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[ "Satya Harishchandra (2017 film)\n\nSatya Harishchandra is a 2017 Indian Kannada language romantic comedy film written and directed by Dayal Padmanabhan. ", "It is produced by K. Manju under his K. Manju Cinemaas banner. ", "It features Sharan, Sanchita Padukone and Bhavana Rao in the lead roles. ", "The score and soundtrack for the film is by Arjun Janya and the cinematography is by Faisal Ali. ", "The film was launched officially on 18 September 2016 and the filming took place at Mysore, Melukote and Portugal. ", "The film released on 20 October 2017 during the Diwali festival.", "\n\nThe film is an official remake of the 2013 Punjabi film Singh vs Kaur , the first Punjabi film to be remade in Kannada.", "\n\nCast\n Sharan as Satya Harishchandra\n Sanchita Padukone as Saanvi\n Bhavana Rao as Jayalakshmi\n Chikkanna\n Sharath Lohitashwa as Patel\n Seetha\n Vidyullekha Raman\n\nSoundtrack\n\nThe film's score and soundtrack was composed by Arjun Janya. ", "The audio was released online on 13 April 2017 and the music rights were acquired by Lahari Music. ", "The soundtrack consists of four songs written by Yogaraj Bhat, Kaviraj and V. Nagendra Prasad. ", "The popular folk song \"Kuladalli Keelyavudo\" from the Rajkumar starrer film Satya Harishchandra (1965) was reused in the soundtrack by adding the modern sound techniques. ", "The song was shot in Melukote and Imran Sardhariya was roped in to choreograph the song.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2017 films\nCategory:Indian films\nCategory:2010s Kannada-language films\nCategory:Indian romantic comedy films\nCategory:Indian film remakes\nCategory:Films scored by Arjun Janya\nCategory:Films shot in Portugal\nCategory:Kannada remakes of Punjabi films" ]

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[ "Story\nSet in the 1920's, this puzzle platformer features an 8-year-old girl, Didi, who lives with her single mom, a cabaret singer focused on her career. ", "Didi is often left alone with her imaginary friend, Dawn. ", "In the game, you play as Dawn. ", "She has the power to shift from the lit world to the shadow world.", "\n\nGameplay\nContrast is a single-player puzzle platformer game. ", "Using shadows and light you solve puzzles to help Didi investigate secrets that lie behind her troubled family and progress the game.", "\n\nDidi interacts with Dawn, but she only sees other characters as shadows. ", "You mostly use the shadow world to solve puzzles. ", "Didi needs to go places, and you need to help her by getting her where she needs to go. ", "This is accomplished by moving light sources in the correct places to create shadows. ", "Once those shadows are in place, Dawn can shift into the shadow world and jump onto them wherever there is a surface, and figure out how to “get to that balcony to unlock the door,” for example.", "\n\nCollect luminaries (solid sparkly balls of light) to operate and/or activate electrical items, such as a fuse box that operates a piece of machinery.", "\n\nThere are various items you can interact with in each act. ", "You can pick up balls, boxes, etc. ", "and bring them into the shadow with you or set them up to use their shadow to help you. ", "There are three acts and fourteen chapters to the entire game. ", "Each act and chapter takes you to a different location or spot within a location to solve puzzles and help Didi solve her family’s dilemmas.", "\n\nThroughout the game there are context-sensitive points of interaction highlighted with rotating balls of light - sometimes you can use the item to help figure out the puzzle, other times it is a collectible that you can pick up. ", "The collectibles (26 total) help enhance the storyline and piece together parts of the story. ", "You will find these throughout each act of the game.", "\n\nGraphics, sound, music\nThe music is definitely relative to the 1920s. ", "It makes you imagine you’re in that time period. ", "I’ve enjoyed all the music that I’ve heard so far.", "\n\nPros & Cons\nIf you are like me and get frustrated playing games where you die and respawn at a different place than where you left off, this game is for you. ", "You don’t die; you respawn where you just were. ", "You can’t save at will, but it does autosave after you solve each puzzle, so you can easily solve a puzzle, take a break and come back to the game.", "\n\nThe game can get tedious at times - for example, when you have to get the timing perfect, while in the shadow, in order to not be knocked out because you didn’t act in time.", "\n\nConclusion\nOverall, it is an enjoyable game and I highly recommend it. ", "And if you are a PlayStation Plus Member, you can’t go wrong with FREE.", "\n\nComments\n\nSeems like a cool idea for a game, I was chatting to ChryZ and he was sating it's quite short with no replay value though, so I'm kinda glad I have it on PS+ even though its fairly cheap. ", "Nice review btw!", "\n\nTo beat the game is about 4 hours, maybe longer - depends on how long it takes to figure out the puzzles involved. ", "I know I didn't collect all of the luminaries, so I could go back and get those, so there is a little replay...depends on if you are a completist or not." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I pass edn to clojurescript from clojure without making ajax request (i.e. via hiccup-generated page)\n\nI'm developing RIA with clojure and clojurescript. ", "Backend uses hiccup to generate a resulting html, like\n(html5 \n[:head \n (include-js \"/js/my-cljs-generated.js\")]\n[:body ... ])\n\nHow can I pass edn(hashmap, vector, etc.) ", "to clojurescript within the resulting html, i.e. without doing ajax call? ", "\nI would like to make hiccup do something like this: \n(include-edn \n \"var_name\" {:foo :bar}) ; or any other clojure data\n\nand to be able to access the passed edn from cljs somehow(e.g. ", "by name).", "\nCurrently my implementation is a bit hacky and stores edn in a global js var \n(hiccup/javascript-tag (str \"var edn = \\\"\"\n (pr-str my-clojure-data) \"\\\";\")) \n\nand on cljs side does smth like\n(jayq/document-ready \n (fn []\n (if-let [edn (.-edn js/window)]\n (do-something-with (cljs.reader/read-string edn))\n )\n ...\n)\n\nMaybe there is more idiomatic way of achieving this? ", "\n\nA:\n\nYour approach is fine. ", "If you're concerned about the manual creation of JavaScript code, an alternative would be to put the result of pr-str as data in a well-defined element. ", "Something along the lines of:\n[:div {:style {:display \"hidden\"}\n :id \"server-originated-data\"\n :data-var-1 (pr-str var-1)\n :data-var-2 (pr-str var-2)}]\n\nYou can then get that data from ClojureScript with something like:\n(defn get-data\n [tag]\n (-> (.getElementById js/document \"server-originated-data\")\n (.getAttribute (str \"data-\" tag))\n (cljs.reader/read-string)))\n\nThough, again, your approach is fine.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAndroid app compiles and installs, but won't show up in my apps\n\nHas anyone seen an issue where you can export your app to an .apk file and you can install it and everything looks ok but the app never shows up in the list of installed applications. ", " I have another app that installed and is running fine. ", " Totally stumped by what I could be doing wrong... I think it's signed correctly (I've tested the key on the working app... am I missing something really stupid?)", "\nEDIT\nI'm editing to add the solution. ", "\nAndroid requires that the main Activity be called MAIN in the manifest. ", "You can call your class anything you want but the XML has to include this:\n<intent-filter>\n <action android:name=\"android.intent.action.", "MAIN\" />\n <category android:name=\"android.intent.category.", "LAUNCHER\" />\n </intent-filter>\n\nNot realizing this, I had named mine something else and rather than just failing outright, it worked perfectly in the emulator, but failed to open on the phone.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou'll need to create an activity with android.intent.action.", "MAIN with android.intent.category.", "LAUNCHER, kind of like this:\n<intent-filter>\n <action android:name=\"android.intent.action.", "MAIN\" />\n <category android:name=\"android.intent.category.", "LAUNCHER\" />\n</intent-filter>\n\nFor more information, see here: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/manifest-intro.html (under Icons and Labels).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nI can't use the cell content and do formulas with it\n\nCurrently I've made an excel document where it gets it data from a website with the help of \"Data - From Web\".", "\nI've gotten this part to work, however i need to use the cell-content in some of the cells to do calculations, but it appears that these are not values (i believe they are text-strings?!)", "\nSome searching gave me the tip to use the =Value() function but this seems not to work as intended (see picture).", "\nI need help to make sure that my table is usable.", "\nSidenote, I have a feeling that the decimal indicator is an dot \".\" ", "however my excel uses a comma \",\"\nYour help/assistance is much appreciated!", "\n\nA:\n\nI suspect the download is using dot as the decimal separator and your Windows Regional Settings are using something else. ", "If that suspicion is correct, when you set up the query (or Edit the current query)\n\nselect Transform instead of Load (or edit the current query)\nSelect the numeric columns\nFrom the right-click menu on one of the columns, select Change Type -> Using Locale and select Decimal Number from English(United States)\n\nThat should enable the values to be converted to numeric values you can use. ", " And that should maintain whenever you update the query.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIn Debian Fluxbox, how do I fix the cursor on the second head?", "\n\nI have the problem that my cursor icon doesn't get drawn on the secondary monitor of a two monitor setup. ", "It looks like this on the main screen:\n\nBut on the second screen it look like:\n\nInterestingly, if I screenshot it with gnome-screenshot -p the cursor shows on the resulting picture (regardless of which monitor the window is on). ", "This seems to imply that gnome knows what is there but fluxbox or the gpu driver doesn't.", "\nI've tried using other cursor icons and while they show normally on the main monitor they do the same dashed line on the other screen. ", "Happy to add any setting/conifg information would be helpful.", "\nEdit 1\nI was a little worried that it might be a driver issue and therefore not easily fixable. ", "I have a \"Sapphire Nitro r9 390\" using the HDMI out on the 'bad' screen and displayport on the 'good' screen (ah, so maybe I could put both through with displayport. ", "Worth a try anyway.). ", "I'm using the proprietary \"AMD Catalyst Linux Graphics Driver\" fglrx 15.20.3 [Sep 8 2015]. ", "The command lspci | grep VGA shows:\n01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Hawaii PRO [Radeon R9 290] (rev 80)\n\nWhile the driver info fglrxinfo shows:\ndisplay: :0 screen: 0\nOpenGL vendor string: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.\nOpenGL renderer string: AMD Radeon (TM) R9 390 Series \nOpenGL version string: 4.5.13399 Compatibility Profile Context 15.201.1151\n\nI'll try the DP for both and see if it helps.", "\nEdit 2\nI got another DP cable but it didn't seem to help. ", "Mirroring the screens still has one with a normal cursor and one with the dots. ", "I guess I'm stuck with it for the time being.", "\nEdit 3\nUpdating to the latest Catalyst driver seems to have solved my problem, yay! ", "The driver I used was the \"Crimson Edition 15.12\" dated 12/18/2015. ", "The version info is now:\nOpenGL vendor string: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.\nOpenGL renderer string: AMD Radeon (TM) R9 390 Series \nOpenGL version string: 4.5.13416 Compatibility Profile Context 15.302\n\nA:\n\nThe OP has reported that\nupdating to the latest Catalyst driver seems to have solved the problem.", " \nThe version info is now:\nOpenGL vendor string: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.\nOpenGL renderer string: AMD Radeon (TM) R9 390 Series \nOpenGL version string: 4.5.13416 Compatibility Profile Context 15.302\n\n" ]

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[ "Costa Rican exports to U.S. up 24 percent in 2010\n\nForeign Trade Minister Anabel González announced Thursday that sales of Costa Rican exports to the U.S. rose 24 percent in 2010. ", "González attributed the increase in exports to the reduction in tariffs offered by the U.S. in respect to the Central American Free-Trade Agreement (CAFTA), which came into effect on Jan. 1, 2009.", "\n\nIn 2010, sales of exports to the U.S. exceeded $3.3 billion, up from $2.7 billion in 2009. ", "The U.S. accounted for over 36 percent of total Costa Rican export sales last year.", "\n\n“An enormous importance this year was the growth in the number of exports to the U.S.,” González said. “", "What this appears to indicate is that CAFTA is providing the results that we expected. ", "The 24 percent increase is a very significant increase.”", "\n\nGonzález said that the largest percentage increase of export revenue to the U.S. was seen in the sales of pineapples, bananas, tuna, medical devices and sugar. ", "Sugar exports rose 192 percent in 2010.", "\n\nOverall, Costa Rican sold more than $13.59 billion in exports in 2010, a 7.5 percent increase from 2009. ", "According to González, Costa Rica had the third largest export sales per capita income in Latin America in 2010, topped only by Uruguay and Mexico.", "\n\nThe largest revenue yielding exports in 2010 were electronic components and microprocessors, despite a 12 percent decrease in sales. ", "Costa Rica remains the world’s top exporter of pineapples and the second largest exporter of bananas.", "\n\nA total of 4,255 different Costa Rican products were shipped to 148 different destinations in 2010, including Africa and Australia." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to design a table having age which returns current age of that person when queried after two years in SQL Server?", "\n\nI want to design a table as below, which returns the current age of a person when queried after two years.", "\nCREATE TABLE Person \n(\n Person_ID INT IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,\n Initial VARCHAR(50) NULL,\n Surname VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,\n Age INT NOT NULL\n)\n\nFor example table has 2 rows\n Person_ID Initial Surname Age\n -------------------------------\n 1 AR Rahman 40\n 2 M Jackson 50\n\nOn a select query after two years\nselect age \nfrom Person \nwhere person_ID = 1 \n\nit should return 42\n\nA:\n\nStore date of birth in your table as DATE and use computed column without using persisted keyword because age calculation is non-deterministic as shown in the code below.", "\nCREATE TABLE #Person\n(\n Person_ID INT IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,\n Initial VARCHAR(50) NULL,\n Surname VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,\n DOB DATE NULL,\n Age AS DATEDIFF(YEAR,DOB,getdate()) \n)\n\nINSERT INTO #Person\nSELECT 'Gyan','Prakash','26-feb-1994'\n\nSELECT * FROM #Person\n\n" ]

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[ "TWO teenagers who were burned while performing a dangerous bike stunt at Findon were attempting the feat for the first time.", "\n\nTrent Forester and Shane Bentley, both 15, were released from Flinders Medical Centre this afternoon after the pair, along with a girl, suffered burns when performing the \"jump through fire\" stunt at Findon Skid Kids on Reserve Parade, Findon, about 4.30pm on Sunday.", "\n\nThey caught fire when the flaming cardboard they jumped through failed to break up as planned and instead stuck to the riders.", "\n\nSpectators used blankets to douse the flames on the riders' protective clothing.", "\n\n\"It was the worst pain, so hot, on fire, just horrible,\" Trent said.", "\n\nmedia_camera A spectator rushes to the aid of the stunt riders after they caught fire during a jumping stunt. ", "Picture: Facebook\n\n\"I wouldn't do this thing again, but I'm still going to be doing stunts and racing.\"", "\n\nShane described the fire as \"really hot, so hot\".", "\n\n\"I took the cardboard with me and that's what burned me,\" he said. \"", "Heading into it I was fine, I was feeling good and didn't think it was going to be that bad.\"", "\n\nEARLIER\n\nSPECTATORS desperately doused flames on three teenagers when a dangerous cycling stunt went spectacularly wrong yesterday.", "\n\nThe two boys and a girl, all believed to be aged 15, suffered burns when performing the \"jump through fire\" stunt in Adelaide at Findon Skid Kids on Reserve Parade, Findon, about 4.30pm.", "\n\nThey caught fire when the flaming cardboard they jumped through failed to break up as planned and instead stuck to the riders.", "\n\nSpectators used blankets to douse the flames on the riders' protective clothing.", "\n\nmedia_camera Three teenagers were burned during this bike-riding stunt at Findon. ", "Picture: Facebook\n\nSt John Ambulance crews treated the riders before SA Ambulance crews arrived and took the trio to the Women's and Children's Hospital.", "\n\nA hospital spokesman would not release details on their injuries or condition without parental consent last night but their injuries were not considered life-threatening.", "\n\nThe fire-jump stunt was the final event of the club's 55th birthday celebration championship at the track yesterday.", "\n\nFindon Skid Kids president Mick Harley said the stunt went wrong because it was incorrectly set up.", "\n\n\"We've been doing the fire jump for 55 years and every so often, somebody might get some burns,\" he said.", "\n\n\"The cardboard is normally in two sheets joined at the middle so it breaks when they hit it. ", "They used cardboard that was a full sheet so it wasn't cut.", "\n\n\"On this particular occasion they took the cardboard with them and that's how they got burnt.\"", "\n\nThe riders were wearing protective clothing including overalls, goggles, helmets and balaclavas.", "\n\nA man who also performed the stunt was unhurt.", "\n\n\"They are pretty well protected. ", "It's just in this instance they took the fire with them and the heat has got to them,\" Mr Harley said.", "\n\nThe Findon Skid Kids display team gained global coverage for their stunt riding, including what Mr Harley dubbed the \"world-famous fire jump\" in the 1970s.", "\n\nThe display team ceased in 1996 but the club still performs the fire jump on some occasions, such as yesterday's birthday celebrations.", "\n\n\"We will be doing it again in the future,\" Mr Harley said.", "\n\n\"What we will be doing in the future is making sure (the cardboard) has the split down the centre and making sure it's done correctly.\"" ]

