depression utilize more health care services, become a burden to caregivers, have decreased quality of life and are at risk for suicide \\[[@CR4]\\].", "\n\nDepression is more prevalent in women \\[[@CR5]\\] and it has been reported that depression is the leading cause of disability adjusted life years for women globally \\[[@CR2]\\]. ", "Due to hormonal changes, women of child bearing age, particularly pregnant women, are at higher risk for depression \\[[@CR6]--[@CR8]\\]. ", "Prevalence of antenatal depression has been reported as high as 20% \\[[@CR9], [@CR10]\\]. ", "The prevalence rates reported for antenatal depression could be an underestimate considering that depressed women are less likely to participate in research due to fear, denial and stigma related to mental illness and probably because symptoms of depression could be mistaken for changes which normally occur during pregnancy, resulting in many women not seeking mental health services \\[[@CR11], [@CR12]\\]. ", "Despite the high prevalence and high relapse rates reported for antenatal depression, less is known concerning factors affecting antenatal depression compared to post-natal depression \\[[@CR10], [@CR13], [@CR14]\\].", "\n\nAntenatal depression has been shown to have long lasting detrimental effect, not only on expecting mothers but also on their children and family \\[[@CR10], [@CR15]--[@CR17]\\]. ", "Although increased risks to adverse obstetrics outcome is controversial \\[[@CR18]\\] some studies have shown an association of depression during pregnancy with poor attendance to antenatal clinics, intra uterine growth retardation, low birth weight, preterm delivery and failure to thrive in infants \\[[@CR9], [@CR19]--[@CR22]\\] Women with antenatal depression are also at higher risk of preeclampsia and birth difficulties \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "Depression during pregnancy has been linked to risk taking behaviours and unhealthy lifestyle habits including poor dietary habits leading to poor nutrition, smoking and illicit substance abuse \\[[@CR11], [@CR23], [@CR24]\\]. ", "Depression during pregnancy has been shown to be a predicator for postpartum depression \\[[@CR9], [@CR13], [@CR25]\\] and can be a risk factor for depression during subsequent pregnancy's \\[[@CR22], [@CR26]\\].", "\n\nThe risk factors for antenatal depression include genetic, environmental, psychological, biological and lack of social support \\[[@CR10], [@CR27], [@CR28]\\]. ", "Social support is important during the emotional and physical changes that occur in pregnancy \\[[@CR25], [@CR29], [@CR30]\\] and it has been shown to be an important protective factor against depression. ", "Lack of social support is an important risk factor for depression in pregnancy \\[[@CR13], [@CR23]\\]. ", "Social support may be emotional or practical support which may be objective i.e. what is actually received or subjective i.e. what is perceived to have been received from partners, spouses, family members, friends, co-workers and neighbours etc. ", "\\[[@CR31]--[@CR33]\\]. ", "In this study social support is defined as the perceived support received from family members, husband/partner and friends. ", "It is postulated that there is a correlation between perceived social support and monoamine activity in the brain \\[[@CR34]--[@CR36]\\].", "\n\nIn many Asian cultures including Malaysia, the perinatal period is valued because it is an opportunity to expand the family lineage and in general expecting mothers receive good physical, emotional and social support from family and friends \\[[@CR37]\\]. ", "However, Malaysia is undergoing extensive rural to urban migration with most young people moving to cities for better employment opportunities. ", "As a result of this migration, there is a transformation from extended to nuclear family household system \\[[@CR38]\\] resulting in most expecting mothers to lose the traditional social support system which usually comes from family members and inadvertently lose the proven mechanism in easing, obtaining and maintaining psychological changes during pregnancy and preventing depression in pregnant women \\[[@CR39]\\].", "\n\nDespite the association with many health related events to both the mother and child, antenatal depression is less studied compared to post-natal depression \\[[@CR12]\\]. ", "Early identification of antenatal depression provides the opportunity for the provision of best health care possible for both the mother and fetus in the primary health care setting \\[[@CR12], [@CR14], [@CR40]\\]. ", "Social support can be used to help identify women at higher risk of depression \\[[@CR30]\\]. ", "An extensive literature search failed to show any published study conducted in Malaysia on antenatal depressive symptoms and the risk of poor social support on it. ", "Although research on antenatal depressive symptoms has been studied in other countries especially in the west, cultural differences may affect prevalence and associated risk factors \\[[@CR11], [@CR22]\\]. ", "Complementing this literature with research from other contexts, such as Malaysia, is critical to ensuring the results are generalizable and reflect contextual differences. ", "Although in general, social support is high in Malaysia especially during pregnancy but changing social structures in the country may cause a change in the social support level and may inadvertently affect depression in pregnancy. ", "Because of these reasons the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antenatal depressive symptoms and the association of social support on antenatal depressive symptoms.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec3}\n=======\n\nStudy design {#Sec4}\n------------\n\nThis cross sectional study was conducted among expecting mothers on follow up in the Ministry of Health's antenatal clinics in Penang, Malaysia.", "\n\nBackground place of study {#Sec5}\n-------------------------\n\nThe study was conducted in Penang, one of the 14 states in Malaysia. ", "There are five districts in Penang with approximately 30 health clinics and 60 community clinics. ", "The health clinics are staffed by Family Medicine Specialists or by Medical officers whereas the community clinics are staffed by the staff nurses or community nurses. ", "Due to the limitation in terms of costs and time and considering that not all community clinics and health clinics provide all levels of antenatal services, only 20 health clinics in the state which had a Family Medicine specialist on staff were used for the study.", "\n\nSampling {#Sec6}\n--------\n\nThere were approximately 14,000 expecting mothers on antenatal follow-up in the state in 2015. ", "All expecting mothers from the 20 selected health clinics irrespective of their gestational period and parity were included in the study. ", "Stata was used to calculate the sample size. ", "Using studies from Pakistan (25.0%) and Thailand (20.5%) \\[[@CR41], [@CR42]\\] as references, 2928 pregnant women would need to be enrolled in the study in order to determine 20% prevalence of antenatal depression with 90% power. ", "Power of 90% was chosen to ensure higher probability of finding the estimated prevalence and because 90% power provides a sample size feasible within the study period. ", "This study was conducted in the 20 health clinics that covered all five districts in the state. ", "A random sampling method was used to select the participants. ", "Every third expecting mother attending the antenatal clinics was invited to participate. ", "Only women who could speak and understand Malay and English and provided informed consent were included in the study. ", "Once the participant was interviewed, a colour-coded sticker was placed on the file to avoid duplication in the data collection process.", "\n\nTool {#Sec7}\n----\n\nThe data for this study was acquired using a questionnaire which was tested for viability and feasibility prior to the start of the study by nurses working in a maternal and health clinic. ", "The questionnaire was adapted to incorporate feedback from this initial phase. ", "The participants were interviewed face to face in the antenatal clinics by 10 comprehensively trained nurses using a uniform protocol which was set up to minimize error and bias. ", "The interviews were conducted by trained nurses in private in the nurse's room to ensure privacy. ", "The baseline demographic information collected included age, employment status and living arrangement. ", "Race was categorized into three major races in Malaysia which included Malay, Chinese and Indian and all other races were categorized as others. ", "The validated Malay and English versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were used to screen for antenatal depressive symptoms. ", "EPDS is an effective tool to screen for postnatal as well as perinatal depressive symptoms \\[[@CR43]\\]. ", "It consists of 10 items on how the participant felt during the past week. ", "There are four response options, scored from 0 to 3 for each item. ", "A score of ≥ 12 was used to define a case with depressive symptoms \\[[@CR44]\\].", "\n\nSocial factors related to depressive symptoms assessed included participant's perception of the support she received from husband/partner and family. ", "The Oslo-3 Social Support Scale (OSS-3) was used to measure perceived social support. ", "OSS-3 has never been used to study association with antenatal depression although it has been used for studies on the elderly in Malaysia \\[[@CR45], [@CR46]\\]. ", "Similar Malay version of OSS-3 used in the elderly studies in Malaysia was used in this study. ", "OSS-3 consists of three questions stated below with possible answers:How many people are you so close to that you can count on them if you have a serious personal problem -- none *(1)*, 1 to 2 *(2)*, 3 to 5 *(3)* and ≥ 5 *(4)*How much interest and concern do people show in what you do?- a lot *(5)*, some *(4)*, uncertain *(3)*, little *(2)* and none *(1)*How easy is it to get practical help from neighbours if you should need it?- very easy *(5)*, easy *(4),* possible *(3)*, difficult *(2)* and very difficult *(1)*\n\nTo reflect social support, the sum score which ranged from 3 to 14, was divided into three categories; 3 to 8 'poor support', 9 to 11 'moderate support' and 12 to 14 'strong support' \\[[@CR47], [@CR48]\\]. ", "The OSS-3 social support scale had a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.67.", "\n\nAnalysis {#Sec8}\n--------\n\nData was tabulated, cross tabulated and analysed using SPSS version 18 and Stata SE13. ", "Prevalence of antenatal depressive symptoms is reported along with the odds of depressive symptoms between women who reported poor perceived social support and those who reported moderate or strong perceived social support. ", "Attributable risk for the sample and population is also reported. ", "Poor perceived social support as measured using OSS-3, family and husbands/partner support on the pregnancy were used in the logistics regression analysis to account for confounders and results were reported as adjusted odds ratio. ", "The data used for analysis is available as Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}.", " \n\nEthics {#Sec9}\n------\n\nThe research received the ethical approval form the Ministry of Health ethics committee \\[NMRR-12-1337-14,430\\]. ", "All respondents were provided with a patient information sheet which provided information concerning the study including the reason, benefits and the participant's rights not to participate or to withdraw from the study at any time. ", "Only after the participant had read the information sheet was she asked to give a written informed consent before starting the interview. ", "The data is stored in the researcher's office with access to the data only available to the principal investigator. ", "A non-identifiable code was used to ensure the confidentiality of the respondents.", "\n\nResults {#Sec10}\n=======\n\nOut of the 3270 patients approached in the health clinics, 3000 agreed to participate and were screened using EPDS. ", "A total of 600 (20%) pregnant women had depressive symptoms.", "\n\nTable [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the demographic profile of the participants. ", "The age of the participants ranged from 16 to 50 years old with a mean age of 29. ", "Most (85.7%) of the participants were in the less than 35 years old age group. ", "Majority were Malays (76.5%) followed by Chinese (12.1%), Indians (9.7%) and of the other races (1.7%). ", "Most were employed full time (62.9%) followed by those unemployed (35.5%) and living with partners (68.8%).Table 1Demographic profile and social support variables of the participantsVariablesFrequencyPercentagesDemographic variables Age   \\< 35257085.7  35--4039213.1   \\> 40381.3 Race  Malay229476.5  Indian2929.7  Chinese36312.1  Others511.7 Occupation  Unemployed106435.5  Full time188862.9  Part time481.6 Living arrangement  Parents46215.4  In laws44714.9  Partner and/or children206468.8  Institution270.9Social Support variables How supportive is husband/partner on pregnancy  Not, less and fairly supportive592.0  Supportive94431.5  Very supportive199766.6 Is the family supportive on the pregnancy  No782.6  Yes292297.4 OSLO  Poor support66122.0  Moderate support183161.3  Strong support50016.7\n\nConcerning the social support variables, most of the husbands/partners in this study were very supportive (66.6%) or supportive (31.5%) of the pregnancy and only 2% of them were not, less or fairly supportive. ", "Overwhelmingly the families of the participants were supportive of the pregnancy (97.4%). ", "Using the OSS-3 scale to gauge social support most of the participants had moderate support (61.3%) followed by poor support (22%) and strong support (16.7%).", "\n\nTable [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the risk of depressive symptoms associated with the variables which were studied. ", "Participants whose husbands/partners are 'not, less and fairly supportive' (OR 1.9 95% CI 1.1;3.5) and husbands/partners who are 'supportive' (OR 1.4 95% CI 1.2;1.7) are at higher odds of having depressive symptoms compared to participants whose husbands/partners are 'very supportive'. ", "Differences in age, race, religion, occupation and living arrangement were not statistically significant. ", "Participants with poor social support, gauged using OSS-3, had about twofold higher odds of having depressive symptoms compared to participants with moderate and strong support (OR 2.1 95% CI 1.8;2.7).Table 2Risk of depressive symptoms due to the independent variables studiedVariablesDepression Symptoms\\\nn (%)No Depressive Symptoms\\\nn (%)OR (CI %)Demographic variables Age   \\< 35523 (20.4)2047 (79.6)*Reference*  35--4069 (17.6)323 (82.4)0.84 (0.63;1.10)   \\> 408 (21.3)30 (78.9)1.04 (0.48; 2.29) Race  Others9 (17.6)42 (82.4)*Reference*  Malay464 (20.2)1830 (79.8)1.18 (0.57; 2.45)  Indian67 (22.9)225 (77.1)1.39 (0.64; 3.00)  Chinese60 (16.5)303 (83.5)0.92 (0.43; 1.99) Occupation  Part time9 (18.8)39 (81.3)*Reference*  Unemployed218 (20.5)846 (79.5)0.96 (0.79; 1.15)  Full time373 (19.8)1515 (80.2)0.89 (0.43; 1.88) Living arrangement  Parents94 (20.3)368 (79.7)*Reference*  In laws99 (22.1)348 (77.9)1.11 (0.81; 1.53)  Partner and/or children399 (19.3)1665 (80.7)0.94 (0.73; 1.21)  Institution8 (29.6)19 (70.4)1.65 (0.70; 3.89)Social support variables How supportive is husband/partner on pregnancy  Very supportive361 (18.1)1636 (81.9)*Reference*  Supportive221 (23.4)723 (76.6)1.39 (1.15;1.67)\\*  Not, less and fairly supportive18 (30.5)41 (69.5)1.99 (1.13;3.50)\\* Is the family supportive on the pregnancy  Yes581 (19.9)2341 (80.1)*Reference*  No18 (24.4)59 (75.6)1.29 (0.77; 2.19) OSLO  Moderate and strong support396 (16.9)1943 (83.1)Reference  Poor support204 (30.9)457 (69.1)2.19 (1.79;2.67)\\**statistically significant*\n\nAs shown in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}, a binary logistic regression was conducted using social support variables, the model had an overall correct predicted percentage of 80.0% and Nagelkerke R square 0.031. ", "There is a twofold higher odds of having depressive symptoms among those with poor social support..Table 3Social support factors as risks for Depressive symptomsVariableBWaldSigaOR95% CIOSLO Moderate and strong support (R) Poor support0.7757.758\\< 0.0012.161.77;2.64Family supportive of pregnancy  *Yes (R)* No0.950.120.731.100.64;1.89Husband/partner supportive of pregnancy Supportive and very supportive (R)0.321.150.281.380.77;2.47 Not, less and fairly supportive\n\nDiscussion {#Sec11}\n==========\n\nPrevalence {#Sec12}\n----------\n\nIn the present study, 20% of the participants had depressive symptoms. ", "In general antenatal depression has been reported to range from 10 to 20% in pregnant women \\[[@CR9], [@CR10], [@CR13], [@CR26]\\]. ", "In one systematic review it was found that 18.4% of pregnant women were depressed during their pregnancy and 12.7% had an episode of major depression and 14.5% had a new episode of major or minor depression during pregnancy \\[[@CR49]\\]. ", "There is a wide range in the reported prevalence of depression in pregnancy, the reported prevalence varied depending on the country, study design and stage of pregnancy studied. ", "In the United States of America (USA) the prevalence has been reported as low as 6.9% \\[[@CR26]\\] and as high as 20% \\[[@CR50]\\] and in São Paolo, Brazil the prevalence was reported as 19.6% \\[[@CR28]\\]. ", "In prospective studies, 33% of pregnant women had depressive symptoms in the USA \\[[@CR30]\\] and 25% in pregnant women did in Canada \\[[@CR25]\\]. ", "The prevalence of depression has been reported higher among black (22%) and immigrant women (42%) compared to white women (7--8.6%) \\[[@CR51], [@CR52]\\]. ", "Studies in Turkey found the prevalence of antenatal depression at about 27% \\[[@CR39], [@CR53]\\].In Asia the prevalence of antenatal depression has been reported higher among Pakistani women (48.4%) and aboriginal Pakistani women (31.2%) \\[[@CR52]\\] compared to pregnant women in Hong Kong (6.4%) \\[[@CR37]\\] and in Thailand (20.5%) \\[[@CR41]\\].", "\n\nThe prevalence rates reported could be an underestimate because pregnant women may be less likely to participate in research and when they do they underreport their depressive symptoms \\[[@CR37]\\] on purpose due to stigma, fear and denial \\[[@CR11], [@CR12], [@CR54]\\] or simply because they may be unaware of the services available to them \\[[@CR55]\\] or they may genuinely mistake symptoms of depression with normal pregnancy \\[[@CR12]\\].", "\n\nSocial support {#Sec13}\n--------------\n\nIn this study the risk of antenatal depressive symptoms was found to be significantly associated with poor social support. ", "Studies have shown the importance of social support on maternal mental health \\[[@CR10], [@CR26], [@CR27], [@CR56]\\]. ", "Pregnant women with poor social support are at higher risk for depression during current \\[[@CR13]\\] and subsequent pregnancies \\[[@CR26]\\]. ", "Even perceived low social support can influence depressive symptoms during pregnancy \\[[@CR25]\\]. ", "Since depression during pregnancy may lead to postpartum depression \\[[@CR13]\\], social support during perinatal period may have an influence on postpartum depression \\[[@CR22], [@CR25], [@CR57]\\].", "\n\nSimilar to the results of the current study, a study among 896 pregnant women in Berlin found low social support as an important risk factor for depressive symptoms compared with women with medium and high social support \\[[@CR23]\\]. ", "Social support has been strongly associated with depressive symptoms in studies conducted in the USA \\[[@CR26], [@CR30]\\]. ", "Black and Hispanic women in the USA with lower social support have higher rates of perinatal depressive symptoms compared to white women \\[[@CR29], [@CR40], [@CR51]\\]. ", "Similarly studies in Canada \\[[@CR58]\\], Turkey \\[[@CR39], [@CR53]\\] and studies among Asians have found the association between poor social support and depression \\[[@CR7], [@CR42]\\].", "\n\nGood social support protects against antenatal depression even after taking demographic variables into consideration \\[[@CR23], [@CR25], [@CR29], [@CR59]\\]. ", "Psychosocial and emotional changes affect interpersonal relationships and play a role of stressors \\[[@CR28], [@CR30]\\] which contribute to depression. ", "In a study to determine the temporal association between post-partum depression and intimate partner violence, found that social support was an independent protective factor for postpartum depression \\[[@CR60]\\]. ", "It has been reported that physical, verbal and sexual abuse and cultural restrictions including competing for affection while living in a joint family system may function as factors associated with depression during pregnancy in Asians \\[[@CR52], [@CR61]\\]. ", "Interpersonal conflicts may result in poor emotional and instrumental support from spouses, family and friends resulting in the lack of social stability and social participation \\[[@CR11], [@CR23], [@CR30], [@CR39]\\] leading to depressive symptoms \\[[@CR23], [@CR50], [@CR56]\\].", "\n\nStrengths and limitation {#Sec14}\n------------------------\n\nThis is the first study of its kind in Malaysia which provides important and valuable information concerning the prevalence of antenatal depressive symptoms and the influence of social support on it. ", "However the authors are cognizant of the limitations of this study, importantly the sampling method. ", "Sampling all expecting mothers irrespective of their gestational period and parity failed to take into consideration the variation in the hormonal and social levels, and other changes which may impact on the depressive symptoms during the different stages of pregnancy. ", "There are many other factors which are involved in antenatal depression, shown by the Nagelkerke R square value in the regression analysis model, social support only explains a small fraction of the factors involved in the development of antenatal depressive symptoms. ", "However understanding the role of social support is important in the Asian context which is taken for granted. ", "The authors suggest a cohort study design involving pregnant women at different gestational ages followed through postnatally to determine the association of antenatal depressive symptoms with post-natal depression.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec15}\n===========\n\nConsidering that an expecting mother's psychological factors are important in the wellbeing of the mother and child \\[[@CR11], [@CR15]--[@CR17], [@CR19]--[@CR24], [@CR27], [@CR62]\\], it is imperative that antenatal depressive symptoms are quickly identified. ", "Poor social support can be a trigger to screen for depressive symptoms in pregnancy \\[[@CR12]\\]. ", "Screening pregnant women for social support can help identify women with higher risk of depressive symptoms \\[[@CR30], [@CR63]\\]. ", "Because of the high cost associated with clinician interviews, some researchers have suggested using screening tools to identify depressive symptoms \\[[@CR13], [@CR64]\\]). ", "All pregnant women attending the maternal and child health clinics should be screened for antenatal depressive symptoms by the nursing staff using the validated translated version of the EPDS. ", "This screening can be followed with a more structured depression scale for women screened positive for the first screen \\[[@CR26]\\].", "\n\nAdditional file {#Sec16}\n===============\n\nAdditional file 1:Data set for prevalance of poor social support as risk factor for antenatal depression. (", "SAV 28 kb)\n\n**Electronic supplementary material**\n\nThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12978-017-0404-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.", "\n\nWe would like to thank the Director General of the Ministry of Heath Malaysia for his permission to publish this article and the Penang state Health department and the staff involved in helping us with the data collection. ", "We would also like to thank Penang Medical College for the seed funding for this study.", "\n\nFunding {#FPar1}\n=======\n\nSeed funding for the study was given by the authors institution, Penang Medical College.", "\n\nAvailability of data and materials {#FPar2}\n==================================\n\nThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are presented as additional supporting files.", "\n\nAR was responsible for the concept, analysis and the write up of the article and RM was responsible for the data collection and helping in writing the article. ", "Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nEthics approval and consent to participate {#FPar3}\n==========================================\n\nThe research received the ethical approval form the Ministry of Health ethics committee \\[NMRR-12-1337-14,430\\].", "\n\nConsent for publication {#FPar4}\n=======================\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar5}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nPublisher's Note {#FPar6}\n================\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.010722404345870018, 0.0005836438504047692, 0.0005899595562368631, 0.0005448703304864466, 0.000790641235653311, 0.0007334756664931774, 0.0026865170802921057, 0.005424109753221273, 0.002131352899596095, 0.0008189170621335506, 0.03057968057692051, 0.02309928648173809, 0.018298320472240448, 0.0009224328678101301, 0.0025924919173121452, 0.0007338179275393486, 0.0014541437849402428, 0.006765331141650677, 0.002364491345360875, 0.0009828738402575254, 0.0010023415088653564, 0.0005999005516059697, 0.0008179507567547262, 0.0005847332067787647, 0.0010302936425432563, 0.0006084930500946939, 0.0008625210612080991, 0.0005818878416903317, 0.0005453096237033606, 0.0009964338969439268, 0.0008247115183621645, 0.0017156351823359728, 0.0073799132369458675, 0.0007208740571513772, 0.0006241023074835539, 0.0005539696430787444, 0.000564427231438458, 0.0007858141325414181, 0.000718458613846451, 0.0005622866447083652, 0.0005544003797695041, 0.0006174921873025596, 0.0005681653274223208, 0.0007219310500659049, 0.0008980240672826767, 0.0006159137119539082, 0.0006381916464306414, 0.0005740823689848185, 0.0005655332934111357, 0.0005721129127778113, 0.0007007552194409072, 0.001234809635207057, 0.0005836455384269357, 0.0005589123466052115, 0.0005322153447195888, 0.0006239485810510814, 0.0006294384365901351, 0.00053550919983536, 0.0005596096161752939, 0.0007053064182400703, 0.0015085686463862658, 0.000607277499511838, 0.000623404688667506, 0.0007389610400423408, 0.0007440601475536823, 0.0006127861561253667, 0.0006689018337056041, 0.0005742853973060846, 0.0008342611836269498, 0.0006641728105023503, 0.0006170380511321127, 0.001437762170098722, 0.0005801470251753926, 0.0006673930329270661, 0.0005474145873449743, 0.0006089722737669945, 0.0005599622381851077, 0.0005597765557467937, 0.0005536877433769405, 0.0005495493533089757, 0.0006281712558120489, 0.031850025057792664, 0.000560634071007371, 0.0008127600303851068, 0.0012874556705355644, 0.0015224316157400608, 0.0012120162136852741, 0.0005215994897298515, 0.0006561732734553516, 0.0007138681248761714, 0.0009973561391234398, 0.0006990403053350747, 0.0019323582528159022, 0.0013420109171420336, 0.0015480747679248452, 0.0012203063815832138, 0.0005444939597509801, 0.0005865741986781359, 0.0009775999933481216, 0.013432934880256653, 0.0008960859850049019, 0.0012361941626295447, 0.0011521659325808287, 0.0007876043673604727, 0.030229058116674423, 0.0010670607443898916, 0.0013348088832572103, 0.0008461858960799873, 0.0006949055241420865, 0.17327439785003662, 0.0007592870388180017, 0.0007003265782259405, 0.0024211592972278595, 0.0007719627465121448, 0.003067903919145465, 0.0021262606605887413, 0.0006234828033484519, 0.0005955089000053704, 0.0009886054322123528, 0.0007486391114071012, 0.000511706923134625, 0.0011443431722000241, 0.0009129172540269792, 0.0063583385199308395, 0.004091280046850443, 0.0007747916388325393, 0.0006935525452718139, 0.0012399418046697974, 0.0017645201878622174, 0.0005955927190370858, 0.0004925442044623196, 0.0005258274031803012, 0.0006033303216099739, 0.0007769346120767295, 0.0005916503141634166, 0.0005359064671210945, 0.0006943719927221537, 0.001126281451433897, 0.0006843871669843793, 0.0006404006271623075, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "(1) Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to a hydrophilic copolymer, a process for producing the copolymer, a photosensitive composition comprising the copolymer, and a photosensitive rubber plate made from the copolymer. ", "More particularly, it relates to a photosensitive composition having an improved processability, a photosensitive rubber plate capable of being washed with water at a high rate at the step of development, a hydrophilic copolymer used for the preparation of the photosensitive composition and the photosensitive rubber plate, and a process for producing the hydrophilic copolymer.", "\n(2) Description of the Related Art\nA flexographic printing plate is made by a process wherein an original film is closely adhered on a photosensitive surface of a photosensitive rubber or resin plate, the film-adhered photosensitive surface is irradiated with an actinic radiation so that part of the photosensitive surface is exposed to the actinic radiation, and the unexposed area is removed by washing to form a relief. ", "It is generally required that a photosensitive material used for the preparation of the photosensitive rubber plate for a flexographic printing plate can be washed at a high rate so that the relief is easily formed.", "\nAs a typical example of the photosensitive material, there can be mentioned a photosensitive elastomer composition comprising an elastomer such as a styrene-butadiene block copolymer or a styrene-isoprene block copolymer and a carboxyl group-containing hydrophilic copolymer as the major ingredients, and a photopolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer. ", "This photosensitive elastomer composition has a problem such that the resulting photosensitive rubber plate cannot be washed at a high rate.", "\nTo cope with the above-mentioned problem, i.e., provide a photosensitive elastomer composition capable of being washed at a high rate, it has been proposed in WO 94/-23342 to incorporate in a photosensitive elastomer composition a phosphate ester group-containing copolymer as a hydrophilic copolymer comprising phosphate ester-containing monoethylenically unsaturated monomer units as the indispensable ingredient. ", "This photosensitive elastomer composition has good and balanced transparency and strength, as well as enhanced washability at a high rate." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0006703275139443576, 0.000624649750534445, 0.0006502954056486487, 0.0006139781908132136, 0.0007909585256129503, 0.0012881720904260874, 0.0007870582048781216, 0.0006761605036444962 ]

[ "Krákumál\n\nKrákumál or the Lay of Kraka is a skaldic poem, consisting of a monologue in which Ragnar Lodbrok is dying in Ælla's snake pit and looks back at a life full of heroic deeds. ", "It was composed in the 12th century, almost certainly in the Scottish islands. ", "It is composed in a kind of háttlausa in 29 stanzas, most of them with ten lines.", "\n\nIn moving and forceful language, the poem deals with the joys of the life of a warrior, the hope that his death will be followed by a gory revenge, and the knowledge that he will soon know the pleasures of Valhalla.", "\n\nThe poem has been translated into several languages and it has contributed to the modern image of a Viking warrior.", "\n\nSample\nThe following is the text of the first stanza with a literal translation:\n\nPopular culture\n\nIn History Channel's drama series Vikings, the poem forms the basis for the final words of Ragnar Lothbrok, played by Travis Fimmel.", "\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (Mar 1979) \"High-Kings, Vikings and Other Kings\". ", "Irish Historical Studies 22 No. ", "83 pp.", " 283–323. ", "Irish Historical Studies Publications.", "\n\nPrimary sources\nKrákumál in Old Norse from «Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad» Norway.", "\nNordisk familjebok on Krákumál\nHaukur Þorgeirsson on the poem with a recording\n\nOther external links\nKrákumál Old Norse\nAnother page by Haukur Þorgeirsson with a glossary\nNorthvegr's edition\nTwo editions back to back\n\nCategory:Ragnar Lodbrok\nCategory:Skaldic poems\nCategory:Völsung cycle" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.006754023022949696, 0.0005890493630431592, 0.0008394583128392696, 0.001903694006614387, 0.0007219251710921526, 0.0006317017832770944, 0.0006395219825208187, 0.0007459262269549072, 0.0008271898841485381, 0.0007019235054031014, 0.0006930091185495257, 0.0009625867241993546, 0.0014764891238883138 ]

[ "\"It has now become clear that Arvind Kejriwal is a corrupt man,\" Mishra said before he swooned, apparently weakened by five days of fasting in protest against AAP's refusal to disclose details of five leaders' travels abroad.", "\n\nMishra told the media at his residence that AAP had received \"crores of rupees\" from \"shell companies\" run by people close to Kejriwal, mentioning AAP legislators Shiv Charan Goel and Naresh Yadav.", "\n\nHe said there were discrepancies in the money received by AAP and the amount it declared before the Election Commission. ", "The party refuted Mishra's charges and said he was \"parroting\" the Bharatiya Janata Party.", "\n\nMishra demanded Kejriwal's resignation. ", "If he didn't step down, the former water minister said he would \"drag\" the chief minister by his \"collar\" and take him to Tihar jail.", "\n\nMishra fainted before he could share with the media documents he said proved his charges. ", "He was taken to the Ram Manohar Lohia (RML) Hospital here, where doctors said he was stable and conscious, but suffered from a \"a little weakness and mild dehydration\"." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.034789737313985825, 0.0011772050056606531, 0.0006904388428665698, 0.0007257581455633044, 0.006816409528255463, 0.058762483298778534, 0.0010722802253440022, 0.0031527921091765165 ]