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[ "Ontologies, Disorders and Prototypes Cristina Amoretti1, Marcello Frixione1, Antonio Lieto2, Greta Adamo1 1 DAFIST, Università di Genova, Italy 2 Dipartimento di Informatica, Università di Torino, and ICAR-CNR Italy Pre-print. ", "To appear in Proceedings of IACAP 2016, 6th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Computing and Philosophy. ", "Abstract. ", "As it emerged from philosophical analyses and cognitive research, most concepts exhibit typicality effects, and resist to the efforts of defining them in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions. ", "This holds also in the case of many medical concepts. ", "This is a problem for the design of computer science ontologies, since knowledge representation formalisms commonly adopted in this field (such as, in the first place, the Web Ontology Language OWL) do not allow for the representation of concepts in terms of typical traits. ", "The need of representing concepts in terms of typical traits concerns almost every domain of real world knowledge, including medical domains. ", "In particular, in this article we take into account the domain of mental disorders, starting from the DSM-5 descriptions of some specific disorders. ", "We favour a hybrid approach to concept representation, in which ontology oriented formalisms are combined to a geometric representation of knowledge based on conceptual space. ", "As a preliminary step to apply our proposal to mental disorder concepts, we started to develop an OWL ontology of the schizophrenia spectrum, which is as close as possible to the DSM-5 descriptions. ", "Keywords: Representation of concepts, Formal ontologies, Conceptual spaces, Medical ontologies, Mental Disorders, DSM-5. ", "1. ", "Representing Concepts: Some Problems Raised by Medicine In philosophy and cognitive sciences, different theories about the nature of concepts have been proposed. ", "According to the traditional view, known as \"classical\", concepts can be simply defined in terms of sets of necessary and sufficient conditions. ", "This theory was dominant since the times of Aristotle until the mid'70s of the last century, when the philosophical analyses by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Wittgenstein 1953) and the experimental results obtained by Eleonor Rosch (Rosch 1975) showed that, for most of the common-sense concepts, this position does not hold since conceptual structures are mainly characterized by \"typical\" category membership cues and are organized in human mind in terms of prototypes. ", "Since then, different positions and theories on the nature of concepts have been proposed in order to explain the aspects concerning conceptual \"typicality\". ", "Usually, they are grouped in three main classes, namely: prototype views, exemplar views and theory-theories (see e.g. Murphy 2002; Machery 2009). ", "All of them are assumed to account for (some aspects of) prototypical effects in conceptualization. ", "According to the prototype view (introduced by Rosch), knowledge about categories is stored in terms of prototypes, i.e. in terms of some representation of the \"best\" instances of the category. ", "For example, the concept CAT should coincide with a representation of a prototypical cat. ", "In the simpler versions of this approach, prototypes are represented as (possibly weighted) lists of features. ", "According to the exemplar view, a given category is mentally represented as a set of specific exemplars explicitly stored within memory: the mental representation of the concept CAT is the set of the representations of (some of) the cats we encountered during our lifetime. ", "Theory-theory approaches adopt some form of holistic point of view about concepts. ", "According to some versions of the theory-theories, concepts are analogous to theoretical terms in a scientific theory. ", "For example, the concept CAT is individuated by the role it plays in our mental theory of zoology. ", "In other version of the approach, concepts themselves are identified with micro-theories of some sort. ", "For example, the concept CAT should be identified with a mentally represented microtheory about cats. ", "These approaches turned out to be not mutually exclusive. ", "Rather, they seem to succeed in explaining different classes of cognitive phenomena, and many researchers hold that all of them are needed to explain psychological data (see again Murphy 2002; Machery 2009). ", "The case of some medical concepts, such as the general concept of DISEASE and the various individual disease concepts (such as PNEUMONIA, BREAST CANCER, SCHIZOPHRENIA, CATATONIA, and so on) show the same \"problems\" presented by most common-sense concepts, as they can hardly be represented in terms of individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions. ", "Faced with the issues raised by the many attempts to find a traditional definition for the general concept of DISEASE (Amoretti 2015), some philosophers of medicine have thus proposed to regard the concept of DISEASE and those of individual diseases as non-classical ones. ", "In this vein, on the grounds of the great variability among individual diseases, new theories based on family resemblances, prototypes or exemplars have been proposed (see e.g. Sadegh-Zadeh 2011, 2000, 2008, Lilienfeld and Marino 1995, 1999, Pickering 2013, McNally 2011). ", "In the first case, there is no common feature that all individual diseases must have, but any two of them should share at least one feature. ", "In the second case, there is a set of properties that represents the best instance of the disease category, that is an ideal and abstract construction of the general concept of disease, the prototype, to which any individual disease must approximate to some degree, sharing with it a goodly number of properties. ", "In the third case, some individual diseases are regarded as particularly relevant, as the exemplars of the disease category, and thus all other diseases must exhibit a goodly number of their specific features. ", "These views are obviously different: embracing the family resemblances theory implies that there is no specific set of properties, determined by the prototype or the exemplars, that individual diseases must meet to some degree; the prototype is an abstract construction that doesn't need to correspond to any individual disease, while the exemplars are concrete members of the category. ", "Nevertheless they are often conflated or muddled in the relevant literature. ", "For example, McNally (2011, p. 212) refers to Wittgenstein saying that \"Examples of most useful concepts bear only a family resemblance to one another. ", "Most have some overlapping attributes without sharing an essence present in every case\"; but clearly he has in mind the prototype view, as he continues specifying that \"The more attributes a given case has, the better an example it is of the concept\". ", "A similar confusion is made by Cooper (2007, p. 41), who mentions family resemblances saying that \"While there need not be any one feature that all family members possess, any two members will be similar in a variety of ways\"; however, she unpacks this idea through the exemplar view: \"whether a condition counts as a mental disorder depends on its degree of resemblance to prototypical cases, such as schizophrenia and psychotic depression. ", "Conditions that are sufficiently like these central cases get counted as disorders\". ", "Again, Sadegh-Zadeh (2008, p. 119) seems to conflates prototypes and exemplars claiming that \"A concept determines a category [...] by exhibiting the relational structure of the category that is characterized by best examples, called prototypes, such that other category resemble them to different extents\". ", "The above confusions can be partially explained by the fact that all three views offer a plausible way to deal with conceptual \"typicality\", that is the evidence that some instances of the general category of disease, namely some individual diseases, are regarded as more representative than others. ", "Moreover, all three views agree that there is no set of properties shared by all and only individual diseases: no specific property is individually necessary and no fixed number of them is sufficient to characterize the general concept of DISEASE. ", "On the contrary, overall similarities among different set of properties should encompass the absence of any particular shared property – such as, as it is often claimed, dysfunction (Boorse 1976, Wakefield 1992, 1999). ", "Many scholars adopting one of the above strategies do not attempt to better explicate the similarities relationship among individual diseases (Lilienfeld and Marino 1995, 1999); others think that fuzzy logic is the best, and possibly the only, way do the job (Seising and Tabacchi 2013, Sadegh-Zadeh 2000, 2008, 2011) – but, of course, some important alternatives to represent non-classical concepts have been proposed in the general literature, especially because fuzzy-logic faces some unavoidable difficulties in handling compositionality (on this aspect see Frixione and Lieto 2014). ", "As sketched above, approaches based on family resemblances, prototypes, and exemplars have been used to characterize the general concept of DISEASE, but they seem particularly suited to handle the general concept of MENTAL DISORDER (Lilienfeld and Marino 1995, 1999) as well as the various concepts of individual mental disorders. ", "This more restricted class of medical concepts will be the focus of our present work. ", "The DSM (the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association and represents a sort of \"bible\" for psychiatrists and scholars within the field of mental pathology, has in fact a merely descriptive approach: it rarely incorporates theoretical information regarding the causes of individual mental disorders, and classifies them using a list of operational diagnostic criteria. ", "As a consequence, and somehow differently to what usually happens with individual somatic diseases included in ICD (the International Classification of Disease), individual mental disorders are typically identified not by their etiology or underlying pathological cause (a few exceptions being, for example, the different types of neurocognitive disorders), but through their syndromes, that is through a catalogue of their characterizing symptoms and signs, none of which is individually necessary and no fixed number of which is sufficient to determine membership to a certain individual disorder category. ", "Moreover, in most cases these syndromes are not supposed to be reified, as to correspond to some kind of entity or mechanism (such as an underlying dysfunction). ", "Let's see, for instance, an oversimplified version of the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and catatonia given by the DSM-5: \"Two (or more) of the following [...] At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3): 1. ", "Delusions; 2. ", "Hallucinations; 3. ", "Disorganized speech [...] 4. ", "Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior; 5. ", "Negative symptoms\" (DSM-5, p. 99); \"The clinical picture is dominated by three (or more) of the following symptoms: 1. ", "Stupor [...] 2. ", "Catalepsy [...] 3. ", "Waxy flexibility [...] 4. ", "Mutism [...] 5. ", "Negativism [...] 6. ", "Posturing [...] 7. ", "Mannerism [...] 8. ", "Stereotypy [...] 9. ", "Agitation [...] 10. ", "Grimacing 11. ", "Echolalia [...] 12. ", "Echopraxia\" (DSM-5, p. 119). ", "Similar operational criteria, introduced in DSM-III (1982), were meant to replace what psychiatrists dub as \"prototypes\", that is short descriptions of paradigmatic cases that would serve as standards of comparison to evaluate and diagnose any single patient. ", "Here, as an example, the category of schizophrenic reactions according to DSM-I (1952): \"It represents a group of psychotic reactions characterized by fundamental disturbances in reality relationships and concept formations, with affective, behavioral, and intellectual disturbances in varying degrees and mixtures. ", "The disorders are marked by strong tendency to retreat from reality, by emotional disharmony, unpredictable disturbances in stream of thought, regressive behavior, and in some, by a tendency to deterioration\", (DSM-I, p. 26). ", "Even if the operational structure of DSM-5 coincides neither with the prototype nor the exemplar views as they are developed by cognitive psychologists, it may still suggest to incorporate some features of these approaches in the representations of the various concepts of individual mental disorders (such as, SCHIZOPHRENIA, CATATONIA, etc.) ", "as well as the general concept of MENTAL DISORDER, as like non-classical concepts they cannot be possibly defined through necessary and sufficient conditions, and clearly exhibit prototypical effects. ", "In order to address this problem from a computational perspective, we have analyzed the field of logic-oriented knowledge representation systems and, in particular, the class of formalisms known as formal ontologies. ", "We provide below a brief overview of this class of systems by showing that, also in this artificial context, we face the problem of representing typical or \"non-classical\" information of medical concepts. ", "2. ", "Formal Ontologies and Common-Sense Representations In the last decades the problem of concept representation received a great deal of attention within the field of artificial intelligence (AI), and in particular in knowledge representation, due to its relevance for semantic technologies and for the development of formal ontologies. ", "In the AI tradition, an ontology is \"an engineering artifact, constituted by a specific vocabulary used to describe a certain reality, plus a set of explicit (axiomatic) assumptions regarding the intended meaning of the vocabulary words\" (Guarino 1998). ", "The representation languages adopted for the development of formal ontologies stemmed from the tradition of so-called structured inheritance semantic networks – the first system in this line of research was KL-ONE (Brachman and Schmolze 1985). ", "These formalisms are known today as description logics (DLs), and the main formal ontological languages such as OWL and OWL 2 belong to this class. ", "The main constructs of such languages are concepts (or classes), roles (or properties), and individuals. ", "DLs are are logical systems (usually, they are subsets of first order predicate calculus). ", "They can perform a series of automatic inferences, such as categorization (the process of attributing a specific individual as a member to a class), classification (the process through which new class-subclass relations are inferred) and consistency checking (the process of testing the logical coherence of a given ontology). ", "As logical systems, DLs have a model theoretic, Tarskian style semantics associated to them (Horrocks et al. ", "2003). ", "This fact causes a problem: Tarskian semantics is fully compositional, and typicality effects are hard to accommodate with compositionality. ", "As a consequence, DLs do not allow the representation of concepts in prototypical terms (on this aspects see Frixione and Lieto, 2012). ", "DLs allow the representation of concepts exclusively in terms of sets of necessary and/or sufficient conditions. ", "This is a severe drawback from the standpoint of the representation of many classes of concepts. ", "In particular, this strong bias towards the representation of concepts in terms of necessary and/or sufficient conditions alone is a problem in the field of biomedical ontologies. ", "Most of them, indeed, (including SNOMED, the largest biomedical ontology currently available: http://www.ihtsdo.org/ snomed-ct) are conditioned by the adoption of formalisms that do not allow to represent concepts in typical terms. ", "This possibility should be of crucial importance for representing both such general concepts as DISEASE or MENTAL DISORDER, and the concepts of individual diseases and mental disorders. ", "Consider for example the concepts of individual mental disorders. ", "In DSM-5 they are characterized in terms of syndromes and operational criteria. ", "However, at the level of specific mental disorders, it is impossible to individuate sets of symptoms and criteria that are individually necessary or jointly sufficient to determine membership. ", "In this perspective, we propose to integrate typicality effects in computational representations of concepts. ", "More precisely, we focus on prototypical and exemplar based approaches, and propose to combine them in a hybrid model. (", "For the time being, we do not take into consideration here theorytheory approaches, since them are in some sense more vaguely defined if compared to the other two positions.) ", "Following the approach proposed in Frixione and Lieto (2013, 2014b), we propose a hybrid architecture (fig. ", "1) combining a \"classical\" component (in which concepts are represented, as far as it is possible, in terms of necessary and/or sufficient conditions) with a \"typicality-oriented\" component, allowing both prototype and exemplar-based representations. ", "Figure 1. ", "The Conceptual Architecture. ", "The \"classical\" component is demanded to some standard ontological formalism; the \"typicalityoriented\" component to a conceptual space, where conceptual spaces are a geometric framework for knowledge representation proposed by Peter Gärdenfors (2014). ", "In a conceptual space concepts are described in terms of a number of quality dimensions. ", "In some cases, such dimensions are directly related to perception; examples could be temperature, weight, brightness, pitch. ", "In other cases, dimensions can be more abstract in nature. ", "To each quality dimension is associated a geometrical (topological or metrical) structure. ", "The central idea behind this approach is that the representation of knowledge can take advantage from the geometrical structure of the spaces. ", "Instances (or exemplars) are represented as points in a space, and their degree of similarity can be calculated in a natural way according to some suitable distance measure. ", "Concepts correspond to regions, and regions with different geometrical properties correspond to different kinds of concepts. ", "Prototypes and typicality effects have a natural geometrical interpretation: a prototype corresponds to the geometrical center of the region representing a concept (provided that the concept corresponds to a convex region). ", "Thus, given a concept, a degree of centrality can be associated to each point that falls within the corresponding region. ", "This degree of centrality can be interpreted as a measure of its typicality. ", "Conversely, given a set of n prototypes represented as points in a conceptual space, a tessellation of the space in n convex regions can be determined in the terms of the so-called Voronoi diagrams. ", "An example is shown in Figure 2, where the centre of each region corresponds to the prototype of a given concept, and where different exemplars can be represented as points in a conceptual region. ", "The similarity between exemplars, or between prototypes and exemplars is obtained by calculating the metric distances in the underlying space. ! ", "Figure 2. ", "Example of the Voronoi tessellation of a conceptual spaces (from Gärdenfors and Williams, 2001) In sum, the appeal of conceptual spaces consists in the fact that they provides a natural way of representing typicality effects, and that their geometrical structure provides a natural way of calculating the semantic relations between concepts, prototypes and exemplars in terms of metrical distance. ", "3. ", "Some Preliminaries of a Case Study: The Schizophrenia Spectrum As a preliminary step to implement a system based on the above described conceptual architecture, we are currently developing a formal ontology that tries to overcome some limitations of the existing ontological representations of individual mental disorders. ", "In particular, with respect to the existing taxonomies, we are currently building a representation that aims to be closer to the DSM-5 nosology and rationales. ", "Some important remarks must be done here. ", "Our assumption that the general concept of MENTAL DISORDER and the various concepts of individual mental disorders – as they are currently described and categorized by DSM-5 – should be treated as non-classical ones is preliminary tested by developing an ontology based on the OWL-DL (Ontology Web Language Description Logic) dialect. ", "This first step may seem to contrast with what we claimed in the previous two sections. ", "However, we believe it is a necessary stage in order to verify and evaluate the exact limits of a classical approach to the formal representation of the concepts of individual mental disorders, as we suspect that some problems encountered by the already available formal ontologies might be due to an oversimplification of the structure and rationales of DSM-5 descriptive nosology. ", "On this respect, we take seriously the DSM-5 definition of the concept of MENTAL DISORDER, according to which a mental disorder is primarily a syndrome, that is a set of symptoms and signs. ", "This means, for example, that the classes of Mental_Disorder and Symptom must be linked through an appropriate property (it must be remembered that, in OWL terminology, properties correspond to roles, or two place relations). ", "Making the relationships between mental disorders and pattern of symptoms explicit might also help to clear out some classification disputes about where to place some controversial mental disorders among DSM-5 chapters. ", "Moreover, even if the DSM-5 definition of the concept of MENTAL DISORDER requires a dysfunction being in place, there is also the widespread conviction that syndromes should not be reified. ", "The possibility to discover that basic dimensions of functioning, and thus dysfunctioning, cut across traditional syndrome-based diagnostic categories is actually envisaged – as the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project seems to corroborate. ", "This means, for example, that the class of Mental_Disorder must be conceived in non realist terms and the concept of MENTAL DISORDER clearly distinguished from the concept of DISEASE. ", "Broadly speaking, the rationale we have followed to build our DSM-5 compliant ontology can be summarized in 4 steps, as shown in Figure 3: ■ Identification of main concepts; ■ Formalization of classes and properties; ■ Implementation; ■ Comparison between symptoms and evaluation (i.e. modelling decision about the taxonomical position and the related axioms that need to be added). ! ", "Figure 3. ", "The process of building a DSM-5 compliant ontology The goal of the first phase was identifying, organizing and structuring all the main concepts of the domain by using an abstract model, e.g. graphs or schemes. ", "Initially, we focused on the chapter of Schizophrenia Spectrum only, and defined relevant concepts and properties through a glossary or dictionary written in natural language. ", "Afterwards, with the second phase we used description logics to formalize all the concepts and properties previously identified and thus to obtain the adequate terminological domain knowledge. ", "The third phase aimed at encoding and implementing a formal ontology using Protégé, a widespread ontology editor. ", "In the fourth and last phase we compared various symptoms among ontologies and different disorders. ", "Moreover, the process of evaluation can be also driven in parallel with the previous three steps. ", "The Schizophrenia_Spectrum ontology that we have developed is currently composed by 58 classes, 5 properties and 191 axioms. ", "As already mentioned, the ontology has been developed by adopting the OWL-DL (Ontology Web Language-Description Logic) dialect. ", "The three main classes are Mental_Disorder, Patient and Symptom. ", "The top level of the ontology, which focuses on the various classes of the Schizophrenia Spectrum category and the associated symptoms, is shown in Figure 4 below. ! ", "Figure 4. ", "Top Level of the Schizophrenia Spectrum Ontology The top-level classes chosen by the adopted modelling not only allow that each mental disorder might be identified through quite different set of symptoms (as it is clearly demanded by the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria), but also address comorbidity (a phenomenon which is still common in DSM-5 meaning that each patient showing a certain set of symptoms might be diagnosed with more than one mental disorder). ", "The class of Patient allows to model many different patient instances, which is useful in order to include personal information regarding individuals (such as age, sex, gender, ethnicity, etcetera). ", "Finally, the class Symptom currently contains the following main subclasses, which have been built in accordance with the DSM-5 criteria: Delusions, Disorganized Thinking, Grossly Disorganized Abnormal Motor Behavior, Hallucinations, Negative Symptoms. ", "The class of Symptom and its subclasses are disjointed from the Schizophrenia Spectrum other Psychotic Disorder and its subclasses as this guarantees the separation from symptoms that involves other mental disease. ", "The current version of the ontology (which is still subject to revisions and extensions) is available in a navigable format at: http://www.di.unito.it/~lieto/Schizophrenia_Spectrum.html. ", "Even if we developed a formal ontology which is more DSM-5 compliant than others (for instance, Ceusters and Smith 2010), as we predicted it is still unable to handle the representation and reasoning of common-sense cues. ", "For this reason, and in accordance with our theoretical reflections advanced in the previous two sections, we plan to integrate the current ontology-based symbolic structure with a conceptual space component. ", "One possible application of this integration would be the realization of an artificial system that, given a set of typical traits characterizing the different symptoms, would be able to provide the correct identification of a given mental disorder. ", "References Amoretti, Maria Cristina, 2015. ", "Filosofia e medicina. ", "Pensare la salute e la malattia. ", "Roma: Carocci. ", "Boorse, Christopher, 1976. \"", "What a theory of mental health should be\", Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 6: 61-84. ", "Brachman, Ronald, and J. G. Schmolze, 1985. \"", "An overview of the KL-ONE knowledge representation system\", Cognitive Science, 9: 171-216. ", "Ceusters, Werner and Smith, Barry, 2010. \"", "Foundations for a realist ontology of mental disease\", Journal of Biomedical Semantics, 1(1): 10. ", "Cooper, Rachel Valerie, 2007. ", "Psychiatry and Philosophy of Science, Philosophy and Science. ", "Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ", "Frixione, Marcello and Lieto, Antonio, 2012. \"", "Representing Concepts in Formal Ontologies: Compositionality vs Typicality Effects\", Logic and Logical Philosophy, 21: 391–414. ", "DOI: 10.12775/LLP.2012.018 Frixione, Marcello and Lieto, Antonio, 2013. \"", "Dealing with Concepts: From Cognitive Psychology to Knowledge Representation\", Frontiers in Psychological and Behavioural Science, 2(3): 96-106. ", "Frixione, Marcello and Lieto, Antonio, 2014. \"", "Concepts, Perception and the Dual Process Theory of Mind\", Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication, 9: 1-20 DOI: 10.4148/biyclc.v9i0.1084 Frixione Marcello and Lieto Antonio, 2014b. \"", "Towards an Extended Model of Conceptual Representations in Formal Ontologies: A Typicality-Based Proposal\", Journal of Universal Computer Science, 20(3): 257-276. ", "Gärdenfors, Peter, 2014. ", "The Geometry of Meaning. ", "Semantics Based on Conceptual Spaces. ", "Boston: the MIT Press. ", "Gärdenfors, Peter, and Williams, Mary-Anne, 2001. \"", "Reasoning about Categories in Conceptual Spaces\", Proc. ", "IJCAI 2001, 385-392. ", "Guarino, N. (1998). \"", "Formal ontology in information systems\", Proc. ", "First Int. ", "Conf. ", "on Formal Ontologies in Information Systems (FOIS'98), June 6-8, Trento, Italy, volume 46. ", "IOS press. ", "Horrocks, I., Patel-Schneider, P. F., and Van Harmelen, F.2003. \"", "From shiq and rdf to owl: The making of a web ontology language\", Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 1(1): 7– 26. ", "Lilienfeld, Scott O., and Lori Marino, 1995, \"Mental disorder as a Roschian concept: A critique of Wakefield's 'harmful dysfunction' analysis\", Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104 (3): 411-420. ", "Lilienfeld, Scott O., and Lori Marino. ", "1999, \"Essentialism revisited: Evolutionary theory and the concept of mental disorder\", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108 (3): 400-411. ", "Machery, E. 2010. 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[ "Patient is a part of the community which is treated at the time of disease at a health care organization called hospital.[@ref1] Florence Nightingale believed that main duty of the hospitals includes not harming the patients and patient care and providing health care services to the clients should be one of its main objectives.[@ref2] Meanwhile, patient is in a complex critical situation that is influenced by direct interaction with a complex environment. ", "The patients admitted to the ICU due to psychological crisis in which one or more systems threaten the patient\\'s life would undergo the treatment and care by the most skilled and professional staff with the best condition and the most equipped facilities and equipments.[@ref3][@ref4] But Garland believed despite its vital and critical feature, this unit is considered as a problematic part of the healthcare system[@ref5] so that the patient and his family based on their previous experiences would consider admission to this unit as a sign of imminent death.[@ref6] One of the disturbing, prevalent but unknown factors in intensive care units is the delirium. ", "Delirium is the general deficit of the cognitive processes which is characterized by sudden onset, unconsciousness, memory impairment and illusion.[@ref7] Hyperactive delirium, hypoactive delirium and mixed delirium are identified as the three subgroups which someone may experience any of them during the day.[@ref8] The other symptoms of delirium are difficulty in establishing social interactions, restlessness, aggression, sleep cycle disorder, alertness and drowsiness.[@ref9]\n\nThe prevalence of delirium in the internal intensive care units in Cohort studies in terms of disease intensity and tools were 20%, 70% or 80%.[@ref10] Increasing this phenomenon is associated with the increase in mortality, prolonging the hospitalization in ICU or hospital, increase in the time of sedatives and mechanical ventilation, need for additional intubation and ultimately increase in ICU and hospital costs.[@ref11][@ref12] So that ICU and hospital costs were estimated as \\$22.346 and \\$41.836, respectively, for patients with delirium in comparison with \\$13.332 and \\$27.106, respectively, for the patients without delirium.[@ref11] However, delirium would be remained unknown in 66 to 84 percent of the patients admitted to ICUs, public wards and emergency wards.[@ref13]\n\nOn the other hand, identified risk factors for this syndrome are multiple including severity of illness, history of dementia and cognitive deficit, increasing age, the electrolyte imbalance, hypotension, increasing the blood sugar, azotemia, fever or reducing body temperature and infections, using multiple medications, alcohol withdrawal, male sex, severe diseases such as cancer, cerebrovascular and cardiopulmonary disease, malnutrition and burns, surgery and hospitalization in ICU and having a social psychological background.[@ref8][@ref12] Diagnosis methods and cognitive confusion in the intensive care unit is a standard tool in diagnosing the delirium and suffering from the syndrome is confirmed when the patients show mental status changes with sudden onset or variable periods, inattention with confused thinking or variable conscious level.[@ref14] Currently, pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies are recommended for delirium management.[@ref15] Haloperidol is widely used as a pharmacological treatment method.[@ref16] But, non-pharmacological strategies and nursing interventions to prevent the delirium are conducted by underlying factors as much as possible like, emotional support, slowly speaking with the patient, strengthening close communication and interaction and providing a quiet environment, assuring, refraining from urinary catheter insertion, preventing from body dehydration, reducing environmental noises, light reduction at nights to facilitate sleeping, back massage, music therapy and dividing nursing cares periodically to create continuous rest periods.[@ref12][@ref15] Reawareness strategies, making distraction, using stimulants like sound and light, precise controlling, educating the patient\\'s family, giving freedom of movement to the inhibited patients also can be used.[@ref17]\n\nDelirium is known as \"madness of every human being\" to emphasize everyone, whether children or elderly, are potentially susceptible to experience it[@ref18][@ref19] and can be associated with negative effects for the individual, organization and nurses at the forefront of the care.[@ref8]\n\nThis study aimed to determine the effect of nursing interventions on delirium of the patients admitted to the neurosurgery ICU of Al-Zahra Hospital in 2009; i.e., the frequency distribution of irritability severity and the frequency distribution of delirium in the samples were compared before the intervention and on the fifth day of intervention in two intervention and control groups.", "\n\nMethods {#sec1-1}\n=======\n\nThe single-blind, prospective clinical trial study was performed on 40 patients who were selected in a simple random sampling method and randomly placed into the two intervention and control groups.", "\n\nThe study environment was consisted of the neurosurgery ICU of one of the university hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. ", "The samples were selected among the patients with delirium who had characteristics of the study subjects. ", "The inclusion criteria were an age range of 17 to 70 years old, obtaining written consent form all the official guardians of the study samples, minimum score of 9 for the level of consciousness and score of 6 for the movement based on Glasgow Coma Scale, no drug and alcohol addiction, no history of mental disorders such as dementia, psychosis or mental retardation, ability to speak or understand the Persian language and availability of the patients family and their favorite people. ", "Furthermore, laboratory results, such as albumin, creatinine, urea and nitrogen, blood sugar, sodium, potassium, whole blood cell count, urinalysis and blood gas investigation should have been at the normal range and the patients should have obtained the +1 score or more from the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale. ", "The exclusion criteria included refusal of the family or the physician to continue participating in the study, obtaining the scores of -5 to -1 from the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale in three consecutive occasions and discharging from the hospital/ICU or death of the study subject before the fifth day after diagnosis of delirium or lack of possible investigation on the patient for three consecutive occasions due to low level of consciousness and leaving the unit or hospital to perform diagnostic tests.", "\n\nData collection method in this study was interviewing the patients' family and the data collection tools included the questionnaire and documentary sources including files and patient\\'s level of consciousness control chart. ", "The mentioned questionnaire was consisted of three parts. ", "The first part included individual characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, educational level, occupation and the type of disease. ", "In the second part of the questionnaire, the irritability status and the patient\\'s relieve were assessed by Richmond Scale that resulted on the rating score -5 to +4. ", "In the third part of the questionnaire also, the patients' delirium status was assessed using the dizziness recognition assessment instrument in the ICU. ", "Provided that the patient could obtain the required score in stage 1 (sudden onset and variable oscillating symptoms) and stage 2 (inattention) and one of the stages 3 or 4 (confused thinking) and (patient variable level of consciousness), he/she was identified as the patient with delirium in ICU.", "\n\nBoth applied tools in this study had high validity and reliability. ", "In different studies, the dizziness assessment instrument in ICUs have had sensitivity and specificity higher than 90 to 95 percent (k = 0.96).[@ref20] However, in order to obtain the validity of the data collection tool, the content validity method was used. ", "Thus, the researcher gave the translated and original form of the tool to 15 professors and faculty members of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and imparted their comments and revisions to complete the questionnaires. ", "Moreover, the researcher, in addition to contact the clinical projects sector of Vanderbilt University of America, translated the Persian version to English and submitted it to that university to be reviewed by their researchers. ", "After several revisions and modifications, the Persian translation was accepted and submitted and also was registered in Delirium Website for the Persian-language users. ", "In addition, in order to increase the questionnaire reliability, the correlation between the measurements and Condal coefficients consistency were performed by the researchers.", "\n\nAt the beginning of the study, the study population who had the inclusion criteria was assessed once every 24 hours in terms of the irritability severity. ", "Provided with obtaining score of +1 and more, the study could be continued and individual characteristics and state of delirium could be completed. ", "The patients in the control group only received normal and routine care such as injection of haloperidol based on the physician\\'s order, unexpected and irregular visiting and communication between patients and nurses according to nurse\\'s communication abilities. ", "In the intervention group, despite receiving normal and usual cares, the patients also received nursing interventions as the following: clear information, effective communication, assurance and emotional support from the researcher, his partners and the nurses. ", "The patients' families in the intervention group were allowed to have regular daily visits twice a day; once in the morning shift and once in the afternoon for 45 minutes. ", "To avoid disrupting the nurses' work, the visiting time were arranged as 10 to 11 am in the morning and 4 to 5 pm in the afternoon.", "\n\nGenerally, the sampling was started on 2009.3.13 and ended on 2010.1.10. ", "During this 10 months period, fifty-six patients entered the study from whom 16 patients excluded from the study list in the favor of exclusion criteria due to many factors such as: low consciousness level, changing hyperactive delirium to hypoactive delirium, death, discharging from ICU, constant changes in the determined laboratory results in the inclusion criteria and worsening the patient\\'s clinical conditions.", "\n\nResults {#sec1-2}\n=======\n\nAnalyzing the data was conducted using SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods. ", "The results of the study indicated that there was no significant difference between the intervention and control group in terms of characteristics such as gender, age, marital status, occupation status, educational level, type of disease, using surgery or no surgery, type of infection, smoking cigarette history, history of high blood pressure and seizures, lesions, the number of catheters attached to the patient, anesthesia duration, the period between the time of admission to the hospital and admission to the ICU and also duration of hospitalization in the ICU to enter the study and receiving painkiller.", "\n\nThis study showed that half of the patients in the intervention group were in chaotic status. ", "In this group, the chaotic state was declined on the fifth day so that only two patients were in chaotic state and the number of the conscious and calm patients reached to 12 subjects (60%). ", "Wilcoxon test in the intervention group showed that the study subjects had significant difference in terms the irritability severity (p \\< 0.001) which indicated reduction in the severity of irritability from the diagnosis day until the fifth day. ", "In the control group, none of the samples were calm and conscious on the day of admission that this number was declined to 9 patients (45%) on the fifth day. ", "Wilcoxon test showed that severity of irritability in the study subjects had a significant difference on the admission day and the fifth day (p \\< 0.001).", "\n\nBesides, the obtained study results showed that in the intervention group, only 3 out of 20 patients with delirium on the admission day, still had delirium at the end of the fifth day meaning 85 percent had no delirium and were recovered. ", "McNemar test showed that the number of the subjects with delirium on the fifth day reduced compared to the admission day and there was a significant difference between these two days (p \\< 0.001). ", "In the control group, 12 out of 20 patients with delirium on the admission day, (60%) still had delirium at the end of the fifth day. ", "McNemar test in this group showed that the number of subjects with delirium at the fifth day had a significant reduction in comparison with the diagnosis day and there was a significant difference between these two days (p \\< 0.001).", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec1-3}\n==========\n\nFollowing the admission of the patients in the intensive care unit which is an unfamiliar environment for them, anxiety and stress would be created in all the patients, whether the patients of intervention or control group, and gradually, following the familiarization of the patients with the environment, staff and type of the provided care, the stress would be reduced. ", "Therefore, it is expected that restlessness and confusion rate of the patients increase on the first days of admission to ICU, but it would be decreased over the time. ", "As indicated in the study, process of anxiety and turbulence reduction of the patients in the intervention group was faster than in the control group so that in the intervention group, there was no patient in severe trouble and chaotic situation on the fifth day, but in the control, two patients were very chaotic and only nine patients were conscious and calm. ", "Therefore, despite significant difference between the results of the two groups, the number of the patients in conscious and calm status which is optimal and desired was higher in the intervention group.", "\n\nIn the study of Tiersky et al by conducting interventions such as neuropsychological and cognitive rehabilitation for the samples, the intervention group showed higher reduction of anxiety and depression than in the control group.[@ref21] In fact, there was a significant difference between turbulence reduction in the intervention group in comparison with the control group in one and three months after conducting the intervention (p ≤ 0.05).", "\n\nDelirium is a phenomenon which its incidence is possible at the time of admission in ICU which also is depended upon current predisposing and accelerator factors. ", "However, studies indicated that delirium would spontaneously be reduced over a week unless the risk factors are not controlled. ", "In this study also, the number of the patients with delirium reduced in both groups; there was 15% of the patients with delirium in the intervention group versus 60% of the patients with delirium in the control group on the fifth day. ", "Therefore, despite a significant difference between the groups, it was indicated that conducting nursing interventions could improve the patients' recovery by 85% in the intervention group which was almost twice as the control group.", "\n\nLundstrom et al (2005) also showed that by conducting interventions such as educating the staff with focus on recognition and evaluation, prevention and treatment of delirium and interaction between the patient and care providers and also reorganization of the care system from \"task-oriented\" to \"patient-oriented\", the number of the delirious patients in the intervention group was lower than in control group on the seventh day (p = 0.001).[@ref22] On the other hand, in the study of Inouye et al (2003), intervention protocols such as conscious, treatment activities, mobility, performing non-pharmacological protocols for sleeping, removing vision and hearing defects, reviewing dehydration and its compensation, caused reduction in delirium rate (p = 0.002).[@ref23] However, Milisen et al (2001) indicated that despite conducting intervention such as educating the nursing staff, regular cognitive screening, counseling services and regular use of pain control protocol, incidence of delirium in the intervention group did not have a significant reduction in comparison with the control group (p = 0.82). ", "But severity and duration of delirium in the intervention group was lower than in the control group (p = 0.049).[@ref24]\n\nResearcher believed that multi-component interventions seems effective and desirable so that the entire nursing interventions altogether are needed to observe positive effects of treating delirium. ", "In addition, conducting a study with longer duration of intervention along with measuring effective rate of each intervention can cover this restriction and also can help the present study to emphasize more to importance of nursing interventions and its development in the clinical environment. ", "One of the problematic aspects of this study which caused prolongation of sampling time was exclusion of the subjects due to the various reasons. ", "Therefore, conducting a study which can review and compare the delirium state of the patients even after they discharge from this unit and not only focusing on ICU would be so valuable.", "\n\nNurses, due to more interaction with the patients, are in a unique position to review their mental status changes in an early stages[@ref25] and also in addition to provide effective care and using technologies, they are needed to consider the patients' mental, social and human attitudes.[@ref26] Delirium is a stressor sign for the patient and his/her family and efforts should be done to ensure all aspects of the disease including management and effective treatment of the symptoms are looked after.[@ref27]\n\nConclusion {#sec1-4}\n==========\n\nTotally, results of the present study can be effective on progression and development of the nursing interventions. ", "The obtained results of the study can play an important role in order to increase the patients and their families' satisfaction, health care system staff, health administrators and policymakers. ", "More importantly, implementing this study indicated that providing a move from close intensive care units toward open units was necessary.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest in this study.", "\n" ]

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[ "Microphthalmia\n\nMicrophthalmia (Greek: μικρός mikros = small; ὀφθαλμός ophthalmos = eye), also referred as microphthalmos, is a developmental disorder of the eye in which one (unilateral microphthalmia) or both (bilateral microphthalmia) eyes are abnormally small and have anatomic malformations. ", "It is different from nanophthalmos in which the eye is small in size but has no anatomical alterations.", "\n\nPresentation\nThe presence of a small eye within the orbit can be a normal incidental finding but in most cases it is abnormal and results in blindness. ", " The incidence is 14 per 100,000 and the condition affects 3-11% of blind children.", "\n\nCauses\nMicrophthalmia in newborns is sometimes associated with fetal alcohol syndrome or infections during pregnancy, particularly herpes simplex virus, rubella and cytomegalovirus (CMV), but the evidence is inconclusive. ", "Genetic causes of microphthalmia include chromosomal abnormalities (Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), Triploid Syndrome, 13q deletion syndrome, and Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome) or monogenetic Mendelian disorders. ", " The latter may be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X linked.", "\nThe following genes have been implicated in microphthalmia, many of which are transcription and regulatory factors:\n\nHow these genes result in the eye disorder is unknown but it has been postulated that interference with the process of eye growth after birth may be involved in contrast to anophthalmia (absence of eyeball) which originates much earlier during foetal development. ", " SOX2 has been implicated in a substantial number (10-15%) of cases and in many other cases failure to develop the ocular lens often results in microphthalmia. ", "Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) located on chromosome 14q32 is associated with one form of isolated microphthalmia (MCOP1. ", "In mammals the failure of expression of the transcription factor, MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor), in the pigmented retina prevents this structure from fully differentiating. ", "This in turn causes a malformation of the choroid fissure of the eye, resulting in the drainage of vitreous humor fluid. ", "Without this fluid, the eye fails to enlarge, thus the name microphthalmia.", "The gene encoding the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-ZIP) family. ", "Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS type 2) in humans is also a type of microphthalmia syndrome. ", "Mutations in MITF gene are thought to be responsible for this syndrome. ", "The human MITF gene is homologous to the mouse MITF gene (aka mouse mi or microphthalmia gene); mouse with mutations in this gene are hypopigmented in their fur. ", "The identification of the genetics of WS type 2 owes a lot to observations of phenotypes of MITF mutant mice.", "\n\nDiagnosis\n\nTreatment\nMicrophthalmia cannot be cured. ", "When the eye function is maintained, a patient's vision can be improved (sometimes up to good state) by plus lenses, as a small eye is usually hyperopic.", "\n\nEpidemiology\nThe most extensive epidemiological survey on this congenital malformation has been carried out by Dharmasena et al and using English National Hospital Episode Statistics, they calculated the annual incidence of anophthalmia, microphthalmia and congenital malformations of orbit/lacrimal apparatus from 1999 to 2011. ", " According to this study the annual incidence of congenital microphthalmia in the United Kingdom was 10.8 (8.2 to 13.5) in 1999 and 10.0 (7.6 to 12.4) in 2011.", "\n\nSee also\nAbdominal Musculature Absent With Microphthalmia And Joint Laxity\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Anophthalmia / Microphthalmia Overview\n GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Microphthalmia with Linear Skin Defects Syndrome\nOMIM-Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Genetic disorders by system\nCategory:Congenital disorders of eyes\nCategory:Rare diseases" ]

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[ "New Consolidation in Global Brokerage Universe\n\nBy Simon Mallinson on March 19th, 2019\n\nHaving just published our global broker rankings and an insight into the changing landscape of the brokerage industry, the picture has changed again.", "\n\nJLL’s announcement that it is acquiring HFF in a deal worth $2 billion would propel the combined entity to second place in the ranks of the largest brokers in the Americas for 2018. ", "It would also cement JLL’s position as the second largest broker globally behind CBRE.", "\n\nHFF is predominantly focused on the Americas and it was the fourth largest broker in this region in 2018, according to the latest RCA Top Global Investment Brokers report. ", "JLL held the number six rank for the Americas.", "\n\nThe RCA rankings are based on sell-side activity of brokers. ", "RCA clients can log into the RCA website to download their copy of the 2018 RCA Top Global Investment Brokers report and the report methodology.", "\n\nAlso on RCA Insights:\n\nThe Changing Investment Brokerage Landscape\n\nRCA Names Top Global CRE Brokers for 2018" ]

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[ "[IMAGE]\t\n[IMAGE]\t[IMAGE]\t[IMAGE] [IMAGE]\t[IMAGE]\t\n\t\t\t[IMAGE]\t\n\n\n[IMAGE]\t[IMAGE] Shop now for the holidays with this special introductory offer! ", " [IMAGE] [IMAGE] [IMAGE][IMAGE] Shop Fingerhut.com and get a special introductory offer - 10% OFF on almost every product on our site! [", "IMAGE] We make it easy to shop for the holidays, whether you want decorations for your home, cookware for making a holiday feast or the latest DVD player for a great gift. ", "You'll find it all in our Holiday Store ! ", " [IMAGE] Plus, stop in for some seasonal fun - send a Santa E-mail or a holiday e-card! [", "IMAGE] [IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE] [IMAGE] Plus, sign up at Fingerhut.com to enjoy: Faster Ordering and Checkout Instant Order Status Exclusive E-mail Offers [IMAGE] [IMAGE]We have it all for you at Fingerhut.com! ", " Online Catalog Ordering Thousands of Products Real-Time Product Availability Check Online Giveaways and Sweepstakes Apply for the Fingerhut Credit Advantage(R) Card Total Online Security [IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE] [IMAGE] [IMAGE] \t[IMAGE]\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t[IMAGE]" ]

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[ "Management of thrombo-embolism after aortic valve replacement with the Björk-Shiley tilting disc valve. ", "Medicamental prevention with dicumarol in comparison with dipyridamole - acetylsalicylic acid. ", "Surgical treatment of prosthetic thrombosis.", "\nDicumarol anticoagulation poved very effective in the prevention of thromboembolic complications after aortic valve replacement with the Björk-Shiley tilting disc valve. ", "We have, however, encountered six late deaths because of massive cerebral hemorrhage, which represent 3% of the patients who were maintained on dicumarol medication at that time. ", "This unacceptable mortality prompted us to introduce two programmes, one without anticoagulation and another one with dipyridamole-acetylsalicylic acid. ", "Furthermore, dicumarol was terminated in patients with haemorrhagic episodes, instable anticoagulation, pregnancy, and in those reguiring surgery. ", "The results were disappointing, however, and the majority of the patients involved were therefore put on dicumarol medication. ", "Eleven of the 64 consecutive patients taking dipyridamole - acetylsalicylic acid had thrombo-embolic episodes during a mean follow-up period of 9 months..." ]

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[ "Since Fraser Health scrapped a pilot project last spring that would have provided fecal transplants at two Lower Mainland hospitals, at least one patient got so sick with C. difficile that part of her bowels needed to be surgically removed.", "\n\nHealth Canada's continued position of restricting fecal transplants to clinical trials – and Fraser Health's decision to spike the program – means many patients are being denied what could be a life-saving treatment, says Jeanne Keegan-Henry, a Burnaby physician who championed the pilot project until feedback from the federal department resulted in Fraser Health putting it on hold.", "\n\n\"Fraser Health tried really hard to get this flying because they thought it could save lives,\" Dr. Keegan-Henry said Monday in an interview. \"", "Because they thought it could save lives and it made sense from any point of view that we could all think of … nobody who is a scientist and a clinician is claiming any more that fecal transplants are not a good idea.\"", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nOn Friday, Surrey Memorial Hospital informed staff that the hospital is experiencing \"unprecedented\" congestion due to high volumes of patients with C. difficile and other infections of influenza, CPE (carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae) bacteria and respiratory conditions. ", "At least three patients had C. difficile, which prompted the hospital to declare an outbreak and trigger infection-control protocols, which included enhanced cleanings and the grouping together of C. difficile patients.", "\n\nWhile that outbreak is relatively minor and was quickly contained, the return of the potentially deadly superbug – whose symptoms include abdominal pains, fever, loss of appetite and nausea – highlights the difficult position that doctors backing the therapy find themselves in. ", "A fecal transplant – often given like an enema – transfers feces from a healthy person into a sick one and is thought to work by reintroducing \"good\" bacteria. ", "Several studies, including one from the renowned Mayo Clinic, have shown the quick and inexpensive therapy to have a 90-per-cent cure rate.", "\n\nHealth Canada declined to make a spokesperson available for an interview on Monday. ", "In an e-mailed statement, spokesman Eric Morrissette said the department considers fecal therapy to be a drug and, as with all new drugs, must go through a series of controlled clinical trials as part of a research phase.", "\n\n\"The active ingredient is not the feces itself but rather the human microbiota contained in the feces,\" Mr. Morrissette wrote. \"", "Researchers are just beginning to understand the important role that human microbiota (meaning bacteria that colonize the skin, gut and other tissue surfaces) appear to play with respect to human health.\"", "\n\nThere are currently six clinical trials for fecal therapies that have been authorized by Health Canada.", "\n\nAuthorities have wrestled with the question of how to regulate fecal transplants.", "\n\nIn March, 2014, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), which provides quality guidelines for the National Health Service in Britain, issued a directive that fecal transplants were \"safe and effective enough for doctors to use it with normal safeguards in place, but should only be considered for people who experience persistent C. difficile infections and in whom antibiotics have failed.\"", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nIn announcing the new guideline, a NICE spokesman said the transplant procedure \"doesn't sound pleasant, but the evidence shows that it is safe and effective for four in five people with recurrent C. difficile infections.\"", "\n\nDr. Keegan-Henry, now semi-retired, said she has given up the fight to launch a project at Fraser Health and would be unwilling to participate in a clinical trial even if the health authority were to launch one.", "\n\n\"It is ethically unsupportable,\" she said, adding that a 2013 trial reported in the New England Journal of Medicine was halted after early results indicated a markedly higher success rate for fecal therapy over conventional antibiotics.", "\n\n\"How could I justify running another trial, where you are saying to people, 'You are at death's door, there's a 50-50 chance I'll give you a placebo.' ", "How could I do that?\"", "\n\nIn the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration classifies fecal microbiota transplant, or FMT, as an investigational drug – which typically requires an Investigational New Drug application, or IND. ", "But in 2013, the FDA said it would use \"enforcement discretion\" for doctors using the procedure to treat patients with recurrent C. difficile, clearing the way for them to provide fecal transplants as long as they obtained patients' informed consent that the process was investigational.", "\n\nIn 2012, eight physicians at Burnaby Hospital signed a letter asserting that 84 patients had died – and hundreds more had suffered serious complications – after outbreaks of C. difficile at the hospital between 2009 and mid-2011. ", "The doctors criticized the health authority's infection and control programs, saying infection rates were two or three times the national average." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nCoenzyme Q (CoQ) is a crucial component of the respiratory chain, which is responsible for oxidative phosphorylation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation in all aerobic organisms. ", "CoQ comprises a polyisoprenoid tail and a benzoquinone nucleus, and according to the number of isoprenoid moieties in different species, CoQ can be classified into different subtypes (*e.g.*, CoQ~6~, CoQ~8~, CoQ~9~, and CoQ~10~). ", "In humans and some microbes, CoQ~10~ is the major form of CoQ, and as a high value-added nutraceutical antioxidant, exhibits excellent capacity to prevent cardiovascular disease \\[[@bib1],[@bib2]\\]. ", "In Western countries, CoQ~10~ is among the most popular nutraceuticals and has been widely used for decades. ", "In 2011, the CoQ~10~ market reached \\$500 million in United States \\[[@bib1]\\].", "\n\nMicrobes are a primary source of certain chemicals, nutraceuticals, and drugs/drug precursors \\[[@bib3],[@bib4]\\]. *", "Agrobacterium tumefaciens*, *Paracoccus denitrificans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe*, *Sporidiobolus johnsonii,* and *Rhodobacter sphaeroides* can naturally produce CoQ~10~, with the associated biosynthetic pathway for CoQ~10~ has elucidated in these species \\[[@bib5], [@bib6], [@bib7], [@bib8], [@bib9], [@bib10], [@bib11], [@bib12]\\]. [", "Fig. ", "1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows that the benzoquinone nucleus of CoQ~10~, the *para*-hydroxybenzoic acid moiety derived from the shikimate pathway, and the 10-isoprenoid tail are synthesized via the 2-*C*-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway (MEP) \\[[@bib13],[@bib14]\\]. ", "This is followed by prenyltransferase (UbiA)-mediated transfer of the hydrophobic 10-isoprenoid chain onto the benzoquinone nucleus \\[[@bib15]\\], and hydroxylation and methylation of the benzoquinone nucleus in the quinone-modification pathway to produce CoQ~10~ \\[[@bib10]\\]. ", "Additionally, cofactors, such as NADH, NADPH, and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), are involved in the CoQ~10~ biosynthesis. ", "The CoQ~10~ biosynthetic pathway has subsequently been engineered for heterologous production in other microbes, including *Escherichia coli* and *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* \\[[@bib16], [@bib17], [@bib18], [@bib19], [@bib20], [@bib21]\\].Fig. ", "1Biosynthetic pathway of CoQ~10~ in bacteria. ", "Schematic showing the pathway of metabolic precursors leading to the formation of para-hydroxybenzoic acid moiety, the 10-isoprenoid tail, and the final CoQ~10~ product.", "Fig. ", "1\n\n*R. sphaeroides* has been used for industrial production of CoQ~10~ due to its high biosynthetic efficiency \\[[@bib22]\\]. ", "Metabolic engineering strategies have been applied to enhance CoQ~10~ production in *R. sphaeroides*. ", "Lu et al. ", "reported that overexpression of UbiG, which catalyzes O-methylation of the benzoquinone ring, significantly improved CoQ~10~ production to 65.8 mg/L in a wild type strain \\[[@bib23]\\]. ", "Another study showed that UbiG overexpression combined with MEP pathway optimization (finely tuned the expression of DXS, DXR, IDI, and IspD) further increased CoQ~10~ production to 93.3 mg/L \\[[@bib24]\\]. ", "Moreover, combining the optimized quinone- modification pathway with the MEP pathway resulted in a strain capable of yielding 138.7 mg/L CoQ~10~ \\[[@bib2]\\]. ", "Recently, Zhu et al. ", "reported that synergistic regulation of redox potential (NADH/NAD^+^) and oxygen uptake yielded 163.5 mg/L of CoQ~10~ in shake-flask fermentation by *R. sphaeroides* \\[[@bib22],[@bib25]\\]. ", "However, the titer of CoQ~10~ in industrial strain (190 mg/L in shake-flask fermentation, [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}) is higher than that in these genetically engineered strains. ", "And up to now, none of the engineering endeavors achieved overproduction of CoQ~10~ in an industrial strain, indicating that the rate-limiting steps in the CoQ10 overproduction strains remain to be elucidated.", "Table 1List of *R. sphaeroides* strains and their CoQ~10~ production in shake-flask fermentation[a](#tbl1fna){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}.Table 1StrainDescriptionsCoQ~10~ production (mg/L)Plasmid source/Ref.", "HY01CoQ~10~ industrial strain *R. sphaeroides*192.2 ± 3.7HY01-pBBRHY01 containing pBBR1MCS2 (plasmid control)192.9 ± 5.9\\[[@bib37]\\][MEP pathway overexpression]{.ul}HY01-idi*idi* overexpression in HY01111.2 ± 4.4This studyHY01-dxs*dxs* overexpression in HY01159.5 ± 5.1This study[Quinone modification pathway overexpression]{.ul}HY01-ubiCA*ubiC*, *ubiA* overexpression in HY01105.5 ± 4.9This studyHY01-ubiF*ubiF* overexpression in HY0186.5 ± 0.7This studyHY01-ubiH*ubiH* overexpression in HY01168.0 ± 8.5This studyHY01-ubiE*ubiE* overexpression in HY01210 ± 3.5This studyHY01-ubiG*ubiG* overexpression in HY0183.5 ± 3.5This study[MEP and quinone modification pathway optimization]{.ul}HY01-MQcHY01 containing pMCS-MQc (*dxs*, *dxr*, *idi*, *ispD*, *ubiE*, *ubiG*, *lacIq*~RBSc~)160.8 ± 1.1\\[[@bib2]\\]HY01-MQeHY01 containing pMCS-MQc (*dxs*, *dxr*, *idi*, *ispD*, *ubiE*, *ubiG*, *lacIq*~RBSe~)90.5 ± 1.2\\[[@bib2]\\][^3]\n\nInorganic phosphate is an important essential nutrient that determines cell physiology, nucleotide biosynthesis, and phospholipid and energy metabolism \\[[@bib26], [@bib27], [@bib28], [@bib29]\\]. ", "Under natural conditions, phosphorus is often a limited nutrient in microorganisms. ", "Moreover, bacteria have evolved mechanisms to sense, adapt and respond under phosphate-limited or starvation conditions. ", "In previous studies, phosphate limitation was applied as a fermentation strategy to enhance the production of target products, such as propanediol \\[[@bib30],[@bib31]\\], poly-3-hydroxybutyrate \\[[@bib32]\\], and secondary metabolites \\[[@bib33]\\]. ", "Benning et al. ", "found that *R. sphaeroides* could alter its membrane composition to adapt to phosphate-limited conditions \\[[@bib34], [@bib35], [@bib36]\\]. ", "As our desired product CoQ~10~ is a component of the respiratory chain closely associated with the membrane, the effect of phosphate on the production of CoQ~10~ in an industrial overproduction strain need to be well understood, and this endeavor might bring new insight into the metabolic engineering of the industrial strain.", "\n\nIn this study, we used HY01 as a CoQ~10~- overproduced derivative of the wild-type strain, and evaluated the previously described strategies to further enhance CoQ~10~ production. ", "In addition, this study also found that the concentration of the inorganic phosphate in the medium significantly regulated the CoQ~10~-biosynthesis efficiency of HY01, and the strategy for CoQ~10~ overproduction in an industrial strain might be developed through regulation of the phosphate supply.", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and methods {#sec2}\n========================\n\n2.1. ", "Microorganisms and cultivation {#sec2.1}\n-----------------------------------\n\n*E. coli* DH10b was used for plasmid construction and propagation, and *E. coli* S17-1 was used for di-parental conjugation. ", "All *E. coli* strains were cultivated in Luria--Bertani medium at 37 °C. ", "HY01 and its derivatives were cultivated on agar plates (0.8% yeast extract, 0.3% glucose, 0.2% NaCl, 0.13% KH~2~PO~4~, 0.0125% MgSO~4~, and 1.5% agar, supplemented with 15 mg/L biotin, 1 mg/L nicotinic acid, and 1 mg/L thiamine hydrochloride). ", "For shake-flask and bioreactor fermentation, HY01 and its derivatives were cultivated in fermentation medium \\[4% glucose, 0.4% corn steep liquor, 0.3% sodium glutamate, 0.3% (NH~4~)~2~SO~4~, 0.28% NaCl, 0.3% KH~2~PO~4~, 0.63% MgSO~4~, and 0.2% CaCO~3~ supplemented with 1 mg/L thiamine hydrochloride, 1 mg/L nicotinic acid, and 15 μg/L biotin). ", "For phosphate- limited conditions, 50% or 100% KH~2~PO~4~ was removed from the fermentation medium, and potassium was replaced to the same level as that in the control group via the addition of potassium chloride.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Di-parental conjugation and gene overexpression {#sec2.2}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nA pBBR1MCS2 derivative harboring a terminator from pTrc99a and the *tac* promoter from pGEX-4T1 was used for gene overexpression \\[[@bib22],[@bib37]\\]. ", "Targeted genes in the MEP pathway or quinone-modification pathway were amplified from *R. sphaeroides* 2.4.1 genomic DNA, and conjugation was performed, as described previously \\[[@bib24],[@bib38]\\]. *", "E. coli* S17-1 was used as a donor for plasmid transformation into *R. sphaeroides*.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Cell growth and sugar analysis {#sec2.3}\n-----------------------------------\n\nGrowth of *R. sphaeroides* cells was detected by measuring the optical density at 700 nm (OD~700~). ", "Initially, 0.5 mL of culture broth was mixed with 0.2 mL of 0.1 N HCl to completely dissolve CaCO~3~, followed by dilution with deionized water and measurement of the OD~700~ using a spectrophotometer. ", "Residual glucose in the culture broth was measured using an SBA-40D biological sensing analyzer (Biology Institute of the Shangdong Academy of Science, Jinan, China) according to manufacturer instructions.", "\n\n2.4. ", "Phosphate analysis {#sec2.4}\n-----------------------\n\nResidual phosphate in the fermentation broth was analyzed using ammonium molybdate, as previously reported \\[[@bib39]\\]. ", "A KH~2~PO~4~ standard (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) was used for preparation of a standard curve. ", "The absorption of samples was measured at 400 nm using a FLUOstra microplate reader (BMG Labtech, Cary, NC, USA).", "\n\n2.5. ", "High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis {#sec2.5}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nCoQ~10~ production was measured by HPLC. ", "First, 1 mL of culture broth was mixed with 10 μL of 6 N HCl and 0.2 mL 30% hydrogen peroxide, followed by the addition of 2 mL acetone and vortexing for 1 min. ", "The volume was subsequently adjusted to 10 mL with ethanol, followed by incubation in an ultrasonic bath for 45 min at room temperature. ", "Supernatant was collected following centrifugation (12,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C) and filtered using a 0.45-μm filter (Merck Millipore). ", "The resulting samples were then used for CoQ~10~ detection by HPLC. ", "A YMC-Pack ODS-A C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm; YMC Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for HPLC analysis on an Agilent 1260 system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). ", "The mobile phase (methanol: ethanol; 65: 35) was applied at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min at room temperature, and the eluate was monitored at 275 nm using a photodiode array detector (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA).", "\n\n2.6. ", "Fed-batch fermentation {#sec2.6}\n---------------------------\n\nFed-batch fermentation was performed in a 100-L stirred bioreactor (Shanghai Guoqiang Bioengineering Equipment CO., ", "LTD, Shanghai, China) with an initial working volume of 40 L. Foam formation was prevented by the addition of antifoam 204 (Sigma--Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). ", "The temperature was maintained at a constant 32 °C, aeration at 1.0 VVM, agitation at 650 rpm, and pH at 6.5 by automatic injection of acetic acid or ammonia. ", "The fed-batch process was initiated after 16 h of cultivation from a 600 g/L concentrated glucose stock solution.", "\n\n2.7. ", "RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and transcriptome analysis {#sec2.7}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nRNA-seq was performed as described previously \\[[@bib40]\\]. ", "Total RNA was isolated using a Redzol reagent kit from SBS Genetech Co. Ltd (Beijing, China). ", "The quality of the RNA samples was analyzed using an Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system (Agilent Technologies), and mRNA was enriched by rRNA depletion and followed by mRNA fragmentation, cDNA strand synthesis and library construction. ", "The RNA-seq and transcriptomic analyses were performed by Novogene Co., Ltd (Beijing, China).", "\n\n2.8. ", "Statistical analysis {#sec2.8}\n-------------------------\n\nStatistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA). ", "Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) and were analyzed by an unpaired two-tailed Student\\'s *t-*test. *", "P* \\< 0.05 indicated statistical significance.", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3}\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "Overexpression of enzymes associated with the MEP and quinone-modification pathways failed CoQ~10~ overproduction in HY01 {#sec3.1}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHY01 was screened and obtained by N-methyl-Nʹ-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of wild-type *R. sphaeroides* 2.4.1. ", "The content of CoQ~10~ in HY01 is hundreds of folds higher than normal physiological levels \\[[@bib41]\\]. ", "In the shake-flask fermentation, the initial production of CoQ~10~ was about 190 mg/L ([Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "We evaluated previously reported enzymes involved in CoQ~10~ biosynthesis, including UbiG, UbiE, and UbiH *etc.*, ", "by overexpressing them in pBBR1MCS2. ", "As shown in [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}, overexpression of these enzymes did not affect CoQ~10~ production in HY01, suggesting that in this CoQ~10~ industrial strain, the biosynthetic pathways were not the rate-limiting steps in CoQ~10~ overproduction.", "\n\n3.2. ", "Phosphate-limitation increases CoQ~10~-biosynthesis efficiency in HY01 {#sec3.2}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn this study, we found that the reduction of inorganic phosphate in media significantly decreased HY01 growth during fermentation ([Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}A), and that the consumption of glucose was slightly elevated at the early stage (before 24 h) of fermentation ([Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "Additionally, the consumption of inorganic phosphate decreased along with the addition of phosphate, with residual phosphate in the fermentation broth in the absence of inorganic phosphate addition remaining stable at low levels ([Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "However, compared with the control group (with phosphate addition), phosphate limitation resulted in a significant increase in CoQ~10~ production at the end of fermentation (60 h) by 12% (*P* \\< 0.05). ", "Moreover, CoQ~10~ production per unit cell significant increased from 10% (24 h; *P* \\< 0.05) to 27% (60 h; *P* \\< 0.05) during fermentation ([Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}D & E). ", "These results indicated that under inorganic phosphate-limited conditions, CoQ~10~ production by HY01 could be increased by improving the productivity ratio of the unit cell.", "Fig. ", "2Effects of phosphate-limitation on HY01 fermentation. ", "Time course of cell growth (A), residual phosphate (B) and residual glucose (C) levels, CoQ~10~ production (D) and the productivity of unit cells (E) in shake-flask fermentation. ", "\\**P* \\< 0.05. ", "Control: normal culture conditions (fermentation medium containing 0.3% KH~2~PO~4~); −50%: removal of 50% KH~2~PO~4~ (fermentation medium containing 0.15% KH~2~PO~4~); −100%: without KH~2~PO~4~ addition.", "Fig. ", "2\n\n3.3. ", "CoQ~10~ production during glucose fed-batch fermentation under phosphate-limited conditions {#sec3.3}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo evaluate CoQ~10~ fermentation potential under inorganic phosphate-limiting conditions, we performed glucose fed-batch culture in flasks. ", "We found that in either the presence or absence of phosphate, glucose feeding at 10  g/L for 36 h significantly increased end-stage cell growth (after 48 h) ([Fig. ", "3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "Additionally, under phosphate-limited conditions, the glucose-consumption rate increased after glucose feeding ([Fig. ", "3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "After 48 h in the absence of phosphate addition, CoQ~10~ production increased significantly, resulting in the largest increase in production at the end of fermentation (26%; −100% + Glu *vs.* C + Glu; up to 272 mg/L CoQ~10~) ([Fig. ", "3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "Moreover, under these conditions, the CoQ~10~-productivity ratio of the unit cells increased significantly, regardless of glucose feeding. ", "Notably, glucose feeding slight decreased the CoQ~10~-productivity ratio of the unit cells under phosphate-limited conditions ([Fig. ", "3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}D). ", "These results suggested that during scale-up fermentation, conditions related to glucose feeding and phosphate-limitation should be carefully optimized to maximized CoQ~10~-production efficiency.", "Fig. ", "3Effect of glucose feeding on HY01 fermentation in the present or absence of inorganic phosphate addition. ", "Time course of cell growth (A), residual glucose level (B), CoQ~10~ production (C), and the productivity of the unit cells (D) during shake-flask fermentation. ", "\\**P* \\< 0.05. ", "C: control, normal culture conditions; −100%: without KH~2~PO~4~ addition; +Glu: addition of glucose (fed-batch culture with a final glucose concentration of 10 g/L) for 36 h.Fig. ", "3\n\n3.4. ", "Scale-up fermentation under phosphate-limited conditions in a 100-L bioreactor {#sec3.4}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo demonstrate the application of a phosphate-limiting strategy, we used a 100-L stirred bioreactor for CoQ~10~ scale-up fermentation. ", "Time course of CoQ~10~ fermentation ([Fig. ", "4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed that under phosphate-limited conditions (\\<0.15 g/L), CoQ~10~ production reached 1.95 g/L by the end of fermentation, which represents the highest reported total to date. ", "This result demonstrated phosphate-limitation as an efficient strategy for CoQ~10~ production in HY01.Fig. ", "4Time course of CoQ~10~ fermentation under phosphate-limited conditions in a 100-L stirred bioreactor. ", "The fed-batch process was initiated after 16 h of cultivation from a 600 g/L concentrated glucose stock solution. ", "The concentration of residual phosphate remained \\<0.15 g/L.Fig. ", "4\n\n3.5. ", "Transcriptome analysis of HY01 under phosphate-limited conditions {#sec3.5}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo investigate the effects of phosphate limitation on cell metabolism, we performed RNA-seq analysis to compare the transcriptomes in the presence and absence of inorganic phosphate addition at two time-points during fermentation. ", "As shown in [Fig. ", "5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}A, we found that 397 genes exhibited a 2-fold change in transcription under phosphate-limited conditions, with 133 genes upregulated and 264 downregulated over 24 h. During the later stage of fermentation (48 h), 132 genes exhibited significantly altered expression, with 78 genes upregulated and 54 genes downregulated ([Fig. ", "5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). [", "Fig. ", "5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}C shows the overlap of 41 genes exhibiting changes in transcription between 24 h and 48 h in the presence or absence of phosphate addition. ", "As expected, significantly upregulated genes were involved in energy/carbohydrate/lipid/peptidoglycan metabolism, transporter, signal transduction, and the pilus system under phosphate-limited conditions, whereas only a few genes involved in oxidative degradation and stress response were significantly downregulated ([Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "These findings indicated that phosphate limitation caused a pleiotropic physiological effect in HY01.Fig. ", "5Comparative transcriptomic analysis in HY01 in the presence or absence of phosphate addition. ", "Volcano plot showing gene transcription with phosphate addition over 24 h (A) and 48 h (B) of fermentation. ", "Green: upregulated genes in the control group (+phosphate); red: downregulated genes in the control group (+phosphate). (", "C) Venn diagram showing the overlapping genes exhibiting significant alterations of transcription between 24 h and 48 h in the presence or absence of phosphate addition.", "Fig. ", "5Table 2Selected genes that are probably affected by phosphate limitation in HY01.Table 2GeneDescriptionFunction annotationlog~2~FD[a](#tbl2fna){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}RSP_2020DHC diheme cytochrome CEnergy metabolism−7.01*nuoI1*NADH-quinone oxidoreductaseEnergy metabolism1.95RSP_1848Pyruvate kinaseGlycolysis−6.97*glgC*ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylaseGlycogen metabolism1.47*btaB*SAM-diacylgycerolhomoserine-N-methyltransferaseLipid metabolism−4.86*btaA*SAM-diacylglycerol 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl transferaseLipid metabolism−4.18*dgkA*Diacylglycerol kinaseLipid metabolism−3.54*murC*UDP-N-acetylmuramate\\--alanine ligasePeptidoglycan metabolism−1.22*murG*UDP-N-acetylglucosamine\\--N-acetylmuramyl-pyrophosphoryl-undecaprenol N-acetylglucosamine transferasePeptidoglycan metabolism−1.13RSP_2543Peptidoglycan-binding LysMPeptidoglycan metabolism−1.23RSP_1794Putative lytic transglycosylasePeptidoglycan metabolism−1.22*expE1*Hemolysin-type calcium-binding regionGalactoglucan metabolism−1.99RSP_2320TRAP-T family transporterTransporter−2.38RSP_1883ABC polyamine/opine transporterTransporter−2.12RSP_1613TRAP-T family transporterTransporter−1.74*xylF*[d]{.smallcaps}-xylose transport system substrate-binding proteinTransporter−1.50RSP_3701Monosaccharide ABC transporter substrate-binding proteinTransporter−1.27*dctP*TRAP-T family transporterTransporter−1.04RSP_0454Two-component systemSignal transduction−3.18*ctrA*Two-component systemSignal transduction−2.40RSP_3975Two-component systemSignal transduction−2.29RSP_2177DNA protecting protein DprAReplication and repair−2.96RSP_3094Putative transmembrane anti-sigma factorTranscription machinery−2.43RSP_3095RNA polymerase sigma-70 factorTranscription machinery−1.24*rpsK*30S ribosomal protein S11Ribosome1.14RSP_3802Universal stress protein UspA-like proteinStress1.14RSP_3180Transglutaminase-like enzymeStress1.35RSP_1909Pilus assembly protein CpaCPilus system−1.67RSP_1908Outer membrane proteinPilus system−1.59RSP_0443Rrf2 family transcriptional regulatorTranscription factors−1.34RSP_7510Hypothetical proteinUnknown−6.94RSP_1521Hypothetical proteinUnknown−3.82RSP_3092Hypothetical proteinUnknown−2.49RSP_3363Hypothetical proteinUnknown−1.17RSP_7526Hypothetical proteinUnknown1.44RSP_6120Protein of unknown function (DUF3309)Unknown1.18RSP_2019Protein of unknown function (DUF3478)Unknown−3.68[^4]\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec4}\n=============\n\nImprovement of high yield industrial strains often requires system-wide engineering and optimization of cellular metabolism \\[[@bib42]\\]. ", "Following several rounds of mutagenesis and selection, the biosynthetic efficiency of CoQ~10~ in HY01 has been dramatically increased relative to that observed in an engineered strain derived from *R. sphaeroides* 2.4.1 \\[[@bib22]\\]. ", "In the present study, we initially focused on evaluation of the CoQ~10~ biosynthetic pathway, finding that previous methods \\[[@bib2],[@bib22], [@bib23], [@bib24]\\] were unable to enhance production ([Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}) in HY01. ", "We speculated that the biosynthetic pathway was likely not a bottleneck for CoQ~10~ overproduction in the industrial strain HY01. ", "And based on previous observations, the accumulation of CoQ~10~ in HY01 was much more like the phenomenon associated with physiological responses to oxygen supply or energy (ATP) generation \\[[@bib43],[@bib44]\\].", "\n\nPhosphate is important for cell-membrane structure, nucleotide biosynthesis and ATP metabolism in cells. ", "To further enhance CoQ~10~ production in HY01, the effects of phosphate concentration on HY01 fermentation has been investigated. ", "We subsequently found that under phosphate-limited conditions, CoQ~10~ production at the end of fermentation (60 h) significantly increased at the expense of reduced cell growth ([Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Phosphate starvation leading to reduced growth has been widely reported \\[[@bib45]\\]. ", "Surprisingly, CoQ~10~ productivity of the unit cell increased significantly during fermentation ([Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}E), suggesting that by balancing cell growth and unit-cell productivity, this industrial strain should show improved fermentation performance. ", "As expected, glucose fed-batch fermentation in a shake flask resulted in increased cell growth and a 26% increase in CoQ~10~ production relative to the control group, reaching 272 mg/L ([Fig. ", "3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These findings showed that combined glucose feeding and phosphate limitation was an efficient strategy for CoQ~10~ production. ", "We then applied this strategy in a pilot scale-up fermentation using a 100-L bioreactor ([Fig. ", "4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), resulting in the highest recorded of production of CoQ~10~ in *R. sphaeroides* \\[[@bib22]\\]. ", "Consequently, the role of phosphate limitation in accumulation of CoQ~10~ is worth to be further investigated and a future strategy for metabolic engineering of HY01 for CoQ~10~ overproduction would be developed based on the understanding of this mechanism.", "\n\nSubsequent transcriptome analysis to determine the transcriptional mechanisms associated with altered CoQ~10~ production verified the induction of a pleiotropic effect on gene expression by phosphate limitation resulting from changes in the expression of hundreds of genes ([Fig. ", "5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). [", "Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the genes exhibiting transcriptional alteration between 24 h and 48 h in the presence or absence of phosphate addition. ", "Previous studies report that under stress associated with phosphate-limited conditions, membrane phospholipids are partially replaced by lipids containing no phosphorus \\[*e.g.* ", "betaine lipid diacylglyceryl-*O*-4'-(N,N,N,-trimethyl)homoserine and diacylglyceryl-*O*-2'-(hydroxymethyl) (N,N,N-trimethyl)-β-alanine\\] \\[[@bib34],[@bib35]\\]. ", "Moreover, *btaA/btaB* were identified as genes essential for biosynthesis of these betaine lipids \\[[@bib36]\\] and demonstrated as significantly upregulated under phosphate-limited conditions in HY01. ", "Moreover, previous studies report that levels of the ABC transporter and TRAP-T family transporters were upregulated and increased phosphate (or other substrate) acquisition from medium \\[[@bib46],[@bib47]\\]. ", "These findings indicated that HY01 was capable of regulating the mechanisms of phosphate assimilation and uptake in order to adapt to phosphate-limited conditions. ", "Additionally, we found that oxidative phosphorylation and diheme cytochrome C biosynthesis were significantly affected by phosphate limitation. ", "Previous studies reported the involvement of these two proteins in energy metabolism \\[[@bib48],[@bib49]\\], and recent studies showed that CoQ~10~ yield in *R. sphaeroides* could be improved by modifying the redox respiration chain or redox potential \\[[@bib22],[@bib50]\\]. ", "Therefore, a possible explanation for why phosphate limitation increased CoQ~10~ biosynthesis might involve disturbance of energy metabolism or redox potential in the industrial strain. ", "Additionally, as shown in [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"}, the significant changes in carbohydrate metabolism (*e.g.*, glycolysis and/or glycogen metabolism), the two-component system, cell stress, and the pilus system indicated ubiquitous and profound effects from phosphate limitation on cell metabolism. ", "These mechanisms remain to be further elucidated in future work.", "\n\n5. ", "Conclusion {#sec5}\n=============\n\nBased on these results, we concluded that the biosynthetic pathway was likely not a bottleneck for CoQ~10~ overproduction in HY01. ", "And these results also demonstrated phosphate limitation combined with glucose fed-batch fermentation as a useful strategy for CoQ~10~ production in the industrial strain HY01, and that this strategy might be applicable for industrial scale-up manufacture of CoQ~10~. Additionally, we found that phosphate limitation induced a pleiotropic effect on cell metabolism, and that improved CoQ~10~ biosynthesis efficiency was possibly related to the disturbance of energy metabolism and redox potentials. ", "Further study is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms associated with upregulated CoQ~10~ production in HY01.", "\n\nDeclaration of competing interest {#sec6}\n=================================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.", "\n\nAppendix A. Supplementary data {#appsec1}\n==============================\n\nThe following is the Supplementary data to this article:Multimedia component 1Multimedia component 1\n\nThe authors appreciate Dr. Jin Miao for the help to construct engineered strains in Table 1. ", "The author also appreciates Prof. Hongwei Yu for providing plasmid materials. ", "This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China \\[31870040, 31430002, 31720103901\\], the 111 Project of China \\[B18022\\], the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities \\[22221818014\\], the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province \\[ZR2017ZB0206\\], and the Shandong Taishan Scholar Award to Lixin Zhang.", "\n\nPeer review under responsibility of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.\n\nSupplementary data to this article can be found online at <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synbio.2019.11.001>.", "\n\n[^1]: Current affiliation: Department of Biology, Beijing Institute of Education, Beijing 100044, China.", "\n\n[^2]: These authors contributed equally to this work.", "\n\n[^3]: Detail information about construction and fermentation of these genetic engineered strains is provided in supplementary materials. ", "Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD).", "\n\n[^4]: FD = FPKM(-phosphate)/FPKM(+phosphate); FPKM: fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped.", "\n" ]