[ "Q:\n\nsubstring assignment to limit data to custom field\n\nI have a custom object with a custom field Message__c designed to hold 4000 characters. ", " However, the getBody in rare circumstances has exceeded the 4000 character limit and caused an error. ", " I have made several attempts to limit the max value that can go to 4000 characters by way of substring but test class is failing and the only change I made is changing the assignment from logRecord.", "Message__c = response.getBody() to the code you see below.", "\nMy goal is to limit the size of characters to 4000 so I won't get this error.", "\nstring getBodyString = response.getBody();\ngetBodyString = getBodyString.substring(0,3999);\n\nlogRecord.", "Status_Code__c = response.getStatusCode();\nlogRecord.", "Status__c = response.getStatus();\nlogRecord.", "Message__c = getBodyString;\n\nA:\n\nInstead of tuncating your self why not let salesforce truncate it for you using dml options?", "\nstring getBodyString = response.getBody();\nlogRecord.", "Status_Code__c = response.getStatusCode();\nlogRecord.", "Status__c = response.getStatus();\nlogRecord.", "Message__c = getBodyString;\n\nDatabase.", "DMLOptions dmo = new Database.", "DMLOptions();\ndmo.allowFieldTruncation = true;\nlogRecord.setOptions(dmo);\ninsert logRecord;\n\nSRC: https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.apexcode.meta/apexcode/langCon_apex_dml_database_dmloptions.htm\nEdit: For adding it to List use Database.insert\nDatabase.", "DMLOptions dmo = new Database.", "DMLOptions();\ndmo.allowFieldTruncation = true;\nDatabase.insert(myLoggerList,dmo);\n\nBy this way in future, if you increase the character limit of your field, you don't have to deploy your code again. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006592341233044863, 0.0006635894533246756, 0.0007237248355522752, 0.0006615319289267063, 0.0007715990650467575, 0.0030714613385498524, 0.0008864258415997028, 0.0009186586830765009, 0.0014080454129725695, 0.0014060931280255318, 0.0008864258415997028, 0.0009186586830765009, 0.0008410929003730416, 0.0010160688543692231, 0.000851757824420929, 0.0010160688543692231, 0.0007907983381301165, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Monday, July 18, 2011\n\nThere’s some strong competition too. ", "Like the day I graduated from high school and got busted for buying weed during the ceremony and actually got carted away by the cops during the principal’s speech to us. ", "I didn’t end up going to jail or anything, but that night my dad packed up all my shit and threw it on our front lawn and said he was tired of my crap and he didn’t want to see me again. ", "I tried to go to my best buddy Jay’s house to sleep, but his grandmother told me to fuck off, that I was a bad influence. ", "So I ended up sleeping on the sidewalk.", "\n\nSo yeah, that was a really bad day. ", "But today was worse.", "\n\nAs a teenager, I was all about rebellion. ", "Everything I did practically, I did it to piss off my folks. ", "Every time I pierced something, tattooed something, snorted something, I pictured my parents finding out about it. ", "That fueled me. ", "I was always trying to fuck with them, trying assert my independence or some shit like that. ", "Even though it sucked getting thrown out on my ass, I was psyched to be out on my own when I was eighteen. ", "I went to live in New York City, where I found a lot of people who were really similar to me. ", "The next six years were honestly kind of a blur that could be summed up in three words: lots of drugs. ", "Mostly, meth. ", "But I wasn’t picky.", "\n\nCulminating, of course, in my dirt bike accident. ", "Dirt bikes are pretty dangerous. ", "And they’re especially dangerous, I guess, when you’re really fucking high. ", "It’s probably a miracle I didn’t get hurt sooner, or maybe that I wasn’t killed. ", "Actually, I don’t look at it as a miracle that I wasn’t killed. ", "I’d say that was kind of a shame. ", "Would have spared me a lot of shit. ", "Would have spared me having to get through today.", "\n\nMy parents arrived at the rehab center right on time to pick me up. ", "There were no surprises, considering they had been by to “get trained” every day this week. ", "They were getting trained to take care of me, because there was no fucking way I could do it myself anymore. ", "It’s funny how for eighteen years, I did everything I could to get away from my parents, and now, at age twenty-four, I was suddenly dependent on them for everything.", "\n\nWhen I crashed my bike, I broke my neck at my C4 vertebrae. ", "Six months ago, that would have meant nothing to me. ", "But I woke up and couldn’t move my arms or legs or even breathe on my own, so I learned quickly. ", "It took the doctors a few weeks to admit to me that my paralysis was probably permanent.", "\n\nThings got a little better luckily. ", "I learned to breathe on my own, so that rocked. ", "Also, my arms went from not moving at all to…. ", "drum roll please… being about to bend my right elbow against gravity. ", "I know, exciting. ", "But actually, it was life changing. ", "Once I got that little bit of movement back in my elbow, I could feed myself again. ", "I could brush my teeth and comb my hair. ", "I mean, I needed a shitload of special adaptive equipment and someone to help with set up, but I could do it. ", "That was huge. ", "Now all I needed was some adaptive equipment to help me jerk off. (", "Just kidding about that. ", "I can’t feel my dick anyway.)", "\n\nNow, at my discharge, I’d been classified as a C4/C5 quadriplegic. ", "My doctor said he didn’t expect much more in the way of improvement, so that was how it was going to be from now on. ", "For the rest of my life.", "\n\nObviously my parents and I had a pretty rocky relationship prior to my injury, so they lay down some ground rules for me before they agreed to let me come home again:\n\n1) I had to look respectable. ", "That meant dressing in a way that they thought was reasonable, not the punk get up that I sported back in high school. ", "Not that I was much of a punk in my more recent years. ", "My bigger problem was not washing my clothes for months at a time. ", "But since I wasn’t going to be doing the laundry again ever, it was pretty much out of my hands. ", "Then there was my hair. ", "When I was in high school, I kept it bleached and dyed some crazy color, usually blue or green. ", "I got sick of the hair dye after leaving high school, but hadn’t cut it in the last four years. ", "My hair was getting pretty damn long, but now it was cut about an inch from my scalp, in a fashion that my parents deemed “respectable.” ", "Hey, at least it wasn’t a military cut. ", "Anyway, who the fuck cared what my hair looked like?", "\n\n2) No drugs. ", "You’d think this was a given since I was lying in a hospital bed these days, but not so much. ", "I’m resourceful, ya know? ", "As soon as I was stabilized, one of my buddies snuck in some cocaine and I snorted out from a line he made for me. ", "Long story short, a nurse noticed, I had to take a drug test, and shit went down. ", "So now my parents were watching my ass.", "\n\n3) Behave respectfully and no swearing. ", "This was going to be fucking hard.", "\n\n4) I had to go to church every Sunday. ", "This more than anything was the part that made me want to poke out my eyeballs. ", "But this was really important to my mother. ", "She felt I lost my way and sitting through a fucking boring sermon every Sunday was going to help me figure things out. ", "Whatever. ", "It’s not like I had anything better to do anymore.", "\n\nSo all this should explain why I wasn’t too excited about my homecoming. ", "But I always felt like there’s no point in getting upset about shit you can’t control. ", "So I was trying to make the best of it.", "\n\nIn preparation for my parents picking me up, my physical therapist Angela got me into my wheelchair. ", "I use a kind of bulky joystick controlled wheelchair which I operate with my right hand. ", "Since my left arm doesn’t move at all, Angela placed my curled up hand in my lap. ", "I had a strap across my chest, across my lap, and across both my feet. ", "At least I wasn’t falling out of the chair so easily.", "\n\nMy mom showed up fifteen minutes early. ", "She was kind of dressed up, like this was some sort of special occasion. ", "I have to be totally honest: my mom is hot. ", "She is! ", "She’s got a really pretty face and a great body. ", "In school, all my friends had a boner for her. ", "It’s hard to say that kind of stuff about your own mom, but she was close to fifty now and she still looked great. ", "Most people think I look a lot like her. ", "I was always really good looking and never had any problems getting girls. ", "Back then.", "\n\nMy father, on the other hand, is a lucky fucker for having such a hot wife. ", "He’s bald, for starters. ", "And he’s kind of an asshole. ", "When I try to remember a time when I actually liked and got along with my father, I really can’t. ", "He’s such a jackass.", "\n\n“Are you all packed, Ryan?” ", "Mom asked me. ", "As if she hadn’t packed all my shit herself yesterday. ", "I was going to point out to her that I hadn’t been up early this morning packing or anything, but I held my tongue. ", "I had to keep the peace.", "\n\n“I’m all set,” I said.", "\n\n“Great!” ", "She beamed at me. “", "Daddy is in the van waiting for us.”", "\n\nMy parents actually bought an accessible van for me to ride in. ", "They also spent a fortune making their house wheelchair accessible. ", "When Dad had told me how much he spent, he paused a really long time. ", "Then he said, “Well, aren’t you going to say thank you, Ryan?”", "\n\nIn the olden days, I would have told him to go fuck himself. ", "But instead I bit my tongue and said thank you.", "\n\nMy parents live out in Loserville, Long Island. ", "Compared with the city, I was going to be dying of boredom. ", "I guess it’s a great place to live if you want to have a big house with a bunch of kids and not ever go out and actually have some fun. ", "But it wasn’t exactly my dream to be stuck in Long Island at age 24. ", "Oh well. ", "It was probably more accessible than the city anyway. ", "We’d taken some outings since I’d been in rehab and it was always a pain in the ass to do pretty much anything in my wheelchair.", "\n\nI went around saying my goodbyes to everyone in rehab. ", "I kept it short because I knew Dad was waiting downstairs and he was going to be pissed off if I took too long. ", "My father has a really bad temper. ", "He’s one of those guys who flies off the handle when everyone doesn’t do shit his way. ", "Honestly, it’s amazing he didn’t kick me out the house sooner. ", "I guess he was waiting for me to be eighteen.", "\n\n“Stay in touch, Ryan,” Angela told me just before I left, running a hand kind of fondly through my hair. ", "Angela and I had been kind of flirting ever since I’d been in rehab. ", "She had an okay face and a smoking body. ", "She was engaged though. ", "Not that anything would ever happen even if she wasn’t.", "\n\nSure enough, Dad was sitting in the car outside looking pissed off. “", "What took so long?” ", "he said.", "\n\n“I blew a tire,” I said. “", "We had to pull over and find a mechanic.”", "\n\nI thought that was kind of funny but Dad apparently didn’t. ", "He was fuming under his breath as he got out to help load me into the back of the van. ", "I appreciate that my parents bought the cripple-mobile, but I feel so fucking lame when the ramp is being mechanically raised for me to get into the van.", "\n\nMom babbled through the entire drive. ", "I forgot how she used to talk all the time. ", "It used to drive me fucking nuts. ", "She was mostly talking about my brother Sean, who is in college now but still living at home. ", "Sean has always been the good kid, the one that my parents loved the most. ", "I don’t think Sean ever smoked a joint in his whole life. ", "You can imagine that Sean and I hadn’t been the best of friends.", "\n\nIt took nearly two hours to get out to Long Island. ", "I remember in high school, I used to take the Long Island Railroad to the city a lot of weekends in order to actually have some fun. ", "I remember the ride back home on the LIRR always filled me with dread. ", "But that was nothing compared to what I was feeling right now. ", "As the house where I grew up and lived for eighteen years came into view, I felt ill.", "\n\n“Just hang on,” she told me, putting a hand on my knee, which of course I couldn’t feel.", "\n\nDad took his sweet time getting me out of the van. ", "I had lived in this neighborhood a long time and I knew who lived in every house, and I was willing to bet every single one of them was watching my homecoming. ", "I mean, NOTHING ever happens in this freaking neighborhood, so somebody breaking their neck and becoming a quadriplegic was a big deal. ", "I felt like I could almost make out the neighbors staring through their windows.", "\n\nIt was only a matter of time before someone came out to get a closer look. ", "It turned out to be Patty Haynes, who lived in the house right to the left of ours. ", "Patty was in her sixties with two grown kids, both of whom were undoubtedly doing better than me. ", "She had always kind of clucked her tongue disapprovingly at me. ", "I remember one time when I was about sixteen, she caught me stumbling home at seven in the morning after a night out of heavy partying. ", "Actually, she caught me vomiting in her bushes. ", "She informed me that I was a disgrace to the neighborhood and I informed her that she was an ugly bitch who should mind her own goddamn business.", "\n\n“Ryan,” Patty cooed now. “", "It’s so good to see you again.”", "\n\n“Uh huh,” I said as my dad lowered the ramp down to street level.", "\n\n“You look wonderful,” she told me in a really condescending voice.", "\n\nI wished I could slug her. ", "I looked down at her feet, wondering if I could run them over with my wheelchair.", "\n\n“We’d love to have you over to visit sometime,” Mom said.", "\n\n“That would be lovely,” Patty said.", "\n\nI thought that would be a great cue for Patty to piss off, but instead she and my mother chattered as I made my way down the walkway to the new ramp at the front. ", "The ramp was plenty long, but the junction between the ramp and the walkway was a little steep and my wheels jammed a little. ", "My wheelchair isn’t one of those gigantic tank-like machines that runs over everything. ", "I wanted something a little smaller and the price I had to pay was that non-even surfaces were harder to wheel over. ", "At the time, I couldn’t imagine where I was going to be going that I’d need a super duper wheelchair.", "\n\nI pushed my splinted hand into the joystick and I still wasn’t moving. “", "Shit,” I said.", "\n\nDad heard me. “", "Ryan,” he said warningly. “", "What did we say about your language?”", "\n\nShit isn’t a fucking curse. ", "What the hell was wrong with him? ", "But okay, whatever. ", "I held my expletives and gave the joystick another push and this time bounced onto the ramp. ", "Awesome.", "\n\nI had to wait for Dad to unlock and open the door for me. ", "It fucking sucks that I can’t even open most doors. ", "I can’t operate a key and I can’t turn a doorknob, so yeah, not gonna happen. ", "It’s such a basic thing though. ", "I mean, a door. ", "Needing help to open a door makes me feel like I’m about five years old. ", "Actually, that’s not even true, since a five-year-old can open doors. ", "I’m more like a two-year-old.", "\n\nMy parents had redone their house for me, but the second I saw the inside, I got filled with anxiety. ", "Even though the doorways had obviously been widened, there was too much furniture around. ", "I could already see places where my chair was going to be a tight squeeze. ", "Believe it or not, it’s not that easy to operate a power wheelchair without having any use of your hands or wrists. ", "I was concerned.", "\n\n“Looks great, doesn’t it?” ", "Mom said to me.", "\n\nOnce again, I found myself holding my tongue. ", "I think if I wanted to live peacefully with my parents, I was going to have to become a mute.", "\n\nMy brother Sean was sitting on a couch and he stood up when I came in. ", "While I mostly resemble our mother, Sean looks a lot more like Dad—tall and very angular. ", "He’s 21, in his last year of college, and kind of a dork. ", "I hadn’t seen him since he was fifteen, but even then we didn’t get along so hot. ", "I remember he caught me smoking up in my bedroom and immediately ran to tell Dad.", "\n\n“Hi, Ryan,” he said, looking down at me. ", "I hated the fact that everyone had to look down at me now. ", "I used to be close to six feet tall, but now even my fucking mother was looking down at me.", "\n\n“Hi, Sean,” I said back.", "\n\nSean had the same almost military-short haircut I now had, and was dressed in preppie clothing, but the crazy thing is, that all this was his choice. ", "He wasn’t being forced like I was. ", "He actually enjoyed being a huge tool.", "\n\n“We turned your father’s study in your new bedroom,” Mom told me. ", "My old bedroom had been on the second floor, but obviously I wasn’t going in there any time soon.", "\n\nShe strode off in the direction of my new room and I tried to follow her, but just as I suspected, the living room was too crowded with furniture. ", "I got stuck trying to navigate between the couch and the coffee table. ", "I backed up and tried a second time, but it was obvious I wasn’t going anywhere. “", "Mom…” I said.", "\n\nSean noticed I was having trouble and moved the coffee table so that I could get through. ", "Barely. ", "I couldn’t fucking believe I was going to need people to move shit for me just so that I could wheel across my own goddamn living room. ", "They were going to need to get rid of some furniture or something.", "\n\nAt least the doorway to my new room was wide enough for me to get through. “", "Ta da!” ", "Mom said as I wheeled in.", "\n\nI wasn’t excited. ", "My old room was pretty awesome, probably one of the reasons I was sorry to get kicked out. ", "The walls had been plastered with posters of my favorite bands (I don’t even remember who I liked back then, I think it was some punk shit), and I had a bunk bed that I shared with Sean when we were kids and I had gotten it in the split. ", "I had a mini television and my shelves were filled with my favorite CDs. ", "Best of all, I kept a good supply of weed and pills nestled in the drawers. ", "I wondered if Dad had just tossed all my shit because nothing in this room looked familiar. ", "Instead of a bunk bed, there was a pressure relief mattress with a sling so that I could be easily transferred into the bed. ", "The walls were bare except for a framed photo of the four of us from when I was about ten years old. ", "The best part of the room right now was the computer in the corner, which had my special typing splint set up next to it. ", "It looked like the room of a handicapped person, which I guess made sense.", "\n\n“What do you think?” ", "Mom asked me.", "\n\n“Um,” I said. “", "Yeah, great. ", "Awesome. ", "I love it.”", "\n\n“We bought you all new clothing,” Mom told me proudly.", "\n\nI suppressed a groan. ", "I didn’t know what kind of stuff they had bought me, but I suspected I wasn’t going to like it. ", "I was scared they were going to want me to try on all the clothes and model them or something. ", "Instead Mom told me she was making dinner and I should go in the living room and watch TV with Sean.", "\n\nSunday, July 17, 2011\n\nThe smell of my mother’s cooking reminded me that I’d been living on hospital food for the last six months, and before that mostly living on ramen noodles. ", "Even though it had been a long time, I could recognize the smell of chicken cutlet. ", "My stomach actually started growling.", "\n\nWhen I was a teenager, I really hated doing chores. ", "My parents pretty much had to threaten me and drag me by the ear in order to do anything. ", "Taking out the garbage was my least favorite chore, mostly because it smelled bad and my hands got all dirty doing it. ", "But setting the table was up there. ", "Mom had a particular way she wanted the dishes and utensils put on the table. ", "It drove me fucking nuts.", "\n\nAnyway, there was no way I was going to ever get asked to set the table or do any other chores ever again. ", "Actually, not just that, but I had actually become one of the chores. ", "Mom asked Sean to get me ready for dinner, which meant she wanted him to wash my hands with a washcloth, stick a napkin on my chest, and also to put on my hand splint that had a fork attached to it. ", "He obliged, like the good son he is, and I watched him set the rest of the table. ", "He did it fucking perfectly, just like Mom likes. ", "He’s such a tool.", "\n\nThey had purchased special plates for me to use. ", "The plates had a really high rim, so that I didn’t push the food off the plate while I was trying to eat. ", "Believe it or not, feeding yourself when you have no movement in your hand or wrist and only limited elbow movement is not that easy. ", "Actually, it’s really hard. ", "But it’s a hell of a lot better than being fed by someone else.", "\n\nI took some secret pleasure in the fact that my special plates didn’t match the rest of the dishes, which I’m sure drove my Mom a little crazy. ", "She’s OCD like that. ", "If I’ve got to dress the way she wants and go to fucking church with her, at least I’ve got this.", "\n\nMom cut up my chicken into very small pieces for me. ", "For the hundredth time today, I felt about five years old. ", "But since I only had one hand to work with, it wasn’t realistic for me to cut the chicken myself. ", "I stared down at my plate and my splinted hand with the fork attached and I suddenly felt really, really disabled. ", "It’s like, sometimes I almost felt like I’m not THAT bad, but then there were moments like these, where I just felt so limited.", "\n\nEveryone else dug into their food and I struggled to spear my first piece of chicken. ", "It was too small, I think, and I was having a lot of trouble getting the fork to stay in it. ", "I almost got it like five times then dropped it right as I was getting my fork off the plate. ", "I’d been feeding myself for over a month now, so I knew I could do it. ", "I guessed it was just that I was nervous or something, having my first dinner at home.", "\n\n“Ryan, honey, what’s wrong?” ", "Mom asked me. “", "Do you need help?”", "\n\n“I think my splint is loose,” I said. ", "I didn’t actually think that, but I wanted to come up with some kind of excuse why I was sucking so bad at feeding myself. ", "I mean, I was usually slow, but not that slow.", "\n\nMy mother adjusted the splint and I had more success with spearing a different piece of chicken. ", "After that, it was faster going, although I still hadn’t even finished a quarter of my meat by the time everyone was done. ", "And about half of the meat I had removed from my plate was currently in my lap. ", "And the napkin on my chest was covered in mashed potatoes. ", "I was really making a ridiculous mess.", "\n\nMy family is nothing if not polite though, so everyone stayed at the table while I worked on trying to eat. ", "When about half my food was gone, I finally gave up. ", "I was still kind of hungry, but I wasn’t spending the whole goddamn night trying to eat my dinner. ", "It was late enough.", "\n\nAs Mom was clearing the table, the doorbell rang. ", "Dad got up to answer it and my ears perked up when I heard a familiar voice. ", "I turned my chair around and saw the face of Ali, who was my best friend and roommate for the last three years.", "\n\n“Is Ryan around?” ", "Ali asked. “", "We heard he came home today.”", "\n\nI felt all warm and squishy inside. ", "Ali drove all the way out to fucking Long Island in order to see me. ", "That’s friendship, I tells ya.", "\n\n“Hey, Ali,” I called out. ", "I approached the door in my chair.", "\n\nAli had seen me a few times since my accident, but not much since I’ve been mobile in my wheelchair. ", "He looked a little surprised by the sight of me in the chair, but he recovered quickly and flashed me a big smile.", "\n\n“I’m sorry,” Dad said. ", "He was blocking my path to get to the front door. “", "You’re going to have to leave, young man.”", "\n\nAli frowned. “", "What?”", "\n\nMy father crossed his arms. “", "Look at my son. ", "This is your fault. ", "You and your… your drugs.”", "\n\n“Dad, come on,” I said.", "\n\n“Ryan, go to your room,” Dad ordered me. “", "We’ll discuss this later.”", "\n\n“I’m not going to my fucking room,” I spat. “", "I’m 24 years old. ", "I can do whatever the hell I want!”", "\n\nMy father’s face turned bright red. ", "That was not the first time I’ve talked to him like that, not by a long shot. ", "But it was the first time since I broke my neck and swore to him to be a good son. ", "For a moment, I actually felt seriously scared. ", "I thought he was going to reach out and break my neck all over again.", "\n\nBefore I knew what was happening, my father had slammed the door in Ali’s face. ", "He locked it and then looked me right in the eyes. “", "You want to leave, Ryan?” ", "he said. “", "Go right ahead.”", "\n\nI think of all the times in my life that I hated my father, I never hated him more than I did at that moment. ", "I could feel my mother and my brother staring at us, wondering what was going to happen. ", "I wanted to hit him. ", "I wanted to break his fucking face and storm out. ", "But that wasn’t going to happen. ", "There was nothing I could fucking do. ", "I was trapped. ", "And the thing is, it was my own goddamn fault. ", "If only I hadn’t been an idiot and crippled myself. ", "Now I was going to spend the rest of my life paying for it.", "\n\nDad knew he had me. ", "There wasn’t a fucking thing I could do.", "\n\n“Instead of being an ungrateful spoiled brat,” Dad said. “", "Why don’t you go to your room and think about what you just said to me? ", "And when you’re ready, you can apologize.”", "\n\nDad followed me to my room, where he unplugged the computer from below so that I wouldn’t be able to use it. ", "I was really angry. ", "I mean, really, really angry. ", "Except when he left the room, the first thing I did was burst into tears.", "\n\nIf you’re wondering what happened, the answer is that yes, I apologized. ", "Dad came into my room when I’d been sitting there over an hour and asked me if I had anything to say. ", "I sucked it up and said I was sorry. ", "I’d been crying for almost the entire time and I was sure everyone could hear it and my face was a mess anyway. ", "Dad wiped my face off and helped me get ready for bed.", "\n\nI knew things weren’t going to be like this forever. ", "The first day was going to be hard, I should have expected that. ", "Eventually, Dad and I would start getting along. ", "I was sure of it.", "\n\nThe next few days involved getting into a sort of routine. ", "Mom got me up in the morning, used my sling to transport me to my chair, then we went into the bathroom. ", "She’d empty my leg bag into the toilet. ", "If it wasn’t a shower day, she would help me put on a splint so that I could brush my teeth. ", "She generally brushed my hair and washed my face for me, even though I could have done it with unlimited time (and her helping me). ", "She’d make eggs or pancakes and help me get set up to eat, then we’d have a “nice” family breakfast.", "\n\nDays were kind of boring. ", "Back before I got hurt, I used to work intermittently and get high, but I couldn’t do any of those things anymore. ", "So mostly I just hung around the house and watched TV or messed around on the computer. ", "Very rarely, Mom bribed me into going outside, but I wasn’t excited about that.", "\n\nThen in the evening, Dad and Sean would come home, we’d have dinner as a family, then watch more TV. ", "Before bed, Mom would do my bowel program for me, which was how I stayed continent. ", "She did it while I was in bed, then after she got me cleaned up, she’d roll me over and I’d go to sleep.", "\n\nSo no, my life wasn’t too exciting. ", "But it wasn’t awful. ", "Being crippled was better than working some shitty job eighty hours a week. ", "I guess.", "\n\nBy Sunday, believe it or not, I was actually looking forward to going to church, just to have something to do. ", "My mother had purchased a new suit for me, which made me feel like a huge tool. ", "I’ve been generally trying to avoid mirrors since I got injured, but I passed by a mirror when I was wearing my suit and I think I threw up a little in my mouth. ", "The material of the suit was thin enough that it made my skinny legs really look like sticks and that in addition to my two curled up hands and my gut that bulged through the thin fabric of my white shirt, I looked as disabled as I’d ever seen myself. ", "It was like every day I got a little more crippled looking.", "\n\nSeeing myself in the mirror didn’t make me feel like going out. ", "It made me feel like isolating myself in the house and never leaving again. ", "But it wasn’t like I had a choice in the matter.", "\n\nWell, at least my new crippled status got us a great parking spot. ", "We got a spot right in front of the church, where everyone could get a nice view of me getting lowered out of the van. ", "It seemed to take forever, my body bouncing helplessly with each jerk of the ramp.", "\n\nI recognized a lot of people in the crowd in front of the church. ", "The girls holding babies were girls I went to high school with. ", "The older women were friends of my mom, who came over for Bunco once a month. (", "What the hell is Bunco anyway? ", "I still don’t know.) ", "I’m sure all the parents were whispering to their kids: See? ", "That’s what happens when you do drugs and don’t listen to your parents!", "\n\nWell, fuck them. ", "I was still alive, at least. ", "And I could still live my life the way I wanted. ", "This was just an adjustment period. ", "My parents and I would work out an arrangement eventually.", "\n\nI had forgotten there was a nice big flight of steps to get into the church and for a second, my stomach tightened into a knot. ", "I wasn’t going to have to be carried into the church, was I? ", "That would be too much. ", "But no, there had to be a wheelchair entrance somewhere. ", "It was required by law, I think.", "\n\nI waited for my parents and Sean in front of the van and finally the came out to join me. ", "My mother said that the wheelchair entrance was out back, so we started moving toward the back of the church, but were stopped by the fattest family I’d ever seen.", "\n\nIt was a man and a woman my parents’ age and their daughter, who was about my age. ", "Together, the three of them must have weighed several tons. ", "They were almost revoltingly fat. ", "Like, if I’d been eating something, I would have had to spit it out after looking at them.", "\n\n“Hi, Stella,” the fat older woman said to my mother. ", "She looked down at me and said in a slow, deliberate voice. “", "Hello, Ryan. ", "It’s good to see you again.”", "\n\n“Thank you,” I said. ", "I had no fucking clue who she was. ", "I would have thought I’d remember someone so fat. “", "FYI, I’m not retarded or anything. ", "You can speak to me normal.” ", "Mom gasped. “", "Ryan!”", "\n\nI felt my father’s hand on my shoulder, giving me an uncomfortable squeeze. “", "It’s still an adjustment period,” he said apologetically.", "\n\nThe woman seemed a little embarrassed, at least. ", "She nodded at her daughter, who was as fat if not fatter than she was. “", "Ryan, you remember Whitney, right?”", "\n\nActually, now that she mentioned it, yeah, I did sort of remember Whitney. ", "I mean, like I said, how could I forget someone so huge? ", "I think she was in my class in high school, although I hadn’t known her very well. ", "Obviously, we traveled with different crowds. “", "Hi, Whitney,” I said, making an attempt to be polite.", "\n\nShe just nodded at me, which was pretty fucking impolite, considering what an effort I was making. ", "Well, fuck her. ", "It wasn’t like I was all excited to talk to the morbidly obese girl.", "\n\nIt turned out that the handicapped seating in the church was in the back, which was great. ", "It meant I could doze off or something and nobody could give me shit about it. ", "It also turned out I wasn’t the only cripple in the church today. ", "There was also this guy named Alan, who I remembered from when I was a kid. ", "I think he was two or three years older than me. ", "I think he had cerebral palsy and he was kind of like me in that he could just control his wheelchair with one hand and he had his parents with him helping him, although he was worse than me in that his face and speech were kind of affected.", "\n\nAlan seemed like he must have been severely retarded from the way he looked and talked. ", "When I was a kid and got dragged to church by my parents, my friends and I used to make fun of him a lot, sometimes to his face. ", "It seemed really funny at the time, although now that I was sitting next to him in my own wheelchair, like a foot away from him, I felt really awkward about the whole thing. ", "I actually heard that Alan wasn’t retarded and was some kind of genius or something.", "\n\n“Hi, Ryan,” Alan said to me. “", "Welcome to the back row.”", "\n\nI didn’t say anything to Alan. ", "People were filtering into church now and everyone was staring at us. ", "I mean, how fucking rude.", "\n\nThese two boys who were about thirteen came in with their parents and they were actually pointing at us. ", "And giggling. ", "I felt my face getting red. ", "One of the boys nudged the other one and then made a retarded “duh” noise and the two of them dissolved into laughter.", "\n\n“Hey, fuck you!” ", "I screamed at them, before I could stop myself.", "\n\nA bunch of people turned to stare at me, including Alan. “", "Ryan,” he said. “", "You can’t be so sensitive.”", "\n\nThe way he said that, I was wondering if he meant he forgave me for being such a dick to him when we were kids. ", "I wasn’t sure if I wanted him to. ", "If he forgave me, that meant we were going to end up being friends, by virtue of being the only two disabled guys in the room. ", "And I didn’t know if I wanted to be friends with Alan. ", "I mean, look at him. ", "Then again, I couldn’t really talk. ", "Still, it was more reason for us not to hang out. ", "Two badly crippled guys hanging out together? ", "They’d have to charge admission for people to see us.", "\n\n“So how’s it been at home?” ", "Alan asked me.", "\n\n“Pretty fucking bad,” I admitted.", "\n\nAlan laughed. “", "Yeah, I could see that. ", "I’m sure it will get better.”", "\n\n“Yeah.”", "\n\n“It’s not as bad as you think it’s going to be,” Alan said.", "\n\n“Huh,” I said.", "\n\n“I actually have a pretty good life, Ryan,” Alan told me. ", "Shit, I hated the fucking motivational speech. ", "I rolled my eyes, but I don’t think he noticed. “", "I’m going to school to get a masters degree in computer science, I’ve got friends, and I know how to have fun.”", "\n\n“Have you ever gotten laid?”", "\n\nThat stopped Alan in his tracks. “", "What?”", "\n\n“Has a girl ever fucked you?” ", "I said, in a slow and deliberate voice. “", "Better yet, has a girl ever even kissed you?”", "\n\nAlan didn’t answer.", "\n\n“Yeah, that’s what I thought,” I said. “", "So don’t tell me what a great life you have. ", "We’re both just losers who can’t get laid.”", "\n\n“There’s more to life than sex, Ryan,” Alan said. “", "Besides, can you even feel your penis?”", "\n\nI was shocked Alan said that to me. ", "I looked around to see if anyone else had heard. “", "No,” I confessed.", "\n\n“So what the hell do you care if you’re getting sex?”", "\n\n“You wouldn’t understand.”", "\n\nAlan shrugged. “", "You know what? ", "Maybe I’ve never had a girlfriend before, but I think that someday I will. ", "Someday I’ll meet a great girl who loves me.” ", "He added, “I’m not so sure about you, though.”", "\n\n“At least I’ll never be a thirty year old virgin,” I retorted.", "\n\nAlan’s jaw fell open. ", "I turned my head away from him, glad we were finally on the same page about hating each other.", "\n\nFriday, July 15, 2011\n\nI didn’t actually fall asleep during the sermon, but I can’t honestly say I listened to a word of it. ", "What would have been great is if I could have gone home afterwards, but instead there was a fucking church picnic I had to attend. ", "I had always managed to duck out of those when I was a kid, but now there was absolutely no way to avoid it. ", "There was a park a few blocks down from the church and I had no choice but to follow my parents and the rest of the crowd.", "\n\nOnce we got to the park, my wheelchair was having a really hard fucking time in the grass. ", "It must have been raining the night before or something, because my wheels kept spinning while I stayed in one place. ", "After calling for my mother to help me twice, she turned off the controls and just pushed me over to one of the tables. “", "I’ll get you some food, honey,” she said to me. ", "Of course, she completely forgot to turn my controls back on and I don’t have the dexterity to do it myself. ", "Good fucking deal.", "\n\nMom came back with a hot dog and cole slaw for me. ", "As she started cutting up the hot dog for me, I noticed there was a two year old kid sitting at the other end of the table, and his mom was cutting up his hot dog for him too. ", "The whole thing made me feel incredibly lame. ", "Well, at least I could feed myself.", "\n\nThe McFatterson family joined us at the table also, and I was a little worried the bench might collapse under their collective weight. ", "I got stuck sitting next to the girl I knew from school, who I was calling Fattima in my head because I couldn’t remember her real name. ", "Fattima was staring at me as I struggled to eat my hot dog using my fork splint.", "\n\n“Why don’t you take a picture?” ", "I finally said to her.", "\n\n“Ryan!” ", "Dad snapped at me.", "\n\n“She’s fucking staring at me,” I mumbled.", "\n\n“Ryan…” Dad growled. “", "Language.”", "\n\nI lifted my eyes to look at my father, and boy, he looked fucking pissed. ", "Shit. “", "Sorry,” I said.", "\n\nWhitney just eyed me and I was beginning to wonder if she could even talk. ", "Finally she said, “Yeah, I’m sorry.”", "\n\nI was making shit progress on my hot dogs. ", "The two year old had already finished his and I had managed to eat two chunks. ", "The table was just a little too far away and I was having a lot of trouble. ", "My mother offered twice to feed me, but there was no way I was letting that happen in public. ", "It was bad enough that everyone was watching me eat with my splint. ", "I did manage to eat some cole slaw, although a lot of it went on the napkin on my chest and a good amount on my chin, which Mom helped me wipe off.", "\n\nMost of the table, including my parents, wandered off to play some lame church picnic games. ", "I was left at the table eating my hot dog pieces. ", "Actually, it was a relief everyone was gone so I could eat in peace. ", "I was pretty happy about it until Whitney plopped down next to me with her third or fourth serving or whatever.", "\n\nWhitney was so unbelievably fat. ", "She looked like she was carrying triplets. ", "Her sweater stretched over her massive stomach and breasts in a really unattractive way. ", "She had at least four chins. ", "I mean, I definitely had a gut now, but it was nothing like what Whitney had going on. ", "She was disgusting.", "\n\n“Why don’t you take a picture?” ", "she said to me.", "\n\nI looked at her for a second and then laughed. “", "Busted.”", "\n\n“Fuck you, Ryan,” she said to me.", "\n\nOkay, that surprised me. ", "I thought she was probably shy or something because she was so goddamn fat, but I didn’t expect her to curse at me. ", "What the fuck? “", "Fuck you,” I replied. “", "What’s your problem?”", "\n\n“You,” she said. “", "You were the biggest asshole I ever met in school. ", "You made my life a living hell.”", "\n\nI did? “", "I don’t remember that.”", "\n\n“Yeah, no shit.”", "\n\n“Well, I’m sorry,” I said, although I wasn’t really sorry. ", "I mean, when you go to school weighing five hundred pounds, what the hell do you expect?", "\n\n“You so deserve what happened to you,” Whitney said, looking me up and down.", "\n\n“What the fuck kind of thing is that to say?” ", "My face was getting red now.", "\n\n“It’s true,” Whitney said. “", "You deserve to be crippled and in a wheelchair the rest of your life. ", "I’m glad it happened to you. ", "And I bet a lot of other people are glad too.”", "\n\n“Fuck you,” I said to Whitney. ", "I pushed my hand into my controls to back away from the table, then I remembered that my mother hadn’t switched it back on again. ", "Shit. ", "I was stuck here.", "\n\nI just stared at her as she got up from the table and turned around so I could get a nice look at her fat ass. “", "Go fuck yourself, you fat bitch!” ", "I yelled at her.", "\n\nShe didn’t even turn to acknowledge me cursing at her. ", "And now here I was, stuck at this fucking picnic table. ", "Everyone was involved in some bullshit game and nobody was probably going to come check on me for like another hour. ", "This fucking sucked.", "\n\nI was in a really bad mood when I got home from church. ", "For starters, the second we got in the door, my parents went to change themselves and just left me in my uncomfortable clothing. ", "I at least reached up to try to undo my tie, but Mom had made a really strong knot. ", "I tried to get my thumb laced into it but it was a big struggle.", "\n\nI started getting really frustrated. ", "All I was trying to do was take off my tie and I couldn’t even do that. ", "I couldn’t even begin to take off my shirt or pants. ", "I felt tears rising up in my eyes as I got to thinking of all the shit I couldn’t do anymore. ", "I mean, even if I couldn’t walk, did I have to be dependent for every little fucking thing? ", "When I was at the park, I couldn’t even control my own goddamn wheelchair.", "\n\nI was pretty hysterical by the time my parents came back into the room. ", "Mom ran over to me, looking concerned. “", "Ryan, honey, what’s wrong?”", "\n\n“Nothing,” I gulped. ", "I wasn’t about to admit how bad I was feeling about my disability, although I’m sure they guessed that’s why I was so upset.", "\n\n“Do you want to get changed?” ", "she asked me.", "\n\nI nodded and followed her to my bedroom. ", "She transferred me into my bed to get me undressed. ", "I felt so crippled when I was hanging in that goddamn sling. ", "I hated it. ", "But it was easier for her to undress me when I was in bed.", "\n\n“I know it’s hard right now,” Mom said, as she unbuttoned my shirt for me. “", "But you’ll adjust, I promise. ", "A year from now, this will all be routine.”", "\n\nThe thought of being undressed by my mother becoming routine to me was even more depressing. ", "But what choice did I have? ", "It was very clear that I was never going to regain enough function in my arms to be independent in any way.", "\n\nI guess I had to count my blessings. ", "If my parents hadn’t agreed to take me home, the only other option was some sort of nursing home. ", "That would be a lot worse than living here. ", "That was also the reason why I needed to start behaving the way my father wanted me to. ", "I couldn’t afford to get kicked out again.", "\n\nThat week, we went out to dinner for the first time since I’d been home. ", "I wasn’t too excited about it. ", "Every time I went out in public, I got stared at. ", "A lot. ", "Maybe that was also something I’d get used to, but I really didn’t like it now. ", "I hated the way people looked at me, the way they talked to me, all that shit. ", "It’s weird because when I was younger, I just wanted attention and I didn’t care if it was negative attention, but I guess there really were some kinds of attention that I didn’t want. ", "Like the kind you get when you’re a grown man in a power wheelchair being taken care of by your parents.", "\n\nWe went to this Chinese restaurant, which I remembered from when I was a kid. ", "I think it was the only Chinese restaurant in all of Loserville, so it was sure to be pretty crowded. ", "Mom dressed me in a “nice” shirt which basically meant that it buttoned up and made me look like a tool, and then we were off in the van.", "\n\nSean also came with us. ", "He brought his girlfriend Terri and the three of us were loaded in the back of the van. ", "I couldn’t stop staring at his girlfriend. ", "She was so fucking hot, it was insane. ", "If I could have gotten a boner, I would definitely have had one right now. ", "I really didn’t understand how a douche like Sean ended up with a knockout girlfriend like Terri. ", "I mean, damn.", "\n\nI found myself clamming up around Terri. ", "It was weird because honestly, hot girls never intimidated me. ", "I never had any problem getting girls before. ", "But now I looked at Terri and it occurred to me that realistically I was never going to be able to get a girl that looked like that. ", "It was virtually impossible. ", "Actually, to be honest, I was getting seriously worried that I wasn’t going be able to get a girl period, hot or not. ", "Whenever I saw myself in the mirror, I really just couldn’t imagine a woman looking at me and thinking I was someone they’d like to have a date with. ", "Or hook up with.", "\n\nI was trying not to think about it. ", "I tried to tell myself that eventually there would be some girl who would see past the wheelchair and my body and all that. ", "But it wasn’t just the way I looked. ", "I mean, I lived with my fucking parents and was depending on them for practically everything. ", "And would be for the foreseeable future, probably the rest of my fucking life. ", "That’s not attractive to women, I don’t think.", "\n\nWe got to the Chinese restaurant, and like I predicted, it was ridiculously crowded. ", "Dad had made reservations, but of course, the table was in the back. ", "My wheelchair was just not getting through that restaurant. ", "At least five people had to get up and move their chairs so I could get through, and I managed to bash into a table and knock over a water glass. ", "We weren’t even eating yet and I’d already become a huge spectacle.", "\n\nIt seemed like we were almost at the table when my wheelchair just stopped moving. ", "I was trying to get past some chairs, so I guessed I was stuck on the chair to my right. ", "However, as I moved forward, the goddamn chair wasn’t budging. ", "So I tried to back up but I couldn’t do that either. “", "Fuck,” I swore.", "\n\n“Ryan,” my father said in that warning voice. ", "Shit, it was really fucking annoying to keep having to censor myself.", "\n\n“I think I’m stuck,” I said. ", "And as I said the words, I looked up and saw that the occupant of the table was none other than Whitney McFatterson. ", "On what appeared to be a DATE. ", "With an actual human man. ", "I was practically gawking at them. ", "Whitney noticed and shot me a dirty look.", "\n\n“Nice to meet you, Arthur,” Dad said. “", "I apologize, but my son appears to be having an issue with his wheelchair. ", "Can you give us a minute?”", "\n\n“Of course,” Arthur said. ", "He looked at me and flashed me this really toothy, patronizing smile. “", "How are you doing, buddy? ", "You eating out with your folks today?”", "\n\nI glared at him, the words “fuck off” at the tip of my tongue. ", "But I’d already pissed my father off once tonight. ", "I didn’t want to prolong this any further—I just wanted him to get my chair loose and get my dinner. ", "So instead of telling Arthur to suck my dick, I simply said, “Yes.”", "\n\n“Well, good for you,” Arthur said with a wink. “", "And I bet at the end, you’ll get a fortune cookie!”", "\n\nI could see Whitney smirking, but I kept my mouth shut for a change. ", "I think I deserved a medal.", "\n\nIt turned out one of my smaller wheels got stuck on the restaurant’s chair. ", "With some fiddling on his knees, my dad worked me loose. ", "Just when I was celebrating finally getting away from Arthur and Whitney, my mother said to Whitney, “Won’t you join us?”", "\n\nWhitney smiled. “", "We would love to, Mrs. Harrison.”", "\n\nFuck, fuck, fuck.", "\n\nThe waiter came over to push our tables together so we could all sit together. ", "I got to sit in the middle, next to Arthur. ", "The first thing he did was pull out the menu and open it up for me. “", "Here ya go, buddy,” he said to me. “", "Now let me read you a few things you might like.”", "\n\nI wanted to punch Arthur in the face. “", "I can read,” I said through my teeth.", "\n\nArthur looked at me in complete shock. “", "Well, good for you,” he said. “", "But let me know if you have trouble with any words.”", "\n\nI looked over at Whitney, who really seemed to be trying hard to contain her laughter. ", "As much as I wanted to strangle Arthur, I had to admit there was also something very slightly funny about the whole thing.", "\n\nIt turned out that Whitney and Arthur had been dating for about a month. ", "They had been set up on what I guessed had to have been a blind date. ", "I was really fucking amazed he agreed to a second date with her. ", "I mean, he wasn’t good looking at all either. ", "He was also overweight and pretty badly balding. ", "But still, Whitney was… I mean, she was fucking HUGE. ", "Maybe Arthur had a fat fetish. ", "Hey, maybe they met on a fat fetish site.", "\n\nArthur was going out of his way to be helpful. ", "It was insane. ", "When the food came, he actually tucked the napkin into my shirt collar while my mother put on my splint with the fork attached. ", "Then when the food came, he cut up my chicken for me. ", "Actually, he was pretty helpful. ", "I wasn’t saying much through the meal, so I think he was under the complete assumption I was retarded.", "\n\n“You’re doing a great job with eating, buddy,” Arthur said to me as a piece of chicken missed my lips and toppled down the front of my shirt.", "\n\nI glared at him. ", "I’d pretty much had enough. ", "I knew I’d promised to behave but this was too fucking much. “", "So how did you and Whitney meet?” ", "I asked him.", "\n\n“Well, see, Ryan,” Arthur began, like he was telling a story to a small child. “", "When a man likes a woman, they go out on something called a ‘date’…”\n\n“I was just wondering if you met on some kind of fat fetish website,” I said.", "\n\nEveryone at the table stared at me. ", "My mother’s jaw was hanging open and Sean was shaking his head at me. ", "I glanced at Whitney, whose face was practically purple. ", "My father was too shocked to even yell at me. ", "Score.", "\n\nArthur recovered quickly. “", "Actually, Ryan,” he said. “", "It’s true that some men do prefer women who—”\n\n“Oh, for god’s sake,” my mother finally said. “", "Arthur, Ryan is not mentally challenged or whatever. ", "He knows what he’s saying and he’s just messing with you.”", "\n\nArthur blinked his eyes rapidly, looking really confused. “", "Oh,” he mumbled and went back to his food.", "\n\nI took one more look at Whitney, thinking she’d have murder in her eyes, but actually, she was holding up her napkin to her mouth, looking like she was trying to keep from laughing. ", "Huh.", "\n\nAfter about a month of living at home, I was ready to poke out my eyeballs. ", "I was really trying to make it work and be the best son I could be but it was so goddamn hard. ", "My father is an asshole. ", "There’s no two ways about it. ", "Maybe if I were a submissive loser like Sean, I could tolerate it, but that’s not me.", "\n\nFor starters, Dad treated me like I was about eight years old. ", "He was very regimented about when I should eat dinner, watch TV (no more than two hours per night), and what time I had to go to bed. ", "I felt like I was in the fucking army. ", "And what else sucked was that he put up parental controls on my computer. ", "So I couldn’t even look at porn. ", "Not that I could jerk off or anything, but if I wanted to look at naked tits, I think I had a right. ", "I’m 24 fucking years old.", "\n\nBut the worst part was how he nagged me. ", "Every night, it was, “Ryan, have you thought about going back to school?”", "\n\nYeeeaaaahhhh, every day. ", "Because school was just that fucking awesome. “", "I don’t know,” I said.", "\n\n“There are some computer classes at the local college,” he said. “", "You could get a degree in computer science and be able to get a job.”", "\n\nUm, hello? ", "Who was going to hire a guy like me? ", "Nobody. ", "I was never going to be able to work. ", "The thought of it was stupid. ", "Besides, I wasn’t really excited about starting up college as a freshman when I was in my mid-twenties and a quadriplegic. ", "College is supposed to be about drinking and drugs, not having your mom drop you off and pick you up for each class.", "\n\nAnyway, after all the crap that Dad blocked on my computer, he failed to monitor my email. ", "Which meant that I’d been talking a lot to my friend Ali.", "\n\nI met Ali after I moved to the city and he was my first roommate. ", "He is the fucking man. ", "Nobody can party like Ali and nobody can get girls like Ali either. ", "I kind of worshipped him. ", "But he was also a really loyal friend and he always had my back. ", "I think I’d have been dead years ago if not for Ali.", "\n\nI’d been kind of hinting at the idea that maybe I could eventually live with Ali. ", "It seemed a little out there, but the thing is, Ali has lots of money because of his parents. ", "So he doesn’t need to work. ", "So helping me out a little in the morning and at night wouldn’t be a big deal. ", "And then we could spend the rest of the day partying and shit. ", "Just like old times. ", "My being in a wheelchair didn’t have to change any of that.", "\n\nIn any case, Ali was receptive to the idea of taking me out to party with him, and that was the only shit that was keeping me going. ", "It was actually kind of exciting to plan because of course, my parents couldn’t know anything about it. ", "Luckily, since I was on the first floor and there was no need to lock the windows in Loserville, it would be possible for Ali to come in through the window after everyone was asleep. ", "We’d stay out all night partying, then Ali would bring me back before my parents woke up for the day.", "\n\nOkay, I admit there was a reasonably high chance of getting caught. ", "But I didn’t care. ", "If I didn’t do something fun, I was going to lose my fucking mind. ", "No kidding.", "\n\nSo about a month and half after I’d been home, Ali arranged to come get me in my bedroom after my parents were asleep. ", "When my mother was lowering me into my bed, I told her the room was stuffy and asked her to open the window a little bit. ", "I didn’t want to risk Ali not being able to get in.", "\n\nMidnight came and went. ", "I kept looking at the clock, getting nervous that Ali wasn’t going show. ", "Finally, at nearly 1AM, I saw his face at my window. “", "Hey,” I whispered. “", "Get your ass in here, Ali.”", "\n\nHe grinned at me as he pushed the window open and crawled into the room. ", "He landed on the floor with a thump and for a second, I was completely sure my parents were going to wake up. ", "But they didn’t. ", "They were all the way upstairs after all.", "\n\nAli scrambled to his feet and stood at my bedside. “", "Hey,” he said. “", "Whaddo I do?”", "\n\nThis was the uncomfortable part. ", "So obviously, I wasn’t dressed. ", "I was just wearing an undershirt and boxers. ", "And I couldn’t dress myself. ", "So Ali was going to have to help me. “", "Get some clothes out of my drawers,” I said.", "\n\nAli rifled through my drawers. “", "Shit, Ryan, all these clothes are totally lame.”", "\n\n“I know. ", "Just pick whatever.”", "\n\nHe pulled out a pair of pants and a shirt, and held them out to me. ", "I shook my head. “", "Ali, I can’t get dressed myself.”", "\n\n“You can’t?” ", "He looked shocked.", "\n\n“Yeah, dipshit, help me out.”", "\n\nA look of pity came over Ali’s face and I cringed. ", "I didn’t want him to feel sorry for me. ", "I just wanted him to help me get dressed.", "\n\nAli sucked at getting me dressed. ", "He was really having trouble and finally this other guy Brad came out of the car and asked what the fuck was taking so long, then Brad climbed in and the two of them were getting me dressed. ", "It was all kind of mortifying, especially when I had to explain to them about my legbag and how to strap it to my thigh.", "\n\nFinally, I was dressed and the two guys heaved me into my wheelchair. ", "I told them about all the straps, and they missed a few of them, but at least got the two on my chest so I didn’t fall out. ", "They were looking all over the room for my shoes, but couldn’t find them. “", "What the fuck do you need shoes for anyway?” ", "Brad said. “", "You’re in a wheelchair.”", "\n\nI was a little pissed off he said that, but it was getting late, so I didn’t press the shoes issue.", "\n\nWe went out the front door and Ali grabbed the set of spare keys so we could get back in later. ", "Once we were at the car, Ali hefted me into the back seat, seatbelting me into to keep me from slipping, which worked somewhat. ", "They put my wheelchair in the trunk and I heard a few unsettling declarations of, “It doesn’t fit!” ", "Then a few more unsettling crunching noises. ", "I found myself praying that my wheelchair would be okay.", "\n\nThe ride to the city was pretty fun. ", "The guys were drinking beers in the back seat and they offered me one, but I can’t hold a regular cup and there was no straw for me to drink from. ", "Finally, one of the guys held the beer up to my mouth and I tried to take a sip, although a lot of it ended up on my shirt. ", "Nice.", "\n\nThe party was at some guy’s house in Manhattan. ", "We found parking a few blocks away and Ali helped me back into my chair, which still worked, thank fuck. ", "But I’d forgotten how goddamn inaccessible the city was and the ride wasn’t fun. ", "There were a few curbs that didn’t have any kind of ramp, so I just careened off the curb and hoped for the best. ", "I survived, but I was getting seriously worried about my wheelchair. ", "I mean, I needed this chair to get around. ", "I didn’t want to break it.", "\n\nThe apartment was a one bedroom, lit up with only candles, and smelling strongly of pot. ", "There was music playing and a few scantily clad girls were dancing with each other. ", "The girls were incredibly hot and I watched as Ali ran right up to get between them. ", "It was the kind of thing I might have done way back when, although now I could only watch. ", "I started to feel this nagging sensation in the back of my head: I didn’t belong here.", "\n\nThe feeling only got worse as the night wore on. ", "I’d been to a million parties like this and usually they were a blur of cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs. ", "But now I was just getting ignored. ", "People were giving me these looks like they didn’t know what the hell I was doing there. ", "Nobody was talking to me at all, even Ali. ", "I felt completely out of place.", "\n\nI tried to go to the other side of the room to try to mingle or whatever, but the first thing I did was knock over a table that had two candles on it. ", "Luckily, someone saw my accident immediately and put out the fire. ", "It was pretty fucking weak.", "\n\nFinally, I saw two pretty girls in the corner, passing a joint between them. ", "I took a deep breath and wheeled toward them. “", "Hi,” I said.", "\n\n“Hi,” one of the girls said, giving me a funny look.", "\n\n“Um,” I said. “", "Could I take a hit off that?”", "\n\nThe girls exchanged looks. “", "Are you sure that’s okay?”", "\n\n“Yeah,” I said. “", "Just, um, hold it up to my mouth.”", "\n\nOne of the girls reluctantly held the joint up to my lips and I leaned forward and took a nice long drag. ", "I love the taste and smell of weed. ", "Man, I missed it.", "\n\nI think I missed it too much though. ", "I took too long a drag and started coughing. ", "My coughs are not great, considering my diaphragm is only partially functional, so I was having a lot of trouble. ", "I kept giving these weak coughs and then I felt myself starting to wheeze.", "\n\n“Are you okay?” ", "one of the girls asked me.", "\n\nI tried to say yes, but I couldn’t. ", "I was actually starting to have a lot of trouble breathing. ", "I could breathe, but I had to focus on it really hard. ", "I felt a sweat breaking out on my forehead. ", "Shit, this was bad.", "\n\n“Hey!” ", "one of the girls yelled. “", "There’s something wrong with the crippled guy.”", "\n\nI had now attracted a crowd as I kept wheezing and struggling to breathe. ", "Ali came over to me and peered at my face. “", "Fuck,” he said. ", "He shook his head. “", "Ryan, you need to go to the hospital?”", "\n\nAs much as it pained me to do so, I nodded.", "\n\nThe next twenty minutes or so were a blur. ", "Ali got me downstairs and we somehow made it back to the car. ", "He put me in the backseat with no seatbelt, but never loaded my wheelchair inside. ", "I guess he felt like there was no time. ", "I was pretty distressed about what was going to happen to my wheelchair, but I was more distressed that I still couldn’t breathe well. ", "He and Brad drove me to the nearest hospital, which took about ten of the longest minutes of my life.", "\n\nAs they stalled outside the emergency room entrance, I could hear them talking.", "\n\nSo what ended up happening was that Ali, my best friend in the whole world, dumped me on the sidewalk in front of the ER, gasping for air, and sped off.", "\n\nSome paramedics saw me get dumped on the ground. ", "They leaned over me and one of them put a hand on my shoulder. “", "You okay, buddy?”", "\n\nI shook my head no.", "\n\nThey wheeled over a stretcher and the next thing I knew, I was being lifted into the stretcher and wheeled into the emergency room with an oxygen mask on my face. ", "I was hoping I’d be okay with the mask, but I still wasn’t. ", "I was still giving weak coughs and gasping for air as I got hooked up to a bunch of monitors. ", "I heard someone say, “I think he needs to be intubated.” ", "I felt miserable when I heard that. ", "I was intubated and on a ventilator right after my accident and they weren’t able to take the tube out, I ended up with a trach for weeks. ", "It was really hard to talk that way and it was just overall horrible. ", "I felt sick at the idea of starting all that again. ", "Why had I done such a stupid thing to myself?", "\n\nTwo guys in scrubs were peering down at me while I continued to struggle to breathe. “", "What’s wrong with him?” ", "one of them asked, as he started pulling off my clothes.", "\n\nI wanted to explain to them that I was a quadriplegic, but I couldn’t bring in enough air to talk. ", "I was feeling worse every second. ", "Now I felt lightheaded. ", "It was getting to the point where I actually wanted them to intubate me.", "\n\nA woman lifted my oxygen mask and stuck a suction deep in my throat. ", "I gagged a little, but then all of a sudden, I gave a really good cough and miraculously felt better. ", "The monitors stopped beeping so insistently and my lightheadedness improved. ", "I guess I just needed to give a good cough.", "\n\nI turned to the woman who had suctioned me to thank her, but then got a surprise: it was Whitney. ", "I was so shocked, I was speechless.", "\n\n“Better?” ", "she asked impatiently.", "\n\nI looked down at her badge. ", "She was a nurse. ", "I had no idea she worked in such an important job. “", "Yeah,” I said.", "\n\nShe shook her head at me. “", "What the hell are you doing here at three in the morning, Ryan? ", "Dumped on the side of the road, no less.”", "\n\nI didn’t know what to say to that, so I just kept my mouth shut. ", "A guy in scrubs came up to us, who I guessed was a doctor. ", "He looked down at me. “", "You’re very lucky, young man,” he said. “", "We were really close to having to intubate you.”", "\n\n“Yeah,” I said.", "\n\n“Do you want to tell us what drugs you were doing?” ", "he asked in a kind of angry voice.", "\n\nI glanced over at Whitney. “", "Just some weed.”", "\n\n“If you want to continue breathing on your own,” he said, “I suggest you avoid smoking weed in the future.”", "\n\nThe doctor’s warning seemed incredibly ominous. ", "I realized that drugs were what ended me up in the wheelchair in the first place and now they almost took away my ability to breathe on my own. ", "How could I have been so dumb? ", "What the fuck was wrong with me? ", "Hadn’t I fucked up my life enough? ", "I didn’t want to be a guy on a ventilator.", "\n\nI noticed Whitney was pulling back the covers from my legs, unearthing my legbag, which was pretty full at this point. ", "When I was in rehab, I had a suprapubic catheter put in, so the urine bypasses my dick and goes directly from my bladder into the bag. ", "It’s kind of gross, but I guessed it was something Whitney had seen before. ", "She eyed it and asked me, “Do you want me to empty that?”", "\n\n“Yeah, thanks,” I said.", "\n\nI watched as she pulled the bag off the tubing and then went to empty out my urine, probably grabbing a sample for tox screen while she was at it. ", "It kind of upsets me that I can’t even empty my own piss, but I just don’t have the dexterity. ", "Oh well.", "\n\n“I guess I should call your parents,” Whitney said when she returned to replace the bag.", "\n\nI swallowed. “", "Do you have to?”", "\n\nShe sighed. “", "Well, what would you like me to do, Ryan? ", "It’s the middle of the night and you’re here with no wheelchair and no way to get home.”", "\n\nShe had a point. ", "Except my father was going to murder me. ", "Or at least be extremely pissed off.", "\n\n“You could call my friend Ali,” I suggested.", "\n\nWhitney raised her eyebrows. “", "You mean the one who dumped you on the sidewalk when you couldn’t breathe and sped off? ", "That guy?”", "\n\n“Whitney,” I pleaded. “", "My dad and I… we haven’t been getting along so well. ", "If he finds out about this…”\n\n“I’m sorry,” she said. ", "She genuinely sounded kind of sorry. “", "There’s nothing I can do.”", "\n\nI lay in bed, cursing to myself, as Whitney left to call my parents. ", "They were going to be really fucking shocked. ", "Of all the shit I had pulled in my life, this was really up there. ", "Worst of all, after all my promises that I had changed, this kind of proved that I hadn’t changed at all. ", "I was the same idiot I’d always been, who got myself crippled at age 24.", "\n\nMy parents showed up about an hour later. ", "My mother was pushing my spare wheelchair, which was a manual chair she bought on the cheap. ", "I guessed Whitney told her my power wheelchair was gone. ", "This really sucked because I couldn’t wheel a manual chair myself, so I was going to have to get pushed around till I got a new power wheelchair. ", "Or my old one somehow turned up, but I didn’t have much hope for that.", "\n\nMy father looked really really pissed off. ", "His eyes were bugging out of his head and he had this crazy vein standing out in his forehead. ", "He stared at me, lying in the bed, now with the oxygen mask off and breathing okay on my own. “", "I really can’t believe you, Ryan,” he growled in a low voice.", "\n\n“Let’s talk about this at home,” Mom said quietly.", "\n\nDad looked like he wanted to say a lot more, but he gritted his teeth and kept his mouth shut. ", "He grabbed me around the chest and roughly lifted me into the manual wheelchair. ", "Once I was inside, I couldn’t balance and sit up on my own, so my mom tied a strap across my chest. ", "It was a little too low, so I was still kind of slumped down, but at least I wasn’t falling out anymore. ", "Dad put my feet in the plates.", "\n\nI fucking hated being in this wheelchair. ", "I felt completely helpless, unable to even move forward on my own. ", "I didn’t have much hope that my powerchair was recoverable though. “", "When do you think we can get a new power wheelchair?” ", "I asked.", "\n\n“I don’t think you’re in any position to be demanding anything,” Dad said.", "\n\n“I’m not demanding,” I said quickly. “", "I’m just asking.", "\n\n“I have no idea,” Dad said. “", "You may be stuck with this wheelchair for the rest of the time you’re at home.”", "\n\n“There are plenty of nursing homes on the island,” Dad said. “", "I think it would best for all of us if you lived there.”", "\n\nI looked up at my mother, who looked really sad. ", "She put her hand on my shoulder. “", "Ryan, we’ve tried and it just isn’t working out. ", "I think we can all agree on that.”", "\n\nI felt tears rising in my eyes. ", "I didn’t want to live in a nursing home. ", "I was only fucking 24 years old. ", "This couldn’t be happening. “", "Please, Dad,” I said. “", "Give me another chance…”\n\nDad shook his head. “", "We’ve given you so many chances, I can’t even count. ", "You’ve screwed up every attempt we’ve made to help you. ", "I don’t think you want to be helped, Ryan. ", "If that’s how you want to live your life, that’s fine. ", "But we’re not going to be a part of it. ", "I want you out of my house.”", "\n\nThe tears spilled out of my eyes and down my cheeks. ", "I felt like such a fucking idiot for having snuck out that night. ", "What the hell was I thinking? ", "Now I had fucked up everything. ", "It wasn’t fair. ", "I wanted to go back to yesterday and do things differently. ", "Or really, I wanted to go back to a year ago and do things differently.", "\n\n“Please, Dad,” I said, crying hard now. “", "I swear I’ll change. ", "I know I was an idiot. ", "I want to change, I really do. ", "Please don’t do this to me.”", "\n\n“Stop crying, Ryan,” my father said in an annoyed voice.", "\n\nMy face was streaked with tears and my nose was running when Whitney came into the room with my discharge papers. ", "As she looked me over, I guessed she was probably really enjoying this. ", "I’d been an asshole to her when we were kids and now she was seeing me as a helpless quadriplegic, crying my eyes out. ", "I bet I just made her day.", "\n\n“Mr. Harrison,” Whitney said to my dad. “", "I couldn’t help but overhear what you were saying to Ryan.”", "\n\nYeah, no fucking kidding. ", "She was probably eavesdropping.", "\n\n“I think you may be a little bit hasty,” she said. “", "After all, he’s only been home a couple of months. ", "It’s always going to be a rough adjustment, but I think Ryan has it in him to change.”", "\n\n“With all due respect, Whitney,” my father said, “Ryan is never going to change. ", "He’s been like this since he was thirteen years old. ", "He doesn’t even want to change.”", "\n\n“I believe he does,” Whitney said. ", "She gestured at me, now crying quietly. “", "I mean, look at him. ", "He’s miserable about what he did.”", "\n\n“He’s miserable that he got caught.”", "\n\nWhitney shook his head. “", "He came in here unable to breathe. ", "His so-called friends dumped him on the sidewalk outside the ER entrance. ", "He lost his wheelchair. ", "I think he’s very sorry he went out tonight.”", "\n\nMy father turned and looked at me sharply. “", "Is that true, Ryan?”", "\n\nI nodded, too upset to even speak.", "\n\nDad gave me a really long thoughtful look. ", "Finally, he spoke: “All right, Ryan. ", "I’ll give you one last chance. ", "One chance. ", "But things are going to be different from now on, I promise you that.”", "\n\n“Thank you, sir,” I whispered.", "\n\nMy mother wiped off the tears on my face, then my parents went to go bring the car around. ", "I sat there in my wheelchair, unable to do very much at all. ", "I was so fucking angry at the guys for not bringing my powerchair along to the hospital. ", "It was going to take weeks probably to get a new one and what the fuck was I supposed to do in the meantime? ", "But at least I had been a temporary reprieve from being sent to a nursing home. ", "I needed to try my hardest not to fuck this up.", "\n\nWhitney came into my room to get some supplies and she nodded at me when she saw me. “", "Thank you,” I said to her. “", "For, um, you know…”\n\n“You’re welcome,” she replied.", "\n\n“I, um, I’m kind of surprised you helped me. ", "I thought you hated me.”", "\n\n“Yeah, well…” Whitney shrugged. “", "That’s my job.” ", "She smiled at me and I noticed she actually had a surprisingly pretty smile.", "\n\n“How’s Arthur?” ", "I asked her.", "\n\nShe laughed. “", "He’s fine.”", "\n\n“Are you two, like, dating now?”", "\n\n“I don’t know,” Whitney said. “", "I’m not sure how I feel about him.”", "\n\n“I very much enjoyed his company,” I said.", "\n\n“I’ll bet,” she said with a grin.", "\n\nI looked down and noticed that the laces of one of my sneakers my mother had brought was untied. ", "Whitney saw where I was looking, and without my asking her, she bent down and tied the laces for me. ", "As she crouched over my shoes, I could see down her scrub top and I got a glimpse of her fairly impressive cleavage. ", "When she glanced back up at me, I quickly looked away, although I don’t think I was quick enough.", "\n\n“Get a good look?” ", "she asked me.", "\n\nMy face turned red. “", "Uh… sorry…”\n\nBut she smiled to show it was okay. ", "Now that I had spent a little time with Whitney, I was noticing that despite her weight, she was actually pretty fucking sexy. ", "Of course, thoughts like that were really stupid for me to have. ", "Relationships were just not in my future. ", "I mean, right now I couldn’t even push my own fucking wheelchair, so it didn’t seem very likely that I could have any semblance of a girlfriend. ", "Maybe I never would. ", "That would really suck, but seriously, I was a fucking quadriplegic. ", "Who was going to want to date me?", "\n\nThursday, July 14, 2011\n\nAnyway, my parents came and got me, and loaded me into the van in the manual wheelchair. ", "By the time we got home, it was morning, and everyone in Loserville got to see my father wheeling me out of the van and up the path to our house. ", "I was feeling really frustrated about not having my wheelchair, but I was afraid to complain. ", "I mean, it was my fucking fault the chair was gone. ", "Now I was stuck in this goddamn manual chair, probably for weeks.", "\n\nDad grumbled something about having to get ready for work, and Mom wheeled me to the dining table and told me she was going to make me some food, then she was going to get me in bed. ", "The other shitty thing about this wheelchair was that there was no good pressure relief in it. ", "My power wheelchair has a great cushion and I can tilt it in space to relieve the pressure on my butt, but this chair didn’t have any of that. ", "So I could probably only stay in it for a short time without risking a sore. ", "Like I said, this really sucked.", "\n\nWhile I was waiting at the table, the doorbell rang. ", "Dad yelled out that he’d get it. ", "I just sat there, feeling more and more frustrated. ", "Being in a manual wheelchair was really making me feel all my limitations. ", "At least I’d still be able to feed myself and use my computer. ", "But other than that, I was completely dependent for everything.", "\n\nI heard voices at the door that sounded kind of familiar. ", "I tried to crane my neck to see, but I can’t do that very well since my neck got fused. ", "So I just sat there. ", "Finally, my dad came over and I felt him grabbing the back of my chair and turning me around. ", "And I saw a sight that made me incredibly happy: my power wheelchair.", "\n\nI almost started crying when I saw it. ", "I was embarrassed how excited I was to see my wheelchair again. ", "And it looked like it was in OK shape.", "\n\n“Your friend Ali brought it back for you,” Dad told me.", "\n\nI looked up and saw Ali hovering awkwardly by the door.", "\n\n“He’d like to talk to you for a minute,” Dad said. “", "I’ll give you boys two minutes to talk right here.”", "\n\nI was hoping Dad would leave to give us some privacy, but he didn’t. ", "I guess I couldn’t entirely blame him after the shit I pulled last night. ", "He sat down at the dining table and Ali sat down in the seat next to me.", "\n\n“I just want to apologize,” Ali said to me. “", "We were freaking out last night and I feel incredibly bad about what we did. ", "I should have brought you into the ER myself.”", "\n\nI nodded.", "\n\n“Also,” Ali said, lowering his eyes. “", "I don’t think we should stay in communication anymore. ", "I don’t think it’s good for you, Ryan.”", "\n\n“What?” ", "I said. ", "I glanced over at my father, who was nodding in approval.", "\n\n“Ryan,” Ali sighed. “", "Things are a lot different now. ", "For all of us. ", "It just doesn’t make sense anymore for us to hang out. ", "And I think I’m messing up your life.”", "\n\n“I can’t believe you’re just ditching me,” I said, not caring that my father was listening. “", "I wouldn’t ditch you just because you were in a wheelchair.”", "\n\n“It’s not just that,” Ali said quietly.", "\n\n“Bullshit.” ", "I felt my face turning red. “", "You just think it’s going to cramp your style to hang out with a cripple.”", "\n\n“That’s not true.”", "\n\n“The fuck it is.”", "\n\nAli bit his lip. “", "Listen, Ryan, I’m going to go.”", "\n\nAs Ali rose from his seat, the reality of decades of living with my parents and having no friends came crashing down on me. ", "I wasn’t going to be able to make any new friends looking the way I did. ", "I made normal people feel awkward. “", "Don’t go,” I said in a small voice.", "\n\nBut I couldn’t talk him out of it. ", "Ali gave me one last look then got up and walked out the door. ", "I just sat in my stupid manual wheelchair and watched him leave. ", "My father seemed completely thrilled. ", "I wanted to punch him in the fucking nose.", "\n\nI knew that anything I said to my father at this moment regarding Ali would likely result in my immediate ejection from this house, so I held my tongue. ", "I swallowed and tried to smile, “Can you help me into my wheelchair?”", "\n\nDad regarded me for a minute. “", "Of course, son.”", "\n\nI was going to make this work. ", "I wasn’t going to think about Ali. ", "I was going to focus on being the kind of son my dad wanted me to be. ", "I wasn’t going to fuck this up again.", "\n\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nI was getting used to the weekly church sessions. ", "I didn’t enjoy it. ", "I still generally drifted in and out of sleep through the sermon. ", "I will never buy into that religious bullshit, even if I live to be a hundred. ", "But it wasn’t awful. ", "It was an opportunity to get out of the house, at least.", "\n\nI had to commend Alan on how friendly he’d been to me. ", "I guess he’d been sitting in the back of the church in his wheelchair for over twenty years and he was glad to have some company. ", "And I was glad he was there too. ", "It made me feel like a little less of a freak.", "\n\n“I heard you have an adventure this weekend,” Alan said to me when I arrived and took my place next to him. ", "The two of us still attracted a lot of stares, but I was working on trying to ignore it.", "\n\n“You heard about that?” ", "Shit, there are no secrets in Loserville.", "\n\n“Well, your mother called mine to see if we had an extra power wheelchair you could use,” Alan said. ", "He looked at my chair. “", "But I guess you located yours.”", "\n\n“Yeah,” I said. ", "Although my chair had been acting a little funky since my “adventure.” ", "Yesterday it stalled suddenly and refused to work for several minutes. ", "Luckily, I’m never alone.", "\n\n“Take good care of your wheelchair,” Alan said. “", "It’s not so easy to get a replacement.”", "\n\nAlan had been a wheelchair-user his whole life, about 25 years. ", "Someday I’d have been in a wheelchair for 25 years. ", "I couldn’t even imagine it. ", "I’d be 50 by then. ", "A 50 year old quadriplegic. ", "My parents would be in their seventies by then. ", "Would I still be living with them? ", "Would my mom still be changing my leg bag when I was 50? ", "Well, if she wasn’t, somebody else would be. ", "I sure as hell would never be able to do it myself. ", "But I guessed by then, I’d be used to needing help with every little thing.", "\n\nAt that moment, Whitney walked by, flanked by her parents. ", "She was wearing a dark purple blouse and it made her tits look really big. ", "I caught her eye and she stopped in front of me. “", "Hi, Ryan,” she said. “", "I see you got your wheelchair back.”", "\n\n“Yeah, just like new,” I said. ", "I pushed my braced hand into the controls to demonstrate, but misjudged the area in front of me and slammed into the pew. ", "The woman sitting in front of me stared back at me in shock. “", "Shit.”", "\n\nWhitney laughed. “", "Maybe you need a little more practice.”", "\n\nI nodded and smiled. “", "Maybe I can go out in the parking lot after the service and zoom around out there.”", "\n\n“Sounds like fun,” Whitney said. ", "She winked at me. “", "I’ll see you later. ‘", "Bye, Alan.”", "\n\nAfter Whitney was gone, I turned to look at Alan, who was gawking at me. “", "You like her!” ", "he said accusingly.", "\n\nYeah, I did. ", "I was noticing more and more the way other people looked at me, and it was pretty much like I was a different species. ", "I mean, no girl was going to want to date her dog. ", "Well, some might, I guess. ", "But the point was, I don’t think women were seeing me as a man anymore. ", "Honestly, I didn’t even see myself that way anymore sometimes.", "\n\nAnd even if I got a girlfriend, what the hell would I do with her? ", "Would I bring my fucking mother along on a date or would I have to ask for help with feeding during a first date? ", "And what if we somehow inexplicably got to the point where we could have sex? ", "The whole thing would have to be overseen by my parents, which is mostly too embarrassing for words. ", "Not that I could even have sex, based on the cumulative five minutes of erection I’d had since my accident. ", "My dick got slightly hard when it was getting cleaned, but that was about it.", "\n\nAnyway, the truth was, I did sort of like Whitney. ", "I wasn’t head over heels, but I was digging her a lot. ", "But while Whitney wasn’t a babe by any stretch of the imagination, I still recognized that she was out of my league.", "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\nMy grandparents joined us for dinner that night. ", "They had been over a lot lately, since I’d been home. ", "My grandmother especially had been helping out a lot. ", "My grandmother was in her early seventies and in fairly good shape, so she’d been coming over a lot to sort of relieve my mother’s burden (me).", "\n\nI could tell Mom really appreciated it when Grandma set the table and helped me with my splints and cutting up my food. ", "Sean sometimes did those things when he was around, but he’d been spending more and more time with his girlfriend, lucky fucker. ", "Dad was always really tired when he got home from work, so if Sean wasn’t around, Mom usually did everything.", "\n\nI had, but it wasn’t like I swelled up at the compliment. ", "Everyone else at the table was able to feed themselves without any problem.", "\n\nMy grandfather had pretty bad knee arthritis so lately he’d been thinking about getting a cane. ", "I really hated it when they discussed this in front of me, but it seemed to come up every time we had dinner.", "\n\n“The doctor said you’ll have a lot less pain if you get a cane,” Grandma said.", "\n\n“I don’t want to be hobbling around with a cane like a cripple,” Grandpa said. ", "He looked at me. “", "No offense.”", "\n\nIt went on like that for a while, with my grandfather saying how he didn’t want to be a cripple and have everyone staring at him. ", "It was pretty fucking insulting. ", "It wasn’t like anyone was going to stare at an old man with a cane anyway. ", "There was nothing surprising about an old man with a cane. ", "A 24 year old in a power wheelchair, on the other hand, really made people stare. ", "He wasn’t disabled—I was.", "\n\nAfter dinner, Dad and Grandpa went to watch football in the living room, but I’m not really into football. ", "Mom and Grandma cleaned up the dining table, and I hung around out there. “", "Stella,” Grandma said. “", "You look tired.”", "\n\n“I’m fine,” Mom insisted.", "\n\n“Do you want me to get Ryan into bed for you?” ", "Grandma asked.", "\n\nI was really fucking pissed when she said that. ", "First of all, it wasn’t even nine o’clock and I wasn’t ready to go to bed. ", "Second, I really didn’t appreciate being talked about in the third person when I was sitting right there, even though it seemed like everyone did that to me these days. ", "Third, I really didn’t like it when Grandma helped me get ready for bed. ", "She sucked at helping me. ", "Even though she technically knew what to do, she did everything wrong.", "\n\nI wanted Mom to just say no, but instead she flashed Grandma this really grateful look and said, “Thanks, Ma. ", "Is that okay with you, Ryan?”", "\n\nIt wasn’t, but it didn’t seem like anyone gave a shit what I wanted. ", "I knew if I made a fuss over this, I was going to hear about it from my father, so I figured it was better to just agree. “", "Sure,” I said.", "\n\nI followed Grandma to the bathroom and she helped me put the splint on so I could brush my teeth. ", "Sometimes Mom gave me a shower at night, but I wasn’t going to let my grandmother bathe me, at least not right now. ", "I really didn’t like being bathed by other people. ", "I could deal with my mother doing it, but I didn’t like Dad doing it, and I really didn’t like Sean or anyone else doing it. ", "I guessed that as time went by, Dad was definitely going to be bathing me a good amount though and maybe Sean too, so I knew it was stupid to get upset over it.", "\n\nOne thing I couldn’t get out of though was my bowel program. ", "I really didn’t enjoy my 70-something year old grandmother turning me over in bed and putting in my suppository, especially because she wouldn’t stop fucking talking to me the whole time. ", "As we were waiting for my bowel movement, she kept saying things like, “Ryan, so your dad tells me you’re going back to school. ", "Is that true?” ", "Or, “Ryan, have you made any new friends since you’ve been back?”", "\n\nThere should be an etiquette book for helping a quad with his bowel program. ", "If there were, I’ll tell you number one would be: Don’t fucking talk!!!", "\n\nThe lights were out in my room before it was even ten o’clock. ", "Everyone in the house was still up. ", "I hated when I was a kid and there were guests and I’d have to go to bed early while they were still there. ", "Half the time I’d sneak out of bed. ", "I wanted to do that now, except for the fact that I couldn’t. ", "I looked over at my wheelchair in the dark and felt frustrated that I couldn’t even get into it on my own.", "\n\nI raised my arm and rubbed an itch on the back of my nose with my forearm. ", "At least I could move my right arm a little. ", "When I was first injured and couldn’t move my arms at all, it really sucked. ", "The doctors told me I’d probably never be able to feed myself or anything. ", "It would have been great if I could move my arms a little better, but I guess something was better than nothing.", "\n\nTuesday, July 12, 2011\n\nLately, my mother was really pushing me to come with her on her errands. ", "This was not great for me for a lot of reasons. ", "First, it’s a pain in the neck. ", "Usually when I’m home, I dress in a T-shirt and sweats, usually without shoes or even socks. ", "When we went out, Mom had to get me dressed in a sweatshirt and I had to wear shoes. ", "I know it sounds pointless for me to wear shoes considering I wasn’t going to be walking anywhere, but it felt weird to be outside with just socks on.", "\n\nBut I guess the bigger reason I hated going places with my mother was that when I was outside, everyone freaking stared at me. ", "You’d think I was wheeling around in a tank engine or something. ", "Considering I’ve always sort of liked being the center of attention, I guess it’s hypocritical to say I hated getting stared at. ", "But it’s one thing to get stared at because you’re doing something awesome and another thing to get stared at because everyone thinks you’re a loser in a wheelchair hanging out with your mother.", "\n\nBut anyway, Mom persuaded me to come out with her to the grocery store, saying it would be good to get some fresh air. ", "Actually, she didn’t so much as persuade me, as she brought it up at breakfast and Dad told me, “You better go with your mother, Ryan.” ", "So that was that.", "\n\nShe loaded me in the van and chattered the whole time about how I didn’t even have to come in with her and I could just hang out outside the grocery store. ", "Fucking awesome. ", "Actually, I was glad about that because the last thing I wanted was to tag along with her like a little kid.", "\n\nWe pulled into the handicapped spot right in front of the supermarket (another perk of being a cripple). ", "As she was lowering the ramp to let me out, I spotted some kids hanging out on their car in front of the supermarket. ", "They were high school age and the whole thing made me feel really nostalgic. ", "I mean, I never did anything lame in high school like hanging out in front of a fucking supermarket, but they kind of looked like kids I would have been friends with.", "\n\n“Okay, Ryan, honey,” Mom said. ", "She frowned at me in concern. “", "Are you sure you’re going to be okay out here by yourself?”", "\n\n“Definitely,” I said.", "\n\nShe gave me one last worried look before going into the supermarket.", "\n\nWhen Mom was safely out of sight, I went back to looking at those kids. ", "There were four of them: two girls and two guys. ", "They were dressed up in some crazy clothes and I don’t know if you’d call it emo or vampire or some shit like that. ", "I was never really into those stupid “looks” but I did notice that the two girls were really hot, especially one of them who was blond with a lot of eye makeup. ", "And I could see her navel piercing, which is something I’ve always found really fucking sexy.", "\n\nI saw one of the guys pass the sexy blonde something little and white, which I guessed was a joint. ", "Even after what happened last time, just the sight of that joint made me have withdrawal pains. ", "I wondered what would happen if I went over to them and asked them for a drag. ", "But then again, that was probably a bad idea. ", "I had pretty much run out of chances with my father and I couldn’t risk it.", "\n\nI was so busy staring at those kids that I didn’t realize that they noticed I was staring and had started staring at me. ", "One of the guys, who had earlobe stretchers that were at least an inch in diameter, nudged the blonde and actually POINTED at me. ", "And she laughed so that I could see the stud in her tongue.", "\n\n“Look at that retarded guy in the wheelchair,” Earlobes said. “", "Hey, Cindy, I think he wants a drag of your joint.”", "\n\nThe blonde, Cindy, now dissolved into giggles.", "\n\n“Duuuhhhh, Cindy, you wanna get high with me?” ", "Earlobes went on.", "\n\nI was so angry, I wanted to throw something. ", "Actually, what I really wanted to do was to ram my chair into their car and scratch it up, but the car was already a piece of shit and my wheelchair had taken a beating already, so I felt like I couldn’t risk it. ", "I guess the next alternative was to go over and tell them off, make sure they knew that I wasn’t a retard, which is what the old Ryan would have done. ", "But lately, I felt like I didn’t want to confront people and get all up in their faces anymore. ", "I didn’t want to draw more attention to myself. ", "I just wanted to get the fuck out of here.", "\n\nSo I wheeled past the kids, trying my best not to look at them. ", "I was trying so fucking hard not to look at them that I bashed into the curb. ", "When I did that, I heard them laughing and I really tried not to lose my cool. ", "I just backed up and went up the curb cut ramp.", "\n\nI figured my best bet was to go into the supermarket. ", "Most supermarkets have automatic sensors for their doors, but Loserville is always about 50 years behind the rest of society. ", "There was, fortunately, a little blue handicapped button that I could press to make the doors open, but it was on my left side, which is the arm that doesn’t work at all. ", "I had to do some maneuvering to push my right fist into the button to get the door to open. ", "I wheeled inside the door, glad to get away from those kids.", "\n\nThen I realized I was totally fucked.", "\n\nThere was a SECOND fucking door to get into the supermarket, and this one didn’t open automatically and there was no button to get it to open. ", "Whoever designed this should have been shot. ", "I was now trapped between the two doors.", "\n\nI wasn’t sure what to do. ", "I figured if I started ramming my chair into the door, someone would come help me. ", "The whole thing was so fucking lame that I just sat there for a minute, feeling pissed off and sorry for myself. ", "I couldn’t believe that a little glass door had formed an impenetrable boundary for me.", "\n\n“Young man, do you need help?”", "\n\nI turned my head and saw that an elderly woman was behind me. ", "She was pretty ancient, yet still having an easier time getting into the supermarket than I was. “", "Yes,” I said.", "\n\nShe squeezed past me and opened the inner door for me. ", "I wheeled past her, my cheeks on fire. “", "Thank you,” I said.", "\n\n“Are you looking for someone?” ", "she asked me in that sickeningly sweet patronizing voice that was how practically everyone talked to me now. “", "Your parents?”", "\n\nI was about to answer that I was fine on my own, thank you very fucking much, but at that moment, my mother spotted me and came running over. “", "Ryan!” ", "she cried. “", "Are you all right?”", "\n\n“Oh, he got a little stuck with the door,” the old lady said. “", "But I helped him out.” ", "Then she patted me on the head. ", "That’s right, she fucking patted me on the head. ", "I wanted to fucking kill her.", "\n\nThe old woman wandered off, probably feeling psyched about her good deed for the day. ", "I got to follow my mother around the supermarket, spending half an hour deciding what kind of cereal to get, even though we all know Dad only eats bran flakes. (", "And actually, I’ve been eating them too, because I definitely need help in that area these days.)", "\n\nI thought we had gotten everything when Mom brought me to this aisle that had all the feminine hygiene products. ", "I was a little mortified to be seen with her buying tampons, but I was even more horrified when she picked a package of Depends off the shelf. ", "I could only think of one reason why she’d be buying that. “", "What are you doing?” ", "I said.", "\n\n“Please don’t be difficult, honey,” Mom said.", "\n\n“I’m not wearing those,” I said. ", "I wanted to yell at her, but I also didn’t want to make a scene and call attention to the fact that she was buying me adult diapers.", "\n\n“It will be so much easier,” Mom said. “", "Dad and I discussed it.”", "\n\n“I don’t need them,” I said through my teeth.", "\n\n“It will just be temporary,” she said. “", "Just until we get your bowel program under better control.”", "\n\n“It’s under control.”", "\n\n“Honey, you’re having an accident at least once a week.”", "\n\nThere was a woman with a child in her shopping card who looked up when my mother said that. ", "I realized it was dumb to discuss it here. ", "But I wasn’t wearing those diapers. ", "There was no fucking way. ", "Yeah, I’d had a few accidents. ", "But it wasn’t that big a deal. ", "Okay, it wasn’t great. ", "But still, I wasn’t going to fucking wear a fucking diaper.", "\n\nI could feel the cashier staring at me when she scanned the package of Depends. ", "I hated this. ", "But it didn’t matter if she wanted them because I wasn’t going to wear them.", "\n\nMy first doctor’s visit since being discharged from the hospital was kind of a big event. ", "I was seeing a specialist on patients with spinal cord injury and my mother had tons of questions to ask him, apparently. ", "I had one big question to ask.", "\n\nI actually loved the waiting room for the doctor because it was the first time where I felt right at home in my wheelchair. ", "Everyone there was in a chair. ", "In fact, I wasn’t even the most disabled person in the room. ", "There was a guy there who had a sip and puff wheelchair and a tube coming out of his neck with a vent. ", "Of course, I recognized all his equipment immediately, because in my early days, I looked just like that. ", "I was glad I didn’t look like that anymore, because damn did he look like a freak.", "\n\nThe nurse let me and Mom into the examining room to wait for the doctor. ", "She gave the nurse my list of meds and was basically filling out all the forms for me. ", "I could write with a splint, but it’s a pretty slow process and my handwriting sucked. ", "So it made sense for Mom to do all the paperwork. ", "But I hated feeling like a child who needed everything done for me.", "\n\nThe doctor was an old guy whose name was Dr. Martin. ", "You know how sometimes you meet someone and pretty much instantly don’t like them? ", "Well, that’s what it was for me and Dr. Martin. ", "I really didn’t like him. ", "I didn’t like that he was so tall, I didn’t like that he barely looked at me and just talked to my mom, and I didn’t like that the first words out of his mouth were, “So how’s he doing?”", "\n\n“He’s fine,” I spoke up.", "\n\nMom shot me a pained look. “", "Ryan,” she sighed. “", "Doctor, he’s doing fine in general. ", "I just have some questions.”", "\n\nThey undid the belt around my waist, lowered my pants, and Dr. Martin felt around my catheter site. ", "I guess it’s called a stoma or something. ", "It was a little red, I guess, but my mother was making too much of a big deal out of it. ", "Anyway, Dr. Martin gave her some cream to put on it.", "\n\n“How’s his bowel program going?” ", "Dr. Martin asked, still not looking at me.", "\n\n“Still having some accidents,” Mom said.", "\n\n“Are you using diapers?” ", "the doctor asked.", "\n\n“They’re not diapers,” I snapped. “", "They’re protective undergarments.”", "\n\nSo yeah, I’ve been wearing the Depends. ", "I tried to fight it, but Dad said that unless I was going to be the one cleaning up my messes, which obviously I couldn’t, that I had to wear them. ", "So I basically didn’t have a choice. ", "It really wasn’t so bad though. ", "I mean, it’s not like anyone knows I’m wearing them. ", "But I really don’t like it when people call them diapers, because they’re not. ", "Diapers are what babies wear. ", "These were protective undergarments, and that’s what Mom and Dad had promised to call them.", "\n\nMom kept saying this was just a temporary thing, but I just got this feeling that I was going to be wearing them for a very long time to come. ", "Which, like I said, wasn’t that big a deal. ", "Except when some douche doctor called them diapers.", "\n\n“Right,” Dr. Martin mumbled, sounding pretty uninterested. ", "He then got into this long discussion with my mother about my crap, and I just sort of zoned out at that point. ", "Nobody really seemed that interested in what I had to say anyway.", "\n\n“Okay,” Dr. Martin said after he was done talking about every aspect of my body with my mother. “", "Any other questions?”", "\n\nNow was my chance. ", "I took a deep breath. “", "I was just wondering something. ", "Um, is there a medication I can take to have sex?”", "\n\nMom started coughing violently. ", "Dr. Martin was just staring at me. “", "Do you… have a partner?” ", "he asked.", "\n\n“Of course not!” ", "Mom said.", "\n\nI was angry at the way she answered that question, so I said, “Not right now, but maybe in the future.”", "\n\nDr. Martin looked at my mother, “Does he get erections?”", "\n\n“No,” she said.", "\n\n“But I used to get them in the hospital sometimes,” I said.", "\n\n“Well, obviously, you probably wouldn’t be able to have sex without help from medications,” Dr. Martin said. “", "Why don’t you come back to me if you have a partner?”", "\n\nIF I had a partner? ", "I looked at my mother, who seemed completely satisfied with that response. ", "But I wasn’t. “", "So will I be able to have sex?” ", "I asked.", "\n\n“It might be possible,” Dr. Martin said and shrugged.", "\n\nI really didn’t like that answer. ", "I wanted him to tell me that I’d definitely be able to do it with medication or whatever. ", "Even if I couldn’t feel it, the thought of never being able to have sex again really upset me.", "\n\nBut I was even more upset when I was lying in bed that night and I overheard my mother telling my father about my doctor’s visit, and relaying that part of the conversation. “", "Ryan asked him about sex,” Mom said.", "\n\n“Why am I not surprised?” ", "Dad said. “", "And who exactly does he think he’s going to have sex with?”", "\n\nMom said something to that which I didn’t catch.", "\n\n“I guess he’s still adjusting to who is now,” Dad said.", "\n\nThat comment really struck me. ", "What the hell did that mean? ", "Did they mean that I didn’t get that I was this freak in a wheelchair who was never going to have sex again? ", "I mean, yeah, there weren’t going to be women banging down the doors. ", "But I was only 24. ", "How could my sex life be completely over?", "\n\nMaybe it was because the conversation in the doctor’s office or maybe it was because my mother was bored, but a few days later, she decided that I was going to go to a singles mixer. ", "At the church. ", "Fucking shoot me now.", "\n\nMom told me about it over dinner. ", "It was just me, her, and Dad since Sean was out more and more with his girlfriend Terri. ", "After struggling a bit the first few days, I had become really proficient at eating with my fork splint, although obviously not as fast as I was before. ", "And my mother had to cut the food up for me because I only had one arm to work with. ", "Still, I could feed myself. ", "I was beginning to feel more like a normal person again.", "\n\n“The mixer is for ages 22 to 30,” Mom said. “", "I think it will be perfect.”", "\n\nDad was nodding too. ", "Obviously, they had discussed it beforehand.", "\n\n“I don’t know,” I said. ", "It was one thing to ask a few hypothetical questions to my doctor. ", "It was pretty different to put myself out there.", "\n\n“Alan is going,” Mom told me.", "\n\n“Really?” ", "Alan and I weren’t exactly BFFs or anything, but I’d gotten to like him a lot better lately. ", "There weren’t a lot of young disabled people in Loserville, so Alan and I had kind of a bond. ", "And he was way more experienced at being a crip, so I figured I could learn things from him.", "\n\nSo anyway, that’s how I ended up getting dressed up on Friday night for a church singles mixer. ", "Yes, the coolest of the cool. ", "I knew it was going to be really fucking lame, but I actually found myself getting kind of excited about it. ", "Maybe there was a chance I’d meet someone there. ", "Yeah, it would be a girl from church. ", "But it would still be awesome.", "\n\nMom was psyched to have a chance to dress me in some of the nicer clothes she bought for me. ", "It seemed like she had bought a never ending supply of polo shirts. ", "I really fucking hate polo shirts. ", "I hate them because they’re fucking lame and make me look like a tool, but also I really just don’t like wearing short sleeves anymore. ", "I have zero working muscles in my hands and forearms, so let’s just say short sleeve shirts are not flattering. ", "When I wheeled over to the full length mirror and looked at my body, with my gut bulging out and my skinny ass arms and my crippled legs, I felt way less excited about going out and socializing. ", "But oh well.", "\n\nWhen I got to the mixer, it looked every bit as lame as I thought it was going to be. ", "First of all, and I’m not saying this to be mean or anything, but the girls were really fucking nasty. ", "Nobody in the room was more than a 3. ", "I’m not saying this is a reflection on Christian girls, because I have met (and fucked) some amazing looking Catholic schoolgirls. ", "I ran into a bunch of them on a trip they were taking to the city for school, and I fucked one of them in the bathroom of the Natural History Museum, which marks the only time I’ve been in that museum since age ten. ", "But anyway, I’m guessing the kind of girls who would go to a lameass mixer like this were not exactly high quality.", "\n\nThe guys were equally lame. ", "I felt like I fit right in with my navy blue polo shirt. ", "But I guess the truth was that most of these guys were actually more desirable than me, thanks to the whole wheelchair bit. ", "Plus I was the only guy here who was with my mom, something I wanted to remedy ASAP. ", "It actually seemed like I might have a chance of meeting someone here and I didn’t want to ruin my chances.", "\n\n“Mom,” I whispered to her. “", "I’m okay. ", "You can go now.”", "\n\nShe looked at me in surprise. “", "But what if you need something?”", "\n\n“I won’t need anything,” I said.", "\n\n“What if you want some punch?”", "\n\nI really didn’t want any punch. ", "And even if I did, I felt unattractive enough without having a cup of punch in my wheelchair cup holder with a long straw sticking out of it. “", "I’m okay. ", "Really.”", "\n\n“What if you need to leave? ", "What if…”\n\nMom looked really worried and for a minute, I felt all the same worries. ", "What if something went wrong with my wheelchair? ", "What if I spilled something on myself? ", "What if my leg bag needed to be changed? ", "What if I shit my pants (or diaper, as it were)? ", "The thought of any of these things happening was disturbing enough to me that even though I was sick at the thought of hitting on girls in front of my mom, I just couldn’t ask her to leave.", "\n\n“I think I’ll stay,” she said.", "\n\n“Okay,” I said.", "\n\nMom went and got herself a drink and I sat there, scoping out the room. ", "It was hard to do it inconspicuously because half the fucking people in the room were staring at me. ", "A lot of them looked vaguely familiar too, like people I knew from back in high school. ", "If they were people I had once known, I was definitely never friends with any of these losers.", "\n\nI saw two girls in the corner and started working up my nerve to approach them. ", "I picked them out because they were honestly the ugliest girls in the room. ", "A year ago, I never would have given them a second look, but now I found myself getting really nervous and intimidated at the thought of approaching them. ", "I finally took a deep breath and wheeled across the room to where they were standing.", "\n\nThey saw me coming and I could tell from their expressions that they weren’t thrilled. ", "I tried to get the image of myself in the mirror before I left the house out of my head. ", "Okay, my body sucked. ", "But from the neck up, I still looked good. ", "I had a good looking face and my hair was short enough that even my mother couldn’t fuck it up.", "\n\nI stopped my chair in front of them. “", "Hi,” I said.", "\n\n“Hi,” one of the girls said. ", "The other rude bitch didn’t even say anything to me. ", "Like, what did she think? ", "That I wasn’t a person with feelings just because I was in a fucking wheelchair?", "\n\n“I’m Ryan,” I said.", "\n\n“Hi, Ryan,” the girl said. “", "My name is Jill. ", "It’s nice to meet you.”", "\n\nAnd then I heard it. ", "That fucking patronizing tone in her voice, talking to me like I was some kind of child or something. ", "I wanted to say something really witty so she’d recognize that I wasn’t retarded, but I felt my brain clam up. ", "The thing is, what kind of brilliant thing could I have said anyway? ", "I’m not brilliant. ", "I’m not smart. ", "I’m actually kind of dumb. ", "It just never seemed to matter that much until now.", "\n\nI sat there in awkward silence with the two ugly girls until finally I backed up my chair, putting them out of their misery.", "\n\nOne piece of good news: Alan had arrived. ", "When I saw him in the corner of the room with his dad, I wanted to hug him. ", "I sped over there as fast as my chair could go, which is actually pretty fucking fast. “", "Alan,” I said, grinning. “", "You’re here.”", "\n\nAlan snorted with laughter. “", "I’ve never seen you so happy to see me.”", "\n\n“This party sucks, man,” I said. ", "I lowered my voice so that his father wouldn’t hear. “", "Have you ever, like, met someone during one of these things?”", "\n\nAlan shook his head. “", "No, but I’ve made friends.”", "\n\nI groaned. ", "I knew it was going to be really hard to meet women now, but it was beginning to feel like it was damn near impossible. ", "And the more impossible it seemed, the more I wanted it. ", "All around the world, there were millions of unattractive people in relationships. ", "It was so easy for them.", "\n\n“You look pensive.”", "\n\nI craned my neck around and my eyes lit up when I saw Whitney standing behind me. ", "I turned my chair so that I could face her. “", "What are you doing here?” ", "I asked, trying not to let on how excited I was to see her.", "\n\n“Same thing you’re doing here, I’m guessing.”", "\n\nWhitney was wearing a red dress that stretched over her boobs in a really sexy way. ", "Have I mentioned that I love big boobs? “", "You look great,” I said.", "\n\n“Thank you,” she said. ", "I was glad she didn’t say something like “so do you” because it would have definitely been a lie. ", "I mean, I knew how I looked strapped into my wheelchair. “", "So what, is this the church party of the century?”", "\n\n“I think the cops are going to come in any minute to shut it down.”", "\n\n“Well, you know,” Whitney said, “that the party don’t start ‘till I walk in.” ", "With those words, she did a little sexy twirl.", "\n\nI laughed. ", "I couldn’t help it, Whitney was really funny. ", "And hot. ", "I mean, objectively hot. ", "Yeah, she was a big girl, but she was a fucking sexy big girl. ", "And I couldn’t help but wonder in the back of my mind if I had any shot in hell with this girl.", "\n\nWelcome!", "\n\nThis blog contains erotic and romantic stories featuring disabled male love interests. ", "If you would like to contribute a story or would like to be a regular contributor, email me at paradevo(at)yahoo.com." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000594593002460897, 0.01914142817258835, 0.9455321431159973, 0.9535877108573914, 0.002512505277991295, 0.0030684187076985836, 0.002678690478205681, 0.000835954851936549, 0.6232874989509583, 0.0006091170944273472, 0.0012800790136680007, 0.9898822903633118, 0.9409137964248657, 0.0006826352910138667, 0.0012394665973260999, 0.004878826439380646, 0.0019825282506644726, 0.0007685096934437752, 0.0014617674751207232, 0.9905763864517212, 0.0028506170492619276, 0.0009560807375237346, 0.024534115567803383, 0.9369826316833496, 0.0007849613903090358, 0.0012931728269904852, 0.0006283706752583385, 0.9663649201393127, 0.0008891043835319579, 0.0960695892572403, 0.0007108474965207279, 0.0011894266353920102, 0.0009326945873908699, 0.0005807027337141335, 0.0028312504291534424, 0.0019108087290078402, 0.0007549899746663868, 0.0007112123421393335, 0.0007719711866229773, 0.0032206941395998, 0.019426530227065086, 0.035490989685058594, 0.018252016976475716, 0.7361568808555603, 0.0007486023823730648, 0.9592928290367126, 0.0021692602895200253, 0.0006200646748766303, 0.004393485374748707, 0.000723905221093446, 0.0016170772723853588, 0.002874859143048525, 0.004702483303844929, 0.0017616257537156343, 0.0035990907344967127, 0.0013021872146055102, 0.002310120267793536, 0.1390838623046875, 0.0019469265826046467, 0.9824909567832947, 0.0013813442783430219, 0.000858962768688798, 0.0007581511745229363, 0.07606663554906845, 0.944098174571991, 0.9751173853874207, 0.0006966915680095553, 0.9876469373703003, 0.002040030201897025, 0.4095461964607239, 0.0008425503619946539, 0.9747567176818848, 0.0008285673102363944, 0.0012342880945652723, 0.00065057777101174, 0.9401121139526367, 0.0006986780208535492, 0.001707362593151629, 0.0008157013799063861, 0.0038968895096331835, 0.002462014788761735, 0.003447684459388256, 0.01220969669520855, 0.0007527099223807454, 0.2094692885875702, 0.11054782569408417, 0.019209429621696472, 0.011523934081196785, 0.005098932422697544, 0.0008945001172833145, 0.003739438019692898, 0.0007968642748892307, 0.9899749159812927, 0.1525614857673645, 0.9837021827697754, 0.0006692063761875033, 0.9770725965499878, 0.005425545386970043, 0.02506995014846325, 0.9577478766441345, 0.0008915683138184249, 0.0008025740389712155, 0.0007228714530356228, 0.0008453468908555806, 0.005163109395653009, 0.007416856940835714, 0.0012516248971223831, 0.0008021416724659503, 0.0006518593872897327, 0.0010357546852901578, 0.9958565831184387, 0.0010611931793391705, 0.004234477411955595, 0.011174673214554787, 0.0017838545609265566, 0.0006956662400625646, 0.001132386620156467, 0.0006494082044810057, 0.7032635807991028, 0.0014894118066877127, 0.08764349669218063, 0.1835332214832306, 0.9558330774307251, 0.026482615619897842, 0.0008002467802725732, 0.0013296219985932112, 0.001291728811338544, 0.5095840692520142, 0.0007499504717998207, 0.0011916686780750751, 0.1891329437494278, 0.0010890563717111945, 0.0011768657714128494, 0.005415725521743298, 0.0012132590636610985, 0.0013016292359679937, 0.23752015829086304, 0.8933272361755371, 0.01104336604475975, 0.0007227024179883301, 0.9934420585632324, 0.0006181357894092798, 0.0007296301773749292, 0.013093662448227406, 0.0008129063062369823, 0.0009113962878473103, 0.000608529313467443, 0.0016032373532652855, 0.0008086655871011317, 0.0012266926933079958, 0.029828932136297226, 0.01665504090487957, 0.0006381861749105155, 0.6806609630584717, 0.0006582101341336966, 0.000650963862426579, 0.0007092816522344947, 0.0009672747692093253, 0.006554029881954193, 0.000841547385789454, 0.002652775729075074, 0.9869648218154907, 0.0013143809046596289, 0.0006623431690968573, 0.0019483512733131647, 0.000813348451629281, 0.7589396834373474, 0.005334671586751938, 0.004346007481217384, 0.0006100208265706897, 0.06515472382307053, 0.0006805582670494914, 0.005199739243835211, 0.0010433009592816234, 0.0035069326404482126, 0.0017246372299268842, 0.9504045844078064, 0.0024207942187786102, 0.001311090774834156, 0.0008621360757388175, 0.993230938911438, 0.6793406009674072, 0.0006816181703470647, 0.0023333225399255753, 0.004757669288665056, 0.006165026221424341, 0.9926948547363281, 0.014106675051152706, 0.0008434327319264412, 0.0013332905946299434, 0.007173821330070496, 0.06229456514120102, 0.03033353015780449, 0.001588054234161973, 0.000709163025021553, 0.0018916272092610598, 0.007464952766895294, 0.0006238968926481903, 0.0006138517637737095, 0.02795572578907013, 0.0015384913422167301, 0.004594746977090836, 0.001522896345704794, 0.0011276847217231989, 0.4774479568004608, 0.0015749967424198985, 0.0031345528550446033, 0.0010032624704763293, 0.0708446353673935, 0.9820537567138672, 0.0011252595577389002, 0.00833001360297203, 0.007616241462528706, 0.0018052892992272973, 0.2669465243816376, 0.0011661812895908952, 0.001031536958180368, 0.0016407992225140333, 0.006081181578338146, 0.08030533045530319, 0.0008647989598102868, 0.0012863470474258065, 0.9919169545173645, 0.001525638159364462, 0.0008775397436693311, 0.001377340406179428, 0.018818579614162445, 0.0009504107874818146, 0.002567974152043462, 0.23436705768108368, 0.0009451750083826482, 0.009538720361888409, 0.909654974937439, 0.0007221711566671729, 0.001250342233106494, 0.0007142852991819382, 0.0009929334046319127, 0.0008773599402047694, 0.02506995014846325, 0.0007479328196495771, 0.0007139487424865365, 0.004757669288665056, 0.0006861861329525709, 0.006677066907286644, 0.0014645904302597046, 0.0012398561229929328, 0.0017969162436202168, 0.009536747820675373, 0.0015881079016253352, 0.029465798288583755, 0.0019636370707303286, 0.0035842631477862597, 0.16129200160503387, 0.5954918265342712, 0.0006544040516018867, 0.010563384741544724, 0.9911903142929077, 0.0012113357661291957, 0.0006577125750482082, 0.008393071591854095, 0.0008798480266705155, 0.9897352457046509, 0.2983998656272888, 0.000562958768568933, 0.0009563882485963404, 0.03591402992606163, 0.0008705905056558549, 0.0015575241995975375, 0.0043874201364815235, 0.28010043501853943, 0.9929147958755493, 0.10068204998970032, 0.0060260542668402195, 0.0056064859963953495, 0.0041170925833284855, 0.0006899790605530143, 0.03391020745038986, 0.0007356941350735724, 0.002567984163761139, 0.006165303755551577, 0.0006790283368900418, 0.0010964745888486505, 0.023950211703777313, 0.001051521161571145, 0.010762938298285007, 0.7241900563240051, 0.0009240664076060057, 0.009549927897751331, 0.0008399499347433448, 0.0009788614697754383, 0.0018419544212520123, 0.16483329236507416, 0.001084177871234715, 0.000998934730887413, 0.7064233422279358, 0.0016500178026035428, 0.0015793435741215944, 0.003132936544716358, 0.001511503360234201, 0.0022043501958251, 0.0011509186588227749, 0.0007501413347199559, 0.0009936416754499078, 0.9892852902412415, 0.0006762384437024593, 0.002180800074711442, 0.0016262037679553032, 0.0011811379808932543, 0.0008898527012206614, 0.00124570622574538, 0.03145435079932213, 0.010440646670758724, 0.0011948426254093647, 0.0011564971646293998, 0.0018158521270379424, 0.008345448412001133, 0.1606023758649826, 0.5833618640899658, 0.012599059380590916, 0.15118752419948578, 0.0005793542950414121, 0.9848145246505737, 0.002437541726976633, 0.5840373039245605, 0.16439390182495117, 0.0007832566625438631, 0.010583717375993729, 0.0006722669932059944, 0.47148799896240234, 0.16107499599456787, 0.001011375105008483, 0.015055866912007332, 0.000912222545593977, 0.0009930520318448544, 0.005703313741832972, 0.0007309915381483734, 0.5779942870140076, 0.9936283230781555, 0.0008927490562200546, 0.9877750873565674, 0.002821739297360182, 0.8826526403427124, 0.5851281881332397, 0.034379422664642334, 0.004836411215364933, 0.9857794046401978, 0.04651910439133644, 0.014758508652448654, 0.0006427657790482044, 0.0023219094146043062, 0.023248475044965744, 0.03016376867890358, 0.006172860972583294, 0.0006448040367104113, 0.00143285165540874, 0.8938930630683899, 0.00761179206892848, 0.0774393305182457, 0.0009253474418073893, 0.0006952118710614741, 0.0005685680662281811, 0.0006704549887217581, 0.0007612847839482129, 0.0057340869680047035, 0.608796238899231, 0.0356631800532341, 0.0039597079157829285, 0.0023790323175489902, 0.0071904477663338184, 0.0016429540701210499, 0.0014091355260461569, 0.001672145095653832, 0.0014347026590257883, 0.024493521079421043, 0.014135207049548626, 0.0015964547637850046, 0.0011674378765746951, 0.8727003931999207, 0.0006990110850892961, 0.001113058882765472, 0.0018407455645501614, 0.011483791284263134, 0.046385258436203, 0.0007643233402632177, 0.0027435747906565666, 0.009291598573327065, 0.0007477496983483434, 0.0008803730015642941, 0.0017259700689464808, 0.5044980645179749, 0.0008555055828765035, 0.0112751554697752, 0.00116891716606915, 0.3898918926715851, 0.0007001400808803737, 0.0006851197103969753, 0.6874508261680603, 0.9952097535133362, 0.0010211241897195578, 0.0038506542332470417, 0.0006071238894946873, 0.0005774881574325264, 0.0018115012207999825, 0.0011723929783329368, 0.005043107084929943, 0.0006497502909041941, 0.0006165389786474407, 0.0029796964954584837, 0.20496058464050293, 0.0010891322745010257, 0.0024781005922704935, 0.7860854864120483, 0.0028562378138303757, 0.26295721530914307, 0.0007854237919673324, 0.0009766104631125927, 0.000615032680798322, 0.0005847190041095018, 0.9865610003471375, 0.7412738800048828, 0.13734625279903412, 0.0007213059579953551, 0.014744605869054794, 0.0033543012104928493, 0.0030818339437246323, 0.0006556778680533171, 0.0008792471489869058, 0.7336040735244751, 0.0007304894388653338, 0.0005651094834320247, 0.0014191456139087677, 0.000603150634560734, 0.0005956128006801009, 0.0007378833252005279, 0.9808790683746338, 0.9956825971603394, 0.7178583145141602, 0.0007623759447596967, 0.9185051321983337, 0.10501705855131149, 0.0006486891070380807, 0.0007523939711973071, 0.014586800709366798, 0.7882664799690247, 0.01726451888680458, 0.0006092404946684837, 0.2862151265144348, 0.0007851195987313986, 0.0010981737868860364, 0.000776713655795902, 0.0007817544974386692, 0.9912350177764893, 0.0022946856915950775, 0.0007217081729322672, 0.05802777037024498, 0.6924564838409424, 0.9972524046897888, 0.06058241054415703, 0.001993682002648711, 0.0008307271054945886, 0.00406277971342206, 0.8131077289581299, 0.001350903999991715, 0.06018222123384476, 0.0006880232831463218, 0.0007473892183043063, 0.0008418405195698142, 0.0020101775880903006, 0.040602751076221466, 0.0008433145703747869, 0.000715982576366514, 0.0009111887775361538, 0.9811160564422607, 0.0010685663437470794, 0.000634583062492311, 0.0006704636034555733, 0.0007886288221925497, 0.001047625089995563, 0.0012759033124893904, 0.0009231027797795832, 0.9934362173080444, 0.0030826732981950045, 0.0009673946187831461, 0.3631931245326996, 0.001466473680920899, 0.0011564971646293998, 0.9961007833480835, 0.0007245242595672607, 0.03150584176182747, 0.001580440322868526, 0.0006891210796311498, 0.004711101297289133, 0.8751848340034485, 0.12819990515708923, 0.9728723168373108, 0.0006088219815865159, 0.0008131775539368391, 0.0008082954445853829, 0.9243333339691162, 0.006404103245586157, 0.0009040581644512713, 0.0010293340310454369, 0.0013019267935305834, 0.0007381552131846547, 0.0006321612745523453, 0.013699620962142944, 0.022525828331708908, 0.05448327586054802, 0.0005897200899198651, 0.9668426513671875, 0.0008670109673403203, 0.0019748923368752003, 0.963883638381958, 0.000691887573339045, 0.0029810708947479725, 0.0020505075808614492, 0.001383401220664382, 0.9864041805267334, 0.03438269719481468, 0.0178481787443161, 0.0035501925740391016, 0.030365535989403725, 0.0011794132879003882, 0.006426010746508837, 0.02057838812470436, 0.002046353882178664, 0.0010247197933495045, 0.004314550664275885, 0.0020874287001788616, 0.994653582572937, 0.004557846114039421, 0.0007653976790606976, 0.9919481873512268, 0.9747498035430908, 0.0007754586404189467, 0.0007482357323169708, 0.0006810198538005352, 0.9273945093154907, 0.023332800716161728, 0.0009300178498961031, 0.0021273214370012283, 0.03286687284708023, 0.024939848110079765, 0.005571742542088032, 0.0029105283319950104, 0.0006877616397105157, 0.00100199063308537, 0.8568939566612244, 0.05112478509545326, 0.65507972240448, 0.023298751562833786, 0.0009820593986660242, 0.971278965473175, 0.002046353882178664, 0.0010118652135133743, 0.0007318558054976165, 0.1914416402578354, 0.9971771240234375, 0.0007220105035230517, 0.922400712966919, 0.9866976141929626, 0.9969521760940552, 0.02158115804195404, 0.007650065701454878, 0.989500105381012, 0.3848421573638916, 0.0015197080792859197, 0.0007938028429634869, 0.9459502100944519, 0.0006414380623027682, 0.5487419366836548, 0.431192547082901, 0.9797347187995911, 0.03550715371966362, 0.0007891524001024663, 0.9303097128868103, 0.17891506850719452, 0.0007133529870770872, 0.9970543384552002, 0.001645611715503037, 0.9834639430046082, 0.0020287702791392803, 0.9504544138908386, 0.9980630278587341, 0.003616215893998742, 0.13214631378650665, 0.9910764694213867, 0.9421240091323853, 0.9961357712745667, 0.0013405776116997004, 0.0016773086972534657, 0.0029776617884635925, 0.0009253429598174989, 0.011327491141855717, 0.06775834411382675, 0.15922246873378754, 0.902188777923584, 0.9683772921562195, 0.8716539144515991, 0.003075134241953492, 0.0024957710411399603, 0.0008870372548699379, 0.0011876911157742143, 0.002450664062052965, 0.00988294929265976, 0.0011664540506899357, 0.01885455660521984, 0.03109315223991871, 0.9220278263092041, 0.10339388251304626, 0.011960314586758614, 0.09690802544355392, 0.0006275477353483438, 0.0007424147916026413, 0.014773616567254066, 0.0010431712726131082, 0.0007534243050031364, 0.0006029448704794049, 0.0009738411172293127, 0.008781320415437222, 0.0014210613444447517, 0.013474758714437485, 0.0007830271497368813, 0.0006073090480640531, 0.0006517901201732457, 0.0010195485083386302, 0.0007298367563635111, 0.9687325954437256, 0.0008676886209286749, 0.1898559182882309, 0.0008038331288844347, 0.011491497047245502, 0.029259830713272095, 0.0008563493029214442, 0.002825256437063217, 0.007468857802450657, 0.994568943977356, 0.014701692387461662, 0.19127938151359558, 0.8560863733291626, 0.0024209737312048674, 0.033744510263204575, 0.0803755670785904, 0.0007852602866478264, 0.0008169454522430897, 0.009254852309823036, 0.008761417120695114, 0.01603642851114273, 0.0006377213285304606, 0.0060704550705850124, 0.0009656348847784102, 0.9793847799301147, 0.9814707636833191, 0.08527886867523193, 0.001259411103092134, 0.0010111135197803378, 0.001153598539531231, 0.03946489840745926, 0.003767619840800762, 0.0008409290458075702, 0.001647523487918079, 0.8584045171737671, 0.001021488569676876, 0.987885594367981, 0.005030924454331398, 0.9928370118141174, 0.0014387505361810327, 0.001232931506820023, 0.0008088794420473278, 0.0019293873338028789, 0.018110914155840874, 0.2269556075334549, 0.0007823067135177553, 0.0036947010084986687, 0.000927009095903486, 0.0007410957477986813, 0.013065329752862453, 0.0013353677932173014, 0.0025695906952023506, 0.9837730526924133, 0.19176292419433594, 0.05581750348210335, 0.994904637336731, 0.0005969819612801075, 0.001073174993507564, 0.027088697999715805, 0.001267027109861374, 0.0014895194908604026, 0.17678320407867432, 0.0009411510545760393, 0.0007216132944449782, 0.0006611493299715221, 0.9962965846061707, 0.0010074779856950045, 0.0021222822833806276, 0.0009992927080020308, 0.0008607000927440822, 0.0006292480393312871, 0.7058975696563721, 0.0030246456153690815, 0.007244242820888758, 0.0005740933120250702, 0.0007769587100483477, 0.0009004882303997874, 0.037148550152778625, 0.0006750134052708745, 0.0011257687583565712, 0.9829782843589783, 0.0017629804788157344, 0.3379843533039093, 0.991631805896759, 0.853813648223877, 0.4964927136898041, 0.0021407287567853928, 0.11485106498003006, 0.003437004517763853, 0.008263187482953072, 0.0006333815981633961, 0.3679483234882355, 0.08940940350294113, 0.005882359575480223, 0.004022814333438873, 0.9681593775749207, 0.0006785001023672521, 0.001234846655279398, 0.005982635077089071, 0.2834755778312683, 0.0008034759084694088, 0.06692217290401459, 0.004469587001949549, 0.012968946248292923, 0.0008176027913577855, 0.0007197599625214934, 0.0007669400656595826, 0.02777940034866333, 0.03475012630224228, 0.004586196970194578, 0.0008660044404678047, 0.003931338433176279, 0.10366155207157135, 0.002162022516131401, 0.2243073284626007, 0.5895976424217224, 0.993980884552002, 0.000687846913933754, 0.08799108862876892, 0.013483134098351002, 0.000984156969934702, 0.9827520251274109, 0.9520224928855896, 0.7192482948303223, 0.9498491287231445, 0.9860381484031677, 0.10340426117181778, 0.001210658228956163, 0.020053518936038017, 0.9845543503761292, 0.0008803315577097237, 0.0006267109420150518, 0.001159505918622017, 0.0006888674106448889, 0.006371915806084871, 0.005448452662676573, 0.0030012009665369987, 0.7810176014900208, 0.001444241264835, 0.6429927349090576, 0.8096054792404175, 0.0006513613625429571, 0.0007121731177903712, 0.9954847097396851, 0.14087121188640594, 0.09336818754673004, 0.0011872561881318688, 0.0035516300704330206, 0.000896083889529109, 0.0008315444574691355, 0.0012604797957465053, 0.001060978975147009, 0.9650893807411194, 0.0016793868271633983, 0.001103800255805254, 0.7324427366256714, 0.0006449348875321448, 0.0032119592651724815, 0.014526688493788242, 0.0007742689922451973, 0.01750984415411949, 0.9862415790557861, 0.001733255572617054, 0.0020316424779593945, 0.004215884022414684, 0.004472709260880947, 0.005448491312563419, 0.0010387592483311892, 0.0018453988013789058, 0.0008065350702963769, 0.9972013235092163, 0.009283003397285938, 0.07623610645532608, 0.0009209946729242802, 0.0010611937614157796, 0.001634265761822462, 0.0008283801726065576, 0.14896386861801147, 0.0020172488875687122, 0.003231088165193796, 0.046818461269140244, 0.03045256994664669, 0.0020891509484499693, 0.10738938301801682, 0.0058586252853274345, 0.9735603928565979, 0.0009198620682582259, 0.0007579524535685778, 0.027249250560998917, 0.022361209616065025, 0.005092518869787455, 0.005009568762034178, 0.0007717711268924177, 0.7105335593223572, 0.02286524325609207, 0.0013521004002541304, 0.0008149415371008217, 0.9285352230072021, 0.939654529094696, 0.02982916682958603, 0.0020883369725197554, 0.0009829505579546094, 0.0016060423804447055, 0.9906222224235535, 0.0008837894420139492, 0.4503374993801117, 0.040806885808706284, 0.0015645406674593687, 0.0010199828539043665, 0.010610440745949745, 0.0009140661568380892, 0.0012362635461613536, 0.0007064904202707112, 0.0027959863655269146, 0.04687582701444626, 0.0007557566277682781, 0.0008445337298326194, 0.9167127013206482, 0.7962989211082458, 0.0007549763540737331, 0.0010057579493150115, 0.0013810029486194253, 0.0012130921240895987, 0.00613950053229928, 0.017528411000967026, 0.026859641075134277, 0.0007366243517026305, 0.004503270145505667, 0.0011510503245517612, 0.026850735768675804, 0.0009927289793267846, 0.35886478424072266, 0.0037294516805559397, 0.0013921704376116395, 0.00768026290461421, 0.008983650244772434, 0.9861680865287781, 0.0018030968494713306, 0.0017632154049351811, 0.0006849290803074837, 0.001339777372777462, 0.0007479328196495771, 0.015909764915704727, 0.000957704905886203, 0.0008052518242038786, 0.0007177906227298081, 0.049547869712114334, 0.017574718222022057, 0.1233990490436554, 0.000915776938199997, 0.0006435666000470519, 0.008110744878649712, 0.008412046357989311, 0.035445839166641235, 0.0013472941936925054, 0.0027545385528355837, 0.0008516969974152744, 0.0013652229681611061, 0.0008182232268154621, 0.006886333227157593, 0.9733782410621643, 0.0011816094629466534, 0.007870976813137531, 0.0008022735710255802, 0.008947763592004776, 0.06284153461456299, 0.984255850315094, 0.029818756505846977, 0.09545878320932388, 0.0006734462222084403, 0.0013280317652970552, 0.002494147280231118, 0.0010346254566684365, 0.000836617429740727, 0.0012237966293469071, 0.0033360617235302925, 0.0006394911906681955, 0.001981825567781925, 0.005231314804404974, 0.044300150126218796, 0.0013147033751010895, 0.0031136656180024147, 0.0011254985583946109, 0.0015528498915955424, 0.0008958665421232581, 0.0005766956019215286, 0.0009426707401871681, 0.009834776632487774, 0.0014552922220900655, 0.019149625673890114, 0.6932493448257446, 0.009137419983744621, 0.0017046298598870635, 0.022884460166096687, 0.001079645357094705, 0.0032307717483490705, 0.001818175194784999, 0.0008924836874939501, 0.11636244505643845, 0.007044847123324871, 0.001566518098115921, 0.005908146966248751, 0.0007724807946942747, 0.0006577561143785715, 0.000893197488039732, 0.0010824456112459302, 0.0008698994060978293, 0.04682564735412598, 0.0007538225036114454, 0.0007366468198597431, 0.09953608363866806, 0.5917204022407532, 0.0033507610205560923, 0.04970783740282059, 0.0028517136815935373, 0.001372758881188929, 0.0007393255364149809, 0.0020414304453879595, 0.0007880078628659248, 0.025894714519381523, 0.0051255011931061745, 0.0006682573584839702, 0.33867794275283813, 0.6986198425292969, 0.0007298975833691657, 0.004067465662956238, 0.19508294761180878, 0.9852240085601807, 0.9785758852958679, 0.12726595997810364, 0.006930124014616013, 0.9471805691719055, 0.000755935674533248, 0.0019793673418462276, 0.0006034608813934028, 0.11135975271463394, 0.5616483688354492, 0.001132386620156467, 0.006680672988295555, 0.0008949711336754262, 0.002925738226622343, 0.0010343528119847178, 0.0013080219505354762, 0.18330104649066925, 0.0007775163976475596, 0.6325305104255676, 0.35581421852111816, 0.0007361773168668151, 0.0009095598361454904, 0.03553376346826553, 0.0013194676721468568, 0.0007372142281383276, 0.0007968460558913648, 0.0011274053249508142, 0.0006600840715691447, 0.002187912119552493, 0.030137965455651283, 0.991370439529419, 0.952506422996521, 0.016889985650777817, 0.7921152114868164, 0.0008666797657497227, 0.009871239773929119, 0.0009609075495973229, 0.7655344009399414, 0.0006559420144185424, 0.4985438287258148, 0.23647022247314453, 0.009362814016640186, 0.007814686745405197, 0.0013648407766595483, 0.1599176675081253, 0.005330753978341818, 0.01897868886590004, 0.0011959231924265623, 0.008611781522631645, 0.9902841448783875, 0.0007830163231119514, 0.000613016018178314, 0.006007603369653225, 0.0014307302189990878, 0.00275312433950603, 0.0007767824572511017, 0.0009541264735162258, 0.0010005368385463953, 0.07419444620609283, 0.0007011640118435025, 0.0006061421590857208, 0.00220745918340981, 0.055546339601278305, 0.0007265993626788259, 0.0005599171272478998, 0.0015513359103351831, 0.005270693451166153, 0.9850912690162659, 0.0011375377653166652, 0.0010792916873469949, 0.04734339192509651, 0.0007675406523048878, 0.07705741375684738, 0.005396739114075899, 0.01151377521455288, 0.001095401355996728, 0.7498036623001099, 0.027954095974564552, 0.9930562376976013, 0.6806915998458862, 0.9816561341285706, 0.0015325178392231464, 0.0007071906002238393, 0.0007399924215860665, 0.0021187318488955498, 0.018232950940728188, 0.8139508366584778, 0.0012391855707392097, 0.0017483674455434084, 0.09179181605577469, 0.010232256725430489, 0.0005580827128142118, 0.9507076740264893, 0.01232992671430111, 0.0010385577334091067, 0.0006803961005061865, 0.9889487028121948, 0.0010370229138061404, 0.0006664675893262029, 0.0008148699998855591, 0.0006402986473403871, 0.0010168396402150393, 0.03621764853596687, 0.002370404079556465, 0.0007422174094244838, 0.0025294614024460316, 0.0007473892183043063, 0.051564112305641174, 0.11446846276521683, 0.015767887234687805, 0.01855527237057686, 0.001014411449432373, 0.019815078005194664, 0.0007959267240948975, 0.0010793888941407204, 0.0015557900769636035, 0.0015649691922590137, 0.0008454745402559638, 0.0007255160599015653, 0.005875400733202696, 0.0007867267704568803, 0.0006408652407117188, 0.0005922855925746262, 0.013775850646197796, 0.0015866493340581656, 0.9879240393638611, 0.9619720578193665, 0.0010388606460765004, 0.9817243814468384, 0.0020678224973380566, 0.0005612783716060221, 0.0006410698406398296, 0.0006643444066867232, 0.024353988468647003, 0.0007808863301761448, 0.0018952442333102226, 0.0006122791091911495, 0.0013886754168197513, 0.0013340896693989635, 0.0018158487509936094, 0.0009569870890118182, 0.002766669262200594, 0.0009008328197523952, 0.0007105355616658926, 0.0006015775725245476, 0.0016633556224405766, 0.0009913698304444551, 0.0009055768023245037, 0.17603465914726257, 0.0007121792295947671, 0.0011177181731909513, 0.0011664540506899357, 0.09160418063402176, 0.0005903634009882808, 0.9828265309333801, 0.6260717511177063, 0.0020387289114296436, 0.9855688214302063, 0.0011832437012344599, 0.9937641620635986, 0.04611028730869293, 0.0015197080792859197, 0.017303548753261566, 0.0014617451233789325, 0.9754374623298645, 0.9299874901771545, 0.0019751337822526693, 0.8741809725761414, 0.1743580847978592, 0.001381919253617525, 0.9577683210372925, 0.0006578592583537102, 0.001764822518453002, 0.0019287969917058945, 0.00183844193816185, 0.009184046648442745, 0.0006008816417306662, 0.0007286160252988338, 0.00227558147162199, 0.0008052575285546482, 0.018253056332468987, 0.0006287693395279348, 0.0012682817177847028, 0.0011759076733142138, 0.0006008086493238807, 0.0023093577474355698, 0.0008944612927734852, 0.0007597205694764853, 0.0008163782767951488, 0.0013199407840147614, 0.8960040807723999, 0.0010746378684416413, 0.0006811739876866341, 0.031232047826051712, 0.014085138216614723, 0.0008241027244366705, 0.0019522132351994514, 0.000733923923689872, 0.0009123167837969959, 0.001173352706246078, 0.0011212319368496537, 0.0006172521389089525, 0.0009557947050780058, 0.0006033030222170055, 0.0016127625713124871, 0.0010687368921935558, 0.22560496628284454, 0.05008363351225853, 0.3531336188316345, 0.0008972833747975528, 0.9773026704788208, 0.03321012482047081, 0.5458502769470215, 0.0012573685962706804, 0.9829127788543701, 0.051456861197948456, 0.0013121232623234391, 0.001980852335691452, 0.0008596059633418918, 0.0006671284791082144, 0.010457959026098251, 0.0012576699955388904, 0.008002695627510548, 0.7866920828819275, 0.000607647467404604, 0.9937893748283386, 0.0030406855512410402, 0.0013909968547523022, 0.0007574105984531343, 0.000811777776107192, 0.0007843934581615031, 0.0010642522247508168, 0.011069508269429207, 0.984035313129425, 0.0008756654569879174, 0.0017420356161892414, 0.0006776170921511948, 0.9129823446273804, 0.0011674378765746951, 0.008900259621441364, 0.0007522871601395309, 0.001662851427681744, 0.0006409754860214889, 0.0902167484164238, 0.0006680010701529682, 0.0006225873366929591, 0.0008035750361159444, 0.9735605120658875, 0.03986182436347008, 0.002363339764997363, 0.0007338735740631819, 0.0007880078628659248, 0.0007256132084876299, 0.000725744990631938, 0.000939440680667758, 0.042796920984983444, 0.0010934273013845086, 0.0012689994182437658, 0.0010103461099788547, 0.0008173204842023551, 0.0014428969006985426, 0.0285095926374197, 0.004554463550448418, 0.0016872339183464646, 0.15678687393665314, 0.0010204886784777045, 0.34430158138275146, 0.0005986205651424825, 0.000576438324060291, 0.9814358353614807, 0.0012430886272341013, 0.0007396948640234768, 0.07396554946899414, 0.0007810537936165929, 0.007421028334647417, 0.01378682442009449, 0.9745622873306274, 0.0010594038758426905, 0.0008295484585687518, 0.0008008822333067656, 0.001006794162094593, 0.0006283416296355426, 0.0055431523360311985, 0.0009508251096121967, 0.0010667497990652919, 0.00815108884125948, 0.00518483342602849, 0.007166637573391199, 0.0008166159968823195, 0.0006312209297902882, 0.37125372886657715, 0.000643752166070044, 0.043995920568704605, 0.0008393303141929209, 0.5622002482414246, 0.9866665005683899, 0.1729642152786255, 0.000745814002584666, 0.5489910244941711, 0.9632307291030884, 0.0007547482964582741, 0.0010609541786834598, 0.00335819274187088, 0.0009163053473457694, 0.0007474112208001316, 0.0009081877069547772, 0.0009684034739620984, 0.002024305984377861, 0.9759635925292969, 0.0035887581761926413, 0.0006294975755736232, 0.0026445311959832907, 0.023197339847683907, 0.0007927804253995419, 0.0778987854719162, 0.1067604199051857, 0.000987319159321487, 0.0009222430526278913, 0.03949630260467529, 0.9898409247398376, 0.07238119095563889, 0.016380038112401962, 0.031296078115701675, 0.011233348399400711, 0.0012377675157040358, 0.0012059790315106511, 0.0017014227341860533, 0.03659642115235329, 0.009348008781671524, 0.04145926982164383, 0.00399127509444952, 0.9885403513908386, 0.0051032621413469315, 0.0005601837765425444, 0.002937382087111473, 0.9769777059555054, 0.0008736590389162302, 0.0018423093715682626, 0.0012126894434913993, 0.935997724533081, 0.0005414859624579549, 0.0006647950503975153, 0.015107773244380951, 0.04630768299102783, 0.001397156622260809, 0.003777761710807681, 0.019388874992728233, 0.00825192965567112, 0.9759048819541931, 0.03693556785583496, 0.0011186555493623018, 0.0008638716535642743, 0.005080815404653549, 0.9892784953117371, 0.002703817328438163, 0.0028514829464256763, 0.0350445918738842, 0.02320435829460621, 0.0008583638700656593, 0.0020048527512699366, 0.4155697524547577, 0.003924890421330929, 0.8442279100418091, 0.004073376301676035, 0.0006091560353524983, 0.001014677225612104, 0.0006984733045101166, 0.01325338613241911, 0.015318167395889759, 0.018445970490574837, 0.0014711972326040268, 0.20722661912441254, 0.001101107569411397, 0.0012997715966776013, 0.8474959135055542, 0.0008868034346960485, 0.054936524480581284, 0.0010054282611235976, 0.0008629896328784525, 0.9884889721870422, 0.00505978474393487, 0.028369924053549767, 0.0034190856385976076, 0.003950114827603102, 0.9626243710517883, 0.0036417609080672264, 0.0007145602721720934, 0.002135463058948517, 0.0006972738774493337, 0.0025168578140437603, 0.0033863182179629803, 0.0015737211797386408, 0.8288357257843018, 0.27378034591674805, 0.9865736961364746, 0.009285083040595055, 0.002815528307110071, 0.011050383560359478, 0.0011088273022323847, 0.0010012987768277526, 0.0005836925120092928, 0.013328753411769867, 0.0020050175953656435, 0.8423187732696533, 0.06111912801861763, 0.003698318498209119, 0.10089676827192307, 0.014300741255283356, 0.06352125853300095, 0.848034679889679, 0.07521304488182068, 0.006272279657423496, 0.0025137329939752817, 0.9891952276229858, 0.001990084769204259, 0.9820584654808044, 0.0016816547140479088, 0.002207209123298526, 0.0014418968930840492, 0.010122797451913357, 0.0008004908449947834, 0.017394522204995155, 0.018101496621966362, 0.9756603837013245, 0.9901956915855408, 0.6156960129737854, 0.001454089884646237, 0.0012265525292605162, 0.054654426872730255, 0.9902443885803223, 0.0011151094222441316, 0.0008340318454429507, 0.003312745364382863, 0.0075365412048995495, 0.0006551148253493011, 0.005890080239623785, 0.334832102060318, 0.0005523699219338596, 0.0015786956064403057, 0.15038251876831055, 0.0036951396614313126, 0.9387804865837097, 0.0033543012104928493, 0.0069903479889035225, 0.0011444647097960114, 0.007668018341064453, 0.0008195301634259522, 0.03050089068710804, 0.9933215975761414, 0.9940921664237976, 0.0024476677644997835, 0.0029348430689424276, 0.0006152522400952876, 0.0020803529769182205, 0.011444991454482079, 0.0007980790687724948, 0.0012541445903480053, 0.0011212319368496537, 0.0027504812460392714, 0.0012470827205106616, 0.6115255355834961, 0.003909164108335972, 0.0006275824271142483, 0.023430848494172096, 0.0007033816073089838, 0.14630162715911865, 0.0007443562499247491, 0.03422224521636963, 0.0024464663583785295, 0.044416915625333786, 0.2885260581970215, 0.9856670498847961, 0.001249241759069264, 0.000957020849455148, 0.0011061670957133174, 0.9951286315917969, 0.0006730015738867223, 0.14008142054080963, 0.003015876980498433, 0.0006923710461705923, 0.0009083317709155381, 0.0006350656622089446, 0.0007039500051178038, 0.00239632953889668, 0.03729104995727539, 0.04171094670891762, 0.0006161920609883964, 0.853101909160614, 0.0027362185064703226, 0.0020418085623532534, 0.8428978323936462, 0.008317689411342144, 0.011675933375954628, 0.0011177314445376396, 0.0017467254074290395, 0.0006827907636761665, 0.017301928251981735, 0.009162268601357937, 0.0006901161395944655, 0.019986795261502266, 0.0011683673365041614, 0.0007613809430040419, 0.0007219875114969909, 0.03416100889444351, 0.0019527542171999812, 0.0012856024550274014, 0.0008167147170752287, 0.011905998922884464, 0.001007371349260211, 0.018898632377386093, 0.6832904815673828, 0.001030461397022009, 0.19111543893814087, 0.10193990916013718, 0.0036920562852174044, 0.0032929794397205114, 0.0009635785827413201, 0.0007618037052452564, 0.0016763159073889256, 0.47077837586402893, 0.8257606625556946, 0.02628912776708603, 0.0009170442936010659, 0.0010200249962508678, 0.7477020025253296, 0.0006953129195608199, 0.7540793418884277, 0.0007013882277533412, 0.0010239288676530123, 0.0009364929283037782, 0.0011180471628904343, 0.0011840745573863387, 0.0006236170884221792, 0.3218527138233185, 0.04753485321998596, 0.0007111364975571632, 0.0012698149075731635, 0.0015600193291902542, 0.0014112888602539897, 0.05154300853610039, 0.0007910275016911328, 0.03970273956656456, 0.0011198304127901793, 0.0011845873668789864, 0.10041304677724838, 0.002459906507283449, 0.0007705013267695904, 0.0007205890724435449, 0.0010349901858717203, 0.5766785740852356, 0.0014307302189990878, 0.0006407595355994999, 0.001365611795336008, 0.0006899566506035626, 0.13870860636234283, 0.0007518556667491794, 0.4152124226093292, 0.0008590539800934494, 0.0015708302380517125, 0.6683279871940613, 0.004575143102556467, 0.0009945215424522758, 0.0008860028465278447, 0.5478386878967285, 0.45111268758773804, 0.09968743473291397, 0.0010875314474105835, 0.21402348577976227, 0.000860764121171087, 0.0009179507615044713, 0.9929019808769226, 0.0011133591178804636, 0.006456643342971802, 0.0011534974910318851, 0.00484040891751647, 0.047828711569309235, 0.0008418509969487786, 0.0058526815846562386, 0.0006356823723763227, 0.0014369252603501081, 0.000563157896976918, 0.0009073439287021756, 0.0005957388784736395, 0.0006699761725030839, 0.014503122307360172, 0.0011197206331416965, 0.001172529300674796, 0.017040995880961418, 0.00684292521327734, 0.0006837629480287433, 0.0006646927213296294, 0.9793326258659363, 0.000563638808671385, 0.0019607001449912786, 0.0006990082911215723, 0.015420215204358101, 0.0014819601783528924, 0.9897683262825012, 0.9963260293006897, 0.0043990835547447205, 0.6488635540008545, 0.000960811972618103, 0.0021415487863123417, 0.9911258816719055, 0.058581188321113586, 0.9417767524719238, 0.8660503625869751, 0.14533868432044983, 0.10769004374742508, 0.0007758836727589369, 0.0006797625683248043, 0.009061637334525585, 0.0008684343192726374, 0.03714605048298836, 0.0006609763950109482, 0.00125354272313416, 0.0009882098529487848, 0.000991443987004459, 0.0008739333134144545, 0.2949766516685486, 0.05517294630408287, 0.013759613037109375, 0.0006609763950109482, 0.0008593156235292554, 0.005371943581849337, 0.0013754108222201467, 0.001003157813102007, 0.0009922557510435581, 0.06465214490890503, 0.9580934047698975, 0.04195109009742737, 0.00108567182905972, 0.0007338892901316285, 0.0350346677005291, 0.9914572834968567, 0.0005754382000304759, 0.643777072429657, 0.003552156500518322, 0.8679981231689453, 0.0005528128822334111, 0.0008123035659082234, 0.0010370431700721383, 0.004332672338932753, 0.9575731754302979, 0.0006793386419303715, 0.9682585000991821, 0.003693953389301896, 0.0006849290803074837, 0.0012394612422212958, 0.9632754325866699, 0.0007407233351841569, 0.9789034128189087, 0.0011633398244157434, 0.0009721288806758821, 0.0063543058931827545, 0.0005751377320848405, 0.0007850283291190863, 0.9941481351852417, 0.031636495143175125, 0.0006851282087154686, 0.005160124972462654, 0.013524518348276615, 0.189985454082489, 0.0009431509533897042, 0.5745091438293457, 0.0006844311719760299, 0.0011938979150727391, 0.9786697626113892, 0.0011575574753805995, 0.003407389158383012, 0.009526173584163189, 0.001119061023928225, 0.9267748594284058, 0.024378405883908272, 0.0008303346112370491, 0.009856276214122772, 0.0006393510848283768, 0.0008327540708705783, 0.04360851272940636, 0.001090921345166862, 0.120541051030159, 0.000807766045909375, 0.008467009291052818, 0.0016639891546219587, 0.0865885466337204, 0.0014641936868429184, 0.000725851918105036, 0.0008104167063720524, 0.7236576080322266, 0.7879018783569336, 0.0007224472356028855, 0.000602500222157687, 0.013572807423770428, 0.000711628352291882, 0.0013152486644685268, 0.3014959394931793, 0.0009400168783031404, 0.1866626739501953, 0.0016538453055545688, 0.0008565288735553622, 0.10441698879003525, 0.0013452842831611633, 0.9949615001678467, 0.40459832549095154, 0.0008319724583998322, 0.01323408167809248, 0.0006057803402654827 ]