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[ "I’ve been thinking a lot about the comments I received on my post on Leah Liberesco’s conversion. ", "On Reddit, I was engaged by someone who said,\n\nThis sounds really wise. ", "Because it’s restrained. ", "It’s submitting your ego to a higher priority of tolerance. ", "But tolerance doesn’t mean tolerating intolerance. ", "Respect does not mean ignoring your own capacity for critical thinking.", "\n\nI’m treading on dangerous ground here. ", "I know that my need to be right is something that can consume me. ", "But I also know that I am a liberal because I believe words have meanings. ", "I’m a liberal and a pragmatist because I really care about how my actions impact people around me. ", "I have a desperate need to know I’m not hurting anyone else.", "\n\nSo when I read Adam’s post, “Today’s Reasons to Quit The Catholic Church” I couldn’t help but feel relief and pride that I have made that decision already and that it’s behind me. ", "And I won’t apologize for that.", "\n\nWhat’s the point in having a religion if you don’t believe it’s the right one? ", "When Unitarian Universalists gather, we state that\n\nWe covenant to affirm and promote The inherent worth and dignity of every person,\n\nJustice, equity and compassion in human relations,\n\nAcceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations,\n\nA free and responsible search for truth and meaning,\n\nThe right of conscience and the use of the democratic process within our congregations and in society at large,\n\nThe goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice for all,\n\nRespect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part.", "\n\nOur principles mean something. ", "That’s why we begin with a covenant, a solemn promise we make publicly to ourselves and each other. ", "Stating that we affrim them means we believe in them.", "\n\nThere are others who don’t believe in our principles. ", "And that our principles are not self evident to all people, is what marks us as a group when we say we covenant to affirm them. ", "When we affirm our principles, we are by definition saying that we think that we are right and that people who disagree are wrong.", "\n\nDisagreement need not be intolerant or disrespectful. ", "But we can’t deny that we hold these disagreements. ", "And we shouldn’t be ashamed to hold views that others don’t or back down from our belief that they are true.", "\n\nThe second part is that we are saying we will promote these principles. ", "We will spread these values, talk about them and explain them when applicable. ", "This doesn’t necessarily mean evangelize or argue when it’s inappropriate to argue. ", "Just that we will speak up for our values when the time is right.", "\n\nNow, “when the time is right” is open for debate, and that was the point of my previous post on this subject. ", "But stating that you believe your beliefs are correct is not disrespectful or intolerant. ", "If we don’t stand up for our principles, no one else will." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCSS Animation isn't hidden at beginning\n\nI want to have a div, with a word inside. ", " This word should appear with animation when the div is hovered over. ", "This is animating and behaving the way I want, EXCEPT... the word \"hello\" is visible when the page loads. ", " I want it to be hidden, and then animate into view. ", " What do I need to fix? ", " \n\n#test{\r\n border: 1px solid #000;\r\n}\r\n#hello {\r\n animation-name: hello;\r\n animation-duration: 0.5s;\r\n animation-fill-mode: backwards;\r\n animation-play-state: paused;\r\n}\r\n#hello:hover {\r\n animation-fill-mode: forwards;\r\n animation-play-state: running;\r\n visibility: visible;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes hello {\r\n 0% {visibility:(hidden);transform:scale(0.5); opacity:(0.0);}\r\n 1% {visibility:(visible);}\r\n 50% {transform:scale(1.2); opacity:(0.5);}\r\n 100% {transform:scale(1.0); opacity:(1.0);}\r\n}\n<div id=\"test\">\r\n <div id=\"hello\">\r\n Hello!", "\r\n </div>\r\n</div>\n\nA:\n\nYou need to simply remove () from the values of properties as it make them invalid. ", "Also it's better to change the opacity in the 1% of the animation to be able to see the scale effect.", "\nYou may also remove the visiblity property from the CSS as it's useless since you are using opacity\n\n#test {\r\n border: 1px solid #000;\r\n background:#fff;\r\n overflow:hidden; /* added this to avoid the scroll to appear and disappear*/\r\n}\r\n\r\n#hello {\r\n animation-name: hello;\r\n animation-duration: 0.5s;\r\n animation-fill-mode: backwards;\r\n animation-play-state: paused;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#test:hover #hello {\r\n animation-fill-mode: forwards;\r\n animation-play-state: running;\r\n /*visibility: visible; can be removed*/\r\n} \r\n\r\n@keyframes hello {\r\n 0% {\r\n /*visibility: hidden; can be removed*/\r\n transform: scale(0.5);\r\n opacity: 0;\r\n }\r\n 1% {\r\n /*visibility: visible; can be removed*/\r\n opacity:0.3;\r\n }\r\n 50% {\r\n transform: scale(1.2);\r\n opacity:0.5;\r\n }\r\n 100% {\r\n transform: scale(1.0);\r\n opacity:1.0;\r\n }\r\n}\n<div id=\"test\">\r\n <div id=\"hello\">\r\n Hello!", "\r\n </div>\r\n</div>\n\n" ]

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[ ".. currentmodule:: PyQt5.QtHelp\n\nQHelpIndexWidget\n----------------\n\n.. class:: QHelpIndexWidget\n\n `C++ documentation <https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qhelpindexwidget.html>`_\n" ]

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[ "Paul Donovan\n\nPaul Donovan may refer to:\n\n Paul Donovan (writer) (born 1954), Canadian television and film writer, director and producer\n Paul Donovan (athlete) (born 1963), Irish middle and long distance runner\n Paul Donovan (businessman), CEO of the eircom Group plc\n Paul Vincent Donovan (1924–2011), bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States\n Paul Donovan (economist), author and Global Chief Economist of UBS Wealth Management" ]

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[ "STAGE TUBE: Go Behind the Scenes with New Musical THE GOLD at NYMF\n\nThe New York Musical Festival and Laura Yosowitz, Vital Arts Collaborative welcome Josh Davis (Beautiful) as Joseph in THE GOLD, a new musical about one man's fight for love, family and country, with book by Andrea Lepcio and Phil Yosowitz, music and lyrics by Phil Yosowitz, music supervision by Steven Jamail and direction by Spiro Veloudos. ", "Click below to go behind the scenes with the company!", "\n\nThe design team includes sets and props by Adam Crinson, lighting by Joe Beumer and costumes by Izzy Fields. ", "Jesse Lozano is the music director. ", "Lauren Moriah Stern is the Production Stage Manger and Amy Castro is the Assistant Stage Manager.", "\n\nJoseph Cohen is a Jewish-German boxer who finds his 1936 Olympic ambitions crushed as the Nazis rise to power. ", "He soon learns that his toughest fight lies outside the ring as he is separated from the woman he loves and their young son. ", "Set against the backdrop of the Holocaust and the creation of Israel, THE GOLD is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit and the journey of self-discovery that each of us takes as we search for purpose in our lives.", "\n\nTHE GOLD was conceived and written by Dr. Philip Yosowitz over a five-year period and completed over a decade ago. ", "Philip teamed up with his daughter, Laura Yosowitz, founder of Vital Arts Collaborative and Arts with an Impact, as producer to develop the new work. ", "In 2008, Andrea Lepcio joined the team as book writer. ", "To date, they have taken The Gold from a 450-page, handwritten score through three development readings, demo recordings, special events and two productions in Houston, TX. ", "The 2009 production was held at Houston's prestigious outdoor city venue, Miller Outdoor Theatre, seating almost 2,000, and was sponsored by the Miller Outdoor Theatre and the Boniuk Center for Religious Tolerance at Rice University. ", "The musical made its New York City debut with a developmental reading at the New York Musical Theatre Festival in July of 2015. ", "For more information, visit www.thegoldthemusical.com." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAndroid title or Android action bar went missing while using \"Extends Activity\"\n\nAnyone know why my action bar/ my android title bar is missing when I extends Activity? ", "All this while it is working fine and the action bar/ title activity is being shown on the activity whenever I used extend activity. ", "I have been using extend activity for a very long time, but today when I click on create new Project to create a new android activity and extends activity, the action bar/ android title went missing. ", "I have been searching for quite some time now and still unable to find the reason that causes this. ", "How to fix this? ", "\n\npublic class MainActivity extends Activity {\n\n @Override\n protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);\n }\n\n @Override\n public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {\n // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.", "\n getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);\n return true;\n }\n\n @Override\n public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {\n // Handle action bar item clicks here. ", "The action bar will\n // automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long\n // as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml.", "\n int id = item.getItemId();\n if (id == R.id.action_settings) {\n return true;\n }\n return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);\n }\n}\n\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nAs Shvet already pointed out the fastest fix would be to use AppcompatActivity as base class, since this class adds the new Toolbar by default.", "\nThe reason why you don't see the ActionBar is that it is hidden by default in the compat style. ", "So you would need to change the style to something different in your manifest. ", "But I would suggest you to use the compat library. ", "That makes the compatibility much more easy.", "\n\nA:\n\nActionBar is deprecated ever since Toolbar was introduced. ", "Toolbar can be seen as a 'superset' of any action bar. ", "So the 'old' ActionBar is now an example of a Toolbar. ", "If you want similar functionality, but without deprecation warnings do the following:\nToolbar toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);\nif (toolbar !", "= null) {\n toolbar.setTitle(R.string.app_name);\n setSupportActionBar(toolbar);\n}\n\nYou need to define the Toolbar in your 'layout.xml' file like so:\n<android.support.v7.widget.", "Toolbar\n xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n android:id=\"@+id/toolbar\"\n android:minHeight=\"?attr/actionBarSize\"\n android:background=\"?attr/colorPrimary\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:theme=\"@style/ThemeOverlay.", "AppCompat.", "Dark.", "ActionBar\"\n android:popupTheme=\"@style/ThemeOverlay.", "AppCompat.", "Light\">\n</android.support.v7.widget.", "Toolbar>\n\nWith this new functionality you can create your own custom ActionBar and let Android do the heavy lifting. ", "Just create your own custom view that extends from Toolbar\n\n" ]

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[ "EP7 // Walter Peters (Forex): The Inspiring Story Of How He Quit His Dream Job to Trade Naked For a Living\n\nIn the last episode of The Trading Lifestyle Podcast, I interviewed Colin Jessup and he told us exactly how he went from working in a warehouse, to trading for a living. ", "He attributed a large part of his success in trading to Walter Peters Forex Jake Personal Trading Program, so I was excited when Walter agreed to sit down and chat with me about his own personal journey to trading for a living.", "\n\nIn fact, it was actually Walter who recommended that I interview Colin, so I was also glad that I got the opportunity to thank Walter personally.", "\n\nAs I turned on my computer to do the interview, I didn't really know what to expect. ", "I knew a little bit about Walter's background from his blog and a few things that Colin mentioned, but not much else. ", "He turned out to be a very down-to-earth guy with an incredible story of perseverance.", "\n\nThis interview will be especially useful if you are feeling stuck in your trading and want some ideas on how to get through it. ", "He is also very much a person who trades for lifestyle and gets a great deal of satisfaction from helping people become successful in Forex trading.", "\n\nJust like everyone else I have interviewed, he is very passionate about trading and because he also has a PhD in Psychology, it was interesting to get his opinion on the psychological profile that traders need to have to be successful. ", "In particular, we talked about why the Fight or Flight Response principle does not usually apply to trading and which trading systems people tend to stick with.", "\n\nLet me know what you think about this interview in the comments below and if you have any questions for Walter, you can post them here or head on over to his website, a link is listed after the video.", "\n\nIn This Episode with Walter Peters Forex Trader\n\nWhat a delayed flight and the International Traders Conference in Barcelona have to do with Walter and I meeting.", "\n\nFind out how long it took Walter to learn to trade for a living.", "\n\nThe one thing that kept him going when his trading was not going well.", "\n\nWhy a lot of his friends are 70 year old Aussie surfers.", "\n\nWhat Walter believes is THE most important factor in successful trading.", "\n\nDisclosure: Some of the links above are affiliate links in which I get a commission if you purchase through those links. ", "It doesn’t cost you anything extra and part of my commission goes to support my charity partner.", "\n\nAbout Hugh Kimura\n\nHi, my mission with Trading Heroes is to share the tools, strategies and mindset upgrades that can help you create more freedom in your life through trading, so you can go out and cross off at least 80% of your bucket list items before you die. ", "Download this PDF to get started:\n\nthanks mate. ", "I just want to say that I love the interviews. ", "I never thought of writing this, but you are doing a great job. ", "I like your “very cool”. ", "I have been saying that a lot nowadays. ", "lol\nKeep up the good word and God Bless.", "\n\nThank you for the great interview. ", "My goal is the same as yours and it’s a long hard road when just starting out. ", "Many times I have wanted to quit but burning desire keeps me going & I appreciate the inspiration your interviews give me.", "\n\nYou’re a good guy. ", "You need to stop interviewing these fake traders. ", "Double the account for a month? ", "You have no idea what this looks like or how you yourself look like to pro traders when you publish these people.", "\n\nThanks, but I’m not sure how you came to that conclusion. ", "Walter trades for a living, which makes him a pro trader. ", "Just because you don’t work for a Wall Street bank, doesn’t mean that you cannot be an independent, full-time trader. ", "That is exactly the point that I am trying to make with these interviews.", "\n\nHe never says that you will double your account in a month. ", "Again, you misunderstood something. ", "He said that he feels that you should double (or triple) your practice account in backtesting and demo trading with a specific, rule-based strategy before ever thinking about risking real money.", "\n\nBacktesting can be done fairly quickly, sometimes within a few days. ", "This is because you are “fast-forwarding” the charts. ", "However, you are testing trading results over a period of many years, in real trading time.", "\n\nThanks Keith! ", "Sorry if it was hard to read. ", "I tested the zoom function you mentioned with Firefox and it works. ", "The text size is controlled by the browser you are using, not my website, so you might have to restart the browser if it is not working. ", "I’m working on the next version of the website and the text will be bigger and easier to read. ", "🙂\n\nHi, my name is Hugh Kimura and my mission with Trading Heroes is to share the tools, strategies and mindset upgrades that can help you create more freedom in your life through trading, so you can go out and cross off at least 80% of your bucket list items before you die. ", "Learn more…\n\nTrading involves substantial risk and there is always the potential for loss. ", "All content on this website is for educational purposes only and is not trading or investment advice. ", "You should be aware of the risks associated with trading and seek advice from an independent certified financial adviser if you have any doubts. ", "Some links on this page might be affiliate links, where we get a small commission if you purchase through the link. ", "It doesn’t cost you anything extra and we only recommend products that we love. ", "This site uses cookies, just like almost every other normal website on the internet." ]

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[ "/**\n * Licensed to JumpMind Inc under one or more contributor\n * license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file distributed\n * with this work for additional information regarding\n * copyright ownership. ", " JumpMind Inc licenses this file\n * to you under the GNU General Public License, version 3.0 (GPLv3)\n * (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance\n * with the License.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License,\n * version 3.0 (GPLv3) along with this library; if not, see\n * <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,\n * software distributed under the License is distributed on an\n * \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY\n * KIND, either express or implied. ", " See the License for the\n * specific language governing permissions and limitations\n * under the License.", "\n */\npackage org.jumpmind.symmetric.transform;\n\nimport static org.junit.", "Assert.assertEquals;\nimport static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;\nimport static org.mockito.Mockito.when;\n\nimport java.util.", "HashMap;\nimport java.util.", "Map;\n\nimport org.jumpmind.db.platform.", "DatabaseInfo;\nimport org.jumpmind.db.platform.", "IDatabasePlatform;\nimport org.jumpmind.db.sql.", "ISqlTransaction;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.", "ISymmetricEngine;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.db.", "ISymmetricDialect;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.io.data.", "DataContext;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.io.data.", "DataEventType;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.io.data.transform.", "JavaColumnTransform;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.io.data.transform.", "TransformColumn;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.io.data.transform.", "TransformPoint;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.io.data.transform.", "TransformTable;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.io.data.transform.", "TransformedData;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.service.", "IExtensionService;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.service.", "IParameterService;\nimport org.jumpmind.symmetric.service.impl.", "ExtensionService;\nimport org.junit.", "Before;\nimport org.junit.", "Test;\nimport org.junit.runner.", "RunWith;\nimport org.mockito.junit.", "MockitoJUnitRunner;\n\n//@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)\n@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)\npublic class JavaColumnTransformTest {\n\n IExtensionService extensionService;\n IDatabasePlatform platform;\n DataContext context;\n\n @Before\n public void setUp() throws Exception { \n ISqlTransaction sqlTransaction = mock(ISqlTransaction.class);\n platform = mock(IDatabasePlatform.class);\n \n ISymmetricEngine engine = mock(ISymmetricEngine.class);\n IParameterService parameterService = mock(IParameterService.class);\n IDatabasePlatform platform = mock(IDatabasePlatform.class);\n ISymmetricDialect dialect = mock(ISymmetricDialect.class);\n when(dialect.getPlatform()).thenReturn(platform);\n when(platform.getDatabaseInfo()).thenReturn(new DatabaseInfo());\n when(engine.getParameterService()).thenReturn(parameterService);\n when(engine.getSymmetricDialect()).thenReturn(dialect);\n\n extensionService = new ExtensionService(engine);\n// when(engine.getExtensionService()).thenReturn(extensionService);\n \n context = mock(DataContext.class);\n when(context.findTransaction()).thenReturn(sqlTransaction);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testSimple() throws Exception {\n String javaCode = \"return \\\"transValue\\\";\";\n\n TransformColumn column = new TransformColumn(\"sColumn\", \"tColumn\", false, \"java\", javaCode);\n TransformTable table = new TransformTable(\"sTable\", \"tTable\", TransformPoint.", "LOAD, column);\n Map<String, String> sourceKeyValues = new HashMap<String, String>();\n Map<String, String> sourceValues = new HashMap<String, String>();\n sourceValues.put(\"sColumn\", \"aNewValue\");\n Map<String, String> oldSourceValues = new HashMap<String, String>();\n oldSourceValues.put(\"sColumn\", \"anOldValue\");\n TransformedData data = new TransformedData(table, DataEventType.", "INSERT, sourceKeyValues, oldSourceValues, sourceValues);\n\n JavaColumnTransform transform = new JavaColumnTransform(extensionService);\n String out = transform.transform(platform, context, column, data, sourceValues, \"aNewValue\", \"anOldValue\");\n assertEquals(\"transValue\", out);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testInnerClass() throws Exception {\n String javaCode = \"final DataContext ctx = context;\"\n + \"HashMap namedParams = new HashMap();\"\n + \"context.findTransaction().query(\\\"sql\\\", new ISqlRowMapper<Object>() {\"\n + \" public Object mapRow(Row row) {\"\n + \" ctx.put(\\\"a\\\", row.getString(\\\"b\\\"));\"\n + \" return null;\"\n + \" }\"\n + \"}, namedParams);\"\n + \"return \\\"transValue\\\";\";\n\n TransformColumn column = new TransformColumn(\"sColumn\", \"tColumn\", false, \"java\", javaCode);\n TransformTable table = new TransformTable(\"sTable\", \"tTable\", TransformPoint.", "LOAD, column);\n Map<String, String> sourceKeyValues = new HashMap<String, String>();\n Map<String, String> sourceValues = new HashMap<String, String>();\n sourceValues.put(\"sColumn\", \"aNewValue\");\n Map<String, String> oldSourceValues = new HashMap<String, String>();\n oldSourceValues.put(\"sColumn\", \"anOldValue\");\n TransformedData data = new TransformedData(table, DataEventType.", "INSERT, sourceKeyValues, oldSourceValues, sourceValues);\n\n JavaColumnTransform transform = new JavaColumnTransform(extensionService);\n String out = transform.transform(platform, context, column, data, sourceValues, \"aNewValue\", \"anOldValue\");\n assertEquals(\"transValue\", out);\n }\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Perception aesthetics and light-cured composites.", "\nPerception aesthetics is the aspect of aesthetic dentistry concerned with patients' perception of their dental appearance. ", "This article discusses how perception aesthetics can be affected by various factors, including the size, color, and shape of the teeth." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006286587449721992, 0.0006112231640145183, 0.0005539527046494186 ]

[ "Q:\n\nTransform paypal curl get access token request into guzzle\n\ni'm needing some help with paypal rest api.", "\nI'm using guzzle as http client to consume paypal api\nWhen i try paypal example in command line with curl, it does works\nbut when i want reproduce it with guzzle i always get Internal 500 ERROR from paypal..\nHere's paypal curl example from official docs ( check here https://developer.paypal.com/webapps/developer/docs/integration/direct/make-your-first-call/ ) :\ncurl -v https://api.sandbox.paypal.com/v1/oauth2/token \\\n -H \"Accept: application/json\" \\\n -H \"Accept-Language: en_US\" \\\n -u \"clientId:clientSecret\" \\\n -d \"grant_type=client_credentials\"\n\nHere's my guzzle code :\n/**\n * Etape 1 récuperer un access token\n */\n$authResponse = $client->get(\"https://api.sandbox.paypal.com/v1/oauth2/token\", [\n 'auth' => [$apiClientId, $apiClientSecret, 'basic'],\n 'body' => ['grant_type' => 'client_credentials'],\n 'headers' => [\n 'Accept-Language' => 'en_US',\n 'Accept' => 'application/json' \n ]\n]);\n\necho $authResponse->getBody();\n\nI've tried with auth basic, digest but none worked so far.", "\nThanks for any help on this !", "\n\nA:\n\nThis is using guzzlehttp\n$uri = 'https://api.sandbox.paypal.com/v1/oauth2/token';\n$clientId = \\\\Your client_id which you got on sign up;\n$secret = \\\\Your secret which you got on sign up;\n\n$client = new \\GuzzleHttp\\Client();\n$response = $client->request('POST', $uri, [\n 'headers' =>\n [\n 'Accept' => 'application/json',\n 'Accept-Language' => 'en_US',\n 'Content-Type' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',\n ],\n 'body' => 'grant_type=client_credentials',\n\n 'auth' => [$clientId, $secret, 'basic']\n ]\n);\n\n$data = json_decode($response->getBody(), true);\n\n$access_token = $data['access_token'];\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007362316828221083, 0.001376246102154255, 0.0005639606970362365, 0.008897442370653152 ]

[ "Raising Awareness Is Not a Marketing Goal\n\nAfter all these years, I continue to be disappointed when I hear someone suggest that a communications objective is “to raise awareness.” ", "I can’t begin to count the number of times I’ve been in a meeting and someone profoundly states, “We just need to get the word out. ", "We need to let the public know about us.”", "\n\nLet me emphatically state: Raising awareness is NOT a marketing goal. ", "It is a means to an end and should always be regarded as a tactic in support of some higher-level strategy.", "\n\nEarlier this month I listened as a nonprofit communicator talked about media relations. ", "She used examples from her organization to talk about writing press releases, pitching stories to the news media and developing relationships with reporters and assignment editors. ", "I was tempted to quibble with her implied assumption that the traditional media are not waning in significance. ", "When someone asked about social media, she brushed off the “new media” as not being serious forms of communication. ", "I couldn’t disagree more, but I’ll save that rant for another occasion.", "\n\nWhat I found troubling was that this PR practitioner was operating efficiently at a tactical level, yet she was unable to tie her tactics to any strategy. ", "We spent 90 minutes bumping into trees without once having seen the forest. ", "I wanted to see the big picture. ", "I wanted to know the impact of her communications tactics. ", "When asked what she hoped to accomplish by raising awareness of her organization, she talked about the warm, fuzzy feelings that would be evoked in the general public. ", "Still unclear, I asked what she wanted the audience to do with those “warm, fuzzy feelings.” ", "She was at a loss for a solid answer.", "\n\nCreating warm, fuzzy feelings is not a marketing goal. ", "That’s a means to an end. ", "Warm emotions can only have an impact when accompanied by a call to action resulting in someone actually taking the desired action.", "\n\nCommunicators are naive if they hope their CEOs will be impressed with only soft, warm and immeasurable results. ", "Those communicators will be vulnerable targets when downsizing occurs. ", "Only those who create results and can demonstrate their impact will be of ongoing value to an organization. ", "Everyone else is just a drain on the organization’s precious resources.", "\n\nSo, I will close with this simple question: What impact do you hope your communications will have?", "\n\nIf your answer is “to raise awareness” I would challenge you to dig deeper by asking, “What do I want someone to do with his or her increased awareness?”", "\n\nDuane, as always, you share such wonderful insight and inquisitive topics on your blog. ", "This is one blog post that does not disappoint. ", "I think too often PR and marketing professionals fall into the trap of wanting to create the “warm, fuzzy feelings.” ", "The reality of the situation is the warm fuzzies don’t really happen when your only strategy is to raise awareness. ", "It reminds me of the mentality of “if you build it, they will come.” ", "Just raising awareness won’t cut it. ", "You have to engage people through content marketing and through social media. ", "Both of which are more than just pushing out your message. ", "More than just ads and publicizing your organization’s mission and cause. ", "Sure, that is important, but those alone won’t gain attention. ", "It just creates more noise in the marketplace.", "\n\nFor me, I hope my communication efforts to promote the American Cancer Society’s Relay For Life will motivate people to take action – to sign up a team, to donate their time, to donate money, to tell an area cancer survivor about the event & encourage them to attend, or to someone they know and love about the services and programs the ACS has to offer. ", "The possibilities are endless, but the goal is certainly above and beyond generating awareness. ", "Granted, there is still a lot of work to be done, but every little bit helps. ", "Ever time I am able to publicize our efforts by making it real – attaching a personal story, putting a name and a face to cancer – I like to think I am one step closer to achieving my goals.", "\n\nDuane Hallock\n\nDuane Hallock is a corporate communicator and marketing strategist who really believes that 1) every-thing happens for a reason, 2) strategy comes before tactics and 3) the future can be brighter than the past.", "\n\nEmail Subscription\n\nEnter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.", "\n\nJoin 6,248 other followers\n\nRecent Instagram Pictures\n\nThere was an error retrieving images from Instagram. ", "An attempt will be remade in a few minutes." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "42 comments:\n\nSteve King acknowledgement of western civilizations contributions to the advancement of all societies wasn't a bad thing. ", "What is bad is the point we have gotten to in this country where we can't even notice or be, gasp, proud of all the good western civilization has contributed.", "\n\nThe things that disgusted me most about the convention was the demonetization of of Iran; the worship of traitor Reagan; and no mention of Obama and Hillary creating, training, and arming ISIS. ", "That is because the GOP was for that too. ", "So far it looks like the same old establishment GOP. ", "The criticisms of Hillary were lightweight. ", "The \"brave Americans\" who died in Benghazi were terrorists who were helping ISIS overthrow sovereign countries. ", "When they did have credible criticisms I think they should have mentioned sources more often, to convince people who aren't in the choir. ", "As far as the speeches go, Donald Trump Jr.'s was the best. ", "It's no wonder that Melania's speech writer copied Michelle's speech. ", "Michelle's speech was the best at the last DNC convention.", "\n\nI suspect what candidate wives, and a lot of other speakers, do is meet with a speech writer or writers. ", "They tell the writers what they want to say, and the writers get them to elaborate on good points and ask them questions about points they think should be added. ", "Then the writers format the interview into a cohesive speech.", "\n\nThe central theme of Manifest Density or the \"Pale Male Power Syndrome\" cannot be easily \"whitewashed from this list characters.", "\n\nBill Wryly married a female 16 years his junior. ", "Lied about his background as a war correspondent, allegedly beat his wife, allegedly settled a sexual harassment suit and hired a \"Dick\" to snoop on his wife after they had separated. ", "Stereotypical angry Irish guy. ", "Drama queen. ", "Severe \"Masculine Overcompensation.\"", "\n\nRoger Ailes, was a sickly child whose parents divorced when he was a child. ", "He too overcompensated by marrying a female 20 years his junior and used his power to allegedly demand sex from females in his employ. ", "If charges prove true he is little more than a degenerate opportunist.", "\n\nMelanija is in over her head, buried under the rubble of lies from her allegedly being a college grad to writing her own convention speech. ", "She is 20+ years younger than Don \"everybody loves me\" Drumpf. ", "Then again, got to give her credit, she dropped a load for Donnie boy, guaranteeing a big payday if things don't work out.", "\n\nSteve King a self described \"Redneck,\" is a college dropout and draft dodger with a penchant for the devaluation of cultures outside the Eurocentric fold and a backer of the concept of \"legitimate rape,\" as an opponent of a woman's right to abortion.", "\n\nLast but not least is the matter of the gay male versus the Black woman. ", "Nothing to see here. ", "Poor Milo just got tossed trying to out sister a sister.", "\n\nWhen a Black Lives Matter protest was planned in Wichita, BLM and the police got together and changed it to be a cookout, dance, and question and answers session. ", "Some police departments are well run. ", "The Dallas police department seemed like it was. ", "The one in Baton Rouge seems like one with rampant racism.", "\n\narthur thurman said...Steve King acknowledgement of western civilizations contributions to the advancement of all societies wasn't a bad thing. ", "What is bad is the point we have gotten to in this country where we can't even notice or be, gasp, proud of all the good western civilization has contributed.--\n\nRight on, Arthur.", "\n\nWhat about the racist statement by the white minstrel act Esquire writer right before where he said he hoped this is the last we'd ever see of white people having any political say? ", "WTF is that? ", "Don't white people have interests like everyone else? ", "Speaking the truth about the accomplishments of European civilization is something the Left wants to criminalize.", "\n\nEverything is going to change once people are free to say what their own eyes see without having their livelihoods destroyed.", "\n\nLimpbaugh said...\"The things that disgusted me most about the convention was the demonetization of of Iran; the worship of traitor Reagan; and no mention of Obama and Hillary creating, training, and arming ISIS. ", "That is because the GOP was for that too.\"", "\n\nBut Trump isn't. ", "Trump is going to end the neocon hold on the GOP, and he is going to stop the Obama/Clinton aggression in Syria, Libya and Ukraine.", "\n\nThat's not what Charlie Pierce said. ", "He said that if he was optimistic he would say that this would be the last time old white people will set the platform for the Republican party, but hedged by saying he thought that last time too. ", "He didn't say anything about white people not having a political say, as he is sane and that idea, considering that white people are a majority here, is crazy.", "\n\nManifest Density, aka the Pale Male Power Syndrome, requires general subterfuge to manipulate the truth.", "\n\nFor example, until the last stone is turned and every square inch of the firmament has yielded its last clue, the fact that modern man originated in Africa has not been disputed. (", "Got to give them credit though, because they sure are busy trying.) ", "In spite of this fact,the neanderpeon mind ignores this and creates a false reality where the African, is the Sub-group.", "\n\nDid everyone else know about this already? ", "Another unarmed black man shot in the street. ", "Monday - so we're just seeing the video?", "\n\nTherapist Charles Kinsey was trying to rescue an autistic man who had sat down in the middle the pavement with a toy truck. ", "Kisnsey had his hands up when he was shot. ", "This has to be beyond even racism. ", "This can only be a cocktail of racism + stone idiocy. ", "Who are these moronic cops? ", "Can't we screen out the truly stupid ones?", "\n\nWith all of the media attention, you'd think Melania had compromised national security, been the target of a federal felony investigation, and had her criminal acts listed and detailed by the head of the FBI.", "\n\nIf she just says she didn't \"intend\" to plagiarize, that would make it okay, right?", "\n\nField, you are probably preparing your take on the shooting of the caregiver in Miami who was trying to help his 27-year-old autistic patient. ", "Cop(s) shot the black guy on the ground, hands raised, following their instructions, but not (thankfully) the white guy sitting up with something (a toy) in his hand. ", "Lord deliver us.", "\n\nWe have a nation where the Democrats are trying to win a permanent electoral majority through immigration. ", "Looks like they'll succeed too. ", "What the Dems do with that majority will make the other side even more bitter even as the Dems applaud resentments and Dems in the academy teach the politics of grievance in their own coalition.", "\n\nSo what happens next? ", "What's noteworthy is that many of our trends that are creating the fracturing of America haven't run their full course yet. ", "Universities are still moving left. ", "Identity politics of many types (and a feeling of grievance of many of those types) is celebrated by our Left and used as its main marketing tool. ", "We are way past the age of the world working class. ", "Now its people of color as victims. ", "Feminism as demonization of men. ", "Trust is still declining.", "The population is still aging. ", "The nationalist-transnationalist fight is escalating with the reaction taking such forms as Brexit and Trump.", "\n\nThe elites can't buy off unhappy factions because they've tied up so much spending in entitlements that all other forms of spending are shrinking.", "\n\nSeemingly as an aside the elites have decided to push black people out of urban areas so whites and non-black immigrants can move in. ", "This is driven by the preferences of upper class liberals.", "\n\nBlue collar workers still repair cars, stock grocery store shelves, collect the trash, and provide other services to knowledge workers. ", "But the blue collar service workforce is going to get automated out of most of their jobs just as the blue collar factory workforce has been. ", "The dependence of office knowledge workers on blue collar workers will therefore plummet and their need for geographic proximity will plummet as well. ", "Look at San Francisco, whose black population is steadily being driven across the bay. ", "In New York, Harlem is no longer a black neighborhood. ", "The future will consist of gated cities populated by a white and Asian overclass surrounded by a sea of Fergusons, Fresnos and Appalachian dirt holes housing a prole majority.", "\n\nHillary's election makes the acceleration of these trends all but certain. ", "I hope you know what you are voting for.", "\n\nIt wasn't King's comments that Western culture has been good for the world, that point could be argued back and forth. ", "What was disturbing was his assertion that non-Western culture hasn't produced anything of value to the modern world.", "\n\nPersonally, I was waiting for him to realize that Jesus Christ, and hence Christianity, was born in the Middle East. ", "I was also waiting for him to realize gunpowder was invented during the Tang dynasty in China. ", "So....guns and Christianity? ", "I thought the Right loved those things. ", "Guess I'm wrong about that.", "\n\nIt will be interesting to see how Fox News changes after Ailes. ", "Murdoch's kids were reported embarrassed by the network under Ailes. ", "Also, Donald Trump negotiated the severance package for a long time Ailes PR guy, so Fox News coverage of Trump won't be effected by Trump having dirt Trump on Ailes anymore. ", "I don't expect a massive brand change though. ", "They'll probably just tone it down some.", "\n\nYou'd think you could get the truth about Hillary on Fox News, and the truth about Trump on MSNBC, but you can't. ", "They both lie. ", "And they both want war. ", "I've found myself turning to Fox from MSNBC sooner and more frequently lately. ", "It is apparent to me that the Comcast execs have clamped down on the MSNBC hosts more. ", "Fox has always been more tolerant of opposing views, but they used to micromanage their talking points more. ", "It used to be that if they didn't agree with something the execs wanted them to say, they could just not talk about the topic. ", "Your show would get promoted like Maddow's and Matthew's do, but you wouldn't loos your job over it. ", "You never saw Ed Schultz even come close to covering anything like this when he was at MSNBC:\n\nThis shooting is the clearest example yet of too many people getting shot by cops. ", "This is a real problem, that has nothing to do with race. ", "But for Obama, everything has to do with race, so instead of helping to solve it, he exacerbated a different problem.", "\n\nI haven’t seen any pundit make the connection, but some of this stems from how atomized America is today. ", "There’s little in the way of organic community institutions that can deal with stuff without calling 911, which brings cops at Def Con 1. ", "Maybe if there were a neighborhood watch that could have taken a closer look at the autistic guy and saw he had a toy before someone called the police.", "\n\nMaybe in the Alton Sterling case, there could have been a merchant’s association or whatever to give Sterling a job sweeping up the sidewalks in front of the stores instead of selling CDs.", "\n\nMaybe in the case of the black lady whose mentally ill son was shot dead by a cop for holding a screw driver, there could have been some neighbors to call to help get him to the mental hospital without killing him.", "\n\nand:\n\nThere is a big problem with how 911 calls are passed on and with how the police treat “man with a gun.” ", "It was reported as “suicidal white guy with a gun” (it was a toy truck – the man was autistic and childlike). ", "One the police arrive at the scene expecting a gun, they are primed to see one and as soon as they see one they feel justified in killing you immediately, especially if you don’t seem to be “compliant.” ", "People are often not compliant because there is something wrong with them (mental illness, don’t speak English, etc.). ", "The police killed Tamir Rice TWO SECONDS after they arrived on the scene, because he was “reaching for his gun.”", "\n\nFunny, you idiots are quick to pull that \"hispanic\" shit when wypipo do something criminally stupid like shooting at therapist assisting an autistic man. ", "But \"forget\" that FACT when it's something you like (negro killing) done by someone you love, like that fat ass Zimmerman.", "\n\nWas that an attempt at a coherent response? ", "Because if it was, you failed.", "\n\nZimmerman would have been considered \"Hispanic\" by the you, the government, and the media had he done anything other than shoot a black person.", "\n\nBut since he did shoot a black person you, the government, and the media decided that your agenda needed him to be white.", "\n\nSince this was obviously not the case, the New York Times invented the term \"White Hispanic\" just for George Zimmerman.", "\n\nWith the Charles Kinsey story, your agenda decided that what happened was that a white cop shot a black therapist for no reason other than his own racism. ", "When the facts say it was actually a Hispanic cop who was shooting at a white guy with a toy train in his hand but missed and accidentally hit the black therapist he was trying to protect, you sputter out some bizarre nonsense about white people claiming George Zimmerman for the white team.", "\n\nYou are a complete mess of a human being. ", "You should see a psychiatrist pronto.", "\n\nTWEET ME\n\n@fieldnegro\n\nFollow the The Field Negro via e-mail.", "\n\nDISCLAIMER\n\n*COMMENTS, LINKS, AND CUT AND PASTE ARTICLES, ARE NOT ALL ENDORSED BY THE PUBLISHER.", "\n\nTHIS BLOG claims no credit for any images posted on this site unless otherwise noted. ", "Images on this blog are copyright to its respectful owners. ", "If there is an image appearing on this blog that belongs to you and do not wish for it appear on this site, please E-mail with a link to said image and it will be promptly removed.", "\n\nMORE DISCLAIMERS\n\n***The views expressed on this site are the field's and the field's alone. ", "They do not reflect the views of his employer, or any professional or legal organization with which he is affiliated.***", "\n\nThis is a commercial free blog.", "\n\nMoney is nice, but being able to speak my mind is better.", "\n\n\"Real talk: Daniel Rubin has a great little piece up wherein he chats with The Field Negro, the Philly-based blogger who sharply ponders all things black on a daily basis. (", "Seriously, if you’ve never checked in with TFN, you should: Its author, Wayne Bennett, is a fantastic read who can cut through bullshit like a hot knife through butter, which is a far grosser analogy than I wanted to make, but there you have it.)\" ", "~Philebrity~\n\n\"One of the most precocious and hilarious Black political minds on the net. ", "Ive been a long-time fan!\" ", "~Asad Malik~\n\n\"..While most of what he writes is tongue-in-cheek, his space is a safe house for candid discussions about race, especially in the comments section, where people of all colors meet.", "\"~~Daniel Rubin, \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\"~~\n\n\"To white people, Bennett's musings are like kitchen-table talk from a kitchen they may otherwise never set foot in. ", "To African Americans, he is part of a growing army of black Internet amateurs who have taken up the work once reserved for ministers and professional activists: the work of setting a black agenda, shaping black opinion and calling attention to the state of the nation's racial affairs.\"", "\n\n~~Richard Fausset, \"L.A. Times\"~~~\n\n\"That's why I love the blog \"Field Negro\" so much. ", "Field, as he's known to his fans, has the sense of reality that it takes to call out the (CowPuckey) of blame beating by those who are in positions of power and their lackeys. ", "Because of his handle and his unabashed way of writing about racial issues, Field is often cited as a \"Black blogger.\" ", "What he is, however, is a first-class detector of blame deflection and an excellent student of history. ", "If you want to write about the past and future of repression there's really no other perspective to take - which is why everyone should read Field.\"", "\n\n\"Half a century after Little Rock, the Montgomery bus boycott and the tumultuous dawn of the modern civil rights era, the new face of the movement is Facebook, MySpace and some 150 black blogs united in an Internet alliance they call theAfroSpear.", "\n\nOlder, familiar leaders such as Rev. Jesse Jackson, Rev. Al Sharpton and NAACP Chairman Julian Bond, are under challenge by a younger generation of bloggers known by such provocative screen names as Field Negro, thefreeslaveand African American Political Pundit. ", "And many of the newest struggles are being waged online.", "\"~Howard Witt-The Chicago Tribune~\n\n\"I had no idea, for example, of the extent of the African-American blogging world out there and its collective powers of dissemination.", "But now, after reading thousands of anguished, thoughtful comments posted on these blogs reflecting on issues of persistent racial discrimination in the nation's schools and courtrooms, what's clear to me is that there's a new, \"virtual\" civil rights movement out there on the Internet that can reach more people in a few hours than all the protest marches, sit-ins and boycotts of the 1950s and 60s put together.\" ", "~Chicago Tribune Reporter, Howard Witt~" ]

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[ "Motorized molecules drill through cells\n\nHOUSTON – (Aug. 30, 2017) – Motorized molecules driven by light have been used to drill holes in the membranes of individual cells and show promise for either bringing therapeutic agents into the cells or directly inducing the cells to die.", "\n\nResearchers at Rice, Durham (U.K.) and North Carolina State universities demonstrated in lab tests how rotors in single-molecule nanomachines can be activated by ultraviolet light to spin at 2 to 3 million rotations per second and open membranes in cells.", "\n\nThe researchers used motors based on work by Nobel laureate Bernard Feringa, who won the prize for chemistry in 2016. ", "The motor itself is a paddle-like chain of atoms that can be prompted to move in a single direction when supplied with energy. ", "Properly mounted as part of the cell-targeting molecule, the motor can be made to spin when activated by a light source.", "\n\nMotorized molecules that target diseased cells may deliver drugs or kill the cells by drilling into the cell membranes. ", "The illustration shows a motorized molecule sitting atop a cell membrane (left) and molecules activated by ultraviolet light drilling into the bilayer membrane (right). ", "Click on the image for a larger version. ", "Courtesy of the Tour Group\n\nThe work detailed this week in Nature was led by chemists James Tour of Rice, Robert Pal of Durham and Gufeng Wang of North Carolina State. ", "Their labs collaborated to create several motorized molecules that can home in on specific cells, and they viewed what happens when they activate the motors with light.", "\n\nThe Tour lab previously demonstrated molecular motors whose diffusion in a solution was enhanced, if not specifically directed, when activated by ultraviolet light. ", "The rotors needed to spin between 2 and 3 megahertz – 2 to 3 million times per second – to show they could overcome obstacles presented by adjacent molecules and outpace natural Brownian motion.", "\n\n“We thought it might be possible to attach these nanomachines to the cell membrane and then turn them on to see what happened,” Tour said. ", "The motors, only about a nanometer wide, can be designed to target and then either tunnel through a cell’s lipid bilayer membrane to deliver drugs or other payloads or disrupt the 8-10 nanometer-wide membrane, thereby killing the cell. ", "They can also be functionalized for solubility and for fluorescent tracking, he said.", "\n\nA sequence of images taken over 10 minutes shows a human prostate cell under attack by motorized molecules. ", "The cell, tagged with a green fluorescent protein, is made permeable by the nanomachines, which drill through its lipid bilayer membranes. ", "The bottom images clearly show blebbing (bubbling) of the membrane as cytoplasm leaks out of the cell. ", "Click on the image for a larger version. ", "Images by Robert Pal/Durham University\n\n“These nanomachines are so small that we could park 50,000 of them across the diameter of a human hair, yet they have the targeting and actuating components combined in that diminutive package to make molecular machines a reality for treating disease,” Tour said.", "\n\nThe Rice lab created 10 variants, including motor-bearing molecules in several sizes and peptide-carrying nanomachines designed to target specific cells for death, as well as control molecules identical to the other nanomachines but without motors.", "\n\nThe Wang lab first successfully tested the motorized molecule’s ability to open a synthetic lipid bilayer vesicle, allowing dyed solution to get inside. ", "Next, they trapped dye-carrying molecular motors inside a vesicle, activated them with ultraviolet light and watched as the fluorescent dye faded, which suggested the motor had punched through the vesicle wall.", "\n\nThe researchers found it takes at least a minute for a motor to tunnel through a membrane. “", "It is highly unlikely that a cell could develop a resistance to molecular mechanical action,” Tour said.", "\n\nThe Pal lab at Durham tested motors on live cells, including human prostate cancer cells. ", "Experiments showed that without an ultraviolet trigger, motors could locate specific cells of interest but stayed on the targeted cells’ surface and were unable to drill into the cells. ", "When triggered, however, the motors rapidly drilled through the membranes.", "\n\nTest motors designed to target prostate cancer cells broke through their membranes from outside and killed them within one to three minutes of activation, Pal said. ", "Videos of the cells showed increased blebbing – bubbling of the membrane – within minutes after activation.", "\n\nSmaller molecular motors were harder to track but proved better at getting into cells quickly upon ultraviolet activation, disrupting their membranes and killing them. ", "Motorless control molecules were unable to kill cells upon ultraviolet exposure, which eliminated thermal absorption of ultraviolet light as the cause of disruption, according to the researchers.", "\n\nThey expect the rotors may eventually be activated by two-photon absorption, near-infrared light or radio frequencies, which would make the technique more viable for in-vivo treatment; this would pave the way toward the establishment of novel, easy and cost-effective photodynamic therapy.", "\n\nThis is a sample schematic of a nanomachine created by researchers at Rice, Durham (U.K.) and North Carolina State universities. ", "The machine incorporates a static body and a light-activated rotor and can be modified for solubility, with fluorophores for tracking or with recognition sites for cellular targeting. ", "Click on the image for a larger version. ", "Courtesy of the Tour Group\n\n“The researchers are already proceeding with experiments in microorganisms and small fish to explore the efficacy in-vivo,” Tour said. “", "The hope is to move this swiftly to rodents to test the efficacy of nanomachines for a wide range of medicinal therapies.”", "\n\nRice graduate student Victor Garcia-López is lead author of the study. ", "Co-authors are graduate students Lizanne Nilewski and Amir Aliyan; research scientist Guillaume Duret; Anatoly Kolomeisky, a professor of chemistry and chemical and biomolecular engineering; and Jacob Robinson, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering, all of Rice; and North Carolina State alumnus Fang Chen. ", "Pal is a Royal Society University Research Fellow at Durham (U.K.). ", "Wang is an assistant professor of analytical chemistry at North Carolina State. ", "Tour is the T.T. and W.F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of computer science and of materials science and nanoengineering at Rice.", "\n\nThe National Science Foundation, North Carolina State University, the Royal Society and the Biophysical Sciences Institute at Durham University supported the research.", "\n\nA sequence of images taken over 10 minutes shows a human prostate cell under attack by motorized molecules. ", "The cell, tagged with a green fluorescent protein, is made permeable by the nanomachines, which drill through its lipid bilayer membranes. ", "The bottom images clearly show blebbing (bubbling) of the membrane as cytoplasm leaks out of the cell. (", "Credit: Robert Pal/Durham University)\n\nThis is a sample schematic of a nanomachine created by researchers at Rice, Durham (U.K.) and North Carolina State universities. ", "The machine incorporates a static body and a light-activated rotor and can be modified for solubility, with fluorophores for tracking or with recognition sites for cellular targeting. (", "Credit: Tour Group/Rice University)\n\nMotorized molecules that target diseased cells may deliver drugs to or kill the cells by drilling into the cell membranes. ", "Scientists at Rice, Durham (U.K.) and North Carolina State universities have demonstrated them on cancer and other cells. (", "Credit: Loïc Samuel/Rice University)\n\nLocated on a 300-acre forested campus in Houston, Rice University is consistently ranked among the nation’s top 20 universities by U.S. News & World Report. ", "Rice has highly respected schools of Architecture, Business, Continuing Studies, Engineering, Humanities, Music, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and is home to the Baker Institute for Public Policy. ", "With 3,879 undergraduates and 2,861 graduate students, Rice’s undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio is 6-to-1. ", "Its residential college system builds close-knit communities and lifelong friendships, just one reason why Rice is ranked No. ", "1 for quality of life and for lots of race/class interaction and No. ", "2 for happiest students by the Princeton Review. ", "Rice is also rated as a best value among private universities by Kiplinger’s Personal Finance. ", "To read “What they’re saying about Rice,” go to http://tinyurl.com/RiceUniversityoverview.", "\n\nAbout Durham University: A world top 100 university with a global reputation and performance in research and education (QS 2018 and THE World University Rankings 2016/17). ", "In the Guardian University Guide 2018 and the 2017 Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, Durham was ranked fourth in the UK. ", "A member of the Russell Group of leading research-intensive UK universities. ", "Research at Durham shapes local, national and international agendas, and directly informs the teaching of our students. ", "Ranked 34 globally for the employability of its students by blue-chip companies world-wide (QS World University Rankings 2018)." ]

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[ "Brain changes during the onset of schizophrenia: implications for neurodevelopmental theories.", "\nNeuroimaging studies of individuals at risk of psychosis have the potential to identify markers predictive of illness onset and features that progress with transition. ", "To date, reduced brain volumes have shown weak predictive value for onset of psychotic illness. ", "All published longitudinal studies of the transition to psychosis show progressive brain changes that are not seen in at-risk individuals who do not develop the disorder. ", "Although the cause of these changes is unclear, they challenge the conventional neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia." ]

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[ "Dani Summers is as vanilla as a milkshake. ", "John Broughan is an FBI agent posing as a Dom. ", "Their attraction ensnares them both in the BDSM world and places Dani in the clutches of the psychopath John has been trying to catch.", "\n\nJade Brennan arrives at Tiffany’s for cocktails, never imagining quarterback Kyle Adams plans on having her as the menu. ", "Kyle is going to prove they’re perfect for each other by crashing through her last line of defense." ]

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[ "\n\nWhy it's so hard for Toyota to find out what's wrong - senthil_rajasek\nhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/06/AR2010030602448_pf.html\n\n======\nm104\nI've had a Toyota suddenly accelerate while I was driving it:\n[http://blog.m104.us/2010/03/07/my-toyota-suddenly-\naccelerate...](http://blog.m104.us/2010/03/07/my-toyota-suddenly-accelerated)\n\nBottom line, this isn't an engineering issue or some big coverup in need of\nSenate hearings. ", "This is a whole group of interests wanting to put Toyota on\nthe stand for something that, while quite random and frightening, is very\nmundane and embarrassing. ", "What you're witnessing is a modern day witch hunt\nwhere Toyota is the accused and has no way of clearing its name or even\naddressing the possible problems with integrity. ", "The way we (US media and\nfederal government) are treating Toyota is _shameful_.", "\n\nHacker News readers, especially, should be very worried that the mechanical\nand computer engineers of Toyota are being told that they must only make\nsystems with 0% chance of failure, even if the driver could be at fault.", "\nEntrepreneurs should be scared to death of the kind of liability that the US\nSenate is laying at the feet of Toyota's management. ", "Zero risk is acceptable,\nthat is the message.", "\n\n~~~\ngreml1n\nI had an automatic 2000 Chevy Cavalier that I drove lightly around my second\nhome when I visited it every few weeks. ", "About 2 years in I came to red light\nand, in applying the brake, it fought as though I was stomping on the gas\npedal. ", "I regularly drive stick so I popped it in neutral as I brought it to\nthe side of the road and the engine kept revving despite neither of my feet\nbeing on any pedal.", "\n\nI turned off the car and re-started it without any problems so I took it to my\nmechanic down the street and had a friend pick me up. ", "The mechanic gave a full\nrun-through and basically didn't believe me.", "\n\nI drove the car around for another few months without incident until I was\ntaking a longer drive at night on I-95. ", "The car started unexpectedly\naccelerating so I removed both feet from the pedals and it kept speeding up.", "\n\nLong story short, this happened several more times (I have low risk-aversion)\ndespite having the electrical system replaced and having numerous mechanics\nthat I know and trust look at it. ", "Before I just gave up on it (annoyed - I\nlike to know what is wrong) one of my mechanics took it out for a drive just\nto try it out and had it got away from him as well. ", "We never did figure out\nwhat caused it.", "\n\n~~~\nm104\nRight, I want to be clear: I'm not saying cars don't accelerate on their own.", "\nIn your case, you had an actual mechanical problem and did the right thing\nwhich prevented a tragedy. ", "I knew a Ford Taurus owner with that sort of\nproblem, as well. ", "My point was that the big-story cases with Toyota (and Audi\nof the past) focus on these harrowing \"I was pressing the brake as so hard\nthat I hurt my ankle\" kind of stories where we're not allowed to second guess\nthe driver's actions.", "\n\nThere was a case in Minneapolis some years back where a police van\naccelerated, from a stop, and killed at least one person during some festival\nof lights thing. ", "What they found, eventually, was that the police department\nwiring modifications from the stock van (to get the cherries and strobes\nworking correctly) could cause the police vans to accelerate on their own. ", "It\nwasn't a manufacturer issue, but it was still scary stuff.", "\n\n~~~\ngreml1n\nThat's fair enough. ", "I've driven long enough to see that we all do plenty of\nstupid-enough things in a fully-functioning car.", "\n\n------\nlaut\nThis looks like it could be a combination of on one hand some people that\naren't good at operating a car. ", "Accidentally pressing the wrong pedal. ", "Failing\nto use the clutch or shift into neutral.", "\n\nLike this 68 year old woman who said \"And I can't remember if I had my foot on\nthe gas pedal … the brake or the gas, I can't remember\"\n<http://cbs3.com/local/Montgomery.County.Toyota.2.1454021.htm>\n\nAnd on the other a government that wants to hurt a competitor to their\nGovernment Motors.", "\n\n------\nEntlin\n\"It is well-known in our community that there is no scientific, firm way of\nactually completely verifying and validating software\".", "\n\nMr Rizzoni, \"expert in failure analysis\" must have never heard of Ada before.", "\nOr, of its use in Airbag steering computers, where the code is mathematically\nproven to be running correctly.", "\n\n~~~\nshin_lao\nThere is a difference between proving a small amount of code that controls\nairbag (and you just prove the written code, not the compiler, not the os, not\nthe hardware) and millions of lines of code running in a complex machine that\nrun in arbitrary conditions (the car).", "\n\n~~~\nnitrogen\nIn a computer that critical and that simple, there is no OS, and the compiler\n(or assembler) is tested for the program in question. ", "The hardware design can\nbe demonstrated to correctly execute every permutation of every instruction.", "\n\n~~~\nm0th87\n_The hardware design can be demonstrated to correctly execute every\npermutation of every instruction._", "\n\nIsn't that impossible vis-a-vis the halting problem?", "\n\n~~~\nnitrogen\nI should rephrase that \"every permutation of every instruction executed by the\nprogram\". ", "I'm not trying to prove that every program is correct, only that my\nprogram is correct. ", "That is possible by using a well-defined and fully-proven\nsubset of the available features of the language and processor.", "\n\nFor example, designing your program and CPU as a set of state machines allows\nyou to define all possible states of the system (which are deliberately\nlimited), define all the state transitions, then verify that every input\ncondition for each state results in the correct state transition. ", "Even if you\nsimply brute force your way through every state and every transition instead\nof using mathematical generalizations, you've still proven that the program is\ncorrect.", "\n\n~~~\nelblanco\nAs it turns out, this doesn't actually work. ", "State derived program analysis\nhas been shown to not be provable for all cases. ", "Particularly when the state-\nspace is very large, and when state transitions are non-atomic in the code,\ne.g. two or more state transitions in a code block.", "\n\nThe best research I've seen on this was done with Access Control Matrices in\nthe Computer Security field. ", "e.g. can you prove in a general sense that a\nsequence of atomic state changes to an ACM result in no violations of access\ncontrol? ", "The answer is, for atomic state changes you can prove that they are\ninternally consistent, but not that they do not introduce a flaw in the ACM.", "\n\nIn other words, because proving software reduces to proving correctness, it\nonly proves that the software is internally consistent. ", "Basically it's a\ncircular proof. ", "It doesn't prove that the software is without flaw.", "\n\n------\nmarze\nI realize some cars have a type of 'black box' already, but it seems that with\nthe potential for software problems, a expanded black box that stores vastly\ngreater amounts of data would make sense.", "\n\nIn this case, the computer controls the throttle (no direct mechancial\nlinkage) so it is crazy that the software does not give the brake priority if\nit believes both are being engaged. ", "A simple 'high braking pressure' sensor\nthat overrides the throttle would be simple enough to be almost immune to any\nsoftware glitch.", "\n\n~~~\nnitrogen\nI hope that it is a \"high braking pressure\" rather than \"foot glances the\nbrake pedal\" sensor, as I was looking forward to one day learning to heel-toe.", "\n\n~~~\nTeHCrAzY\nIt's not that hard. ", "Give it a go somewhere quiet and out of the way, and then\njust take it easy and practice, I was a few weeks before it was second nature.", "\nJust make sure you can actually pull it off in your car before trying it near\ntraffic/children/animals/police.", "\n\n~~~\nsliverstorm\nHis point is that you can't heel-toe if brakes kills or misfires the engine\n(as it often does in karts)\n\n------\nGroxx\nSuper-summary, which is also completely self-evident (IMO), which means the\narticle is superfluous:\n\nMultiple possibilities mean multiple sources, all of which have to be traced\nfor multiple things. ", "Things are also layered pretty deeply.", "\n\nI still say \"sudden acceleration\" is different than \"pedal was stuck\". ", "When\nthe pedal sticks, people _say_ the pedal is sticking, because it's an\nextremely easy thing to identify (you feel it immediately). ", "Also, intermittent\nproblems are inherently pretty hard to solve.", "\n\n~~~\nbmj\nThe article might be superfluous for engineers and programmers, but there are\nplenty of people who read the Washington Post that don't understand\nengineering processes. ", "I suspect most people figure that Toyota is just hiding\nsomething, and that's why they don't have answers.", "\n\n~~~\nGroxx\nAnd most of those wouldn't be reading articles on it anyway, they're often\nhappy simply thinking the world / governments / corporations / \"they\" are out\nto get them. ", "It gives them reason to stay where they are, because they now\nhave proof that it's out of their hands.", "\n\nIt's why smear campaigns _work_. ", "It's not because the content is accurate,\nit's because so few people actually _look_ at the content, and instead take\nwhat they're told and don't look into it further. ", "Articles like this are\nmostly meant for the few edge-cases who are actually looking for more\ninformation, and they'd find it anyway, and to make the people who know better\nfeel good for educating those poor people who don't.", "\n\n~~~\nbmj\nBut this isn't the point you made your initial comment. ", "Sure, most of us here\nunderstand the engineering processes of figuring out how and why things break,\nbut that doesn't mean an article in a nationally-read newspaper is\nsuperfluous.", "\n\n------\nErrantX\nWP is behind a paywall? ", "That sucks.", "\n\nWhat's Frank Ahrens like as a reporter generally? ", "If this is the quality of\nhis usual stuff I'd be tempted to pay up.", "\n\n------\nsliverstorm\nAn idea:\n\nMotorcycles and racing cars have had kill switches to fight the problem of\nstuck pedals etc for ages now. ", "Why not do the same in cars?", "\n\nIt's true, you have the ignition switch, but what about a simple ON/OFF switch\nright under the driver's thumb? ", "This solves the potential complexity of the\nkey in strange places, the many positions for the key, and the start button.", "\nEducate drivers, same as you do bikers and racing drivers.", "\n\nWhat about power steering and power brakes? ", "Well, since modern cars are drive\nby wire, build in an override that forces the engine into idle mode, perhaps\nwith a second override that actually kills the engine (or disengages the\ntransmission) if the engine is still revving high (this could only happen due\nto a stuck throttle plate, which software can't fix)\n\n------\njasongullickson\nIf you don't know what to do when your car accelerates outside of your control\n(i.e., turn the ignition OFF) then you shouldn't be behind the wheel.", "\n\nThere are dozens if not hundreds of reasons a throttle might stick or an\nengine might suddenly surge and if you can't handle this situation you're a\nthreat to everyone within striking distance of your vehicle.", "\n\nWhether Toyota is to blame for these cases or not, I think anyone who\ntestifies to losing control of their vehicle for these reasons should have\ntheir license revoked on the spot.", "\n\n~~~\nwtallis\nTurning off the ignition will kill your power brakes and power steering, and\nmay lock the steering column. ", "Not good if you're in traffic or generally not\non a straight, flat road.", "\n\nShifting into neutral while standing on the brake pedal (and clutch if you\nhave one) seems to be the consensus on what's safest.", "\n\n~~~\njasongullickson\nI've never driven a car that locks the steering wheel when the ignition is\nturned off (you have to turn it to \"lock\").", "\n\nShifting into neutral is good, except that a racing engine presents dangers of\nit's own. ", "Killing the ignition removes this risk as well.", "\n\nI'll go on to say that if you can't steer or stop your car without power\nassist you have yet another strike against you as a operator of an automobile.", "\n\n~~~\nwtallis\nWhen you're in an unintended acceleration situation, you don't want the only\nsolution to be one that introduces several other sudden, unintended changes in\nthe behavior of the car.", "\n\nAnd in a panic situation, you're not going to be able to reliably turn the key\nonly one click counterclockwise to the off position instead of two clicks to\nthe lock position.", "\n\n~~~\njasongullickson\n_And in a panic situation, you're not going to be able to reliably turn the\nkey only one click counterclockwise to the off position instead of two clicks\nto the lock position._", "\n\nAs I stated originally, if you are incapable of handling a vehicle in an\nemergency situation then you should be relieved of the responsibility.", "\n\nFor the record I have performed this \"complex\" operation under these\nconditions (and on a motorcycle as well) and I've met more than one other\nperson who has done the same.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to find this limit $\\lim_{n \\to \\infty } \\frac{n^{(1+sin((\\pi*n)/2))/2}}{\\sqrt(n)}$?", "\n\nI am struggling to find this limit:\n$$\\lim_{n \\to \\infty } \\frac{n^{(1+sin((\\pi*n)/2))/2}}{\\sqrt(n)}$$\nWolfram alpha failed.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe sequence does not have a limit, as it varies between 0, 1 and $\\inf$. You can see this from the fact that exponent $u$ in the numerator follows the sequence $\\frac{1}{2}, 1, \\frac{1}{2}, 0, \\frac{1}{2}, 1, \\frac{1}{2}, 0, \\ldots$. For $u=1$ and $n\\rightarrow\\infty$, the sequence goes to infinity. ", "For $u=\\frac{1}{2}$, the expression limits to 1, for $u=0$, the limit is zero.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Virtual image guided navigation in tumor surgery--technical innovation.", "\nWe present a new visualization system for image-guided stereotactic navigation in tumor surgery. ", "The combination of frameless stereotactic localization technology with real-time video processing permits the visualization of medical imaging data as a video overlay during the actual surgical procedure. ", "Virtual computer-generated anatomical structures are displayed intraoperatively in a semi-immersive head-up display. ", "This results in surgical navigation assistance without limiting the judgement of the physician based on the continuous observation of the operating field. ", "The case presented documents the potential of augmented reality visualization concepts in tumor surgery of the head." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Bob Pifferini\n\nRobert Marico Pifferini, Jr. (born June 27, 1950) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for four seasons for the Chicago Bears, where he was a sixth-round draft pick, and one season for the Los Angeles Rams in the 1970s. ", " He played college football at UCLA.", "\n\nHe is the son of Bob Pifferini, Sr..\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1950 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from San Jose, California\nCategory:Players of American football from California\nCategory:American football linebackers\nCategory:UCLA Bruins football players\nCategory:Chicago Bears players\nCategory:Los Angeles Rams players" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Intrauterine cannabis exposure leads to more aggressive behavior and attention problems in 18-month-old girls.", "\nThe development of the fetal endocannabinoid receptor system may be vulnerable to maternal cannabis use during pregnancy and may produce long-term consequences in children. ", "In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between gestational cannabis use and childhood attention problems and aggressive behavior. ", "Using a large general population birth cohort, we examined the associations between parental prenatal cannabis and tobacco use and childhood behavior problems at 18 months measured using the Child Behavior Checklist in N=4077 children. ", "Substance use was measured in early pregnancy. ", "Linear regression analyses demonstrated that gestational exposure to cannabis is associated with behavioral problems in early childhood but only in girls and only in the area of increased aggressive behavior (B=2.02; 95% CI: 0.30-3.73; p=0.02) and attention problems (B=1.04; 95% CI: 0.46-1.62; p<0.001). ", "Furthermore, this study showed that long-term (but not short term) tobacco exposure was associated with behavioral problems in girls (B=1.16; 95% CI: 0.20-2.12; p=0.02). ", "There was no association between cannabis use of the father and child behavior problems. ", "Our results suggest that intrauterine exposure to cannabis is associated with an increased risk for aggressive behavior and attention problems as early as 18 months of age in girls, but not boys. ", "Further research is needed to explore the association between prenatal cannabis exposure and child behavior at later ages. ", "Our data support educating future mothers about the risk to their babies should they smoke cannabis during pregnancy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\nout vec2 uvs;\nout vec2 pixcoord;\nout vec4 offset[3];\n\nvoid main()\n{\n int v = gl_VertexID % 3;\n float x = -1.0 + float((v & 1) << 2);\n float y = -1.0 + float((v & 2) << 1);\n gl_Position = vec4(x, y, 1.0, 1.0);\n uvs = (gl_Position.xy + 1.0) * 0.5;\n\n#if SMAA_STAGE == 0\n SMAAEdgeDetectionVS(uvs, offset);\n#elif SMAA_STAGE == 1\n SMAABlendingWeightCalculationVS(uvs, pixcoord, offset);\n#elif SMAA_STAGE == 2\n SMAANeighborhoodBlendingVS(uvs, offset[0]);\n#endif\n}\n" ]