[ "The effect of bracket ligation on the periodontal status of adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment. ", "A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "\nThis systematic review aimed to critically appraise the evidence regarding the effect of bracket ligation type on the periodontal conditions of adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment. ", "Search terms included randomized controlled trial (RCTs), controlled clinical trials, ligation, bracket, periodontal, inflammation. ", "Risk of bias assessment was made using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the quality of evidence was assessed with GRADE. ", "Electronic Database search of published and unpublished literature was performed without language restriction in May 25, 2016 (MEDLINE via Pubmed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Clinical Trials.gov and National Research Register). ", "Of 140 articles initially retrieved, 8 were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review, while 4 RCTs with unclear risk of bias were included in the quantitative synthesis, all comparing self-ligating to conventional steel ligated brackets. ", "Random effects meta-analyses were implemented. ", "At 4-6 weeks after bracket placement there was no evidence to support the use of either type of bracket for achieving improved plaque- (PI) and gingival index (GI). ", "At 3-6 months, there was scarce evidence of greater PI increase for conventional brackets. ", "GI and pocket depth pooled estimates did not reveal significant differences between the two systems. ", "The quality of the evidence was moderate according to GRADE for all outcomes. ", "Overall, non-significant differences on the periodontal status of adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment with either conventional or self-ligating brackets were detected. ", "The periodontal status of adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment is of considerable importance. ", "The synthesis of the available evidence on oral hygiene related factors will provide insights to best clinical practice during the course of orthodontic treatment." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.001126819639466703, 0.0005728648393414915, 0.0006525484495796263, 0.0006030423101037741, 0.0006070591043680906, 0.0005387853598222136, 0.0005662706098519266, 0.0005678829620592296, 0.0006051340023986995, 0.000578422739636153, 0.0006058666622266173, 0.0005429935408756137, 0.0007156364154070616, 0.0006951330578885972, 0.0005622041062451899 ]

[ "The Romantic Getaway That Got Bumped and the Fight That Ensued\n\nWell, fight might be a bit strong. ", "Because my lovely wife and I don’t really fight. ", "We bicker. ", "But the romantic getaway part is right on the money. ", "Because that’s exactly what we had on the books. ", "A romantic getaway. ", "We need a break, y’all. ", "Alone. ", "Away from our five offspring and their various demands.", "\n\nSee, I’m a trickle-down guy. ", "I genuinely believe that my number one earthly commitment isn’t to my children, but rather to my wife. ", "Before all you helicopter-types gasp in indignation, ponder this:\n\nBy putting my spouse first, I’m also putting my children first. ", "Because it’s in their best interest for the union which directs them during their first 18 years of life to be a loving one. ", "Plus, that love trickles down, or so I would contend, and therefore a parent who puts his spouse first is able to love his children even more effectively.", "\n\nAnyway, regardless of ideologies, Caroline and I had a wonderful getaway planned — two nights at a cabin in the mountains. ", "We’d sandwich a hike up to Mount LeConte and back along the famous (and somewhat difficult) Alum Cave Trail on the day in between. ", "And we couldn’t wait.", "\n\nWe obviously didn’t go. ", "And that weekend I vacillated between selfless Daddy who was relieved that his baby was okay and selfish husband who was bitter he wasn’t on his much needed getaway spending romantic time with the love of his life. ", "Is that so wrong? ", "To have such a selfish thought?", "\n\nCaroline didn’t think it was so wrong per se. ", "But whenever selfish husband opined she did take the liberty of telling him “you’re being a dick.” ", "Hard to argue, especially when the selfless Dad agreed with her.", "\n\nThough more diplomatic than I, Caroline would still wholeheartedly agree with this: losing our weekend was quite a blow to our psyche. ", "Simply put, life with three toddlers and an infant is kicking our ass right now. ", "And it’s not like we’re not accustomed to tough times. ", "Triplet infants weren’t exactly a walk in the park. ", "Still, nothing has compared to the past few weeks which, even before Grand Finale’s situation, included 10 doctors appointments, a trip to the ER and two tired 40-something parents slogging their way through a seemingly endless succession of sleep deprived days amidst squeal-induced noise levels which border on cruel and unusual punishment.", "\n\nSo it went without saying that we’d reschedule our getaway. ", "But, given our dynamic, it’s kinda hard to schedule such weekends. ", "First off, half of them are eliminated because we won’t go on the weekends we have my stepdaughter. ", "We already spend too many without her, so we’ll only schedule such outings when she’ll be at her dad’s.", "\n\nBut also, there’s only one person we feel comfortable leaving the other four kids with for such an extended period of time. ", "And she’s quite busy. ", "So when we went back to the drawing board to reschedule, we knew that it might be a while before our schedules would line up. ", "But we were still hopeful that maybe we’d be surprised.", "\n\nAnd we were — at how long it would be until we could reschedule.", "\n\n“December 16th and 17th? ", "That’s the first time ?” ", "I said in disbelief.", "\n\n“Yep. ", "So whaddya say, should I call the lodge?”", "\n\n“Yes,” I concluded before realizing something.", "\n\nDecember 16th is smack dab in the middle of the holiday season. ", "And that’s a tough stretch, one during which Caroline and I always lament how much there is to do and how little time there is to do it in. ", "So running away for 48 hours during that time hardly seemed practical. ", "And I told her just that.", "\n\n“Fine,” she said snippily. “", "I’ll book the next weekend that works. ", "See you February 24th.”", "\n\nAnd that was it, really. ", "Not a fight, per se, but a disagreement. ", "She’s all mad I’m not down with December (but I’m telling you, she’s gonna thank me when that weekend rolls around…) and I’m all bummed that it’ll be five months until I get some alone-time with my wife.", "\n\nBut, on the flip side, we’re going to step up the frequency of our dates between now and then. ", "In fact, we just had one two nights ago. ", "And it was awesome. ", "Not 48 hours of awesome. ", "But three hours of awesome.", "\n\nAnd three hours alone with my incredible wife is nothing to snub your nose at.", "\n\nSO, quick question: what do you think about my assertion that our number one priority should be our spouse? ", "And, chime in on the December thing, too, if you have an opinion on that. ", "Am I an idiot for nixing that weekend? ", "Or an unsung visionary who’ll be proven right when the time comes?", "\n\nUse a Facebook account to add a comment, subject to Facebook's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. ", "Your Facebook name, profile photo and other personal information you make public on Facebook (e.g., school, work, current city, age) will appear with your comment. ", "Learn More." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006838995032012463, 0.0029597694519907236, 0.8316522836685181, 0.0007853381102904677, 0.0006788471364416182, 0.0012830017367377877, 0.0014560719719156623, 0.0027278230991214514, 0.0017950045876204967, 0.006579874083399773, 0.0006459788419306278, 0.023761987686157227, 0.0006186550599522889, 0.0007348018116317689, 0.0009971181862056255, 0.0009694488835521042, 0.0009374601067975163, 0.0010361726162955165, 0.09525227546691895, 0.0010279654525220394, 0.0065897065214812756, 0.0015001847641542554, 0.9646099805831909, 0.002265714341774583, 0.04597870633006096, 0.9940240979194641, 0.002275331411510706, 0.05858994275331497, 0.003777085104957223, 0.0008322888170368969, 0.0005748404655605555, 0.004677147604525089, 0.0033714331220835447, 0.0005856309435330331, 0.001097829663194716, 0.0006042629247531295, 0.00054761185310781, 0.0006293985643424094, 0.0008130617206916213, 0.0012674187310039997, 0.0006970090325921774, 0.007731224875897169, 0.0018076408887282014, 0.0005828911671414971, 0.0012938318541273475, 0.0012875820975750685, 0.001031573279760778, 0.0007608220912516117, 0.0009520651656202972, 0.0008446061983704567, 0.0006991645786911249, 0.0010827983496710658, 0.0009373320499435067, 0.20701655745506287, 0.0006736548384651542, 0.0006223032251000404, 0.0013637292431667447, 0.003502090461552143, 0.0015210725832730532, 0.11546006798744202, 0.0006612861179746687, 0.0006429112982004881, 0.6143563389778137, 0.0009429416968487203, 0.0007198017556220293, 0.0006358665996231139, 0.001007609418593347 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'We review recent work on analytical solutions to the MSW equations for three neutrino flavours, for exponential and linear potentials. ", "An application to a particular mass matrix is also discussed. ", "The three neutrino masses are determined, respectively, to be 0.001–0.004, and roughly 0.01 and 0.05 eV.'\n---\n\n[**Three-Neutrino MSW Effect\\\nand the LNW Mass Matrix**]{}\n\nPer Osland$^{a}$   and  Tai Tsun Wu$^{b}$\\\n$^{a}$[*Department of Physics, University of Bergen,\\\nAllégaten 55, N-5007 Bergen, Norway*]{}\\\n$^{b}$[*Gordon McKay Laboratory, Harvard University,\\\nCambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A.*]{}\\\n[*and*]{}\\\n[*Theoretical Physics Division, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland*]{}\\\n\n[2]{}\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn this paper we shall review some recent results on analytical solutions of the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein (MSW) effect [@MSW] for the propagation of three neutrino flavours. ", "For two model densities which are relevant to the neutrino propagation in the sun, such results have been obtained. ", "These are the exponential density [@Osland:2000et] and the linear density [@Lehmann:2000ey]. (", "The case of a constant density, which is of some relevance for propagation through the Earth, has also been studied recently [@Ohlsson:2000xb].)", "\n\nFor the exponential density, the solutions for the three neutrino wave functions [@Osland:2000et] can be expressed in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions, ${}_2F_2$ and ${}_3F_1$. For the linear density, the solutions can be expressed as a Fourier transform of a rather simple expression, which, in the case $N=2$ (two flavours) reduces to the well-known parabolic cylinder functions or confluent hypergeometric functions [@two-nu].", "\n\nWe also briefly discuss the application of the results to the Lehmann–Newton–Wu (LNW) mass matrix [@Lehmann:1996br; @Osland:2000bh].", "\n\nExponential density\n===================\n\nNeutrino propagation through a medium where the electron neutrino (denoted $\\phi_1(r)$) interacts differently from the others, is governed by the equation $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{Eq:Schr-1}\ni\\frac{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}}{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}r}\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\phi_1(r) \\\\ \\phi_2(r) \\\\ \\phi_3(r)\n\\end{bmatrix}\n=\\left(\n\\begin{bmatrix}\nD(r) & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n\\end{bmatrix} \\right. \\\\", "\n\\left.", "\n+\\frac{1}{2p}\n\\begin{bmatrix}\nM^2_{11} & M^2_{12} & M^2_{13} \\\\\nM^2_{21} & M^2_{22} & M^2_{23} \\\\\nM^2_{31} & M^2_{32} & M^2_{33}\n\\end{bmatrix}\n\\right)\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\phi_1(r) \\\\ \\phi_2(r) \\\\ \\phi_3(r)\n\\end{bmatrix} ,\\end{gathered}$$ where the mass matrix is real and symmetric, $M^2_{ji}=M^2_{ij}\\equiv (M^2)_{ij}$. Here, $D(r)=\\sqrt{2}{G_{\\rm F}}N_e(r)$, with ${G_{\\rm F}}$ the Fermi constant and $N_e(r)$ the solar electron density.", "\n\nFor the sun, the density [@BBP-98] is well approximated by an exponential, $$N_e(r) = N_e(0)\\, e^{-r/r_0},\\quad\nr_0\\simeq 0.1\\times R_\\odot .$$\n\nIt is convenient to introduce a new radial variable: $u=r/r_0+u_0$, and perform a rotation on the second and third components, $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\cos\\theta_0 & -\\sin\\theta_0 \\\\\n\\sin\\theta_0 & \\cos\\theta_0\n\\end{bmatrix}\n\\frac{r_0}{2p}\n\\begin{bmatrix}\nM^2_{22} & M^2_{23} \\\\\nM^2_{32} & M^2_{33}\n\\end{bmatrix} \\\\\n\\times\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\cos\\theta_0 & \\sin\\theta_0 \\\\\n-\\sin\\theta_0 & \\cos\\theta_0\n\\end{bmatrix}\n=\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\omega_2 & 0 \\\\\n0 & \\omega_3\n\\end{bmatrix} .\\end{gathered}$$ Eq.", " (\\[Eq:Schr-1\\]) then takes the form $$\\label{Eq:Schr-4}\ni\\frac{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}}{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}u}\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\psi_1(u) \\\\ \\psi_2(u) \\\\ \\psi_3(u)\n\\end{bmatrix}\n=\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\omega_1+e^{-u} & \\chi_2 & \\chi_3 \\\\\n\\chi_2 & \\omega_2 & 0 \\\\\n\\chi_3 & 0 & \\omega_3\n\\end{bmatrix} \\!", "\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\psi_1(u) \\\\ \\psi_2(u) \\\\ \\psi_3(u)\n\\end{bmatrix}.$$\n\nLet $\\mu_1$, $\\mu_2$ and $\\mu_3$ be the eigenvalues of the $3\\times3$ matrix $$\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\omega_1 & \\chi_2 & \\chi_3 \\\\\n\\chi_2 & \\omega_2 & 0 \\\\\n\\chi_3 & 0 & \\omega_3\n\\end{bmatrix} .$$ These $\\mu_j$ are the squares of the neutrino masses multiplied by $r_0/(2p)$. Together with $\\omega_1$ and $\\omega_2$ they control the evolution of the $\\psi_i$.\n\nWe again introduce a new variable, $z=i e^{-u}$. Then, the solutions to Eq.", " (\\[Eq:Schr-4\\]) can be expressed in terms of solutions to $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{Eq:Schr-6}\n\\biggl[\n\\left(z\\frac{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}}{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}z}-i\\mu_1\\right)\n\\left(z\\frac{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}}{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}z}-i\\mu_2\\right)\n\\left(z\\frac{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}}{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}z}-i\\mu_3\\right) \\\\\n-z\\left(z\\frac{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}}{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}z}-i\\omega_2\\right)\n \\left(z\\frac{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}}{{\\mbox{{\\rm d}}}z}-i\\omega_3\\right)\n\\biggr]\\psi=0,\\end{gathered}$$ namely generalized hypergeometric functions [@Bateman-1]: $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\psi^{(1)}\n=e^{-i\\mu_1u} \\nonumber \\\\\n&\\times {}_2F_2\\biggl[\n\\begin{matrix}\n-i(\\omega_2-\\mu_1), & -i(\\omega_3-\\mu_1)\\\\\n1-i(\\mu_2-\\mu_1), & 1-i(\\mu_3-\\mu_1)\n\\end{matrix}\n\\bigg|ie^{-u} \\biggr] \\nonumber \\\\\n&\\psi^{(2)}\n=e^{-i\\mu_2u} \\nonumber \\\\\n&\\times {}_2F_2\\biggl[\n\\begin{matrix}\n-i(\\omega_2-\\mu_2), & -i(\\omega_3-\\mu_2)\\\\\n1-i(\\mu_1-\\mu_2), & 1-i(\\mu_3-\\mu_2)\n\\end{matrix}\n\\bigg|ie^{-u} \\biggr] \\nonumber \\\\\n&\\psi^{(3)}\n=e^{-i\\mu_3u} \\nonumber \\\\\n&\\times {}_2F_2\\biggl[\n\\begin{matrix}\n-i(\\omega_2-\\mu_3), & -i(\\omega_3-\\mu_3)\\\\\n1-i(\\mu_1-\\mu_3), & 1-i(\\mu_2-\\mu_3)\n\\end{matrix}\n\\bigg|ie^{-u} \\biggr]\\end{aligned}$$ The ${}_2F_2$ can be defined in terms of the series expansions $$\\label{Eq:F22-series}\n{}_2F_2\\biggl[\n\\begin{matrix}\n\\alpha_1, & \\alpha_2\\\\\n\\rho_1, & \\rho_2\n\\end{matrix}\n\\bigg|z \\biggr]\n=\\sum_{k=0}^\\infty\n\\frac{(\\alpha_1)_k(\\alpha_2)_k}{(\\rho_1)_k(\\rho_2)_k}\\,\n\\frac{z^k}{k!}$$ where $(\\alpha)_k$ is a Pochhammer symbol, $(\\alpha)_k=\\alpha(\\alpha+1)\\ldots(\\alpha+k-1)$. The solutions to Eq.", " (\\[Eq:Schr-4\\]) are thus $$\\label{Eq:psi_i}\n\\psi_i=C_1\\psi_i^{(1)}+C_2\\psi_i^{(2)}+C_3\\psi_i^{(3)},$$ where the constants $C_j$ are determined by the boundary conditions: $\\psi_1(r=0)=1$, $\\psi_2(r=0)=0$, $\\psi_3(r=0)=0$.\n\nFor neutrino masses and energies of physical interest, the parameters and arguments of the ${}_2F_2$ become too large for the series expansion to be useful. ", "A practical procedure is to adopt a stationary-phase approximation for the ${}_2F_2$ of $\\psi_i^{(3)}$, and express the others by ${}_3F_1$ functions. ", "This procedure is outlined below.", "\n\nConsider the ordinary differential equation for $_2F_2$ in the form $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{Eq:Schr-7}\n\\biggl[\n\\left(z\\,\\frac{d}{dz}+\\beta_1\\right)\n\\left(z\\,\\frac{d}{dz}+\\beta_2\\right)\n\\left(z\\,\\frac{d}{dz}+\\beta_3\\right) \\\\\n-z\\left(z\\,\\frac{d}{dz}+\\alpha_1\\right)\n \\left(z\\,\\frac{d}{dz}+\\alpha_2\\right)\n\\biggr]f=0.\\end{gathered}$$ This can be converted to an ordinary differential equation for ${}_3F_1$ by substituting $\\hat z=z^{-1}$: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{Eq:Schr-8}\n\\biggl[\n\\left(\\hat z\\,\\frac{d}{d\\hat z}-\\alpha_1\\right)\n\\left(\\hat z\\,\\frac{d}{d\\hat z}-\\alpha_2\\right) \\\\\n+\\hat z\\left(\\hat z\\,\\frac{d}{d\\hat z}-\\beta_1\\right)\n \\left(\\hat z\\,\\frac{d}{d\\hat z}-\\beta_2\\right) \\\\\n \\left(\\hat z\\,\\frac{d}{d\\hat z}-\\beta_3\\right)\n\\biggr]f=0 .\\end{gathered}$$ Two solutions are of the form $$\\label{Eq:hat-f}\nz^{\\rm power}\n{}_3F_1\\left[\\left.", "\n\\begin{matrix}\na_1, & a_2, & a_3\\cr\nb & &\n\\end{matrix}\n\\right|-z^{-1} \\right] .$$\n\nThe full solutions (\\[Eq:psi\\_i\\]) can then be constructed schematically (leaving out powers) as follows: $$\\psi_i=A_{i}\\,{}_2F_2(1)+B_{i}\\,{}_3F_1(1)\n+C_{i}\\,{}_3F_1(2) .$$ The series expansion for ${}_3F_1$ has zero radius of convergence. ", "However, it can be expressed in terms of an integral involving the familiar hypergeometric function ${}_2F_1$, $$\\begin{gathered}\n{}_3F_1\\biggl[\n\\begin{matrix}\na_1, & a_2, & a_3 \\cr\nb & &\n\\end{matrix}\n\\bigg|-x^{-1} \\biggr] \\\\\n=\\frac{1}{\\Gamma(a_1)}\\,x^{a_1}\n\\int_0^\\infty dt\\, e^{-xt}\\, t^{a_1-1}\\nonumber \\\\\n\\times {}_2F_1(a_2,a_3;b;-t) \\nonumber\\end{gathered}$$\n\nFor large parameters and argument, the Pochhammer contour ${\\cal P}$ is useful [@Osland:2000et]: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{Eq:F21-Pochhammer}\n{}_2F_1(a,b;c;-t) \\nonumber \\\\\n=\\frac{-\\Gamma(c)e^{-i\\pi c}}\n {4\\Gamma(b)\\Gamma(c-b)\\sin\\pi b\\sin\\pi(c-b)} \\nonumber \\\\[5pt]\n\\mbox{}\\times\\int_{\\cal P} s^{b-1}(1-s)^{c-b-1}(1+ts)^{-a}ds\\end{gathered}$$ This approach leads to an accurate and efficient evaluation of the three neutrino wave functions in terms of stationary phase approximations to the ${}_2F_2$ and ${}_3F_1$ functions.", "\n\nLinear density\n==============\n\nThe terminology “linear electron density” is used to mean that $N_e(x)$ is a linear function of $x$.\n\nTwo generations\n---------------\n\nThe case of two states and a linear potential has been studied extensively, starting with Landau and Zener in the 1930s and applied to neutrino mixing in the 1980s [@two-nu]. ", "After a suitable scaling and shift of the variable, one has $$i\\frac{d}{dt}\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\psi_1(t) \\\\ \\psi_2(t)\n\\end{bmatrix}\n=\\begin{bmatrix}\n -t & a_2 \\\\\na_2 & 0\n\\end{bmatrix}\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\psi_1(t) \\\\ \\psi_2(t)\n\\end{bmatrix} ,$$ or more explicitly: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Eq:MSW-2-nu}\ni\\frac{d}{dt}\\psi_1(t)\n&=&-t\\psi_1(t)+a_2\\psi_2(t), \\nonumber \\\\\n\\label{Eq:MSW-2-nu-last}\ni\\frac{d}{dt}\\psi_2(t)\n&=&a_2\\psi_1(t) .\\end{aligned}$$ Elimination of $\\psi_2$ gives $$\\label{Eq:MSW-2-nu-other}\n\\frac{d^2\\psi_1(t)}{dt^2}-it\\,\\frac{d\\psi_1(t)}{dt}\n+(a_2^2-i)\\psi_1(t)=0.$$\n\nThe first-derivative term can be removed by taking $$\\psi_1(t)=e^{it^2/4}\\,\\phi_1(t) .$$ Then the equation for $\\phi_1(t)$ is $$\\label{Eq:MSW-2-nu-second-o}\n\\frac{d^2\\phi_1(t)}{dt^2}+({{\\textstyle\\frac{1}{4}}}t^2+a_2^2-{{\\textstyle\\frac{1}{2}}}i)\\phi_1(t)=0 .$$ Two linearly independent solutions of this equation are the parabolic cylinder functions $$D_\\rho(\\pm e^{i\\pi/4}\\,t)$$ where $\\rho=-ia_2^2-1$.\n\nParabolic cylinder functions are special cases of the confluent hypergeometric function, $$D_\\rho(z)=2^{(\\rho-1)/2}\\, e^{-z^2/4}\\, z\\,\n\\Psi({{\\textstyle\\frac{1}{2}}}-{{\\textstyle\\frac{1}{2}}}\\rho,{{\\textstyle\\frac{3}{2}}};{{\\textstyle\\frac{1}{2}}}z^2)$$ In terms of confluent hypergeometric functions $\\Psi$ and $\\Phi$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Eq:psi-hyper}\n\\psi_1(t)\n&=&t\\bigl[C\\,\\Phi(1+{{\\textstyle\\frac{1}{2}}}ia_2^2,{{\\textstyle\\frac{3}{2}}};{{\\textstyle\\frac{1}{2}}}i t^2) \\nonumber \\\\\n&& +C'\\,\\Psi(1+{{\\textstyle\\frac{1}{2}}}ia_2^2,{{\\textstyle\\frac{3}{2}}};{{\\textstyle\\frac{1}{2}}}i t^2)\\bigr]\\end{aligned}$$ Unfortunately, it is not clear how to generalize this approach to $N\\ge3$.\n\nLet us therefore consider an alternative solution to the $N=2$ case [@Lehmann:2000ey]. ", "We start by writing $$\\label{Eq:capF-Fourier}\nF(\\zeta)=\\frac{1}{2\\pi}\\int_{-\\infty}^\\infty dt\\, e^{i\\zeta t}\\,\n\\psi_1(t) .$$ Then it follows from Eq.", " (\\[Eq:MSW-2-nu-other\\]) that $F(\\zeta)$ satisfies the first-order differential equation $$-\\zeta^2F(\\zeta)-\\frac{d}{d\\zeta}[-i\\zeta F(\\zeta)]\n+(a_2^2-i)F(\\zeta)=0$$ or $$\\label{Eq:capF-d.e.}", "\n\\frac{1}{F(\\zeta)}\\,\\frac{dF(\\zeta)}{d\\zeta}\n=\\frac{i}{\\zeta}(a_2^2-\\zeta^2) .$$ Integrating over $\\zeta$, one finds $$\\label{Eq:capF}\nF(\\zeta)=\\text{const.}\\,e^{-i\\zeta^2/2}\\, \\zeta^{ia_2^2}.$$\n\nWith the notation \\[cf.", " Eq.", " (\\[Eq:A\\])\\] $$\\label{Eq:b-extras}\nb_1=-\\infty \\quad \\text{and} \\quad b_{N+1}=+\\infty ,$$ the two solutions can be written as $$\\psi_1^{(n)}(t)=\\int_{b_n}^{b_{n+1}} d\\zeta\\, e^{-i\\zeta t}\\,\ne^{-i\\zeta^2/2}\\,|\\zeta|^{ia_2^2}$$ for $n=1,2$. It can be shown that they are confluent hypergeometric functions of the correct parameters and argument \\[i.e., ", "identical to Eq.", " (\\[Eq:psi-hyper\\])\\].", "\n\nGeneral $N$\n-----------\n\nThis second approach outlined above has the advantage that it can be generalized to an arbitrary number of neutrino flavors [@Lehmann:2000ey]. ", "We start out by writing the equation analogous to (\\[Eq:Schr-1\\]) in dimensionless standard form $$\\label{Eq:psi-Schr}\ni\\frac{d}{dt}\\,\\psi(t)=A(t)\\psi(x) ,$$ where $$\\label{Eq:psi}\n\\psi(t)=\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\psi_1(t) \\\\[2pt] \\psi_2(t) \\\\[2pt] \\psi_3(t) \\\\[2pt] \\vdots \\\\[2pt]\n\\psi_N(t)\n\\end{bmatrix}$$ and $$\\label{Eq:A}\nA(t)=\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n-t\\, & a_2\\, & a_3\\, & \\hdots & a_N \\\\[1pt]\na_2 & b_2 & 0 & \\hdots & 0 \\\\[1pt]\na_3 & 0 & b_3 & \\hdots & 0 \\\\[1pt]\n\\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & & \\vdots \\\\[1pt]\na_N & 0 & 0 & \\hdots & b_N\n\\end{bmatrix} .$$\n\nThere are two kinds of equations: $$\\label{Eq:psi1-5}\ni\\,\\frac{d\\psi_1(t)}{dt}=-t\\,\\psi_1(t)+\\sum_{j=2}^N a_j\\psi_j(t)$$ and, for $k=2,3,4\\ldots N$: $$\\label{Eq:psik-5}\n\\left(i\\,\\frac{d}{dt}-b_k\\right)\\psi_k(t)=a_k\\psi_1(t) .$$\n\nOne finds $$\\label{Eq:psi-n-sum}\n\\psi(t)=\\sum_{n=1}^N C_n\\,\\psi^{(n)}(t) ,$$ where [@Lehmann:2000ey] $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{Eq:psi-n}\n\\psi^{(n)}(t)=\\int_{b_n}^{b_{n+1}} d\\zeta\\, e^{-i\\zeta t}\\,\ne^{-i\\zeta^2/2} \\\\\n\\times\\left(\\prod_{j=2}^N|\\zeta-b_j|^{ia_j^2}\\right)\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n1 \\\\ \\frac{a_2}{\\zeta-b_2} \\\\ \\frac{a_3}{\\zeta-b_3} \\\\ \\vdots \\\\\n\\frac{a_{N-1}}{\\zeta-b_{N-1}} \\\\ \\frac{a_N}{\\zeta-b_N}\n\\end{bmatrix}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nWhile these solutions are reasonably simple, a numerical Fourier transform is required. ", "As $t\\to\\pm\\infty$, explicit expressions can be written out for the different $\\psi^{(n)}$. However, these can not directly be used for imposing the boundary conditions, since they would correspond to negative density at $t\\to -\\infty$.\n\nThe LNW mass matrix\n===================\n\nFor quark mixing, it was found [@Lehmann:1996br] that a particular, simple texture for the $d$ ($d$, $s$, $b$) and $u$ ($u$, $c$, $t$) quark mass matrices leads to an acceptable CKM matrix [@CKM]. ", "This same mass matrix has been applied to the case of three neutrinos [@Osland:2000bh], and rather good fits to the atmospheric [@Super-K-prl] and solar neutrino data have been obtained.", "\n\nThe mass matrix is assumed to have the form $$M=\\begin{pmatrix}\n0 & d & 0 \\\\\nd & c & b \\\\\n0 & b & a\n\\end{pmatrix}$$ with $b^2=8c^2$. The eigenvalues are given by $m_1$, $m_2$, and $m_3$, with $m_1\\le m_3$.\n\nIn order to outline the diagonalization, whereby $M=RM_{\\rm diag}R^{\\rm T}$, let us introduce the notation $$\\begin{aligned}\nS_1&\\equiv& m_3-m_2+m_1, \\nonumber \\\\\n&=&a+c \\nonumber \\\\\n-S_2&\\equiv&m_3m_2-m_3m_1+m_2m_1, \\nonumber \\\\\n&=&8c^2+d^2-ac \\nonumber \\\\\n-S_3&\\equiv& m_1m_2m_3 \\nonumber \\\\\n&=&ad^2.\\end{aligned}$$ Then, a cubic equation for the parameter $a$ can be written as $$9a^3-17S_1a^2+(8S_1^2+S_2)a-S_3=0.$$ A physical solution requires $a$ real and positive. ", "This is equivalent to having three real solutions for $a$. One of these is negative and two are positive. ", "At any point inside the allowed domain in the $m_1/m_3$–$m_2/m_3$ plane, there are thus two allowed solutions, denoted Solutions 1 and 2.", "\n\nLet us consider first the atmospheric neutrino data. ", "The Super-Kamiokande results [@Super-K-prl] give $\\Delta m^2 \\simeq (2-3)\\times 10^{-3}$ eV, with $\\sin^2(2\\theta)\\simeq 1$. The survival of muon neutrinos is given by $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{Eq:atm-survival}\nP_{\\nu_\\mu\\rightarrow \\nu_\\mu}(t)\n= 1\n-4\\biggl[U_{\\mu1}^2U_{\\mu2}^2\\sin^2\\left(\\frac{\\Delta m^2_{21}t}{4p}\\right)\n\\\\\n+U^2_{\\mu1}U^2_{\\mu3}\\sin^2\\left(\\frac{\\Delta m^2_{31}t}{4p}\\right)\n\\\\\n+U_{\\mu2}^2U_{\\mu3}^2\\sin^2\\left(\\frac{\\Delta m^2_{32}t}{4p}\\right)\n\\biggr] ,\\end{gathered}$$ where $U$ is the neutrino mixing matrix. ", "In the limit of $\\Delta m^2_{21}t/4p \\ll 1$ this simplifies, and invoking further unitarity, one finds $$P_{\\nu_\\mu\\rightarrow \\nu_\\tau}(t)\n\\simeq 4U^2_{\\mu3}U^2_{\\tau3}\\,\n\\sin^2\\left(\\frac{\\Delta m^2_{32}t}{4p}\\right) ,$$ which suggests that one needs $|U_{\\mu3}U_{\\tau3}|={\\cal O}(1)$. This can be achieved within the model (for both Solutions 1 and 2), for $m_1\\ll m_3$, with also $m_2$ small compared with $m_3$. Furthermore, the data suggest that the scale $m_3$ must be such that $m_3^2\\simeq (2-3)\\times 10^{-3}$ eV.\n\nFits to atmospheric data confirm this qualitative analysis. ", "Invoking also the solar Cl, Ga and Super-Kamiokande neutrino data , one finds that both Solutions 1 and 2 give good fits for $m_1\\ll m_3$, with $m_2$ also small as compared with $m_3$. Forming a $\\chi^2$ from these different atmospheric and solar survival probabilities, we found good fits [@Osland:2000bh], with $m_3$ of the order of 0.05 eV, $m_2$ about 0.01 eV, and $m_1\\sim$ 0.001–0.004 eV. In terms of the more conventional two-flavour analyses for the solar-neutrino sector, these fits roughly correspond to the large-mixing-angle solution.", "\n\nSummary\n=======\n\nWe have reviewed analytic work on the solutions to the MSW equations for three neutrino flavours. ", "Such results are very valuable for a fast scanning over the parameters of some given model for the mass matrix.", "\n\nAlso, we have more briefly reviewed the LNW mass matrix, as applied to the neutrino data. ", "This is a very constrained model that in the quark sector describes the CKM matrix, and in the neutrino sector gives the mixing in terms of the mass eigenvalues.", "\n\nThe solar neutrino data has also been studied within the same model, using numerical integration methods (no ${}_2F_2$’s) [@Osland:2000gi]. ", "An additional fit was then found at $m_1\\simeq 2.8\\times10^{-6}$ eV, corresponding to the small-mixing-angle solutions. ", "However, this point is disfavoured by the atmospheric neutrino data, and by the electron recoil spectrum.", "\n\nThis work is supported in part by the United States Department of Energy under Grant No.", " DE-FG02-84ER40158, and by the Research Council of Norway.", "\n\n[99]{}\n\nL. Wolfenstein, Phys.", " Rev. [**D 17**]{} (1978) 2369, [*ibid.*]{} [**", "20**]{} (1979) 2634;\\\nS. P. Mikheyev and A. Yu.", " Smirnov, Yad.", " Fiz.", " [**42**]{} (1985) 1441 \\[Sov.", " J. Nucl.", " Phys.", " [**42**]{} (1985) 913\\], Nuovo Cimento [**9C**]{} (1986) 17.", "\n\nP. Osland and T. T. Wu, Phys.", " Rev. D [**62**]{} (2000) 013008 \\[hep-ph/9912540\\]. ", "H. Lehmann, P. Osland and T. T. Wu, hep-ph/0006213. ", "T. Ohlsson and H. Snellman, J. Math.", " Phys.", " [**41**]{} (2000) 2768 \\[hep-ph/9910546\\]. ", "See, for example, L. D. Landau, Phys.", " Z. Sovjetunion, [**2**]{} (1932) 46;\\\nC. Zener, Proc.", " Roy.", " Soc.", " (London), [**A137**]{} (1932) 696;\\\nW. C. Haxton, Phys.", " Rev. Lett.", " [**57**]{} (1987) 1271;\\\nS. J. Parke, Phys.", " Rev. Lett.", " [**57**]{} (1986) 1275; and\\\nS. T. Petcov, Phys.", " Lett.", " B [**191**]{} (1986) 299.", "\n\nH. Lehmann, C. Newton and T. T. Wu, Phys.", " Lett.", " B [**384**]{} (1996) 249. ", "P. Osland and T. T. Wu, hep-ph/ 0006185. ", "J. N. Bahcall, S. Basu and M. H. Pinsonneault, Phys.", " Letters [**B 433**]{}, 1 (1998);\\\nsee also J. N. Bahcall’s homepage, http://www.sns.ias.edu/$^\\sim$jnb.", "\n\nBateman Manuscript Project, [*Higher Transcendental Functions*]{}, A. Erdélyi, ed.", " (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953) vol.", " I.\n\nN. Cabibbo, Phys.", " Rev. Lett.", " [**10**]{} (1963) 531;\\\nM. Kobayashi and T. Maskawa, Prog.", " Theor.", " Phys.", " [**49**]{} (1973) 652\n\nY. Fukuda [*et al.*]{} ", "\\[Super-Kamiokande Collaboration\\], Phys.", " Rev. Lett.", " [**81**]{} (1998) 1562.", "\n\nY. Fukuda [*et al.*]{} ", "\\[Super-Kamiokande Collaboration\\], Phys.", " Rev. Lett.", " [**81**]{} (1998) 1158, Erratum, ibid.", " [**81**]{} (1998) 4279; ibid. [**", "82**]{} (1999) 1810.", "\n\nY. Fukuda [*et al.*]{} ", "\\[Super-Kamiokande Collaboration\\], Phys.", " Rev. Lett.", "  [**82**]{} (1999) 2430.", "\n\nR. Davis, Jr., in [*Frontiers of Neutrino Astrophysics*]{}, edited by Y. Suzuki and K. Nakamura (Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, 1993), p. 47; B. T. Cleveland [*et al.*]{}, ", "Nucl.", " Phys.", " (Proc.", " Suppl.) [**", "B 38**]{}, 47 (1995); Astrophys.", " J. [**496**]{} (1998) 505.", "\n\nJ. N. Abdurashitov [*et al.*]{} ", "\\[SAGE Collaboration\\], Phys.", " Rev. Lett.", " [**83**]{} (1999) 4686, Phys.", " Rev. [**C60**]{} (1999) 055801.", "\n\nW. Hampel [*et al.*]{} ", "\\[GALLEX Collaboration\\], Phys.", " Lett.", "  [**B447**]{} (1999) 127.", "\n\nP. Osland and G. Vigdel, Phys.", " Lett.", " B [**488**]{} (2000) 329 \\[hep-ph/0006343\\].", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.0005624367040582001, 0.0005825792904943228, 0.0007709074998274446, 0.0006276299245655537, 0.00057913240743801, 0.0005437295185402036, 0.0006507256184704602, 0.0005525047308765352, 0.015639251098036766, 0.0016737099504098296, 0.00785127840936184, 0.015520310029387474, 0.022155236452817917, 0.017119569703936577, 0.03279232606291771, 0.0013316745171323419, 0.0007476884056814015, 0.0005692350096069276, 0.010328815318644047, 0.001743018627166748, 0.004348932299762964, 0.0006295879138633609, 0.011771151795983315, 0.004416082054376602, 0.005157841835170984, 0.008757454343140125, 0.0010828772792592645, 0.007309954613447189, 0.000745354569517076, 0.000921412545721978, 0.001891648629680276, 0.03049546293914318, 0.0036895719822496176, 0.0006220724899321795, 0.0015463342424482107, 0.0008790795691311359, 0.0006377945537678897, 0.0006351261399686337, 0.018564490601420403, 0.004217998590320349, 0.000679164135362953, 0.0006020837463438511, 0.0005672151455655694, 0.0005942420102655888, 0.0007430369150824845, 0.0006002414156682789, 0.0006454086978919804, 0.0006728874868713319, 0.0006003704038448632, 0.0006283475668169558, 0.0008270555408671498, 0.0009542719344608486, 0.00091975909890607, 0.0012420304119586945, 0.0028847036883234978, 0.0018708986463025212, 0.0009032979141920805, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0012558288872241974, 0.0009002321748994291, 0.0009441336151212454, 0.0007546296110376716, 0.0007509569986723363, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0010983997490257025, 0.0006382320425473154, 0.0009710000013001263, 0.0010070829885080457, 0.0007810515817254782, 0.0007577123469673097, 0.0009818783728405833, 0.0009364322177134454, 0.0009818783728405833, 0.0008329866104759276, 0.0019435402937233448, 0.0008406430133618414, 0.0008712294511497021, 0.0019435402937233448, 0.0011259265011176467, 0.0007546666311100125, 0.0009051566594280303, 0.0008422148530371487, 0.0007063975208438933, 0.0006245116819627583, 0.000898098514880985, 0.0009818783728405833, 0.0016450516413897276, 0.0011150466743856668, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.1739477515220642, 0.0007892268477007747, 0.0009818783728405833, 0.0010668982286006212, 0.04014773294329643, 0.0007892268477007747, 0.0009818783728405833, 0.0009971988620236516, 0.0010648028692230582, 0.0007579384255222976, 0.04014773294329643, 0.0007892268477007747, 0.0009818783728405833, 0.001070372643880546, 0.0006362448912113905, 0.001070261001586914, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0007729266653768718, 0.0007976494962349534, 0.0007119352812878788, 0.0007938225171528757, 0.0007446712115779519, 0.0007061733631417155, 0.0009818783728405833, 0.0008992694201879203, 0.0008382729138247669, 0.0007763566100038588, 0.0007818371523171663, 0.0019435402937233448, 0.0013611139729619026, 0.0008614122052676976, 0.0019435402937233448, 0.0010793103137984872, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Immunohistochemical comparison of astrocytic mGluR5 upregulation in infraorbital nerve- versus sciatic nerve-ligated rat.", "\nThe differential pharmacological responsiveness of cephalic and extra-cephalic neuropathic pain has been proposed to relate to distinct mechanisms that may involve neuroinflammatory reactions mediated by glial cells. ", "Astrocytes are particularly important for neuronal sensitization in neuropathic pain, in part through modulation of glutamatergic transmission. ", "Because the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is involved in the astrocytic regulation of the glutamatergic system, we investigated modifications of its expression in models of cephalic versus extra-cephalic neuropathic pain. ", "Adult male rats underwent unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) of either the infraorbital nerve (ION) or the sciatic nerve (SN). ", "Seven days later, mGluR5 and the astrocyte marker GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were overexpressed and appeared localized mainly in the superficial lamina of the trigeminal nucleus in CCI-ION and the spinal cord dorsal horn in CCI-SN rats. ", "In addition, colocalization of GFAP and mGluR5 strongly suggested an increase of astrocytic mGluR5 expression in nerve-injured rats compared to sham animals. ", "The present data show an upregulation of astrocytic mGluR5 in central structures in both CCI-ION and CCI-SN. ", "This suggests that the pharmacological modulation of mGluR5 could be a new approach to reduce both cephalic and extra-cephalic neuropathic pain." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0037956058513373137, 0.003652062965556979, 0.002169015584513545, 0.0014151319628581405, 0.006428742315620184, 0.0008090304909273982, 0.004690313711762428, 0.0006233324529603124, 0.002866514027118683 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'We consider a fractional wave equation with a singular mass term depending on the position and prove that it has a very weak solution. ", "Moreover, we show the uniqueness and consistency results in some appropriate sense. ", "Numerical experiments show an appearance of a wall effect for the singular masses of the strength of $\\delta^2$.'\naddress:\n- ' Arshyn Altybay: Department of Mathematics: Analysis, Logic and Discrete Mathematics Ghent University, Belgium and Institute of Mathematics and Mathematical Modeling Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Almaty, Kazakhstan '\n- ' Michael Ruzhansky: Department of Mathematics: Analysis, Logic and Discrete Mathematics Ghent University, Belgium and School of Mathematical Sciences Queen Mary University of London United Kingdom '\n- ' Mohammed Elamine Sebih: Department of Mathematics: Analysis, Logic and Discrete Mathematics Ghent University, Belgium and Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Partial Differential Equations Djillali Liabes University Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria '\n- ' Niyaz Tokmagambetov: Department of Mathematics: Analysis, Logic and Discrete Mathematics Ghent University, Belgium and Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Almaty, Kazakhstan '\nauthor:\n- Arshyn Altybay\n- Michael Ruzhansky\n- Mohammed Elamine Sebih\n- Niyaz Tokmagambetov\ntitle: |\n Fractional Klein-Gordon equation with strongly\\\n singular mass term\n---\n\n[^1]\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn this work we investigate the Klein-Gordon equation with a non-negative singular mass term depending on the spacial variable. ", "We use the fractional Laplacian instead of the classical one and prove that the problem has a very weak solution.", "\n\nThe concept of very weak solutions was introduced in [@GR] for the analysis of second order hyperbolic equations with non-regular time-dependent coefficients and was applied to several physical models in the papers [@RT17a], [@RT17b]. ", "We also refer to [@MRT19], where the authors showed the well posedness in the very weak sense of the damped wave equation with an irregular time-dependent dissipation. ", "Our aim here is to apply this notion to the Klein-Gordon equation with a singular mass term.", "\n\nThe classical Klein-Gordon equation with a constant mass term and generated by the classical Laplacian describes the dynamics of spinless particles. ", "With the aim to describe the propagation of the spinless massive field in curved spacetime in general relativity, the Klein-Gordon equation has been generalized along two lines: one is to include a position-dependent mass term [@AST], [@DJ], [@WLLW06], [@WLLW18], and the second is to introduce a fractional Laplacian [@GBSD], [@GGB]. ", "On the other hand in the microscopic scale, e.g. in the theory of fluids, the mass behaves like distributions [@B], which motivates our intention to allow it to be discontinuous or less regular.", "\n\nThe generalized Klein-Gordon equation has widespread applications such as in the theory of quantum gravity and quantum liquids to name only two (see [@M] and the references therein).", "\n\nMain results\n============\n\nFor $\\alpha >0$ and $d\\in\\mathbb N$, we investigate the Cauchy problem for the fractional Klein-Gordon equation $$\\left\\lbrace\n\\begin{array}{l}\nu_{tt}(t,x)+(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha} u(t,x) + m(x)u(t,x)=0 ,~~~(t,x)\\in\\left[0,T\\right]\\times \\mathbb{R}^{d},\\\\\nu(0,x)=u_{0}(x), \\,\\,\\, u_{t}(0,x)=u_{1}(x), \\,\\,\\, x\\in\\mathbb{R}^{d}. ", "\\label{Equation}\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ Here, the function $m$ is supposed to be non-negative and singular. ", "In the regular situation, i.e. in the case when the coefficient $m$ is a regular function we have the following lemma.", "\n\nTo start with, let us define some notions and notations that we use throughout this paper. ", "Firstly, the notation $f\\lesssim g$ means that there exists a positive constant $C$ such that $f \\leq Cg$. Secondly, the fractional Sobolev space $H^{\\alpha}(\\mathbb{R}^{d})$ is defined as follows : $\nH^{\\alpha}(\\mathbb{R}^{d})=\\big\\{ u\\in L^{2}(\\mathbb{R}^{d}): \\Vert u\\Vert_{H^{\\alpha}} < +\\infty \\big\\}\n$, where $\\Vert u\\Vert_{H^{\\alpha}}:=\\Vert u\\Vert_{L^2}+\\Vert (-\\Delta)^{\\frac{\\alpha}{2}}u\\Vert_{L^2}$.\\\nWe will also use the following notation : $$\\Vert u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert := \\Vert u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{H^{\\alpha}} + \\Vert \\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}.$$\n\n\\[lem-est\\] Let $m\\in L^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{R}^d)$ and $m\\geq 0$. Suppose that $u_0\\in H^{\\alpha}(\\mathbb R^d)$ and $u_1\\in L^{2}(\\mathbb R^d)$. Then, there is a unique solution $u\\in C([0, T]; H^{\\alpha}(\\mathbb R^d))\\cap C^{1}([0, T]; L^{2}(\\mathbb R^d))$ to (\\[Equation\\]), and it satisfies the estimate $$\\Vert u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert^{2} \\lesssim \\left(1+\\Vert m\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\right)\\left[\\Vert u_{1}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}+\\Vert u_{0}\\Vert_{H^{\\alpha}}^{2}\\right]. ", "\\label{Energy estimate}$$\n\nMultiplying the equation (\\[Equation\\]) on both sides by $u_t$ and integrating, we get $$Re \\left(\\langle\\partial_{t}^{2}u(t,\\cdot),\\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot)\\rangle_{L^2} + \\langle(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha}u(t,\\cdot),\\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot)\\rangle_{L^2} + \\langle m(\\cdot)u(t,\\cdot),\\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot)\\rangle_{L^2} \\right)=0,\n\\label{Energy functional}$$ where $\\langle \\cdot, \\cdot \\rangle_{L^2}$ is the inner product of $L^2(\\mathbb{R}^{d})$.\n\nEasy calculations show that $\nRe \\langle\\partial_{t}^{2}u(t,\\cdot),\\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot)\\rangle_{L^2}=\\frac{1}{2}\\partial_{t}\\langle\\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot),\\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot)\\rangle_{L^2},\n$ $$Re \\langle(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha}u(t,\\cdot),\\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot)\\rangle_{L^2}=\\frac{1}{2}\\partial_{t}\\langle(-\\Delta)^{\\frac{\\alpha}{2}}u(t,\\cdot),(-\\Delta)^{\\frac{\\alpha}{2}}u(t,\\cdot)\\rangle_{L^2},$$ and $$Re \\langle m(\\cdot)u(t,\\cdot),\\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot)\\rangle_{L^2}=\\frac{1}{2}\\partial_{t}\\langle m^{\\frac{1}{2}}(\\cdot)u(t,\\cdot),m^{\\frac{1}{2}}(\\cdot)u(t,\\cdot)\\rangle_{L^2}.$$\n\nLet us denote by $\nE(t):=\\Vert\\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}+\\Vert(-\\Delta)^{\\frac{\\alpha}{2}}u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}+\\Vert m^{\\frac{1}{2}}(\\cdot)u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}^{2},\n$ the energy functional of the system (\\[Equation\\]). ", "From (\\[Energy functional\\]) it follows that $\\partial_{t} E(t)=0$, and thus $E(t)=E(0).$ By taking in consideration that $\\Vert m^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\, u_{0}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}$ can be estimated by $\n\\Vert m^{\\frac{1}{2}}\\, u_{0} \\Vert_{L^2}^{2}\\leq \\Vert m \\, \\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\Vert u_{0} \\Vert_{L^2}^{2},\n$ it follows that $$\\Vert \\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}\\lesssim\\left(\\Vert u_{1}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}+\\Vert (-\\Delta)^{\\frac{\\alpha}{2}}u_{0}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}+\\Vert m\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\Vert u_{0}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}\\right), \\label{Estimate for d_t u}$$ $$\\Vert (-\\Delta)^{\\frac{\\alpha}{2}} u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}^{2} \\lesssim \\left(\\Vert u_{1}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}+\\Vert (-\\Delta)^{\\frac{\\alpha}{2}}u_{0}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}+\\Vert m\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\Vert u_{0}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}\\right), \\label{Estimate for Lapl u}$$ and $$\\Vert m^{\\frac{1}{2}}(\\cdot)u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}^{2} \\lesssim \\left(\\Vert u_{1}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}+\\Vert (-\\Delta)^{\\frac{\\alpha}{2}}u_{0}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}+\\Vert m\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\Vert u_{0}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}\\right). ", "\\label{Estimate for mu}$$ Hence, the desired estimates for $\\partial_{t}u(t,\\cdot)$ and $(-\\Delta)^{\\frac{\\alpha}{2}} u(t,\\cdot)$ are proved. ", "Let us now estimate $u$. Applying the Fourier transform to (\\[Equation\\]), the problem can be rewritten as a second order ordinary differential equation $$\\label{Equation Fourier transf}\n\\hat{u}_{tt}(t,\\xi)+\\vert \\xi\\vert^{2\\alpha}\\hat{u}(t,\\xi)=\\hat{f}(t,\\xi),$$ with the initial conditions $\\hat{u}(0,\\xi)=\\hat{u}_{0}(\\xi)$ and $\\hat{u}_{t}(0,\\xi)=\\hat{u}_{1}(\\xi)$. Here $\\hat{f}$, $\\hat{u}$, denote the Fourier transform of $f$ and $u$ in the spacial variable and $\nf(t,x):=-m(x)u(t,x).", "\n$ We note that in (\\[Equation Fourier transf\\]), we see $\\hat{f}$ as a source term.", "\n\nBy solving first the homogeneous equation and by application of Duhamel’s principle (see, e.g. [@Eva98]), we get the following representation of the solution $$\\hat{u}(t,\\xi)=\\cos (t\\vert\\xi\\vert^{\\alpha}) \\hat{u}_{0}(\\xi) + \\frac{\\sin (t\\vert\\xi\\vert^{\\alpha})}{\\vert\\xi\\vert^{\\alpha}} \\hat{u}_{1}(\\xi) + \\int_{0}^{t}\\frac{\\sin ((t-s)\\vert\\xi\\vert^{\\alpha})}{\\vert\\xi\\vert^{\\alpha}} \\hat{f}(s,\\xi) ds. ", "\\label{Representation of sol}$$ Taking the $L^{2}$ norm in (\\[Representation of sol\\]) and using the following estimates: 1) $\\vert \\cos (t\\vert\\xi\\vert^{\\alpha})\\vert \\leq 1$, for $t\\in \\left[0,T\\right]$ and $\\xi\\in \\mathbb{R}^{d}$, 2) $\\vert \\sin (t\\vert\\xi\\vert^{\\alpha})\\vert \\leq 1$, for large frequencies and $t\\in \\left[0,T\\right]$ and, 3) $\\vert \\sin (t\\vert\\xi\\vert^{\\alpha})\\vert \\leq t\\vert\\xi\\vert^{\\alpha} \\leq T\\vert\\xi\\vert^{\\alpha}$, for small frequencies and $t\\in \\left[0,T\\right]$, we get that $$\\Vert \\hat{u}(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}^{2} \\lesssim \\Vert \\hat{u}_{0}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2} + \\Vert \\hat{u}_{1}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2} + \\int_{0}^{t}\\Vert \\hat{f}(s,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}ds.$$ By Parseval-Plancherel formula we arrive at $$\\Vert u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}^{2} \\lesssim \\Vert u_{0}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2} + \\Vert u_{1}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2} + \\int_{0}^{T}\\Vert m(\\cdot)u(s,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}ds.$$ Using the estimate (\\[Estimate for mu\\]) and taking in consideration that the last term in the above estimate can be estimated by $\n\\Vert m(\\cdot)u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^{2}} \\leq \\Vert m \\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}^{\\frac{1}{2}}\\Vert m^{\\frac{1}{2}}u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^{2}},\n$ we get $$\\Vert u(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2}^{2} \\lesssim \\left(1+\\Vert m\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\right) \\left[\\Vert u_{0}\\Vert_{H^{\\alpha}}^{2}+\\Vert u_{1}\\Vert_{L^2}^{2}\\right]. ", "\\label{Estimate for u}$$ The estimate (\\[Energy estimate\\]) follows by summing the estimates (\\[Estimate for d\\_t u\\]), (\\[Estimate for Lapl u\\]) and (\\[Estimate for u\\]), ending the proof.", "\n\nVery weak solutions: Existence\n------------------------------\n\nHere, we consider an irregular case when the mass term $m$ of the equation has strong singularities, namely, $\\delta$-function or “$\\delta^{2}$-function” like behaviours. ", "In what follows, we will understand a multiplication of distributions in the sense of the Colombeau algebra [@Obe92].", "\n\nNow we introduce a notion of the very weak solution to the Cauchy problem and prove the existence result. ", "We start by regularising the coefficient $m$ using a suitable mollifier $\\psi$ generating families of smooth functions $(m_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$, namely, $\nm_{\\varepsilon}(x)=m\\ast \\psi_{\\varepsilon }(x),\n$ where $\n\\psi_{\\varepsilon}(x)=\\varepsilon^{-d}\\psi(x/\\varepsilon)\n$ and $\\varepsilon\\in\\left(0,1\\right]$. The function $\\psi$ is a Friedrichs-mollifier, i.e. $\\psi\\in C_{0}^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{R}^{d})$, $\\psi\\geq 0$ and $\\int\\psi =1$.\n\n\\[assum\\] We make the following assumption on the regularisation $(m_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ of the coefficient $m$: there exist $N_{0}\\in \\mathbb{N}_{0}$ and $C>0$ such that $$\\Vert m_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\leq C\\varepsilon^{-N_{0}},\n\\label{Moderetness hyp coeff}$$ for all $\\varepsilon\\in(0, 1].$\n\nWe note that by the structure theorems of distributions, such assumption is natural and is satisfied, e.g, for $m\\in \\mathcal{D}^{\\prime}$. Let us give some examples.", "\n\nLet $m(x)=\\delta_{0}(x)$. Then, we have $m_{\\varepsilon}(x)=m\\ast\\psi_{\\varepsilon}(x) =\\varepsilon^{-d}\\psi(\\varepsilon^{-1}x)\\leq C\\varepsilon^{-d}.$ Moreover, for $m(x)=\\delta_{0}^{2}(x)$, one can define $m_{\\varepsilon}(x) =\\varepsilon^{-2d}\\psi^{2}(\\varepsilon^{-1}x) \\leq C\\varepsilon^{-2d}.$\n\n\\[Def:Moderetness\\] [(i)]{} A net of functions $(g_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ is said to be ${L^{\\infty}}$-moderate, if there exist $N\\in\\mathbb{N}_{0}$ and $c>0$ such that $$\\Vert g_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}} \\leq c\\varepsilon^{-N}.$$ [(ii)]{} A net of functions $(u_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ from $C([0, T]; H^{\\alpha})\\cap C^{1}([0, T]; L^{2})$ is said to be $C^{1}$-moderate, if there exist $N\\in\\mathbb{N}_{0}$ and $c>0$ such that $$\\sup_{t\\in[0, T]}\\Vert u_{\\varepsilon}(t, \\cdot)\\Vert \\leq c\\varepsilon^{-N}.$$\n\nBy the assumption (\\[Moderetness hyp coeff\\]), $m_{\\varepsilon}$ is ${L^{\\infty}}$-moderate in the sense of the last definition.", "\n\nLet $(u_{0},u_{1})\\in H^{\\alpha}(\\mathbb{R}^{d})\\times L^{2}(\\mathbb{R}^{d})$. Then the net $(u_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}\\in C([0, T]; H^{\\alpha}(\\mathbb R^{d}))\\cap C^{1}([0, T]; L^{2}(\\mathbb R^{d}))$ is a very weak solution to the Cauchy problem (\\[Equation\\]) if there exists an ${L^{\\infty}}$-moderate regularisation $(m_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ of the coefficient $m$ such that $(u_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ solves the regularized problem $$\\left\\lbrace\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\partial_{t}^{2}u_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)+(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha} u_{\\varepsilon}(t,x) + m_{\\varepsilon}(x)u_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)=0 ,~~~(t,x)\\in\\left[0,T\\right]\\times \\mathbb{R}^{d},\\\\\nu_{\\varepsilon}(0,x)=u_{0}(x),\\partial_{t}u_{\\varepsilon}(0,x)=u_{1}(x),\\,\\,\\, x\\in\\mathbb{R}^{d},\n\\label{Regularized equation}\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ for all $\\varepsilon\\in\\left(0,1\\right]$, and is $C^{1}$-moderate.", "\n\nAssume that the regularisation $(m_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ of the coefficient $m$ satisfies the moderateness condition (\\[Moderetness hyp coeff\\]). ", "Then the Cauchy problem (\\[Equation\\]) has a very weak solution.", "\n\nSince $u_0$ and $u_1$ are smooth enough, using the moderateness assumption (\\[Moderetness hyp coeff\\]) and the energy estimate , we arrive at $$\\Vert u_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert\\leq C\\varepsilon^{-N_{0}/2},$$ where $N_0$ is from (\\[Moderetness hyp coeff\\]), which means that $(u_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ is $C^{1}$-moderate.", "\n\nUniqueness\n----------\n\nWe say that the Cauchy problem (\\[Equation\\]) has a unique very weak solution, if for all families of regularisations $(m_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ and $(\\Tilde{m}_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$, of the coefficient $m$, satisfying $\n\\Vert m_{\\varepsilon}-\\Tilde{m}_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\leq C_{k}\\varepsilon^{k} \\text{~~for all~~} k>0,\n$ it follows that $$\\Vert u_{\\varepsilon}(t,\\cdot)-\\Tilde{u}_{\\varepsilon}(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^{2}} \\leq C_{N}\\varepsilon^{N}$$ for all $N>0$, for all $t\\in[0, T]$, where $(u_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ and $(\\Tilde{u}_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ are the families of solutions corresponding to $(m_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ and $(\\Tilde{m}_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$, respectively.", "\n\nLet $T>0$. Assume that $m\\geq 0$ in the sense that its regularisations as functions are non-negative. ", "Suppose that $(u_{0},u_{1})\\in H^{\\alpha}(\\mathbb{R}^{d})\\times L^{2}(\\mathbb{R}^{d})$. Then, the very weak solution to the Cauchy problem (\\[Equation\\]) is unique.", "\n\nLet $(u_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ and $(\\Tilde{u}_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ be very weak solutions to the Cauchy problem (\\[Equation\\]) corresponding to the coefficients $(m_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ and $(\\Tilde{m}_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ and assume that $\n\\Vert m_{\\varepsilon}-\\Tilde{m}_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\leq C_{k}\\varepsilon^{k} \\text{~~for all~~} k>0.", "\n$ Let us denote by $U_{\\varepsilon}(t,x):=u_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)-\\Tilde{u}_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)$, then, $U$ satisfies the equation $$\\left\\lbrace\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\partial_{t}^{2}U_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)+(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha} U_{\\varepsilon}(t,x) + m_{\\varepsilon}(x)U_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)=f_{\\varepsilon}(t,x),\\\\\nU(0,x)=0, ~~\\partial_{t}U_{\\varepsilon}(0,x)=0, \\label{Equation uniqueness}\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ with $\nf_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)=(\\Tilde{m}_{\\varepsilon}(x)-m_{\\varepsilon}(x))\\Tilde{u}_{\\varepsilon}(t,x).", "\n$ Using Duhamel’s principle, $U_{\\varepsilon}$ is given by $\nU_{\\varepsilon}(x,t)=\\int_{0}^{t}V_{\\varepsilon}(x,t-s;s)ds\n$, where $V_{\\varepsilon}(x,t;s)$ solves the problem $$\\left\\lbrace\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\partial_{t}^{2}V_{\\varepsilon}(x,t;s)+(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha} V_{\\varepsilon}(x,t;s) + m_{\\varepsilon}(x)V_{\\varepsilon}(x,t;s)=0,\\\\\nV_{\\varepsilon}(x,0;s)=0, ~\\partial_{t}V_{\\varepsilon}(x,0;s)=f_{\\varepsilon}(s,x).", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ Taking $U_{\\varepsilon}$ in $L^{2}$-norm and using (\\[Energy estimate\\]) to get estimate for $V_{\\varepsilon}$, we arrive at $$\\begin{split}\n\\Vert U_{\\varepsilon}(\\cdot,t)\\Vert_{L^2} &\\leq C \\left(1+\\Vert m_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\right)^{\\frac{1}{2}}\\int_{0}^{T}\\Vert f_{\\varepsilon}(s,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2} ds \\\\\n&\\leq C \\left(1+\\Vert m_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\right)^{\\frac{1}{2}}\\Vert \\Tilde{m}_{\\varepsilon}-m_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\int_{0}^{T}\\Vert \\Tilde{u}_{\\varepsilon}(s,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^{2}} ds.", "\n\\end{split}$$ We have that $\n\\Vert m_{\\varepsilon}-\\Tilde{m}_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\leq C_{k}\\varepsilon^{k} \\text{~~for all~~} k>0,\n$ the net $(m_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ is moderate by assumption and $(\\Tilde{u}_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ is moderate as a very weak solution to the Cauchy problem (\\[Equation\\]). ", "Then, for all $N>0$, we obtain $$\\Vert U_{\\varepsilon}(\\cdot,t)\\Vert_{L^2}=\\Vert u_{\\varepsilon}(t,\\cdot)-\\Tilde{u}_{\\varepsilon}(t,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^2} \\lesssim \\varepsilon^{N}.$$ Thus, the very weak solution is unique.", "\n\nConsistency\n-----------\n\nWe want to prove that in the case when a classical solution exists for the Cauchy problem (\\[Equation\\]) as in Lemma \\[lem-est\\], the very weak solution recaptures the classical one.", "\n\nLet $(u_{0},u_{1})\\in H^{\\alpha}(\\mathbb{R}^{d})\\times L^{2}(\\mathbb{R}^{d})$. Assume that $m\\in L^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{R}^{d})$ is non-negative and, let us consider the Cauchy problem $$\\left\\lbrace\n\\begin{array}{l}\nu_{tt}(t,x)+(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha} u(t,x) + m(x)u(t,x)=0 ,~~~(t,x)\\in\\left(0, T\\right)\\times \\mathbb{R}^{d},\\\\\nu(0,x)=u_{0}(x),u_{t}(0,x)=u_{1}(x), \\,\\,\\, x\\in\\mathbb{R}^{d}. ", "\\label{Equation with reg. ", "coeff}\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ Let $(u_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ be a very weak solution of (\\[Equation with reg. ", "coeff\\]). ", "Then for any regularising family $m_{\\varepsilon}=m\\ast\\psi_{\\varepsilon}$, for any $\\psi\\in C_{0}^{\\infty}$, $\\psi\\geq 0$, $\\int\\psi =1$, the net $(u_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ converges to the classical solution of the Cauchy problem (\\[Equation with reg. ", "coeff\\]) in $L^{2}$ as $\\varepsilon \\rightarrow 0$.\n\nThe classical solution satifies $$\\left\\lbrace\n\\begin{array}{l}\nu_{tt}(t,x)+(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha} u(t,x) + m(x)u(t,x)=0 ,~~~(t,x)\\in\\left(0, T\\right)\\times \\mathbb{R}^{d},\\\\\nu(0,x)=u_{0}(x),u_{t}(0,x)=u_{1}(x), \\,\\,\\, x\\in\\mathbb{R}^{d}.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ For the very weak solution, there is a representation $(u_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ such that $$\\left\\lbrace\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\partial_{t}^{2}u_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)+(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha} u_{\\varepsilon}(t,x) + m_{\\varepsilon}(x)u_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)=0 ,~~~(t,x)\\in\\left(0, T\\right)\\times \\mathbb{R}^{d},\\\\\nu_{\\varepsilon}(0,x)=u_{0}(x),\\partial_{t}u_{\\varepsilon}(0,x)=u_{1}(x), \\,\\,\\, x\\in\\mathbb{R}^{d}.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ Taking the difference of the above equations, we get $$\\left\\lbrace\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\partial_{t}^{2}(u-u_{\\varepsilon})(t,x)+(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha} (u-u_{\\varepsilon})(t,x) + m_{\\varepsilon}(x)(u-u_{\\varepsilon})(t,x)=\\eta_{\\varepsilon}(t,x),\\\\\n(u-u_{\\varepsilon})(0,x)=0,~~\\partial_{t}(u-u_{\\varepsilon})(0,x)=0, \\,\\,\\, x\\in\\mathbb{R}^{d},\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ where $\n\\eta_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)=(m(x)-m_{\\varepsilon}(x))u(t,x).", "\n$ Let us denote by $W_{\\varepsilon}(t,x):=(u-u_{\\varepsilon})(t,x)$. Once again, using Duhamel’s principle, $W_{\\varepsilon}$ is given by $\nW_{\\varepsilon}(x,t)=\\int_{0}^{t}V_{\\varepsilon}(x,t-s;s)ds,\n$ where $V_{\\varepsilon}(x,t;s)$ solves the problem $$\\left\\lbrace\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\partial_{t}^{2}V_{\\varepsilon}(x,t;s)+(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha} V_{\\varepsilon}(x,t;s) + m_{\\varepsilon}(x)V_{\\varepsilon}(x,t;s)=0,\\\\\nV_{\\varepsilon}(x,0;s)=0, ~\\partial_{t}V_{\\varepsilon}(x,0;s)=\\eta_{\\varepsilon}(s,x).", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ We have that $\n\\Vert m-m_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}} \\rightarrow 0 \\text{~~as~~} \\varepsilon\\rightarrow 0.", "\n$ Taking the $L^{2}$-norm for $W_{\\varepsilon}$ and using the energy estimate (\\[Energy estimate\\]), we get $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Vert W_{\\varepsilon}(\\cdot,t)\\Vert_{L^2} \\leq \\int_{0}^{T}\\Vert V_{\\varepsilon}(\\cdot,t-s;s)\\Vert_{L^2} ds\n \\leq C \\left(1+\\Vert m_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\right)^{1/2}\\Vert m-m_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}^{1/2}\\int_{0}^{T}\\Vert u(s,\\cdot)\\Vert_{L^{2}} ds.\\end{aligned}$$ Since $\\Vert m_{\\varepsilon}\\Vert_{L^{\\infty}}\\leq C$ it follows that $(u_{\\varepsilon})_{\\varepsilon}$ converges to $u$ in $L^{2}$ as $\\varepsilon\\to0$.\n\nNumerical experiments\n=====================\n\nIn this Section, we do some numerical experiments. ", "Let us analyse our problem by regularising a distributional mass term $m(x)$ by a parameter $\\varepsilon$. We define $\nm_\\varepsilon (x):=(m\\ast\\varphi_\\varepsilon)(x),\n$ as the convolution with the mollifier $\\varphi_\\varepsilon(x)=\\frac{1}{\\varepsilon} \\varphi(x/\\varepsilon),$ where $\n\\varphi(x)=\n\\begin{cases}\nc \\exp{\\left(\\frac{1}{x^{2}-1}\\right)}, |x| < 1, \\\\\n0, \\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\, |x|\\geq 1,\n\\end{cases}\n$ with $c \\simeq 2.2523$ to have $\n\\int\\limits_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} \\varphi(x)dx=1.", "\n$ Then, instead of we consider the regularised problem $$\\label{RE-01}\n\\partial^{2}_{t}u_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)-\\partial^{2}_{x} u_{\\varepsilon}(t,x)+ m_{\\varepsilon}(x) u_{\\varepsilon}(t,x) =0, \\; (t,x)\\in[0,T]\\times\\mathbb R,$$ with the initial data $u_\\varepsilon(0,x)=u_0 (x)$ and $\\partial_t u_\\varepsilon(0,x)=u_1(x),$ for all $x\\in\\mathbb R.$ Here, we put\n\n$\nu_0 (x)=\n\\begin{cases}\n\\exp{\\left(\\frac{1}{(x-50)^{2}-0.25}\\right)}, \\,\\, |x-50| < 0.5, \\\\\n0, \\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\, \\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\, \\,\\,\\, |x-50| \\geq 0.5,\n\\end{cases}\n$\n\nand $u_1 (x)\\equiv0$. Note that ${\\rm supp }\\, u_0\\subset[49.5, 50.5]$.\n\nFor $m$ we consider the following cases, with $\\delta$ denoting the standard Dirac’s delta-distribution:\n\n- $m(x)=0$ with $m_{\\varepsilon}(x)=0$;\n\n- $m(x)=\\delta(x-40)$ with $m_{\\varepsilon}(x)=\\varphi_\\varepsilon(x-40)$;\n\n- $m(x)=\\delta(x-40)\\times\\delta(x-40)$. Here, we understand $m_{\\varepsilon}(x)$ as $m_{\\varepsilon}(x)=\\left(\\varphi_\\varepsilon(x-40)\\right)^{2};$\n\nIn Figure \\[fig1\\], we analyse behaviours of the solutions to the equation with the initial function $u_0$ (given in the upper-left plot) in the cases of different mass terms. ", "The further plots of Figure \\[fig1\\] are comparing the replacement function $u$ at $t=8.8, 10.2, 10.6, 11.0, 12.0$ for $\\varepsilon=0.05$ in the following three cases: Case 1 is corresponding to the mass term $m$ is equal to zero; Case 2 is corresponding to the case when the mass term $m$ is like a $\\delta$-function; Case 3 is corresponding to the mass term $m$ is like a square of the $\\delta$-function.", "\n\nBy analysing Figure \\[fig1\\], we see that a delta-function mass term affects less on the behaviour of the solution of compared to the square delta-function like mass term by reflecting some waves in the opposite direction. ", "In the upper-right plot and in the lower plots of Figure \\[fig1\\], we observe that the replacement function $u$ is almost fully reflected in the square delta-function like mass term case. ", "At $t=8.8$ we see that the yellow coloured wave is starting to settle and, from $t=10.2$ is moving in opposite direction. ", "We call the last phenomena, a “wall effect”.", "\n\nAll numerical computations are made in C++ by using the sweep method. ", "In above numerical simulations, we use the Matlab R2018b. ", "For all simulations we take $\\Delta t=0.2$, $\\Delta x=0.01.$\n\n[**Conclusion.**]{} ", "The analysis conducted in this article showed that numerical methods work well in situations where a rigorous mathematical formulation of the problem is difficult in the framework of the classical theory of distributions. ", "The concept of very weak solutions eliminates this difficulty in the case of the terms with multiplication of distributions. ", "In particular, in the Klein-Gordon equation case, we see that a delta-function mass term affects less on the behaviour of the waves compared to the square of the delta-function case, the latter causing a so-called “wall effect”.", "\n\nNumerical experiments have shown that the concept of very weak solutions is very suitable for numerical modelling. ", "In addition, using the theory of very weak solutions, we can talk about the uniqueness of numerical solutions of differential equations with strongly singular coefficients in an appropriate sense.", "\n\n[99]{} A. Arda, R. Sever and C. Tezcan. ", "Analytical solutions to the Klein–Gordon Equation with position-dependent mass for $q$-parameter Pöschl–Teller potential. , ", "27(1): 010306, 2010.", "\n\nB. Bakhti. ", "Interacting fluids in an arbitrary external field. , ", "arXiv:1702.04905 (2017).", "\n\nA. de Souza Dutra, C.S. Jia. ", "Classes of exact Klein–Gordon equations with spatially dependent masses: Regularizing the one-dimensional inversely linear potential. , ", "352:484–487, 2006.", "\n\nL.C. Evans. ", "Partial Differential Equations. , ", "1998.", "\n\nU. Ghosh, J. Banerjee, S. Sarkar and S. Das. ", "Fractional Klein–Gordon equation composed of Jumarie fractional derivative and its interpretation by a smoothness parameter. , ", "90(74):1-10, 2018.", "\n\nA.K. Golmankhaneh, A. Golmankhaneh, D. Baleanu. ", "On nonlinear fractional Klein–Gordon equation. , ", "91:446–451, 2011.", "\n\nC. Garetto, M. Ruzhansky. ", "Hyperbolic second order equations with non-regular time dependent coefficients. , ", "217(1):113-154, 2015.", "\n\nY. Ma. ", "Nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation and its application on f(R) theory of gravitation. ", "PhD thesis. , ", "2014.", "\n\nJ.C. Munoz, M. Ruzhansky and N. Tokmagambetov. ", "Wave propagation with irregular dissipation and applications to acoustic problems and shallow water. , ", "123:127-147, 2019.", "\n\nM. Oberguggenberger, Multiplication of Distributions and Applications to Partial Differential Equations, Pitman Research Notes in Mathematics Series, vol.259, Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, 1992.", "\n\nY.J. Park. ", "Fractional Gagliardo-Nirenberg Inequality, . ", "24(3):583-586, 2011.", "\n\nM. Ruzhansky, N. Tokmagambetov. ", "Very weak solutions of wave equation for Landau Hamiltonian with irregular electromagnetic field. , ", "107:591-618, 2017.", "\n\nM. Ruzhansky, N. Tokmagambetov. ", "Wave equation for operators with discrete spectrum and irregular propagation speed. , ", "226(3):1161-1207, 2017.", "\n\nZ. Wang, Z.W. Long, C.Y Long and L.Z Wang. ", "Analytical solutions of position-dependent mass Klein–Gordon equation for unequal scalar and vector Yukawa potentials. , ", "89(10):1059–1064, 2015.", "\n\nB.Q. Wang, Z.W Long, C.Y. Long and S.R. Wu. ", "Klein-Gordon oscillator with position-dependent mass in the rotating cosmic string spacetime. , ", "33(4):1850025, 2018.", "\n\n[^1]: The authors were supported by the FWO Odysseus 1 grant G.0H94.18N: Analysis and Partial Differential Equations. ", "MR was supported in parts by the EPSRC Grant EP/R003025/1, by the Leverhulme Research Grant RPG-2017-151.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.0006833157385699451, 0.0005149958888068795, 0.0006687842542305589, 0.0008796125184744596, 0.0006076981662772596, 0.0005723010981455445, 0.0006504906341433525, 0.0006777152302674949, 0.0006113758427090943, 0.0006555685540661216, 0.0005599728901870549, 0.007769489195197821, 0.0013712724903598428, 0.00074832170503214, 0.0005375665496103466, 0.104746513068676, 0.18104124069213867, 0.028764044865965843, 0.0041611394844949245, 0.006397655699402094, 0.0007051468128338456, 0.0059088412672281265, 0.046275071799755096, 0.001395765575580299, 0.0015271962620317936, 0.0005382200470194221, 0.0010102026863023639, 0.008414910174906254, 0.030001964420080185, 0.058166105300188065, 0.0016924603842198849, 0.0017035502241924405, 0.0036704421509057283, 0.013923856429755688, 0.002428780309855938, 0.0037137644831091166, 0.037533003836870193, 0.03592311218380928, 0.006545466370880604, 0.07318509370088577, 0.01990012265741825, 0.012150347232818604, 0.0008660354651510715, 0.02937435917556286, 0.0008768409607000649, 0.01408904604613781, 0.0010285180760547519, 0.005563299171626568, 0.02476111240684986, 0.04482124373316765, 0.016890762373805046, 0.017569730058312416, 0.015977313742041588, 0.012993340380489826, 0.014447192661464214, 0.009706811979413033, 0.0013698477996513247, 0.0006769038736820221, 0.0006978298770263791, 0.0007321774028241634, 0.0012605770025402308, 0.0006400869460776448, 0.0006004917086102068, 0.0009490950615145266, 0.0005556406686082482, 0.0005938553367741406, 0.000691757071763277, 0.0005634116241708398, 0.0005588327185250819, 0.0008153616799972951, 0.0006377696408890188, 0.0007286272011697292, 0.0012275524204596877, 0.0006768612656742334, 0.000656740739941597, 0.0007320285076275468, 0.0007358427974395454, 0.0007216387894004583, 0.000826615490950644, 0.0006969817914068699, 0.000898734899237752, 0.0008310176781378686, 0.0006585530936717987, 0.0006851271609775722, 0.0008048306335695088, 0.0006797644891776145, 0.0007085847319103777, 0.001005998463369906, 0.0006610441487282515, 0.0007134668412618339, 0.002015242585912347, 0.0006658561760559678, 0.0006235618493519723, 0.0008179787546396255, 0.0007473749574273825, 0.0006258156499825418, 0.0007388322264887393, 0.0006446467596106231, 0.0008865263662301004, 0.0011649877997115254, 0.0007157014915719628, 0.0007394520798698068, 0.0008229668019339442, 0.0007495052996091545, 0.0007394520798698068, 0.0005967848701402545, 0.000696502742357552, 0.0007976950728334486, 0.0005952450446784496, 0.0007436199812218547, 0.0009528333321213722, 0.000731957028619945, 0.0006972475675866008, 0.0008389077847823501, 0.0006025048205628991, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "A socioeconomic analysis of surgical treatment of migraine headaches.", "\nThis study is meant to compare the direct and indirect cost of migraine headache care before and after migraine surgery and to evaluate any postoperative changes in patient participation in daily activities. ", "Eighty-nine patients enrolled in a migraine surgery clinical trial completed the Migraine-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire, the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire, and a financial cost report preoperatively and 5 years postoperatively. ", "Mean follow-up was 63.0 months (range, 56.9 to 72.6 months). ", "Migraine medication expenses were reduced by a median of $1997.26 annually. ", "Median cost reduction for alternative treatment expenses was $450 annually. ", "Patients had a median of three fewer annual primary care visits for the migraine headache treatment, resulting in a median cost reduction of $320 annually. ", "Patients missed a median of 8.5 fewer days of work or childcare annually postoperatively, with a median regained income of $1525. ", "The median total cost spent on migraine headache treatment was $5820 per year preoperatively, declining to $900 per year postoperatively. ", "Total median cost reduction was $3949.70 per year postoperatively. ", "The mean surgical cost was $8378. ", "Significant improvements were demonstrated in all aspects of the Migraine-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire and the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire. ", "Surgical deactivation of migraine trigger sites has proven to be effective for the treatment of severe migraine headache. ", "This study illustrates that the surgical treatment is a cost-effective modality, reducing direct and indirect costs. ", "Patients may also expect improvements in the performance of and increased participation in activities of daily living. ", "Therapeutic, IV." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0007063389057293534, 0.0007268351619131863, 0.0005842725513502955, 0.0005645215860567987, 0.0006067065405659378, 0.000574478879570961, 0.0006705744890496135, 0.0007156469509936869, 0.0008071208721958101, 0.0006075950805097818, 0.0008135673706419766, 0.0005878916708752513, 0.0008553091902285814, 0.0006459243595600128, 0.0005799496429972351, 0.000767362245824188 ]

[ "Merchants and Manufacturers Building\n\nThe One Main Building, formerly the Merchants and Manufacturers Building (commonly referred to as the M&M Building), is a building on the campus of the University of Houston–Downtown. ", " The building is recognized as part of the National Register of Historic Places, is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, and considered a Contributing Building in Downtown Houston's Main Street/Market Square Historic District. ", " The building was built above Allen's Landing—an area where Houston's founders John Kirby Allen and Augustus Chapman Allen originally settled.", "\n\nThe Merchants and Manufacturers Building was built in 1930 and was the largest building in the city at the time. ", " Although the commerce-focused building featured 14 miles of floor space and could accommodate one-third of the city's population, the Great Depression in the United States stifled initial participation. ", " The building was purchased by South Texas Junior College in the 1960s, which became the University of College in 1974.", "\n\nThe building remains as a largest facility of the University of Houston–Downtown and was given an official designation as \"One Main Building,\" or simply the \"Main Building,\" by the university.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:University of Houston–Downtown\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Houston\nCategory:History of Houston\nCategory:University and college academic buildings in the United States\nCategory:Art Deco architecture in Texas\nCategory:Historic district contributing properties in Texas\nCategory:Buildings and structures completed in 1930\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Houston\nCategory:1930 establishments in Texas\nCategory:Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas\nCategory:Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0006913128308951855, 0.0008151170914061368, 0.0007360086310654879, 0.0006679441430605948, 0.0005845017149113119, 0.0007104743272066116, 0.0006242498639039695, 0.0005956238601356745 ]

[ "[Reconstructive method for the repair of substantial loss of the head and neck area, following the excision of malignant melanoma].", "\nThe general increase in the incidence of malignant melanoma has caused a more massive presence at the level of special sites such as the face, posing problems of the reconstruction from a cosmetic point of view. ", "The widespread move away from large margins of exercise (3-5 cm) towards margins of approximately 1 cm surrounding the lesion, together with the improved prognosis for this pathology on the face compared to other sites, calls for greater attention to be paid to the reconstructive techniques used. ", "Since surgery is the only solution \"quoad vitam\" for the patient, it is now preferable to attempt to offer the patient both a complete exeresis of the neoplasia and a satisfactory cosmetic result. ", "In this study the authors report four cases involving the excision of malignant melanoma in the cervico-cephalic district and their consequent reconstruction using special surgical techniques." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0013443443458527327, 0.0012123186606913805, 0.0006313812918961048, 0.0008819662034511566, 0.0007882607169449329 ]

[ "879 F.2d 854\nCamoscio (Frank J.)v.", "Dukakis (Michael S.)\nNO. ", "89-1215\nUnited States Court of Appeals,First Circuit.", "\nJUN 28, 1989\n\n1\nAppeal From: D.Mass.", "\n\n\n2\nGRANTED.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0013227106537669897, 0.000757626083213836, 0.0007886704988777637, 0.0006939372979104519, 0.0006274044862948358, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "The Financial World’s Achilles Heel\n\nIt’s another ugly morning with the list of “horrible headlines” not only broadening, but intensifying. ", "Just a day ago, TPTB attempted to assuage “Ukrainian fears” with a new round of “de-escalation” propaganda and market intervention. ", "However, just as Obama openly admits America’s re-entry into Iraq will be a “long-term project,” the Ukrainian crisis isn’t going away anytime soon – and perhaps, will plague the world for generations. ", "In fact, it’s probably at its worst point since fighting broke out in March, just as the global economy is unquestionably at its lowest point since 2008.", "\n\nZero Hedge is typically the world’s best alternative media website, but in ascertaining “bonds don’t believe it’s over” due to “geopolitical fears” is; in our view missing the key point. ", "Which, as we wrote in May’s “Most Damning Proof Yet of QE Failure,” is the fact that collapsing economic activity is causing investors to bet – rightfully so – on global “QE to Infinity.” ", "Moreover, per last week’s “is It Really Ukraine?” ", "the historic financial asset bubbles created by the Fed and other Central banks must be supported at all costs; in this case, with hyperinflationary monetary policy. ", "Eventually – when hyperinflation inevitably arrives – yields will rocket into the stratosphere. ", "However, until then global investors will continue to assume the Bank of Japan’s path to zero interest rate sovereign bonds will be taken by the Fed, ECB and other major Central banks.", "\n\nSpeaking of propaganda, how can anyone still listen to the ramblings of Reserve Bank of India governors? ", "We have long characterized the Indian government as perhaps the worst run in the developing world; and thus, to see investors “relieved” that inflation is just 7.4% is nothing short of incredible – particularly as the all-important food inflation rate is considerably higher. ", "Or how about America’s long-time partner in crime, the UK, of which we’ve been incessantly told how “strong” its economy is? ", "Don’t make us laugh, as like the U.S., the only reason it is even perceived as stronger is because like the Fed, the Bank of England has an unfettered printing press that has enabled it to funnel free money into the hands of the “1%,” who in turn have inflated an historic real estate bubble in “1% markets” like London. ", "UK housing is already rolling over amidst the highest cost of living environment in Europe; and reading today’s estimates that UK GDP will rise by just 0.7% for the next two quarters, we’re baffled as to what all the hype was about in the first place.", "\n\nAs for the rest of Europe, whose money printing escapades are limited by the fact the ECB must obtain consensus from 24 member nations; it is on the verge of collapse. ", "Ultimately, the ECB follows the same path as other Central banks; and mark our words, the $1 trillion QE scheme the ECB is “preparing” will be launched later this year – to fail as miserably as Japan’s Abenomics and America’s QE 1-3. ", "In the meantime, the European economy can best be described as in freefall with today’s articles ranging from the collapse of France, to the need for a broad Italian bailout, to the ominous fact that Greece’s largest trade partner is Russia – thus, making it extremely vulnerable if Europe continues to press for economic sanctions. ", "And for the record, per the below chart, France is Russia’s largest trade partner overall. ", "Not to mention, French banks are more exposed to Greece than any other nation.", "\n\nZero Hedge\n\nAnd don’t forget today’s abysmal news from Europe’s undisputed leader, which no doubt will lead the charge to break up the Euro when the continent’s economy inevitably implodes. ", "Yes, Germany’s all-important ZEW investor sentiment index plunged to 8.6 in August, down from 27.1 in July and representing a seventh straight monthly decline. ", "In other words, don’t be surprised to see the aforementioned QE announcement at the ECB’s next meeting on September 1st.", "\n\nWhich brings me to the main event, catalyzed by this morning’s excellent article by Bill Holter. ", "The topic is the New York COMEX trading pits, which have long dominated gold and silver’s “price discovery” process. ", "We have written exhaustively of COMEX fraud for years, but never has it been more critical than today – as “any day now,” it will be forever discredited; and with it, the global dollar-anchored fiat Ponzi scheme. ", "The key phrase is “dollar-anchored,” as no one has “taken it out” yet due to fears of the collapsing the value of their own heavily dollar-weighted reserves. ", "But rest assured, like a musical chairs game in its final seconds, the urge to protect oneself will become so great, someone will inevitably “break ranks” and set the snowball rolling downhill.", "\n\nFrankly, how anyone can not realize the COMEX is a pure fraud is beyond us. ", "In “freely-traded markets,” sixth-sigma events do not occur on a daily basis. ", "Moreover, when the vast majority of product is purchased in the East, it is not rational for prices to be “set” in the West – much less by a fraudulent process ironically called a “fix.” ", "And finally, how on Earth can an exchange purporting to hold $1.3 billion of deliverable gold inventory and $1.2 billion of deliverable silver inventory be viewed as the precious metals “authority?”", "\n\nTo wit, there are an acknowledged 1,600 billionaires capable of taking out at least one of these two stashes; plus perhaps 16,000 institutions and dozens of Central banks – led by the PBOC, which holds $4 trillion of depreciating currency reserves. ", "Heck, China imported gold worth $51 billion in 2013, and we’re to believe they didn’t consider the measly $1.3 billion on the COMEX?", "\n\nEach day, new revelations of COMEX chicanery are revealed – atop 15 years of blatantly suppressive price activity. ", "I mean, how can any traders still buy gold and silver call options when every month the Cartel raids prices days before expiration? ", "And how can anyone believe the unaudited inventory data supplied by collusive “too big to fail” firms with essentially no CFTC oversight? ", "The CME itself started publishing a disclaimer last June that it cannot guarantee its own data is correct; and now that JP Morgan has been fined for repeatedly falsifying such information, it becomes even more obvious that the aforementioned miniscule amount of metal is the base of an enormous soon-to-be-collapsed Ponzi scheme.", "\n\nFor years, we have referred to precious metals as the “Achilles Heel” of the global financial system; as once these time-honored inflation barometers break from the Cartel’s grasp global financial fear will spread like the Ebola virus. ", "This has occurred time and again throughout history, and today’s global epidemic will be the most terrifying episode yet.", "\n\nHowever, silver is by far the “Achilles Heel’s Achilles Heel,” as no more than two billion ounces exist in investable form worldwide; of which the vast majority – like mine – will never see the light of day. ", "Last week, we highlighted how the world’s largest PHYSICAL exchange in Shanghai, has seen 90% of its physical silver inventory depleted since last April’s vicious COMEX paper attacks, whilst COMEX inventories have barely changed amidst a fresh $6 billion of naked shorting, principally by the same “commercial” traders that have been suppressing prices for the past 15 years.", "\n\nSRS Rocco Report\n\nAs the global economy collapses into oblivion, and Central banks step up their maniacal money printing exponentially, the pressure on the “world’s Achilles Heel” – i.e., the COMEX trading pit – will increase commensurately. ", "It’s only a matter of time – likely, much sooner than later – when it is destroyed by metal-hungry investors, institutions and Central banks. ", "And when it is the “world as we have known it” will be forever changed. ", "Each day, the window to PROTECT oneself with physical gold and silver closes a bit more; and once its shut it will likely be forever!", "\n\n1 Comment\n\nJust as the author above feels the attacks on the Precious metals markets have been hailed time and time again by the MSM as the markets speaking, it is obvious by many and a growing number, that the paper price and the physical price are two separate markets.", "\n\nExperience Excellence\n\nFor 28 years the staff at Miles Franklin has delivered excellence in many ways – knowledge, relationships, product offers and customer service. ", "They understand the macro/micro economics and geo–political advantages to investing in precious metals to protect your wealth. ", "The team at Miles Franklin build life-long relationships because they custom-tailor solutions for investing in precious metals to meet each individual’s needs and circumstances. ", "Our brokers have or can acquire most any type of precious metal from anywhere in the world. ", "Each and every order is managed and monitored from start to finish. ", "We are licensed, bonded, and carry an A+ BBB rating." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.03453619405627251, 0.0015105408383533359, 0.006581330206245184, 0.0011523141292855144, 0.0006302098627202213, 0.06886176019906998, 0.0011879451340064406, 0.0006253321189433336, 0.0007469651754945517, 0.0006164801889099181, 0.0009183593792840838, 0.00349314883351326, 0.0008260611793957651, 0.00570271909236908, 0.0006542696501128376, 0.0008333247969858348, 0.0009818690596148372, 0.0005689304089173675, 0.0005369126447476447, 0.000930524431169033, 0.013737977482378483, 0.0006019346183165908, 0.0005530967027880251, 0.0005847889697179198, 0.0006421892903745174, 0.0010794366244226694, 0.0006259367219172418, 0.0008671443210914731, 0.08475817739963531, 0.0005723441718146205, 0.0006996007869020104, 0.008531466126441956, 0.0006975509459152818, 0.0016220980323851109, 0.0063520874828100204, 0.0006250666920095682, 0.0008721020421944559, 0.0012282178504392505, 0.0012302979594096541, 0.0021219865884631872, 0.004866290371865034, 0.0006351878982968628, 0.0011017947690561414, 0.0013874605065211654, 0.000643972191028297, 0.0023788465186953545, 0.0005824945983476937, 0.0005389402504079044, 0.0005842181853950024, 0.0005342621589079499, 0.0006082860636524856, 0.0005861656391061842, 0.0006406374159269035 ]

[ "Educational Excellence KIPP Co-Founder Mike Feinberg on KIPP Turbo and His New Gig\n\nMike Feinberg is co-founder of the KIPP Academies and superintendent of KIPP Houston, which serves more than 6,000 students in 18 schools. ", "In 2007, KIPP Houston announced its “KIPP Turbo” educational excellence plan, under which it aims to grow into a Pre-K to 12 network of 42 schools. ", "The goal is to enroll 10 percent of the students in Houston, making KIPP Houston by far the largest network of charter schools in one city. ", "As part of this effort, Mike recently announced that he’d be shifting roles to focus on fundraising, advocacy, and external relations, while handing the superintendency of KIPP Houston off to a successor. ", "If you’re not familiar with Mike’s story, you can check out Jay Mathews’ KIPP book, Work Hard, Be Nice for an immensely readable, if pretty syrupy, account. ", "Anyway, with Mike changing roles and with KIPP Houston well into its ambitious growth plan, I thought it’d be interesting to chat with Mike about looming challenges and lessons learned." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006628293776884675, 0.0008585413452237844, 0.0007053585140965879, 0.0005931863561272621, 0.0005936895031481981, 0.000506367941852659 ]

[ "The Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI)CD Module is the latest educational offering by The Wellcome Trust, a British-based charity. ", "The module is part of the Topics in International Health CD-ROM series. ", "The entire program is designed to provide accessible, current, high-quality information on tropical and international health. ", "The material is directed towards students, teachers, health-care professionals, academics, and researchers in medicine and the life sciences. ", "Each tutorial has been reviewed by at least two international subject experts.", "\n\nThe ARI module includes 11 separate tutorials ranging from etiology and risk factors to epidemiology and program management. ", "An additional image collection of over 600 screens with accompanying text provides a useful bank of visual aids.", "\n\nWhile the module covers all major ARIs, the focus is on conditions causing substantial illness and deaths in the developing world. ", "Each tutorial averages 40 screens, with each individual screen featuring a variety of additional interactive tools, such as pop-up boxes and animated features. ", "On average, tutorial post-tests follow every 6-10 screens. ", "Although the content and information differ, each tutorial averages 2-4 hours to complete. ", "Completing all 11 tutorials could take up to 50 hours.", "\n\nOverall, the module succeeds in consolidating broad-reaching material and providing an authoritative presentation on ARI. ", "Module strengths include the successful presentation of clinically current and well-researched information. (", "One possible exception is the management of ear problems. ", "The module recommends irrigation of acute otitis media. ", "This practice is highly questionable, and the accompanying illustrations minimize the major risks associated with this procedure in cases where the tympanic membrane has ruptured. ", "The World Health Organization recommends \"wicking.", "\")Each tutorial provides ample references, and the repetition of important themes helps reinforce important clinical and public health concepts. ", "The graphic features and video inserts are equally useful. ", "For example, the integration of animated graphics in the pathology tutorial to demonstrate the major steps of viral multiplication offers an innovative visual tool for mastering complex information.", "\n\nOn the other hand, the module suffers in its attempt to cover a large quantity of material in a similar manner. ", "Not all the tutorials are of comparable complexity. ", "While 40 screens may be adequate to discuss ARI prevention and control measures, other sections, such as pathology and respiratory defenses, would have benefited from more discussion. ", "By trying to maintain uniform format of comparable length, parts of these tutorials are superficially summarized at the expense of a clear and in-depth discussion. ", "Another weakness pertains to the varying levels of difficulty in the post-tests interspersed throughout the module. ", "Some of the questions are challenging, whereas other post-tests could be completed correctly without ever having taken the tutorial. ", "Minor typographical errors were noted throughout; however, they did not detract from the overall presentation.", "\n\nMore important issues pertain to the module's intended audience. ", "Although the material and clinical examples are designed to address ARIs in the developing world, they are not aimed at professionals from those countries. ", "Rather, the module is better suited for health professionals from the industrialized world who have an interest in global health. ", "The module would be far more practical had it been field-tested in those countries from which both clinical and public health examples were drawn.", "\n\nThe module requires additional software for accessing video clips, such as QuickTime or RealPlayer. ", "The cost of the CD-ROM is also relatively high: \\$195.00 for institutions and \\$55 for students and individual purchasers. ", "These two features limit the module's practicality as a teaching device for health professionals in the developing world. ", "Additionally, the module does not have the capability of multitasking with other software applications. ", "The user must exit the module to use any other software, which limits the ability to access other references at the same time.", "\n\nIn summary, the Acute Respiratory Infection CD Module serves as a useful adjunctive teaching tool for both clinical and public health practitioners serving the developing world. ", "It is not intended to replace the clinical component of provider training. ", "While the material is comprehensive in scope, this aspect conversely leads to an uneven presentation in places. ", "Given the required sophisticated software and cost of the CD, its usefulness for health professionals from the developing world is questionable.", "\n\nSuggested citation: Riley PL, Downes EA, and Chikomo MP. ", "Acute Respiratory Infection CD Module \\[CD Review\\]. ", "Emerg Infect Dis. ", "\\[serial on the Internet\\]. ", "2002 May \\[date cited\\]. ", "Available from <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no5/02-0024.htm>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.0006983394850976765, 0.0006313223275355995, 0.0005594831891357899, 0.0005605053156614304, 0.0005499216495081782, 0.0005850510206073523, 0.0007472774013876915, 0.0006486714701168239, 0.0006434859824366868, 0.0006285473355092108, 0.0005800569197162986, 0.0005673805717378855, 0.0005620720330625772, 0.0005227614310570061, 0.0006495214183814824, 0.0006521163159050047, 0.0008270161342807114, 0.0008116887765936553, 0.0005367683479562402, 0.0005670462269335985, 0.0005589690408669412, 0.0007163590053096414, 0.0006067131762392819, 0.0005212876130826771, 0.0005737397004850209, 0.000714851834345609, 0.0005964618176221848, 0.0007003449718467891, 0.0005496703670360148, 0.0005378976347856224, 0.0005323615041561425, 0.0005337269394658506, 0.0006487722275778651, 0.0008037833613343537, 0.0006258475477807224, 0.0007565456908196211, 0.0006374487420544028, 0.0005775231402367353, 0.0006211699219420552, 0.0005443525733426213, 0.0005770658608525991, 0.0006084397318772972, 0.0007428666576743126, 0.03769863396883011, 0.0010194566566497087, 0.0007264400483109057, 0.0006588833057321608 ]

[ "\n968 F.Supp. ", "1483 (1997)\nRobert W. GAMPER, Plaintiff,\nv.\nSTATE OF ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, et al., ", "Defendants.", "\nCivil Action No. ", "95-D-438-N.\nUnited States District Court, M.D. Alabama, Northern Division.", "\nFebruary 5, 1997.", "\nJoseph Brady Lewis, Timothy Arthur Tyler, Montgomery, AL, for Robert W. Gamper.", "\nAlice Ann Byrne, Albert S. Butler, Alabama Dept. ", "of Corrections, Legal Div., ", "Montgomery, AL, for Dept. ", "of Corrections, Carter, Thigpen, Herring, Wallace & Jones.", "\nBillington M. Garrett, Jeff Sessions, Atty. ", "Gen., Montgomery, AL, for Winston.", "\n\n\n*1484 MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER\n\nDE MENT, District Judge.", "\nPending before the Court are defendants' motions for summary judgment. ", "Defendants, George Carter (\"Carter\"), Morris L. Thigpen (\"Thigpen\"), Paul D. Herring (\"Herring\") and Ron Jones (\"Jones\") filed their motion for summary judgment on December 11, 1996. ", "Defendant Wilby Wallace (\"Wallace\") filed his motion for summary judgment on December 16, 1996. ", "Defendant John Winston (\"Winston\") filed his motion for summary judgment on December 16, 1996. ", "All defendants claim, inter alia, that they are entitled to absolute and/or qualified immunity from plaintiff's claims. ", "On December 18, 1996, plaintiff filed a motion to strike defendants' motions for summary judgment as untimely filed. ", "On December 30, 1996, plaintiff filed a response to defendants' motions.", "\nThe Court's Order entered February 15, 1996, stated that all dispositive motions must be filed \"No later than 90 days prior to the pretrial hearing.\" ", "The pretrial hearing was set for October 16, 1996. ", "Thus, the parties were required to submit all dispositive motions prior to July 18, 1996. ", "Although the Court subsequently amended the trial and pretrial dates, the dispositive motion deadline was not changed. ", "The defendants have failed to explain their delay in filing their motions for summary judgment. ", "Therefore, defendants' motions for summary judgment are due to be denied. ", "Nevertheless, the Court, in the interest of judicial economy, takes this opportunity to review the legal sufficiency of plaintiff's claims.", "\n\nBACKGROUND\nThe plaintiff, a white male, was employed by the Department of Corrections (\"DOC\") as a Drill Instructor at the Childersburg Community Work Center. ", "On December 4, 1991, the plaintiff was seriously injured in a motorcycle accident. ", "The plaintiff was unable to return to work until November, 1992. ", "The parties dispute the extent to which plaintiff's injuries, upon his return to work, impaired his ability to perform the duties of a drill instructor.", "\nAfter returning to work, the plaintiff claims the defendants subjected him to various acts of discrimination and retaliation. ", "The plaintiff claims that he was transferred from his position as a drill instructor and never reinstated to that position because of his race. ", "The plaintiff contends that the defendants failed to investigate the numerous grievances he filed. ", "The plaintiff claims that black officers generally received more favorable treatment than he received (as a white officer). ", "Finally, the plaintiff states that after he filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, he was subjected to a series of adverse employment actions.", "\nThe plaintiff, on March 30, 1995, filed a three count complaint. ", "In Count I, plaintiff seeks recovery through Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., ", "under a theory of disparate treatment. ", "Count II of the complaint also seeks recovery under Title VII, but is premised on a claim of retaliation. ", "Count III states a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. ", "Although the complaint is unclear, according to the plaintiff, his § 1983 claim is predicated on the claim that \"the [d]efendants acted under color of state law and caused the deprivation of [p]laintiff's statutorily protected rights, specifically his Fourteenth Amendment right to due process.\" ", "Pl.", "'s Resp. ", "to Defs.' ", "Mot. ", "for Summ. ", "J. at 3.", "\n\nTitle VII Claims\nThis Court has previously held that individual liability may not be imposed under a Title VII cause of action. ", "Smith v. Capitol City Club of Montgomery, 850 F.Supp. ", "976 (M.D.Ala.1994). ", "Thus, to the extent the plaintiff seeks to hold the individual defendants, Winston, Carter, Thigpen, Herring, Wallace and Jones, liable under Counts I and II of the complaint, plaintiff's claims are due to be dismissed.", "\n\n§ 1983 Claims\nAs noted earlier the plaintiff bases his § 1983 claim on the contention that the defendants acted under color of state law to deprive the plaintiff of his due process rights. ", "More specifically, the plaintiff argues that the defendants' act of transferring the plaintiff from his original position as a *1485 drill instructor as well as their decision not to reassign him to the drill instructor position implicated the plaintiff's procedural due process rights.[1] The plaintiff claims that the defendants did not provide him with adequate procedural due process.", "\nThe due process clause provides that no state shall \"deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.\" ", "U.S. Const. ", "amend XIV, § 1. ", "While the plaintiff admits that he was not terminated by the defendants, the plaintiff claims that the defendants deprived him of a property interest in continued employment as a drill instructor without due process of law. ", "The defendant relies on two cases, Cleveland Bd. ", "of Educ. ", "v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 105 S.Ct. ", "1487, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985), and Reeves v. Thigpen, 879 F.Supp. ", "1153 (M.D.Ala.1995), to support the contention that he had a property interest in continued employment as a drill instructor.", "\nIn Loudermill, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the familiar proposition that when a state provides an employee with a property interest in continued employment, that employment may not be terminated without due process of law. ", "470 U.S. at 538-40, 105 S.Ct. ", "at 1491-92; see also Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576-78, 92 S.Ct. ", "2701, 2708-10, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972); Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div. ", "v. Craft, 436 U.S. 1, 11-12, 98 S.Ct. ", "1554, 1561-62, 56 L.Ed.2d 30 (1978). ", "After determining that the plaintiff in Loudermill had a property interest in continuing employment, the Court went on to determine what process he was due upon termination. ", "See 470 U.S. at 542-47, 105 S.Ct. ", "at 1493-96. ", "In Reeves the court went through this same process; the court asked whether an employee of the Alabama Department of Corrections had a property interest in continued employment, and if so, what process he was due upon termination. ", "See 879 F.Supp. ", "at 1170-74. ", "The court relied on § 36-27-27(a) of the Alabama Code to find that the plaintiff did have a property right in continued employment. ", "Id. at 1170.", "\nSection 36-26-27(a) provides in relevant part:\nAn appointing authority may dismiss a classified employee whenever he considers the good of the service will be served thereby, for reasons which shall be stated in writing, served on the affected employee and a copy furnished to the director, which action shall become a public record. ", "The dismissed employee may, within 10 days after notice, appeal from the action of the appointing authority by filing with the board and the appointing authority a written answer to the charges. ", "The board shall, if demand is made in writing by the dismissed employee within 10 days after notice of discharge, order a public hearing and, if the charges are proved unwarranted, order the reinstatement of the employee under such condition as the board may determine.", "\nClearly, this section of the Alabama Code applies only to employees who have been \"dismissed.\" \"", "Plaintiff understands that he was not dismissed from employment at the time that the grievance was filed, but he does seek to apply the law as set forth in the Reeves case to his own case to demonstrate that he possessed a constitutionally protected right, of which he was subsequently deprived.\" ", "Pl.", "'s Resp. ", "to Defs.' ", "Mot. ", "for Summ. ", "J. at 8. ", "However, the Court cannot find that the plaintiff's property interests were implicated on the basis of an unsupported request to extend the law; instead, plaintiff must point to any state law, rule or regulation which specifically creates a property interest in his \"right to continued employment as a drill instructor.\" ", "See Bodiford v. State of Alabama, 854 F.Supp. ", "886, 894 (M.D.Ala. ", "1994) (DeMent J.).", "\nThe plaintiff has not provided the Court with any authority for the proposition that he has a property interest in continuing employment as a drill instructor. ", "To the contrary, Ala.Code § 36-26-24, allows an appointing authority to transfer \"at any time\" an employee from one position to another position *1486 \"in the same class.", "\"[2] Moreover, plaintiff's proposition is contrary to the weight of legal authority. ", "See e.g. Maples v. Martin, 858 F.2d 1546, 1550-51 (11th Cir.1988) (no property interest implicated when professor at an Alabama university is transferred to another department); Brogdon v. Alabama Dept. ", "of Economic and Community Affairs, 864 F.Supp. ", "1161, 1166-67 (M.D.Ala.1994) (no property interest implicated when Alabama state employee not given job for which he was ostensibly qualified); Bodiford, 854 F.Supp. ", "at 894 (no property interest in Alabama state employee's \"right to be classified according to his abilities\"). ", "Absent some identifiable source, the Court cannot find that the plaintiff had a property interest in the right to continued employment as a drill instructor. ", "C.f. ", "Hatcher v. Board of Public Educ. ", "and Orphanage for Bibb County, 809 F.2d 1546, 1549-51 (11th Cir.1987) (where statute provides that teacher may not be demoted except for \"good cause,\" teacher is held to have property interest in not being demoted). ", "Accordingly, the plaintiff's § 1983 claim based on a deprivation of his due process rights cannot be sustained, and is due to be dismissed.", "\n\nORDER\nPursuant to the foregoing discussion it is CONSIDERED and ORDERED that:\n(1) defendants', Carter, Thigpen, Herring and Jones motion for summary judgment be and the same is hereby DENIED as UNTIMELY;\n(2) defendant Wallace's motion for summary judgment be and the same is hereby DENIED as UNTIMELY;\n(3) defendant Winston's motion for summary judgment be and the same is hereby DENIED as UNTIMELY;\n(4) plaintiff's motion to strike defendants' motion for summary judgment as untimely filed is hereby GRANTED;\n(5) plaintiff's claims pursuant to Title VII (Counts I and II of the complaint) against the individual defendants, Winston, Carter, Thigpen, Herring, Wallace and Jones, are hereby DISMISSED; and\n(6) plaintiff's § 1983 claim (Count III of the complaint) is hereby DISMISSED.", "\nNOTES\n[1] To the extent the plaintiff relies on allegations of retaliation to support his § 1983 claim, such reliance is misplaced. ", "A § 1983 claim cannot be predicated on allegations of retaliation; Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., ", "provides the exclusive remedy for such claims. ", "Lightner v. Town of Ariton, Alabama, 902 F.Supp. ", "1489, 1499 (M.D.Ala.1995) (DeMent J.).", "\n[2] This provision has been interpreted to allow an appointing authority to transfer employees to \"comparable\" classes. ", "See Sullivan v. Teague, 424 So.2d 574, 577 (Ala.1982). ", "Regardless, the plaintiff has presented no evidence that he was transferred to a position of a different \"class\" than that of drill instructor.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0012234149035066366, 0.0006827875040471554, 0.000804270152002573, 0.0006914670229889452, 0.0007252285140566528, 0.0007530578877776861, 0.0006574612343683839, 0.0006538588786497712, 0.0007155149942263961, 0.0006742316181771457, 0.0007279442506842315, 0.0008043449488468468, 0.0008287974633276463, 0.0007064163219183683, 0.0006432854570448399, 0.0007797044818289578, 0.0006473513785749674, 0.000649148307275027, 0.0006912532262504101, 0.000908070825971663, 0.0006831688806414604, 0.0006253598257899284, 0.0006484619225375354, 0.0005728514515794814, 0.0006236950284801424, 0.0006850449717603624, 0.0006515863933600485, 0.0006152017740532756, 0.001137791434302926, 0.0008636728744022548, 0.0007404749048873782, 0.0006776764639653265, 0.0007295262767001987, 0.0007163797854445875, 0.000712260662112385, 0.013917624950408936, 0.0006414995295926929, 0.0008169544162228703, 0.0006607005489058793, 0.0006903174798935652, 0.0006358623504638672, 0.0007010113913565874, 0.001587694394402206, 0.0008074339712038636, 0.00067635637242347, 0.0011649549705907702, 0.011451034806668758, 0.0007132989121600986, 0.0007982605020515621, 0.0006548292003571987, 0.0008199472795240581, 0.0006863911985419691, 0.0008803100790828466, 0.0007156449137255549, 0.0006390826893039048, 0.000839137239381671, 0.0010674456134438515, 0.0007200409309007227, 0.0006711463793180883, 0.0006475229165516794, 0.0007766744238324463, 0.0008084953879006207, 0.0014125764137133956, 0.0006138599710538983, 0.0006120475009083748, 0.0007174801430664957, 0.000733705353923142, 0.0006531105609610677, 0.0009578736498951912, 0.0007260203128680587, 0.0006477880524471402, 0.0006440124125219882, 0.0006793211796320975, 0.0006033285753801465, 0.0010764391627162695, 0.0006798726972192526, 0.0006511642714031041, 0.008511535823345184, 0.0005774485180154443, 0.0008175121038220823, 0.0009284980478696525, 0.0007171957404352725, 0.000617785903159529, 0.0008074339712038636, 0.00067635637242347, 0.0011649549705907702, 0.011451034806668758, 0.0007132989121600986, 0.0008200871525332332, 0.000652467249892652, 0.000863823457621038, 0.0006905108457431197, 0.000703073397744447, 0.0007230279152281582, 0.000730103172827512, 0.0008688829257152975, 0.0006515547866001725, 0.0008216210990212858, 0.000718617404345423, 0.0006613510195165873, 0.0006595687591470778, 0.0038092355243861675, 0.0009379864204674959, 0.0008024000562727451, 0.0007218890823423862, 0.0007656941888853908, 0.0006955389399081469, 0.000722609693184495, 0.0007047591498121619, 0.0010292541701346636, 0.0007163296104408801, 0.0006059648003429174, 0.0006601077038794756, 0.0006608532858081162, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Attorney General Aaron Ford’s top aide attached her name to a fundraising email pitch sent on behalf of Ford’s campaign, a move that raises questions over the mixture of official and campaign staff but one his office insists is allowed under state law.", "\n\nAn email sent Thursday afternoon entitled “I need to be honest with you” and “signed” by Ford’s chief of staff Jessica Adair makes a typical campaign fundraising pitch, highlighting the attorney general’s actions since taking office, including joining an antitrust case against Google and fought the Trump administration on DACA, saying it’s made him a “top target for Republicans.”", "\n\n“Republicans barely lost Nevada in the 2016 presidential election. ", "They want to make up all their gains and take back every seat, including Aaron’s,” Adair wrote in the email. “", "Can you give $5 to keep that from happening so Aaron can continue fighting for you in court?”", "\n\nNevada’s state administrative code generally allows employees to engage in political activity, but prohibits them from engaging in “political activity during the hours of his or her state employment to improve the chances of a political party or a person seeking office.”", "\n\nIn an email, attorney general’s office spokeswoman Monica Moazez said the email pitch was entirely written by a fundraising company, New Blue Interactive, and approved Wednesday night by Adair, who was Ford’s campaign manager last year.", "\n\n“No public resources or work time were used in the creation or dissemination of this email,” she said in an email on Friday. “", "The AG’s office maintains policies to ensure that separation from campaign activities is strictly observed.”", "\n\nEmailed fundraising pitches have exploded in popularity since former President Barack Obama used them to raise millions during his 2008 and 2012 campaigns. ", "Although sometimes repetitive or annoying, most studies indicate that personalized, targeted fundraising email campaigns are highly effective at raising money. ", "The emails are typically signed by a candidate or other staffer, but are almost always written by a fundraising firm.", "\n\nFord, who narrowly defeated Republican Wes Duncan in the 2018 election, has sent roughly 60 campaign-related emails in the 11 months following Election Day. ", "Almost all of the emails are listed as coming directly from Ford or “Ford HQ” — the email sent Thursday was the first to be “signed” by Adair.", "\n\nOther state officials, most notably former Controller Kathy Augustine, have landed in hot water for mixing state resources with campaign-related activities. ", "She was fined by the state Ethics Commission and impeached by the Assembly in 2004 after admitting to forcing state personnel to help her 2002 re-election campaign. ", "Augustine was ultimately convicted on one charge and acquitted of three others, receiving a censure but allowed to remain in office." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006167601677589118, 0.0007881716592237353, 0.0029523237608373165, 0.0006617286708205938, 0.0040231370367109776, 0.0007397241424769163, 0.0006009128410369158, 0.0005948888720013201, 0.0005650537204928696, 0.0006329453317448497, 0.0006075638229958713, 0.0005901561235077679, 0.0006657260819338262, 0.0005654796841554344, 0.0005626275669783354, 0.000718325434718281, 0.0008082819986157119 ]

[ "Q:\n\nSending double from matlab to java via UDP-packets\n\nI'm trying to send doubles from Matlab(Simulink) to java.", "\nThis is my code:\n public static void main(String[] args) throws SocketException, UnknownHostException, IOException {\n\nDatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(25000);\nbyte[] buf = new byte[512];\nDatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length);\n\nwhile (true) {\n socket.receive(packet);\n String msg = new String(buf, 0, packet.getLength());\n Double x = ByteBuffer.wrap(buf).getDouble();\n System.out.println(x);\n packet.setLength(buf.length);\n }\n }\n\nI'm getting values but they really don't make sense...\n\nA:\n\nMost likely you are sending doubles as little-endian but ByteBuffer assumes \"network order\" which is big-endian. ", " \ntry\nDatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(25000);\nbyte[] buf = new byte[512];\nDatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length);\nDoubleBuffer db = ByteBuffer.wrap(buf).order(ByteOrder.", "LITTLE_ENDIAN).asDoubleBuffer();\n\nwhile (true) {\n socket.receive(packet);\n db.limit(packet.getLength() / Double.", "BYTES);\n double x = db.get(0);\n System.out.println(x);\n}\n\nNote: UCP is lossy, so some packets will be lost.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006692270981147885, 0.0014832033775746822, 0.0011580565478652716, 0.0027583332266658545, 0.0015558729646727443, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "The present application is directed to power amplifiers and more particularly to a circuit that protects power amplifiers from operating at excessive voltages that might cause damage to the power amplifier.", "\nWireless transmitters typically comprise signal processing circuitry followed by a power amplifier that elevates the power of a signal to be transmitted prior to emission by an antenna. ", "Such power amplifiers are becoming more common as a result of the ever increasing proliferation of mobile terminals that incorporate some form of wireless transmitter.", "\nThe term xe2x80x9cmobile terminalxe2x80x9d encompasses pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, laptops equipped with wireless modems, and the like. ", "These mobile terminals are subject to numerous telecommunications standards and regulations which govern their behavior. ", "Many of these standards govern the power levels with which the mobile terminals are allowed to transmit signals. ", "This is done to prevent cross-channel interference in some cases, as well as help the mobile terminals conserve battery power. ", "In many instances the power levels are controlled, either by a base station or by the mobile terminal at the instruction of the base station.", "\nOne side effect of this mobile environment is that the power amplifier of the transmitter has to withstand large voltage standing wave ratios (VSWR) at elevated supply voltages. ", "GSM in particular may generate a VSWR of 15:1 at times. ", "This can quickly lead to device burnout as voltage peaks during successive periods at collectors of the transistors forming the power amplifiers exceed tolerable voltage levels.", "\nIn addition to mobile terminals, wireless LANs of computing devices are also becoming more common. ", "The computing devices include a wireless transmitter that likewise has a power amplifier that may be subject to extended voltage peaks and damage therefrom.", "\nThus, there remains a need for a way to protect power amplifiers in transmitters from voltage peaks during successive periods that exceed design parameters and may cause burnout in the power amplifier.", "\nThe present invention adds a feedback loop to a power amplifier. ", "The power amplifier, in an exemplary embodiment, is part of a transmitter chain. ", "The feedback loop comprises a sensing circuit and a processing circuit. ", "When the sensing circuit senses that the output of the power amplifier is high enough that operation at that operating point for successive cycles or periods would damage the power amplifier, the sensing function causes the processing circuit to change the bias provided to the power amplifier in such a manner that the output power is lessened to an acceptable level.", "\nIn a first embodiment, the sensing circuit is formed from a transistor that acts as an avalanche diode. ", "In a second embodiment, the sensing circuit is formed from a plurality of diodes. ", "In a third embodiment, the sensing circuit is formed from a plurality of transistors. ", "Common among these sensing circuits is that they remain off until the output of the power amplifier exceeds a predetermined threshold. ", "Above the predetermined threshold, the current passing through the sensing circuit increases rapidly with small increases in applied voltage above the threshold.", "\nThe processing circuit may act on the bias circuit differently depending on different embodiments. ", "In an exemplary embodiment, the processing circuit comprises a current mirror that sinks bias current from the input of the power amplifier, thereby reducing the output of the power amplifier. ", "In a second exemplary embodiment, the current mirror turns off the bias current when the sensing circuit detects an output over the threshold. ", "Alternative actions may take place depending on the nature of the bias circuit used.", "\nThose skilled in the art will appreciate the scope of the present invention and realize additional aspects thereof after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments in association with the accompanying drawing figures." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.000705400831066072, 0.0006582625792361796, 0.0006260133814066648, 0.000783911906182766, 0.0006295227794907987, 0.0005973957595415413, 0.0006186420796439052, 0.0005509964539669454, 0.0006836134125478566, 0.0006936821155250072, 0.0008896649233065546, 0.0005933885695412755, 0.0008309464319609106, 0.000671135145239532, 0.0006141926860436797, 0.00063841458177194, 0.0006078510778024793, 0.0006509365630336106, 0.0007585868588648736, 0.0006796012748964131, 0.000707801547832787, 0.0006394284428097308, 0.0006370590999722481, 0.0006284733535721898, 0.0006251378799788654, 0.0007150133606046438, 0.0006191004067659378, 0.0005190531956031919 ]

[ "sinon = require('sinon')\ntestCase = require('nodeunit').testCase\nRequest = require('../../../share/communication').Request\n\nmodule.exports =\n BlipProcessorTest: testCase\n setUp: (callback) ->\n @wnd = global['window']\n @sharejs = global['sharejs']\n @router = handle: ->\n global['window'] = {}\n global['sharejs'] = {types: {json: 'json'}, Document: 'doc'}\n global['jQuery'] = {fn: {}}\n @BlipProcessor = new require('../../../client/blip/processor').BlipProcessor\n sinon.stub @BlipProcessor.prototype, '_init'\n callback()\n\n tearDown: (callback) ->\n global['window'] = @wnd\n global['sharejs'] = @sharejs\n @BlipProcessor.prototype._init.restore()\n callback()\n\n testCreateBlip: (test) ->\n waveId = 'waveId'\n callback = ->\n request = new Request {waveId: 'waveId'}, callback\n routerMock = sinon.mock @router\n routerMock\n .expects('handle')\n .once()\n .withExactArgs('network.wave.createBlip', request)\n blipProcessor = new @BlipProcessor @router\n blipProcessor.createBlip waveId, callback\n routerMock.verify()\n routerMock.restore()\n test.done()\n\n testOpenBlip: (test) ->\n blipId = 'blipId'\n container = 'container'\n parentBlip = 'parentBlip'\n callback = ->\n request = new Request {blipId: blipId}, true\n routerMock = sinon.mock @router\n routerMock\n .expects('handle')\n .once()\n .withExactArgs('network.wave.getBlip', request)\n blipProcessor = new @BlipProcessor @router\n mockBlipProcessor = sinon.mock blipProcessor\n mockBlipProcessor\n .expects('_openBlipCallback')\n .once()\n .withExactArgs(container, parentBlip, callback)\n .returns('callback')\n blipProcessor._otProcessor = open: ->\n openMock = sinon.mock blipProcessor._otProcessor\n openMock\n .expects('open')\n .once()\n .withArgs(blipId, 'callback')\n .returns(true)\n blipProcessor.openBlip blipId, container, parentBlip, callback\n mockBlipProcessor.verify()\n mockBlipProcessor.restore()\n routerMock.verify()\n routerMock.restore()\n openMock.verify()\n openMock.restore()\n test.done()\n\n\n testCloseBlip: (test) ->\n blipId = 'blipId'\n callback = ->\n request = new Request {blipId: blipId}, callback\n routerMock = sinon.mock @router\n routerMock\n .expects('handle')\n .once()\n .withExactArgs('network.wave.closeBlip', request)\n blipProcessor = new @BlipProcessor @router\n blipProcessor.closeBlip blipId, callback\n routerMock.verify()\n routerMock.restore()\n test.done()\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.001161091960966587 ]

[ "Consequences of organic farming and landscape heterogeneity for species richness and abundance of farmland birds.", "\nIt has been suggested that organic farming may benefit farmland biodiversity more in landscapes that have lost a significant part of its former landscape heterogeneity. ", "We tested this hypothesis by comparing bird species richness and abundance during the breeding season in organic and conventional farms, matched to eliminate all differences not directly linked to the farming practice, situated in either homogeneous plains with only a little semi-natural habitat or in heterogeneous farmland landscapes with abundant field borders and semi-natural grasslands. ", "The effect of farm management on species richness interacted with landscape structure, such that there was a positive relationship between organic farming and diversity only in homogeneous landscapes. ", "This pattern was mainly dependent on the species richness of passerine birds, in particular those that were invertebrate feeders. ", "Species richness of non-passerines was positively related to organic farming independent of the landscape context. ", "Bird abundance was positively related to landscape heterogeneity but not to farm management. ", "This was mainly because the abundance of passerines, particularly invertebrate feeders, was positively related to landscape heterogeneity. ", "We suggest that invertebrate feeders particularly benefit from organic farming because of improved foraging conditions through increased invertebrate abundances in otherwise depauperate homogeneous landscapes. ", "Although many seed-eaters also benefit from increased insect abundance, they may also utilize crop seed resources in homogeneous landscapes and conventional farms. ", "The occurrence of an interactive effect of organic farming and landscape heterogeneity on bird diversity will have consequences for the optimal allocation of resources to restore the diversity of farmland birds." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0005793096497654915, 0.0005876639625057578, 0.0005537426332011819, 0.0005500878905877471, 0.0007080993382260203, 0.0005668416270054877, 0.0005936266970820725, 0.0006421947618946433, 0.0005999946151860058, 0.0005723106442019343, 0.0005437551881186664 ]

[ "Q:\n\nJSF navigate to external url using image button\n\nSimple question (using JSF 2.0 and primefaces 2.2.1):\nI need to create a button or link that will take me to an external url (i.e. www.facebook.com) and I need that button to look like the facebook icon instead of having the literal word. ", " How can I do this? ", "Thank you.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou basically want to end up with the following in the JSF-generated HTML code:\n<a><img /></a>\n\nThere are several ways how to achieve this in JSF.", "\n\nJust do it:\n<a href=\"http://www.facebook.com\">\n <img src=\"#{request.contextPath}/resources/images/facebook.png\" />\n</a>\n\nUse <h:graphicImage>:\n<a href=\"http://www.facebook.com\">\n <h:graphicImage name=\"images/facebook.png\" />\n</a>\n\nEventually, with <h:outputLink>:\n<h:outputLink value=\"http://www.facebook.com\">\n <h:graphicImage name=\"images/facebook.png\" />\n</h:outputLink>\n\nWhat way to choose depends on whether you really need it to be a JSF component. ", "E.g. in order to be able to grab/manupulate it in backing bean, and/or to re-render by ajax, etc.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006307529984042048, 0.000904984655790031, 0.0005551139474846423, 0.0006215015309862792, 0.0008863038383424282, 0.0006827718461863697, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Party information\n\n2500 HUF (around 10 Euros, ladies get in for free, but voting is only allowed with a valid ticket)\n\nWhat's this party about?", "\n\nfunction:12 (a.k.a. ", "Function 2012 or f12) is currently the biggest Hungarian demoscene party; a computer-related event where fans of digital art compare their skills, exchange experiences and thoughts, and socialize in general.", "\n\nAt the party we welcome both the \"oldskool souljah's\" of the scene and beginners likewise. ", "Don't be afraid that you don't know anyone yet or already; Hungarian demoscene has been a friendly group that's happy to see comebacks and newcomers alike. ", "Over the years, we were lucky to host guests from all of Europe, and next to the newcomers, we were happy to see numerous veteran visitors who haven't been attending parties for a long while.", "\n\nFunction has also been lucky enough to host a variety of high-quality releases, many of which later went on to acquire other achievements. ", "We're proud to say that our event has reached a name for itself as a source of strong productions - a fact that is supported by every Function party between 2005 and 2010 having a prod released that was later nominated for a Scene.org Award!", "\n\nTo avoid any misconceptions: this is event is NOT a LAN-party, it is not worth to attend just because you want to play the same games you can play at home as well. ", "You (hopefully) won't get tar-and-feathered if you do, but we'd like to note that you WILL probably miss the essence of the party.", "\n\nHowever, if you're interested in a subgenre of computer technology which is mostly ignored by the public, then we'll be happy to see you at Function 2012!", "\n\nWhat is the demoscene?", "\n\nThe politically correct definition of the demoscene is \"underground subculture creating realtime non-interactive multimedia presentations\".", "\nWhat does this mean in an intelligable way? ", "A demo is somewhere inbetween a game and an animated short movie or a music video; while the visuals resemble the latter, technically it's closer to the former: demos run in \"real time\", which means that while the movie's every frame is calculated and stored once, the frames of the demo are calculated and displayed during that fraction of a second, when we are watching it. ", "The demo is much like a theatrical play, everything is happening before our very eyes, while we spectate, and as during a play, demos can employ entropy as well; some demos look different upon every execution. ", "This also has the advantage of while movies being hundreds of megabytes, demos are much smaller, often not larger than 64 or 4 kilobytes.", "\nDemoscene is the group of artists who create these demos. ", "Members of the scene are coders, musicians, graphic artists, 3D modellers, or simple laymen who, although not taking part of the actual production, simply like demos and being around the people involved." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006849737837910652, 0.000680270604789257, 0.0006362191052176058, 0.000599851890001446, 0.0006395103991962969, 0.0005146930925548077, 0.0005401392700150609, 0.0005850981106050313, 0.000745144032407552, 0.008643874898552895, 0.0005501638515852392, 0.0007085253018885851, 0.0006101740873418748, 0.0006633403827436268, 0.0005897330120205879, 0.0007583784172311425, 0.0009876418625935912, 0.0005894051282666624, 0.0008174076792784035 ]