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[ 0.1183992549777031 ]

[ " NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE\n APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION\n This opinion shall not \"constitute precedent or be binding upon any court.\" ", "Although it is posted on the\n internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. ", "R. 1:36-3.", "\n\n\n\n\n SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY\n APPELLATE DIVISION\n DOCKET NO. ", "A-4202-17T2\n\nSTATE OF NEW JERSEY,\n\n Plaintiff-Respondent,\n\nv.\n\nCOURTNEY SIMPSON, a/k/a\nDALE SIMPSON,\n\n Defendant-Appellant.", "\n____________________________\n\n Argued January 23, 2020 – Decided May 6, 2020\n\n Before Judges Koblitz, Whipple and Gooden Brown.", "\n\n On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law\n Division, Passaic County, Indictment No. ", "15-02-0113.", "\n\n Paul Condon argued the cause for appellant.", "\n\n Marc A. Festa, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause\n for respondent (Camelia M. Valdes, Passaic County\n Prosecutor, attorney; Christopher W. Hsieh, Chief\n Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).", "\n\nPER CURIAM\n\f Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of first-degree aggravated\n\nmanslaughter, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a)(1), as a lesser included offense of murder,\n\nN.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1) and 3(a)(2) (count one); second-degree possession of a\n\nfirearm for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a) (count two); and second-\n\ndegree unlawful possession of a handgun, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b) (count three).", "\n\nThe convictions stemmed from defendant fatally shooting a guest at a house\n\nparty during an altercation involving several party attendees. ", "The altercation\n\nbegan in the house and continued in a supermarket parking lot across the street,\n\nwhere the shooting was captured on surveillance cameras. ", " Defendant was\n\napprehended in Florida almost a year later. ", "After denying defendant's pro se\n\nmotion for a judgment of acquittal notwithstanding the verdict and a new trial,\n\nsee R. 3:18-2 and R. 3:20-2, the judge sentenced defendant to an aggregate\n\ntwenty-two-year term of imprisonment, subject to an eighty-five percent period\n\nof parole ineligibility pursuant to the No Early Release Act (NERA), N.J.S.A.\n\n2C:43-7.2.", "\n\n On appeal, defendant raises the following points for our consideration:\n\n\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 2\n\f POINT I\n\n THE COURT'S FAILURE TO CONDUCT A\n WADE/HENDERSON[1] HEARING ON THE\n ADMISSIBILITY OF A CHALLENGED\n IDENTIFICATION DEPRIVED [DEFENDANT] OF\n A FAIR TRIAL.", "\n\n POINT II\n\n THE STATE'S NARRATION OF THE\n SURVEILLANCE VIDEO DEPRIVED DEFENDANT\n OF A FAIR TRIAL.", "\n\n POINT III\n\n THE ADMISSION OF THE \"DYING\n DECLARATION\" DEPRIVED DEFENDANT OF A\n FAIR TRIAL (NOT RAISED BELOW).", "\n\n POINT IV\n\n THE STATE'S CLOSING ARGUMENT\n IMPROPERLY SUGGESTED DEFENDANT FLED\n AND IMPROPERLY ALLUDED TO WITNESS\n INTIMIDATION THEREBY DEPRIVING\n DEFENDANT OF A FAIR TRIAL.", "\n\n POINT V\n\n THE SENTENCE OF THE COURT WAS\n EXCESSIVE (NOT RAISED BELOW).", "\n\nHaving considered the arguments and applicable law, we affirm.", "\n\n\n1\n United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 (1967); State v. Henderson, 208 N.J. 208\n(2011).", "\n A-4202-17T2\n 3\n\f I.\n\n We glean these facts from the trial record. ", "On February 22, 2014, at\n\napproximately 2:00 a.m., Ferron Green was fatally shot several times in the\n\nparking lot of Universal Supermarket, located on Ellison Street in Paterson.", "\n\nEarlier that evening, Green and about thirty individuals attended a house party\n\ndirectly across the street from the supermarket. ", "At some point during the party,\n\nthe host, known as Yardy, turned the music off and ordered the guests to leave.", "\n\nGreen and another guest, identified as Shane, argued with Yardy to turn the\n\nmusic back on and keep the party going. ", "Eventually, Green and Shane started\n\narguing with each other. ", "As the argument escalated, Green, Shane, Yardy, and\n\nseveral other party attendees, including defendant, walked across the street to\n\nthe supermarket parking lot where they faced off in a circle. ", "Green and Shane\n\ncontinued arguing and screamed \"obscene\" epithets at one another.", "\n\n As the argument became increasingly combative, some guests tried\n\nunsuccessfully \"to break it up.\" ", "At some point, someone yelled a particularly\n\noffensive epithet, followed by the firing of successive gunshots, prompting\n\neveryone to quickly disperse. ", "Moments after the gunshots were fired, several\n\nparty guests found Green lying on the ground of the parking lot, pleading for\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 4\n\fthem to call an ambulance and declaring that he was going to die. ", "When police\n\nofficers responded to the scene and asked Green who shot him, Green responded,\n\n\"I'm going to die.\" ", "Green was transported by ambulance to the hospital, where\n\nhe later succumbed to his injuries. ", "A State medical examiner subsequently ruled\n\nGreen's \"cause of death\" as \"multiple gunshot wounds\" to the \"torso and right\n\nleg,\" and \"manner of death\" as \"homicide.\"", "\n\n During the ensuing investigation, police recovered surveillance footage\n\nthat \"capture[d] the shooting\" from \"video cameras\" located \"on the outside of\n\n. . . ", "the supermarket.\" ", "Additionally, witnesses provided recorded statements to\n\npolice, as a result of which defendant was identified as the shooter and a warrant\n\nwas issued for his arrest. ", "Notably, Detective Rafael Fermin of the Paterson\n\nPolice Department interviewed Shellina Morgan, who informed him that\n\nalthough \"[s]he did not see the shooting,\" she saw a person she knew as \"Dolla\"\n\n\"with a gun inside the party.\" ", "When Fermin showed Morgan a photograph of\n\ndefendant, Morgan identified defendant as Dolla, but refused to sign the\n\nphotograph because \"[s]he was scared.\" ", "2 Thereafter, officers were unable to\n\n\n2\n At trial, pursuant to State v. Gross, 121 N.J. 1, 15-17 (1990), Morgan's\nstatements to Fermin were admitted as substantive evidence following an\nN.J.R.E. 104 hearing outside the presence of the jury conducted after Morgan\nfeigned lack of recollection while testifying. ", "See State v. Brown, 138 N.J. 481,\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 5\n\ffind defendant in New Jersey. ", "Almost a year later, in December 2014, defendant\n\nwas located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and transported back to New Jersey to\n\nface the homicide related charges lodged against him.", "\n\n During the six-day trial, along with responding police officers, detectives,\n\nand the State medical examiner, several witnesses who had attended the party\n\nand were present during the altercation in the parking lot testified for the State.", "\n\nThe surveillance footage from the supermarket was also played for the jury.", "\n\n Williard Buchanan attended the party and testified that when the\n\naltercation began in the house, Green and defendant were arguing, and he\n\nobserved defendant holding an object behind his back that \"looked like a gun.\"", "\n\nBuchanan stated that he was still in the house when he heard gunshots. ", "He\n\ntestified that when he ran outside after the shooting and tended to Green, Green\n\nhanded him his car keys and told him repeatedly that \"he [was] going to die.\"", "\n\nBuchanan said Green was \"mumbling something about who shot him\" but he\n\n\"[c]ouldn't hear clearly.\" ", " When pressed, Buchanan confirmed that he had\n\npreviously told police \"[i]t sound[ed] like [Green] said\" \"Dolla sh[]ot [him],\"\n\nbut claimed he was pressured to cooperate because \"[he] was on probation\" and\n\n\n542 (1994), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Cooper, 151 N.J. 326,\n377 (1997) (\"[A] feigned lack of recollection is an inconsistency on which the\nadmission of a witness's prior inconsistent statement may be based.\").", "\n A-4202-17T2\n 6\n\f\"[he] was subject to deportation.\" ", "On cross-examination, Buchanan admitted\n\nthat he \"just said whatever to save [his] a-s-s.\" Buchanan identified defendant\n\nin court as \"Dolla.\"", "\n\n Keston Miguel participated in the face-off in the parking lot and testified\n\nthat after the shooting, he observed Green fall to the ground and a gun in\n\ndefendant's 3 hand. ", "However, on cross-examination, he admitted that he was\n\ncoerced by police to incriminate defendant and, in fact, never saw defendant\n\nwith a gun. ", "According to Miguel, after the shooting, he immediately jumped\n\ninto \"[a] van\" driven by Mario Tyrell and occupied by three other party\n\nattendees, including defendant.", "\n\n Tyrell confirmed that Miguel and three other men, including defendant,\n\n\"jumped in\" his van immediately after the shooting. ", "According to Tyrell, he had\n\nbeen in the parking lot during the face-off, ran towards his parked van after the\n\nshooting, and saw defendant's hand pointing in Green's direction when he looked\n\nback. ", " Although no one spoke explicitly of the shooting during the ride,\n\ndefendant stated that he had never liked Green, and, as defendant sat in the van,\n\nTyrell \"glimpsed a gun\" \"tucked\" in defendant's waistband.", "\n\n\n\n3\n During a police interview, Miguel identified defendant's photograph as Dolla,\nand identified defendant at trial as Dolla.", "\n A-4202-17T2\n 7\n\f Shawanda Evans, Morgan's cousin, testified that after the \"commotion,\"\n\nshe found Green lying in the parking lot bleeding. ", "She testified that when she\n\ntried to put pressure on his bullet wounds, Green told her \"I'm dead, I'm dead,\n\nI'm dead.\" ", "Shantress Smith attended the party with Evans. ", "Smith testified she\n\nheard gunshots and ran to the parking lot, where Green asked her to \"call the\n\nambulance\" and told her \"I feel like I'm dying. ", " I'm dying. ", " I'm dying.\"", "\n\nDefendant did not testify or present any witnesses at trial.", "\n\n II.", "\n\n In Point I, defendant asserts that he was deprived of a fair trial because\n\nthe trial judge failed to conduct \"a Wade/Henderson hearing outside the presence\n\nof the jury\" before admitting Morgan's \"videotaped statement\" to police, in\n\nwhich she implicated defendant as the shooter. ", "Defendant acknowledges that\n\nwhile the judge conducted a Gross hearing to consider the admissibility of\n\nMorgan's prior recorded statements when she feigned lack of recollection while\n\ntestifying, the judge denied him a Wade/Henderson hearing because Morgan\n\n\"was familiar with the defendant.\"", "\n\n To be entitled to a Wade/Henderson hearing, a defendant must first proffer\n\n\"some evidence of suggestiveness\" that could result in a misidentification.", "\n\nHenderson, 208 N.J. at 238, 288. ", "No such evidence was presented here. ", "Morgan\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 8\n\fidentified \"Dolla,\" with whom she was familiar, as the person she observed with\n\na gun at the party. ", " Morgan supplied defendant's nickname, and Detective\n\nFermin showed her a photograph of that person for confirmation. ", " A\n\nWade/Henderson hearing is not warranted in these circumstances where the\n\nwitness identifies the suspect by a nickname, and the officer's act of showing\n\nthe witness a photo of the person associated with that nickname was simply a\n\nconfirmatory identification. ", " \"A confirmatory identification occurs when a\n\nwitness identifies someone he or she knows from before but cannot identify by\n\nname,\" or can \"only [identify] by a street name.\" ", "State v. Pressley, 232 N.J. 587,\n\n592-93 (2018). ", "Indeed, \"a 'confirmatory' identification [as occurred here] . . . ", "is\n\nnot considered suggestive.\" ", "Id. at 592.", "\n\n In Point II, defendant argues that Detective Fermin's narration of the\n\n\"surveillance videotape of the criminal incident\" obtained from the supermarket\n\n\"required no specialized skill,\" provided the \"State's version of the incident\" to\n\nthe jury, and thereby \"deprived him of a fair trial.\" ", "Thus, defendant infers that\n\nthe judge erred in permitting the narration.", "\n\n While the surveillance video from the supermarket was played for the jury,\n\nFermin provided the following narration:\n\n\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 9\n\f You can see from this area right here, it's a group\n of males gathering. ", "It looks like they're having a\n conversation.", "\n\n ....\n\n Keep your eyes on this area right here, a lot of the\n males will fall down shortly. ", "There he is on the ground.", "\n And this group of males will head this way and\n eventually get in a car or mini van.", "\n\n ....\n\n And there goes the mini van. ", "As you can see\n there's movement around it and it's about to take off and\n makes a left down East 18th. ", "We later learn through\n our investigation that [the] mini van goes onto Madison\n Ave. ", "and crosses over Park Ave.", "\n\n ....\n\n . . . . [", "I]n the area there is what we believe is a\n muzzle flash in this area right before the victim falls.", "\n\n ....\n\n The area where the group of males are and the\n male then falls. ", "So there is a muzzle flash that we see.", "\n But again you won't be able to see it. ", "It's hard to see on\n this screen because it's expanded and it distorts the\n picture.", "\n\n During the narration, defense counsel only objected when Fermin said that\n\nthe \"group of males will head this way and eventually get in a car or mini van.\"", "\n\nAccording to defense counsel, Fermin was \"testifying to something [] not in the\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 10\n\fvideo yet.\" ", "The judge overruled the objection, noting that Fermin was simply\n\n\"describing what [the video] depicts.\"", "\n\n We review a trial court's evidentiary determinations under an abuse-of-\n\ndiscretion standard. ", "State v. Perry, 225 N.J. 222, 233 (2016). ", "An abuse of\n\ndiscretion occurs when a trial court's evidentiary ruling \"was so wide of the\n\nmark\" as to result in \"a manifest denial of justice\" and the evidence diverts the\n\njurors from a reasonable and fair evaluation of guilt or innocence. ", "State v.\n\nMarrero, 148 N.J. 469, 484 (1997) (quoting State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 216\n\n(1984)); State v. Moore, 122 N.J. 420, 467 (1991). \"", "However, '[w]hen the trial\n\ncourt fails to apply the proper test in analyzing the admissibility of proffered\n\nevidence,' our review is de novo.\" ", "Konop v. Rosen, 425 N.J. Super. ", "391, 401\n\n(App. ", "Div. ", "2012) (alteration in original) (quoting Pressler & Verniero, Current\n\nN.J. Court Rules, cmt. ", "4.6 on R. 2:10-2 (2012)).", "\n\n A law enforcement officer's narrative testimony of surveillance footage\n\ndepicting the crime is considered lay opinion testimony.", "\n\n Lay witnesses may present relevant opinion testimony\n in accordance with Rule 701, which permits \"testimony\n in the form of opinions or inferences . . . ", "if it . . . ", "is\n rationally based\" on the witness'[s] \"perception\" and\n \"will assist in understanding the witness'[s] testimony\n or in determining a fact in issue.\"", "\n\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 11\n\f [State v. Lazo, 209 N.J. 9, 22 (2012) (first and second\n alterations in original) (quoting N.J.R.E. 701).]", "\n\n \"The Rule does not permit a witness to offer a lay opinion on a matter 'not\n\nwithin [the witness's] direct ken . . . ", "and as to which the jury is as competent as\n\n[the witness] to form a conclusion.'\" ", "State v. McLean, 205 N.J. 438, 459 (2011)\n\n(first, second, and fourth alterations in original) (quoting Brindley v. Firemen's\n\nIns. ", "Co., 35 N.J. Super. ", "1, 8 (App. ", "Div. ", "1955)). ", "As the McLean Court stated,\n\nlay opinion \"is not a vehicle for offering the view of the witness about a series\n\nof facts the jury can evaluate for itself.\" ", "Id. at 462. \"[", "L]ay opinion testimony is\n\nlimited to what was directly perceived by the witness and may not rest on\n\notherwise inadmissible hearsay.\" ", "Id. at 460.", "\n\n Here, we are satisfied that Fermin's narration of the surveillance footage\n\nexceeded the bounds of permissible lay opinion testimony. ", "Because he based\n\nhis testimony on his observations of the video, and not on any personal\n\nknowledge, he was in no better position than the jury to draw conclusions about\n\nwhat the video showed. ", "However, we conclude that permitting the narration\n\nconstitutes harmless error.", "\n\n \"An evidentiary error will . . . ", "be found 'harmless' if there is [no]\n\nreasonable doubt as to whether the error contributed to the verdict.\" ", "State v.\n\nJ.R., 227 N.J. 393, 417 (2017). ", "Said another way, \"[t]he harmless error standard\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 12\n\frequires that there be some degree of possibility that [the error] led to an unjust\n\nresult. ", "The possibility must be real, one sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt\n\nas to whether [it] led the jury to a verdict it otherwise might not have reached.\"", "\n\nLazo, 209 N.J. at 26 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). ", "See R.\n\n2:10-2 (\"Any error or omission shall be disregarded by the appellate court unless\n\nit is of such a nature as to have been clearly capable of producing an unjust\n\nresult\").", "\n\n Here, Fermin's narration provided no more information than what the\n\nvideo showed. ", "The jury was able to assess his statements as well as make its\n\nown independent assessment of the video irrespective of Fermin's narration.", "\n\nThis is not a case where a police witness impermissibly identified a defendant\n\ndepicted in a surveillance photo or video with no personal knowledge of the\n\ncrime and no prior familiarity with the defendant. ", "See Lazo, 209 N.J. at 24\n\n(clarifying that a law enforcement officer may not offer a lay opinion on\n\nidentification from a surveillance photo where the officer did not witness the\n\ncrime, did not know the defendant, and the officer's opinion stemmed entirely\n\nfrom the victim's description). ", "Thus, we are satisfied the error was not capable\n\nof producing an unjust result and did not deprive defendant of a fair trial.", "\n\n\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 13\n\f We also conclude that it was harmless error for Fermin to indicate that he\n\n\"later learn[ed] through . . . ", "investigation\" the minivan's course of travel. ", "While\n\nthe testimony constituted hearsay, it neither implicated defendant in the crime\n\nnor was clearly capable of producing an unjust result. ", "See State v. Branch, 182\n\nN.J. 338, 349-51 (2005) (barring hearsay testimony which leads the jury to infer\n\nthat a police officer received information from an unknown source implicating\n\nthe defendant in a crime).", "\n\n In Point III, defendant argues the judge \"should have conducted a[n]\n\n[N.J.R.E. 104] hearing . . . ", "to determine the exact content of . . . ", "Buchanan's\n\ntestimony regarding the dying declaration even though the defense waived said\n\nright.\" ", "Defendant continues that the judge also failed \"to consider the prejudice\n\nto defendant by the admission of the purported dying declaration \" and \"the\n\nrepeated recitation of the victim's 'dying declaration' deprived him of a fair\n\ntrial.\"", "\n\n Defendant waived an N.J.R.E. 104 hearing on the admissibility of\n\nBuchanan's testimony as a dying declaration \"for very good tactical reasons .\"", "\n\nThus, reviewing this claim under the doctrine of invited error, we find no fault\n\nwith the judge's decision to evaluate the admissibility of Buchanan's testimony\n\nwithout conducting an N.J.R.E. 104 hearing. ", "See N.J. Div. ", "of Youth & Family\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 14\n\fServs. ", "v. M.C. III, 201 N.J. 328, 340-42 (2010) (holding that where defense\n\ncounsel makes strategic decision at trial, a reviewing court will not reverse in\n\nthe absence of fundamental injustice).", "\n\n Citing State v. Graham, 59 N.J. 366, 370 (1971), the judge admitted the\n\ntestimony under N.J.R.E. 804(b)(2), explaining that\n\n the victim's out-of-court statement . . . ", "has to be made\n while the victim believed his death was imminent. ", "The\n [c]ourt in making [the] decision as to admissibility\n looks to the nature of the injury and the extent of the\n wound.", "\n\n Here, . . . ", "there were bullet wounds to the torso\n and leg of the [victim]. ", "He was bleeding profusely. . . .", "\n [F]rom the testimony . . . ", "from various witnesses, . . .", "\n Green[] was aware of the nature and extent of his\n wounds.", "\n\n He was aware of the imminence of death having\n said, even according to the testimony of these other\n witnesses, I'm dead, I'm dead. . . . [", "W]itnesses . . . ", "tried\n to reassure [Green] that he was not dying, but it's clear\n that [Green] believed that he was. ", "He was prostrate.", "\n He was in a very perilous situation.", "\n\n ....\n\n [T]he condition of the declarant was grave and his own\n expressions of his sense of . . . ", "imminent death could\n not have been clearer. ", "This is . . . ", "virtually a textbook\n example of what a dying declaration is.", "\n\n\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 15\n\f Someone who knows that they're dying\n spontaneously makes a statement as to the person who\n purportedly shot him. . . .", "\n\n . . . . [", "A]ll the witnesses corroborate one another\n in terms of what the [victim's] state of mind was when\n he was speaking. ", "There is, of course, one glaring\n difference between what the other witnesses said and\n what . . . ", "Buchanan is expected to testify to, namely the\n fact that none of the other witnesses have said that . . .", "\n Green identified the shooter. ", "And that, of course, is the\n whole subject of what his anticipated testimony is about\n to be.", "\n\n N.J.R.E. 804(b)(2) provides that \"in a criminal proceeding, a statement\n\nmade by a victim unavailable as a witness is admissible if it was made\n\nvoluntarily and in good faith and while the declarant believed in the imminence\n\nof [his] impending death.\" ", "See also Graham, 59 N.J. at 371. \"", "A commonly\n\nexpressed justification for including dying declarations among the exceptions to\n\nthe hearsay rule is that the realization of impending death supports a strong\n\nlikelihood of credibility.\" ", "State v. Hegel, 113 N.J. Super. ", "193, 203 (App. ", "Div.", "\n\n1971). ", "In evaluating the admissibility of the out-of-court statement, \"all the\n\nattendant circumstances should be considered, including the weapon which\n\nwounded [the declarant], the nature and extent of his injuries, his physical\n\ncondition, his conduct, and what was said to and by him.\" ", "Id. at 201 (quoting\n\nCommonwealth v. Knable, 85 A.2d 114, 117 (Pa. 1952)).", "\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 16\n\f Whether the attendant facts and circumstances of the\n case warrant the admission of a statement as a dying\n declaration is in the first instance for the court, but,\n when admitted, the declarant's state of mind and the\n credibility, interpretation and weight to be given his\n statement are for the jury under proper instructions.", "\n\n [Ibid. (", "quoting Knable, 85 A. 2d at 117).]", "\n\n \"Where [the out-of-court statement] takes the form of an opinion or a\n\nconclusion it should not be offered to the jury until a preliminary determination\n\nhas been made by the judge that in light of the totality of all relevant\n\ncircumstances it can fairly be received without undue prejudice.\" ", "Id. at 202.", "\n\nThus, \"the trial court must weigh, under N.J.R.E. 403, probative value of the\n\ndying declaration against the prejudice to defendants of its admission.\" ", "State v.\n\nBrown, 236 N.J. 497, 523 (2019). \"", "N.J.R.E. 403 instructs that 'relevant evidence\n\nmay be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk of\n\n. . . ", "undue prejudice.'\" ", "Ibid. (", "alteration in original) (quoting N.J.R.E. 403).", "\n\n Here, there was sufficient credible evidence in the record to support the\n\njudge's determination that Green's statement to Buchanan was admissible as a\n\ndying declaration under N.J.R.E. 804(b)(2). ", " Green made the statement\n\nvoluntarily, without prodding or interrogation, while aware of his impending\n\ndeath based on the nature and extent of his injuries. ", "The fact that Green\n\nreiterated that he was dying to multiple witnesses simply reinforced his belief in\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 17\n\fthe imminence of his impending death. ", " Thus, under all the attendant\n\ncircumstances, we conclude the judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting\n\nGreen's statement to Buchanan as a dying declaration. ", "See State v. Buda, 195\n\nN.J. 278, 294 (2008) (\"Trial court evidentiary determinations are subject to\n\nlimited appellate scrutiny, as they are reviewed under the abuse of discretion\n\nstandard.\").", "\n\n Unquestionably, Green's dying declaration had substantial probative\n\nvalue. ", " As the judge pointed out, Buchanan's expected testimony differed\n\nmarkedly from the others because Green identified the shooter to Buchanan.", "\n\nThat said, the statement was also prejudicial to the defense. ", " \"Indeed,\n\nevidentially, admission of 'a dying declaration is often terrible in its\n\nconsequence and well nigh impossible to counter. ", "It has been described as\n\n\"devastating\" in its impact.'\" ", "Ibid. (", "quoting Hegel, 113 N.J. Super. ", "at 202).", "\n\nHowever, in the circumstances of this case, any undue prejudice was mitigated\n\nby defense counsel's effective cross-examination of Buchanan, who ultimately\n\nadmitted that he was pressured to incriminate defendant because \"[he] was on\n\nprobation\" and \"subject to deportation.\"", "\n\n In Point IV, defendant argues he was deprived \"of his right to a fair trial\"\n\nby the State's comments during summation. ", "Specifically, defendant asserts \"the\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 18\n\fState improperly argued defendant's absence from the jurisdiction amounted to\n\na consciousness of guilt[] despite the trial court specifically declining to instruct\n\nthe jury on that principle.\" ", " Further, according to defendant, the State\n\n\"improperly alluded to witness intimidation by asking the jury to step into the\n\nshoes of its witnesses in testifying against defendant.\"", "\n\n In assessing whether a prosecutor's remarks in summation require\n\nreversal, we evaluate whether the conduct \"was so egregious that it deprived the\n\ndefendant of a fair trial.\" ", "State v. Frost, 158 N.J. 76, 83 (1999). \"", "Prosecutors\n\nmay not make inaccurate factual or legal assertions during summation, and they\n\nmust confine their remarks to evidence revealed during trial, and reasonable\n\ninferences to be drawn from the evidence.\" ", "State v. Rodriguez, 365 N.J. Super.", "\n\n38, 48 (App. ", "Div. ", "2003) (citing State v. Smith, 167 N.J. 158, 178 (2001)).", "\n\nHowever, \"[p]rosecutors are permitted to respond to arguments raised by\n\ndefense counsel as long as they do not stray beyond the evidence.\" ", "State v.\n\nMorais, 359 N.J. Super. ", "123, 131 (App. ", "Div. ", "2003).", "\n\n \"Whether particular prosecutorial efforts can be tolerated as vigorous\n\nadvocacy or must be condemned as misconduct is often a difficult determination\n\nto make. ", "In every instance, the performance must be evaluated in the context of\n\nthe entire trial, the issues presented, and the general approaches employed.\"", "\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 19\n\fState v. Negron, 355 N.J. Super. ", "556, 576 (App. ", "Div. ", "2002). \"", "To justify reversal,\n\nthe prosecutor's conduct must have been 'clearly and unmistakably improper,'\n\nand must have substantially prejudiced defendant's fundamental right to have a\n\njury fairly evaluate the merits of his defense.\" ", "State v. Timmendequas, 161 N.J.\n\n515, 575 (1999).", "\n\n In making this determination, factors to be considered include whether\n\ndefense counsel made a timely objection, whether the remark was withdrawn\n\npromptly, whether the trial judge ordered the remarks stricken, and whether the\n\njudge instructed the jury to disregard them. ", "State v. Ramseur, 106 N.J. 123,\n\n322-23 (1987). ", "See also State v. Smith, 212 N.J. 365, 403 (2012). \"", "If no\n\nobjection is made, the remarks usually will not be deemed prejudicial. \"", "\n\nRamseur, 106 N.J. at 323. ", "See also State v. R.B., 183 N.J. 308, 333 (2005)\n\n(\"Generally, if no objection was made to the improper remarks, the remarks will\n\nnot be deemed prejudicial.\" (", "quoting Frost, 158 N.J. at 83)).", "\n\n Here, during summation, the State made the following comments\n\nregarding defendant's whereabouts after the shooting:\n\n [B]ased upon all this information that the officers were\n provided they identified the killer, [defendant]. ", "They\n start to look for him. ", "They didn't find him in Paterson,\n and they didn't find him in Passaic County. ", "They didn't\n even find him in New Jersey. ", "They found him in Fort\n Lauderdale, Florida. ", "Did you hear any testimony about\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 20\n\f anyone else being found outside of the State of New\n Jersey? ", "Only [defendant]. ", "Why? ", "Why was he in Fort\n Lauderdale, Florida after someone was just murdered?", "\n Because he murdered him. ", "Because he took his life for\n nothing. ", "Because he wanted to avoid this. ", "He wanted\n to avoid . . . . [", "Green's] day for justice.", "\n\n Defendant did not object to the prosecutor's remarks during summation.", "\n\nAfter the judge delivered the final jury instructions and inquired whether there\n\nwere any exceptions to the charge, defense counsel responded in the negative\n\nand noted there was no \"need [for] a charge on flight because [the prosecutor]\n\nargued it in his summation.\" ", "We reject defendant's contention that defense\n\ncounsel's comment constituted an objection to the prosecutor's remarks,\n\npermitting us to presume that the remarks were not deemed prejudicial at the\n\ntime they were made, and requiring reversal only upon a finding of plain error.", "\n\nTo find plain error, the error must be \"clearly capable of producing an unjust\n\nresult.\" ", "R. 2:10-2. \"", "The error must have been of sufficient magnitude to raise\n\na reasonable doubt as to whether it led the jury to a result it would otherwise not\n\nhave reached.\" ", "State v. Weston, 222 N.J. 277, 294 (2015) (quoting Pressler &\n\nVerniero, cmt. ", "2.1 on R. 2:10-2 (citations omitted)). ", "Defendant bears the burden\n\nof proving plain error. ", "Id. at 295.", "\n\n \"Departure from the scene after a crime has been committed, of itself, does\n\nnot warrant an inference of guilt.\" ", "State v. Sullivan, 43 N.J. 209, 238 (1964).", "\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 21\n\f\"For departure to take on the legal significance of flight, there must be\n\ncircumstances present and unexplained which, in conjunction with the leaving,\n\nreasonably justify an inference that it was done with a consciousness of guilt\n\nand pursuant to an effort to avoid an accusation based on that guilt.\" ", "State v.\n\nIngram, 196 N.J. 23, 46 (2008) (quoting State v. Mann, 132 N.J. 410, 418-19\n\n(1993)). ", " However, such circumstances need not \"'unequivocally support a\n\nreasonable inference' of the defendant's guilt.\" ", "State v. Randolph, 228 N.J. 566,\n\n595 (2017) (citation omitted).", "\n\n Here, the prosecutor's remarks constituted fair comment on the evidence\n\npresented at trial. ", "While numerous party attendees were interviewed by police\n\nfollowing the shooting, defendant's whereabout were unknown and he was not\n\nlocated until almost a year later in Florida. ", "Thus, it was entirely reasonable for\n\nthe prosecutor to suggest to the jury that defendant's purpose in leaving the State\n\nwas to avoid accusation or apprehension. ", "The fact that the judge determined\n\nthere was insufficient evidence to justify a flight charge does not obviate the\n\nreasonableness or the propriety of the prosecutor's remarks in the circumstances\n\nof this case. ", "Nor does it constitute plain error, particularly in light of the judge's\n\nclear instruction to the jury that \"summations of counsel are not evidence,\" and\n\n\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 22\n\f\"are not controlling,\" and that the jury \"must rely solely upon [its] understanding\n\nand recollection of the evidence.\"", "\n\n Defendant also challenges the following unobjected-to remarks,\n\ncharacterizing them as the prosecutor \"improperly allud[ing] to witness\n\nintimidation[:]\"\n\n People are murdered and witnesses don't want to talk.", "\n Why do you think that is? ", "Why do you think these\n witnesses [want to] have nothing to do with this case?", "\n . . . . ", "You need to appreciate their position. ", "Appreciate\n what's being asked of them. ", "They are being asked to\n come in through those doors, walk in, sit down on that\n witness stand and point a finger at a murderer. ", "They're\n being asked to point a finger at the same person who\n murdered [Green] over nothing.", "\n\n Think back to jury selection. . . . ", "In that first\n moment you learned that this was a murder trial. ", "That\n you were potentially going to be a juror on a murder\n trial. ", "Think about that . . . ", "first feeling you had.", "\n\n Now, try to imagine how these witnesses felt to\n be a witness on a murder trial, dark trial. ", "Imagine\n what's going through their heads. ", "Imagine what they're\n feeling. ", "And . . . ", "then, decide what's scarier, law\n enforcement intimidation or the streets? ", "At the end of\n the day the purpose of all of this is to seek the truth.", "\n Ask yourselves were the witnesses truthful? ", "Did they\n tell the truth to the police when they first met? ", "Did they\n tell the truth when they were on this witness stand? ", "Did\n they tell us everything that they know?", "\n\n\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 23\n\f During summation, defense counsel forcefully attacked the credibility of\n\nvarious party attendees who testified for the State, and poignantly pointed out\n\nthat some witnesses only incriminated defendant after they were intimidated and\n\nthreatened during aggressive police questioning. ", "In particular, defense counsel\n\nstated \"the only way [police] could get anything incriminating about [defendant]\n\nfrom . . . ", "Miguel was to arrest him for a murder he didn't commit.\" ", "Defense\n\ncounsel continued that Tyrell, who had a \"serious criminal history\" which\n\nincluded \"a gun conviction,\" testified \"about the kind of pressure he was under\n\nto get him to say\" he \"saw [defendant] with a gun.\" ", "Similarly, according to\n\ndefense counsel, Buchanan \"also, succumbed to his own fears about what would\n\nhappen to him if he didn't tell the police what they wanted to hear.\" ", " The\n\nprosecutor's challenged remarks addressed the witnesses' reluctance to testify\n\nand responded to defense counsel's attacks on their credibility.", "\n\n Considered in the context of the evidence presented, defense counsel's\n\nforceful attacks, and the prosecutor's otherwise proper summation, we are\n\nconvinced the comments were not \"so egregious that [they] deprived defendant\n\nof a fair trial,\" State v. Papasavvas, 163 N.J. 565, 616 (2000), or \"clearly capable\n\nof producing an unjust result.