[ "Q:\n\nGet width and height of ViewPager\n\nI have a viewpager in my layout:\n\n<ListView\n android:id=\"@+id/list\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_weight=\"0\"></ListView>\n\n<CustomViewPager\n android:id=\"@+id/pager\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"/>\n\nNow I want to get the actually width and height of the ViewPager:\npublic class CustomViewPager extends ViewPager {\n public MyBookView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {\n super(context, attrs);\n Log.d(\"pager\",\"width:\" + getWidth() + \"mwidth:\" + getMeasuredWidth());\n }\n}\n\nWhile the width and mwidth is always 0.", "\nWhat's the problem?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need to wait to get the width and height after onMeasure() is called. ", "The view hasn't gone through its layout lifecycle yet.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006753599736839533, 0.0015181206399574876, 0.0010526517871767282, 0.000623794854618609, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "HIV prevalence and risk behaviors of female sex workers in Khartoum, north Sudan.", "\nTo measure the prevalence of HIV and related risk behaviors among female sex workers (FSW) in Khartoum State in northern Sudan. ", "We conducted a cross-sectional survey using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) that included 321 FSW in Khartoum from April to May 2008. ", "A face-to-face interview was completed using a standardized questionnaire and blood was collected for HIV testing. ", "Population point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were generated using RDSAT to adjust for the peer-referral recruitment patterns of RDS. ", "HIV prevalence was 0.9% (95% CI 0.1-2.2). ", "The majority (69.1%) had multiple clients in their last working day and 71.3% were married or cohabitating. ", "A condom was used by 45.0% of respondents at their last sex with a client and consistently in the last month by 35.9%. ", "Comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge was demonstrated by 25.4% of FSW. ", "Only 7% of respondents had sought voluntary HIV counseling and testing in the preceding 12 months. ", "For the present, HIV prevalence among FSW in Khartoum appears lower than the previous estimates. ", "However, conditions may foster wider transmission in the absence of concerted interventions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.03986894711852074, 0.005158908665180206, 0.0005513970390893519, 0.004827148746699095, 0.0005761192878708243, 0.006356570404022932, 0.001465881010517478, 0.179832324385643, 0.011444020085036755, 0.001547202467918396, 0.0021016623359173536, 0.0005623235483653843 ]

[ "A broad challenge in cancer biology is the development of cell culture models that are physiologically relevant in that the resident cells display the complex behaviors that underiie disease. ", "Further, cell culture models that provide a uniform and consistent microenvironment to the cells will decrease the distribution of cellular behaviors that are typically observed and therefore will lead to robust assays that can be used to quantitatively compare the behaviors of different cell populations. ", "The proposed work is intended to improve on the use of planar cultures performed on plastic dishes that are often insufficient to capture relevant cell behaviors, and the common Matrigel three-dimensional matrix that has been important to cancer biology, notwithstanding the variable properties of and incompletely defined composition of this natural matrix. ", "The proposed project will pursue molecular approaches to developing two classes of defined matrices. ", "One is based on nanopatterned substrates and is significant because the patterns can be used to constrain the sizes of focal adhesionsmaking them more relevant to what is observed in cells within tissueand when arranged into track patterns provides a reproducible path for cells to migrate along, removing a large source of heterogeneous behavior. ", "The second approach is based on three-dimensional matrices that are selfassembled from peptides and peptide amphiphiles and is significant for the use of a completely defined composition that also permits wide flexibility in incorporating peptide and protein motifs. ", "Both designs emphasize the control of material properties at the nanoscaleeither in the dimensions of patterned extracellular matrix or the sizes of the fibrils in the three dimensional matricesand therefore mimic the physical features of protein matrix. ", "The project emphasizes the development and characterization of the matrices, but also includes investigators with expertise in the biology and medicine of brain and pancreafic cancer, providing a real test-bed for evaluating the matrices. ", "The broad goal of the project is to develop culture systems that are unmatched for providing cells with a microenvironment that supports complex biological functions and that enable robust, quantitative assays of cell function. ", "This work, if successful, will therefore be important in basic research laboratories but also in programs to use cell-based assays in high throughput screens and possibly as materials that provide for regeneration of tissue in the treatment of cancer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }

[ 0.0006532901898026466, 0.0005568308988586068, 0.0005600570002570748, 0.0005300551420077682, 0.0006200457573868334, 0.0006091142422519624, 0.0005918716778978705, 0.0005653451662510633, 0.0006004070746712387, 0.0005830017034895718 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to upload file apple-app-site-association for universal linking in server for iOS app?", "\n\nWhat is the procedure to upload apple-app-site-association file in server. ", " stg1.example.com is website where universal linking need to be done and file should be uploaded in the root path of it.", "How to make the service to upload for universal linking in iOS . ", "How to upload the json formatted file in the server ? ", "\n\nA:\n\nThe apple-app-site-association file needs to be accessible via HTTPS, without any redirects, at https://stg1.example.com/apple-app-site-association. ", "\nThe file looks like this:\n{\n\"applinks\": {\n \"apps\": [ ],\n \"details\": [\n {\n \"appID\": \"{app_prefix}.{app_identifier}\",\n \"paths\": [ \"/path/to/content\", \"/path/to/other/*\", \"NOT /path/to/exclude\" ]\n },\n {\n \"appID\": \"TeamID.BundleID2\",\n \"paths\": [ \"*\" ]\n }\n ]\n}\n}\n\ndemo file in example\n{\n \"applinks\": {\n \"apps\": [],\n \"details\": [\n {\n \"appID\": \"M8HBL5W4VV.com.", "Universal-Links\",\n \"paths\": [ \"/iOS-Universal-Links/*\"]\n }\n ]\n }\n}\n\nNOTE - Don’t append .json to the apple-app-site-association filename.", "\nThe keys are as follows:\napps: Should have an empty array as its value, and it must be present. ", "This is how Apple wants it.", "\ndetails: Is an array of dictionaries, one for each iOS app supported by the website. ", "Each dictionary contains information about the app, the team and bundle IDs.", "\nThere are 3 ways to define paths:\nStatic: The entire supported path is hardcoded to identify a specific link, e.g. /static/terms\nWildcards: A * can be used to match dynamic paths, e.g. /books/* can matches the path to any author’s page. ? ", "inside specific path components, e.g. books/1? ", "can be used to match any books whose ID starts with 1.", "\nExclusions: Prepending a path with NOT excludes that path from being matched.", "\nThe order in which the paths are mentioned in the array is important. ", "Earlier indices have higher priority. ", "Once a path matches, the evaluation stops, and other paths ignored. ", "Each path is case-sensitive.", "\nSupporting Multiple Domains\nEach domain supported in the app needs to make available its own apple-app-site-association file. ", "If the content served by each domain is different, then the contents of the file will also change to support the respective paths. ", "Otherwise, the same file can be used, but it needs to be accessible at every supported domain.", "\nValidate your Server with Apple App search validation tool\nTest your webpage for iOS 9 Search APIs. ", "Enter a URL and Applebot will crawl your webpage and show how you can optimize for best results\nhttps://search.developer.apple.com/appsearch-validation-tool/\nWebsite Code\nThe website code can be found gh-pages branch on\nhttps://github.com/vineetchoudhary/iOS-Universal-Links/tree/gh-pages\n\nSigning the App-Site-Association File (For not HTTPS server's)\nNote: You can skip this part if your server uses HTTPS to serve content and jump to Application Setup guide.", "\nIf your app targets iOS 9 and your server uses HTTPS to serve content, you don’t need to sign the file. ", "If not (e.g. when supporting Handoff on iOS 8), it has to be signed using a SSL certificate from a recognized certificate authority.", "\nNote: This is not the certificate provided by Apple to submit your app to the App Store. ", "It should be provided by a third-party, and it’s recommended to use the same certificate you use for your HTTPS server (although it’s not required).", "\nTo sign the file, first create and save a simple .txt version of it. ", "Next, in the terminal, run the following command:\ncat <unsigned_file>.txt | openssl smime -sign -inkey example.com.key -signer example.com.pem -certfile intermediate.pem -noattr -nodetach -outform DER > apple-app-site-association\n\nThis will output the signed file in the current directory. ", "The example.com.key, example.com.pem, and intermediate.pem are the files that would made available to you by your Certifying Authority.", "\nNote: If the file is unsigned, it should have a Content-Type of application/json. ", "Otherwise, it should be application/pkcs7-mime.", "\n\nCheck out my full detailed answer here\nHow to support Universal Links in iOS App and setup server for it?", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006895307451486588, 0.0006641640211455524, 0.0006624031811952591, 0.0005998959532007575, 0.0007026721723377705, 0.0005787980044260621, 0.000649674388114363, 0.0007467583636753261, 0.0005639214650727808, 0.0008372027659788728, 0.0005751906428486109, 0.0005891399923712015, 0.0005920448456890881, 0.0005949620390310884, 0.0007270357455126941, 0.0008480698452331126, 0.0005591731751337647, 0.0006143320351839066, 0.0007026584353297949, 0.0006192440632730722, 0.0006120174657553434, 0.0005752078723162413, 0.0005749762640334666, 0.0007045338861644268, 0.0007409598329104483, 0.0006386458408087492, 0.0005996072432026267, 0.000688132073264569, 0.0006262930110096931, 0.0007232322241179645, 0.0008275916334241629, 0.0006819823756814003, 0.0005902604316361248, 0.0006117005250416696, 0.0006696360069327056, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Never Been There Before\n\nNever Been There Before is a popular Newfoundland folk song. ", "It was written by Johnny Burke (1851-1930), a popular St. John's balladeer.", "\n\nLyrics\nShe'd never been there before\nShe'd never been there before\nA young man asked her recently\nTo come and sit upon his knee\nHe tickled her in the ribs\nAnd he filled her with delight\nShe'd never been there before\nBut now she goes there every night\n\nMe sister Sue was always such a silly little goon\nShe never really understood the proper way to swoon\nA young man asked her recently to sit upon his knee\nWhen she at last consented she behaved so bashfully \n\nShe'd never been there before\nShe'd never been there before\nShe seemed so proud when Mr Brown\nBegan to bounce her up and down\nHe tickled her in the ribs\nAnd he thrilled her with delight\nShe'd never been there before\nBut now she goes there every night\n\nA friend of mine whose husband was a stingy little man\nResolved herself to work upon a good old fashion plan\nWhile Willy was sleeping fast that night she said I'll take a chance\nGot out of bed and dove into the pockets of Willy's pants \n\nShe'd never been there before\nShe'd never been there before\nBut she was awful pleased to see\nThat Willy was sleeping peacefully\nShe only took half a buck\nAnd it filled her with delight\nShe'd never been there before\nBut now she goes there every night\n\nOne night a burly policeman was walking on his beat\nHe happened to shine his flashlight in the alley down the street\nThe cook was standing in the door she said oh deary me\nI feel so terrible lonesome will you keep me company\n\nHe'd never been there before\nHe'd never been there before\nHe gave the cook a regular treat\nAlong with a lovely roast of meat\nHe tickled her in the ribs\nAnd he filled her with delight\nShe'd never been there before\nBut now she goes there every night\n\nSee also\n List of Newfoundland songs\n\nCategory:Newfoundland and Labrador folk songs\nCategory:Songs written by Johnny Burke (Newfoundland songwriter)\nCategory:Year of song missing\nCategory:Canadian folk songs" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0007360595045611262, 0.0008326418465003371, 0.004336798097938299 ]

[ "It's the same guy in her \"Born to Die\" video — Bradley Soileau — and you may recognize his hand as the one around her neck on her single cover. ", "Not much of anything happens in the \"Blue Jeans\" clip — they're just hanging out in a pool filled with sexual tension — but Soileau does slip his fingers into Del Rey's mouth, and later he maybe turns into an alligator? ", "I dunno, it was too boring to pay attention." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.006096909288316965, 0.07193895429372787, 0.0009957446018233895 ]

[ "[Radiological anatomy of the hip in adults].", "\nThe authors review the embryology of the hip joint with its pathological implications. ", "The radioanatomy is presented in an elementary fashion, with the appearance of each component as seen on the various imaging techniques (conventional X-rays, CT scan, MRI). ", "The authors also describe the views used in conventional radiology and the invasive techniques of arthrography and arthroscanning." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0012010701466351748, 0.0005432347534224391, 0.0005651215906254947, 0.0006305198185145855 ]

[ "\nG+ app on Android steals images - Garbage\nhttp://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2011/Oct/777\n======\nGeee\nPrivate files on Facebook and G+ are accessible by anyone who knows the URL.", "\nI'm pretty sure that's the standard practice. ", "Is this the problem here?", "\nSurely, he had enabled the sync gallery feature, or not?", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

[ 0.03887521103024483, 0.000685045903082937, 0.00280939438380301, 0.0006150100962258875, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Improved oxygenation utilizing a prone positioner in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "\n(a) To determine whether placing patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in the prone position by a light-weight portable support frame improves oxygenation, (b) whether one can determine which patients benefit from prone positioning, and (c) to determine an effective technique for prone positioning of patients. ", "Prospective, controlled trial without blinding. ", "Medical intensive care units in two urban university-affiliated hospitals. ", "Fifteen patients meeting a standard definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome were studied prospectively. ", "Each patient acted as his own control for purposes of comparison. ", "Patients were assigned randomly to begin in either supine or prone positions. ", "The positioning frame was used to turn patients from one position to the other, and oxygenation, ventilation, respiratory mechanics, and hemodynamics were measured. ", "Significantly better oxygenation was seen in the prone positions than in the supine (P < 0.05). ", "In the overall population there was a decrease in AaDO2 of 21 mmHg when the patients were placed prone. ", "The groups were then divided into responders (n = 9) and nonresponders (n = 6). ", "There were significant differences between the groups (but not between positions) regarding PaO2, baseline, PaCO2, pulmonary artery pressures, and peak inspiratory pressures on the ventilator and in ICU length of stay and time on mechanical ventilatory support. ", "Prone positioning improves oxygenation in the majority of patients studied and can be achieved relatively easily." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006947320071049035, 0.0006024104077368975, 0.0006770296604372561, 0.0006503121112473309, 0.0005472971824929118, 0.000645047111902386, 0.0007319434080272913, 0.0006097923615016043, 0.0006906951894052327, 0.000641878112219274, 0.0007207373855635524, 0.0006711198366247118, 0.0005621692980639637 ]

[ "Tag Archives: “Skepticality podcast”\n\nLet’s say you’re one of “The Skeptics,”(“The Burzynski Skeptics,”) don’t have a life (but doesn’t that go without saying?), ", "enjoy associating yourself with known liars, cowards, ethically and intellectually challenged individuals, so you grab a newspaper(It’s doubtful that USA TODAY would qualify), and if you do NOT know what a “Newsie” is, go online and select an article which has a plethora of innuendo and allegations, compose a missive to your member in Congressassembled about the nothingness you just reviewed, just don’t piss yourself silly when you shoot that zinger off, because you’ve just sent something to your Congressperson, exhibiting what a whacky weed tobaccoday tripper you are, and a prime example of what “Rocky Mountain High” really will mean, starting January1st, 2014\n\nCongratulations, Colorado\n\nMy only suggestion is that you add something like:\n\n“Dear Congressperson Y,\n\nI know your time is valuable, but please allow me to waste some of you and your staff’s, as well as provide you with “fodder” you can hang up on the bathroom wall and laugh about for days!", "\n\nIn the next weeks I will be contacting you about all of the “conspiracy theories” in Jesse Ventura’s book, including; but not limited to:\n\nArea 51\nAliensThe Denver International Airport\n…\n\nSmoke ’em if ya got ’em !", "\n======================================\n\nLetter to Congress\n\nDear CONGRESSPERSON’S NAME:\n\nMy name is _______ and I am one of your constituents\n\nI am writing to you to request your urgent attention to a matter that involves the abuse of cancer patients, their families, and their communities\n\nA few weeks ago, I wrote to you concerning the Houston cancer doctor Stanislaw Burzynski, and requested that you take action and look into how he was able to continue treating cancer patients for decades under the auspices of clinical trials with an unproven treatment he claims to have discovered, patented, manufactures, prescribes, and sells (at his in house pharmacy) at exorbitant prices\n\nOn Friday November 15, Dr. Burzynski was the subject of a front-page exposé in the USA Today\n\nAdditionally, since I last contacted your office, the FDA has released site inspection notes into the electronic FOIA reading room about Stanislaw Burzynski in his role as Principal Investigator (also included)\n\nThe findings were horrifying\n\nBurzynski (as investigator, the subject of the inspection) “failed to comply with protocol requirements related to the primary outcome, therapeutic response […] for 67% of study subjects reviewed during the inspection.”", "\n\nThis means that several patients who were reported as “complete responses” did not meet the criteria defined in the investigational plan, as were patients who were reported as having a “partial response” and “stable disease.”", "\n\nThis means that his outcomes figures for these studies are inaccurate\n\nSome patients admitted failed to meet the inclusion criteria for the study\n\nEven though patients needed to have a physician back home to monitor their progress prior to enrolling in a trial, the FDA found a patient who began receiving treatment before a doctor had been found\n\nThe FDA told Burzynski:\n\n“You failed to protect the rights, safety, and welfare of subjects under your care\n\n——————————————————————\nAll that Jerry Mosemak (@jmosemak), Connie Mosemak, and Mosemak Creative(@mosemakcreative) wanted to know was what Twitter thought of their Twerk——————————————————————\n\n——————————————————————Bob Blaskiewicz, fresh off the AstroTurf campaign with “Orac’s”orifice, seemed ready to really be headed, right in to rectify on Liz’s——————————————————————\n\n——————————————————————Liz, do you really want this anywhere around your backside ?——————————————————————", "\n\n——————————————————————Bob-B obviously confused Liz Szabo with being a “journalist“, when she is a “reporter“\n\nMs. Szabo, is obviously NOT a“journalist”\n——————————————————————Liz Szabo(USA TODAY) – health reporter, medical reporter covering cancer, heart disease, pediatrics, public health, women’s health, kids/parenting, …\n——————————————————————\nThe question is, how did a “reporter” like Liz Szabo, manage to get her name as the reporter“headlining”“The Skeptics™”“report,” instead of Robert Hanashiro?", "\n\nHanashiro had under his belt:\n——————————————————————8/3/2011 – Urine test may help predict prostate cancer risk [4]\n——————————————————————\nThe best Szabo could cite as support was:\n——————————————————————3/19/2008 – “Prostate cancer treatments’ sexual, urinary side effects compared”[5]\n——————————————————————\nExactly how didLiz Szabo“win” that “pissing contest”?", "\n\nEven a monkey can report the news:\n\n10/18/2013 – Monkeys ‘talk in turns’ [6]\n\nIf @LizSzabo wanted to do a REALarticle on “selling false hope to cancer patients”, then USA TODAY should have done an “investigation” on something like THIS:======================================8/25/2010, Wednesday[7]\n——————————————————————Canadian Man Sentenced to 33 Months (2 years 9 months) in Prison for Selling Counterfeit Cancer Drugs Using the Internet\n\nDoctor at University of Alberta in Canada published report in early 2007 summarizing results of study, which showed DCA caused regression in several cancers, including:\n1. ", "breast cancer\n2. ", "cancerous brain tumors\n3. ", "lung cancer\n\nAccording to information contained in plea agreement, DCA cannot be prescribed by medical doctor in:\n1. ", "United States\nor\n2. ", "Canada\nsince:\n1. ", "it is not approved for use in patients with cancer\n2. ", "nor is DCA available in pharmacies\n\n“Gaber used the Internet to victimize people already suffering from the effects of cancer,”\n\nsaid Dennis K. Burke, U.S. Attorney for District of Arizona\n\n“Now he will go to prison for this bogus business and heartless fraud.”", "\n\n“The FBI and the U.S. Attorney’s Office are committed to pursuing individuals who prey on those who are living with the affects of cancer,”\n\nsaid Nathan Gray, Special Agent in Charge of FBI Phoenix Division\n\n“Today’s sentencing illustrates international law enforcement partners working together to send a message not to use the Internet to perpetuate fraud, especially against those afflicted with a serious medical condition.”", "\n\nSentencing part of larger department-wide effort led by Department of Justice Task Force on Intellectual Property (IP Task Force)\n\nAttorney General Eric Holder created IP Task Force to combat growing number of:\n1. ", "domestic\n2. ", "international\n3. ", "intellectual property crimes\nprotect:\n1. ", "health\n2. ", "safety\nof American consumers\nsafeguard nation’s economic security against those who seek to profit illegally from American creativity, innovation and hard work\n\nCriminal Division’s Office of International Affairs provided assistance in case\n\nCase investigated by Phoenix FBI Cyber Squad\n10-958 Criminal Division======================================7/30/2013 – United States to Settle Cancer Research Grant Fraud [8]\n——————————————————————Northwestern University to Pay Nearly $3 Million to United States to Settle Cancer Research Grant Fraud Claims\n\n$2.93 million – Northwestern University will pay United States to settle claims of cancer research grant fraud by former researcher and physician at university’sRobert H. Lurie Comprehensive Center for Cancer in Chicago\n\nAgreed to settlement in federal False Claims Act lawsuit after government investigated claims made by former employee and whistleblower who will receive portion of settlement\n\nAlledgedly allowed researcher, Dr. Charles L. Bennett, to submit false claims under research grants from National Institutes of Health\n\nAllegations made in civil lawsuit filed under seal 2009 by Melissa Theis, (2007 and 2008) worked as purchasing coordinator in hematology and oncology at Northwestern’s Feinberg School of Medicine, will receive $498,100 in settlement proceeds\n\nAlleged defendants submitted false claims to United States when:\n1. ", "Dr. Bennett\n2. ", "Dr. Rosen\ndirected and authorized spending of grant funds on goods and services that did not meet applicable NIH and government grant guidelines\n\nGovernment contends has certain civil claims against Northwestern arising out of Northwestern’s improper submission of claims to NIH for grant expenditures for items that were for personal benefit of:\n1. ", "Dr. Bennett\n2. ", "family\n3. ", "friends\nincurred in connection with grants as to which he was principal investigator\n\nNorthwestern, fully cooperated during investigation, did not admit liability as part of settlement\n\nAgreement releases university and all its affiliates and employees, other than Dr. Bennett, from claims made in whistleblower lawsuit\n\nAt Dr. Bennett’s request, Northwestern allegedly improperly subcontracted with various universities for services that were paid for by NIH grants\n\nAllegations investigated by:\n1. ", "Federal Bureau of Investigation\n2. ", "National Institutes of Health\n3. ", "U.S. Attorney’s Office\n4. ", "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General\n\n“Allowing researchers to use federal grant money to pay for personal travel, hotels, and meals, and to hire unqualified friends and relatives as ‘consultants’ violates the public’s trust,”\n\nsaid Gary S. Shapiro, United States Attorney for Northern District of Illinois\n\n“This settlement, combined with the willingness of insiders to report fraud, should help deter such misconduct, but when it doesn’t, federal grant recipients who allow the system to be manipulated should know that we will aggressively pursue all available legal remedies,”\n\nhe added\n\n“The mismanagement or improper expenditure of grant funds is unacceptable and will not be tolerated,”\n\nsaid Lamont Pugh III, Special Agent-in-Charge of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General – Chicago Region\n\n“The OIG will continue to diligently investigate allegations of this nature to ensure that taxpayer dollars are being properly utilized.”", "\n\n“The FBI takes allegations of fraud seriously, especially those allegations from insiders who are often in the best position to detect wrongdoing long before it would otherwise come to the attention of law enforcement.”", "\n\nUnited States represented by:\nAssistant U.S. Attorney Kurt N. Lindland\n\nUnder federal False Claims Act, defendants may be liable for triple amount of actual damages and civil penalties between $5,500 and $11,000 for each violation\n\nIndividual whistleblowers may be eligible to receive between 15 and 30 percent of amount of any recovery======================================Show EmorME the Money ! [", "9]\n——————————————————————8/28/2013, Wednesday\n\n$1.5 Million – Emory University False Claims Act Investigation\n\nUniversity Overbilled Medicare and Medicaid for Patients Enrolled in Clinical Trial Research at Emory’s Winship Cancer Institute\n\nFor further information please contact U.S. Attorney’s Public Affairs Office at USAGAN.PressEmails@usdoj.gov\n\nInternet address for HomePage for U.S. Attorney’s Office for Northern District of Georgiahttp://www.justice.gov/usao/gan.", "\nEmory Settlement Agreement======================================5/24/1993 – Court Testimony Of Nicholas Patronas, MD:\n——————————————————————Pg. ", "122\n——————————————————————“We have done– we have an experimental protocol at the NIH where we inject a chemotherapeutic agent through the carotid artery, the artery that goes to the brain, and we have three survivals with this technique, by providing massive amounts of chemotherapeutic drugs to the brain that harbors the tumor“\n\n“And we destroy the tumor, but we destroy a large part of the brain as well, and the patients became severely handicapped, and a life that’s not worth living“\n——————————————————————Pg. ", "123\n——————————————————————“And so I have three cases with this particular experimental protocol which resulted in killing the tumor, but a large part of the healthy brain as well“\n\n“So overall the protocol was abandoned and is not any more in effect because of the serious side effects that we witnessed”\n——————————————————————Nicholas J. PatronasNational Institutes of Health(NIH)http://www.cc.nih.gov/drd/staff/nicholas_patronas.html\n——————————————————————Sharon Hill, you’re just a footnote to this article, because all you did was “cut-and-paste”, and try to pass off David H. Gorski, M.D., Ph.D., FACS and Bob Blaskiewicz as “reliable sources”\n\nBob ‘n Weave Blaskiewiczselected from hisselect“Sexual Predator”syllabus he must cite from; during sessions like his series at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, where he surely must supply sorry examples of how to supposedly elicit a “Pavlov’s dog”style series of events from confused children; who’ve been told to “not talk to strangers,” and “never go anywhere with someone you don’t know,” when he Gabroni’s this gem and juice:\n——————————————————————“He IS big pharma” [1]\n——————————————————————\nHow quaint\n\nBob is unable to back-up his biasedtalking-headbrillnuance\n\nBut he hopes mightily that his brilliance of adding the nut menageriesymbolism of menutgerie:\n——————————————————————“He uses the same legal loopholes available to drug companies … “[2]\n——————————————————————\nBasically, “The Skeptics™,” according to Bob, believe that every law they disagree with is a “legal loophole,” but every law they might not agree with, but which their opposition feels is a “legal loophole,” is a valid law to them\n\nBut I digress\n\nBob would have you believe that he thinks his readers are NOTsmarter than a fifth-grader; and perhaps that belief is well founded, because a lot of Bob’s regular followers may not really be:smarter than a 5tłh-grader”, based on his theory that if a child were instructed to never go somewhere with a stranger, Bob believes that children, like his readers, can be “suckered” into ignoring warnings, and instead, if they are told a “plausible story” like:\n——————————————————————“Your parent needs your help and they want you to follow me”\n\n“They have some candy for you”\n——————————————————————\nthey will forego that which they have been told is the intelligent, correct choice, for the big, shiny, fruit of the stupid sticktree\n——————————————————————\nNow, let’s review Blatherskitewicz’s attempt at Tolstory:\n——————————————————————“He IS big pharma”:“He uses the same legal loopholes available to drug companies … “\n——————————————————————\nA 5th-grader is smart enough to see through Bobby’spiss-poorPulitzer Prizephallicy\n\nBobbyexcretedend-runattempt around intelligent-design, is his word-salad salute to“Stupid is, as Stupid Does”\n\nHe tries to MisDisInform, by depositing that because Burzynski has to use the same, as he puts it, “legal loopholes” as BILLION Pharma, that this somehow translates into Burzynskibeing Big Pharma\n\nJeepers, creepers, this would be akin to me attempting to pull a Pol Pot over your Peepers, by trying to claim that just because Bobby Blatherskitewicz sits down and uses the same type of device; a toilet, to attempt to rid himself of what he is obviously “full of,” that this means he is smarter than a 5th-grader who uses the same device, when it is clear that even medical-grade cannabis couldn’t help Bobby Blatherskite be smarter than a 5th-grader\n——————————————————————“He IS big pharma”: “He uses the same large poophole“, and even the largest roll of Charmin in the world wouldn’t help him\n——————————————————————\nSince Booby couldn’t name an actual Big pharmaceutical company to contrast Burzynski with, let’s take a look at one, shall we ?", "\n——————————————————————2/7/2012, Monday, GlaxoSmithKline LLC(GSK) was fined $3 BILLION ($3,000,000,000 Billion) dollars, for actions which occurred from(4/1998 – 2007)\n\nHe claims to believe in “science-based medicine”, but he so readily and easily bastardizes the term on his blogs and during his “talk” at The Amazing Meeting (TAM 2013) in July, about Stanislaw Burzynski, MD, PhD [1]: “Why We Fight (Part I): Stanislaw Burzynski Versus Science-Based Medicine” and the “Medical Cranks and Quacks”panel discussion, that it becomes painfully obvious, when Mark Crislip stated [2]:\n——————————————————————(37:00)\n——————————————————————“As a philosophical approach to medicine, I would probably say that 99% of doctors are not science-based“\n——————————————————————\nand:\n——————————————————————(37:25)\n——————————————————————“This table, is probably pretty much all of the science-based medicine docs in the United States” 😮\n——————————————————————Note: There were only 4 individual’s at the table, and Bob Blaskiewicz is NOT a doctor, he’s a QUACK 😄\n——————————————————————\nThe world might indeed need more Mark Crislip™ , but I think it needs some more insolence for “The Skeptics™” 🙂\n\nSo, in that spirit, the videos, recently released by the James Randi Educational Foundation(JREF), of Bob Blaskiewicz, GorskGeek, and some key SBM players that you’ve come to know and love for their transparency, deserve some of what’s mentioned by Mark Crislip at:\n——————————————————————25:00\n——————————————————————1. ", "Embarrassment 😳2. ", "Ridicule 😁3. ", "Education 😐\n\n😉\n\nDavid Gorski makes the stupendous remark that Burzynski “could treat anyone he wanted” in the clinical trials 😖\n\nHow asinine 😝\n——————————————————————(18:20)\n——————————————————————David Gorski then has the temerity to suggest that Miller’s Children at Long Beach Memorial misdiagnosed Tori Moreno’s inoperable stage 4 BSG 😐\n\nDavid Gorski has the gall to profer that City of Hope misdiagnosed Tori Moreno’s inoperable stage 4 brain stem glioma 😦\n\nDavid Gorski has the chutzpah to pontificate that Dr. Fred Epstein in New York misdiagnosed Tori Moreno’s inoperable stage IV brainstem glioma 😡\n\nDavid Gorski; who is a BREAST cancer oncology specialist, and NOT a BRAIN cancer oncology specialist, has the presumptiveness to speculate that 3 different medical opinions could have misdiagnosed Tori Moreno in August 1998; who was diagnosed with a very large tumor, about 3 inches in the largest diameter and located in the brain stem, which was too risky for surgery, and about which her parents were told by ALL 3, that Tori’s brain cancer was fatal and, she would die in a few days or at the most, 2-6 weeks, and that there was nothing that could be done, and was finally put on antineoplaston therapy in October, when she was about 3 ½ months old, and in such condition that they were afraid that she might die at any time, David H. Gorski, M.D., Ph.D., FACS; who claims, “I do know cancer science” [3], has the audacity, because of his “book learnin'” to postulate his “science-based medicine theory”, but he obviously does NOT have the “balls” to name the medical institutions or doctors involved, whose opinions he disagrees with ☻\n——————————————————————(20:00)\n——————————————————————David Gorski; who has had the stupendity to state: “[I]f I had screwed up, I would have admitted it”[4], in the case of Hannah Bradley, who had a grade III anaplastic astrocytoma brain tumor, while noting that Hannah had epileptic seizures, he then serendipitously stupified the not-so-startling but nonetheless shocking revelations that he seemingly had fallen when climbing a tree, and been hit by every “stupid stick” on the way to reinforcing Newton’s Law of Gravity; whilst claiming that he had watched the entire movie about her trip to the Burzynski Clinic, but was inexplicably unable to determine that the reason Hannah experienced a “change in mood” and “double-vision”, was because, as stated in the movie, a nurse said it was because of a new anti-seizure drug she had NOT used before to control her epileptic seizures, and which was most likely responsible for the rash that Hannah developed, which GorskGeek acted clueless about [5] 😛\n——————————————————————\nIf GorskGeek actually knew HOW to apply SCIENCE, he might be somewhat credible 😅\n\nNever let it be said that Mark Crislip can’t match “Orac” in shameless promotion of “Orac’s” shameless stupidity 😜\n——————————————————————\nThe second video is David Gorski’s brother in bulkshit, Bob Blaskiewicz, of Skeptical Humanities and The Other Burzynski Patient Group\n\n@rjblaskiewicz is “infamous” for talking out of both sides of his mouth 😂\n\nBlatherskitewicz is the “intellectual juggernaut” who during the Google+ HangoutBurzynski Discussion, 9/28/2013, stated:\n\n“we respect scientific method“ [6]\n\nBut if he really does, he certainly does NOT prove it on theotherburzynskipatientgroup which is saturated with so much of his bias, that it’s extremely difficult for one to separate his bullshit from the actual patient\nstory, and NO ONE can draw any coherent science-based conclusions from his “stories” because they grossly lack the necessary scientific data, such as:\n——————————————————————1. ", "When were they diagnosed with cancer ?", "2. ", "What previous treatment(s) did they have, if any ?(", "a) biopsy only(b) surgery(c) chemotherapy(d) radiation(e) radiotherapy(f) other3. ", "How long did they have prior treatment(s), if any ?", "4. ", "How long were they on antineoplaston therapy ?", "\n——————————————————————\nDon’t forget to pay attention to Bob Blaskiewicz’s plea at the end of his talk to contact him if you’re interested in becoming active, since he needs all the help he can get 😃\n\nOnline, just mosey on over to The Other Burzynski Patient Group and contact Bob Blaskiewicz, and ask him why he posted such crap in an attempt to smear Burzynski, NOT based on SCIENCE, but instead on hyperbole 😶" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.18639519810676575, 0.7734277248382568, 0.005960763897746801, 0.0007640498224645853, 0.0007195329526439309, 0.13107164204120636, 0.14311671257019043, 0.31909236311912537, 0.07006248831748962, 0.008897163905203342, 0.00388461840339005, 0.0011013520415872335, 0.0007179541862569749, 0.0006180329946801066, 0.0008494427311234176, 0.160472109913826, 0.0009035879629664123, 0.0006325527210719883, 0.0007447571260854602, 0.0007525470573455095, 0.0007071754662320018, 0.0008122853469103575, 0.001110213459469378, 0.0007461462519131601, 0.000787202559877187, 0.0007461462519131601, 0.0007262414437718689, 0.0006174380541779101, 0.0006888624047860503, 0.0007046012906357646, 0.0007223219727165997, 0.0006346983136609197, 0.0007497257902286947, 0.0016545209800824523, 0.03599558025598526, 0.059706252068281174, 0.2670126259326935, 0.30194443464279175, 0.21966664493083954, 0.0018370382022112608, 0.07268970459699631, 0.045926567167043686, 0.0033226299565285444, 0.001185585861094296, 0.0006270150770433247, 0.0007259445264935493, 0.0006870613433420658, 0.0012900278670713305, 0.0017977784154936671, 0.30413931608200073 ]

[ "Windows 8 is easy on the eyes. ", "Microsoft made a lot of adjustments to the operating system since it was first revealed in its Consumer Preview, and many of those have bettered the fit and finish of both its user experiences: Metro and Desktop. ", "The Windows team also tried to add a few things along the way to ease users' transition from previous Windows releases, while also helping people who may have never touched a Microsoft platform before.", "\n\nTo help you find your way around this new, undiscovered country of a user interface, we've put together a tour in images beginning with your first startup. ", "Here are the landmarks you'll need, and a few points of interest along the way.", "\n\nStarting up\n\nEnlarge/ On your first login, Windows 8 runs a short animated tutorial on how to find your way around with mouse (and for tablets, with touch). ", "It may do a little to blunt the confusion some users will experience trying to get around the interface.", "\n\nEnlarge/ For example, launch Settings from the Start screen, and you get contextual options for settings at the top. ", "More universal settings commands are at the bottom: information about your network connectivity, volume settings, screen brightness, a tool to hide pop-up notifications, and a Power button to turn the PC off or put it to sleep. ", "There's also access here to \"Change PC Settings,\" which opens up a Metro version of the control panel.", "\n\nSetting up and getting around\n\nEnlarge/ The PC Settings menu is where most of the tasks associated with setting up Windows 8 are handled (though many, such as adding a Windows 8 PC or tablet to a domain, still require the use of the more traditional Control Panel from Windows 8's desktop interface). ", "Personalization includes a selection of lock screen images (including your own photos), Start screen themes, and the ability to set the picture associated with your account.", "\n\nEnlarge/ Some of the themes for the Start screen are a little bit frightening.", "\n\nEnlarge/ When you set up Windows 8, Microsoft encourages you to set up a \"Microsoft account\" using Microsoft's live service. ", "This links an e-mail address to your personal login (it doesn't need to be a live.com or Hotmail address), and gives you the option of syncing your personalization settings between multiple Windows 8 computers. ", "When you open PC Settings after your first login, you're prompted to \"trust\" the PC, adding it to a list of computers associated with your account and allowing synchronization to happen.", "\n\nEnlarge/ With a mouse, you can escape from PC Settings by hovering over a corner on the right and clicking on the Start charm, or going to the left side and clicking on the upper right to bounce back to the last screen you were on. ", "You can also use a mouse movement from the upper left to bring up this view of all your open application screens. ", "Then, navigate to a specific one or right-click on it to close the app (or in some cases, \"snap\" the window to the right or left side of your screen for a split-screen view).", "\n\nEnlarge/ You can even do the \"snapped\" thing in Desktop view, splitting your view between a Desktop app and a Metro app to, for example, Facebook message a colleague while writing a review.", "\n\nEnlarge/ The Desktop screen is where all non-Metro applications run in Windows 8, and it's where you need to go to access more advanced setup features for the OS. ", "Just as with the Start screen and Metro apps, the \"charms\" come up on the right side of the screen.", "\n\nI'm thoroughly enjoying xbox music free streaming. ", "The ads is far apart and it's just mostly advert for the music pass right now. ", "This could definitely be the killer feature that will take Surface and the like forward despite initial low apps situation. ", "Pandora is probably making a bad business decision for not adopting win8 early. ", "The more time people spend with Win8, the more essential xbox music will become.", "\n\nUgh. ", "A solution looking for a problem to solve. ", "It may be better than sliced bread, but with age my mind is crusting over and at some point i just want the damned kids to stay off my lawn ... and out of my computer interface. ", "Go paradigm somewhere else...\n\n\"One thing hasn't changed about Windows's \"Blue Screen of Death\"—it's still blue. ", "But Microsoft has added an emoticon to show that they feel your pain.\"", "\n\nIt's making me emotional just looking at it.", "\n\nThat said, it's a whole lot less scary than a real BSOD. ", "A little nicer on consumers if it has to happen at all.", "\n\nOne thing that irked me about past Windows was when error messages would show up in pop-up message boxes you couldn't copy/paste the text from.", "\n\nThis was especially annoying when you got a huge error message like \"XYZ could not initialize due to process blah blah having explosive diarrhea while it was injecting pron into your server.\" ", "or whatever.", "\n\nIs there any word on if that's been changed? ", "Personally, I think they should make all pop-up message boxes use selectable / copyable text. ", "Makes googling up issues easier.", "\n\nI think the lack of an always visible clock is more important than most reviewers realize. ", "It may take some time using the system constantly before it occurs to them how often they actually checked the time.", "\n\nPausing a file copy??? ", "That is a feature that I haven't seen in a long time. ", "I don't think I've seen that since BeOS\n\nI'd be more impressed if they abused / integrated the windows task scheduler into more things.", "\n\nEG: you select 400gb of pron to copy from drive A to B ... you right-click the files and select something like \"schedule for later copy\", then it brings up a painless scheduler to let you designate a time to do it when you're not around. ", "I'm guessing you can ad-hoc this via a program that auto-backs stuff up, but it just seems like the windows task scheduler is one of the best kept secrets from joe avg user.", "\n\n\"One thing hasn't changed about Windows's \"Blue Screen of Death\"—it's still blue. ", "But Microsoft has added an emoticon to show that they feel your pain.\"", "\n\nIt's making me emotional just looking at it.", "\n\nThat said, it's a whole lot less scary than a real BSOD. ", "A little nicer on consumers if it has to happen at all.", "\n\nOne thing that irked me about past Windows was when error messages would show up in pop-up message boxes you couldn't copy/paste the text from.", "\n\nThis was especially annoying when you got a huge error message like \"XYZ could not initialize due to process blah blah having explosive diarrhea while it was injecting pron into your server.\" ", "or whatever.", "\n\nIs there any word on if that's been changed? ", "Personally, I think they should make all pop-up message boxes use selectable / copyable text. ", "Makes googling up issues easier.", "\n\nBut you have been able to copy message box contents for years!", "\n\nTry pressing ctrl-c to copy the contents to the clipboard - no need to select part of the text.", "\n\nMobile fanboys are all hot and wet about how clean the interface is, and how 'tablets are the wave of the future'... blah, blah, blah, but for the ONE BILLION personal computers that exist in the world that AREN'T tablets, Windows 8 looks like a really half-assed attempt at something new. ", "It totally does NOT feel like an integrated, well-thought-through OS overhaul. ", "And the colors - holy cow - we're back to the 8-bit ANSI palette? ", "Seriously? ", "And flat 2-dimensional tiles are the best they could come up with? ", "Just awful. ", "This is a design that would have been cool in the late 1980's, but today it looks atrocious.", "\n\nI won't be buying Windows 8. ", "Just like I skipped Vista, I'm skipping 8. #", "Windows8Fail\n\nI think the lack of an always visible clock is more important than most reviewers realize. ", "It may take some time using the system constantly before it occurs to them how often they actually checked the time.", "\n\nFor what it's worth, I run a second screen and I have my email client along side a clock gadget I got from the Windows 8 app store. ", "Big analog clock with a small calendar. ", "Nice, but it all takes up a lot of real estate. ", "Another thing is that in this configuration, even though my big screen is primary, when I press the Windows key the Start screen is on the smaller monitor because of the clock app.", "\n\nI use Thunderbird for email because the included MS email client doesn't support POP-3 accounts, only IMAP. ", "I've had my email address for nearly 15 years and updating everyone to a new one would be a major pain.", "\n\nWell, it shows a string of mini open Metro app windows. ", "So, while it does technically do something, it's not really something anyone would use until someone manages to create a Metro app that's useful on a desktop.", "\n\nUgh. ", "A solution looking for a problem to solve. ", "It may be better than sliced bread, but with age my mind is crusting over and at some point i just want the damned kids to stay off my lawn ... and out of my computer interface. ", "Go paradigm somewhere else..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0007479648920707405, 0.0005452807527035475, 0.0005621676682494581, 0.0005886651924811304, 0.0005452051991596818, 0.0008255292777903378, 0.0005566708859987557, 0.0005806645494885743, 0.000688160362187773, 0.0005742276553064585, 0.0006075649871490896, 0.0006972751580178738, 0.0005943952710367739, 0.0006302536930888891, 0.0006491520325653255, 0.000560023938305676, 0.0008379294886253774, 0.0006511133979074657, 0.0007211341871879995, 0.0005818947684019804, 0.0006030244985595345, 0.0006031871307641268, 0.0006586174131371081, 0.0007696012617088854, 0.0005638945731334388, 0.000697971903719008, 0.0008151962538249791, 0.007939368486404419, 0.0007543934625573456, 0.17760522663593292, 0.0017750358674675226, 0.00380415259860456, 0.0006574898143298924, 0.003478587605059147, 0.0005746623501181602, 0.006980265956372023, 0.14528653025627136, 0.0008543659350834787, 0.0006334480713121593, 0.0006191286956891418, 0.0007998953224159777, 0.0006091867689974606, 0.0005455950740724802, 0.0010004362557083368, 0.0006794030778110027, 0.0006743694539181888, 0.0008925505098886788, 0.000742294592782855, 0.0008287457167170942, 0.00380415259860456, 0.0006574898143298924, 0.003478587605059147, 0.0005746623501181602, 0.006980265956372023, 0.14528653025627136, 0.0008543659350834787, 0.0006334480713121593, 0.0006191286956891418, 0.0007998953224159777, 0.0006793101783841848, 0.0008098577964119613, 0.13814330101013184, 0.0006898630526848137, 0.002893351949751377, 0.0016278186812996864, 0.0006272125756368041, 0.2252398580312729, 0.000623353582341224, 0.0009968907106667757, 0.0006792745552957058, 0.0007108321879059076, 0.0005455950740724802, 0.0006558616296388209, 0.0007009759428910911, 0.0006226742989383638, 0.0006478287978097796, 0.0006363012362271547, 0.010157435201108456, 0.0006642684456892312, 0.0005915868678130209, 0.007939368486404419, 0.0007543934625573456, 0.17760522663593292, 0.0019996243063360453 ]

[ "2016 NPS Scores are out – so what?", "\n\nNet Promoter Scores for Imaging Channel in North America 2016\n\nSo the 2016 NPS Scores are out, both the CEO Juice ones and the Satmetrix related industries. ", "Results may say your dealership is outperforming the market. ", "It’s interesting, but what will you do with the information?", "\n\nBased on what I have seen recently, most companies will do very little. ", "Possibly post the result on their website. ", "Will they use it to differentiate themselves from their competition? ", "Probably not, do your sales team understand it enough to sell it?", "\n\nDoes your dealership have the X Factor?", "\n\nAnyone who has attended a job interview has been asked the question what makes you different from the other candidates. ", "It’s a bit unsettling because it is a tricky query, and rarely does our resumé provide the answer (most resumes look remarkably similar). ", "Our prospects are either asking or thinking the same thing. ", "They want us to make their lives easier by unearthing a company that has something different to offer.", "\n\nI’ve asked the same question to numerous dealers and searched for the answer on their website and almost every time the response makes the company sound like everyone else. ", "Typically it is “we have been in business since 1990, provide great service, have excellent employees”. ", "The net result is that it confirms what the customer suspected, these companies all sound much the same and they should focus on negotiating a good price.", "\n\nWe talked in earlier posts about Inbound Marketing (click here for more) and how it is focused on attracting customers to you by providing content that is interesting and relevant to them. ", "The Net Promoter Score ties in with this nicely. ", "If you have customers that are raving fans, it is likely due to the fact you are thinking like a customer, that you have demonstrated what you have done to address their issues. ", "This is where you will find the source of what makes your company unique and allows you to stand out from the crowd.", "\n\nIs it worth doing something about it?", "\n\nThat’s a reasonable question. ", "Your company may have been around a long while and those messages of why you, have stood you in good stead. ", "What has changed is the buyer. ", "The bulk of their work is done online now before they ever engage with you (Click here for more). ", "If the message they see on your website and from your sales guy is “great service, best products, been in business 30 years” they will assume you are pretty much the same as every other company with a similar message. ", "A recent industry survey showed that customers actually cared more about billing accuracy (click here for more) than they did about how long you have been in business. ", "They can relate to the problems inaccurate invoices cause them and there is a real value if you can take that pain away. ", "Ultimately your message should relate to the problems you solve for people.", "\n\nI’m not saying this is easy, if it was you would have done something about it already. ", "It’s one of the modules in our Sales Training Program (click here for more) and it takes sales guys a while to seriously question what makes their company different. ", "A few dealers are getting it and we have seen some strong messages. ", "If you would like us to review your current 30 second commercial and give you some pointers contact us." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0008309836848638952, 0.0005495208315551281, 0.0008136495016515255, 0.0005707379896193743, 0.0005955574451945722, 0.0006461752927862108, 0.0007592425681650639, 0.0008269030950032175, 0.001527765765786171, 0.0006061808671802282, 0.0006476222770288587, 0.0005969759658910334, 0.0007091673905961215, 0.0005520049598999321, 0.0005558814737014472, 0.0006002105656079948, 0.0005013830959796906, 0.0005630669184029102, 0.0033761102240532637, 0.0006594562437385321, 0.0007628781604580581, 0.0006416982505470514, 0.0008126387256197631, 0.000606883259024471, 0.0006632047588936985, 0.000744278950151056, 0.0006145964143797755, 0.0019193837651982903, 0.0005756266182288527, 0.0006405779276974499, 0.0005668519879691303, 0.0005956829409115016, 0.0005717749590985477 ]

[ "Q:\n\nCalculate remaining time in handler\n\nI've got function which waits \"syncingIntervalsInt\" amount of time and then does the code. ", "How can I create countdown? ", "For example when syncingIntervalsInt is set to 10 seconds, I want to set one TextView to this countdown 10,9,8 etc.", "\nHere is my function:\npublic void refreshRecycler()\n{\n countingTillSync = syncingIntervalsInt;\n\n timerHandler = new Handler();\n\n timerRunnable = new Runnable() {\n\n @Override\n public void run() {\n\n //some code here\n countingTillSync--;\n\n }\n\n timerHandler.postDelayed(this, syncingIntervalsInt*1000); //run every second\n }\n\n timerHandler.postDelayed(timerRunnable, syncingIntervalsInt*1000); //Start timer after 1 sec\n\n}\n\nThis code above only decrements after syncingIntervalsInt*1000 amount of time which is not what I expect.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can try this .", "\n1.Add CountDownTimerUtils\npublic class CountDownTimerUtils extends CountDownTimer {\n\nprivate TextView mTextView;\n\n/**\n * @param textView The TextView\n * @param millisInFuture The number of millis in the future from the call\n * to {@link #start()} until the countdown is done and {@link #onFinish()}\n * is called.", "\n * @param countDownInterval The interval along the way to receiver\n * {@link #onTick(long)} callbacks.", "\n */\npublic CountDownTimerUtils(TextView textView, long millisInFuture, long countDownInterval) {\n super(millisInFuture, countDownInterval);\n this.mTextView = textView;\n}\n@Override\npublic void onTick(long millisUntilFinished) {\n mTextView.setText(millisUntilFinished / 1000 + \"sec\");\n mTextView.setClickable(false);\n}\n@Override\npublic void onFinish() {\n mTextView.setText(\"retry\");\n mTextView.setClickable(true);\n mTextView.setFocusable(true);\n}\n}\n\n2.Set in your code like this .", "\n// 1 param yourTextView was TextView you want to set \n// 2 param 10 * 1000 was the number of millis in the future from the call\n// 3 param 1000 was the interval along the way to receiver\nCountDownTimerUtils mTimerUtils = new CountDownTimerUtils(yourTextView, 10 * 1000, 1000);\nmTimerUtils.start();\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007148474105633795, 0.0007689899066463113, 0.0006498081493191421, 0.0013624343555420637, 0.0007219768594950438, 0.0008908207528293133, 0.0006516985595226288, 0.001611931249499321, 0.0008185651968233287 ]

[ "The Nanocatalysts Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on industry Size, Share, Trends, Growth, Application, Consumption Volume and Value, Forecast, Supply, Production, Price, Professional Survey" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006083379848860204 ]

[ "\n108 S.E.2d 637 (1959)\n250 N.C. 340\nSarah TUCKER, Administratrix of the Estate of Jack B. Tucker, Deceased,\nv.\nHubert L. MOOREFIELD and Hubert L. Moorefield, Jr.\nNo. ", "243.", "\nSupreme Court of North Carolina.", "\nMay 20, 1959.", "\n*638 Carswell & Justice and Kennedy, Covington, Lobdell & Hickman, Charlotte, for defendants-appellants.", "\nGoodman & Goodman, Carpenter & Webb and John G. Golding, Charlotte, for plaintiff-appellee.", "\nBOBBITT, Justice.", "\nThis Court is of opinion that the evidence, when considered in the light most favorable to plaintiff, was sufficient to require submission of the case to the jury. ", "Hence, the assignment of error directed to denial of defendants' motion for judgment of nonsuit is overruled. ", "Since a new trial is awarded for reasons stated below, we refrain from a discussion of the evidence presently before us. ", "Caudle v. Southern Ry. ", "Co., 242 N.C. 466, 88 S.E.2d 138. ", "Similarly, when a judgment of nonsuit is reversed, we refrain from stating the evidence. ", "Goldston v. Randolph Machine Tool Co., 245 N.C. 226, 228, 95 S.E.2d 455; Pavone v. Merion, 242 N.C. 594, 595, 89 S.E.2d 108; Davis v. Southeastern Finance Co., 242 N.C. 233, 234, 87 S.E.2d 209; Harrison v. Kapp, 241 N.C. 408, 409, 85 S.E.2d 337.", "\nPlaintiff pleaded and put in evidence certain sections of Chapter 2 of the Code of the City of Charlotte. ", "Section 40(a) designates certain streets as through streets but North Smith is not so designated. ", "Nor does it appear that North Smith was so designated by \"any ordinance.\" ", "Hence, Sections 40(a), 40(b) and 77(a) do not apply.", "\n*639 Section 77(b), in pertinent part, provides: \"The city traffic engineer is hereby authorized to determine and designate intersections where particular hazard exists upon other than through streets and to determine whether vehicles shall stop at one or more entrances to any such stop intersection, and shall erect a stop sign at every such place where a stop is required, * *.\" (", "Our italics.) ", "The authority conferred by Section 77(b) relates specifically to the erection of stop signs at one or more entrances at particular intersections where no through street is involved. ", "The city traffic engineer, a witness for plaintiff, testified: \"This intersection had been found to be one at which a special hazard existed and stop signs were first erected prior to 1954.\" ", "Again: \"The signs were placed on Eighth Street stopping all traffic entering Smith Street from Eighth.\"", "\nG.S. § 20-158(a) relates to the duty of a motorist to stop in obedience thereto whenever signs notifying drivers to do so have been erected at the entrance to designated \"main traveled or through highways.\" ", "North Smith Street had not been so designated. ", "Hence, G.S. § 20-158(a) does not apply.", "\nWe are advertent to decisions in other jurisdictions holding that where a street has been properly designated a boulevard, through street or arterial highway, and appropriate signs have been erected along the intersecting streets or roads, its status as a main thoroughfare is not lost merely because the sign on an intersecting street has become illegible, destroyed or otherwise removed. ", "60 C.J.S. Motor Vehicles § 350, p. 832; Connors v. Dobbs, 77 Ohio App. ", "247, 66 N.E.2d 546; 5A Am.", "Jur., ", "Automobiles and Highway Traffic § 328, p. 434; Schmit v. Jansen, 247 Wis. 648, 20 N.W.2d 542, 162 A.L.R. 925; Annotation: 162 A.L.R. 927 et seq., ", "and supplemental decisions. ", "However, it is noted that each decision is based upon particular statutory or ordinance provisions. ", "Compare Chambers v. Donaldson, 122 Cal.", "App.2d 452, 264 P.2d 950, and California cases cited therein. ", "It is noteworthy that in the cases referred to the main thoroughfare had been so designated by ordinance; and in most, but not all, the motorists had knowledge of its status.", "\nNorth Smith had not been designated a through street by ordinance or otherwise. ", "The mere fact that the city traffic engineer determined that a special hazard existed at this particular intersection did not convert North Smith or the portion thereof within this intersection into a through street. ", "A driver on North Smith Street had no preferential rights because of the city traffic engineer's said determination. ", "His preferential rights, if any, must be predicated upon the actual presence of a stop sign.", "\nOn January 21, 1957, a stop sign on the west side of Smith Street, facing eastbound traffic, was in place; but there was no stop sign on the east side of Smith Street. ", "The metal post or portion thereof, which had supported a stop sign, was in place; but the sign itself was gone. ", "Thus, no stop sign faced Moorefield as he approached the intersection. ", "Two police officers, offered by plaintiff, testified that a stop sign had been there, but did not say when they had last seen it. ", "A neighborhood resident, offered by defendants, testified that the stop sign had been down at least two months, and that it was found, after the collision, in the back yard of a nearby house.", "\nDefendants excepted to the admission of testimony relating to the stop sign on the west side of Smith Street and to the metal post or portion thereof on the east side of Smith Street. ", "It would appear that these exceptions were waived when further testimony with reference thereto was elicited by defendants' counsel. ", "Price v. Gray, 246 N.C. 162, 97 S.E.2d 844. ", "Be that as it may, testimony as to these physical facts was for consideration by the jury, together with evidence as to all other circumstances and conditions existing at the time and place of the collision, in relation to whether Moorefield exercised due care. \"", "The degree of care required of a motorist is always controlled *640 by and depends upon the place, circumstances, conditions, and surroundings of each particular case.\" ", "5A Am.", "Jur., ", "Automobiles and Highway Traffic § 201.", "\nThese factual circumstances are noted: (1) The evidence tends to show that Moorefield had not been on Eighth Street before, that he was not familiar with the intersection; and that, as he approached Smith Street, he was looking for a street marker to ascertain whether he was approaching Cedar Street. (", "2) The evidence tends to show that Tucker, a route salesman, had traveled on North Smith Street two or three times a week for several years.", "\nWhile evidence as to their presence was admissible, as indicated above, no legal duty to stop was imposed on Moorefield by the sign (facing eastbound traffic) on the west side of Smith Street, or by the metal post or portion thereof on the east side of Smith Street.", "\nWhat legal significance, if any, did the fact that there had been a stop sign on the east side of Smith Street at this intersection, erected pursuant to the provisions of Section 77(b), have upon the relative rights and duties of Moorefield and Tucker? ", "This is the crucial question.", "\nIn our view, the fact that there had been a stop sign on the east side of Smith Street, erected pursuant to the provisions of Section 77(b), imposed no legal duty on Moorefield. ", "Indeed, absent evidence that Moorefield had knowledge or notice that such stop sign had been there, evidence as to such fact, and as to why and when the sign had been removed, was irrelevant; for Moorefield's negligence, if any, must be determined on the basis of conditions as they existed on the occasion of the collision.", "\nPlaintiff contends that, in any event, the fact that a stop sign had been there was relevant as to whether Tucker was negligent. ", "Her contentions are (1) that it may be fairly inferred that Tucker knew the stop sign had been there and (2) that it was for the jury to determine, with the burden of proof on defendants, whether it should be inferred that Tucker had knowledge or notice that the sign had been removed prior to January 21, 1957.", "\nWe do not think Tucker's legal duty depends upon whether he believed, and had reasonable grounds to believe, that there was a stop sign on the east side of Smith Street facing westbound traffic on Eighth. ", "Tucker's negligence, if any, as well as the negligence of Moorefield, if any, must be determined on the basis of the actual conditions existing when they approached the intersection; and if, in fact, there was no stop sign on the east side of Smith Street on January 21, 1957, Tucker was not legally entitled to act as if it were there.", "\nIn instructing the jury, the court read G.S. § 20-158(a); then charged the jury that the evidence tended to show \"that Smith Street where it intersects with 8th Street, has been by a city ordinance, or the evidence tends to show that Smith Street was called a dominant or main highway, whereas 8th Street was intersecting at the place in question, is what we refer to as a servient street\"; and thereafter charged the jury as to the relative rights of motorists on dominant (through) highways and on servient (stop sign) highways. ", "Defendants excepted to these and other instructions of like import. ", "Defendants also excepted to the court's refusal to give instructions requested by defendants setting forth the law substantially as stated herein.", "\nIt seems appropriate to say that the crucial question was one of first impression in this jurisdiction and that, except for the error relating thereto, the trial was well conducted. ", "However, having resolved the crucial question as indicated, the error with reference thereto materially prejudiced defendants and entitles them to a new trial.", "\nNew trial.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.000869520241394639, 0.001096162828616798, 0.0009141933987848461, 0.0007460009073838592, 0.0006302590481936932, 0.0006386622553691268, 0.0040687983855605125, 0.0006539174355566502, 0.0008595719700679183, 0.0005859246011823416, 0.0017569930059835315, 0.0011299391044303775, 0.0006510014063678682, 0.001127676572650671, 0.0006574913859367371, 0.000779279216658324, 0.000764382304623723, 0.0007648224127478898, 0.0006232745945453644, 0.0006424052990041673, 0.0005896557122468948, 0.0005792237934656441, 0.0007688356563448906, 0.0006741725374013186, 0.0008164299069903791, 0.0007555345073342323, 0.0006479346775449812, 0.0008264225907623768, 0.0008872291073203087, 0.0014679274754598737, 0.0007080038776621222, 0.0005948911421000957, 0.0005485312431119382, 0.0006780783296562731, 0.000659455603454262, 0.000593069358728826, 0.0008585614268667996, 0.000743263924960047, 0.0006303873378783464, 0.0005926325684413314, 0.0006863849703222513, 0.0009284365805797279, 0.0007510207360610366, 0.000588040507864207, 0.0006025918410159647, 0.0006792687345296144, 0.0005479694809764624, 0.0009406323661096394, 0.0005739283515140414, 0.0006222809315659106, 0.0010195140494033694, 0.0014679274754598737, 0.0006713687325827777, 0.0005749176489189267, 0.0006015348481014371, 0.0006909081130288541, 0.0006323595880530775, 0.0006373588694259524, 0.0006769428728148341, 0.0006972455303184688, 0.000994203146547079, 0.0005995621322654188, 0.0007065688259899616, 0.0006699979421682656, 0.0006792900967411697, 0.0007782610482536256, 0.0006481609889306128, 0.0005642367759719491, 0.0005836516502313316, 0.0008786340476945043, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "News Flash\n\nPublic Safety\n\nANAHEIM, CA (Oct. 12, 2017) - The Anaheim Police Department (APD) has been awarded a $403,200 grant from the California Office of Traffic Safety (OTS) for a year-long program to augment the City’s ongoing commitment to promote and improve roadway safety. ", "APD will use the funding to enhance enforcement and public awareness efforts to prevent traffic related deaths and injuries through prevention and education.", "\n\n\"This award will serve as an integral component in our multipronged approach in preventing deadly traffic collisions, specifically those in which a driver is DUI or drug impaired,\" said Deputy Chief Julian Harvey.", "\n\nAfter falling to a 10-year low in 2010, the number of persons killed on roadways has climbed nearly 17 percent across the state, with 3,429 fatalities in 2015. ", "Particularly alarming is the rise in pedestrian and bicycle fatalities that now comprise nearly 25 percent of all traffic deaths, along with the growing dangers of distracting technologies and the emergence of drug-impaired driving. ", "This grant funding will provide opportunities to combat these and other devastating problems such as speeding and crashes at intersections.", "\n\n\"This grant emphasizes the two most effective ways to change behaviors – education and enforcement. ", "Anaheim Police Department, with assistance from the Office of Traffic Safety, will use these tools to help keep Anaheim streets safe.\"", "\n\nActivities that the grant will fund include:\n\nEducational presentations\n\nDUI checkpoints\n\nDUI saturation patrols\n\nBicycle and pedestrian safety enforcement\n\nMotorcycle safety enforcement\n\nDistracted driving enforcement\n\nSeat belt and child safety seat enforcement\n\nSpeed, red light, and stop sign enforcement\n\nWhile alcohol remains the worst offender for DUI crashes, the Anaheim Police Department supports the new effort from OTS that aims to drive awareness that \"DUI Doesn’t Just Mean Booze.\" ", "Prescription medications and marijuana can also be impairing by themselves, or in combination with alcohol, and can result in a DUI arrest.", "\n\nFunding for this program is from the California Office of Traffic Safety through the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.", "\n\nABOUT ANAHEIM — Anaheim is a full-service city supporting more than 358,000 residents, 20,000 businesses and 25 million annual visitors. ", "The city provides public safety through the Anaheim Police Department and Anaheim Fire & Rescue, water and power service through Anaheim Public Utilities, parks, community centers, family services and libraries through Anaheim Community Services, neighborhood and transportation improvements through Anaheim Public Works and community revitalization through Community & Economic Development. ", "Anaheim is a modern, diverse city with a proud history dating back to its 1857 founding. ", "Anaheim is known worldwide as the home of the Disneyland Resort, including Walt Disney’s original Disneyland Park, as well as Angel Stadium of Anaheim and Angels Baseball, Honda Center and the Anaheim Ducks, and the Anaheim Convention Center, the largest on the West Coast. ", "Anaheim’s thriving visitor industry and business community help support the city’s neighborhoods and make Anaheim a great place to live, work and play. ", "For more, please see www.anaheim.net.", "Back to top" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005560981808230281, 0.0006693622563034296, 0.0007445446099154651, 0.0008546997560188174, 0.0007827500812709332, 0.0005599873256869614, 0.0005842313403263688, 0.000550425611436367, 0.0015463908202946186, 0.0013033660361543298, 0.0006050281808711588, 0.0006457492127083242, 0.0005935918889008462, 0.0006434393581002951, 0.0007087427657097578, 0.000546021678019315, 0.0005570785142481327, 0.003987323492765427 ]

[ "List of manuscripts in the Cotton library\n\nThis is an incomplete list of some of the manuscripts from the Cotton library that today form the Cotton collection of the British Library. ", "Some manuscripts were destroyed or damaged in a fire at Ashburnham House in 1731, and a few are kept in other libraries and collections.", "\n\nRobert Bruce Cotton organized his library in a room long by six feet wide filled with bookpresses, each with the bust of a figure from classical antiquity on top. ", "Counterclockwise, these were Julius Caesar, Augustus, Cleopatra, Faustina, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. (", "Domitian had only one shelf, perhaps because it was over the door). ", "In each press, each shelf was assigned a letter; manuscripts were identified by the bust over the press, the shelf letter, and the position of the manuscript (in Roman numerals) counting from the left side of the shelf. ", "Thus, the Lindisfarne Gospels, Nero B.iv, was the fourth manuscript from the left on the second shelf (shelf B) of the press under the bust of Nero. ", "For Domitian and Augustus, which had only one shelf each, the shelf letter was left out of the press-mark. ", "The British Museum retained Cotton's press-marks when the Cotton collection became one of the foundational collections of its library, so manuscripts are still designated by library, bookpress, shelf, and number (even though they are no longer stored in that fashion). ", "For example, the manuscript of Beowulf is designated Cotton MS Vitellius A.xv, and the manuscript of Pearl is Cotton MS Nero A.x.", "\n\nAugustus\n\nCaligula\n\nClaudius\n\nCleopatra\n\nDomitian\n\nFaustina\n\nGalba\n\nJulius\n\nNero\n\nOtho\n\nTiberius\n\nTitus\n\nVespasian\n\nVitellius\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n*Cotton\n*\nCategory:British literature-related lists" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0007120214286260307, 0.0006894844118505716, 0.0007741653826087713, 0.0008534968947060406, 0.00107229920104146, 0.0005771770374849439, 0.0007513901218771935, 0.0007699101115576923, 0.000560523709282279, 0.0007007114472799003, 0.00120547937694937 ]

[ "Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library\nwww.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/\n06/28/2019 09:07 AM CDT\n\n\n\n\n - 42 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\n\n\n\n D.W., appellee and cross-appellant,\n v. A.G., appellant and\n cross-appellee.", "\n ___ N.W.2d ___\n\n Filed May 3, 2019. ", " Nos. ", "S-18-657, S-18-658.", "\n\n 1. ", "Judgments: Injunction: Appeal and Error. ", "A protection order is anal-\n ogous to an injunction. ", "Accordingly, the grant or denial of a protection\n order is reviewed de novo on the record.", "\n 2. ", "Evidence: Appeal and Error. ", "Where the credible evidence is in conflict\n on a material issue of fact, the appellate court considers and may give\n weight to the circumstances that the trial judge heard and observed the\n witnesses and accepted one version of the facts rather than another.", "\n 3. ", "Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. ", "Subject matter jurisdiction is a ques-\n tion of law for the court, which requires an appellate court to reach a\n conclusion independent of the lower court’s decision.", "\n 4. ", "Jurisdiction: Words and Phrases. ", "Subject matter jurisdiction is the\n power of a tribunal to hear and determine a case in the general class or\n category to which the proceedings in question belong and to deal with\n the general subject matter involved.", "\n 5. ", "Due Process: Words and Phrases. ", "While the concept of due process\n defies precise definition, it embodies and requires fundamental fairness.", "\n 6. ", "Constitutional Law: Due Process. ", "Generally, procedural due process\n requires parties whose rights are to be affected by a proceeding to be\n given timely notice, which is reasonably calculated to inform the person\n concerning the subject and issues involved in the proceeding; a reason-\n able opportunity to refute or defend against a charge or accusation; a\n reasonable opportunity to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses\n and present evidence on the charge or accusation; representation by\n counsel, when such representation is required by constitution or statute;\n and a hearing before an impartial decisionmaker.", "\n 7. ", "Rules of the Supreme Court: Appeal and Error. ", "Where a party’s brief\n fails to comply with Neb. Ct. ", "R. App. ", "P. § 2-109(D)(1) (rev. ", "2014), an\n\f - 43 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\n appellate court may proceed as though the party failed to file a brief or,\n alternatively, examine the proceedings for plain error.", "\n 8. ", "Appeal and Error. ", "Plain error is error plainly evident from the record\n and of such a nature that to leave it uncorrected would result in damage\n to the integrity, reputation, or fairness of the judicial process.", "\n\n Appeals from the District Court for Douglas County: Darryl\nR. Lowe, County Judge. ", "Judgment in No. ", "S-18-657 reversed,\nand cause remanded with directions. ", "Judgment in No. ", "S-18-658\naffirmed in part, and in part reversed.", "\n Benjamin M. Belmont and Wm. ", "Oliver Jenkins, of Brodkey,\nPeebles, Belmont & Line, L.L.P., for appellant.", "\n Joseph P. Naatz, of Kreikemeier Law, L.L.C., for appellee.", "\n Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,\nPapik, and Freudenberg, JJ.", "\n Papik, J.\n Based on an allegation that A.G. sexually assaulted her,\nD.W. sought and obtained an ex parte sexual assault protection\norder against him. ", "A.G. requested a show cause hearing on\nwhether the sexual assault protection order should remain in\neffect, at which he denied D.W.’s allegations. ", "After the close\nof evidence at the hearing, the trial court stated that the sexual\nassault protection order would not remain in effect, but that\nit would enter a protection order. ", "The trial court subsequently\ndismissed the sexual assault protection order and, after sua\nsponte filing D.W.’s original petition and affidavit under a\nnew case number, entered a harassment protection order in\nthat case.", "\n A.G. appeals the entry of the harassment protection order,\nand D.W. cross-appeals the order dismissing the sexual assault\nprotection order. ", "We find no basis to reverse the dismissal of\nthe sexual assault protection order, but find that the entry of\nthe harassment protection order violated A.G.’s right to proce-\ndural due process. ", "Accordingly, we affirm in part, and in part\n\f - 44 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\nreverse and remand with directions to vacate the harassment\nprotection order.", "\n\n BACKGROUND\nD.W.’s Initial Petition.", "\n D.W. commenced this action by filing a petition and affidavit\nto obtain a sexual assault protection order against A.G. under\nNeb. Rev. Stat. § ", "28-311.11 (Cum. ", "Supp. ", "2018). ", "According to\nD.W.’s affidavit, on the night of October 18, 2017, after she\nspent an evening drinking with friends and acquaintances,\nincluding A.G., he had sexual intercourse with her when she\nwas “incapacitated and not able to give consent.” ", "She alleged\nthat A.G. made sexual advances toward her at a bar and that\nafter leaving the bar, he went with D.W. to her apartment and\ncontinued to make advances. ", "She stated that she went to her\nbed, intending to go to sleep, but that her next memory was of\nbeing sexually penetrated by A.G.\n D.W. further alleged that since the incident, A.G. had vio-\nlated contact restrictions imposed by the university where they\nboth attended and that his presence on campus was “interfering\nwith [her] educational experience.” ", "D.W. stated that A.G. had\nnot shown “consideration for [her] feelings or what he did to\n[her].” ", "She said she was “in fear that he will continue to harass\n[her] by his actions.”", "\n The matter was assigned to a county court judge, pursu-\nant to § 28-311.11(3) and Neb. Rev. Stat. § ", "25-2740(2) (Cum.", "\nSupp. ", "2018).", "\n\nEx Parte Sexual Assault Protection Order.", "\n After D.W. filed her petition and affidavit, the trial court\nissued an ex parte sexual assault protection order. ", "It enjoined\nA.G. from imposing any restraint on D.W.’s person or liberty;\nharassing, threatening, assaulting, molesting, attacking, or oth-\nerwise disturbing the peace of D.W.; and having any contact\nor communication with D.W.\n A.G. requested a show cause hearing on the matter.", "\n\f - 45 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\nShow Cause Hearing.", "\n The trial court conducted a show cause hearing at which\nboth D.W. and A.G. presented evidence and argument. ", "The evi-\ndence consisted of testimony and photographs. ", "D.W.’s petition\nand affidavit were not offered into evidence.", "\n According to the evidence introduced at the show cause\nhearing, the events at issue occurred in the early morning hours\nof October 19, 2017. ", "At that time, D.W. was an undergraduate\nstudent. ", "D.W. testified that the day before was her 21st birth-\nday and that she engaged in extensive drinking over the course\nof that day. ", "She consumed several bottles of a malt beverage\nthat afternoon and continued to drink when several friends\nand acquaintances, including A.G., came over to her apart-\nment that evening. ", "The group later went to and returned from\na restaurant. ", "D.W. and others in the group continued to drink\nat both locations.", "\n Eventually, some members of the group, including both\nD.W. and A.G., went to a bar. ", "D.W. testified that while at the\nbar, she engaged in “mutual flirtation” with A.G. and others,\nbut that, after a certain point, she had no further memories of\nthe time at the bar. ", "She testified that her next memory after\nbeing at the bar was of having sexual intercourse with A.G. at\nher apartment. ", "She testified that she did not recall consenting\nto the sexual intercourse.", "\n A.G. testified that D.W. was aggressively flirting with him\nat the bar. ", "He testified that while riding from the bar, D.W. was\nholding his hand, and that when they arrived at her apartment,\nshe invited him to her room. ", "He testified that D.W. appeared\ncoherent when she invited him in. ", "A.G. also testified that as\nthey were walking to D.W.’s room, she told him that if he\nwanted to “‘hook up,’” which he assumed to mean sex, he had\nto promise not to tell her boyfriend.", "\n As D.W. and A.G. approached D.W.’s apartment, they\nencountered an acquaintance. ", "Surveillance photographs intro-\nduced into evidence capture D.W. and A.G. talking to this\nacquaintance, who testified that during his brief interaction\n\f - 46 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\nwith D.W. and A.G., D.W. appeared coherent and steady on\nher feet and was not slurring her words. ", "He acknowledged\nthat he could tell that D.W. and A.G. had been drinking, but\nthat they appeared happy and that he did not suspect anything\nwas wrong or out of the ordinary. ", "The acquaintance testified\nthat D.W. did not seem tired, exhausted, or almost ready to\npass out.", "\n A.G. testified that he and D.W. began kissing and touching\neach other as soon as they entered her apartment. ", "He testified\nthat D.W. then invited him into her bedroom and that they\n“had sex.”", "\n A.G. testified that during the entire evening, D.W. never\nappeared incoherent and she did not stumble or fall down.", "\nHe testified that he never had any reason to believe D.W. was\nunable to give consent.", "\nTrial Court’s Rulings.", "\n After the close of evidence at the show cause hearing, the\ntrial court stated that it would not leave the sexual assault\nprotection order in place. ", "It explained that it could not find\nthat there was a lack of consent. ", "The trial court also focused\non the acquaintance’s testimony and noted that it found him\nto be the most credible of all the witnesses. ", "The trial court\ndescribed his testimony that D.W. did not appear to be inco-\nherent or unsteady prior to entering her apartment with A.G.\nas the “key element.”", "\n But while the trial court made clear it would not leave the\nsexual assault protection order in place, it said it would enter\na protection order. ", "The trial court made some references to\nD.W.’s fear of A.G., but did not specify what type of protection\norder it planned to enter.", "\n Two days after the show cause hearing, D.W.’s initial peti-\ntion and affidavit for a sexual assault protection order were\nrefiled under a new case number. ", "Although not reflected in the\nrecord on appeal, the parties agree that the trial court refiled\nthe petition and affidavit under a new case number sua sponte.", "\n\f - 47 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\nOn the same day, June 8, 2018, the trial court issued a harass-\nment protection order in the newly filed case. ", "That order stated\nthat the parties had been present at a hearing with counsel\nand that the court found a harassment protection order should\nbe issued. ", "It imposed the same restrictions as the previous ex\nparte sexual assault protection order.", "\n Three days later, on June 11, 2018, the trial court entered an\norder in the original case, dismissing the sexual assault protec-\ntion order because it was not supported by sufficient evidence.", "\nThe order stated that sufficient evidence was adduced to merit\na harassment protection order.", "\n A.G. appealed both the harassment protection order in the\nnewly filed case and the order finding that sufficient evidence\nwas adduced to merit a harassment protection order in the\noriginal case. ", "D.W. cross-appealed.", "\n\n ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR\n With regard to the entry of the harassment protection order,\nA.G. assigns the following errors: (1) the trial court lacked\nsubject matter jurisdiction to enter it, (2) it was entered in\nviolation of his right to procedural due process, (3) it was not\nsupported by the evidence, and (4) the trial court improperly\nacted as an advocate in entering it.", "\n D.W. filed a cross-appeal, but her brief does not include a\nseparate section assigning error.", "\n\n STANDARD OF REVIEW\n [1,2] A protection order is analogous to an injunction.", "\nMahmood v. Mahmud, 279 Neb. 390, 778 N.W.2d 426 (2010).", "\nAccordingly, the grant or denial of a protection order is\nreviewed de novo on the record. ", "Id. In such a de novo review,\nan appellate court reaches conclusions independent of the fac-\ntual findings of the trial court. ", "However, where the credible\nevidence is in conflict on a material issue of fact, the appel-\nlate court considers and may give weight to the circumstances\nthat the trial judge heard and observed the witnesses and\n\f - 48 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\naccepted one version of the facts rather than another. ", "Maria A.\non behalf of Leslie G. v. Oscar G., 301 Neb. 673, 919 N.W.2d\n841 (2018).", "\n [3] Subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law for the\ncourt, which requires an appellate court to reach a conclu-\nsion independent of the lower court’s decision. ", "Mahmood v.\nMahmud, supra.", "\n\n ANALYSIS\nSubject Matter Jurisdiction.", "\n We begin, as we must, with A.G.’s argument that the trial\ncourt did not have subject matter jurisdiction to enter the\nharassment protection order. ", "He argues that the trial court did\nnot have jurisdiction to enter a harassment protection order\nbecause D.W. did not seek one.", "\n [4] While we find that the trial court’s entry of a harassment\nprotection order is problematic for reasons discussed in greater\ndetail below, we do not believe the trial court lacked subject\nmatter jurisdiction to enter it. ", "Subject matter jurisdiction is the\npower of a tribunal to hear and determine a case in the general\nclass or category to which the proceedings in question belong\nand to deal with the general subject matter involved. ", "Village at\nNorth Platte v. Lincoln Cty. ", "Bd. ", "of Equal., ", "292 Neb. 533, 873\nN.W.2d 201 (2016). ", "Because the trial court had the author-\nity to hear and determine cases regarding harassment protec-\ntion orders, the court did not lack subject matter jurisdiction\nto enter the harassment protection order. ", "See Neb. Rev. Stat.", "\n§ 28-311.09 (Reissue 2016).", "\n\nProcedural Due Process.", "\n In addition to arguing that the trial court lacked jurisdiction,\nA.G. argues that for several reasons, the entry of the harass-\nment protection order was erroneous. ", "We now turn to those\narguments, beginning with his claim that the trial court violated\nhis right to due process when it entered the harassment protec-\ntion order. ", "Here, we agree with A.G.\n\f - 49 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\n [5,6] While the concept of due process defies precise defi-\nnition, it embodies and requires fundamental fairness. ", "Zahl\nv. Zahl, 273 Neb. 1043, 736 N.W.2d 365 (2007). ", "Generally,\nprocedural due process requires parties whose rights are to be\naffected by a proceeding to be given timely notice, which is\nreasonably calculated to inform the person concerning the sub-\nject and issues involved in the proceeding; a reasonable oppor-\ntunity to refute or defend against a charge or accusation; a\nreasonable opportunity to confront and cross-examine adverse\nwitnesses and present evidence on the charge or accusation;\nrepresentation by counsel, when such representation is required\nby constitution or statute; and a hearing before an impartial\ndecisionmaker. ", "Id.\n When it comes to protection orders, we have recognized\nthat because the intrusion on the respondent’s liberty interests\nis relatively limited, “the procedural due process afforded in a\nharassment protection hearing is likewise limited.” ", "Mahmood\nv. Mahmud, 279 Neb. 390, 397, 778 N.W.2d 426, 432 (2010).", "\nBut while the procedures required in a harassment protection\norder proceeding may not “reflect the full panoply of proce-\ndures common to civil trials,” we have held that due process\ndoes impose some basic requirements. ", "Id. at 398, 778 N.W.2d\nat 433. ", "For example, we have held that testimony at a show\ncause hearing in a protection order proceeding must be under\noath and documents must be admitted into evidence before\nbeing considered. ", "See id.\n We further discussed procedural due process requirements\nin protection order proceedings in Linda N. v. William N.,\n289 Neb. 607, 856 N.W.2d 436 (2014). ", "In that case, we\nreversed the entry of a domestic abuse protection order upon\nthe respond­ent’s appeal. ", "The petitioner also filed a cross-appeal\nand argued, for the first time on appeal, that a harassment\nprotection order was warranted. ", "We rejected the petitioner’s\nargument for a number of reasons. ", "In doing so, we discussed\nand distinguished Sherman v. Sherman, 18 Neb. App. ", "342, 781\nN.W.2d 615 (2010), a Nebraska Court of Appeals decision.", "\n\f - 50 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\n In Sherman, the court held that when a trial court is pre-\nsented with a case in which a petitioner seeks a domestic abuse\nprotection order but the evidence would only support a harass-\nment protection order, the judge should explain the require-\nments for both types of protection orders, allow the petitioner\nto choose which theory to pursue, and, grant the respondent a\ncontinuance, if requested. ", "We explained in Linda N. that the\nprocedure outlined in Sherman allowed a petitioner to elect\nto change theories, but that “[t]he change must be initiated\nbefore the trial court makes a final decision.” ", "Linda N., 289\nNeb. at 619, 856 N.W.2d at 446. ", "We further observed that the\nprocedure outlined in Sherman protected the due process rights\nof both parties “by trying the case only on the theory elected\nby the petitioner.” ", "Linda N., 289 Neb. at 618, 856 N.W.2d at\n446. ", "Conversely, we said that to allow a petitioner to change\nthe theory on which a protection order was sought on appeal\nwould violate due process.", "\n Inherent in both Linda N. and Sherman is a recognition that\na respondent in a protection order proceeding must be noti-\nfied of the grounds upon which a protection order is sought\nand provided with an opportunity to respond to those grounds\nat the show cause hearing. ", "This should come as no surprise.", "\nNotice and an opportunity to be heard are, after all, basic\nrequirements of procedural due process. ", "See, e.g., Cleveland\nBoard of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 546, 105 S.\nCt. ", "1487, 84 L. Ed. ", "2d 494 (1985) (“[t]he essential require-\nments of due process . . . ", "are notice and an opportunity to\nrespond”); Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 80, 92 S. Ct. ", "1983,\n32 L. Ed. ", "2d 556 (1972) (“[f]or more than a century the central\nmeaning of procedural due process has been clear: ‘Parties\nwhose rights are to be affected are entitled to be heard; and\nin order that they may enjoy that right they must first be noti-\nfied’”) (quoting Baldwin v. Hale, 68 U.S. (1 Wall.) ", "223, 17 L.\nEd. ", "531 (1863)).", "\n In this case, we conclude that A.G. was not provided with\nsufficient notice and an opportunity to be heard regarding a\n\f - 51 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\nharassment protection order. ", "D.W.’s initial petition sought a\nsexual assault protection order. ", "She submitted a form petition\nfor a sexual assault protection order, which asked her to list\nthe date, time, and a description of the alleged sexual assault.", "\nOn a page attached to the petition, D.W. alleged that A.G.\nsexually assaulted her. ", "The trial court thereafter entered an ex\nparte sexual assault protection order. ", "A.G. requested a show\ncause hearing on whether the sexual assault protection order\nshould remain in place. ", "At that hearing, both parties focused\non whether a sexual assault had occurred. ", "At no time did D.W.\nrequest that a harassment protection order be entered or make\nallegations sufficient to give A.G. fair notice that she sought\nsuch an order. ", "And at oral argument, D.W.’s counsel could not\nidentify any evidence introduced at the show cause hearing that\ntended to show that A.G. harassed D.W.\n Despite all this, the trial court apparently saw some basis\nfor a harassment protection order. ", "That the trial court seems\nto have brought up the harassment protection order on its own\ninitiative raises questions of its own. ", "See Sherman v. Sherman,\n18 Neb. App. ", "342, 781 N.W.2d 615 (2010) (holding that by\nelecting which theory to pursue, rather than allowing petitioner\nto make choice, trial judge crossed line into advocacy). ", "But\neven if the source of the harassment protection order theory is\nset to the side, the late hour at which the theory was raised—\nafter the close of evidence—presents a procedural due process\nproblem. ", "A.G. requested a show cause hearing as to whether\na sexual assault protection order should remain in effect. ", "By\nthe time that A.G. learned that a harassment protection order\nwas under consideration, he no longer had the opportunity\nto present a case to the trial court that such an order was\nnot warranted.", "\n In this respect, the procedure followed in this case is not\nmeaningfully different from the procedure we found to be\ninconsistent with procedural due process in Linda N. v. William\nN., 289 Neb. 607, 856 N.W.2d 436 (2014). ", "Whether a new\ntheory for a protection order is asserted for the first time on\n\f - 52 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\nappeal or after the close of evidence at the show cause hear-\ning, the respondent does not have an opportunity to defend\nagainst the entry of the protection order on the new theory and\nis denied procedural due process.", "\n The trial court appears to have correctly sensed that there\nwas something standing in the way of its entering a harassment\nprotection order in the case filed by D.W. We can discern no\nother reason why the trial court would take the puzzling step\nof sua sponte refiling D.W.’s initial petition under a new case\nnumber and then entering the harassment protection order in\nthat case. ", "The trial court’s sua sponte refiling of D.W.’s petition\nin a new case was hardly capable, however, of remedying the\ndue process problem outlined above.", "\n Because the entry of the harassment protection order did not\ncomply with procedural due process, we reverse it, and remand\nthe cause with directions to vacate it. ", "Because we reverse the\nharassment protection order on these grounds, we decline to\nconsider A.G.’s remaining assignments of error.", "\n\nD.W.’s Cross-Appeal.", "\n [7,8] As noted above, D.W.’s brief in support of her cross-\nappeal does not include a separate section assigning error. ", "It\ndoes include a heading in the argument section of her brief\nstating: “The trial court erred in dismissing the sexual assault\nprotection order agai[ns]t the appellant.” ", "Brief for appellee\non cross-appeal at 20. ", "We have held, however, that headings\nin the argument section of a brief do not satisfy the require-\nments of Neb. Ct. ", "R. App. ", "P. § 2-109(D)(1) (rev. ", "2014). ", "See,\ne.g., In re Interest of Samantha L. & Jasmine L., 286 Neb.\n778, 839 N.W.2d 265 (2013). ", "Where a party’s brief fails\nto comply with § 2-109(D)(1), we may proceed as though\nthe party failed to file a brief or, alternatively, examine the\nproceedings for plain error. ", "See Estate of Schluntz v. Lower\nRepublican NRD, 300 Neb. 582, 915 N.W.2d 427 (2018).", "\nPlain error is error plainly evident from the record and of\nsuch a nature that to leave it uncorrected would result in\n\f - 53 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\ndamage to the integrity, reputation, or fairness of the judicial\nprocess. ", "Id.\n Despite D.W.’s failure to assign error in the manner con-\ntemplated by our rules, the basis for her cross-appeal can be\ndiscerned: She contends that the trial court erred by dismissing\nthe sexual assault protection order against A.G. For reasons we\nwill explain, we cannot say that the trial court plainly erred\nwhen it dismissed the sexual assault protection order.", "\n Courts may grant sexual assault protection orders to victims\nof sexual assault offenses. § ", "28-311.11(1). ", "The relevant statute\ndefines sexual assault offenses by referencing various other\nstatutes. ", "Section 28-311.11 provides:\n (12) For purposes of this section, sexual assault offense\n means:\n (a) Conduct amounting to sexual assault under section\n 28-319 or 28-320 or sexual assault of a child under sec-\n tion 28-319.01 or 28-320.01 or an attempt to commit any\n of such offenses; or\n (b) Subjecting or attempting to subject another person\n to sexual contact or sexual penetration without his or her\n consent, as such terms are defined in section 28-318.", "\nNeb. Rev. Stat. § ", "28-319(1) (Reissue 2016) states that first\ndegree sexual assault occurs when any person subjects another\nperson to sexual penetration either without consent of the\nvictim or when the person knew or should have known that\n“the victim was mentally or physically incapable of resisting\nor appraising the nature of his or her conduct” (or under other\ncircumstances not relevant here).", "\n D.W. contends that the evidence showed either that she was\nsubjected to sexual penetration without consent or that she was\nmentally or physically incapable of resisting or appraising the\nnature of her conduct. ", "While A.G. admitted that he engaged in\nsexual activity with D.W., he maintained that all such activity\nwas consensual and that D.W. appeared physically and men-\ntally capable of providing consent.", "\n\f - 54 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\n The evidence at the show cause hearing on whether con-\nsent was provided and whether D.W. was capable of provid-\ning consent was, at a minimum, disputed. ", "D.W. admitted to\nmutual flirtation between herself and A.G. at the bar, but tes-\ntified that her next memory was of being sexually penetrated\nby A.G. in her apartment. ", "She testified that she did not recall\nconsenting to sexual intercourse with him. ", "A.G. testified that\nD.W. was not incoherent or stumbling when they returned to\nher apartment; that she told him that if they “‘hook[ed] up,’”\nhe had to promise not to tell her boyfriend; and that D.W.\nwas a willing participant in the sexual activity. ", "In addition,\nthe acquaintance testified that just prior to entering her apart-\nment, D.W. did not seem tired, exhausted, or almost ready to\npass out.", "\n After hearing all of this evidence, the trial court explained\nits decision not to enter a sexual assault protection order. ", "It\nstated that it could not find a lack of consent. ", "It also noted\nthat it found the acquaintance to be credible and described his\ntestimony regarding D.W.’s condition just prior to entering\nher apartment as the “key element.” ", "Because the evidence on\nwhether a sexual assault occurred was, at the very least, con-\nflicting and required the trial court to make credibility determi-\nnations of witnesses, we cannot say that the trial judge commit-\nted plain error by vacating the sexual assault protection order.", "\nSee Maria A. on behalf of Leslie G. v. Oscar G., 301 Neb.\n673, 678, 919 N.W.2d 841, 846 (2018) (“where the credible\nevidence is in conflict on a material issue of fact, the appellate\ncourt considers and may give weight to the circumstances that\nthe trial judge heard and observed the witnesses and accepted\none version of the facts rather than another”).", "\n\n CONCLUSION\n We find that the trial court violated A.G.’s right to proce-\ndural due process by entering a harassment protection order\nwithout providing sufficient notice and an opportunity to\nbe heard. ", "We therefore reverse the June 8, 2018, order that\n\f - 55 -\n Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets\n 303 Nebraska R eports\n D.W. v. A.G.\n Cite as 303 Neb. 42\n\nissued the harassment protection order, as well as the June 11\norder to the extent that it found evidence sufficient to merit\na harassment protection order. ", "We remand the cause with\ndirections to vacate the harassment protection order. ", "We find\nno plain error in the trial court’s order dismissing the sexual\nassault protection order, and we therefore affirm that portion\nof the June 11 order.", "\n Judgment in No. ", "S-18-657 reversed, and\n cause remanded with directions.", "\n Judgment in No. ", "S-18-658 affirmed in\n part, and in part reversed.", "\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0006411779904738069, 0.0007691181963309646, 0.0008322071516886353, 0.0010266834869980812, 0.0009391900966875255, 0.0006356670055538416, 0.001206344342790544, 0.0005909993196837604, 0.001185585861094296, 0.000658735167235136, 0.0006138716707937419, 0.00117425003554672, 0.000657303084153682, 0.0006849277997389436, 0.0012900278670713305, 0.0006057427963241935, 0.0007210960029624403, 0.0013671480119228363, 0.0005834653275087476, 0.0007126293494366109, 0.001202064217068255, 0.0006373825599439442, 0.0006084484048187733, 0.0013101339573040605, 0.0007142859394662082, 0.0013605119893327355, 0.0009975661523640156, 0.0006808154284954071, 0.0006471637752838433, 0.0014581186696887016, 0.0009038312127813697, 0.0013851744588464499, 0.0006834134692326188, 0.0006921348976902664, 0.000963598839007318, 0.0006921348976902664, 0.0006539059104397893, 0.0008663673070259392, 0.0007876547169871628, 0.000741986557841301, 0.0007048793486319482, 0.018941521644592285, 0.005603831261396408, 0.0018776942742988467, 0.0038830689154565334, 0.0025221293326467276, 0.002176339738070965, 0.0006966341752558947, 0.0006029773503541946, 0.006327722687274218, 0.6525218486785889, 0.0012064666952937841, 0.0007385615026578307, 0.06626540422439575, 0.044949185103178024, 0.004641268867999315, 0.0007092176820151508, 0.01758032664656639, 0.0007245028973557055, 0.8069934844970703, 0.0012064666952937841, 0.0007385615026578307, 0.12977193295955658, 0.028685368597507477, 0.0069066667929291725, 0.0006688282010145485, 0.0006565774092450738, 0.0006631197757087648, 0.0006985208601690829, 0.0005847967695444822, 0.0006745028076693416, 0.0009709519217722118, 0.0007372932741418481, 0.0007156633655540645, 0.0007730002398602664, 0.0013242937857285142, 0.000758785696234554, 0.07592121511697769, 0.012385563924908638, 0.0007436603773385286, 0.0008591748191975057, 0.000634586438536644, 0.007155200000852346, 0.0007940101204439998, 0.0006649040151387453, 0.0007429809775203466, 0.01850934512913227, 0.00240482110530138, 0.07338939607143402, 0.0009371721534989774, 0.0007369810482487082, 0.0006534486310556531, 0.002917775884270668, 0.0006892288220115006, 0.0005585334147326648, 0.0007605542778037488, 0.004418990574777126, 0.0006456997361965477, 0.0015514694387093186, 0.000557797378860414, 0.0006443383754231036, 0.0006174016161821783, 0.022905593737959862, 0.0013091075234115124, 0.0007176685612648726, 0.0006447668420150876, 0.0007044838275760412, 0.0007048537954688072, 0.0007502860971726477, 0.0005813722382299602, 0.0007919457275420427, 0.0005909993196837604, 0.0008434556657448411, 0.0006680417573079467, 0.0007629763567820191, 0.0006217106711119413, 0.0010689516784623265, 0.0006311487522907555, 0.0006361936102621257, 0.0007431849371641874, 0.000605850771535188, 0.0007210960029624403, 0.0008069890318438411, 0.0010708239860832691, 0.0010540431831032038, 0.0007006577216088772, 0.000779671361669898, 0.0007964991964399815, 0.0006239016074687243, 0.0005980617133900523, 0.0006738134543411434, 0.00066330935806036, 0.0006636596517637372, 0.0006827182369306684, 0.0006258398061618209, 0.0006658196798525751, 0.0008133681258186698, 0.0005797891062684357, 0.0010531272273510695, 0.0005494315410032868, 0.0005893250927329063, 0.0006678011850453913, 0.0008112527430057526, 0.0006345041911117733, 0.0006347742746584117, 0.0007030786946415901, 0.0006066033383831382, 0.0007688298355787992, 0.0007231418858282268, 0.0005744080408476293, 0.000720977084711194, 0.0006847323384135962, 0.0006608088733628392, 0.0007023380603641272, 0.0005742604844272137, 0.0007061430369503796, 0.0008022120455279946, 0.0012048284988850355, 0.0010854392312467098, 0.0007513450109399855, 0.0006670010043308139, 0.0008193873218260705, 0.000705624115653336, 0.0006420062854886055, 0.03416741266846657, 0.004977608099579811, 0.024596642702817917, 0.029996152967214584, 0.009667932987213135, 0.0014669919619336724, 0.00083505007205531, 0.000680969504173845, 0.0006782350246794522, 0.0007250039489008486, 0.0006694640032947063, 0.0006361369742080569, 0.012560530565679073, 0.0007081793155521154, 0.0006239244830794632, 0.000641968916170299, 0.0006683733081445098, 0.0006325123831629753, 0.0007146818679757416, 0.0007697289111092687, 0.0008509482722729445, 0.0006713434122502804, 0.009756036102771759, 0.0006990106776356697, 0.0006435976247303188, 0.0009975661523640156, 0.0006808154284954071, 0.0007667990284971893, 0.0006654444732703269, 0.0006702166865579784, 0.0007960639777593315, 0.0008968252222985029, 0.002555724000558257, 0.032812077552080154, 0.000705538026522845, 0.033402636647224426, 0.004675957374274731, 0.0008684202330186963, 0.004973216913640499, 0.03935584798455238, 0.03189973160624504, 0.000653565744869411, 0.003854356473311782, 0.06698913872241974, 0.014347551390528679, 0.002431008731946349, 0.0026788406539708376, 0.0006551654078066349, 0.0005820661317557096, 0.004032142926007509, 0.0006209802231751382, 0.0007026791572570801, 0.0006886700866743922, 0.0007772478275001049, 0.002084471983835101, 0.0006921348976902664, 0.000963598839007318, 0.0006921348976902664, 0.0006539059104397893, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "On Demand movie highlights\n\nShare via e-mail\n\n(Comcast Free Movies) A broad, very funny, unexpectedly graceful comedy of character and community that casts Ice Cube as the harried owner of a Chicago clip joint and surrounds him with a sweetly colorful rogue’s gallery of employees (notably Cedric the Entertainer). ", "Think a post-hip-hop “Car Wash” with extra social smarts. (", "PG-13; runs through July 29).", "\n\nThe Caveman’s Valentine★★\n\n(Comcast Free Movies) Samuel L. Jackson brings an interesting dimension to the role of a homeless man hunting down a murderer. ", "But the plot turns are too unlikely and the crime-busting plot is too pat: He’s handed everything he needs on a platter, by people you can’t believe would ever have anything to do with him. (", "R; runs through Sept. 26).", "\n\n(Comcast Free Movies) Robert Redford’s third directorial effort lovingly embraces a Montana family whose men rely on ritual trout fishing to cleanse them as they angle for grace and bonding. ", "Although you sometimes wish Redford had spun his chronicle with a looser rein, and in less conventional fashion, its compassion and its ear cocked to the poetry of isolation render it enormously appealing (PG; runs through July 16).", "\n\nBostonGlobe.com complimentary digital access has been provided to you, without a subscription, for free starting today and ending in 14 days. ", "After the free trial period, your free BostonGlobe.com digital access will stop immediately unless you sign up for BostonGlobe.com digital subscription. ", "Current print and digital subscribers are not eligible for the free trial.", "\n\nThanks & Welcome to Globe.com\n\nYou now have unlimited access for the next two weeks.", "\n\nBostonGlobe.com complimentary digital access has been provided to you, without a subscription, for free starting today and ending in 14 days. ", "After the free trial period, your free BostonGlobe.com digital access will stop immediately unless you sign up for BostonGlobe.com digital subscription. ", "Current print and digital subscribers are not eligible for the free trial." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006626333342865109, 0.017360325902700424, 0.0006306833238340914, 0.0009263477986678481, 0.0028528340626507998, 0.0006755904178135097, 0.0006956516299396753, 0.000697099429089576, 0.0005520859849639237, 0.0006063689361326396, 0.0005704481154680252, 0.0005427881260402501, 0.0005520859849639237, 0.0006063689361326396, 0.0005704481154680252 ]

[ "By EUobserver\n\nFrench Green MEP Jose Bove, a critic of the EU-Canada free trade agreement Ceta, was held for three hours at Montreal airport on Tuesday and had to leave the country. \"", "Ceta opponents are not welcome in this country,\" he said. \"", "Our invited guest, to be deported to France! ", "Shame!\" ", "tweeted Maude Barlow of the Council of Canadians, an NGO that organised an event where Bove was due to speak." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006321182008832693, 0.0026170199271291494, 0.045529164373874664, 0.08740616589784622, 0.0006189611158333719 ]

[ "Frequency discrimination of brief tonal steps as a function of frequency in the lesser bulldog bat.", "\nIn a two-alternative, forced-choice task lesser bulldog bats were trained to distinguish between a pure tone pulse and a pulse composed of a series of brief tonal steps oscillating between two different frequencies. ", "The tone-step pulse gradually approximates the pure tone pulse as the frequency difference between the steps becomes progressively smaller. ", "Frequency difference limens for the brief tonal frequency steps were determined for a broad range of ultrasonic frequencies. ", "The variation in tone-step difference limens with frequency appears to be correlated to the frequency structure of the bat's short-constant-frequency/frequency-modulated echolocation sound. ", "There was a marked decline in the value of the relative frequency difference limens (Weber ratio) over a fairly narrow range of frequencies above the constant frequency and a sharp increase in threshold above this range. ", "The relative thresholds for frequency discrimination were small and uniform over the frequency range of the frequency-modulated sweep and increased for frequencies below the frequency-modulated sweep. ", "Thus, the most accurate frequency-discrimination abilities occur over a narrow frequency range around the frequency of the constant-frequency component of returning echoes. ", "Frequency discrimination over the range of frequencies of the frequency-modulated component is relatively good." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0007346579222939909, 0.0006475821719504893, 0.0005737150204367936, 0.0005889415042474866, 0.0007530901348218322, 0.0006334767094813287, 0.000684490252751857, 0.0006077288999222219, 0.0006021535373292863 ]

[ "Q:\n\nCamel HL7codec not working in Java DSL\n\nI was trying to use the camel-hl7 component to create a hl7 listener in camel. ", "when i used the same in camel-spring, it was working. ", "But when I try to use the same in Java DSL as follows,\nHL7MLLPCodec hl7codec = new HL7MLLPCodec();\n hl7codec.setCharset(\"iso-8859-1\");\n camelContext.addRoutes(new RouteBuilder() {\n public void configure() {\n from(\"mina:tcp://localhost:4444?sync=true&codec=hl7codec\").to(\"file://test\");\n }\n });\n\nIt throws the exception, \njava.lang.", "IllegalArgumentException: Could not find a suitable setter for property: codec as there isn't a setter method with same type: java.lang.", "String nor type conversion possible: No type converter available to convert from type: java.lang.", "String to the required type: org.apache.mina.filter.codec.", "ProtocolCodecFactory with value hl7codec\n! ", "at org.apache.camel.util.", "IntrospectionSupport.setProperty(IntrospectionSupport.java:588)\n! ", "at org.apache.camel.util.", "IntrospectionSupport.setProperty(IntrospectionSupport.java:616)\n! ", "at org.apache.camel.util.", "IntrospectionSupport.setProperties(IntrospectionSupport.java:473)\n! ", "at org.apache.camel.util.", "IntrospectionSupport.setProperties(IntrospectionSupport.java:483)\n! ", "at org.apache.camel.util.", "EndpointHelper.setProperties(EndpointHelper.java:255)\n! ", "at org.apache.camel.impl.", "DefaultComponent.setProperties(DefaultComponent.java:257)\n! ", "at org.apache.camel.component.mina.", "MinaComponent.createEndpoint(MinaComponent.java:92)\n! ", "at org.apache.camel.impl.", "DefaultComponent.createEndpoint(DefaultComponent.java:114)\n! ", "at org.apache.camel.impl.", "DefaultCamelContext.getEndpoint(DefaultCamelContext.java:568)\n! ... ", "33 common frames omitted\n! ", "Causing: org.apache.camel.", "ResolveEndpointFailedException: Failed to resolve endpoint: mina://tcp://localhost:4444?codec=hl7codec&sync=true due to: Could not find a suitable setter for property: codec as there isn't a setter method with same type: java.lang.", "String nor type conversion possible: No type converter available to convert from type: java.lang.", "String to the required type: org.apache.mina.filter.codec.", "ProtocolCodecFactory with value hl7codec\n! ", "at org.apache.camel.impl.", "DefaultCamelContext.getEndpoint(DefaultCamelContext.java:588)\n! ", "at org.apache.camel.util.", "CamelContextHelper.getMandatoryEndpoint(CamelContextHelper.java:79)\n\nA:\n\nI had to register the hl7codec to the registry for the camel route to use it.", "\n final org.apache.camel.impl.", "SimpleRegistry registry = new org.apache.camel.impl.", "SimpleRegistry();\n final org.apache.camel.impl.", "CompositeRegistry compositeRegistry = new org.apache.camel.impl.", "CompositeRegistry();\n compositeRegistry.addRegistry(camelContext.getRegistry());\n compositeRegistry.addRegistry(registry);\n ((org.apache.camel.impl.", "DefaultCamelContext) camelContext).setRegistry(compositeRegistry);\n registry.put(\"hl7codec\", hl7codec);\n\nAnd now the routes started.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007505127578042448, 0.0006332786870189011, 0.0007653593202121556, 0.0010187047300860286, 0.0007563279941678047, 0.0007349054794758558, 0.0008484646677970886, 0.0007798983715474606, 0.0011664640624076128, 0.0007798983715474606, 0.0012305094860494137, 0.0007798983715474606, 0.0010579873342067003, 0.0007798983715474606, 0.0010771023808047175, 0.0007798983715474606, 0.0009010984795168042, 0.0008612871170043945, 0.0010932069271802902, 0.0007026446983218193, 0.0007989175501279533, 0.0008612871170043945, 0.0008759131887927651, 0.0008612871170043945, 0.0009278967045247555, 0.0010340873850509524, 0.000996147282421589, 0.0007592421025037766, 0.0007563279941678047, 0.0007349054794758558, 0.0008484646677970886, 0.0008612871170043945, 0.0009093370172195137, 0.0007798983715474606, 0.0006717405049130321, 0.0010501777287572622, 0.000870205694809556, 0.0008265749784186482, 0.0009575593867339194, 0.0008805059478618205, 0.0007272754446603358, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Onustus exutus\n\nOnustus exutus is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Xenophoridae, the carrier shells.", "\n\nDescription\n\nDistribution\nOnustus exustus is distributed in the Central Indo-Pacific from southern Japan to southern Indonesia, tropical Western Australia, northern Australia and Papua. ", "It can be found between 18 and 340 m.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Xenophoridae\nCategory:Gastropods described in 1842" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0013109708670526743, 0.0007429767283611, 0.0005837598582729697 ]

[ "Disenchanted Hearts Unite\n\nDisenchanted Hearts Unite is the fourth studio album from the indiepop band Tullycraft. ", " The band recorded half of the album at Soundhouse Studios in Seattle, and the other half in guitarist, Chris Munford’s living room. ", " Jenny Mears provided additional vocals on many of the songs, and Corianton Hale also made a guest appearance. ", " Shortly after the recording of the Disenchanted Hearts Unite, lead guitarist, Harold Hollingsworth left the group and both Mears & Hale joined the band. ", " Jen Abercrombie from the Los Angeles band Rizzo, who had contributed vocals to the City of Subarus album, appeared on the songs “Fall 4 U” and “Building The Robot.” ", "The album reached #33 on the CMJ Top 200 chart in 2005. ", "At the end of 2009, Disenchanted Hearts Unite appeared on a number of 'Best Albums of the Decade' lists.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\"Stowaway\"\n\"Our Days in Kansas\"\n\"Every Little Thing\"\n\"Leaders of the New School\"\n\"The Last Song\"\n\"Molly's Got a Crush on Us\" (live)\n\"Polaroids from Mars\"\n\"Rumble with the Gang Debs\"\n\"Fall 4 U\"\n\"Girl About Town\"\n\"Building the Robot\"\n\"Secretly Minnesotan\"\n\nPersonnel\n Sean Tollefson – vocals, bass, keyboard\n Jeff Fell – drums\n Chris Munford – guitar, keyboard, backing vocals\n Jenny Mears – vocals, backing vocals\n Harold Hollingsworth – lead guitar\n Corianton Hale – backing vocals\n\nKip Beelman & Chris Munford – recording, audio engineering\n Taryn Webber – cello on \"Fall 4 U\" and \"Polaroids From Mars\"\n Jen Abercrombie – vocals on \"Fall 4 U\" and \"Building The Robot\"\n Roshan Gurusinghe - recording assistant\n\nArtwork\n Corianton Hale received a regional design award from Print Magazine for the design and layout of the Disenchanted Hearts Unite album.", "\n The Disenchanted Hearts Unite album was featured in the book FOR SALE - Over 200 Innovative Solutions In Packaging Design (2008) by John Foster\n\nTrivia\n The song \"Molly's Got A Crush On Us\" is based on the BMX Bandits' song “Kylie's Got A Crush On Us”.", "\n \"Girl About Town\" is a Helen Love cover.", "\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Strong, M. C. (2003). ", "The Great Indie Discography (2nd Edition) pg. ", "1041. ", "Published by Canon Books Ltd. (US/CAN) .", "\n Foster, John (2008). ", "FOR SALE - Over 200 Innovative Solutions In Packaging Design pg. ", "21. ", "Published by HOW Books \n\nCategory:Tullycraft albums" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0010033795842900872, 0.0006333629135042429, 0.000719964737072587, 0.0007588739390484989, 0.0011468022130429745, 0.000846073729917407, 0.0008312794961966574, 0.0008217486320063472, 0.0007716699619777501, 0.0009424854069948196, 0.0006289527518674731, 0.0006152431597001851, 0.0009427197510376573, 0.00060663977637887, 0.0006474553374573588, 0.000588314316701144, 0.001112641766667366, 0.0006538756424561143 ]

[ "Carolina Barco\n\nMaría Carolina Barco Isakson (born 1951) is a Colombian-American diplomat, who has served as Ambassador of Colombia to the United States from 2006 to 2010, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia from 2002 to 2007. ", "She has served as the colombian ambassador to Spain since october 2018.", "\n\nEarly years\nBarco was born in Boston, Massachusetts, while her father, Virgilio Barco Vargas, was studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ", "In 1973 Barco received her BA in Sociology and Economics from Wellesley College in Massachusetts. ", "During her time at Wellesley she spent a year studying abroad at the Université Libre de Bruxelles in Belgium. ", "In 1975 she received a master's degree in city planning from the Harvard University Graduate School of Design. ", "In 1984 she received an MBA at the Instituto de Empresas in Madrid, Spain. ", "From 1990 to 1991 she was a visiting scholar at her father's alma mater, MIT.", "\n\nCareer\n\nBarco was appointed Foreign Minister of Colombia by President Álvaro Uribe in August 2002 and remained in that post until July 2006, when she was appointed Ambassador to the United States, replacing former Colombian president Andrés Pastrana Arango in Washington, D.C..\n\nFamily\nCarolina Barco Isakson is the daughter of Virgilio Barco Vargas, a former Mayor, Senator, Ambassador, President of Colombia and Director to the World Bank Board, and Carolina Isakson Proctor, the American-born former First Lady of Colombia. ", "Carolina's brother, Virgilio Barco Isakson, founded one of Colombia's largest gay civil rights NGO's in Colombia called Colombia Diversa.", "\n\nCarolina Barco was married to Mauricio Botero Caicedo, with whom she had three daughters.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe Washington Diplomat Newspaper - Ambassador profile \nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070613094912/http://www.colombiaemb.org/opencms/opencms\nhttp://www.colombiadiversa.org/\n\nCategory:1951 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Boston\nCategory:Children of Presidents of Colombia\nCategory:American people of Colombian descent\nCategory:American people of Swedish descent\nCategory:Naturalized citizens of Colombia\nCategory:Colombian people of American descent\nCategory:Colombian people of Swedish descent\nCarolina\nCategory:Wellesley College alumni\nCategory:Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni\nCategory:Colombian women diplomats\nCategory:Foreign ministers of Colombia\nCategory:Ambassadors of Colombia to the United States\nCategory:Female foreign ministers\nCategory:Women government ministers of Colombia" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.000692602014169097, 0.0005529272020794451, 0.0006268041324801743, 0.0006011943914927542, 0.0005632048705592752, 0.0007008433458395302, 0.0005744077498093247, 0.0006018660496920347, 0.0005961594870314002, 0.006175055634230375, 0.0016666102455928922, 0.000559907522983849 ]

[ "core-scaffold\n=============\n\nSee the [component page](http://polymer-project.org/docs/elements/core-elements.html#core-scaffold) for more information.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0006183555815368891, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Just price\n\nThe just price is a theory of ethics in economics that attempts to set standards of fairness in transactions. ", "With intellectual roots in ancient Greek philosophy, it was advanced by Thomas Aquinas based on an argument against usury, which in his time referred to the making of any rate of interest on loans. ", "It gave rise to the contractual principle of laesio enormis.", "\n\nUnjust price: a kind of fraud\nThe argument against usury was that the lender was receiving income for nothing, since nothing was actually lent, rather the money was exchanged. ", "And, a dollar can only be fairly exchanged for a dollar, so asking for more is unfair. ", " Aquinas later expanded his argument to oppose any unfair earnings made in trade, basing the argument on the Golden Rule. ", "The Christian should \"do unto others as you would have them do unto you\", meaning he should trade value for value. ", "Aquinas believed that it was specifically immoral to raise prices because a particular buyer had an urgent need for what was being sold and could be persuaded to pay a higher price because of local conditions:\n\nIf someone would be greatly helped by something belonging to someone else, and the seller not similarly harmed by losing it, the seller must not sell for a higher price: because the usefulness that goes to the buyer comes not from the seller, but from the buyer's needy condition: no one ought to sell something that doesn't belong to him.", "\n— Summa Theologiae, 2-2, q. 77, art. ", "1\n\nAquinas would therefore condemn practices such as raising the price of building supplies in the wake of a natural disaster. ", "Increased demand caused by the destruction of existing buildings does not add to a seller's costs, so to take advantage of buyers' increased willingness to pay constituted a species of fraud in Aquinas's view.", "\n\nAquinas believed all gains made in trade must relate to the labour exerted by the merchant, not to the need of the buyer. ", "Hence, he condoned moderate gain as payment even for unnecessary trade, provided the price were regulated and kept within certain bounds:\n\n...there is no reason why gain [from trading] may not be directed to some necessary or even honourable end; and so trading will be rendered lawful; as when a man uses moderate gains acquired in trade for the support of his household, or even to help the needy...\n\nLater reinterpretations of the doctrine\nIn Aquinas' time, most products were sold by the immediate producers (i.e. farmers and craftspeople), and wage-labor and banking were still in their infancy. ", "The role of merchants and money-lenders was limited. ", "The later School of Salamanca argued that the just price is determined by common estimation which can be identical with the market price -depending on various circumstances such as relative bargaining power of sellers and buyers- or can be set by public authorities. ", "With the rise of Capitalism, the use of just price theory faded, largely replaced by the microeconomic concept of supply and demand from Locke, Steuart, Ricardo, Ibn Taymiyyah, and especially Adam Smith. ", "In modern economics regarding returns to the means of production, interest is seen as payment for a valuable service, which is the use of the money, though most banking systems still forbid excessive interest rates.", "\n\nLikewise, during the rapid expansion of capitalism over the past several centuries the theory of the just price was used to justify popular action against merchants who raised their prices in years of dearth. ", "The Marxist historian E. P. Thompson emphasized the continuing force of this tradition in his pioneering article on the \"Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century.\" ", " Other historians and sociologists have uncovered the same phenomenon in variety of other situations including peasants riots in continental Europe during the nineteenth century and in many developing countries in the twentieth. ", "The political scientist James C. Scott, for example, showed how this ideology could be used as a method of resisting authority in The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Subsistence and Rebellion in Southeast Asia.", "\n\nLaesio enormis\n\nAlthough the Imperial Roman Code, the Corpus Juris Civilis had stated that the parties to an exchange were entitled to try to outwit one another, the view developed that a contract could be unwound if it was significantly detrimental to one party: if there were abnormal harm (laesio enormis). ", "This meant that if an agreement was significantly imbalanced to the detriment of one party, the courts would decline to enforce it, and have jurisdiction to reverse unjust enrichment. ", "Through the 19th century, the codifications in France and Germany declined to adopt the principle while common law jurisdictions attempted to generalise the doctrine of freedom of contract. ", "However, in practice, and increasingly over the 20th century and early 21st century, the law of consumer protection, tenancy contracts, and labour law was regulated by statute to require fairness in exchange. ", "Certain terms would be compulsory, others would be regarded as unfair, and courts could substitute their judgment for what would be just in all the circumstances.", "\n\nModern law\nBundesgerichtshof Entscheidung (24 January 1979), the billiards equipment, NJW 1979, 758\nBundesgerichtshof Entscheidung (12 March 1981), the disproportionate loan, BGHZ 80, 153\nBürgerliches Gesetzbuch §138, transactions contrary to public policy; usury\nAustrian Civil Code §934\nFrench Civil Code articles 1674-5\nVernon v Bethell (1762) 28 ER 838\nConsumer Credit Act 1974 ss 140A-B\nNational Minimum Wage Act 1998\nLouisiana Civil Code article 2589\n\nSee also\nCatholic social teaching\nHistory of economic thought\nLabor theory of value\nPrice\nPricing\nSupply and demand\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nH Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1964) ch XI, trans FW Kelsey\nM Weber, Economy and Society (1978) 578, 583, 589 and 1198\nRH Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1922) 40-44, on Aquinas and just price\nDawson, 'Economic Duress and Fair Exchange in French and German Law' (1937) 11 Tulane Law Review 345, 365\nHolstein, 'Vices of Consent in the Law of Contracts' (1939) 13 Tulane Law Review 560, 569\nWJ Ashley, An Introduction to English Economic History and Theory (1920) 126, on just price\nM Wolf, Rechtsgeschäftliche Entscheidungsfreiheit und vertraglicher Interessenausgleich (1971)\nAT Mehren and J Gordley, The Civil Law System (1977) 926\nJ Gordley, 'Equality in Exchange' (1981) 69 Calif LR 138\n\nExternal links\nSt Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologiae, 2-2, q. 77 on lawful and unlawful gains in trade (Latin)\nAn article discusses the Salamanca school and just price\nAnother article traces the development of Just Price doctrine through the Salamanca school\n\nCategory:Applied ethics\nCategory:Market failure\nCategory:Preclassical economics\nCategory:Catholic social teaching\nCategory:Thomism" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0008906769216991961, 0.0006318778614513576, 0.0007197699742391706, 0.002079447964206338, 0.0007246821187436581, 0.0008319363696500659, 0.02312929928302765, 0.0007049738196656108, 0.0006862469599582255, 0.0010032099671661854, 0.0015326588181778789, 0.0006254683248698711, 0.0006934216944500804, 0.0006635951576754451, 0.0006088739610277116, 0.0006927555659785867, 0.000612601637840271, 0.0007024060469120741, 0.0006234234315343201, 0.0005329115665517747, 0.0005902472184970975, 0.0007071700529195368, 0.0006437193951569498, 0.0006072897231206298, 0.0006005246541462839, 0.000595751334913075, 0.0009309527813456953 ]

[ "Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)\n\nClick to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)\n\nClick to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)\n\nIt was a life of platinum records and an iron fist.", "\n\nJoe Jackson died at 89 early Wednesday in hospice in Las Vegas, TMZ reports.", "\n\nThe Jackson Family patriarch was suffering from terminal pancreatic cancer, the Daily Mail reported.", "\n\nJermaine Jackson told press last week that the family was having a difficult time visiting him or getting information about his condition.", "\n\n“No one knew what was going on — we shouldn’t have to beg, plead and argue to see our own father, especially at a time like this,” he lamented at the time. “", "We have been hurting. ", "We were not being told where he was and couldn’t get the full picture. ", "Even from the doctor. ", "My mother was worried sick.”", "\n\nDays after the interview was published, TMZ reported that the family, including Joe’s wife, Katherine, as well as the couple’s children and grandchildren, had visited him at the hospital.", "\n\nAn account claiming to be Joe himself hinted that his days might be numbered, tweeting on June 24, “I have seen more sunsets than I have left to see. ", "The sun rises when the time comes and whether you like it or not the sun sets when the time comes.”", "\n\nHowever, his granddaughter, Paris Jackson, later alleged that Joe never used the account and did not post the tweet.", "\n\nJoe suffered numerous health problems in recent years, including several strokes in 2013.", "\n\nIn 2015, he was hospitalized for a stroke and suffered three heart attacks, after which he had a pacemaker installed.", "\n\nIn July 2016, TMZ reported that he was hospitalized for a high fever, though the cause was undisclosed.", "\n\nTwo years later, he was hospitalized after a car crash near his Las Vegas home.", "\n\nJoe’s relationship with his famous family has been checkered at best.", "\n\nHe sired 11 children — 10 with estranged wife Katherine and one, daughter Joh’Vonnie, with Cheryl Terrell.", "\n\nIn the 1960s and ’70s, Joe used a combination of business savvy, musical genius and allegedly abusive parenting to turn his five sons — Jermaine, Jackie, Tito, Marlon and Michael — into the legendary Jackson 5, giving Michael a springboard to eventually become the King of Pop.", "\n\nHis children frequently recalled beatings at Joe’s hand, which Joe didn’t deny, telling Oprah Winfrey that his whippings, for which he used a switch and a belt, “kept [them] out of jail and kept them right.”", "\n\nIn 2014, a family insider told The Post of Joe, “He’s no longer a part of the family.”", "\n\nJoe himself said in a sad missive on his website in 2014, “When I suffered four strokes last year and was in the hospital recovering, only two people in my family traveled all the way to see me. ", "My granddaughter Brandi [Jackie Jackson’s daughter] and my baby girl, ­Janet.”", "\n\nJanet spoke warmly of her father as recently as the Radio Disney Music Awards on June 22, at which she told the audience, “My mother nourished me with the most extravagant love imaginable, my father, my incredible father, drove me to be the best that I can. ", "My siblings set an incredibly high standard for artistic excellence.”", "\n\nThe sibling who set the bar highest, of course, was Michael Jackson, who died of a propofol overdose in 2009. ", "Michael frequently alleged that the Jackson family patriarch physically abused him, famously telling Oprah that the sight of his father made him throw up. ", "Sources close to the family speculated that the King of Pop’s extensive plastic surgery was a desperate effort to eliminate any resemblance he bore to Joe.", "\n\nJoe was reportedly left out of Michael’s will entirely.", "\n\n“I taught them to be tough,” Joe told The Post of raising his sons with corporal punishment. “", "We raised them in a tough neighborhood [in Gary, Ind.], where other kids were in gangs and getting into drugs. ", "I didn’t want them to be soft.”", "\n\nMichael wasn’t the only of Joe’s children with whom he had a poor relationship.", "\n\nLa Toya Jackson wrote in her 1991 memoir that Joe beat his children and molested her and sister Rebbie.", "\n\n“When your father gets out of bed with your mother and gets into bed with his daughter and you hear the mother saying, ‘No, Joe, not tonight. ", "Let her rest. ", "Leave her alone, she’s tired,’ that makes you crazy,” La Toya wrote.", "\n\nAt the time of the book’s release, Rebbie denied that Joe raped her, but said he touched her inappropriately.", "\n\nJoe denied the allegations of sexual abuse.", "\n\nDespite the controversies and tragedies the Jacksons suffered through the years, Joe remained adamant that he had no regrets about anything in his life.", "\n\n“Not at all,” he told The Post in 2014. “", "I don’t live that way.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.000706240301951766, 0.0008047348237596452, 0.02736242301762104, 0.0007409710669890046, 0.0018296220805495977, 0.0011672043474391103, 0.0008170880610123277, 0.0008354401215910912, 0.010523637756705284, 0.0006673198658972979, 0.0006964104832150042, 0.0009107392397709191, 0.0007243703585118055, 0.0008392883464694023, 0.0013768189819529653, 0.0006103150662966073, 0.0008903238922357559, 0.0006580110639333725, 0.0011763551738113165, 0.0013311112998053432, 0.009248584508895874, 0.0007767828647047281, 0.0008385496912524104, 0.0007496339967474341, 0.0005841263337060809, 0.0005571621586568654, 0.0014934834325686097, 0.002069049049168825, 0.0011574329109862447, 0.0011682104086503386, 0.0039302087388932705, 0.009150312282145023, 0.002202151110395789, 0.04621240124106407, 0.06909690052270889, 0.35520294308662415, 0.010424274019896984, 0.3119719922542572, 0.09207060188055038, 0.012047710828483105, 0.0008702977211214602, 0.0006659406353719532, 0.0018861693097278476 ]

[ "PHOENIX — Leading liberals and progressive groups are turning their gaze away from the Democratic primary and toward efforts to unite the left against Donald Trump, framing him as a dangerous and unprecedented candidate who poses an existential threat to the progressive movement and the nation.", "\n\nAd campaigns are in the works. ", "There are calls for massive voter mobilizations and screeds from leading donors circulating within liberal circles. ", "Major labor groups are organizing their members on the ground in swing states. ", "Within the Democratic Party apparatus, top elected leaders are beginning to speak out both collectively and individually in ways that reach beyond standard presidential-year posturing. ", "The sense of urgency in some corners of the left is high enough that Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren, a progressive icon who has gone to great lengths to avoid being part of the Democratic presidential conversation in 2016, hinted on Monday that she might soon get involved with the effort to stop Trump.", "\n\n\n“Ever since early January, when I was door-knocking with our members in Cedar Rapids [Iowa], I heard concerns from our members about what he was saying and doing, and I would say [that] inside our union, our objection to his hate-filled rhetoric has been growing,” said Mary Kay Henry, president of the Service Employees International Union, a 2 million-member labor group that’s supporting Hillary Clinton.", "\n\nHenry is a signatory to one of the most conspicuous anti-Trump efforts to date, an open letter calling progressives to arms against the billionaire. ", "Signed by leaders of more than 20 leading liberal groups that support Clinton or Bernie Sanders, the letter described Trump in the harshest of terms and called for a massive organizing effort against him.", "\n\n“This is a five-alarm fire for our democracy. ", "A hate-peddling bigot who openly incites violence is the likely presidential nominee of one of our nation’s two major parties,” reads the letter, signed by leaders of groups as varied as MoveOn, the Sierra Club, NARAL Pro-Choice America and Greenpeace. “", "It is alarming and dangerous. ", "Donald Trump’s candidacy is a threat to the America we love, and we must respond to him and what he is stoking as such.”", "\n\nThe letter, released Tuesday, served as a public acknowledgment of the heightened apprehension surrounding Trump’s candidacy, as well as a sign that leaders in the party’s left wing are now setting their sights more squarely on Trump than the protracted Democratic nomination battle between Clinton and Sanders.", "\n\n“As more and more progressive groups were with each other in the early primary states and talking about our general organizing, we decided to link our fights and invite others to join us,” explained Henry.", "\n\nThe question of what to do about Trump has gone from a bad joke to a topic of frequent conversation among leading Democratsincluding members of Congress. ", "As Trump has stormed toward the GOP nomination, confounding the Republican establishment and steamrolling veteran officeholders in his path, liberal leaders have come to conclude that the time has come to more seriously confront Trump — whom, they warn, could actually win the White House.", "\n\n“The message is becoming clearer, more in focus,” said Rep. Xavier Becerra, chairman of the House Democratic Caucus and a Clinton supporter, referring to the Democratic lines of attack against Trump.", "\n\nSome of the party’s best-known figures are taking the lead on the piecemeal and as-yet-uncoordinated operation to stop Trump. ", "Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid was set to deliver a “major address” on the billionaire real estate mogul and progressives’ response at the liberal Center for American Progress on Thursday.", "\n\nAnd Warren, the liberal hero who had to bat away entreaties to run for president in early 2015, told reporters she is getting more involved in the presidential election as she watches “a form of ugliness and extremism that is erupting on the right [that] not only threatens the Republicans, it threatens the entire country,\" according to a Boston Herald report.", "\n\nOutside groups and top donors have also pitched in. ", "The AFL-CIO, which hasn’t endorsed a candidate, has started to unleash anti-Trump digital ads and door-knocking in Ohio and Pennsylvania, two Rust Belt swing states where Democrats have been concerned Trump’s economic populism could take hold.", "\n\nTom Steyer, the billionaire environmentalist who was the nation’s biggest spender during the 2014 primaries, and who has suggested he’ll give even more in 2016, wrote a Medium post on Monday declaring, “Together, we are proclaiming to the world that Trump is not ours. ", "We will not be silent. ", "We will not stand back and let him put a torch to the ideals and principles that Americans hold dear.”", "\n\nMany Democrats believe a galvanized anti-Trump movement would serve to unite the party after a contentious primary. ", "Butome fear, it could also prove divisive — perhaps even premature — because the need to concentrate the full force of the left’s resources against Trump could result in calls for Sanders to withdraw from the race before the Vermont senator and his supporters are ready to let go.", "\n\nPeople close to Clinton are already making that case implicitly, with the candidate herself at the forefront.", "\n\n“The sooner I could become your nominee, the more I could begin to turn our attention to the Republicans,” she said in Detroit earlier this month, a week before telling a crowd that results were falling in her favor, but that it’s more important to focus on Trump and his “dangerous path.”", "\n\nThose calls for unity behind Clinton are still rubbing some leading liberals the wrong way. ", "Sanders-supporting Democracy For America, for example, insists that its efforts to elect the underdog are part and parcel of an attempt to stop Trump.", "\n\n“The bottom line for us is actually that we’ve had our eyes on Trump for months; it’s one of the reasons we’re so whole-heartedly supporting Bernie Sanders’ campaign,” said DFA’s executive director, Charles Chamberlain, pointing to preliminary general election polling showing Sanders would beat Trump by a larger margin than Clinton would. “", "As it’s becoming more official Trump will become the nominee, what you’ll see is DFA working harder and harder in highlighting and exposing Donald Trump for who he is: a bigoted, racist demagogue.\"", "\n\n“The reality is that Bernie Sanders is an antidote to Donald Trump’s hate,” he added. “", "Anybody who is going to exclusively go after Trump without continuing to engage in the Democratic primary is making a mistake.\"", "\n\nYet to the former secretary of state, Trump — not Sanders — is now the task at hand.", "\n\nIn West Palm Beach on Tuesday night, after taking a dramatic step toward the nomination, Clinton demonstrated her intention to serve as the leader of the Trump resistance.", "\n\n“Our commander in chief has to be able to defend her country, not embarrass it,” she said, just hours after her campaign released an Arizona-specific Spanish-language ad aimed squarely at Trump.", "\n\nLater that night, across the country in Phoenix, it was Sanders who offered to lead the allied liberal forces. ", "Dramatically dialing back his usual stump speech section that highlights his contrasts with Clinton, Sanders proceeded to instead take on the night’s big winner on the Republican side: Trump.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0015502630267292261, 0.0006701984675601125, 0.0007014845032244921, 0.0005740960477851331, 0.0005607198690995574, 0.0005892730550840497, 0.001085854833945632, 0.0011191719677299261, 0.0007769408402964473, 0.033919524401426315, 0.09389732033014297, 0.001111199613660574, 0.004758328665047884, 0.0006615782622247934, 0.0005624208715744317, 0.0011160881258547306, 0.0010259104892611504, 0.0006326079019345343, 0.0006682898383587599, 0.0006518063019029796, 0.0050138081423938274, 0.0006163212819956243, 0.0027760851662606, 0.001306989579461515, 0.0008287868113256991, 0.0021448915358632803, 0.000950829591602087, 0.001535358838737011, 0.000541853834874928, 0.0009346574661321938, 0.012570522725582123, 0.0007311928202398121, 0.000686129555106163, 0.07880699634552002, 0.006078182253986597, 0.0009472529636695981, 0.0007290349458344281, 0.0005897366791032255, 0.0007864831713959575, 0.000724000099580735, 0.0010979970684275031, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "We will have a conference call w \"EY\" (Matt and Elliott)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }

[ 0.0005961546557955444 ]

[ "/* addpartial-overlay.c */\n/* $OpenLDAP$ */\n/* This work is part of OpenLDAP Software <http://www.openldap.org/>.", "\n *\n * Copyright 2004-2020 The OpenLDAP Foundation.", "\n * Portions Copyright (C) 2004 Virginia Tech, David Hawes.", "\n * All rights reserved.", "\n *\n * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n * modification, are permitted only as authorized by the OpenLDAP\n * Public License.", "\n *\n * A copy of this license is available in file LICENSE in the\n * top-level directory of the distribution or, alternatively, at\n * http://www.OpenLDAP.org/license.html.", "\n */\n/* ACKNOLEDGEDMENTS:\n * This work was initially developed by David Hawes of Virginia Tech\n * for inclusion in OpenLDAP Software.", "\n */\n/* addpartial-overlay\n *\n * This is an OpenLDAP overlay that intercepts ADD requests, determines if a\n * change has actually taken place for that record, and then performs a modify\n * request for those values that have changed (modified, added, deleted). ", " If\n * the record has not changed in any way, it is ignored. ", " If the record does not\n * exist, the record falls through to the normal add mechanism. ", " This overlay is\n * useful for replicating from sources that are not LDAPs where it is easier to\n * build entire records than to determine the changes (i.e. a database). ", "\n */\n\n#include \"portable.h\" \n#include \"slap.h\"\n\nstatic int collect_error_msg_cb( Operation *op, SlapReply *rs);\n\nstatic slap_overinst addpartial;\n\n/**\n * The meat of the overlay. ", " Search for the record, determine changes, take\n * action or fall through.", "\n */\nstatic int addpartial_add( Operation *op, SlapReply *rs)\n{\n Operation nop = *op;\n Entry *toAdd = NULL;\n Entry *found = NULL;\n slap_overinst *on = (slap_overinst *) op->o_bd->bd_info;\n int rc;\n\n toAdd = op->oq_add.rs_e;\n\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: toAdd->e_nname.bv_val: %s\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type, toAdd->e_nname.bv_val );\n\n /* if the user doesn't have access, fall through to the normal ADD */\n if(!access_allowed(op, toAdd, slap_schema.si_ad_entry,\n NULL, ACL_WRITE, NULL))\n {\n return SLAP_CB_CONTINUE;\n }\n\n rc = overlay_entry_get_ov(&nop, &nop.o_req_ndn, NULL, NULL, 0, &found, on);\n\n if(rc !", "= LDAP_SUCCESS)\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE,\n \"%s: no entry found, falling through to normal add\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type );\n return SLAP_CB_CONTINUE;\n }\n else\n { \n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: found the dn\\n\", addpartial.on_bi.bi_type );\n\n if(found)\n {\n Attribute *attr = NULL;\n Attribute *at = NULL;\n int ret;\n Modifications *mods = NULL;\n Modifications **modtail = &mods;\n Modifications *mod = NULL;\n\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: have an entry!\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type );\n\n /* determine if the changes are in the found entry */ \n for(attr = toAdd->e_attrs; attr; attr = attr->a_next)\n {\n if(attr->a_desc->ad_type->sat_atype.at_usage !", "= 0) continue;\n\n at = attr_find(found->e_attrs, attr->a_desc);\n if(!at)\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: Attribute %s not found!\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type,\n attr->a_desc->ad_cname.bv_val );\n mod = (Modifications *) ch_malloc(sizeof(\n Modifications));\n mod->sml_flags = 0;\n mod->sml_op = LDAP_MOD_REPLACE | LDAP_MOD_BVALUES;\n mod->sml_op &= LDAP_MOD_OP;\n mod->sml_next = NULL;\n mod->sml_desc = attr->a_desc;\n mod->sml_type = attr->a_desc->ad_cname;\n mod->sml_values = attr->a_vals;\n mod->sml_nvalues = attr->a_nvals;\n mod->sml_numvals = attr->a_numvals;\n *modtail = mod;\n modtail = &mod->sml_next;\n }\n else\n {\n MatchingRule *mr = attr->a_desc->ad_type->sat_equality;\n struct berval *bv;\n const char *text;\n int acount , bcount;\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: Attribute %s found\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type,\n attr->a_desc->ad_cname.bv_val );\n\n for(bv = attr->a_vals, acount = 0; bv->bv_val !", "= NULL; \n bv++, acount++)\n {\n /* count num values for attr */\n }\n for(bv = at->a_vals, bcount = 0; bv->bv_val !", "= NULL; \n bv++, bcount++)\n {\n /* count num values for attr */\n }\n if(acount !", "= bcount)\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: acount !", "= bcount, %s\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type,\n \"replace all\" );\n mod = (Modifications *) ch_malloc(sizeof(\n Modifications));\n mod->sml_flags = 0;\n mod->sml_op = LDAP_MOD_REPLACE | LDAP_MOD_BVALUES;\n mod->sml_op &= LDAP_MOD_OP;\n mod->sml_next = NULL;\n mod->sml_desc = attr->a_desc;\n mod->sml_type = attr->a_desc->ad_cname;\n mod->sml_values = attr->a_vals;\n mod->sml_nvalues = attr->a_nvals;\n mod->sml_numvals = attr->a_numvals;\n *modtail = mod;\n modtail = &mod->sml_next;\n continue;\n }\n \n for(bv = attr->a_vals; bv->bv_val !", "= NULL; bv++)\n {\n struct berval *v;\n ret = -1;\n \n for(v = at->a_vals; v->bv_val !", "= NULL; v++)\n {\n int r;\n if(mr && ((r = value_match(&ret, attr->a_desc, mr,\n SLAP_MR_VALUE_OF_ASSERTION_SYNTAX,\n bv, v, &text)) == 0))\n {\n if(ret == 0)\n break;\n }\n else\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE,\n \"%s: \\tvalue DNE, r: %d \\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type,\n r );\n ret = strcmp(bv->bv_val, v->bv_val);\n if(ret == 0)\n break;\n }\n }\n\n if(ret == 0)\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE,\n \"%s: \\tvalue %s exists, ret: %d\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type, bv->bv_val, ret);\n }\n else\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE,\n \"%s: \\tvalue %s DNE, ret: %d\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type, bv->bv_val, ret);\n mod = (Modifications *) ch_malloc(sizeof(\n Modifications));\n mod->sml_flags = 0;\n mod->sml_op = LDAP_MOD_REPLACE | LDAP_MOD_BVALUES;\n mod->sml_op &= LDAP_MOD_OP;\n mod->sml_next = NULL;\n mod->sml_desc = attr->a_desc;\n mod->sml_type = attr->a_desc->ad_cname;\n mod->sml_values = attr->a_vals;\n mod->sml_nvalues = attr->a_nvals;\n mod->sml_numvals = attr->a_numvals;\n *modtail = mod;\n modtail = &mod->sml_next;\n break;\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n /* determine if any attributes were deleted */\n for(attr = found->e_attrs; attr; attr = attr->a_next)\n {\n if(attr->a_desc->ad_type->sat_atype.at_usage !", "= 0) continue;\n\n at = NULL;\n at = attr_find(toAdd->e_attrs, attr->a_desc);\n if(!at)\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE,\n \"%s: Attribute %s not found in new entry!!!\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type,\n attr->a_desc->ad_cname.bv_val );\n mod = (Modifications *) ch_malloc(sizeof(\n Modifications));\n mod->sml_flags = 0;\n mod->sml_op = LDAP_MOD_REPLACE;\n mod->sml_next = NULL;\n mod->sml_desc = attr->a_desc;\n mod->sml_type = attr->a_desc->ad_cname;\n mod->sml_values = NULL;\n mod->sml_nvalues = NULL;\n mod->sml_numvals = 0;\n *modtail = mod;\n modtail = &mod->sml_next;\n }\n else\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE,\n \"%s: Attribute %s found in new entry\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type,\n at->a_desc->ad_cname.bv_val );\n }\n }\n\n overlay_entry_release_ov(&nop, found, 0, on);\n\n if(mods)\n {\n Modifications *m = NULL;\n Modifications *toDel;\n int modcount;\n slap_callback nullcb = { NULL, collect_error_msg_cb, \n NULL, NULL };\n\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: mods to do...\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type );\n\n nop.o_tag = LDAP_REQ_MODIFY;\n nop.orm_modlist = mods;\n nop.orm_no_opattrs = 0;\n nop.o_callback = &nullcb;\n nop.o_bd->bd_info = (BackendInfo *) on->on_info;\n\n for(m = mods, modcount = 0; m; m = m->sml_next, \n modcount++)\n {\n /* count number of mods */\n }\n\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: number of mods: %d\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type, modcount );\n\n if(nop.o_bd->be_modify)\n {\n SlapReply nrs = { REP_RESULT };\n rc = (nop.o_bd->be_modify)(&nop, &nrs);\n }\n\n if(rc == LDAP_SUCCESS)\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE,\n \"%s: modify successful\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type );\n }\n else\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: modify unsuccessful: %d\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type, rc );\n rs->sr_err = rc;\n if(nullcb.sc_private)\n {\n rs->sr_text = nullcb.sc_private;\n }\n }\n\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: freeing mods...\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type );\n\n for(toDel = mods; toDel; toDel = mods)\n {\n mods = mods->sml_next;\n ch_free(toDel);\n }\n }\n else\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: no mods to process\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type );\n }\n }\n else\n {\n Debug(LDAP_DEBUG_TRACE, \"%s: no entry!\\n\",\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type );\n }\n\n op->o_callback = NULL;\n send_ldap_result( op, rs );\n ch_free((void *)rs->sr_text);\n rs->sr_text = NULL;\n\n return LDAP_SUCCESS;\n }\n}\n\nstatic int collect_error_msg_cb( Operation *op, SlapReply *rs)\n{\n if(rs->sr_text)\n {\n op->o_callback->sc_private = (void *) ch_strdup(rs->sr_text);\n }\n\n return LDAP_SUCCESS;\n}\n\nint addpartial_init() \n{\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_type = \"addpartial\";\n\taddpartial.on_bi.bi_flags = SLAPO_BFLAG_SINGLE;\n addpartial.on_bi.bi_op_add = addpartial_add;\n\n return (overlay_register(&addpartial));\n}\n\nint init_module(int argc, char *argv[]) \n{\n return addpartial_init();\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0006795902736485004, 0.0006736635114066303, 0.0006367941969074309, 0.0006005157483741641, 0.0006130779511295259, 0.0005743418005295098, 0.0006394345546141267, 0.0006505263154394925, 0.0006032569799572229, 0.0006205282406881452, 0.000624071981292218, 0.00984018761664629, 0.0008137457189150155, 0.04359792172908783, 0.006014303769916296, 0.017543401569128036, 0.03825262933969498, 0.026797307655215263, 0.001118991756811738, 0.019196124747395515, 0.18459729850292206, 0.0440354086458683, 0.04114806279540062 ]

[ "Web services play a key role in facilitating information exchange in network environments, and are relied upon to service network traffic round-the-clock. ", "As a result, deploying a new version of a web service, such as an updated or improved version of the web service, must typically be performed in such a way as to maintain service continuity during the deployment process.", "\nA service cluster hosting a web service will often include a load balanced tier of virtual machines (VMs) on each of which the web service is running concurrently. ", "A conventional approach to deploying a new version of the web service includes testing the new version in a quality assurance (QA) environment, removing a VM from the load balancer rotation, replacing or over-writing the old version of the web service stored on the VM with the new version, and returning the VM having the new version of the web service to the load balancer rotation. ", "That procedure is then typically repeated until all of the VMs running the web service have the new version installed.", "\nThe conventional deployment approach described above can be risky, however. ", "For example, because the new version of the web service is typically tested in a QA environment, there remains some uncertainty about how the new web service will perform in production, i.e., on a VM in the load balancer rotation and receiving live traffic. ", "Moreover, in the event of malfunction or failure of the new version of the web service, changes made to VM configuration settings during the deployment may require more than simple restoration of the old version of the web service software. ", "As a result, the process of backing out a failed or underperforming software deployment may be labor intensive and time consuming, and in some instances may place service continuity at risk." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0005682963528670371, 0.0005661467439495027, 0.0005892753833904862, 0.0006072839023545384, 0.0007463432266376913, 0.0005493739154189825, 0.0005765270907431841, 0.0006667992565780878, 0.0006107066874392331 ]

[ " IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE\n AT JACKSON\n October 13, 2004 Session\n\n WALTER MILLER, ET AL. ", "v. STATE FARM INSURANCE COMPANY\n\n A Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Shelby County\n No. ", "03-2053 The Honorable D. J. Alissandratos, Chancellor\n\n\n\n No. ", "W2004-00480-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 17, 2004\n\n\n Plaintiffs appeal an adverse judgment from the general sessions court to the circuit court for\na trial de novo pursuant to T.C.A. § 27-5-108 (Supp. ", "2004). ", "On motion of defendant, the circuit\ncourt transferred the case to the chancery court because a previous suit filed in the chancery court\non the same cause of action was voluntarily dismissed by plaintiff. ", "The chancery court granted\ndefendant’s motion to adopt the findings of the special master filed in the previous chancery court\nsuit and then granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment. ", "Plaintiffs have appealed. ", "We\nvacate and remand to the circuit court.", "\n\n\n Tenn. R. App. ", "P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Vacated and\n Remanded\n\nW. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS,\nJ. and HOLLY M. KIRBY , J., joined.", "\n\nJames E. Thomas of Memphis for Appellants, Walter Miller and Tarna Miller\n\nRobert L. Moore and Dawn Davis Carson of Memphis for Defendant, State Farm Insurance\nCompany\n\n OPINION\n\n On February 21, 2003, Tarna Miller and Walter Miller, individually and as guardians for\nMatthew Miller (“Plaintiffs”), filed suit in general sessions court against State Farm Insurance Corp.\n(“State Farm” or “Defendant”), seeking damages for “breach of contract in failure to pay claim for\nproperty damage, bad faith for failure to pay valid claim, compensatory and punitive damages for\ninjury to Matthew Miller, and for wrongful reporting resulting in denial of insurance.”", "\n\n From an adverse judgment from the general sessions court, Plaintiffs, pursuant to T.C.A. §\n27-5-108, appealed to the circuit court for a trial de novo.", "\n\f On July 24, 2003, Defendant filed a motion in circuit court to transfer the case to the\nchancery court, Part III. ", "The premise of this motion was that, on May 22, 1996, Plaintiffs filed a\ncomplaint in chancery court for the same cause of action based in the general sessions complaint and\ndemanded a jury in the chancery court case. ", "The chancery court case was dismissed by order of\ndismissal without prejudice entered February 22, 2002. ", "The circuit court granted the motion to\ntransfer the case to the chancery court, pursuant to its local rules.", "\n\n Prior to the dismissal of the original chancery court case, the trial court appointed a special\nmaster “to make an investigation including a review of the pleadings filed in this matter and an\ninspection of the pool house structure and following such inspection the special master is to make\nrecommendations to the court concerning whether the pool house structure was properly\nconstructed.” ", "On May 24, 2001, the special master filed a report which provides in pertinent part:\n\n The Special Master reviewed all documents including\n submission statements from each attorney; exhibits; affidavits of\n witnesses; and the deposition of Bryan H. Stephens, Jr., P.E., a\n witness of the Defendant. ", "An attempt by all parties to settle this case\n failed.", "\n\n On Thursday, March 29, 2001, an inspection and hearing were\n held at the house of the Plaintiffs. ", "After the inspection of the Pool\n House, arguments were heard by the parties’ attorneys and witnesses\n were sworn in and testified. ", "The attorneys elected not to have a court\n reporter at the hearing.", "\n\n FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS\n\n 1. ", "It is the findings of the Special Master that the Plaintiffs failed to\n prove their allegations and that no contractual liabilities could be\n charged to the Defendant.", "\n\n 2. ", "No attorney fees are to be awarded and all court cost, including the\n Special Master’s fee, is to be divided equally between the Plaintiffs\n and the Defendant.", "\n\n 3. ", "In conclusion, the Special Master agrees with the Defendant’s\n witness, Bryan Stephens, P.E., that the Pool House extension was\n “poorly constructed, with poor structural integrity.”", "\n\n 4. ", "The design, workmanship and construction of the rafters, ceiling\n joists and stud walls, and their connections, are below acceptable\n standards.", "\n\n\n\n -2-\n\f Subsequently, Defendant, in the chancery court, moved for adoption of the Master’s report\nand for a summary judgment. ", "On January 14, 2004, the chancery court filed its order adopting the\nSpecial Master’s ruling in the previously dismissed case and granted summary judgment to\nDefendant. ", "Plaintiffs have appealed and present one issue for review: “Is there a material issue of\ndisputed fact presented by the record which precludes the grant of summary judgment to defendant.”", "\n\n This case presents a good example of why it is best to first determine whether a case should\nbe disposed of on its merits rather than try a shortcut method, which might ultimately result in\nprolonging the action. ", "Rule 13 (b), Tenn.R.App.", "P. provides that the appellate court may, in\nexercising its discretion, consider issues other than that presented by the appellant.1\n\n First, we look at the case appealed from the general sessions court to the circuit court. ", "T.C.A.\n§ 27-5-108 (Supp. ", "2004) allows an appeal by any party from an adverse decision of the general\nsessions court to the circuit court of the county and specifically provides: “Any appeal shall be heard\nde novo in the circuit court.” ", "T.C.A. § 27-5-108 (c) (Supp. ", "2004). ", "The appeal in this case was duly\nmade to the circuit court. ", "However, on motion of Defendant, the case was transferred to the\nchancery court apparently under the provisions of Rule 4(e), Rules of the Circuit Court of Tennessee\nfor the Thirtieth Judicial District at Memphis, Shelby County. ", "The rule provides:\n\n (e) Whenever any case has been assigned to or tried before any Judge\n of the court, and comes on for a trial or retrial as the result of a non-\n suit, mistrial, reversal, setting aside of a verdict, or dismissal on some\n ground not going to the merits, then such case shall be assigned for\n any subsequent trial or trial to the division of the court presided over\n by the Judge before whom the case was previously pending, unless\n good cause be shown to the contrary.", "\n\nIt is noted that the rule provides for transfer to another division of circuit court, not to a jurisdiction\noutside of circuit court.", "\n\n We also note that the statute allowing for appeals from general sessions court specifically\nprovides that the appeal is to the circuit court for a trial de novo. ", "Under T.C.A. § 27-5-108, the\nchancery court has no subject matter jurisdiction to hear an appeal from general sessions court. ", "See\nGraves v. Kraft General Foods, 45 S.W.3d 584 (Tenn. Ct. ", "App. ", "2000).", "\n\n In the instant case, Defendant is seeking to have the general sessions appeal decided by the\nchancery court. ", "It is a well settled principle of law that one cannot do indirectly what cannot be done\n\n\n 1\n Consideration of Issues Not Presented for Review. ", "Review generally will extend only to those issues\npresented for review. ", "The appellate court shall also consider whether the trial and appellate court have jurisdiction over\nthe subject matter, whether or not presented for review, and may in its discretion consider other issues in order, among\nother reasons: (1) to prevent needless litigation, (2) to prevent injury to the interests of the public, and (3) to prevent\nprejudice to the judicial process.", "\n\n -3-\n\fdirectly. ", "See, i.e., Scott v. McReynolds, 255 S.W.2d 401, 406 (Tenn. Ct. ", "App. ", "1952) and Roberts\nv. Roberts, 767 S.W.2d 646, 649 (Tenn. Ct. ", "App. ", "1988).", "\n\n Moreover, considering the use of the Master’s report filed in the previous chancery court case\npresents several problems. ", "First, it is undisputed that there had been no judgment of the chancery\ncourt prior to its dismissal of the case by final judgment. ", "Secondly, the reference to the master in\nthe first chancery court case was a reference in a jury case. ", "In 4 MacLean, Bonnyman and Brandt,\nTennessee Practice Civil Procedure Forms § 53:8 (3rd ed. ", "2000), it is stated:\n\n 53:8 Effect of Report in Jury Action\n\n The findings of a master in a jury action are not conclusive.", "\n Tenn. R. Civ. ", "P. 53.04(3) states that the findings of a master are\n admissible as evidence of the matters found, but the parties may\n present to the jury any evidence in addition to the master’s report,\n cross-examine the master upon the record, and object to the report on\n points of law.", "\n\n Third, the reference to the master by the trial court constituted the main issue to be\nadjudicated. ", "Concerning references to the master, Frazier v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 67\nS.W.3d 782, 784 (Tenn.Sp. ", "Workers Comp. ", "2001) states:\n\n By Tenn. R. Civ. ", "P. 53, a court may submit any matter to a\n special master. ", "Case law, however, both before and after the 1971\n adoption of Rule 53, supports the employer’s contention that such\n referrals are limited to collateral, subordinate, and incidental issues\n and the ascertainment of ancillary facts, while the main issues in\n controlversy and the principles on which these issues are to be\n adjudicated must be determined by the trial court. ", "Ingram v. Stein,\n 23 Tenn. App. ", "105, 126 S.W.2d 891, 892 (1938); see also Archer v.\n Archer, 907 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tenn. Ct. ", "App. ", "1995), (citing\n Ingram).", "\n\n(Emphasis added).", "\n\n The report of the master in the instant case is a “statement of legal conclusions, and it\ncontains very few findings of fact.” ", "Archer, 907 S.W.2d at 416. ", "That leads us to the principal issue\nstated in the appellant’s brief.", "\n\n A motion for summary judgment should be granted when the movant demonstrates that there\nare no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter\nof law. ", "Tenn. R. Civ. ", "P. 56.04. ", "The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of\ndemonstrating that no genuine issue of material fact exists. ", "Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 622\n\n\n -4-\n\f(Tenn. 1997). ", "On a motion for summary judgment, the court must take the strongest legitimate view\nof the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party, allow all reasonable inferences in favor of that\nparty, and discard all countervailing evidence. ", "Id. In Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208 (Tenn. 1993),\nour Supreme Court stated:\n\n Once it is shown by the moving party that there is no genuine issue\n of material fact, the nonmoving party must then demonstrate, by\n affidavits or discovery materials, that there is a genuine, material fact\n dispute to warrant a trial. ", "In this regard, Rule 56.05 [now Rule 56.06]\n provides that the nonmoving party cannot simply rely upon his\n pleadings but must set forth specific facts showing that there is a\n genuine issue of material fact for trial.", "\n\nId. at 211 (citations omitted) (emphasis in original).", "\n\n Summary judgment is only appropriate when the facts and the legal conclusions drawn from\nthe facts reasonably permit only one conclusion. ", "Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d 23, 26 (Tenn.\n1995). ", "Since only questions of law are involved, there is no presumption of correctness regarding\na trial court's grant of summary judgment. ", "Bain, 936 S.W.2d at 622. ", "Therefore, our review of the\ntrial court’s grant of summary judgment is de novo on the record before this Court. ", "Warren v. Estate\nof Kirk, 954 S.W.2d 722, 723 (Tenn. 1997).", "\n\n The record before us reflects that Plaintiffs, in opposition to the motion for summary\njudgment, relied upon the deposition of James Toles, who testified as an expert consulting engineer\ncontrary to the deposition testimony of Defendant’s expert. ", "Under these circumstances, there is a\ngenuine dispute as to material facts, and summary judgment is not appropriate.", "\n\n Accordingly, for the above reasons, the order of the chancery court granting summary\njudgment is vacated, and the order of the circuit court transferring the case to chancery court is\nvacated, and the case is remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings in a trial de novo as\nprovided by statute. ", "Costs of this appeal are assessed to the Appellee, State Farm Insurance\nCompany.", "\n\n\n\n __________________________________________\n W. FRANK CRAWFORD, PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.\n\n\n\n\n -5-\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0006438316777348518, 0.0008020473178476095, 0.0006730205495841801, 0.0007246896857395768, 0.0007574253831990063, 0.0006498490110971034, 0.0006952530238777399, 0.0006798185640946031, 0.0009418318513780832, 0.0014025158016011119, 0.0006798759568482637, 0.0006860625580884516, 0.0006255225744098425, 0.0006947118090465665, 0.000671793648507446, 0.0006189749692566693, 0.0006539261667057872, 0.0005692439735867083, 0.0005873694317415357, 0.0007664388394914567, 0.0005761467036791146, 0.0005622603930532932, 0.0005815914482809603, 0.0005974560626782477, 0.0007221702253445983, 0.001185585861094296, 0.0007309646462090313, 0.00117425003554672, 0.0006143785431049764, 0.0012900278670713305, 0.0007577426731586456, 0.0005917315138503909, 0.0006295644561760128, 0.0005998719134368002, 0.0005755486781708896, 0.0008157482952810824, 0.0005777369951829314, 0.0007504666573368013, 0.0006690306472592056, 0.0007355514680966735, 0.0007574253831990063, 0.0006654799799434841, 0.0006179784541018307, 0.0006507337093353271, 0.0006033150712028146, 0.0006041093729436398, 0.0007176569197326899, 0.0007793036056682467, 0.000847632298246026, 0.0007551076705567539, 0.0005934911896474659, 0.0005901633994653821, 0.0005546181346289814, 0.0006413586088456213, 0.0007118931971490383, 0.0007022955687716603, 0.000847632298246026, 0.0007613447378389537, 0.000847632298246026, 0.0007650250336155295, 0.0006174539448693395, 0.0006116882432252169, 0.0005922575946897268, 0.0006306168506853282, 0.0006456944975070655, 0.001532349269837141, 0.0006369408220052719, 0.0006196186295710504, 0.0006861593574285507, 0.0019649036694318056, 0.000734690111130476, 0.0005753181176260114, 0.0005952275241725147, 0.0009338773088529706, 0.0007448106771335006, 0.000847632298246026, 0.0006019426509737968, 0.0006127018132247031, 0.0006366928573697805, 0.0007312854868359864, 0.0005363878444768488, 0.0006062944303266704, 0.001532349269837141, 0.000860373314935714, 0.0006501286989077926, 0.0007380373426713049, 0.0007817891892045736, 0.0007284039165824652, 0.0006540112663060427, 0.0006216662004590034, 0.0006152788992039859, 0.0007521383813582361, 0.0006979203317314386, 0.0007644646102562547, 0.0006423000595532358, 0.0007529957802034914, 0.0006107130902819335, 0.0005885675782337785, 0.0005937383975833654, 0.0007062944932840765, 0.0008815234177745879 ]

[ "How changes in cell mechanical properties induce cancerous behavior.", "\nTumor growth and metastasis are ultimately mechanical processes involving cell migration and uncontrolled division. ", "Using a 3D discrete model of cells, we show that increased compliance as observed for cancer cells causes them to grow at a much faster rate compared to surrounding healthy cells. ", "We also show how changes in intercellular binding influence tumor malignancy and metastatic potential. ", "These findings suggest that changes in the mechanical properties of cancer cells is the proximate cause of uncontrolled division and migration and various biochemical factors drive cancer progression via this mechanism." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0018402498681098223, 0.0007333785179071128, 0.0005899275420233607, 0.0005735436570830643, 0.0007415610016323626 ]

[ "Ultrasonic reduction of excess sludge from activated sludge system: energy efficiency improvement via operation optimization.", "\nThis paper studied the influences of operational parameters to improve the energy efficiency during 'ultrasonic lysis-cryptic growth' sludge reduction. ", "Subsequent batch reactor with a hydraulic retention time of 8 h was used to treat urban sewage, and ultrasound wave with a specific energy of 20 kWh/kg TS was employed for sludge lysis. ", "A new index, EE, was defined to evaluate the energy efficiency in ultrasonic lysis-cryptic growth sludge reduction system. ", "Results showed that the most important operational parameter was the proportion of sonicated sludge (SP), which determined the energy consumption and significantly impacted the energy efficiency. ", "The upper limit of SP in this study was 30%, beyond which the effluent quality was unacceptable. ", "Higher SP caused heavier sludge reduction but more energy consumption; when SP was 30%, the excess sludge reduction was the greatest (67.6%) and the energy consumption was the highest (0.101 kWh/d). ", "With a given SP, frequent sludge lysis was adverse to sludge reduction. ", "In summary, the recommended conditions for 'ultrasonic lysis-cryptic growth' sludge reduction were SP of 15%, lysis frequency of 1 time/day. ", "Under these conditions, the highest energy efficiency of 0.012 kg TS/kWh was achieved." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0008902517147362232, 0.0005887069855816662, 0.000855451391544193, 0.0006282422109507024, 0.0006455486873164773, 0.0015800873516127467, 0.001007645856589079, 0.01102908980101347, 0.0006248311256058514, 0.0006042945897206664 ]

[ "(CNN) -- While the Olympic Games in London steals the world's attention, over 5,000 miles away another global event born from the same ideal of cultural exchange and peaceful rivalry is entering the home stretch. ", "Rather than competition, Expo 2012 in the city of Yeosu, South Korea, is the latest incarnation of an event that officially is meant to foster international understanding; unofficially it is used for national promotion, boosting trade and providing networking opportunities. ", "Of the approximately 4 million visitors that will have wandered through the transformed cement port and industrial site before it closes on August 12, most will have been there to enjoy the pavilions hosting interactive displays on ocean conservation and marine exploration -- the theme of this year's event. ", "But a small but notable minority will not have been there to watch the shows. ", "For them it provides a number of chances to broker deals and reach new contacts where 104 countries can be reached in a day. ", "There has to be a reason for governments and private companies to be here and spend money on it. ", "Stine L. Guldmann, director of Denmark Pavilion \"It's government relations really,\" said Stine L. Guldmann, director of the Denmark pavilion. \"", "South Korea is quite important to Denmark. ", "It's an opportunity to brand your country both in a tourism way but also attract skillful people or showcase our abilities.\" ", "Expo 2012 architecture Denmark's pavilion is funded by a mix of public and private money, including some Danish companies at the forefront of the renewable energy industry. ", "Lego bricks are on hand to attract the visitors and keep them entertained, but a backroom for more grown-up meetings is regularly used. \"", "There has to be a reason for them both (government and private companies) to be here and spend money on it,\" said Guldmann. \"", "It's a success if our private partners are happy with their participation and our political relations are very strong.\" ", "The basic principle of Expos is non-commercial and educational, according to the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), the organizing body that was founded in 1928. ", "Yet that has not prevented a strong presence from the commercial sector, with a large part of the Yeosu site devoted to temporary pavilions from South Korea's biggest corporations, some of which were built at a cost of more than $1million. \"", "Expos don't provide concrete benefits for companies,\" says Lee Joon-hee, Commissioner for Expo 2012. \"", "But is it still relevant... the evidence of why they are still relevant is that a lot of companies and countries want to host Expos.\" ", "Participant countries have different reasons to be in Yeosu. ", "Qatar and the U.S, with strong trade and diplomatic ties to South Korea, respectively, have been two of the more popular pavilions. ", "It's the only place where you can create something that has a critical mass around it. ", "Andrew Snowhite, CEO, USA Pavilion Earlier this year a 20-year deal for Qatar to supply South Korea with natural gas was signed between the two countries, but pavilion manager Mona Sulaiti was keen to stress that the reason for their participation at event \"is about people, not business relationships.\" ", "Andrew Snowhite, CEO of the U.S. Pavilion, believes the event is unique in its scope and potential. \"", "It's the only place where you can create something that has a critical mass around it; it's a very large event. ", "It's a big tourism opportunity for some, for others it's about trade,\" he said. ", "For developing countries like Angola, participation is a way to draw attention to a little known country, either as a holiday destination or potential trading partner. \"", "We don't see it as being old fashioned,\" said Claudia Santana of Angola's pavilion. \"", "We are building our country since 2002... if you search for an official tourism website in Angola you can't find it, so we have to find other ways to show our country. ", "There's a lot of work ahead for our country and this is part of it.\" ", "For all the fostering of relationships and networking over glasses of sweet tea or Lego, ultimately the biggest tangible benefit of the event goes to Yeosu itself.", "\n\nCNN) – It’s always been a case of two-way traffic in the spirited rivalry between Singapore and Hong Kong to attract expats – those that do a stretch in Singapore often do one in Hong Kong, too. ", "The comparisons form a staple of bar room chatter in both Asian cities. ", "After Singapore’s manicured dormitory suburbs, the sometimes over-weaning presence of the state and its tame media, Hong Kong’s fast pace polity and bare-knuckled local press can be a breath of fresh air. ", "For those escaping to Singapore from Hong Kong’s ineluctable pollution, a breath of fresh air, quite literally, is all they want. ", "Last week, Hong Kong choked in the worst pollution to hit the city in two years. ", "The human resources consultancy ECA International – whose location rating survey gauges expatriate living conditions – ranks Hong Kong as Asia’s third most livable city after Singapore and Japan’s Kobe. ", "Rebecca Bisset, editor-in-chief of Singapore’s Expat Living magazine, says that Singapore takes its fair share of corporate refugees from Hong Kong, many of them seeking a more family-oriented environment after the work-hard-play-hard ethos of Hong Kong. “", "I guess Singapore is the place you come when your body just can’t take it anymore,” she jokes. “", "Apart from the fact that it’s more of a party town, the biggest problem for Hong Kong seems to be pollution. “", "In Singapore, there are no problems with typhoons, the cold, the sort of things you get in Hong Kong,” she says. “", "Here it’s pretty much summer all year round and we love it.” ", "While Singapore has a more staid reputation than Hong Kong, expat families are willing to overlook a certain that for the convenience and fresh air. “", "I do have one friend who says she will definitely go back to Hong Kong from Singapore once her children have grown up,” says Bisset. “", "But mostly people here like the easy lifestyle.” ", "The government’s push to attract foreign talent, however, has recently stirred a backlash in Singapore where ostentatious displays of wealth have played poorly with the local electorate. ", "A deadly car crash in May involving a mainland Chinese expat driving a Ferrari at breakneck speed through the city center galvanized xenophobic sentiment. ", "Prior to this incident, Bisset says, there had been a large-scale clamp down on work permits for foreigners throughout the city state. “", "That has softened a bit this year but there is, perhaps, a sense that people are coming from outside and taking top paying jobs,” she says. “", "But when they see how much expats have to pay for housing and schools, it puts it into some perspective.” ", "Nevertheless, the government’s drive to build Singapore as a world-class center for commodities trading as well as other financial services means the flood of expats is unlikely to dry up anytime soon. ", "Financial services providers are increasingly basing their operations there. ", "Richard Straus, who heads Citi Private’s North Asia division for global family offices - a branch of the bank that runs offices that manages finances for mega-wealthy families - says Singapore is becoming a focus for investors, adding that 1,000 to 1,500 family offices will emerge in Asia by 2015. “", "When I talk to family offices all aro\n\nCNN) -- Anyone who remembers 1987 film \"The Secret of my Success\" will recall the powerful hold that a corner office with sweeping views over Manhattan had on a young and upwardly mobile Michael J Fox. ", "More than a sharp suit or a beautiful secretary, having a nice office meant you had arrived. ", "Although the mindset of Wall Street circa 1987 is less predominant these days, connoisseurship for good office design still flourishes. ", "But fast-forward 25 years and, rather than a lobby full of marble or an expensive art collection, it's now living walls and natural light that's most admired. ", "Peter Surrena, design director at trend forecasting agency PSFK, says good office design is an investment in perception for publicly-facing companies . \"", "This perception is not only what we see, but the story we're told. ", "Touring your office with a potential client, explaining how the conference room was inspired by a bird's nest found only in a remote corner of the Auckland Islands—there's value there, it will be remembered and may give you the edge,\" he said. \"", "Explaining how the conference room was inspired by a bird's nest found only in a remote corner of the Auckland Islands—there's value there, it will be remembered and may give you the edge.\" ", "Peter Surrena, PSFK design director \"At the same time, you need to be smart about your investments. ", "With design, and most anything else, it reaches a point where any increase thereafter is excessive. ", "You could call this point 'the ultraviolet spectrum of design': it's there, but imperceptible. ", "I believe the goal of great design is to solve the problem as efficiently and as beautifully as possible, without any excess.\" ", "For employees, a pleasant workplace is directly related to job satisfaction. ", "According to a survey by the American Society of Interior Designers, people who liked their workplaces were 31% more likely to be satisfied with their jobs. ", "Of those seeking work, nearly half said that a company's office space affected their decision on whether to accept a job. ", "Evidence suggests that, in well-designed offices, people work better, too. ", "A study by the Center for Health Design suggests that good layout benefits a company by 6% of an employee's salary, and good lighting and temperature by half a percent. ", "Sustainability also appears to have an impact on productivity. ", "Australian researchers watched what happened when a small law firm and a stockbroking and research company moved into a 5 Green Star-rated space in their current building in Melbourne. ", "They found that sick leave was reduced by 39%, typing speed and accuracy improved by 9% and the lawyers' billable hours increased by 7%. ", "Workers also self-reported few\n\nCNN) -- Food prices in Indonesia rise during the holy month of Ramadan, but that hasn't stopped Ghazmawati Akmalzen from stocking her shelves to celebrate next week's end of daylight fasting. \"", "It's not possible to cut down on food and ingredients because we're going to have friends and family over,\" she said. ", "The spending power of Akmalzen and 242 million other Indonesians shows why this secular Muslim nation is a bright spot in a darkening global economy. ", "Thanks to strong economic demand, this emerging market was able to shake off sagging exports due to eurozone troubles and slowing demand from China. ", "The latest figures Monday from Southeast Asia's largest economy showed Indonesia's gross domestic product (GDP) grew 6.4% year-on-year last quarter. \"", "The second quarter numbers beat market expectations and showed the resilience of the Indonesian economy - that was very much because of the strength of investment which grew 12% year-on-year and also the strength of consumer demand,\" said Rajiv Biswas, chief Asia economist for IHS Global Insight. \"", "Domestic demand was the key factor here.\" ", "More foreign companies are looking to profit from growth in the world's most populous Muslim nation. ", "When Nissan Motor Company resurrected the Datsun brand, CEO Carlos Ghosn made the March announcement in Indonesia, where the Japanese automaker plans to build and sell the new car in 2014, to take advantage of the nation's both rising manufacturing prowess and growing middle class. ", "Late last year, Boeing made its largest single aviation sale - 230 planes totaling $21.7 billion - to Lion Air, a domestic airline virtually unknown outside of this archipelago nation of 6,000 inhabited islands.", "\n\n(Financial Times) -- The UN has called for an immediate suspension of government-mandated US ethanol production, adding to pressure on Barack Obama to address the food-versus-fuel debate in the run-up to presidential elections. ", "Most US ethanol is made from corn. ", "The dispute over ethanol promotion pits states such as Iowa that benefit from higher corn prices -- and in some cases are swing states in the election -- against livestock-raising states such as Texas that are helped by lower corn prices. ", "The UN intervention will be seized upon by state governors, lawmakers and the meat and livestock industry, who have expressed alarm at surging prices for corn. ", "Members of the Group of 20 leading economies -- including France, India and China -- have already expressed concern about the US ethanol policy. ", "The US is poised to divert around 40 per cent of its corn into ethanol because of the Congress-enacted mandate despite \"huge damage\" to the crop because of the worst drought in at least half a century, José Graziano da Silva, director-general of the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation, warned. ", "Drought continues to plague U.S. Drought killing future Christmas trees Midwest farmers wait for rain \"An immediate, temporary suspension of that [ethanol] mandate would give some respite to the market and allow more of the crop to be channelled towards food and feed uses,\" he wrote in an opinion piece in the Financial Times. ", "CNNMoney: U.S. drought drives up food prices worldwide However, some analysts argue such a suspension could have a lower impact on food prices than expected. ", "Even disregarding the mandate, US refiners need billions of gallons of ethanol to meet environmental specifications for their gasoline. ", "Moreover, ethanol is now a huge component of global energy supplies and the suspension of the mandate could push up oil prices. ", "Tom Vilsack, US agriculture secretary, raised doubts about the impact of waiving the ethanol mandate, arguing that the US biofuel industry had reduced petrol prices and created jobs. ", "In addition, high corn prices were already curbing ethanol production, he said. ", "Adjusting the mandate \"may not do what some people think it will do\", he told the Financial Times in an interview. ", "Mr Vilsack, a former Iowa governor, also cited \"fairly high\" thresholds for a waiver, including serious economic harm to a region. \"", "It's not going to be an easy decision, clearly, but I think you have to look at this thing more broadly than some have looked at it,\" he said. ", "Amid worries about a food shortage this year, Mr Graziano da Silva said the situation was \"precarious\" but was not yet a crisis. ", "He added: \"Risks are high and the wrong responses to the current situation could create\" a crisis. ", "Corn, soyabean and wheat prices have surged between 50 and 30 per cent since June after the US endured the hottest July since temperature records began 117 years ago. ", "The US Midwest farmbelt has also seen little rain for months. ", "The world is braced for a repeat of the 2007-2008 food crisis as the worst US drought in 50 years pushes up the prices of staple commodities Corn prices surged on Thursday within striking distance of their all-time record as traders bet that the US Department of Agriculture will reveal a huge drop in the country's crop production in a report on Friday. ", "As America exports nearly half the world's corn, a third of the world's soyabeans and up to a fifth of the world's wheat, changes in US supply have a significant impact on global agricu\n\nd intensify its measures to stimulate growth. ", "Exports rose 1 per cent year on year in July, a six-month low and down from an 11.3 per cent pace in June. ", "Well below expectations, the figure indicated flagging external demand. ", "Imports were up 4.7 per cent, dipping from June's 6.3 per cent pace and pointing to a slackening in China's appetite for commodities. ", "China was left with a $25.1bn surplus, a two-month low. ", "CNNMoney: China inflation hits fresh 2-1/2 year low With the US economy struggling to gain traction and Europe slipping towards recession, China is the world's most important growth engine, but it has also been sputtering. ", "Its 7.6 per cent annual expansion in the second quarter was its slowest since the peak of the global financial crisis three years ago. ", "After the weak factory data on Thursday, analysts said that Beijing would deploy both monetary easing and fiscal spending to prop up growth. ", "The poor showing on exports also fuelled calls for the government to act on the trade front by letting the renminbi depreciate. \"", "The key problem now is that the renminbi's real effective exchange rate (as measured against a trade-weighted basket of currencies) is too high. ", "It is suppressing exports,\" said Lu Zhengwei, an economist with Industrial Securities. ", "The renminbi has edged down nearly 1 per cent against the US dollar this year but it has risen in real terms because the dollar has done relatively well against many other currencies. ", "Should Beijing let the renminbi fall more steeply against the dollar, it could stoke a political dispute with the US. ", "Complaints about China's trade prowess have already featured in the lead-up to the US presidential election later this year. ", "Mitt Romney, the Republican candidate, has vowed that he would declare China a currency manipulator if elected." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005424677510745823, 0.0005725828814320266, 0.000562555156648159, 0.0008189986110664904, 0.0005143260350450873, 0.0006865279283374548, 0.0006161242490634322, 0.0005926209851168096, 0.0006871350342407823, 0.0005358926136977971, 0.0006153009016998112, 0.0006556423031724989, 0.0005242502084001899, 0.000554065452888608, 0.0006605340167880058, 0.0006586588569916785, 0.0005687143420800567, 0.0008069578325375915, 0.0005626952042803168, 0.0007245304877869785, 0.0005682993214577436, 0.0006007624906487763, 0.0007134920451790094, 0.0005857861251570284, 0.0005170326330699027, 0.0005995509563945234, 0.0005587069899775088, 0.0005878740339539945, 0.0006327290902845562, 0.0006075325072742999, 0.0005866465508006513, 0.0015472833765670657, 0.0021966667845845222, 0.08325018733739853, 0.000636466545984149, 0.0005842201644554734, 0.013499082066118717, 0.0035055787302553654, 0.0007315075490623713, 0.0006649221177212894, 0.000755947083234787, 0.0020404942333698273, 0.0006071392563171685, 0.0007156578940339386, 0.005134714767336845, 0.0006389076006598771, 0.0005864365957677364, 0.0010224087163805962, 0.0007078541093505919, 0.0005927619058638811, 0.0005833794130012393, 0.0005669621750712395, 0.0006370361079461873, 0.0006475269328802824, 0.0006276721833273768, 0.0005900874966755509, 0.0006506983772851527, 0.0005502470303326845, 0.0005232083494774997, 0.0006050665979273617, 0.0006477364804595709, 0.0006038080900907516, 0.0005715098814107478, 0.0006043988396413624, 0.0005697628948837519, 0.000594805576838553, 0.0005531421047635376, 0.0005699711618945003, 0.0006399378762580454, 0.0005583162419497967, 0.0014026646967977285, 0.0006217290065251291, 0.0007863130886107683, 0.0022068731486797333, 0.0008422389510087669, 0.0005690358811989427, 0.0005547148757614195, 0.0006050523952580988, 0.0009764336282387376, 0.0005729890544898808, 0.0006143753416836262, 0.0005697091110050678, 0.0010636450024321675, 0.0007237554527819157, 0.0008730352856218815, 0.0005397393833845854, 0.0005949382320977747, 0.0010843079071491957, 0.0006410888163372874, 0.0006995374569669366, 0.0006076087011024356, 0.0006881170556880534, 0.0005973848747089505, 0.0005905716679990292, 0.000654884148389101, 0.0005879973177798092, 0.000621651066467166, 0.0006966129876673222, 0.0006222492665983737, 0.0005828400026075542, 0.0006519134622067213, 0.0007155541679821908, 0.0006483510369434953, 0.0006397259421646595, 0.0006428735796362162, 0.0014321552589535713, 0.00096556032076478, 0.0007809968083165586, 0.0007478002808056772, 0.0011539189144968987, 0.0010203496785834432, 0.0007089095888659358, 0.0007577961077913642, 0.0010505859972909093, 0.0005601069424301386, 0.0011662779143080115 ]

[ "Pasadena Unified Education Series (PUES)\n\nIn partnership with the Pasadena Unified School District (PUSD) and the Pasadena Education Network (PEN), Caltech will host a discussion of PUSD programs and other topics of interest to participants. ", "Representatives from PEN and PUSD will be on hand to answer questions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005679302848875523, 0.0009017318952828646 ]

[ "Optimization of enantiomeric separation for quantitative determination of the chiral drug propranolol by 1H-NMR spectroscopy utilizing a chiral solvating agent.", "\nHigh-field 1H-NMR methodology for enantiomeric composition determination of the chiral drug propranolol utilizing a chiral solvating agent is reported. ", "Optimal experimental conditions for the resolution of enantiomers were determined by studying the interaction of substrate concentration, chiral solvating agent concentration and temperature. ", "The success of the method is based on the selection of a chiral solvating agent that has the following two characteristics. ", "First, it possesses functional groups that are complimentary to those of the chiral substrate for significant interaction to occur. ", "Second, it has a group of diamagnetic anisotropy near its stereogenic center for translating spatial environments of solute nuclei into different magnetic environments that are measurable by NMR spectroscopy. ", "Optical purities were determined on the basis of the intensities of the methyl proton resonances. ", "The analysis of synthetic enantiomeric mixtures of propranolol by the proposed NMR method resulted in assay values, which agreed closely with the known quantities of each enantiomer in the mixtures tested. ", "The mean +/- SD recovery values for the (R)-(+)-enantiomer was 100.0+/-0.6% of added antipode (n = 7)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006076411227695644, 0.0005820398218929768, 0.000557206803932786, 0.0005613254616037011, 0.000575428013689816, 0.0006379082333296537, 0.0006286201532930136, 0.0005610170774161816, 0.000654031871818006 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'We have determined a dynamical mass for the companion to HD 33636 which indicates it is a low-mass star instead of an exoplanet. ", "Our result is based on an analysis of *Hubble Space Telescope* (*HST*) astrometry and ground-based radial velocity data. ", "We have obtained high-cadence radial velocity measurements spanning 1.3 years of HD 33636 with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope at McDonald Observatory. ", "We combined these data with previously published velocities to create a data set that spans nine years. ", "We used this data set to search for, and place mass limits on, the existence of additional companions in the HD 33636 system. ", "Our high-precision astrometric observations of the system with the *HST* Fine Guidance Sensor 1r span 1.2 years. ", "We simultaneously modeled the radial velocity and astrometry data to determine the parallax, proper motion, and perturbation orbit parameters of HD 33636. ", "Our derived parallax, $\\pi_{abs}$ = 35.6 $\\pm$ 0.2 mas, agrees within the uncertainties with the *Hipparcos* value. ", "We find a perturbation period $P$ = 2117.3 $\\pm$ 0.8 days, semimajor axis $a_{A}$ = 14.2 $\\pm$ 0.2 mas, and system inclination $i = 4\\fdg1 \\pm 0\\fdg1$. Assuming the mass of the primary star $M_{A}$ = 1.02 $\\pm$ 0.03 $M_{\\sun}$, we obtain a companion mass $M_{B}$ = 142 $\\pm$ 11 $M_{Jup}$ = 0.14 $\\pm$ 0.01 $M_{\\sun}$. The much larger true mass of the companion relative to its minimum mass estimated from the spectroscopic orbit parameters ($M \\sin i$ = 9.3 $M_{Jup}$) is due to the near face-on orbit orientation. ", "This result demonstrates the value of follow-up astrometric observations to determine the true masses of exoplanet candidates detected with the radial velocity method.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Jacob L. Bean, Barbara E. McArthur, G. Fritz Benedict, Thomas E. Harrison, Dmitry Bizyaev, Edmund Nelan, & Verne V. Smith'\ntitle: 'The Mass of the Candidate Exoplanet Companion to HD 33636 from *HST* Astrometry and High-Precision Radial Velocities'\n---\n\nINTRODUCTION\n============\n\nMass is the most important physical property of exoplanets because it is the one parameter that can establish a star’s companion as an actual planet rather than a brown dwarf or low-mass star. ", "Exoplanet masses also provide important constraints for theoretical models. ", "As for stars, mass critically determines most of the instantaneous characteristics and long-term evolution of a planet. ", "Therefore, we can test, and ultimately improve, our understanding of planet formation and evolution by comparing model predictions with the observed physical and orbital properties of exoplanets with measured masses.", "\n\nCurrently, fewer than 10$\\%$ of the more than 200 candidate exoplanets[^1] orbiting nearby stars have precisely determined masses. ", "The rest only have known minimum masses. ", "This is because the most successful technique for detecting candidate exoplanets, the radial velocity method, cannot be used to remove the degeneracy between the mass and orbital inclination for most of the known exoplanet candidates. ", "In principle, radial velocities alone can be used to determine the masses of exoplanets in multi-planet systems where two or more planets are experiencing significant mutual gravitational interactions on short timescales [e.g. @nauenberg02; @rivera05]. ", "However, only one such system is known (GJ 876), results from different groups vary significantly, and the effects of non-coplanarity have yet to be considered. ", "Thus, establishing precise masses, rather than arguing statistically, for the majority of exoplanet candidates requires observations with complementary techniques. ", "The techniques that have been employed to break the mass – inclination degeneracy in radial velocity data are astrometry [e.g. @benedict02a] and transit [e.g. @henry00] observations. ", "In this paper we report our determination of a dynamical mass for the exoplanet candidate companion to HD 33636 based on combined modeling of radial velocity and astrometric measurements of its perturbation orbit.", "\n\nHD 33636 (= G 97-25, HIP 24205) is G0 V star at a distance of 28.7 pc [@perryman97]. ", "@vogt02 reported the discovery of a candidate planetary mass companion orbiting HD 33636 in a long period and eccentric orbit based on its radial velocity variations. ", "@perrier03, and later @butler06, refined the companions’s orbit parameters based on additional velocity measurements. ", "@butler06 found the spectroscopic orbit parameters period $P$ = 2128 days, eccentricity $e$ = 0.48, and velocity semiamplitude $K$ = 164 m s$^{-1}$, which resulted in an estimated minimum mass $M \\sin i$ = 9.3 $M_{Jup}$ for the companion.", "\n\nAssuming the @butler06 orbit parameters, the corresponding minimum astrometric perturbation, $a_{A} \\sin i$, of HD 33636 due to its low-mass companion would be 1.0 mas. ", "This suggested that the perturbation from even an edge-on system orientation ($i = 90\\degr$) would be detectable using the *Hubble Space Telescope* (*HST*) Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS), and was the motivation for this work. ", "@benedict02a, @mcarthur04, and @benedict06 have previously used the *HST* FGS in combination with radial velocity measurements obtained with ground-based telescopes to directly determine the masses of three exoplanets. ", "Our observations and analysis to determine the mass of HD 33636’s companion are similar and described in the following sections.", "\n\nIn §2 we describe our radial velocity measurements of HD 33636 with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET), which we have used to supplement the previously published velocity data for this object and search for additional low-mass, short-period companions. ", "In §3 we describe our *HST* observations and astrometry measurements. ", "Our reference star spectroscopy, photometry, resulting spectrophotometric parallaxes, and estimated proper motions are discussed in §4. ", "In §5 we present our simultaneous modeling of the radial velocity and astrometry data. ", "From this modeling we determine the perturbation orbit parameters, which allow us to calculate the mass of the companion to HD 33636. ", "In §6 we show our analysis of the radial velocity residuals from the single companion model and present a calculation of our detection limits for additional companions. ", "We discuss the implications of our result in §7 and conclude in §8 with a summary.", "\n\nRADIAL VELOCITY DATA\n====================\n\nThe ultimate precision and accuracy of our measurement of the mass for HD 33636’s unseen companion depends strongly on the quality and quantity of the radial velocity data used. ", "Unaccounted for, but detectable, additional companions or poorly constrained spectroscopic orbit parameters for the known companion would each cause a systematic error in our result. ", "We therefore carried out high-cadence spectroscopic observations for radial velocity measurements of HD 33636 with the HET. ", "We used these data to supplement the previously published velocities for this object and the combined data set of radial velocities spans just over nine years.", "\n\nHET Spectroscopic Observations\n------------------------------\n\nWe observed HD 33636 on 65 nights using the HET to feed the High Resolution Spectrograph [HRS, @tull98] between UT dates September 20, 2005 and January 21, 2007. ", "The HET is queue, rather than classically, scheduled, and the nights were randomly distributed throughout the observing seasons that the star was available. ", "The HRS was used in the resolution R = 60,000 mode with a 316 gr mm$^{-1}$ echelle grating. ", "The cross-dispersion grating was positioned so that the central wavelength of the order that fell in the break between the two CCD chips was 5936 Å. A temperature controlled ($T = 70\\fdg0 \\pm 0\\fdg1$ C) iodine cell (HRS3) was inserted in front of the spectrograph slit entrance for all exposures to imprint lines that provided a contemporaneous wavelength scale and instrumental profile (IP) fiducial. ", "Three separate exposures were taken within 15 minutes on all but a few nights. ", "In total, 195 “target” observations of HD 33636 were made, including 64 sets of three observations each and three additional solitary exposures. ", "Exposure times were nominally 120 s, but varied up to twice that occasionally to account for increased seeing and/or cloud cover.", "\n\nAdditionally, we observed HD 33636 once on December 6, 2006 without the iodine cell and with the same instrument setup, but in the R = 120,000 mode. ", "The exposure time for that observation was 600 s. We used the spectrum from this “template” observation as the model template in the radial velocity analysis of the target spectra described in §2.2.", "\n\nCCD reduction and optimal order extraction were carried out for all the individual spectra using the REDUCE package [@piskunov02]. ", "The final median signal-to-noise (S/N) per pixel of the target spectra is 89 and the template spectrum S/N per pixel is 188. ", "For the CCD binning we used (two pixels in the cross-dispersion direction and one in the echelle dispersion direction), there are roughly four pixels per resolution element in the R = 60,000 mode spectra and two in the R = 120,000 spectrum.", "\n\nRadial Velocity Analysis\n------------------------\n\nWe used an independent adaptation of the canonical spectrum modeling technique described by @valenti95 and @butler96 to measure relative radial velocities in the extracted target spectra. ", "The observed spectra between 5020 and 5860 Å were broken up into 637 separate 100 pixel “chunks.” ", "Each chunk was modeled as the product of a high-resolution FTS spectrum of the iodine cell[^2] and a template stellar spectrum convolved with an IP. ", "The template spectrum was Doppler shifted before being multiplied by the iodine spectrum, and this constituted the measurement of the star’s relative radial velocity. ", "Additionally, the wavelength scale of the observations was simultaneously modeled as a second order polynomial. ", "The reduced observed spectra have an arbitrary normalization and the model normalization was a free parameter as well.", "\n\nWe used the sum of 11 Gaussians, one central and five satellites on each side, to represent the HRS IP. ", "The variable parameters were the width, $\\sigma$, of the central Gaussian and the heights of the satellites. ", "The height of the central Gaussian was calculated from the $\\sigma$ with the standard formula ($h = 1/2\\pi\\sigma$). ", "The IP of the HRS varies considerably in shape and size along each echelle order. ", "Therefore, we used a dynamic spacing of the satellites from the center of the central Gaussian. ", "The spacing was set so that there were four satellites per the FHWM of the central Gaussian ($\\Gamma \\simeq 2.355\\sigma$). ", "The $\\sigma$ of the satellites were also set dynamically. ", "They were equal to the $\\sigma$ of the central Gaussian multiplied by 0.35. ", "Including the Doppler shift, three parameter wavelength scale, 11 parameter IP description, and spectrum normalization there was a total of 16 free parameters in the model for each spectrum chunk.", "\n\nWe based our model template spectrum on the R = 120k HD 33636 spectrum taken without the iodine cell. ", "We modeled a flat field spectrum with the iodine cell that was obtained using the same instrument setup as the template observation, taken immediately after it in the same manner as for the velocity measurements, but without the Doppler shift parameter (15 free parameters). ", "This yielded an accurate wavelength scale and IP description as a function of the spectral position on the CCD at that time. ", "We used this information to estimate the intrinsic spectrum of HD 33636 by removing the IP from the template observation. ", "We used a modified Jansson technique [@gilliland92] for the deconvolution. ", "This estimate of the HD 33636 intrinsic spectrum was used as the model template for the velocity measurement of the target spectra.", "\n\nThe spectral modeling yielded a velocity measurement for each of the 637 chunks in a spectrum. ", "For each target spectrum, we calculated the weighted mean of the velocities from the chunks in a spectrum to give a single measured velocity and uncertainty. ", "We weighted the velocities for each chunk according to the velocity error computed according to the formula for the intrinsic Doppler error in a section of stellar spectrum given by @butler96. ", "The median uncertainty in our 195 measured weighted mean velocities is 2.1 m s$^{-1}$. We converted the velocity determined from each spectrum into a relative radial velocity by correcting each measurement for the barycentric motion of the observatory in the line-of-sight direction using the JPL ephemeris DE405[^3].", "\n\nThe RMS deviation of the HET velocities from the perturbation orbit we determine (see §5) is 6.1 m s$^{-1}$. Using the method of @wright05, @butler06 estimated the intrinsic radial velocity “jitter” due to variations of the stellar photosphere for HD 33636 to be 5.2 m s$^{-1}$. Adding this value in quadrature to our velocity uncertainties we find $\\chi_{\\nu}^{2}$ = 1.1 for the fit to the orbit, which indicates general agreement between our radial velocity measurement and error estimation technique and that of the California – Carnegie Planet Search group.", "\n\nOur scheme of taking three successive exposures over the course of $\\sim$ 10 minutes during most nights gives us the opportunity to somewhat reduce the impact of short-term stellar noise and random errors on our orbit analysis. ", "In addition to calculating a simple weighted mean, we also used the program *Gaussfit* [@jefferys88] to calculate a robust weighted midpoint time, velocity, and uncertainty for each of the 64 three observation sets. ", "Comparing the resulting data to the fit for the weighted and robust mean methods, we find RMSs of 4.4 and 3.3 m s$^{-1}$ respectively. ", "Because of the higher quality of the robust combined velocities, we ultimately adopted those data in the analysis presented in §5. ", "The velocity values, velocity uncertainties, and the corresponding heliocentric Julian dates are given in Table  \\[tab:table1\\]. ", "The velocities we measured are relative to an arbitrary zero-point, and we have subtracted a constant value determined during our orbit analysis. ", "Therefore, the velocities given are relative to the HD 33636 system barycenter under the assumption that our single-companion model for the system is correct.", "\n\nTotal Radial Velocity Data Set\n------------------------------\n\nIn addition to our own measurements from the HET, we included published high precision radial velocity measurements of HD 33636 from @perrier03 [“Elodie” sample] and @butler06 [“Lick” and “Keck” samples]. ", "G. Marcy (private communication) provided us with an updated version of the Keck velocities published in @butler06. ", "These updated velocities result from a reanalysis of old spectra with an improved version of the California – Carnegie Planet Search Doppler analysis software and include an additional epoch of data taken since publication that overlaps with our HET observations. ", "Table  \\[tab:table2\\] lists the source, time coverage, number of data points, and RMS deviation from the final orbit fit for the individual samples.", "\n\nThe complete data set contains radial velocities from four different telescope and instrument combinations and has a time baseline of 3289 days (9.01 years). ", "The preexisting data were a crucial component of our analysis, because HD 33636’s companion has an orbital period more than four times the time span of our HET observations. ", "However, the use of a heterogeneous data set does require particular care, because the velocities in each sample are relative to a different zero point. ", "We found in the course of our analysis (see §5) that a simple offset parameter for each sample was sufficient to correct the data to the same frame of reference.", "\n\n*HST* ASTROMETRY DATA\n=====================\n\nWe used the *HST* Fine Guidance Sensor 1r (FGS1r) to carry out astrometric observations of HD 33636 and five reference stars between UT dates August 20, 2005 and October 26, 2006. ", "A detailed overview of the FGS1r as a science instrument was given by @nelan03. ", "Our data acquisition and reduction follow the procedure outlined by @benedict00 as for the FGS3. ", "We used the FGS1r for the current study because it provides superior fringes from which to obtain stellar positions [@mcarthur02].", "\n\nTable  \\[tab:table3\\] lists the log of the *HST* observations. ", "The data span 432 days (1.18 years) and include 18 epochs. ", "Each epoch contains 2 – 4 positional measurements of HD 33636 and the references stars, which were acquired contiguously over a time span of 26 – 35 minutes. ", "The observation time listed is for the midpoint of each epoch. ", "The field was observed at multiple spacecraft roll values, and HD 33636 had to be placed in different non-central locations within the field of view (FOV) to accommodate the distribution of reference stars. ", "The F5ND neutral density filter was used for the observations of HD 33636, while the F583W filter was used for the reference stars due to their being much fainter. ", "To account for using a different filter for the reference stars, we included a cross-filter correction term [@benedict02b] in the astrometry model (see §5) for HD 33636.", "\n\nASTROMETRIC REFERENCE STAR DATA\n===============================\n\nBecause of the high sensitivity of the FGS as an astrometer, and despite the relatively large distance of the astrometric reference stars, we had to take into account their parallaxes and proper motions in our model (see §5). ", "To establish these, we determined spectrophotometric parallaxes, and adopted proper motions that could be input as constraints to our model. ", "Additionally, our model requires input $(\\bv)$ colors for all the stars to correct for chromatic aberration (lateral color). ", "Our method for estimating reference star spectrophotometric parallaxes is discussed extensively in @benedict07 and we followed the same approach in the present study.", "\n\nWe obtained classification spectra of our astrometric reference stars with the R-C Spectrograph on the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) Blanco 4 m telescope[^4]. ", "The spectral types were determined from these spectra by a combination of template matching and line ratios and are generally better than $\\pm$ 2 subclasses.", "\n\nWe also obtained $BVI$ photometry for the reference stars using the New Mexico State University 1m telescope and adopted $JHK$ magnitudes from the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) Point Source Catalog [@cutri03]. ", "We estimated the star’s luminosity classes with this photometry and the reduced proper motion method. ", "We estimated $V$ band extinctions, $A_{V}$, for the reference stars by comparing their measured colors with the expected colors for their spectral type taken from @cox00.", "\n\nWe next estimated $M_{V}$ values for the reference stars by assuming the prototypical values for their spectral types and luminosity classes given by @cox00. ", "We calculated their spectrophotometric parallaxes from their measured $V$ and the estimated $A_{V}$ and $M_{V}$ values. ", "The determined spectral types and luminosity classes, measured $V$ and $(\\bv)$ values, estimated $A_{V}$ values, assumed $M_{V}$ values, and estimated spectrophotometric parallaxes for the reference stars are given in Table  \\[tab:table4\\]. ", "Proper motions for these stars were taken from the 2nd data release of the USNO CCD Astrograph Catalog [UCAC2, @zacharias04]. ", "These proper motions, along with the spectrophotometric parallaxes and measured $(\\bv)$ values, enter our model as observations with error.", "\n\nSIMULTANEOUS RADIAL VELOCITY AND ASTROMETRY SOLUTION\n====================================================\n\nWe modeled the radial velocity and astrometry data simultaneously to determine the parallax, proper motion, and complete set of perturbation orbit parameters for HD 33636. ", "With these determined parameters, we then calculated the mass of its companion. ", "The method we used is very similar to that previously employed by @benedict02a, @mcarthur04, and @benedict06 to determine the same parameters for other exoplanet host stars and their companions.", "\n\nThe astrometric model for HD 33636 that we used is represented by four solved equations of condition. ", "They are\n\n$$x' = x + LC_{x}( \\bv ) - XF_{x},$$\n\n$$y' = y + LC_{y}( \\bv ) - XF_{y},$$\n\n$$\\xi = Ax' + By' + C - P_{\\alpha}\\pi - \\mu_{\\alpha}\\Delta t - ORBIT_{\\alpha},$$\n\n$$\\eta = -Bx' + Ay' + F - P_{\\delta}\\pi - \\mu_{\\delta}\\Delta t - ORBIT_{\\delta}.$$\n\nIdentifying terms, $x$ and $y$ are the measured coordinates; () is the photometric color; $LC_{x}$ and $LC_{y}$ are the lateral color corrections; $XF_{x}$ and $XF_{y}$ are the cross-filter corrections; A and B are plate scale and rotation parameters; $C$ and $F$ are offsets; $\\mu_{\\alpha}$ and $\\mu_{\\delta}$ are proper motion components, $\\Delta t$ is the time difference from the mean epoch; $P_{\\alpha}$ and $P_{\\delta}$ are parallax factor components; $\\pi$ is the parallax; $ORBIT_{\\alpha}$ and $ORBIT_{\\delta}$ are the astrometric components of the perturbation orbit; and $\\xi$ and $\\eta$ are the standard coordinates. ", "The astrometric orbit is a function of the orbital parameters period ($P$), time of periastron passage ($T_{P}$), eccentricity ($e$), semimajor axis ($a_{A}$), position angle of the ascending node ($\\Omega$), inclination ($i$), and the longitude of periastron passage ($\\omega$).", "\n\nWe also modeled the astrometry for the five reference stars in parallel with HD 33636. ", "The equations of condition for those stars are the same as given in Equations (1 – 4) minus the cross-filter corrections and perturbation orbit motion. ", "The plate scale and rotation parameters and the offsets are the same for HD 33636 and the reference stars at each epoch. ", "The parallax and proper motion are unique for each star.", "\n\nThe radial velocity model for HD 33636 is given by a fifth solved equation of condition, $$\\gamma = RV + G_{S} - ORBIT_{R},$$ where $RV$ is the measured relative radial velocity; $G_{S}$ is the velocity offset for each of the four velocity samples described in §2.3; $ORBIT_{R}$ is the radial component of the orbital velocity; and $\\gamma$ is the adopted velocity of the HD 33636 system barycenter. ", "The exact choice of $\\gamma$ is arbitrary and immaterial because our analysis is based on the relative motion of HD 33636. ", "The important point is that its value is the same for each radial velocity sample and the $G_{S}$ values are used to correct the sample velocities to the same frame of reference. ", "The radial velocity orbit depends on the parameters $P$, $T_{P}$, $e$, and $\\omega$, which are the same for the astrometric and radial velocity orbit models. ", "The radial velocity orbit is also dependent on the velocity semiamplitude ($K_{A}$), which does not influence the astrometric orbit.", "\n\nIn addition to the shared orbit parameters, we enforced a relationship between the astrometric and radial velocity models using a constraint from @pourbaix00, $$\\frac{a_{A} \\sin i}{\\pi_{abs}} = \\frac{P K_{A} \\sqrt{1 - e^{2}}}{2 \\pi (4.7405)},$$ where astrometric only quantities are on the left. ", "Quantities determined primarily or only by the radial velocities are on the right.", "\n\nWe solved for HD 33636’s cross filter correction, coordinates, parallax, proper motion, and perturbation orbit parameters, the reference stars’ coordinates, parallaxes and proper motions, the plate parameters for each astrometry epoch, lateral color corrections, and the velocity sample offsets by fitting the above models to the radial velocity and astrometry data. ", "The HD 33636 cross-filter correction, lateral color corrections, and the reference star spectrophotometric parallaxes and proper motions were input into the model as observations with error. ", "We used the *Gaussfit* program with robust estimation and the “fair” metric to determine the parameter values that gave the lowest $\\chi^{2}$ between our model and the measured data. ", "We adopted the uncertainties returned by *Gaussfit*, which were generated from a maximum likelihood estimation that is an approximation to a Bayesian maximum a posteriori estimator with a flat prior [@jefferys90].", "\n\nThe radial velocity data, our best fit, and the fit residuals as a function of time are plotted in Figure  \\[fig:f1\\]. ", "The radial velocities for each sample in the Figure have been corrected to the system barycenter using the corresponding offset values determined in the analysis. ", "The RMS deviations for the individual samples are given in Table  \\[tab:table2\\]. ", "We find RMS residuals for the Keck and HET velocities of 4.2 and 3.3 m s$^{-1}$ respectively.", "\n\nThe right ascension and declination component astrometry data as a function of time with the plate scale variation, parallactic motion, and proper motion removed are shown in Figure  \\[fig:f2\\]. ", "These data illustrate the astrometric orbital motion of HD 33636. ", "The fit to the data is indicated and the RMS residuals from our fit for HD 33636 are 1.4 mas and 1.0 mas in the right ascension and declination directions respectively. ", "These values are consistent with the previously characterized FGS1r per observation precision of $\\sim$ 1 mas and the median residual RMSs for the 5 reference stars, which is 1.3 mas. ", "The quality of the simultaneous orbit fit to the astrometry and radial velocity data is evidence of the clear detection of HD 33636’s perturbation due to the known companion. ", "The same data from Figure  \\[fig:f2\\] are also shown as in the flat plane of the sky in Figure  \\[fig:f3\\]. ", "The direction of orbital motion and the location and time of the next periastron passage (2010.65) are also indicated in Figure  \\[fig:f3\\].", "\n\nRelative coordinates and our determined absolute parallaxes and proper motions for HD 33636 and the five reference stars are given in Table  \\[tab:table5\\]. ", "A summary of the *HST* astrometry for HD 33636 is given in Table  \\[tab:table6\\]. ", "For HD 33636 we find $\\pi_{abs}$ = 35.6 $\\pm$ 0.2 mas, $\\mu_{\\alpha}$ = 169.0 $\\pm$ 0.3 mas, and $\\mu_{\\delta}$ = -142.3 $\\pm$ 0.3 mas. ", "Our parallax value is in excellent agreement with, but more precise than, the *Hipparcos* value $\\pi_{abs}$ = 34.9 $\\pm$ 1.3 mas [@perryman97]. ", "However, our determined proper motion is significantly different than the *Hipparcos* values $\\mu_{\\alpha}$ = 180.8 $\\pm$ 1.1 mas and $\\mu_{\\delta}$ = -137.3 $\\pm$ 0.8 mas [@perryman97]. ", "The reason for this is that the *Hipparcos* model did not account for the large perturbation orbit of HD 33636. ", "As discussed by @black82, the proper motion parameters can absorb orbital motion in astrometry data. ", "The *Hipparcos* satellite only made 16 measurements of HD 33636’s position with a reported precision of better than 5 mas over a period of 2.1 years. ", "The orbital motion of HD 33636 during this time led to the underestimation of southerly proper motion component and overestimation of the westerly proper motion component. ", "The *Hipparcos* measurements were not precise enough and did not span a sufficient amount of time to distinguish between proper motion and orbit curvature at the level necessary to trigger a multiplicity flag in the standard analysis [@hipp]\n\nIn the case of our analysis, we have the benefit of foreknowledge about the existence of a companion due to the radial velocity variations. ", "The radial velocity data that we modeled simultaneously with the astrometry data is very sensitive to most of the orbit parameters and carries the most weight in the determination of those parameters because of its quantity and quality. ", "Additionally, we have five times the per observation astrometric precision and four times the number of observations than *Hipparcos* for HD 33636. ", "The *Hipparcos* data are not useful to include in our analysis because that would necessitate the inclusion of additional transformation terms similar to the velocity offsets used to combine the radial velocity datasets. ", "This would result in further degradation of the *Hipparcos* precisions because there is no astrometric plate overlap between our *HST* observations and those of *Hipparcos*. ", "Because of this, it would not have been useful to include the *Hipparcos* measurements in our analysis.", "\n\nOur derived values and uncertainties for the perturbation orbit parameters are given in Table  \\[tab:table7\\]. ", "Figure  \\[fig:f4\\] shows a plot of the relationship between $a_{A}$ and $i$ for fixed $P$, $K_{A}$, $e$, and $\\pi_{abs}$ through the @pourbaix00 relationship (eq. ", "\\[6\\]). ", "We find that the orbit is nearly face-on, with $i = 4\\fdg1 \\pm 0\\fdg1$ from the plane of the sky. ", "Correspondingly, we find a large perturbation size, $a_{A}$ = 14.2 $\\pm$ 0.2 mas, relative to the previously calculated minimum perturbation $a_{A} \\sin i$ = 1.0 mas. ", "We also find $P$ = 2117.3 $\\pm$ 0.8 days. ", "Assuming the mass of HD 33636 $M_{A} = 1.02 \\pm 0.03 M_{\\sun}$ [@takeda07], we find the mass of the companion, $M_{B}$, by iterating the equation $$\\bigg(\\frac{a_{A}}{\\pi_{abs}}\\bigg)^{3} = M_{B}^{3}\\bigg(\\frac{P}{M_{A}+M_{B}}\\bigg)^{2}.$$ This yields $M_{B} = 142^{+3.3}_{-1.8}\\ M_{Jup} = 0.136^{+0.003}_{-0.002}\\ M_{\\sun}$, which is also relatively large compared to the minimum mass $M \\sin i = 9.3 M_{Jup}$, calculated from the spectroscopic orbit parameters. ", "We have elected to round up to the next significant figure in solar units to account for possible systematic errors in the adopted mass of HD 33636 and other aspects of the analysis. ", "Our final adopted companion mass uncertainty, which is also given in Table  \\[tab:table7\\], is $0.01 M_{\\sun} = 11 M_{Jup}$. We conclude from this result that HD 33636’s companion is a low-mass star and not an exoplanet.", "\n\nLIMITS ON ADDITIONAL COMPANIONS\n===============================\n\nAs discussed in §2, one motivation for obtaining additional radial velocity data beyond the previously published data was to search for, and place limits on, additional companions in the system. ", "To do this we analyzed the radial velocity residuals from the orbit model described in §5. ", "We calculated a (Lomb) periodogram [@press92] for the residuals from the model fit and the result is shown in Figure  \\[fig:f5\\]. ", "We searched for prominent peaks at periods shorter than the time span of the data set (3289 days) and found none with significant power or having a $< 70\\%$ false alarm probability (FAP). ", "We also carried out this analysis on the residuals for the individual samples separately and, again, found no signs for regular periodicity. ", "In addition, we analyzed the radial velocity data by fitting trends to the total data set and individual samples’ residuals and found nothing significant. ", "For the total data set we found a trend of 0.3 m s$^{-1}$ over the 9 year span, which is within the velocity amplitude uncertainty (0.6 m s$^{-1}$, see Table  \\[tab:table7\\]).", "\n\nTo quantify our detection limits for additional companions we used a method similar to that of @wittenmyer06. ", "We adopted the velocity residuals as a noise sample for simulated orbits. ", "We generated simulated radial velocity orbits for each of 200 period values from 0.8 to 3289 days. ", "The discrete period values were spaced evenly on a logarithmic scale. ", "For each period, we began by assuming a starting velocity semimajor amplitude of 4 m s$^{-1}$. We calculated 100 orbits for the given period and velocity semiamplitude and selected different time and longitude of periastron passage values with a pseudo-random number generator. ", "We calculated the radial velocity values of the orbits at each of the dates in our measured velocity data set. ", "We scrambled our velocity residuals, also with a pseudo-random number generator, and added them to the simulated data as noise. ", "For each of the 100 trials we calculated a periodogram of the simulated velocity data. ", "If the power at the period used to generate the orbit was found to correspond to a FAP $< 0.1\\%$ then that was counted as a successful detection. ", "If 99 of the 100 trials at a velocity semimajor amplitude resulted in detections then that velocity was considered the detection limit at the period value and the next period value was considered. ", "If two or more non-detections occurred then the velocity semimajor amplitude was increased 0.5 m s$^{-1}$ and the process continued until the velocity limit for the simulated period was found. ", "We carried out this analysis for three different values of orbital eccentricity $e$ = 0.0, 0.4, and 0.7. ", "The upper eccentricity limit of 0.7 was chosen because $> 95\\%$ of radial velocity detected exoplanet candidates have eccentricities lower than that value. ", "For the simulations with an eccentricity of 0.0, the longitude of periastron is a meaningless parameter, and the 100 randomized values of the time of periastron served to set the relative phase.", "\n\nWith the set of eccentricities, periods, and velocity detection limits derived from this procedure we calculated the corresponding minimum companion masses and astrometric perturbation sizes. ", "The results are shown in Figure  \\[fig:f6\\]. ", "From these data we infer that our radial velocity data were at least sensitive enough to detect companions with minimum masses $M \\sin i > 0.2\\ M_{Jup}$, orbital periods $P <$ 100 days, and orbital eccentricities $< 0.4$. For the same orbital eccentricities, companions with $M \\sin i > 1.2\\ M_{Jup}$ and orbital periods up to 3300 days are ruled out. ", "We also find that radial velocity undetected companions would have a minimum astrometric signature $a \\sin i <$ 0.05 mas for $P <$ 1000 days and reasonable eccentricities, which is beyond the detection threshold of the *HST* observations. ", "Taken together, the periodogram analysis, slope analysis, and simulation of the residuals indicate no additional companions in the system, verifying that our single companion model to fit the radial velocity and astrometry data was appropriate.", "\n\nDISCUSSION\n==========\n\nHD 33636’s companion is likely a M6 V star, with magnitudes $\\Delta V \\approx 8.0$ and $\\Delta K \\approx 4.0$ from the G0 V primary [@cox00]. ", "From this we estimate that HD 33636 should have only a 0.03 mag enhancement in $K$ from that expected for a solitary G0 V star. ", "The two stars’ separation at apastron will be 015. ", "Therefore, high-resolution imaging could be useful for additional study of this system.", "\n\nThe mass we find for HD 33636’s companion indicates that it is not a planet at the $\\sim12\\sigma$ level assuming the standard 13 $M_{Jup}$ upper limit for planets. ", "This is the first definitive example of a planet candidate detected with the radial velocity method being confirmed to exist, but to have a non-planetary mass. ", "Previously, @reffert06 analyzed the *Hipparcos* Intermediate Astrometric Data for HD 38529 and 168443 with radial velocity data as a constraint and found companion masses $M = 37^{+36}_{-19}\\ M_{Jup}$ and $M = 34 \\pm 12\\ M_{Jup}$ respectively. ", "However, these are both $< 1.8\\ \\sigma$ results and more observations are needed to refine these estimates.", "\n\nIn contrast, @benedict02a, @mcarthur04, and @benedict06 have directly confirmed the planetary nature of exoplanets around GJ 876, $\\rho^{1}$ Cancri, and $\\epsilon$ Eridani with the same method used in this paper. ", "The GJ 876 and $\\rho^{1}$ Cancri systems contain additional, non-astrometrically detected companions. ", "If these systems are coplanar then the additional companions are also planets. ", "Three other planet candidates originally detected with the radial velocity method have been observed to transit their host star, HD 209458b [@henry00; @charbonneau00], HD 189733b [@bouchy05], and HD 149026b [@sato05], and thus have measured masses and are confirmed planets.", "\n\nFrom mathematical arguments, the median value for the inclination of binary (star + star or star + planet) orbits is 60$\\degr$. This is supported by the distribution of the inclinations of visual binary star orbits in the Washington Double Star Catalog [@mason06], which has a broad peak in frequency centered around 60$\\degr$. An inclination $i = 60\\degr$ corresponds to a multiplicative factor of 1.15 to the minimum mass calculated from spectroscopic orbit parameters. ", "Therefore, we expect that most of the candidate exoplanets detected with the radial velocity method and having minimum masses $M \\sin i \\la 11 M_{Jup}$ are actually planets.", "\n\nNearly face-on orbits, like the one we have determined for the HD 33636 system, should be rare. ", "Orbits with $i \\leq 5\\degr$ are expected to make up only 0.4$\\%$ of an unbiased distribution. ", "Nevertheless, our result is a striking example proving that minimum masses are not true masses and that not all of the planet candidates are actual planets. ", "This demonstrates the value of follow-up astrometric observations and photometric monitoring for potential transits to determine the true masses of exoplanet candidates detected with the radial velocity method.", "\n\n@vf05 found HD 33636’s iron abundance \\[Fe/H\\] = -0.13, which is consistent with the solar neighborhood average [@carlos04], but on the lower end of the distribution of stars with detected planet candidate companions [@fv05]. ", "Although HD 33636’s companion falls outside the period range ($P <$ 4 years) considered by @fv05, it is reasonable to assume that the metallicities of host stars to high-mass planets at all periods should be distributed at similar high values as is suggested by the core accretion model of planet formation. ", "For stars with -0.50 $\\leq$ \\[Fe/H\\] $\\leq$ 0.0, @fv05 found a planet candidate detection rate $< 3\\%$. Above solar metallicity, they found the detection rate increased, and was up to 25$\\%$ for stars with \\[Fe/H\\] $>$ +0.3 dex. ", "In this context, the fact that HD 33636 is not a planet hosting star is not as surprising as it would have been if it had \\[Fe/H\\] $\\gg$ 0.0, because removing it from the sample strengthens the correlation between planets and host star metallicity.", "\n\nAlong the lines of planet host star abundances, @ecuvillon06 and @chen06 have included HD 33636 as a planet hosting star for studies of oxygen and lithium abundances respectively. ", "@ecuvillon06 found that planet hosting stars could have oxygen abundances, \\[O/H\\], enhanced from a volume limited control sample by 0.1 – 0.2 dex, but that there was a large uncertainty in the measurements and ambiguity with the effects of galactic chemical evolution. ", "@chen06 found that planet hosting stars could have depleted lithium abundances relative to stars without detected planet companions. ", "HD 33636 was found to be slightly oxygen rich ($\\sim$ 0.1 dex) relative to control samples stars with similar \\[Fe/H\\] in the @ecuvillon06 study. ", "Conversely, @chen06 found that HD 33636 showed no signs of lithium depletion as was the case in many other ostensibly planet hosting stars.", "\n\nAnother study with conclusions that could be affected by our result was done by @beichman05, who looked for infrared excess due to debris disks around planet hosting stars with *Spitzer*. ", "HD 33636 was one of six planet hosting stars that showed excess emission at 70 $\\mu$m and it also was one of the three that showed the most significant excess. ", "In addition, @beichman05 found six stars that did not have detected planets showing the same type of excess. ", "Moving HD 33636 from the planet hosting sample to the non-planet hosting sample has the effect of increasing the offset in the frequency distribution for 70 $\\mu$m excess between the two samples. ", "Surprisingly, the non-planet hosting stars then have a higher infrared excess detection rate (7/60) than the planet hosting stars (6/80). ", "This indicates there is no special correlation between planets and debris disks within the current planet and disk detection limits. ", "Both this study, and the two mentioned above, depend on data that is difficult to measure. ", "Resolving a true planet population from the sample of planet candidates with mass measurements will ultimately increase the impact of these and other similar studies and also permit new studies to be undertaken.", "\n\nCONCLUSIONS\n===========\n\nWe have determined HD 33636’s parallax, proper motion, and perturbation orbit parameters from simultaneously modeling radial velocity and astrometry data. ", "The total radial velocity data set spans 9.0 years and includes 1.3 years of data obtained by us with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope. ", "The astrometry data spans 1.2 years and was obtained with the FGS1r instrument on the *Hubble Space Telescope*.", "\n\nOur derived parallax agrees with the *Hipparcos* value within the measurement uncertainties. ", "We find a system inclination $i = 4\\fdg1 \\pm 0\\fdg1$, which indicates a near face-on orbit and a companion mass much larger than the minimum mass calculated from the spectroscopic orbit parameters. ", "With our determined perturbation period $P$ = 2117.3 $\\pm$ 0.8 days and semimajor axis $a_{A}$ = 14.2 $\\pm$ 0.2 mas and assumed mass for HD 33636 $M_{A} = 1.02 \\pm 0.03 M_{\\sun}$, we obtain the mass of the companion $M_{B} = 0.14 \\pm 0.01 M_{\\sun}$. We conclude that HD 33636’s companion is a M6 V star rather than an exoplanet.", "\n\nWe are grateful to G. Marcy for providing the unpublished Keck radial velocities. ", "In addition, we acknowledge R. P. Butler, D. A. Fischer, J. Johnson, K. Peek, S. S. Vogt, and J. T. Wright for their contributions to measuring those velocities. ", "We also thank the anonymous referee for a careful reading of the manuscript and constructive comments which improved this paper. ", "JLB, BEM, and GFB acknowledge support from NASA GO-09407, GO-09969, GO-09971, GO-10103, GO-10610, and GO-10989 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555; and from JPL 1227563 ([*SIM*]{} MASSIF Key Project, Todd Henry, P.I.), administered by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.", "\n\nAllende Prieto, C., Barklem, P. S., Lambert, D. L., & Cunha, K. 2004, , 420, 183\n\nBeichman, C. A., & et al. ", "2005, , 622, 1170\n\nBenedict, G. F., & et al. ", "2000, , 116, 429\n\nBenedict, G. F., & et al. ", "2002, , 581, 115\n\nBenedict, G. F., & et al. ", "2002, , 123, 473\n\nBenedict, G. F., & et al. ", "2006, , 132, 2206\n\nBenedict, G. F., & et al. ", "2007, , 133, 1810\n\nBlack, D. C., & Scargle, J. D. 1982, , 263, 854\n\nBouchy, F., & et al. ", "2005, , 444, L15\n\nButler, R. P., Marcy, G. W., Williams, E., McCarthy, C., Dosanjh, P., & Vogt, S. S. 1996, , 108, 550\n\nButler, R. P., & et al. ", "2006, , 646, 505\n\nCharboneau, D., Brown, T., M., Latham, D. W., & Mayor, M. 2000, , 529, L45\n\nChen, Y. Q., & Zhao, G. 2006, , 131, 1816\n\nCox, A. N. ed. ", "2000, Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities (4th ed.; ", "New York: AIP)\n\nCutri, R. M., & et al. ", "2003, The 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Pasadena:IPAC/California Inst. ", "Technology)\n\nEcuvillon, A., Israelian, G., Santos, N. C., Shchukina, N. G., Mayor, M., & Rebolo 2006, å, 445, 633\n\nESA 1997, The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, ESA SP-1200\n\nFischer, D. A., & Valenti, J. 2005, , 622, 1102\n\nGilliland, R. L., Morris, S. L., Weymann, R. J., & Ebbets, D. C. 1992, , 104, 367\n\nHenry, G. W., Marcy, G. W., Butler, R. P., & Vogt, S. S. 2000, , 529, L41\n\nJefferys, W. H., Fitzpatrick, M. J., & McArthur, B. 1988, Celestial Mechanics 41, 39\n\nJefferys, W. H. 1990, Biometrika, 77, 597\n\nMason, B. D., & Hartkopf, W. I. 2006, JDSO, 2, 171\n\nMcArthur, B. E., Benedict, G. F. , Jeffreys, W. H., & Nelan, E. 2002, in The 2002 *HST* Calibration Workshop, Ed. ", "S. Arribas, A. Koekemoer, & B. Whitmore (Baltimore: STScI)\n\nMcArthur, B. E., & et al. ", "2004, , 614, L81\n\nNauenberg, M. 2002, , 568, 369\n\nNelan, E., & et al. ", "2003, Fine Guidane Sensor Handbook, Ver. ", "12.0 (Baltimore: STSCcI)\n\nPerrier, C., Sivan, J.-P., Naef, D., Beuzit, J.-L., Mayor, M., Queloz, D., Udry, S. 2003, å, 410, 1039\n\nPerryman, M. A. C. & et al. ", "1997, , 323, 49\n\nPiskunov, N. E., & Valenti, J. A. 2002, , 385, 1095\n\nPourbaix, D., & Jorissen, A. 2000, , 145, 161\n\nPress, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., & Flannery, B. P. 1992, Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing (2nd Edition; Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press)\n\nRivera, E. J., & et al. ", "2005, 634, 625\n\nReffert, S., & Quirrenbach, A. 2006, , 449, 699\n\nSato, B., & et al. ", "2005, , 633, 465\n\nTakeda, G., Ford, E. B., Sills, A., Rasio, F. A., Fischer, D. A., & Valenti, J. A. 2007, , in press\n\nTull, R. G. 1998, Proc. ", "SPIE, 3355, 387\n\nValenti, J. A., Butler, R. P., & Marcy, G. W. 1995, , 107, 966\n\nValenti, J. A., & Fischer, D. A. 2005, , 159, 141\n\nVogt, S. S., Butler, R. P., Marcy, G. W., Fischer, D. A., Pourbaix, D., Apps, K., & Laughlin, G. 2002, , 568, 352\n\nWittenmyer, R. A., Endl, M., Cochran, W. D., Hatzes, A. P., Walker, G. A. H., Yang, S. L. S., & Paulson, D. B. 2006, , 132, 177\n\nWright, J. T. 2005, , 117, 657\n\nZacharias, N., & et al. ", "2004, , 127, 3043\n\n[^1]: A regularly updated list of reported exoplanets can be found at http://exoplanet.eu/.\n\n[^2]: The FTS spectrum of the HRS3 iodine cell is available at ftp://nsokp.nso.edu/FTS\\_cdrom/FTS50/001023R0.004.", "\n\n[^3]: The JPL ephemeris data may be obtained on the Internet at ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/eph/export/DE405/\n\n[^4]: CTIO is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Inc. (AURA), under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation (NSF) as part of the National Optical Astronomy Observatories (NOAO).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.0005971350474283099, 0.0005631077219732106, 0.0005619075964204967, 0.0005757517646998167, 0.0005831017042510211, 0.0005763869849033654, 0.0005773442680947483, 0.0007173321791924536, 0.001495422562584281, 0.0005656424327753484, 0.0007169285672716796, 0.0005725364899262786, 0.0005701463669538498, 0.0005957065150141716, 0.0008544054580852389, 0.0006527483928948641, 0.000661584606859833, 0.000591595540754497, 0.0005594810354523361, 0.0005870067980140448, 0.0005933339707553387, 0.000569188327062875, 0.0006949151866137981, 0.0006044668261893094, 0.0006168295512907207, 0.001095257350243628, 0.0009220409556291997, 0.000625177170149982, 0.0007489192066714168, 0.0005432612379081547, 0.0005436624051071703, 0.0005805499968118966, 0.0005608112551271915, 0.00053452851716429, 0.000608201080467552, 0.0005333635490387678, 0.0005286604864522815, 0.0006264520925469697, 0.0006051121163181961, 0.0005586279439739883, 0.0005495453951880336, 0.0006188428960740566, 0.0005992073565721512, 0.0007538720965385437, 0.000808631768450141, 0.0006200670031830668, 0.0005975882522761822, 0.0005880897515453398, 0.0005628034705296159, 0.0005587168270722032, 0.000556573795620352, 0.0006510411039926112, 0.0005880446406081319, 0.0006138593889772892, 0.0006227772682905197, 0.0005640883464366198, 0.0006301022949628532, 0.0005586950574070215, 0.0005945204175077379, 0.0007776657002978027, 0.0006285685813054442, 0.0007645782898180187, 0.0006281122332438827, 0.0006750327884219587, 0.001665877178311348, 0.0006630416610278189, 0.0013398423325270414, 0.0005796636687591672, 0.0005897358059883118, 0.0005529357003979385, 0.0005535460659302771, 0.0005418731598183513, 0.0006256227497942746, 0.0005613928660750389, 0.0005561289144679904, 0.0005548965418711305, 0.0006355321384035051, 0.0005958850379101932, 0.0006313432822935283, 0.0008960095001384616, 0.0006044582114554942, 0.0006336584920063615, 0.0005248726811259985, 0.0005758557235822082, 0.0005816799239255488, 0.000583633896894753, 0.0006594473961740732, 0.0006284718401730061, 0.00065084348898381, 0.0005808926071040332, 0.0005687547381967306, 0.0005775924655608833, 0.0005983231239952147, 0.0005212613032199442, 0.0006441078148782253, 0.0005659115267917514, 0.0005737913306802511, 0.0005837645730935037, 0.0007508500711992383, 0.0006194825400598347, 0.0005777270998805761, 0.0005642407923005521, 0.0005587725318036973, 0.000658875098451972, 0.0005663909832946956, 0.0006137508316896856, 0.0005459807580336928, 0.0006062620668672025, 0.0005609163199551404, 0.0005474017816595733, 0.0006151765701361, 0.0006313126650638878, 0.000578814244363457, 0.0005804661777801812, 0.000570976291783154, 0.0007040056516416371, 0.0006107125082053244, 0.0005842557875439525, 0.0008026708383113146, 0.0007821582839824259, 0.0005552057409659028, 0.0006373643409460783, 0.0005723035428673029, 0.012345673516392708, 0.0006806805031374097, 0.0005403959657996893, 0.000685875944327563, 0.0005618432769551873, 0.0006296715582720935, 0.0006578110042028129, 0.0006045186310075223, 0.0005834644543938339, 0.0007251601200550795, 0.0006341227563098073, 0.0010900456691160798, 0.0005706269876100123, 0.0005691832047887146, 0.0006686609704047441, 0.0008699283935129642, 0.0006212160806171596, 0.0005728522664867342, 0.0005564804305322468, 0.0005864925333298743, 0.0008286007796414196, 0.0005860963719896972, 0.0005781113286502659, 0.0005852695903740823, 0.0006665040855295956, 0.0005804581451229751, 0.0006826954777352512, 0.0005788765847682953, 0.0005608302890323102, 0.0005664798081852496, 0.0010796536225825548, 0.0006657334160991013, 0.0006980946636758745, 0.0006971771363168955, 0.0006013609236106277, 0.0005980038549751043, 0.0006093676784075797, 0.0005747519317083061, 0.0005306114908307791, 0.0006110403337515891, 0.0005837639910168946, 0.0006786591839045286, 0.0005649555241689086, 0.0006067799986340106, 0.0012259726645424962, 0.0012533182743936777, 0.001301584648899734, 0.001453403732739389, 0.0007154509075917304, 0.003719527507200837, 0.0005364077514968812, 0.0006273381295613945, 0.0006838603876531124, 0.0005452577024698257, 0.0006040645530447364, 0.0006185321253724396, 0.0005430647288449109, 0.0005483566783368587, 0.0006053843535482883, 0.0006110857357271016, 0.0005624329205602407, 0.0005552485818043351, 0.0006079101585783064, 0.0006056948914192617, 0.0005327401449903846, 0.000765558157581836, 0.0005384388496167958, 0.0011458916123956442, 0.0006069517694413662, 0.0006722804391756654, 0.0005906808655709028, 0.0007977985078468919, 0.0006055612466298044, 0.0005986696924082935, 0.0006389785557985306, 0.0009462864836677909, 0.0006657987833023071, 0.0005219006561674178, 0.0007009736727923155, 0.0008771977736614645, 0.0007190469768829644, 0.0005399130168370903, 0.0006919133011251688, 0.0006555973086506128, 0.0006986091029830277, 0.0006299548549577594, 0.0006919182487763464, 0.0007266179891303182, 0.0006519131711684167, 0.0006849924102425575, 0.0006142359925433993, 0.0022000859025865793, 0.0006068421644158661, 0.001364092226140201, 0.0006681188242509961, 0.0005637577851302922, 0.000630824884865433, 0.0006403346778824925, 0.0009224240202456713, 0.0007082313532009721, 0.0005887942388653755, 0.000618995341937989, 0.0006302173133008182, 0.0006722317193634808, 0.0006944679189473391, 0.0005855589406564832, 0.0008356024627573788, 0.0006697933422401547, 0.0006733634509146214, 0.0006099132588133216, 0.0006171318236738443, 0.000569996191188693, 0.00054417725186795, 0.0006132775451987982, 0.0005716809537261724, 0.0005487640155479312, 0.0005730843404307961, 0.0007759146974422038, 0.0008178003481589258, 0.0005948171601630747, 0.0006096363649703562, 0.0005003790720365942, 0.0005785180837847292, 0.0007831603870727122, 0.0007031253189779818, 0.0007097251946106553, 0.0007018115138635039, 0.0007069598068483174, 0.0007007746025919914, 0.0007388761732727289, 0.0007770878728479147, 0.0007079822826199234, 0.0006344612338580191, 0.0006784428842365742, 0.0006078261649236083, 0.000799066387116909, 0.0007079293136484921, 0.0007637371891178191, 0.0007454142905771732, 0.0007076429901644588, 0.0006781290285289288, 0.0007099818903952837, 0.0007637939415872097, 0.0008337847539223731, 0.0006040498265065253, 0.0005488886963576078, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Miffy the Movie\n\nMiffy the Movie (originally released under the title Nijntje de film in the Netherlands) is a 2013 Dutch stop motion animated family film, based on the Miffy character created by Dick Bruna. ", "Produced by KRO and A. Film A/S, the movie debuted on 30 January 2013 in the Netherlands.", "\n\nThe series is animated in the style of Miffy and Friends, the first television adaptation of Miffy.", "\n\nSynopsis \nThe titular rabbit, Miffy, goes on a treasure hunt at a zoo. ", "Along with her friends Snuffy the dog, Melanie the rabbit and Grunty the pig, she is able to complete the quest through problem-solving.", "\n\nCast\n\nRelease \nThe film was first announced on 18 May 2010, with an expected release date of November 2011. ", "Production was delayed for unknown reasons, and the first trailer for Miffy the Movie was released in 2012. ", "The film was first screened in the Netherlands, its country of origin, and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. ", "On 22 March 2013, the film was released in Japan. ", "In Canada, Miffy the Movie premiered as part of the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. ", "The movie saw its Australian release on 11 May 2013; for this country, Miffy the Movie was distributed by Transmission Films. ", "\n\nThe film was released in several additional countries in 2015, to celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of the \"Miffy\" character. ", "The movie was released in Poland on 1 June 2015 and in the United Kingdom on 21 June 2015.", "\n\nA Dutch-language DVD was released on 26 June 2013 in the Netherlands. ", "A German disc was released on 9 March 2014 and a Region 1 DVD featuring an English audio track was released on 2 December 2014 in North America, despite the film not getting a theatrical release in Germany and the United States.", "\n\nAccolades\n\nExternal links\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:2013 films\nCategory:Animated films based on children's books\nCategory:Animated films based on animated series\nCategory:Animated films about rabbits and hares\nCategory:Dutch animated films\nCategory:Dutch children's films\nCategory:Dutch comedy films\nCategory:Dutch films\nCategory:Dutch-language films\nCategory:Films based on Dutch novels\nCategory:2010s stop-motion animated films\nCategory:2010s children's animated films" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0016588325379416347, 0.0005979579873383045, 0.001070335041731596, 0.001658185152336955, 0.01284556370228529, 0.0005976841785013676, 0.0006025668699294329, 0.0006040402804501355, 0.0006255345069803298, 0.000574209843762219, 0.0006533751729875803, 0.0006524517084471881, 0.0006247658748179674, 0.0006154014845378697, 0.0006317674415186048, 0.0007444917573593557 ]