\" ", "R. 2:10-2. ", "See State v. Echols, 199 N.J. 344,\n\n360 (2009) (finding that the prosecutor's comments \"intend[ing] to show that\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 24\n\fseveral witnesses were threatened and intimidated as part of the State's effort to\n\nexplain the change in their anticipated testimony\" was not \"so egregious\" as to\n\ndeprive defendant of a fair trial). ", "In sum, we find none of the prosecutor's\n\nremarks met the plain error standard of review, and the failure to object suggests\n\nthat defense counsel did not believe the remarks were prejudicial at the time\n\nthey were made. ", "See R.B., 183 N.J. at 333.", "\n\n Finally, in Point V, defendant challenges his sentence as \"excessive,\"\n\narguing the judge \"failed to give meaningful credit to defendant's mitigating\n\nfactors,\" and \"erroneously cited aggravating factors three and nine because\n\ndefendant failed to show remorse.\" ", "We disagree.", "\n\n \"Appellate review of the length of a sentence is limited.\" ", "State v. Miller,\n\n205 N.J. 109, 127 (2011). ", "We will\n\n affirm the sentence unless (1) the sentencing guidelines\n were violated; (2) the aggravating and mitigating\n factors found by the sentencing court were not based\n upon competent and credible evidence in the record; or\n (3) \"the application of the guidelines to the facts of [the]\n case makes the sentence clearly unreasonable so as to\n shock the judicial conscience.\"", "\n\n [State v. Fuentes, 217 N.J. 57, 70 (2014) (alteration in\n original) (quoting State v. Roth, 95 N.J. 334, 364-65\n (1984)).]", "\n\n\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 25\n\f At sentencing, the judge found mitigating factor seven, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-\n\n1(b)(7), based on defendant having previously led \"a law abiding life,\" and, as\n\n\"a non[-]statutory [mitigating] factor,\" the fact that defendant was \"employed.\"", "\n\nRelying on State v. Carey, 168 N.J. 413 (2001) and State v. Rivera, 252 N.J.\n\nSuper. ", "142 (App. ", "Div. ", "1991), the judge found aggravating factor three, N.J.S.A.\n\n2C:44-1(a)(3), based on defendant's \"risk of re-offending,\" and aggravating\n\nfactor nine, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(9), based on the need for deterrence.", "\n\n In Carey, our Supreme Court explained that the defendant's denial of\n\nresponsibility for the crash in a vehicular homicide case after the jury returned\n\na guilty verdict \"does not irrefutably prove that defendant is likely to reoffend,\n\nbut it does provide support for the trial court's conclusion\" at sentencing \"that\n\ndefendant was likely to re-offend.\" ", "168 N.J. at 427. ", "Likewise, in Rivers, after\n\ndefendant was found guilty by a jury of various assault and weapons related\n\noffenses, we held that the \"[d]efendant's consistent denial of involvement and\n\nhis lack of remorse indicate[d] that a prison sentence [was] necessary to deter\n\ndefendant from similar conduct in the future, and therefore, the trial court\n\nproperly found aggravating factor[s] N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1a(9)\" and \"N.J.S.A.\n\n2C:44-1a(3) . . . ", "because there [was] a risk that defendant [would] commit\n\nanother offense.\" ", "252 N.J. Super. ", "at 153-54.", "\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 26\n\f Here, regarding aggravating factor N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(3), the judge\n\nstated he was \"disturbed by a continued lack of remorse,\" and \"denial [of]\n\nresponsibility on [defendant's] part.\" ", "Regarding aggravating factor N.J.S.A.\n\n2C:44-1(a)(9), the judge explained that \"by everyone's admission,\" this was a\n\n\"heartless act\" that showed \"depravity\" on defendant's part. ", "As a result, \"the\n\nneed for public safety\" as well as \"both specific and general\" \"deterrence\" were\n\n\"heightened.\" ", " The judge explained that defendant's \"lack of remorse\" and\n\n\"consistent denial of wrongdoing\" established a need for \"specific\" deterrence.", "\n\nAdditionally, \"general\" deterrence was warranted because \"the message has to\n\ngo out that you cannot senselessly take other people's lives.\"", "\n\n Giving \"substantial weight\" to the aggravating factors and \"nominal\n\nweight\" to the mitigating factors, the judge determined that \"the aggravating\n\nfactors . . . ", "substantially outweigh[ed] the mitigating factors\" to justify a\n\nsentence \"beyond the mid[-]range\" on all counts. ", "See Fuentes, 217 N.J. at 73\n\n(\"[R]eason suggests that when the mitigating factors preponderate, sentences\n\nwill tend toward the lower end of the range, and when the aggravating factors\n\npreponderate, sentences will tend toward the higher end of the range.\" (", "quoting\n\nState v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 488 (2005))). ", "Accordingly, the judge sentenced\n\n\n\n\n A-4202-17T2\n 27\n\fdefendant to twenty-two years, subject to NERA, on count one,4 \"merged\" the\n\nweapons offenses \"for purposes of sentencing,\" and imposed a concurrent eight-\n\nyear term, with forty-two months of parole ineligibility, on count two.", "\n\n Applying our deferential standard of review, we are satisfied that the\n\njudge's findings regarding aggravating and mitigating factors are amply\n\nsupported by the record, that the sentence imposed was in accordance with\n\nguidelines enunciated in the Code of Criminal Justice, and that the aggregate\n\nsentence is not manifestly excessive or unduly punitive, and does not constitute\n\nan abuse of discretion or shock our judicial conscience.", "\n\n Affirmed.", "\n\n\n\n\n4\n Aggravated manslaughter under N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a)(1) carries \"an ordinary\nterm of imprisonment between [ten] and [thirty] years.\" ", "N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(c).", "\n A-4202-17T2\n 28\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Candy-Plug Generation II for False Lumen Occlusion in Chronic Aortic Dissection: Feasibility and Early Results.", "\nPurpose: To present the early results of false lumen (FL) occlusion in chronic aortic dissection using the Candy-Plug generation II (CP II), which has a self-closing fabric channel that obviates the need for separate occlusion of its center. ", "Materials and Methods: Fourteen consecutive patients (mean age 60±11 years; 10 men) with persistent FL backflow and aneurysm formation at the thoracic segment in chronic aortic dissection underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) with FL occlusion using the refined CP II. ", "Primary endpoints were technical success (successful deployment) and clinical success (no FL backflow at the CP II level). ", "Secondary endpoints included 30-day mortality and morbidity and aortic remodeling during follow-up. ", "Results: Technical success was 100%. ", "One patient required additional intraprocedural FL embolization at the CP II level due to persistent FL backflow on final angiography (clinical success 93%), though there was no flow through the CP II center. ", "There were no intraprocedural complications. ", "Immediate complete FL occlusion was achieved in 12 patients; the other 2 required reintervention. ", "One had contrast enhancement in the distal FL proximal to the CP II and was treated with coil embolization. ", "The other patient had persistent type I endoleak at the level of the left subclavian artery (LSA) and underwent left carotid-LSA bypass and proximal stent-graft extension. ", "One patient died due to retrograde type A aortic dissection that was not related to CP II placement. ", "Over a mean 8-month follow-up (range 3-12), 9 patients had computed tomography angiography; 8 patients had evidence of aortic remodeling, while 1 aneurysm sac was stable. ", "Conclusion: The CP II reduces the number of procedural steps and offers good seal, with minimal morbidity and mortality and a high rate of aortic remodeling." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Integration and detection of biochemical assays in digital microfluidic LOC devices.", "\nThe ambition of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems to achieve chip-level integration of a complete analytical process capable of performing a complex set of biomedical protocols is hindered by the absence of standard fluidic components able to be assembled. ", "As a result, most microfluidic platforms built to date are highly specialized and designed to fulfill the requirements of a single particular application within a limited set of operations. ", "Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) digital microfluidic technology has been recently introduced as a new methodology in the quest for LOC systems. ", "Herein, unit volume droplets are manipulated along electrode arrays, allowing a microfluidic function to be reduced to a set of basic operations. ", "The highly reprogrammable architecture of these systems can satisfy the needs of a diverse set of biochemical assays and ensure reconfigurability, flexibility and portability between different categories of applications and requirements. ", "While important progress was made over past years in the fabrication, miniaturization and function programming of the basic EWOD fluidic operations, the success of this technology will in great part depend on the ability of researchers to couple or integrate digital microfluidics to detection approaches that can make the system competitive for LOC applications. ", "The detection techniques should be able to circumvent the limitations of hydrophobic surfaces and exploit the advantages of the array format, high droplet transport speeds and rapid mixing schemes. ", "This review provides an in-depth look at recent developments for the coupling and integration of detection techniques with digital microfluidic platforms for bio-chemical applications." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "959 F.2d 1011\n295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 7\nUNITED STATES of Americav.", "Jonathan Jay POLLARD, Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "90-3276.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,District of Columbia Circuit.", "\nArgued Sept. 10, 1991.Decided March 20, 1992.Order Amending Opinion May 28, 1992.", "\n\n[295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 11] Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (86cr00207-01).", "\nTheodore B. Olson, with whom John H. Sturc, Theodore J. Boutrous, Jr., and Hamilton P. Fox, III, Washington, D.C., were on the brief, for appellant.", "\nJohn R. Fisher, Asst. ", "U.S. Atty., ", "with whom Jay B. Stephens, U.S. Atty., ", "and Elizabeth H. Danello, Asst. ", "U.S. Atty., ", "Washington, D.C., were on the brief, for appellee.", "\nKenneth Lasson, Baltimore, Md., was on the brief for amici curiae, Law Professors, et al., ", "urging reversal.", "\nBefore: RUTH BADER GINSBURG, SILBERMAN and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.", "\nOpinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge SILBERMAN.", "\nDissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge WILLIAMS.", "\nSILBERMAN, Circuit Judge:\n\n\n1\nPursuant to an agreement with the government, Jonathan Pollard pleaded guilty on June 4, 1986 to one count of conspiracy to deliver national defense information to a foreign government. ", " See 18 U.S.C. § 794(c). ", " Chief Judge Aubrey E. Robinson, Jr. of the district court sentenced him to life imprisonment. ", " Pollard did not appeal his conviction. ", " Pollard later made an unsuccessful motion under FED.R.CRIM.P. 35 to have his sentence reduced and, again, did not appeal.", "\n\n\n2\nThree years after sentencing, having served the intervening time in prison, Pollard sought to attack his sentence collaterally by filing a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 22551 seeking the district court's approval to withdraw his guilty plea. ", " Pollard claimed that the government obtained his guilty plea improperly--even unconstitutionally--by linking or \"wiring\" his wife's plea to his own. ", " Anne Henderson Pollard had also been arrested in connection with Pollard's espionage, but the government refused to enter into a plea agreement with her unless he pleaded guilty as well. ", " Pollard also asserted that the government breached the plea agreement by the nature of its arguments (allocution) to the district court at sentencing and, furthermore, that Chief Judge Robinson based Pollard's sentence on ex parte communications from the government. ", " Appellant sought a hearing on this rather dramatic charge and asked Chief Judge Robinson to recuse himself. ", " Pollard's new attorneys in the § 2255 proceeding also sought access to certain highly classified materials the government had submitted at sentencing.", "\n\n\n3\nThe district judge declined to recuse, denied access to the classified sentencing materials, and, without holding a hearing, refused to permit Pollard to withdraw his guilty plea. ", " See United States v. Pollard, 747 F.Supp. ", "797 (D.D.C.1990). ", " This appeal followed, and we now affirm.", "\n\nI.\n\n4\nFor a period of approximately eighteen months, from June 1984 through November 1985, Jonathan Pollard, an Intelligence Research Specialist with the United States Navy, removed large amounts of highly classified U.S. intelligence information from his office, copied it, and delivered it to agents of the Israeli government. ", " Initially, Pollard was not paid, but during the last twelve months of this period, he met regularly with his Israeli handlers in order to [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 12] receive specific tasking information, and he received between $1,500 and $2,500 per month for his efforts.", "\n\n\n5\nApproximately one year after the regular deliveries began, agents of the FBI and Naval Investigative Service (NIS) stopped Pollard as he was leaving work and questioned him concerning the unauthorized removal of classified information from his office. ", " Twice during the interview, Pollard received permission to call home to his wife, Anne Henderson Pollard. ", " In those conversations, he used the prearranged code word \"cactus,\" whereupon Mrs. Pollard removed a suitcase full of classified U.S. intelligence information from the Pollards' apartment and contacted Pollard's Israeli handlers to tell them that Pollard was in trouble. ", " This was her only active involvement in Pollard's espionage.", "\n\n\n6\nDuring the next two days the FBI and NIS conducted further interviews of Pollard. ", " Pollard, in the course of these interviews, lied to his interrogators, keeping secret his involvement with the Israelis. ", " He stalled for time, as his Israeli handlers had instructed him, and one of his handlers during this period managed to leave the country.", "\n\n\n7\nJonathan Pollard was finally arrested on November 21, 1985, and charged with violations of 18 U.S.C. §§ 794(a) and 793(e). ", " Mrs. Pollard was arrested a day later as an accessory. ", " The Pollards, prior to their arrests, had sought asylum at the Israeli embassy, actually gaining entrance to the embassy compound at one point, but the Israelis turned them away. ", " Nonetheless, during his initial post-arrest interviews, Pollard continued to protect his Israeli handlers. ", " Although he admitted that he had lied in his earlier interviews and had in fact been delivering classified information to a foreign government, he refused to identify the government or the names of the foreign intelligence agents controlling him. ", " Pollard's other Israeli handler departed the United States during this time.", "\n\n\n8\nFollowing their arrests, the Pollards were jailed without bail. ", " Mrs. Pollard had, for several years, suffered from a debilitating gastrointestinal disorder that had not been accurately diagnosed prior to her arrest. ", " During her stay in the D.C. jail, she was seriously ill, losing forty pounds over a period of three months. ", " In February of 1986, Mrs. Pollard was released on bail.", "\n\n\n9\nPollard had, in the meantime, begun plea discussions with the government. ", " He sought to plead guilty both to minimize his chances of receiving a life sentence and to enable Anne Pollard to plead as well, which the government was otherwise unwilling to let her do. ", " The government, however, was prepared to offer Pollard a plea agreement only after Pollard consented to assist the government in its damage assessment and submitted to polygraph examinations and interviews with FBI agents and Department of Justice attorneys. ", " Accordingly, over a period of several months, Pollard cooperated with the government investigation, and in late May of 1986, the government offered him a plea agreement, which he accepted.", "\n\n\n10\nBy the terms of that agreement, Pollard was bound to plead guilty to one count of conspiracy to deliver national defense information to a foreign government (18 U.S.C. § 794(c)), which carried a maximum prison term of life, and to cooperate fully with the government's ongoing investigation. ", " He promised not to disseminate any information concerning his crimes without submitting to pre-clearance by the Director of Naval Intelligence. ", " His agreement further provided that failure by Anne Pollard to adhere to the terms of her agreement entitled the government to void his agreement, and her agreement contained a mirror-image provision.", "\n\n\n11\nIn return for Pollard's plea, the government promised not to charge him with additional crimes, entered into a plea agreement with Anne Pollard, and made several specific representations that are very much at issue in this case. ", " The critical provisions are paragraphs 4(a) and 4(b) of the agreement, in which the government \"agree[d] as follows\":\n\n\n12\n(a) When [Pollard] appears before the Court for sentencing for the offense to which he has agreed to plead guilty, the Government will bring to the Court's attention [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 13] the nature, extent and value of his cooperation and testimony. ", " Because of the classified nature of the information Mr. Pollard has provided to the Government, it is understood that particular representations concerning his cooperation may have to be made to the Court in camera. ", " In general, however, the Government has agreed to represent that the information Mr. Pollard has provided is of considerable value to the Government's damage assessment analysis, its investigation of this criminal case, and the enforcement of the espionage laws.", "\n\n\n13\n(b) Notwithstanding Mr. Pollard's cooperation, at the time of sentencing the Government will recommend that the Court impose a sentence of a substantial period of incarceration and a monetary fine. ", " The Government retains full right of allocution at all times concerning the facts and circumstances of the offenses committed by Mr. Pollard, and will be free to correct any misstatements of fact at the time of sentencing, including representations of the defendant and his counsel in regard to the nature and extent of Mr. Pollard's cooperation. ", " Moreover, Mr. Pollard understands that, while the Court may take his cooperation into account in determining whether or not to impose a sentence of life imprisonment, this agreement cannot and does not limit the court's discretion to impose the maximum sentence.", "\n\n\n14\nThe district court accepted Pollard's plea at a hearing held on June 4, 1986. ", " Chief Judge Robinson addressed Pollard in open court and questioned him about his understanding of the rights he was surrendering, including the potential sentences he faced and the terms of the plea agreement. ", " After being assured by both Pollard and his attorney that there was no reason to be chary of the plea, the district court accepted it.", "\n\n\n15\nSentencing took place nine months later. ", " Both the government and Pollard submitted extensive pre-sentencing memoranda to the district judge. ", " In general, the government argued that Pollard had done grievous damage to U.S. national security interests in the pursuit of financial reward and that Pollard was unremorseful and a continuing danger to national security. ", " The government mentioned that Pollard had violated his plea agreement while in prison awaiting sentencing by giving several interviews to a journalist for the Jerusalem Post, Wolf Blitzer, without first submitting his comments to the Director of Naval Intelligence. ", " This again, according to the government, demonstrated that Pollard could not be trusted to refrain from disclosing the various national secrets in his possession and that he still considered himself the best judge of when to follow rules that had been imposed upon him. ", " In addition to its principal sentencing memoranda urging the district court to impose a substantial sentence, the government also submitted a highly classified declaration by Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger cataloguing the damage Pollard had done and opining that the damage had been \"substantial and irrevocable.\" ", " The day before sentencing took place, Secretary Weinberger submitted an unclassified supplemental declaration in response to Pollard's submissions that stated, in a rather polemical tone, the Secretary's contentions.", "\n\n\n16\nIn response to the government's submissions, Pollard argued that he had done little damage to national security because the information he had misappropriated had been delivered to one of the United States' closest allies. ", " He denied that he had been motivated by greed, instead claiming that he had sought to aid Israel because he believed that his aid to Israel would also benefit United States' security interests. ", " He stressed the extent and value of his cooperation and the sincerity of his contrition. ", " And he emphasized the special hardships prison life would impose on him and the psychological and emotional deterioration he had experienced during confinement.", "\n\n\n17\nAfter hearing oral allocution, the district judge sentenced Pollard to life in prison [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 14] and Mrs. Pollard to five years.2 Pollard did not appeal but made a timely Rule 35 motion seeking to have his sentence reduced on the ground that it was disproportionate to the sentences received by other spies whose espionage was arguably more damaging to United States' interests. ", " He repeated the arguments he had made at sentencing and maintained in particular that the district court had failed to take proper account of his cooperation. ", " The district court denied the motion, and Pollard did not appeal.", "\n\n\n18\nAnne Pollard was released on parole after serving three years in prison; she subsequently moved to Israel in August, 1990. ", " Some months earlier, a professor at Harvard Law School, Alan Dershowitz, whose role as Pollard's representative in this case is not entirely clear, had asked retired Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg to investigate the reasons for Pollard's life sentence. ", " Mr. Goldberg, according to Professor Dershowitz's affidavit, discussed the matter with Chief Judge Robinson. ", " The Chief Judge purportedly told Mr. Goldberg that Pollard had provided Israel with information demonstrating American knowledge of certain details of Israeli-South African defense cooperation and that this had \"weighed heavily\" in the sentence. ", " Dershowitz claims that Pollard never provided the Israelis that sort of information, so he asserts in his affidavit that Mr. Goldberg inferred that the government may have made improper ex parte submissions to Chief Judge Robinson.3\n\n\n19\nThe present litigation began in March 1990, when Pollard filed the motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to withdraw his guilty plea. ", " Pollard sought a hearing on the allegations contained in the Dershowitz affidavit, as well as on Pollard's claims that the government coerced his plea and breached the subsequent plea agreement. ", " He moved to disqualify Chief Judge Robinson pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 455 on the grounds that Chief Judge Robinson's impartiality might reasonably be questioned and that the judge possessed personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts and might therefore be a material witness at the hearing. ", " Pollard's new counsel also sought access to the highly classified materials originally submitted by the government at sentencing, including the Weinberger declaration, in order to aid in the preparation of the § 2255 motion.", "\n\n\n20\nThe district court rejected all of Pollard's claims without a hearing, finding that his contentions could be resolved adequately on the files and records of the case and on the court's judicial knowledge and recollection. ", " See Pollard, 747 F.Supp. ", "at 801. ", " It found that the government had complied in all relevant respects with the terms of the plea agreement and that Pollard's plea had been knowing and voluntary. ", " See id. at 802-06. ", " It denied Pollard's counsel access to the classified sentencing materials for the same reasons that other courts have sometimes refused to permit access to presentence reports: the district court found that the merits of Pollard's substantive claims \"simply do not withstand scrutiny\" and that Pollard's new counsel could, in any event, learn the information from Pollard and his former counsel. ", " Id. at 807. ", " The district judge refused to recuse himself, stating flatly that the allegations of ex parte contacts were untrue and that the district court's personal knowledge of the disputed evidentiary facts was gained in a judicial capacity and so provided no basis for disqualification. ", " See id. at 799-801.", "\n\nII.", "\n\n21\nWe are met at the outset with the government's argument that some of Pollard's claims, particularly that the government violated the plea agreement by the nature of its arguments to Chief Judge Robinson, are not properly before us in a § 2255 proceeding because they were not [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 15] raised at sentencing, or in the subsequent Rule 35 motion, and because Pollard did not take a direct appeal. ", " The government's contention is, in essence, that those claims were waived. ", " We think, however, that Pollard's argument that he was unconstitutionally coerced into a plea agreement because his wife's plea was wired with his is properly brought in the first instance in a § 2255 motion since, accepting Pollard's allegations as true, he would have been deterred from raising that argument until his wife was out of harm's way. ", " If he had been induced to plead guilty because of the government's posture vis-a-vis his wife, he could not be expected to openly challenge that very arrangement as unlawful while his wife was still vulnerable. ", " If he had prevailed--and the plea agreement was nullified--he would be back in the same position he was in when he was \"forced\" to enter into the plea in the first place. ", " Similarly, the claim that Chief Judge Robinson considered information brought to him ex parte by the government, based as it is on newly discovered \"evidence,\" could not have been raised before.", "\n\n\n22\nPollard's claims of breach of the plea agreement stand on somewhat different footing. ", " We cannot as easily excuse his failure to raise all of those arguments. ", " At the time of sentencing, such claims would require specific performance of the agreement, not its nullification, so his wife's alleged vulnerability if the plea were withdrawn is not relevant. ", " Pollard did in fact raise one of his breach arguments at sentencing and again in a Rule 35 motion (although he appeared to abandon it at sentencing), perhaps illustrating the point.", "\n\n\n23\nWe note that the law is rather unclear as to what claims can be raised in a § 2255 motion that were not raised at sentencing, in a Rule 35 motion, or in a direct appeal from sentencing. ", " See, e.g., Theodorou v. United States, 887 F.2d 1336, 1338-40 (7th Cir.1989); Williams v. United States, 805 F.2d 1301, 1303-06 (7th Cir.1986), cert. ", "denied, 481 U.S. 1039, 107 S.Ct. ", "1978, 95 L.Ed.2d 818 (1987); United States v. Baylin, 696 F.2d 1030 (3d Cir.1982); United States v. Corsentino, 685 F.2d 48, 50-51 (2d Cir.1982). ", " To complicate the matter even further, the government was quite imprecise in the proceeding below regarding its waiver arguments. ", " It may well be that the government thus waived its waiver claim. ", " See United States v. Hall, 843 F.2d 408, 410 (10th Cir.1988). ", " The government, to be sure, repeatedly complained that Pollard's § 2255 motion had been filed three years after he was sentenced and long after the basis for his claims should have become apparent to him, and that Pollard's counsel had not protested the alleged breaches of the plea agreement at the sentencing hearing. ", " But the government explicitly used the term \"waiver\" only with respect to Pollard's claim that the government failed adequately to describe the nature of Pollard's cooperation.", "\n\n\n24\nOrdinarily, we would feel obliged to decide whether Pollard had waived the breach of the plea agreement arguments that he presents here (although we do not see the issue as jurisdictional), but because the government was so unfocused in its argument on this issue before the district court, and because we reject Pollard's claims on the merits, we do not think it necessary to resolve the difficult question of Pollard's right to bring all of his claims in a § 2255 proceeding.4 We do, however, give due consideration to Pollard's (and his counsel's) reactions upon hearing the government's allocution at sentencing in determining whether the government's[295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 16] allocution breached the agreement.", "\n\n\n25\nWe are also mindful that in a § 2255 collateral challenge, an appellant, in order to gain relief under any claim, is obliged to show a good deal more than would be sufficient on a direct appeal from his sentence. ", " Section 2255 is not a substitute for a direct appeal. ", " See United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 165, 102 S.Ct. ", "1584, 1593, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982). ", " As both parties agree, we are authorized to grant relief only if we determine that the challenged sentence resulted from \" 'a fundamental defect which inherently results in a complete miscarriage of justice,' or 'an omission inconsistent with the rudimentary demands of fair procedure.' \" ", " FED.R.CRIM.P. 32, Advisory Committee's Note on 1983 Amendment (quoting Hill v. United States, 368 U.S. 424, 428, 82 S.Ct. ", "468, 471, 7 L.Ed.2d 417 (1962)).", "\n\nA.\n\n26\nJonathan Pollard claims that by refusing to offer Anne Pollard a plea agreement unless he also entered into a plea agreement, the government overreached; it used improper, indeed unconstitutional, pressure to force him to plead guilty. ", " We note, however, that Pollard does not contest his guilt. ", " He does not ask for a new trial to establish his innocence. ", " Cf. ", "United States v. Barker, 514 F.2d 208, 220 (D.C.Cir.) ", " (en banc) (in deciding whether to permit withdrawal of a guilty plea, whether defendant claims innocence is an \"important factor\" to consider), cert. ", "denied, 421 U.S. 1013, 95 S.Ct. ", "2420, 44 L.Ed.2d 682 (1975). ", " We are not faced with the prospect that an innocent man was involuntarily compelled to plead guilty. ", " Still, that is not dispositive. ", " Government coercion of a certain degree and kind would invalidate the plea agreement even though Pollard does not contest his guilt. ", " See Fontaine v. United States, 411 U.S. 213, 214-15, 93 S.Ct. ", "1461, 1462-63, 36 L.Ed.2d 169 (1973) (per curiam).", "\n\n\n27\nPollard first argues that the district judge did not strictly follow the dictates of FED.R.CRIM.P. 11, which requires a district judge accepting a guilty plea to advise the defendant in open court of the rights he is surrendering and to determine that his plea is voluntary and \"not the result of force or threats or of promises apart from a plea agreement.\" ", " FED.R.CRIM.P. 11(c) & (d). ", " Chief Judge Robinson, although he questioned Pollard at great length as to his understanding of his rights and the significance of the plea, never in haec verba asked Pollard whether his plea was voluntary. ", " United States v. Timmreck, 441 U.S. 780, 99 S.Ct. ", "2085, 60 L.Ed.2d 634 (1979), holds, however, that failure to comply with the literal language of Rule 11 does not itself constitute the \"complete miscarriage of justice\" required before a court will grant a § 2255 motion.5 Id. at 784, 99 S.Ct. ", "at 2087.", "\n\n\n28\nPollard's more substantial involuntariness argument is that wired pleas are unconstitutional. ", " The Supreme Court has specifically reserved judgment on \"the constitutional implications of a prosecutor's offer during plea bargaining of adverse or lenient treatment for some person other than the accused.\" ", " Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 364 n. 8, 98 S.Ct. ", "663, 668 n. 8, 54 L.Ed.2d 604 (1978) (emphasis in original). ", " The circuits that have considered the question, however, while occasionally expressing distaste for the practice, have uniformly agreed that it does not, per se, offend due process or the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination. ", " SeeUnited [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 17] States v. Marquez, 909 F.2d 738, 742 (2d Cir.1990) (citing cases from First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits), cert. ", "denied, --- U.S. ----, 111 S.Ct. ", "957, 112 L.Ed.2d 1045 (1991).", "\n\n\n29\nWe agree with our sister circuits that plea wiring does not violate the Constitution. ", " The question, of course, is whether the practice of plea wiring is so coercive as to risk inducing false guilty pleas. ", " See Bordenkircher, 434 U.S. at 364 n. 8, 98 S.Ct. ", "at 668 n. 8. ", " To say that a practice is \"coercive\" or renders a plea \"involuntary\" means only that it creates improper pressure that would be likely to overbear the will of some innocent persons and cause them to plead guilty. ", " Only physical harm, threats of harassment, misrepresentation, or \" 'promises that are by their nature improper as having no proper relationship to the prosecutor's business (e.g., bribes)' \" render a guilty plea legally involuntary. ", " Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 750, 755, 90 S.Ct. ", "1463, 1470, 1472, 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970) (quoting Shelton v. United States, 246 F.2d 571, 572 n. 2 (5th Cir.1957) (en banc), rev'd on other grounds, 356 U.S. 26, 78 S.Ct. ", "563, 2 L.Ed.2d 579 (1958)). ", " Almost anything lawfully within the power of a prosecutor acting in good faith can be offered in exchange for a guilty plea. ", " No constitutionally impermissible compulsion arises, for instance, when a defendant is forced to choose between the possibility of a mandatory minimum sentence of ten years in prison if he goes to trial or a suspended sentence on a reduced charge if he pleads. ", " See Brady, 397 U.S. at 751, 90 S.Ct. ", "at 1470. ", " In Brady, the Supreme Court held that \"a plea of guilty is not invalid merely because entered to avoid the possibility of a death penalty.