[ "//\n// UIView+RemoveConstraints.swift\n// PreciousMetals\n//\n// Created by GaoYu on 16/5/29.", "\n// Copyright © 2016年 Dev-GY. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n//\n\nimport UIKit\n\nextension UIView {\n func gy_removeConstraintsAffectingView() {\n var currentSuperView = self.superview\n let constraintsToRemove = NSMutableArray()\n while currentSuperView !", "= nil {\n if let constraints = currentSuperView?.constraints {\n for c in constraints {\n let isImplicitConstraint = (NSStringFromClass(type(of: c)) == \"NSContentSizeLayoutConstraint\")\n if isImplicitConstraint !", "= true {\n if self.isEqual(c.firstItem) || self.isEqual(c.secondItem) {\n constraintsToRemove.add(c)\n }\n }\n }\n }\n currentSuperView = currentSuperView?.superview\n }\n \n constraintsToRemove.gy_autoRemoveConstraints()\n }\n \n func gy_commonSuperviewWithView(_ otherView:UIView) -> UIView? {", "\n var startView:UIView? ", "= self\n var commonSuperview:UIView?", "\n \n repeat {\n if let obj = startView {\n if otherView.isDescendant(of: obj) {\n commonSuperview = obj\n }\n }\n startView = startView?.superview\n } while (startView !", "= nil && commonSuperview == nil)\n assert(commonSuperview !", "= nil, \"Can't constrain two views that do not share a common superview. ", "Make sure that both views have been added into the same view hierarchy.\")", "\n return commonSuperview;\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0006831370410509408, 0.0008424464613199234, 0.0006133938441053033, 0.001098540029488504, 0.0011809337884187698, 0.0009729419252835214, 0.0006578407483175397, 0.0007003563223406672, 0.001352608553133905, 0.0008624401525594294, 0.0007552933529950678, 0.000597932084929198, 0.0007956279441714287 ]

[ "Test-dependent changes in nociception after administration of the putative serotonin antagonist metitepin in mice.", "\nIntraperitoneal administration of the putative serotonin receptor antagonist metitepin (0.06-1.0 mg/kg) in mice induced dose-dependent antinociception in the increasing temperature hot-plate test and the formalin test, but elicited hyperalgesia in the tail-flick test. ", "Reduced motor activity was observed after injection of the largest dose of metitepin, but did not influence the behavioural responses in the tests. ", "Selective lesions of ascending serotonergic pathways induced by administration of the neurotoxin p-chloroamphetamine 5 and 6 days before testing (40 mg/kg each day) did not directly affect the responsiveness in any of the tests but enhanced the metitepin-induced antinociception in the hot-plate and formalin tests. ", "The hyperalgesia in the tail-flick test was not affected by the lesions. ", "The results suggest that metitepin may alter nociception in mice by exhibiting both agonist and antagonist properties on central serotonergic receptors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0007539051002822816, 0.000870337535161525, 0.0006404097657650709, 0.0007357831345871091, 0.0010756980627775192, 0.0007589086308144033 ]

[ "Pet grooming Kingwood TX can make your dog healthier, better looking, and happier. ", "Just as dogs need to have a continuous supply of clean water and daily food, they need grooming. ", "While most pet owners treat their dog more like a family member than a pet, many fail to realize that grooming is basic to a dog’s well-being. ", "When the benefits of grooming are understood by the owner, it’s not unusual for dogs to be scheduled for regular pet grooming Kingwood TX at Dog’s Day Inn Pet Resort.", "\n\nBrushing\n\nWhether your dog adores being brushed or zealously tries to avoid it, there are numerous benefits. ", "Every dog needs to be brushed regularly, and one reason is that the natural oils in the skin are then distributed to the dog’s coat. ", "Brushing stimulates the dog’s circulation and promotes healthier skin, too. ", "Brushing also removes dandruff and dirt.", "\n\nGet weary of using the lint brush to remove dog hair? ", "When regular brushing is part of your pet grooming Kingwood TX, there is less fur to deal with on clothing and furniture because excess fur is removed.", "\n\nEven a reluctant dog can appreciate the one-on-one time spent with you, while he’s being brushed. ", "Then you can enjoy how striking your dog looks, with his shiny, just-brushed coat.", "\n\nPaw Care\n\nMany people are meticulous about scheduling nail care pet grooming Kingwood TX. ", "Trimming a dog’s nails can be a huge challenge. ", "It’s normal for a dog to run and hide at the sight of clippers. ", "More than one dog owner has purchased a muzzle, to prevent being bitten while handling the task of dog nail care at home.", "\n\nThe difficulty many have besides their dog’s vehement reluctance to be groomed is that it can be easy to accidentally cut the nails too far, causing bleeding. ", "When going too far down the nail, you can cut the quick, and the resulting blood flow can sometimes be tough to stop. ", "The pain can cause the dog to make a big enough effort to escape, which can mean he is tracking blood all over your home. ", "If your dog hasn’t escaped, you can stop the bleeding in a variety of ways. ", "A mix of cornstarch and flour can do the trick. ", "It’s easier to simply bring your dog to our professionals at Dog’s Day Inn Pet Resort for pet grooming Kingwood TX.", "\n\nOnce a dog’s nails touch the ground and even continue to grow, the dog can begin experiencing pain when walking. ", "Regular trimming will help a dog with balance and allow him to maintain agility as he runs and walks.", "\n\nThe hair in a dog’s paw pads also need cleaning and trimming. ", "Poodles and other breeds have hair continuously growing, which makes it even more important to keep the hair trimmed. ", "Knotting of the hair can quickly make walking painful. ", "Debris of all varieties can get caught in the paws, including burrs, feces, gravel, tar, thorns, and dirt.", "\n\nTo keep your dog’s paws in good condition and prevent discomfort, bring him to Dog’s Day Inn Pet Resort for pet grooming Kingwood TX.", "\n\nPrevent Infections and Infestations\n\nThere are more reasons than you might think to schedule pet grooming Kingwood TX, including the following:\n\nA dog’s ears can become infected if the hair isn’t trimmed and the ears aren’t cleaned.", "\n\nTeeth brushing services can ensure that your dog’s gums and teeth are healthy.", "\n\nWashing can help with such problems as dry patches and infestations of ticks and fleas.", "\n\nMental Health\n\nYour dog will be happier and more content when he is maintained with care. ", "A healthy and well-groomed canine feels better, behaves in a friendlier manner, and radiates more positive energy.", "\n\nSchedule some TLC for your dog at Dog’s Day Inn Pet Resort by contacting us today for pet grooming Kingwood TX.", "\n\nKingwood, TX Fun Facts" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0010274045635014772, 0.015627335757017136, 0.003775303950533271, 0.0007652423228137195, 0.009127240628004074, 0.0011509022442623973, 0.002292873337864876, 0.016775310039520264, 0.13617339730262756, 0.0010774958645924926, 0.0007099957438185811, 0.0011200257577002048, 0.0006806552410125732, 0.028718573972582817, 0.022844461724162102, 0.0011584707535803318, 0.025018848478794098, 0.03190087899565697, 0.1585187464952469, 0.22062180936336517, 0.023914800956845284, 0.0009178139735013247, 0.012493717484176159, 0.002037597820162773, 0.0009605925879441202, 0.0010577564826235175, 0.0014946544542908669, 0.0010543052339926362, 0.00125945545732975, 0.0011247521033510566, 0.05935840681195259, 0.005617012735456228, 0.273283451795578, 0.000609313661698252, 0.0035538175143301487, 0.0006426199688576162 ]

[ "CD45 expression by bone marrow plasma cells in multiple myeloma: clinical and biological correlations.", "\nMultiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by accumulation of clonal plasma cells (PCs). ", "CD45, a key regulator of antigen-mediated signaling and activation in lymphocytes, is present in early stages of PCs development. ", "We studied CD45 expression on MM PCs by flow cytometry, correlating it to important biological disease characteristics. ", "Additionally, we examined the expression of various adhesion molecules on PCs. ", "A total of 75 patients with untreated MM (29), relapsed MM (17), smoldering MM (12), and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (17) were studied. ", "The proportion of PCs expressing CD45 was higher among those with early disease (MGUS or smoldering MM) compared to those with advanced disease (new or relapsed MM) (43 vs 22%; P=0.005). ", "Among those with advanced disease, patients with bone lesions had a lower percentage of CD45-positive (CD45+) PCs; 14 vs 34% (P=0.02). ", "Patients with high-grade angiogenesis had a lower percentage of CD45+ PCs; 13 vs 31% (P=0.03). ", "The median overall survival for the CD45+ group (>20% PCs positive) was 39 vs 18 months for the CD45-negative (CD45-) group (P=0.07). ", "The expression of CD138, CD56 and CD54 were higher among the CD45- PCs. ", "This study demonstrates important biological correlates of CD45 expression on myeloma cells." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0008519518305547535, 0.0008614652324467897, 0.0006622804212383926, 0.0005583473830483854, 0.0005335809546522796, 0.0007909380947239697, 0.0008042273111641407, 0.000814380997326225, 0.0014049849705770612, 0.000621731102000922, 0.0006410466739907861, 0.0008372482261620462 ]

[ "A key performance indicator of any wireless network is coverage. ", "In addition to providing an evolving set of features to customers, the most successful wireless networks are those that provide ubiquitous coverage and service to as broad a base of subscribers as possible. ", "Because of the emphasis on coverage, these same networks seldom, if ever, provide methods of restricted or controlled access for targeted areas in the network. ", "However, with heightened security concerns, and for other reasons, targeted wireless access restriction may be an important consideration, especially in a localized area, and/or for specific time periods." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0005873378249816597, 0.000585623667575419, 0.0005685029900632799, 0.0005397290806286037 ]

[ "\n999 A.2d 179 (2010)\n415 Md. 115\nCOCHRAN\nv.\nGRIFFITH ENERGY.", "\nPet. ", "Docket No. ", "136.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Maryland.", "\nDenied July 23, 2010.", "\nPetition for Writ of Certiorari denied.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0006586569943465292, 0.002304632915183902, 0.0008401028462685645, 0.0009934211848303676, 0.000823752605356276, 0.0006862132577225566, 0.0009078402654267848, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "The art of written forms\n\n4.11 - 1251 ratings - Source\n\nBeautiful facsimile pages of book hands and cursive writing before the\nRenaissance. ", "Scriptura Latina ... In Motif 5. ", "1960. ", "Shows styles that lost out in the\nclassical revival. ", "aquot;Trajan Revived.aquot; James Mosley. ", "In Alphabet 1964. ", "London:\nJamesanbsp;...\n\nTitle\n\n:\n\nThe art of written forms\n\nAuthor\n\n:\n\nDonald M. Anderson\n\nPublisher\n\n:\n\n- 1969\n\nISBN-13\n\n:\n\nYou must register with us as either a Registered User before you can Download this Book. ", "You'll be greeted by a simple sign-up page.", "\n\nOnce you have finished the sign-up process, you will be redirected to your download Book page." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000871339114382863, 0.0007302667363546789, 0.000924746273085475, 0.0006354976212605834, 0.0008764630183577538, 0.0006367771420627832, 0.0006331552867777646, 0.0006019101710990071, 0.0005432423204183578 ]

[ "\n\nA WINDOWS PORT FOR FACEBOOK'S FLOW TYPE CHECKER\n\nFlowtype Binaries for Windows\n\nThis site contains binary versions of Flow (Flowtype), the Javascript type-checker by Facebook, compiled on Windows by the OCamlPro team, using OCPWin. ", "OCamlPro team is currently working with Facebook to port Flow on Windows. ", "The goal here is to allow some beta-testers to try it on Windows before all this work is merged in the official Facebook repository.", "\n\nDownload latest version (0.19.1)\n\nflow-0.19.1-windows-20151211.zip : Flow compiled on Dec 11, 2015, commit a3dad70. ", "See Changes at the bottom of this page.", "\n\nInstallation\n\nFrom binaries\n\nTo install, pick flow.exe in the archive. ", "Refer to Flow documentation for use.", "\n\nFrom sources\n\nTo compile and install Flow from sources, please refer to README.win32.", "\n\nSimple Example\n\nCreate a JavaScript file and add some code with type errors. ", "For example, test.js:\n\n1 /* @flow */ 2 function foo(x) { 3 return x * 10; 4 } 5 foo('Hello, world!');", "\n\nStart flow to check test.js in two steps:\n\n(1) initialize flow with a .flowconfig file (to be done once per project):\n\n$> flow init\n\n(2) Check the code in the project:\n\n$> flow check\n\nThe Flow typechecker will output errors as follow:\n\ntest.js:5 5: foo('Hello, world!'); ", "^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ function call 3: return x * 10; ^ string. ", "This type is incompatible with 3: return x * 10; ^^^^^^ number Found 1 error\n\nKnown issues\n\nFAQ\n\nPlease, post them on GitHub for now.", "\n\nQ: While installing OCPWin, I got this message error:\n\nThis version of C:\\xxxx is not compatible with the version of Windows that you're running. ", "Check your computer's system information and then contact the software publisher.", "\n\nWhat should I do ?", "\n\nA: You probably installed the wrong version of OCPWin, check that you got the 32 or 64 bits version according to your system. ", "Note that Hack and Flow currently only work on 64 bits systems.", "\n\nArchives and Changes\n\nflow-0.19.1-windows-20151211.zip : Flow compiled on Dec 11, 2015, commit a3dad7000a2bfbe8d60e1c6b8ce45a46a13fd0ce Update to Flow 0.19.1 Fix haste mode Fix .flowconfig (PROJECT_ROOT and accept slashed paths)\n\nflow-windows-20151208.zip : Flow compiled on Dec 08, 2015, commit 97f864abeb1a9866d4daf8662e9a6185046880e4 Fix shared memory location on Windows 7 (see #117).", "\n\nflow-windows-20151204.zip : Flow compiled on Dec 04, 2015, commit 8a35dba01005f96185d25206fca0f181fa0cfe8b Feature complete Almost all tests passed except those using haste mode. ", "File system watching Multicore support and shared memory\n\nflow-simple-windows-20141127.zip : Flow compiled on Nov 27, 2014, commit 33155d2065a021851151a8b96e7af7a8c2ab90de Tested Ok: flow server , flow start , flow status , flow stop , flow suggest file.js Fixed issue with server termination Fixed issue with file-system monitoring Fixed issues with filenames\n\nflow-simple-windows-20141120.zip : Flow compiled on Nov 20, 2014, commit 33155d2065a021851151a8b96e7af7a8c2ab90de Should work without Cygwin Server mode added, most functions should now work. ", "32 bit version compiled using MinGW too. ", "The library files are embedded in the executable.", "\n\nflow-simple-windows-20141119.zip : Flow compiled on Nov 19, 2014, commit 33155d2065a021851151a8b96e7af7a8c2ab90de: First version. ", "Works only under Cygwin, with no multicore support. ", "Server mode does not work. ", "No data persistency. ", "32 bit version compiled with MSVC, 64 bit version with MinGW. ", "The FLOWLIB variable should be set to point to the directory containing Flow library files.", "\n\n\n\nResources" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006642466178163886, 0.0006484612822532654, 0.0006265228148549795, 0.0007031912682577968, 0.0005998827982693911, 0.0006788839818909764, 0.0005470817559398711, 0.0006774811772629619, 0.0009775469079613686, 0.001003133482299745, 0.0007536914199590683, 0.0011566664325073361, 0.0010326603660359979, 0.0009601479978300631, 0.0006770561449229717, 0.001434367150068283, 0.0007463785586878657, 0.0008156527183018625, 0.0010187483858317137, 0.0010575534543022513, 0.0011143946321681142, 0.000678143638651818, 0.0006979570025578141, 0.0009408089681528509, 0.0006279338849708438, 0.0010477787582203746, 0.0007679950795136392, 0.0007263653678819537, 0.0005890220636501908, 0.0006847150507383049 ]

[ "Dito Shanidze\n\nDimit'ri \"Dito\" Ivanovich Shanidze (8 February 1937 – 18 November 2010) was a Soviet weightlifter. ", "He competed and won a silver medal in the men's featherweight for both the 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1972 Summer Olympics. ", "He was born in Derchi, Imereti, Georgia.", "\n\nHe was also the world champion in 1972 and 1973, a silver medalist in 1968 and 1972, and a bronze medalist in 1969. ", "He was the European champion in 1973, a silver medalist in 1968, 1969, and 1971, and a bronze medalist in 1974.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Dito Shanidze's obituary \n\nCategory:1937 births\nCategory:2010 deaths\nCategory:Male weightlifters from Georgia (country)\nCategory:Russian male weightlifters\nCategory:Soviet male weightlifters\nCategory:Olympic medalists in weightlifting\nCategory:Olympic weightlifters of the Soviet Union\nCategory:Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union\nCategory:Weightlifters at the 1968 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Weightlifters at the 1972 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Place of death missing" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.002204966265708208, 0.0006882226443849504, 0.0009154435829259455, 0.0006082138861529529, 0.0006134321447461843, 0.0006926601636223495 ]

[ "Q:\n\nAngular js inline style color is not working in IE 11\n\nHi I am trying to give color dynamically to p tag but for IE-11 browser it is not supporting how can I fix this issue,\n<p style=\"color:{{userData.color}} !", "important;\">{{userData.someText}}</p>\n\nWhen I inspect the element it is coming like this in IE\nNote: it is working fine in chrome, firefox..!", "\nI tried with ng-style=\"color:{{userData.color}} !", "important;\"\n\nA:\n\nPass styling object to ng-style {color:userData.color}\n<p ng-style=\"{color:userData.color}\">{{userData.color}}</p>\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007954490138217807, 0.0007980726077221334, 0.0008577763219363987, 0.0007205131696537137 ]

[ "ABOUT\n\nABOUT\n\nABOUT\n\nBIOGRAPHY\n\nANI-ON LIVE! ", "is a new, dynamic rock group based in the musical powerhouse of Boston, MA! ", "As the name suggests, the group has been formed under three concepts: ANIme, ONgaku (music in Japanese) and a LIVE! ", "rock show. ", "The group consists of some of the most powerful and captivating Japanese musicians who not only display worldclass musicianship, but also have a passionate love of anime!", "\n\nANI-ON LIVE! ", "successfully debuted this year at Anime Milwaukee 2014, followed by two exciting shows at Anime Expo 2014 at the Los Angeles Convention Center! ", "Lead by their fearless producer Shota, ANI-ON LIVE! ", "consists of six musicians: two charismatic singers (Lu-kun and Maho-chan), two shredding guitarists (Shota and Mah-kun), an eccentric bassist (Ochoa-san), and an electrifying drummer (Tah-kun)! ", "ANI-ON LIVE! ", "musicians are united to bring intoxicating Anime music to live shows! ", "Calling the genre Ani-Rock (Anime Rock), ANI-ON LIVE! ", "captivates audiences with their own rock arrangements of the most beloved and prominent Anime songs of all time, including “old-school” classics to the more current and cutting-edge series of today!", "\n\nREPERTOIRE\n\nThe ANI-Rock redemption of the most fan-loved songs of all time from the following popular anime series will rock you guys out and bring you to ANI-Rock heaven!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.001110962126404047, 0.0007955615874379873, 0.0006757014780305326, 0.0009729535086080432, 0.000743927201256156, 0.004732066299766302, 0.0006101118633523583, 0.0009082555188797414, 0.0008674981072545052, 0.004732066299766302, 0.0007011673878878355, 0.0011470513418316841, 0.000733732245862484, 0.0012942502507939935 ]

[ "Tracking the Buffalo Website\n\nServices\n\nThe Smithsonian National Museum of American History needed to refresh and modernize their popular online activity, “Tracking the Buffalo: Stories from a Buffalo Hide Painting”.", "\n\nWe transformed the site with a beautiful new design and greatly-improved user experience. ", "The new site, including both of the site’s games, are built with HTML and JavaScript, to be compatible with tablet devices such as the iPad and compliant with the Smithsonian’s rules for accessibility. ", "Targeted towards students, the site teaches users about the role of the buffalo in the lives of the American Indians of the northern Plains.", "\n\nEducation through Exploration\n\nThe “What Story Does it Tell?” ", "activity encourages users to examine the buffalo hide in detail through a seek & find challenge. ", "Users are then asked questions about what they are looking at and given primary sources from which to draw their own conclusions. ", "Once they are finished they can compare their conclusions to notes from a Smithsonian Historian.", "\n\nChallenging the User\n\nThe “What Can You Make from a Buffalo?” ", "matching game encourages users to use their critical thinking skills to determine which part of the buffalo was used in making assorted Native American objects. ", "Users can guess which objects were made from which part by comparing the images of each object with each part of a buffalo. ", "Users can also use a process of elimination to match all of the items correctly.", "\n\nAlso on the site are plentiful informational and classroom resources, including extra information on the hide and the artist who painted it, a map of the Plains Indians, a reading list, and a printable template on which students can draw their own hides." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006202766089700162, 0.0006075695855543017, 0.0006782867712900043, 0.0006349750910885632, 0.0006898646824993193, 0.0005413723993115127, 0.0005923897260800004, 0.0005441561806946993, 0.0010707929031923413, 0.0006179596530273557, 0.0006708985893055797, 0.0005648103542625904, 0.0006025197799317539 ]

[ "Contributors\n\nSpikes Up: Josh Hamilton: To Hell and Back\n\nWell, we’ve reached the All-Star break – the unofficial split in the season’s halves. ", "By now, you should have a pretty clear idea of whether you’re in the race or not. ", "Just like what major league teams face, the next couple of weeks will have you either buying, selling or waffling. ", "It’s also time to pay close attention to serious big league trade talks that could have a huge effect on the value of your own players. ", "In short, this is an exciting, but nerve-wracking and tumultuous time of the season. ", "So let’s get to it with some Spikes Up analysis.", "\n\nThe Return of the Prodigal Prospect\n\nYes, we had a Josh Hamilton sighting last week. ", "It’s been four years since he last played a professional baseball game (not including a brief five at-bat stint at Spring Training in 2003), but the former No. ", "1 overall pick is back. ", "Tuesday night the outfielder made his season debut at Low-A Hudson Valley of the New York Penn League. ", "The last time Hamilton played for the Renegades was in 1999, when he was an 18-year-old hotshot prospect who was the toast of the baseball world.", "\n\nA career .295 hitter in four professional seasons, Hamilton reached Double-A by the age of 20 before his career petered out thanks to injuries and personal issues (read: drug problems). ", "It was no small task getting the troubled Hamilton cleared to play minor league ball again.", "\n\nHe’s now 25, so it’s still conceivable that he could carve out a career for himself, but at this point he makes for a better story than Fantasy prospect. ", "I suppose if you like long shots (perhaps you’re the owner in your league who drafted Rick Ankiel as an outfielder?), ", "then Hamilton’s your man. ", "But at this point, just getting back to Double-A by the end of this season would be a monumental task for him, so don’t be looking for any help from Hamilton in 2006.", "\n\nRumblings at Wrigley\n\nThe Cubs’ swoon this season has been monumental and the repercussions are about to come en masse. ", "General Manager Jim Hendry says he’s still evaluating things, but with a mere 30 wins to date (.361 winning percentage) and a fifth place posting, 11 games back of the fourth place Brewers, the situation is about as dire as a North Korean missile testing. ", "There’s going to be a really, really big explosion soon, and a hell of lot of people are going to be affected by it. ", "And given a 2-8 record over the past 10, it’s not as though the club is doing anything to diffuse the situation.", "\n\nSpeculation is rampant about possible axings in the coaching staff and the organization’s ability to develop players in general has come under fire. ", "The poster boy for these failings is Corey Patterson.", "\n\nAs recently as two years ago, Patterson looked like a rising star with the Cubs. ", "He was in the midst of a breakout season that would see him score 91 runs, hit 24 homers, swipe 32 bases and bat .266. ", "Yeah, his on-base skills needed work, but the future looked bright. ", "Last year, however, the wheels came off for Patterson. ", "He hit just .215 with a butt-ugly .254 OBP in 126 games. ", "He stole only 15 bases and was caught five times. ", "It got so bad that he had to be sent down to the minors. ", "Manager Dusty Baker was criticized for his handling of Patterson.", "\n\nWell, the Cubs rid themselves of the enigma, dealing him to Baltimore in January for minor leaguers Nate Spears and Carlos Perez.", "\n\nThe Cubbies’ trash has definitely become the Orioles’ treasure. ", "Patterson is back, playing as solidly as he did in 2004, with 10 homers and 31 steals through 75 games. ", "He’s batting over .280, and at the age of just 26, there’s still plenty of upside to come for Patterson, especially in the power department.", "\n\nOh, and those players the Cubs got in return? ", "Well Spears, a second baseman, is batting just .235 through 200 at-bats at High-A Daytona. ", "But don’t worry, he’s got power: a .275 slugging percentage. ", "Uh, yeah. ", "But Perez, the pitcher, perhaps he’s good? ", "Maybe not. ", "He’s also at Daytona, starting and working out of the pen, but just not working out in general. ", "He’s 1-4 with almost as many walks as strikeouts and opponents are batting .316 against Perez. ", "Uh, yeah. ", "Hey, Cubs fans: how about those Bears?", "\n\nThe ‘Best-Known’ Flop\n\nLast week we discussed the difficulty in drafting offensive catchers for keeper leagues. ", "An even more complex process, fraught with danger, is drafting young pitching. ", "It has always been the most calamity-laden task in building a keeper team. ", "For every Mark Prior, it seems, there is an Adam Johnson. ", "Every Dontrelle Willis is counterbalanced by a Brien Taylor.", "\n\nAlong with the difficulty of developing pitching is the danger of bragging that your team is stocked with pitching prospects. ", "We’ve got an owner in our league who loves to tout his wealth of young pitching. ", "He spends hours telling us how great a rotation he’ll have one day. ", "However, several of his young arms have succumbed to injury as young arms are wont to do.", "\n\nSure, trash talking is part of the game, but let’s all remember the lesson of Ryan Anderson, once billed as the next Randy Johnson. ", "And it wasn’t just the press that was pumping him up. ", "He did a pretty good job of promoting himself. ", "He actually had the gall to say this at his first press conference back in 1997: “I feel I’ll be the best-known pitcher in baseball when I’m done.”", "\n\nThree shoulder surgeries and exactly zero major league innings later, the Mariners finally released him last season.", "\n\nSo be careful what you say, but be even more careful who you draft.", "\n\nAnd Yet More Failed Prospects\n\nWe have a theme this week, apparently. ", "And while we’re thinking about prospects that didn’t pan out, how about one-time Dodger prospect Chin-Feng Chen? ", "He was supposed to be a big-time power hitting outfielder, but he could never cut it at the big league level (not that he ever got a real extended look, mind you).", "\n\nAfter the 2005 season, Chen decided to head back to Asia. ", "He is now playing for LaNew Bears of the CPBL and he’s excelling, batting .321 through 41 games and 156 at-bats with 35 runs, 11 doubles, nine homers and five steals. ", "He’s slugging a robust .564 and getting on base at a great clip (.384).", "\n\nChen wanted to be closer to his parents, so it’s doubtful that the 28-year-old will give major league baseball another shot any time soon. ", "The final tally for Chen was an unimpressive .091 BA in 19 big league games. ", "In 830 minor league games, he smoked 146 home runs, but could never show that pop with the Dodgers.", "\n\nMAILBAG\n\nThis week, Brett wanted to know about some young NL pitchers.", "\n\nI’m in an NL-only league and was wondering what you thought about Chuck James and Juan Cruz? ", "I also traded Jorge Julio for Tom Gorzelanny — I got Gorzo — what do you think about that deal? ", "I have Brad Lidge and Chad Cordero already and I’m in a keeper league. ", "Thanks for your time.", "\n\nBrett Klein, Harrisburg, PA\n\nI am stoked about the future of James. ", "I think he’s a tremendous keeper. ", "I also really like Cruz, but he has been shackled by lack of opportunity and a seemingly frail body. ", "So between the two, I prefer James’ long-term prognosis.", "\n\nGreat deal nabbing Gorzelanny for Julio. ", "Julio is running on borrowed time. ", "Wait until you see how I slagged him in our mid-season kit for which I wrote the Diamondbacks’ report. ", "Good move for a keeper league. ", "You sold high, and that’s always smart. ", "I like Gorzelanny’s long-term prospects, assuming he can avoid the injury bug that seems to have befallen many of the young Pirate arms (like Sean Burnett and John VanBenschoten, for instance).", "\n\n4 Responses to “Spikes Up: Josh Hamilton: To Hell and Back”\n\nFantastic. ", "Thanks for sharing that one, David. ", "Yeah, that was supposed to be one hell of an outfield. ", "The story of Hamilton is a sad tale, but given his age, I suppose he still might deliver on some of that promise." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.02723388746380806, 0.0007253747317008674, 0.0020718644373118877, 0.0006623984081670642, 0.0019693279173225164, 0.0005835028714500368, 0.0006201096111908555, 0.0007746151532046497, 0.0007531841401942074, 0.0007975860498845577, 0.0009971049148589373, 0.0006972741102799773, 0.000809618562925607, 0.001143184956163168, 0.0010502252262085676, 0.020718922838568687, 0.0006909598014317453, 0.00444393465295434, 0.0006772645865567029, 0.11931450664997101, 0.0006488828803412616, 0.0007636742666363716, 0.0009464591857977211, 0.0005392552120611072, 0.010089771822094917, 0.000622925057541579, 0.0006966497749090195, 0.21001139283180237, 0.016811037436127663, 0.1121649220585823, 0.0006026194314472377, 0.0011685565114021301, 0.3530733585357666, 0.000845475762616843, 0.0007357393624261022, 0.0007276601972989738, 0.0010759455617517233, 0.0018662107177078724, 0.0008084452711045742, 0.0008459633099846542, 0.0008881801622919738, 0.0007205114816315472, 0.002323584631085396, 0.0008084452711045742, 0.000707093917299062, 0.002919563325121999, 0.0006313012563623488, 0.003920780494809151, 0.0006343282875604928, 0.0006986254011280835, 0.0006016853731125593, 0.0011662135366350412, 0.0007129291770979762, 0.0006936018471606076, 0.02846791222691536, 0.009023603983223438, 0.0008386480621993542, 0.0008359699859283864, 0.000922500912565738, 0.0007047406979836524, 0.0007068261038511992, 0.0006034625694155693, 0.0014553400687873363, 0.0007685063756071031, 0.0016719851410016418, 0.005931386724114418, 0.0012600368354469538, 0.0007469634292647243, 0.005273203831166029, 0.0006517264409922063, 0.0009279369260184467, 0.0006933443364687264, 0.0026759388856589794, 0.0005783133092336357, 0.0005626605707220733, 0.0007569108274765313, 0.0008823561365716159, 0.0005874609923921525, 0.0012687606504186988, 0.0006689212750643492, 0.001100983819924295, 0.000815357081592083, 0.002323833294212818, 0.000851119461003691, 0.12818747758865356, 0.0005704378127120435, 0.01871364749968052, 0.0006170368869788945 ]

[ "Love Marriage Specialist In India\n\nLove Marriage has a best feel in the world. ", "Every young guy wants to be in this life. ", "Love Marriage successful for planetary survival show in the third respectively in a person’s horoscope: general success of any marriage and the planets, including Venus and Jupiter are denoting wife and husband in the male female chart defines it. ", "It has solved it’s the types of main and less problems much quickly with the use of love astrology.", "\n\nVashikaran Specialist – Guruji has many years of experience in this field so without hesitate must contact to GURU JI and get best result within 24 hours. ", "Guruji’s work never failed last his 45+ years of experience.", "\n\nCategory-" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0005519302794709802, 0.004140496253967285, 0.0006386117311194539, 0.0006166708772070706, 0.000655195617582649, 0.0008892891346476972, 0.000633794057648629 ]

[ "好奇心原文链接：[你如何选择字体，简单易读还是好看有趣？｜这个设计了不起_设计_好奇心日报-胡莹](https://www.qdaily.com/articles/63855.html)\nWebArchive归档链接：[你如何选择字体，简单易读还是好看有趣？｜这个设计了不起_设计_好奇心日报-胡莹](http://web.archive.org/web/20190517223152/https://www.qdaily.com/articles/63855.html)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0018685893155634403, 0.0011188947828486562 ]

[ "<h1>Editing {{.Title}}</h1>\n\n<form action=\"/save/{{.Title}}\" method=\"POST\">\n<div><textarea name=\"body\" rows=\"20\" cols=\"80\">{{printf \"%s\" .Body}}</textarea></div>\n<div><input type=\"submit\" value=\"Save\"></div>\n</form>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0007403648342005908 ]

[ "Q:\n\nChange the specific text become a number in excel\n\nCan I actually Make a specific text become a number in Excel? ", "For example, in Column B:B there are a lot of A and B, and I want to change A=1 and B=2. ", "If this is not clear, take a look the picture :\nThis is the first data :\n\nAnd this is my expectation :\n\nA:\n\n1) Create a lookup table like this (can be in the same sheet or another sheet, I put it in cells A1:B2 of Sheet2):\n+---+---+\n| A | 1 |\n+---+---+\n| B | 2 |\n+---+---+\n\n2) In the column next to the letters, use the following formula:\n=VLOOKUP(B2,Sheet2!A41:B$2,2)\n\nAnd populate down\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0009737896034494042, 0.0006605774397030473, 0.0007535750628449023 ]

[ "DataShareAPS Demo Software\n\nSubmitted by drubg on Wed, 11/10/2010 - 14:15\n\n$0.00\n\nSKU: asw_DataShareAPS_demo\n\nWelcome to the DataShareAPS Demo Software product page. ", "This is where you can download the installation setup file which will install a trial copy of our DataShareAPS software on your computer for evaluation purposes. ", "Please note that this product page orders the free download version of the DataShareAPS Evaluation Software and if you would prefer a physical CD (at nomimal charge), please click DataShareAPS Evaluation CD.", "\n\nDataShareAPS Video Feature Guide: A 3-part video series covering major product features is accessible by clicking the following links:\n\nPart 1: Developer's introduction, system overview, features for manual and automated data acquisition\n\nPart 3: Automation tools for data usage and reporting: comp reporting, comp adjustment, data modelling, and production of map, and photo exhibits for comps and subject.", "\n\nThe free evaluation software allows you to install and test many of the features of DataShareAPS without obligation:\n\nTests installation compatibility of your PC hardware and operating system with DataShareAPS system requirements\n\nAutomated installation is provided by the Microsoft Windows Installer\n\nThe evaluation software can be removed at any time without any permanent changes to your computer\n\nAllows you to evaluate most of our software features for 30 days\n\nThe evaluation software can be activated at any time by visiting our website from your demo installation\n\nWhen activated, additional software modules and licenses will be automatically downloaded\n\nLicense agreement:\n\nWe are happy to provide evaluation software without obligation to help prospective customers decide whether our software is appropriate for your use. ", "We are considerably less happy to provide software for purposes of illegal copying or reverse engineering our intellectual property. ", "Therefore, before downloading our software, you must agree to the terms of our license agreement which includes prohibitions against illegal distribution, copying and reverse engineering. ", "The complete license agreement for this product can be reviewed and printed by clicking REVIEW. ", "If you do not agree to these terms, enter the \"Back\" key on your browser to navigate away from this page, and DO NOT proceed with the download checkout below.", "\n\nOrdering your download:\n\nFree evaluation software downloads are processed through our normal checkout process in order to provide a historical record of the software revision you receive. ", "You may view this record and any subsequent activations and updates from the myAccount page. ", "The download checkout process is as follows:\n\nClick Add to Cart at the bottom of this screen.", "\n\nAt the following \"Shopping Cart\" screen, verify that the correct download product has been ordered with Quantity=1. ", "Make any necessary changes in Quantity and click Update Cart. ", "Click Check Out when the product and quantity are correct.", "\n\nAt the \"Checkout Screen\", if you have not ordered before, enter the information in the billing panel. ", "If you have ordered previously, recall and confirm the saved billing panel information. ", "Click Review Order when done.", "\n\nAt the \"Review Order\" screen, confirm that the order information is correct and click Submit Order when ready.", "\n\nThe \"Order Complete\" screen will be presented with your order number and a link to view the current order status. ", "A printable invoice can be produced from this link, if desired.", "\n\nImmediately after processing your order, you will receive several emails: An email containing a link to your file download; an email with an order summary statement; and an email confirming electronic shipping. ", "Open the email containing the file download link, and click the link to begin the download.", "\n\nDownload installation instructions:\n\nYou should download and install the trial software to your PC from a Windows user account which has administrative priviliges and is the account from which the software will be used. ", "Step-by-step instructions will be provided by the installer or click Installation Notes to preview the notes from our community forums.", "\n\nAfter clicking the file download link from the notification email, you will be prompted to Run or Save the file.", "\n\nWhen prompted, save the installer file to your Windows Desktop.", "\n\nAfter the installer file has finished downloading, double-click the installer icon on your desktop to begin the installation process. ", "Step-by-step instructions will be provided by the installer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0013585161650553346, 0.0005863790865987539, 0.0005960112321190536, 0.00056790083181113, 0.0006480708834715188, 0.0008671535179018974, 0.00057889154413715, 0.0005397466011345387, 0.0006155715673230588, 0.0005532691138796508, 0.0005430926685221493, 0.0005981047870591283, 0.000586862675845623, 0.000699877564329654, 0.0005971307400614023, 0.0005695978179574013, 0.0006026817136444151, 0.0005890743341296911, 0.0005512559437192976, 0.0005593083333224058, 0.00054507318418473, 0.0005384193500503898, 0.0006081796600483358, 0.0006461137090809643, 0.0005699301837012172, 0.0006208890117704868, 0.0007159634260460734, 0.000658790988381952, 0.0006992169073782861 ]

[ "Occallatibacter riparius gen. ", "nov., ", "sp. ", "nov. ", "and Occallatibacter savannae sp. ", "nov., ", "acidobacteria isolated from Namibian soils, and emended description of the family Acidobacteriaceae.", "\nThree Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, encapsulated bacteria were isolated from a Namibian river-bank soil (strains 277T and 307) and a semiarid savannah soil (strain A2-1cT). ", "16S rRNA gene sequence analyses placed them within subdivision 1 of the Acidobacteria and revealed 100 % similarity between strains 277T and 307 and 98.2 % similarity between A2-1cT and the former two strains. ", "The closest relatives with validly published names were Telmatobacter bradus, Acidicapsa borealis and Acidicapsa ligni (94.7-95.9 % similarity to the type strains). ", "Cells of all three strains were rod-shaped and motile and divided by binary fission. ", "Ultrastructural analyses revealed a thick cell envelope, resulting mainly from a thick periplasmic space. ", "Colonies of strains 277T and 307 were white to cream and light pink, respectively, while strain A2-1cT displayed a bright pink colour. ", "All three strains were aerobic, chemoheterotrophic mesophiles with a broad temperature range for growth and a moderately acidic pH optimum. ", "Sugars and complex proteinaceous substrates were the preferred carbon and energy sources. ", "A few polysaccharides were degraded. ", "The major quinone in all three strains was MK-8; MK-7 occurred in strain A2-1cT as a minor compound. ", "Major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω7c. ", "In addition, iso-C17 : 0 occurred in significant amounts. ", "The DNA G+C contents of strains 277T, 307 and A2-1cT were 59.6, 59.9 and 58.5 mol%, respectively. ", "Based on these characteristics, the three isolates are assigned to two novel species of the novel genus Occallatibacter gen. ", "nov., ", "Occallatibacter riparius sp. ", "nov. [", "type strain 277T ( = DSM 25168T = LMG 26948T) and reference strain 307 ( = DSM 25169 = LMG 26947)] and Occallatibacter savannae sp. ", "nov. [", "type strain A2-1cT ( = DSM 25170T = LMG 26946T)]. ", "Together with several other recently described taxa, the novel isolates provide the basis for an emended description of the established family Acidobacteriaceae." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.005546920467168093, 0.0007707264157943428, 0.0017571953358128667, 0.0008204162586480379, 0.001128360047005117, 0.0007707264157943428, 0.0006393330404534936, 0.0006857285043224692, 0.0006274212501011789, 0.0006550383404828608, 0.0007565233390778303, 0.0006930585950613022, 0.0006285138078965247, 0.0007017292664386332, 0.0006187467370182276, 0.0009500137530267239, 0.0006987842498347163, 0.006797811947762966, 0.0005889460444450378, 0.0006596362800337374, 0.0006281943060457706, 0.0007707264157943428, 0.005402898415923119, 0.0007350847590714693, 0.0007203198620118201, 0.0007350847590714693, 0.0006207999540492892, 0.0005818781210109591 ]

[ "Cohort study of the survival benefit of resection for recurrent hepatic and/or pulmonary metastases after primary hepatectomy for colorectal metastases.", "\nTo evaluate resection for hepatic and/or pulmonary recurrences in a cohort that underwent initial hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. ", "The survival benefit of repeated resections for hepatic and/or pulmonary recurrences after initial hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases has remained unclear. ", "Recurrence occurred in 166 of the 216 patients after the first hepatectomy. ", "Repeated resections were performed in 98 patients. ", "We investigated the pattern of recurrence, the proportion of patients who underwent repeated resection, and the surgical outcome. ", "Of the 166 patients with recurrence, 71 had isolated hepatic recurrence, 25 had isolated pulmonary recurrence, 13 had hepatic plus pulmonary recurrence, and 57 had recurrence in other organs. ", "Repeated resections were conducted in 60 (85%) patients with isolated hepatic recurrence, 21 (84%) with isolated pulmonary recurrence, and 9 (69%) with both hepatic and pulmonary recurrence. ", "The 5-year survival rates after repeated resection were 39%, 37%, and 20% for isolated hepatic recurrence, isolated pulmonary recurrence, and hepatic plus pulmonary recurrence, respectively. ", "Multivariate analysis revealed that the following variables contributed to poor prognosis (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]): number of recurrent tumors (1.20 [1.11-1.29]), maximum size of recurrent tumors (1.26 [1.02-1.48]), pulmonary recurrence (2.36 [1.41-3.20]), and hepatic plus pulmonary recurrence (4.01 [2.86-.17]). ", "Patients with pulmonary or hepatic plus pulmonary recurrence had poorer prognoses than those with isolated hepatic recurrence. ", "Reresection is the only potentially curative treatment. ", "Stricter indication criteria, especially regarding the number of tumor nodules, can lead to comparable long-term outcomes." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006756486836820841, 0.0006783989374525845, 0.000746709993109107, 0.0007533456664532423, 0.0006371475174091756, 0.0005371434963308275, 0.00107180280610919, 0.0007034611189737916, 0.0006780967232771218, 0.0006210861029103398, 0.0009088390506803989, 0.0008366354159079492, 0.0005456902435980737 ]

[ "\n560 N.W.2d 512 (1997)\n5 Neb. App. ", "590\nSTATE of Nebraska, Appellee,\nv.\nThomas E. CRAVEN, Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "A-96-598.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Nebraska.", "\nMarch 18, 1997.", "\n*513 Thomas M. Kenney, Douglas County Public Defender, and Scott C. Sladek, Omaha, for Appellant.", "\nDon Stenberg, Attorney General, and Jennifer S. Liliedahl, for Appellee.", "\nMILLER-LERMAN, C.J., and IRWIN and SIEVERS, JJ.", "\nIRWIN, Justice.", "\n\nI. INTRODUCTION\nThomas E. Craven appeals from his conviction for possession of a controlled substance, cocaine, following a stipulated bench trial. ", "On appeal, Craven alleges that the district court erred in overruling his motion to suppress the cocaine discovered during a pat-down search. ", "Because we conclude that the cocaine was properly discovered pursuant to the \"plain feel\" doctrine, we affirm.", "\n\nII. ", "BACKGROUND\nThe incident which gave rise to this criminal proceeding occurred in Omaha, Nebraska, on August 27, 1995. ", "Two Omaha police officers were on patrol when they observed a motorcycle pulling into the parking lot of an Omaha bar. ", "The officers observed that the motorcycle did not have a license plate and that the operator of the motorcycle was not wearing a helmet. ", "As a result, the officers executed a traffic stop. ", "The operator, Craven, provided a Nebraska driver's license.", "\nOne of the officers, Officer Jeffrey Baker, called the criminal database for a records check on Craven. ", "Baker was informed that there were no outstanding warrants but that Craven was a convicted felon and caution should be used as Craven could be dangerous. ", "As a result of this information, Baker informed Craven that a pat-down search for weapons would be done. ", "Baker then proceeded to pat down Craven. ", "During the pat down, Baker felt something in Craven's pants pocket, which Baker believed was a marijuana smoking pipe. ", "See Neb.Rev.Stat. *", "514 §§ 28-439 through 28-444 (Reissue 1995) (drug paraphernalia statutes).", "\nAccording to Baker, Craven's jeans were very tight, and Baker thus had to remove what he believed during the pat down to be, and what actually turned out to be, two disposable lighters in the pocket to allow him access to the item which Baker believed to be the marijuana pipe. ", "Baker pulled the two lighters out of Craven's pocket, and in the process, a rock of what appeared to be crack cocaine also came out of the pocket. ", "The item which Baker had believed was a marijuana pipe turned out to be a spark plug. ", "Because of the discovery of the crack cocaine, Craven was placed under arrest for possession of cocaine.", "\nOn September 18, 1995, Craven was charged by information with the crime of possession of a controlled substance other than marijuana, to wit, cocaine. ", "See Neb. Rev.Stat. § ", "28-416(3) (Reissue 1995). ", "On January 23, 1996, Craven filed a motion to suppress the physical evidence obtained as a result of the search. ", "A hearing was held on Craven's motion on February 12. ", "Officer Baker testified that he immediately concluded that Craven had a marijuana pipe in his pocket and that he did not manipulate the object in Craven's pocket prior to concluding that it was a marijuana pipe but simply felt it during the pat down and thought it was a marijuana pipe. ", "At the conclusion of the hearing, the court overruled Craven's motion.", "\nOn March 22, 1996, a stipulated bench trial was held. ", "Craven renewed his objection to the admission of the physical evidence and the court's overruling of his motion to suppress. ", "The court found Craven guilty of possession of cocaine. ", "On May 20, Craven was sentenced to a term of incarceration for 3 to 4 years. ", "This timely appeal followed.", "\n\nIII. ", "ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR\nOn appeal, Craven assigns as error only that the district court erred in overruling his motion to suppress physical evidence.", "\n\nIV. ", "STANDARD OF REVIEW\nIn an appellate court's review of a district court's determinations of reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigative stop and probable cause to perform a warrantless search, ultimate determinations of reasonable suspicion and probable cause are reviewed de novo and findings of fact are reviewed for clear error, giving due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by the trial judge. ", "State v. Konfrst, 251 Neb. 214, 556 N.W.2d 250 (1996). ", "See, also, Ornelas v. U.S., ___ U.S. ___, 116 S.Ct. ", "1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996).", "\n\nV. ANALYSIS\nThis appears to be a case of first impression in Nebraska. ", "The parties have cited us to no authority, and our research has revealed none, applying the U.S. Supreme Court's doctrine of \"plain feel\" as enunciated in Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 113 S.Ct. ", "2130, 124 L.Ed.2d 334 (1993). ", "The Nebraska Supreme Court distinguished Minnesota v. Dickerson without adopting the plain feel doctrine in State v. Williams, 249 Neb. 582, 544 N.W.2d 350 (1996), and this court implied in State v. Chitty, 5 Neb.App. ", "412, 559 N.W.2d 511 (1997), and in State v. Hayes, 3 Neb.App. ", "919, 535 N.W.2d 715 (1995), that the plain feel doctrine would be recognized in Nebraska. ", "However, the doctrine has never been expressly adopted or applied in this state. ", "As such, we will first review the development of the doctrine, then apply it to the facts of the present case.", "\n\n1. ", "DEVELOPMENT OF \"PLAIN FEEL\"\nThe 4th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was made applicable to the states by way of the 14th Amendment. ", "See Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. ", "1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961). ", "The Fourth Amendment guarantees the right of people to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. ", "The search and seizure provision of the Nebraska Constitution is identical to the federal version. ", "See Neb. Const. ", "art. ", "I, § 7. ", "The U.S. Supreme Court has held that searches and seizures conducted without warrants are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment, but subject to specifically established exceptions. ", "See Minnesota v. Dickerson, supra.", "\nIn Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. ", "1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), the Court established *515 one such exception to the warrant requirement. ", "In Terry v. Ohio, the Court held that a police officer who observes unusual conduct which leads him or her to reasonably conclude that criminal activity is afoot may briefly detain the suspicious person and make reasonable inquiries aimed at confirming or dispelling his or her suspicion. ", "See, also, State v. Ryland, 241 Neb. 74, 486 N.W.2d 210 (1992); State v. Kimminau, 240 Neb. 176, 481 N.W.2d 183 (1992). ", "Additionally, the Court in Terry v. Ohio, supra, authorized a pat-down search to determine whether a suspicious person is carrying a weapon when an officer is justified in believing that the person may be armed and dangerous to the officer or to others. ", "See, also, State v. Williams, supra; State v. Kimminau, supra; State v. Caples, 236 Neb. 563, 462 N.W.2d 428 (1990); State v. Prahin, 235 Neb. 409, 455 N.W.2d 554 (1990).", "\nThe principles of Terry v. Ohio, supra, were expanded in Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 103 S.Ct. ", "3469, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983). ", "In Michigan v. Long, the Court held that in the context of a roadside encounter, the authorization of a pat-down search enunciated in Terry v. Ohio, supra, also authorized a protective search of the passenger compartment of the automobile. ", "See, also, State v. Gross, 225 Neb. 798, 408 N.W.2d 297 (1987); State v. Pierce and Wells, 215 Neb. 512, 340 N.W.2d 122 (1983). ", "The Court further held that the \"plain view\" doctrine applied to Terry stops; therefore, if an officer conducts a legitimate Terry search of the interior of an automobile and discovers contraband other than weapons, the evidence of contraband need not be suppressed. ", "Michigan v. Long, supra. ", "See, also, State v. Pierce and Wells, supra.", "\nThe \"plain feel\" doctrine became the next step in the evolution of Terry v. Ohio, supra, when the Court decided Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 113 S.Ct. ", "2130, 124 L.Ed.2d 334 (1993). ", "In Minnesota v. Dickerson, the Court extended the \"plain view\" doctrine to the sense of touch, holding that if an officer lawfully pats down a suspect's clothing during a Terry search and feels an object whose identity as contraband is immediately apparent because of its contour or mass and without further manipulation, the officer is authorized to seize the contraband discovered as a result thereof. ", "Although the Court affirmed the Minnesota Supreme Court's holding that the search at issue in Minnesota v. Dickerson was impermissible because the officer determined that the object felt during the pat down was contraband only after further manipulation and examination prior to removal from the suspect's pocket, the plain feel doctrine was established.", "\n\n2. ", "APPLICATION\nIn the present case, there appears to be no dispute that Officer Baker believed that he felt contraband, i.e., a marijuana smoking pipe, in Craven's pocket during the pat-down search. ", "Neither does there appear to be any dispute that Baker reached this conclusion immediately upon feeling the object during the pat down and without any further manipulation or examination. ", "Indeed, at the hearing on the motion to suppress, Baker specifically testified that he \"immediately assumed through [his] past training and experience\" that it was a marijuana pipe and that he \"didn't have to manipulate it or anything.\" ", "Additionally, we note that there is nothing in the record which would indicate, and Craven does not allege, that Baker was searching for anything other than weapons when he conducted the pat down and happened to feel what he believed was contraband. ", "See State v. Williams, 249 Neb. 582, 544 N.W.2d 350 (1996). ", "The only dispute by Craven is whether the rock of crack cocaine discovered when Baker attempted to remove the object from Craven's pocket was properly discovered when Baker's impression that the object in Craven's pocket was a marijuana pipe subsequently turned out to be mistaken and the item was, in fact, a spark plug.", "\nIn Minnesota v. Dickerson, supra, the U.S. Supreme Court held that a further search of a suspect's pocket is constitutionally invalid if the officer is not able to immediately determine, without manipulation or examination, that an object felt during a pat-down search is contraband. ", "In the present case, Officer Baker did immediately determine, without manipulation or examination, *516 that an object he felt during the pat-down search was contraband. ", "Although his determination proved to be incorrect, as noted above, there is no dispute that his determination was reasonable under the circumstances and considering Baker's training and experience. ", "As such, the further search of Craven's pocket was not constitutionally invalid as was the search in Minnesota v. Dickerson, supra, and the subsequent discovery and seizure of the crack cocaine in the present case was likewise permissible. ", "Baker discovered the crack while removing two lighters which had to be removed in order to reach the item which Baker believed to be a marijuana pipe. ", "The trial court's factual findings were not clearly erroneous, and upon our de novo review of the court's ultimate determinations concerning the propriety of the search of Craven and the seizure of the cocaine, we affirm the court's ruling on the motion to suppress.", "\n\nVI. ", "CONCLUSION\nFinding no reversible error, the decision of the district court is affirmed.", "\nAFFIRMED.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0007028563413769007, 0.0007027558167465031, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0008613437530584633, 0.0007193465135060251, 0.000753704400267452, 0.0006310269236564636, 0.000737732567358762, 0.0007112344028428197, 0.0008868926088325679, 0.0007967762649059296, 0.0009764354908838868, 0.0006656845798715949, 0.0011519683757796884, 0.0005594095564447343, 0.0008621089509688318, 0.0007162357214838266, 0.0009437496773898602, 0.0006403514998964965, 0.0006138256867416203, 0.002126693958416581, 0.000655221869237721, 0.0009359354735352099, 0.0022707839962095022, 0.0007752281380817294, 0.0006358296377584338, 0.0010748509084805846, 0.002475523855537176, 0.0018663601949810982, 0.003933389205485582, 0.0011780221248045564, 0.0007299507851712406, 0.0006415765965357423, 0.0007241636049002409, 0.0006005429895594716, 0.0007593463524244726, 0.0007227141177281737, 0.0006631131400354207, 0.0007897489122115076, 0.01350440550595522, 0.00782034918665886, 0.0006219121860340238, 0.0012429648777469993, 0.0008702857885509729, 0.0013316390104591846, 0.0006138324388302863, 0.0007790634990669787, 0.0008339014602825046, 0.0007075853645801544, 0.0006303702248260379, 0.0006844112649559975, 0.0006585066439583898, 0.000791404047049582, 0.0008650610106997192, 0.0006284033297561109, 0.0006380350096151233, 0.000540253531653434, 0.0009391900966875255, 0.0005683678318746388, 0.0007346796337515116, 0.0007226066663861275, 0.0007135780178941786, 0.0005816585035063326, 0.0011427527060732245, 0.001342528616078198, 0.0008159815915860236, 0.0006963590858504176, 0.0008157724514603615, 0.0008594384999014437, 0.0006492831744253635, 0.0007843426428735256, 0.0007214100915007293, 0.0008667478687129915, 0.0007547648274339736, 0.0007882997742854059, 0.000728985876776278, 0.0006426065228879452, 0.0007125794654712081, 0.000726891215890646, 0.0008888625307008624, 0.0006983431521803141, 0.0008313741418533027, 0.0006585066439583898, 0.0008180057047866285, 0.0006984883220866323, 0.001185585861094296, 0.0006883003516122699, 0.0006404647137969732, 0.0006835861131548882, 0.0006388918263837695, 0.0006704776897095144, 0.0010432051494717598, 0.0009744114940986037, 0.0006765411235392094, 0.0005484928260557353, 0.0008064600988291204, 0.0012496963609009981, 0.0006328654126264155, 0.0013788030482828617, 0.0006466860068030655, 0.0007905580569058657, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Jon Fitch has never shied away from giving his opinion on the changing landscape of mixed martial arts, and at 41 years old, he’s not going to stop now.", "\n\nIn competition, not much has changed for the former UFC title challenger. ", "Fitch works out, keeps his diet relatively clean, and performs at an elite level, just as he has for over the past decade.", "\n\nFitch spent some time out of the sport’s brightest spotlight after he and the UFC parted ways in 2013. ", "He competed for World Series of Fighting (now the Professional Fighters League), where he earned the welterweight title. ", "He defended the belt there twice, with his second victory coming after WSOF’s re-brand.", "\n\nIn 2018, Fitch left the organization to sign with Bellator MMA. ", "He won his promotional debut against Paul Daley, and as a result, is now preparing for a title shot against champion Rory MacDonald in the Bellator Welterweight Grand Prix’s opening round.", "\n\nFitch spoke to John Hyon Ko of The Body Lock about the tournament, his bout with Daley, and his opinion on the current direction of the sport.", "\n\nThe Bellator Welterweight Grand Prix\n\nThe title fight between Jon Fitch and MacDonald, which takes place on April 27 at Bellator 220, is the final fight in the welterweight tournament’s first round.", "\n\nThe tournament kicked off in September, with Douglas Lima and Andrey Koreshkov’s trilogy fight. ", "The bout made it to the final round before Lima caught Koreshkov in a rear naked choke and put him to sleep, a feat that impressed Fitch.", "\n\nLima’s second-round opponent was decided at Bellator 216 in February when Michael “Venom” Page defeated Daley on the scorecards in their long-awaited grudge match. ", "Fitch was not particularly awed with Page’s win, and he predicts that Lima will punch his ticket to the final round with a win over Page.", "\n\n“Lima’s got a clear path to victory. ", "I think he’s got the ability to put him away quickly, but you still have somebody who’s got an awkward style and powerful strikes that come from strange angles,” Fitch told The Body Lock. “", "It’ll be interesting to see how Lima deals with it, but I think he’s experienced enough and well-rounded enough to handle it.”", "\n\nFitch naturally kept a close eye on the fight between Neiman Gracie and Ed Ruth, as it took place on his side of the bracket. ", "Gracie came away with the victory in the battle of elite prospects, but Fitch believes Ruth is someone that people should keep an eye on.", "\n\n“Ed Ruth, in a couple of years… I don’t think anybody’s going to be able to beat him,” Fitch said of the three-time NCAA DI National wrestling champion. “", "He just learns fast, he adapts fast; he’s a hell of an athlete. ", "I think he’s going to be trouble for people in a couple of years.”", "\n\nJon Fitch vs. Rory MacDonald\n\nOf course, Fitch can’t spend too much time looking at other competitors. ", "He has the current Bellator welterweight champion standing in front of him.", "\n\nFitch has a rare opportunity to dethrone the champion in front of a hometown crowd in San Jose, California, and he feels that he will be able to do what he does best in the cage: wear his opponent out and break him down.", "\n\n“[MacDonald is] pretty good in a lot of things, but he’s not somebody who would place top 10 in any one of those disciplines by itself,” Fitch said. “", "He’s still very tough with all of them, and he’s got a tough mindset, so he’s, he’s going to keep coming forward. ", "He’s not that the kind of guy who usually would mentally break, or break down or shut down. ", "Usually, it’s his body that gives out. ", "So, you’ve gotta be ready for a blood-and-guts type of fight.”", "\n\nMacDonald’s durability has been the champion’s biggest red flag. ", "His nose, in particular, hasn’t held up in bouts since his unforgettable war with Robbie Lawler at UFC 189.", "\n\nNow, Jon Fitch isn’t going into this fight zeroed in on busting MacDonald’s nose again, but he’s sure to take advantage of it if that’s how the match unfolds.", "\n\n“You’ve only got so much room in your head for game plan stuff, and you want to keep them kind of broad that way,” Fitch said. “", "If you have like 15 different things you’re trying to think of for a fight, you’re going to forget most of them. ", "If you can keep it simple to something like three, maybe four, but it’s more broad and encompassing, then that’s the way to go.”", "\n\nBringing back yellow cards\n\nJon Fitch had a memorable Bellator debut, but not in the way one might expect. ", "His opponent stole the show, not with a win, but by talking up a storm while being on the receiving end of Fitch’s punches.", "\n\n“It’s a unique thing,” Fitch said of trash talking while being controlled. “", "It’s just funny. ", "Like, it doesn’t happen very often.”", "\n\nFitch would go on to win the fight by decision, and he placed the blame on Daley for what some considered to be a boring fight.", "\n\n“The most frustrating part of it is he’s the guy slowing down the progression of the fight,” Fitch said. “", "He’s not fighting to get up. ", "He’s the one who’s holding onto gloves. ", "So, the fact that he was complaining about it seems, I don’t know, ironic to me.”", "\n\nFitch went on to say that Daley was only grabbing onto his gloves in order to stall the fight and coax the referee into bringing the fight back to the feet, rather than attain any grappling advantage. ", "As a fighter with a game plan heavily centered on keeping his opponent on the ground, Fitch believes fighters should be penalized for latching on and waiting for the referee to intervene rather than attempting to escape the position. ", "He cited the now-defunct PRIDE FC promotional rules as an example of how today’s MMA organizations can handle the issue.", "\n\n“They used to have yellow cards back in the day when guys weren’t doing enough action,” he said. “", "I think you should start giving yellow cards out. ", "After a couple of yellow cards, you give a red card and start the guys neutral, but you give up part of your purse.”", "\n\nFitch is of the mindset that if money is on the line, there’s more incentive for fighters to rely on their own abilities instead of the referee.", "\n\nThe current MMA landscape\n\nJon Fitch is happy to see various promotions pop up and help fighters make names for themselves. ", "He said he likes what he saw from ONE Championship, even though he isn’t quite sure about its approach to weight cutting. ", "Still, Fitch maintains that there’s work to be done in order for fighters to earn what they’re worth.", "\n\n“I still am concerned with the format of how promoters control the titles and the rankings,” he said. “", "It’s a direct conflict of interest. ", "It’s not the way any other sport is done. ", "And you know, I’m always going to want that to change because it’s going to bring the best case scenario for the fighters.”", "\n\nFitch doesn’t place much of the blame on the younger promotions due to the precedents that have been set.", "\n\n“Everybody’s kind of doing their best even though the circumstances are the way they are,” he said. “", "Most promoters didn’t create the situation we’re in, but if they don’t operate by the same methods, you know, they’re not going to succeed.”", "\n\nEven with other promotions creating quality products, Fitch believes that the UFC is in no danger of being overtaken. ", "He said that since the UFC “set[s] the standard,” there’s no way for other organizations to take them on directly, especially if they try to do so with their wallets.", "\n\n“Even if Bellator, PFL start offering more money for people to fight per-fight, UFC can afford to outbid them,” Fitch said. “", "They’re not paying market value, but they can always outbid the number two.”", "\n\nAnother significant advantage Fitch said the UFC has is its name recognition. ", "To an outsider, the UFC is synonymous with MMA. ", "For many fighters, they view the UFC as the gold-standard and make it their goal to compete in the world-famous Octagon.", "\n\n“If you want to prove yourself as a fighter, as an MMA fighter, you have to fight for the UFC in order to attempt to try to capture their title,” Fitch said. “", "If you could take anybody and you say, ‘Hey, you’ve got to give up whatever you have right now, but your next fight is a title shot in the UFC.’ ", "You take it. ", "I don’t think you’re going to have anybody say no.”", "\n\nJon Fitch takes on champion Rory MacDonald at the upcoming Bellator 220 event at the SAP Center in San Jose, California, on April 27. ", "The event will air exclusively on DAZN, per the Bellator website." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.001196157420054078, 0.000567241630051285, 0.0006999516044743359, 0.0006303570116870105, 0.0007431976846419275, 0.0010170246241614223, 0.001513189054094255, 0.0008759691845625639, 0.0005973487277515233, 0.0008345866808667779, 0.0006402636063285172, 0.010595007799565792, 0.0019051370909437537, 0.009301119484007359, 0.0016677648527547717, 0.0007798248552717268, 0.0005330738495104015, 0.0006159348995424807, 0.0005693144630640745, 0.0008398243226110935, 0.004601647611707449, 0.0013201041147112846, 0.0006513241096399724, 0.0007641128613613546, 0.005352468229830265, 0.0005906006554141641, 0.0008803134551271796, 0.4334452450275421, 0.1955142617225647, 0.43861067295074463, 0.007187643554061651, 0.005760459695011377, 0.016052426770329475, 0.010457203723490238, 0.005348095670342445, 0.0006059414590708911, 0.0006780999829061329, 0.005295616574585438, 0.1315150409936905, 0.0008622449240647256, 0.0007797579746693373, 0.00233088294044137, 0.0009761559194885194, 0.005612247157841921, 0.002308439463376999, 0.0007192309712991118, 0.001325623132288456, 0.0010992189636453986, 0.0006695817573927343, 0.0008488682215102017, 0.0008608034695498645, 0.0024177352897822857, 0.0010721980361267924, 0.0005890588508918881, 0.0005862999823875725, 0.0008473909110762179, 0.0005736366147175431, 0.000723289034795016, 0.001214792369864881, 0.0005940662231296301, 0.0006801944691687822, 0.0006511245737783611, 0.0007873867289163172, 0.0006460872245952487, 0.0009571065311320126, 0.0009748524753376842, 0.0008682183688506484, 0.0006196331232786179, 0.0008024246199056506, 0.0007659689872525632, 0.002452835440635681, 0.0017557339742779732, 0.0008382137748412788, 0.001488845911808312, 0.0006636289763264358, 0.000691264751367271 ]