\" ", " Id. at 755, 90 S.Ct. ", "at 1472. ", " Even where the defendant continues to maintain his innocence, having to face the death penalty as the price of trial does not invalidate a guilty plea, as long as the record contains adequate evidence of actual guilt. ", " See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37-38, 91 S.Ct. ", "160, 167-68, 27 L.Ed.2d 162 (1970).", "\n\n\n30\nWe can understand how it might be thought that a threat of long imprisonment for a loved one, particularly a spouse, would constitute even greater pressure on a defendant than a direct threat to him. ", " Whether one could generalize as to that proposition depends, we suppose, on one's view of human nature. ", " But it does not seem to be the sort of widely-shared intuition upon which a constitutional rule should be based. ", " We must be mindful, moreover, that if the judiciary were to declare wired pleas unconstitutional, the consequences would not be altogether foreseeable and perhaps would not be beneficial to defendants. ", " Would Pollard, for instance, have been better off had he not been able to bargain to aid his wife? ", " Would his wife have been better off? ", " Would the bargaining take place in any event, but with winks and nods rather than in writing?", "\n\n\n31\nNor do we believe that Mrs. Pollard's medical condition makes an otherwise acceptable linkage of their pleas unconstitutional. ", " The appropriate dividing line between acceptable and unconstitutional plea wiring does not depend upon the physical condition or personal circumstances of the defendant; rather, it depends upon the conduct of the government. ", " Where, as here, the government had probable cause to arrest and prosecute both defendants in a related crime, and there is no suggestion that the government conducted itself in bad faith in an effort to generate additional leverage over the defendant, we think a wired plea is constitutional. ", " See, e.g., Politte v. United States, 852 F.2d 924, 930 (7th Cir.1988) (emphasizing \"good faith prosecution\"); Harman v. Mohn, 683 F.2d 834, 837 (4th Cir.1982) (probable cause and good faith); United States v. Nuckols, 606 F.2d 566, 569 (5th Cir.1979) (same). ", " Once the government had probable cause to prosecute Mrs. Pollard and had obtained a valid indictment, it was entitled, despite her illness, to prosecute her fully--or to offer lenience for her in exchange for Pollard's plea. ", " See United States v. Clark, 931 F.2d 292, 294-95 (5th Cir.1991) (plea offered by man, who maintains his innocence, in order to help his \"sick, pregnant and innocent\" wife held not involuntary); Bontkowski v. [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 18] United States, 850 F.2d 306, 313 (7th Cir.1988) (threat to prosecute validly indicted pregnant woman does not constitute unconstitutional coercion of her husband).", "\n\n\n32\nAt minimum, Pollard argues, wired pleas raise special dangers of coercion, so that a district court faced with such a plea must undertake a more searching inquiry into the voluntariness of the plea than would normally be required. ", " See, e.g., Nuckols, 606 F.2d at 569. ", " Even if that were so, we are satisfied that the district court adequately discharged its obligations here. ", " The colloquy between the court and Pollard was so extensive that there could be little doubt about Pollard's willingness to plead. ", " Pollard had several opportunities to confess any misgivings to the judge, but he never gave the slightest hint that his plea was anything other than voluntary. ", " In fact, Richard Hibey, who was Pollard's attorney at the time, brought to the court's attention at the end of the plea proceeding a document captioned \"Waiver of Trial by Jury,\" which Pollard had executed. ", " And when counsel did so, he specifically stated, \"I think the Court has taken care of [the waiver] under Rule 11.\"", "\n\nB.\n\n33\nPollard places greatest emphasis in this appeal on his arguments that the government breached the plea agreement in its allocution before Chief Judge Robinson. ", " According to Pollard, the government made three promises to him, and it broke them all. ", " The government stated it would seek a \"substantial period of incarceration,\" but agreed not to ask for a life sentence. ", " It agreed to describe to the judge the extent of Pollard's post-arrest cooperation and to say explicitly that it was of \"considerable value\" to the government's damage assessment, as well as to its investigation of this case and enforcement of the espionage laws. ", " And, perhaps most problematic, Pollard claims that the government agreed to limit its allocution to the \"facts and circumstances of the offenses committed.\"", "\n\n\n34\nAs noted, these claims of breach of the plea agreement were brought before the sentencing district judge three years after the breaches allegedly occurred. ", " A § 2255 motion must be brought before the same district judge who sentenced the defendant. ", " See 28 U.S.C. § 2255. ", " That judge had before him the plea agreement when he listened to the government's original argument at sentencing, so he could compare the government's arguments with the promises in the plea agreement. ", " Looking back again, in response to appellant's § 2255 motion, the judge determined there was no breach. ", " The standard of appellate review of such a determination--typically employed on direct appeal from sentencing--is unsettled. ", " Several circuits review district court determinations of whether or not a plea agreement has been breached de novo. ", " See, e.g., United States v. Jimenez, 928 F.2d 356, 363 (10th Cir.), ", "cert. ", "denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "164, 116 L.Ed.2d 129 (1991); United States v. Moscahlaidis, 868 F.2d 1357, 1360 (3d Cir.1989). ", " Several others will set aside a district court's finding concerning breach of a plea agreement only if clearly erroneous. ", " See, e.g., United States v. Conner, 930 F.2d 1073, 1076-77 (4th Cir.), ", "cert. ", "denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "420, 116 L.Ed.2d 440 (1991); Raulerson v. United States, 901 F.2d 1009, 1012 (11th Cir.1990); United States v. Ataya, 864 F.2d 1324, 1327 (7th Cir.1988). ", " A plea agreement is a form of contract, but it is a rather unusual contract, because the judge plays an active role in overseeing its performance. ", " Not only does the judge review and accept the agreement and observe both parties' conduct under the agreement, see FED.R.CRIM.P. 11(e), the judge's determination of the sentence is the ultimate action to which the agreement is directed. ", " To argue, as Pollard does, that the government breached a plea agreement through excessive allocution implies that the judge tolerated, and presumably allowed himself to be influenced by, the excessive nature of the government's arguments. ", " The appellant's claim, in other words, is not only that the government breached the agreement but that the district judge was swayed by the breach.", "\n\n\n35\n[295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 19] We review factual determinations of a district court (clearly erroneous) more deferentially than legal ones (de novo ), in large part because the judge who hears the evidence and observes the demeanor of witnesses has a comparative institutional advantage over the appellate court. ", " We think the same sort of considerations typically make a deferential standard appropriate in reviewing a district judge's determination of whether the government's allocution violated limitations in a plea agreement. ", " Such a determination presents a mixed question of law and fact in which the factual aspects usually predominate. ", " The district judge is surely in the best position to determine whether the government presented an argument that, perhaps subtly, exceeded the bounds of the agreement.", "\n\n\n36\nWhen a § 2255 motion is presented challenging the government's allocution at sentencing, the district judge inevitably examines the claim in light of his own recollection of how the government's arguments struck him at the time they were presented. ", " In deferring to his judgment, we defer not to his construction of the terms of the agreement but to his assessment of whether the government's conduct violated those terms. ", " The meaning of a plea agreement--at least its facial meaning--is of course reviewed de novo. ", " Cf. ", "United States v. Western Electric Co., 900 F.2d 283, 293 (D.C.Cir.1990) (reviewing construction of a consent decree de novo ). ", " That is strictly a question of law. ", " Once it is determined, however, that nothing the government said explicitly transgressed the promises contained in the agreement, the more subtle question, whether an illegal implicit appeal was made, which could turn on voice inflections or even facial expressions, is one concerning which we must afford deference to the district court.", "\n\n\n37\nIt might be thought that the judge would find it difficult subsequently to recognize as improper an argument by the government that might have persuaded the judge. ", " But district judges are expected to withstand improper appeals and, even when they succumb, to exercise the discipline to recognize them in hindsight. ", " Presumably, the sentencing judge's unique vantage point is in part why Congress provided that § 2255 motions were to be brought before the sentencing judge. ", " See Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 n. 4, 97 S.Ct. ", "1621, 1629 n. 4, 52 L.Ed.2d 136 (1977) (noting that the district judge's \"recollection of the events at issue\" enable him to apply the standards for collateral relief \"in a somewhat different fashion\" in a § 2255 proceeding). ", " To be sure, in Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 92 S.Ct. ", "495, 30 L.Ed.2d 427 (1971), the Supreme Court said that resentencing had to take place before a different judge once it determined the government had plainly breached the plea agreement, notwithstanding the judge's statement that he was unaffected by the government's argument. ", " See id. at 263, 92 S.Ct. ", "at 499. ", " The extraordinary nature of that relief (disqualification of a judge is not lightly granted) suggests to us, however, the appropriateness of according a large measure of respect to the district court's judgment in deciding whether a violation occurred in the first place.", "\n\n\n38\nReviewing this sort of district court finding only for clear error is entirely consistent with our approach, and the approach of other circuits, to the review of other sorts of decrees or orders in which there is substantial judicial involvement.6 Western Electric held only that \"construction of a consent decree\"--in other words \"the meaning of the Decree's terms\"--should be reviewed de novo. ", " Id. There we rejected a claim for deference based upon the fact that the district judge \"was also the drafter of the language at issue.\" ", " Id. at 294. ", " Where the issue is instead the application of that language, i.e., violation of the terms of a consent decree, courts [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 20] typically review district court findings under a clearly erroneous standard. ", " See, e.g., Kendrick v. Bland, 931 F.2d 421 (6th Cir.1991); Hayden v. Oak Terrace Apts., ", "808 F.2d 1269 (7th Cir.1987); United States v. Lulac, 793 F.2d 636, 643 (5th Cir.1986). ", " Similarly, numerous courts, including our own, review findings of violations of other types of court orders in contempt proceedings under a clearly erroneous standard. ", " See, e.g., Dallas Gen'l Drivers, Warehousemen & Helpers, Local No. ", "745 v. NLRB, 500 F.2d 768 (D.C.Cir.1974) (civil contempt finding by Special Master for violation of NLRB order); Glasser v. A.H. Robins Co., 950 F.2d 147 (4th Cir.1991) (violation of protective order); United States v. Costa, 947 F.2d 919 (11th Cir.1991) (violation of district court order); United States v. National Medical Enters., ", "792 F.2d 906, 911 (9th Cir.1986) (violation of scheduling orders); NLRB v. Bancroft Mfg. ", "Co., 635 F.2d 492 (5th Cir.) ", " (civil contempt finding by Special Master for violation of NLRB order), cert. ", "denied sub nom. ", " Croft Metals, Inc. v. NLRB, 452 U.S. 917, 101 S.Ct. ", "3053, 69 L.Ed.2d 421 (1981).", "\n\n\n39\nHere the meaning of the agreement is not in dispute; at least with respect to the first two of Pollard's claims of breach, the question is only whether the government's arguments transgressed the agreed norm. ", " As to Pollard's first claim, it is undisputed that the government never asked, in so many words, for a life sentence. ", " Pollard contends, however, that the very force of the government's allocution sent the district judge an implicit request for a life sentence. ", " Pollard particularly objects to the two written submissions by Secretary of Defense Weinberger which, Pollard claims, contain numerous exaggerations and several veiled appeals to the sentencing judge to impose the maximum penalty.7\n\n\n40\nSecretary Weinberger's public statement asserted that even in a year in which several spies for the United States' main adversaries had been apprehended, it was difficult to \"conceive of greater harm to national security\" than that done by Pollard and that Pollard's punishment \"should reflect the perfidy of his actions, the magnitude of the treason committed, and the needs of national security.\" ", " (emphasis added). ", " The Secretary had detailed exhaustively in his classified submission the national security information that Pollard had compromised, and he urged the court to impose a sentence \"commensurate with the enduring quality of the national defense information he can yet impart.\" ", " Pollard argues that by bringing to bear its \"heaviest artillery\"--the nation's top national security official--to provide the damage assessment, the prosecutors suggested to the sentencing judge the government's interest in seeing the maximum sentence imposed.", "\n\n\n41\nIt is true that the government pressed its case against Pollard at sentencing with considerable force. ", " But we do not think that in doing so the government violated its promise not to recommend a life sentence; certainly we find no clear error in the district judge's determination that the government adhered to its promise. ", " Cf. ", "United States v. Benchimol, 471 U.S. 453, 455, 105 S.Ct. ", "2103, 2104, 85 L.Ed.2d 462 (1985) (per curiam) (agreement to recommend a particular sentence does not require the government to do so \"enthusiastically\"). ", " We disagree with our dissenting colleague, who believes that the Weinberger memoranda calling for \"severe punishment\"--reflecting the perfidy of Pollard's actions and even referring to treason--was equivalent to an appeal for a life sentence. ", " The Secretary of Defense's statement was, in our view, just as consistent with a request for a long prison sentence that would be short of a life term. ", " The government did not ask for a \"life sentence in all but name,\" Dissent at 32, because it never introduced explicitly or implicitly the notion or concept of the maximum sentence; nor did it ever use words that could be thought synonymous with a life term.", "\n\n\n42\n[295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 21] The plea agreement did not commit the government to treat Pollard gently or to minimize the extent of the damage that he caused to national security. ", " It provided: \"Notwithstanding Mr. Pollard's cooperation, at the time of sentencing the Government will recommend that the Court impose a sentence of a substantial period of incarceration....\" And the same paragraph of the plea agreement stressed that \"this agreement cannot and does not limit the court's discretion to impose the maximum sentence.\" ", " Since the government reserved the right to argue for a substantial period of incarceration and explicitly preserved the district court's discretion to impose a life sentence, Pollard's argument that the government made an implicit plea for a life sentence necessarily rests on nuance. ", " In this regard, we, unlike our dissenting colleague, think it telling that Pollard's counsel, who reviewed and responded to Secretary Weinberger's submissions in detail and heard the government's argument, never claimed an implicit breach of the agreement not to seek a life sentence. ", " Counsel did dispute Secretary Weinberger's evaluation of the gravity of Pollard's misdeed, but characterized the Secretary's words--perhaps accurately--only as \"rank hyperbole.\" ", " The district court was, therefore, justified when it described the government as \"argu[ing] for a substantial term of imprisonment, and no more.\" ", " Pollard, 747 F.Supp. ", "at 803.", "\n\n\n43\nPollard's second claim, it will be recalled, is that the government breached its agreement with him by failing to outline adequately the extent and value of his cooperation. ", " In paragraph 4(a) of the plea agreement, the government promised to \"bring to the Court's attention the nature, extent and value of [Pollard's] cooperation and testimony,\" which the government would represent was \"of considerable value to the Government's damage assessment analysis, its investigation of this criminal case, and the enforcement of the espionage laws.\" ", " In its principal sentencing memorandum, the government began its discussion of Pollard's crimes by noting that \"[i]n the numerous interviews of defendant ..., defendant has detailed the origins and scope of the espionage operation.\" ", " The government then devoted twelve pages to a detailed recitation of the conspiracy, which the government acknowledged was based largely on these interviews. ", " Following this recitation, Pollard's cooperation was described further. ", " \"The defendant has submitted to numerous post-plea debriefings.... During those debriefings, defendant revealed a substantial amount of information regarding the formation, conduct and extent of the espionage operation which was previously unknown to the government.\" ", " The government then described in general terms the value of Pollard's cooperation: \"For this reason, defendant's post-plea cooperation has proven to be of considerable value to the government's damage assessment analysis, and the ongoing investigation of the instant case.\" ", " And in the following paragraph it was acknowledged \"that defendant has been candid and informative in describing his wrongdoing, and that [the government] has derived benefit from the information defendant has provided.\"", "\n\n\n44\nPollard's claim on appeal is essentially that the government's obligation to represent his cooperation as valuable implied a corollary promise not to discount that cooperation and not to tell the judge that his cooperation was limited. ", " Pollard accuses the government of disingenuity by including the bargained-for language describing his cooperation in a section of the sentencing memorandum entitled \"FACTORS COMPELLING SUBSTANTIAL SENTENCE.\" ", " Primarily, Pollard objects to the government telling the judge that his delay in cooperating with the investigators allowed the Israeli handlers to escape and also to the government's suggestion that Pollard's motive for cooperating was the desire for leniency in sentencing, not remorse for his crimes.", "\n\n\n45\nThe government, however, never promised not to give the court a complete appraisal of its view of Pollard's cooperation. ", " It was of considerable value, and the government said so, but it was not wholehearted; the Israeli handlers were given an opportunity to flee the country. ", " We disagree [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 22] with the dissent's statement that the government conveyed the impression that the value of Pollard's cooperation was only \"slight,\" Dissent at 1035; instead, the government legitimately pointed out that there were certain matters of considerable importance, i.e., the apprehension of his handlers (which, of course, goes a long way to deter future espionage) concerning which Pollard did not cooperate.8 Pollard contends that at the time the plea agreement was reached, the government well knew the handlers had been given an opportunity to escape, and by not reserving explicitly the right to mention that to the judge, the government in effect waived the point. ", " The argument, however, can just as easily be turned against Pollard. ", " He could have bargained to exclude reference to the Israeli handlers. ", " And the agreement does provide, in paragraph 4(b), that the government reserves the right \"to correct any misstatements of fact at the time of sentencing, including representations of the defendant and his counsel in regard to the nature and extent of Mr. Pollard's cooperation.\" ", " That provision at least suggests that the parties anticipated the judge would be given the full story of Pollard's cooperation, its value to the country and where it fell short, as well as the government's view of Pollard's motive.", "\n\n\n46\nNor do we think that the manner of the government's description of Pollard's cooperation or its questioning of his motive for cooperation is determinative. ", " The form of the memorandum, to be sure, bespeaks the grudging nature of the government's compliance, but we do not believe that the form significantly detracted from the facts presented regarding the nature of Pollard's cooperation or from the government's explicit statement of its value. ", " And it is normally to be assumed that a defendant cooperates with the government largely--if not entirely--in hopes of a reduced sentence.", "\n\n\n47\nPollard's counsel initially objected at sentencing to the government's description of his cooperation, but he subsequently abandoned this objection. ", " See Pollard, 747 F.Supp. ", "at 804 n. 6. ", " Although he reasserted it in the Rule 35 motion, in neither proceeding did he make the argument presented here. ", " He did not claim that the plea agreement barred the government from commenting on Pollard's motive for cooperation or on Pollard's delay that permitted the Israeli intelligence agents to escape. ", " He contended only that the affirmative value of Pollard's cooperation was understated. ", " We think that although the government's presentation was certainly not generous--it could well be thought stingy--it did not explicitly or implicitly violate the plea agreement. ", " Again, we do not believe that the district court's ruling on this point can reasonably be thought clearly erroneous.9\n\n\n48\nPollard's third claim of breach is, as we have indicated, more troublesome. ", " The plea agreement in paragraph 4(b) includes the statement that the government \"retains full right of allocution at all times [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 23] concerning the facts and circumstances of the offenses committed by Mr. Pollard.\" ", " Pollard argues that by this language the government clearly, if implicitly, agreed not to comment on his motives for committing espionage or on his character. ", " On numerous occasions during the sentencing hearing, the government referred to Pollard's \"arrogance and deception,\" and employed other unfavorable adjectives describing his character, such as \"vengeful,\" \"unworthy of trust,\" or \"contemptuous.\" ", " The government consistently suggested, moreover, that Pollard's spying had been motivated by greed rather than ideology.", "\n\n\n49\nThe government disputes the meaning Pollard gives to the sentence; it claims that the language is not intended to limit the government's allocution. ", " The only limitation the government agreed to (which itself is not explicit in the agreement) was not to ask for a life sentence or a specific term of years. ", " One difficulty with the government's position is the comparison with Anne Pollard's plea agreement, which, in a parallel paragraph, states that the government \"retains full right of allocution at all times, including the right to detail the facts and circumstances of the offenses committed....\" (emphasis added). ", " That language in the Anne Pollard agreement certainly suggests that a full right of allocution extends to something beyond facts and circumstances. ", " Pollard also notes that in his own plea agreement at paragraph 4(c) the government reserved its \"full right of allocution in connection with any Rule 35 motion,\" thus indicating the parties may have meant something less than a full right by adding the facts and circumstances language in the earlier clause.", "\n\n\n50\nAppellant relies heavily on United States v. Moscahlaidis, 868 F.2d 1357 (3d Cir.1989), to support his interpretation of the \"facts and circumstances\" language as excluding discussion of his motive and character. ", " In Moscahlaidis, the Third Circuit held that a plea agreement limiting the government's allocution to \" 'the full nature and extent of [the defendant's] activities with respect to this case' \" had been violated when the government commented at length upon the defendant's character. ", " Id. at 1359 (quoting plea agreement). ", " The critical factor in Moscahlaidis, however, was that in that case, unlike our own, the government had agreed to take no position concerning defendant's sentence, a promise which the Third Circuit held bound the government to make \" 'no attempt at all to influence the defendant's sentence.' \" ", " Id. at 1362 (quoting United States v. Miller, 565 F.2d 1273, 1275 (3d Cir.1977) (per curiam)). ", " It was in that context that the prosecutor's description of the defendant's character was thought to go beyond the terms of the plea agreement.", "\n\n\n51\nThe wording of the \"facts and circumstances\" clause before us, in contrast, is ambiguous. ", " It does not, on its face, exclude commentary on Pollard's motive for committing his crime. ", " And, as the government correctly points out, motive is generally thought--at least for any crime that requires mens rea--to go to the very heart of a crime, and thus is presumably included in the \"facts and circumstances\" of the crime. ", " The government's discussion of Pollard's character is, perhaps, another matter. ", " Special protections attend the admissibility of character evidence at trial, see FED.R.EVID. ", "404 and 608, and it would not be unreasonable to suppose that this type of allocution is what \"facts and circumstances\" excludes. ", " However, limiting the government's allocution to the facts and circumstances of the offenses does not necessarily preclude any comment on character, because some consideration of character is inseparable from the motivation of the defendant. ", " In this case, for instance, it would have been artificial to permit the government to argue that Pollard committed his espionage for financial reward but rigidly exclude the suggestion that Pollard was thus greedy and self-regarding.", "\n\n\n52\nGiven the ambiguity, Pollard contends the agreement should be construed strictly against the government, which drafted its terms, and in his favor, especially since it operates as a waiver of his constitutional jury trial rights. ", " See, e.g., United States v. Jefferies, 908 F.2d 1520, 1523 (11th Cir.1990); United States v. Harvey, 791 F.2d 294, 301, 303 (4th Cir.1986). ", " On the other [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 24] hand, a good deal of weight must be placed on the contemporaneous interpretation of Pollard's counsel, who apparently thought nothing amiss when the government's allocution included an unflattering presentation of Pollard's character and motive. ", " Moscahlaidis is distinguishable on those grounds as well. ", " The defendant in that case asserted at the time of sentencing that the government's allocution breached the plea agreement. ", " He also took a direct appeal from his sentence. ", " See Moscahlaidis, 868 F.2d at 1359-60.", "\n\n\n53\nWe find it unnecessary to decide whether the government breached the \"facts and circumstances\" limitation, because there is a higher and decisive barrier against which this claim of breach of the plea agreement collides. ", " If we were to conclude that the government's allocution extended beyond \"facts and circumstances\" and thus breached the agreement, we do not think Pollard would be entitled to relief under § 2255. ", " It is settled that a § 2255 motion is not meant to be a substitute for a direct appeal and that \"it does not encompass all claimed errors in conviction and sentencing.\" ", " United States v. Addonizio, 442 U.S. 178, 184-85, 99 S.Ct. ", "2235, 2239-40, 60 L.Ed.2d 805 (1979). ", " The government's allocution in Pollard's case, even if it had crossed the limits of the plea agreement, falls far short of a \"fundamental defect\" in Pollard's sentencing that resulted in a \"complete miscarriage of justice\"; nor was it \"an omission inconsistent with the rudimentary demands of fair procedure.\" ", " Hill, 368 U.S. at 428, 82 S.Ct. ", "at 471; cf. ", "United States v. McKoy, 645 F.2d 1037, 1040 n. 3 (D.C.Cir.1981) (\"The stringent standard for post-sentence plea withdrawal motions is intended to prevent a defendant from testing the weight of potential punishment, and then withdrawing the plea if he finds the sentence unexpectedly severe.\").", "\n\n\n54\nIt is of course true that the government must keep the plea agreements it makes. ", " Any breach of a promise that induced the guilty plea ordinarily entitles the defendant on direct review either to specific performance and resentencing before a different judge or to withdrawal of the guilty plea, as the court deems appropriate. ", " See Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262-63, 92 S.Ct. ", "495, 498-99, 30 L.Ed.2d 427 (1971). ", " But not all breaches of plea agreements can be said to result in complete miscarriages of justice; not all call for relief under § 2255. ", " See United States v. Griffin, 816 F.2d 1, 7 (D.C.Cir.1987). ", " Only where there has been a clear violation of a definite promise that was a significant inducement to the plea can a § 2255 court permit a prisoner to withdraw his plea. ", " See Machibroda v. United States, 368 U.S. 487, 493, 82 S.Ct. ", "510, 513, 7 L.Ed.2d 473 (1962) (guilty plea is void where induced by broken promises that deprive it of the character of a voluntary act).", "\n\n\n55\nOur dissenting colleague suggests that the notions of \"fundamental defect\" and \"miscarriage of justice\" are elastic terms that shift in meaning depending on the nature of the relief sought (or, more accurately in this case, offered). ", " Thus, Judge Williams contends that for the remedy he would provide, resentencing before a new judge, the test for relief under § 2255 (\"fundamental defect\" that results in a \"complete miscarriage of justice\") can be satisfied by a lesser showing than would be required if the appellant sought rescission of the plea agreement. ", " This is so because ordering resentencing before a new judge would not be \"markedly more burdensome\" than a resentencing remedy on direct appeal. ", " Dissent at 34. ", " But there is no indication that Congress, when it accepted this strict standard for relief through FED.R.CRIM.P. 32(d),10 meant to delegate to judges the power to lessen it if the nominal costs to the government of a particular remedy were thought to be relatively low. ", " (We say nominal because the disqualification [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 25] of the district judge always carries immense indirect costs to the judicial system.) ", " Even the appellant, who sought before the district court and in his opening brief to this court complete rescission of the plea agreement, seems not to have perceived the dissent's distinction. ", " Certainly there is no support in the case law for such a proposition.", "\n\n\n56\nSociety's interest in bringing criminal appeals to an end is the reason for the high standard for relief in a collateral proceeding. ", " See, e.g., Timmreck, 441 U.S. at 784, 99 S.Ct. ", "at 2087. ", " This interest in finality is a good deal broader than merely avoiding the direct costs of supplemental proceedings. ", " See, e.g., Coleman v. Thompson, --- U.S. ----, 111 S.Ct. ", "2546, 2563, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991) (quoting Sanders v. United States, 373 U.S. 1, 24-25, 83 S.Ct. ", "1068, 1081-82, 10 L.Ed.2d 148 (1963) (Harlan, J., dissenting)). ", " Judge Williams' bi-level standard would disserve this interest by making it considerably more attractive for defendants to pursue collateral attacks on their sentences, and perhaps would create temptation for appellate judges to second guess trial judges' sentencing determinations (especially in non-Guidelines cases). ", " We think, then, the appellant must meet the statutory standard for relief, and there is simply no way that Pollard's sentence, harsh as it is, can be thought to stem from a fundamental defect that caused a miscarriage of justice--without robbing those words of all meaning.", "\n\n\n57\nJudge Williams, nevertheless, would grant resentencing in this context if the government's breach creates \"a serious likelihood that a judge would have given a harsher sentence\" than without the breach. ", " Dissent at 34-35. ", " That approach would appear to require resentencing, regardless of the clarity or seriousness of the alleged breach, if appellate judges were to believe, for example, that a defendant would have received (from an untainted hypothetical judge) a prison term of 11 months rather than a year, 10 years rather than 11, or 40 years rather than life. ", " In other words, once Judge Williams would conclude that the line of breach is crossed, no matter how subtly, he would find the \"fundamental defect\" and \"miscarriage of justice\" standard met by even a minor increase in the sentence over the one that would have been given by the hypothetical untainted judge. ", " This analytical framework would either justify § 2255 relief for minor breaches of the plea agreement or it would invite appellate judges to weigh de novo the severity of the sentence imposed (or both).11 For those reasons, all the courts that have considered alleged breaches of plea agreements--in a § 2255 context--have thought the statutory standard could be met only by a showing of clear breach of a significant provision in the agreement. ", " We are aware of no case--neither appellant nor the dissent offers any--where relief was granted in a § 2255 proceeding based on an allegation that the government's arguments amounted to an implicit breach of a partially ambiguous plea agreement. ", " A survey of nearly one hundred appellate decisions in § 2255 cases over the last twenty years reveals only four decisions granting relief to a § 2255 petitioner based on a claimed breach of a plea agreement, and all of those cases involved clear violations of the agreement or federal statutes. ", " See Brunelle v. United States, 864 F.2d 64 (8th Cir.1988); United States v. Carbone, 739 F.2d 45 (2d Cir.1984); United States v. Corsentino, 685 F.2d 48 (2d Cir.1982); Correale v. United States, 479 F.2d 944 (1st Cir.1973). ", " The mood, atmosphere, or \"rhetoric\" of the government's allocution--upon which the dissent relies--might well justify relief on direct appeal of a sentence, [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 26] but it is unlikely to satisfy the rigorous test of § 2255.", "\n\n\n58\nIt does appear that the government was engaged in rather hard-nosed dealings with the appellant. ", " But we think that Pollard's claims of government breaches of the plea agreement, which appear to us to be very much the product of revisionist thinking on the part of Pollard and his new counsel, are brought far too late, in this collateral proceeding, to enable Pollard to prevail.12 Pollard waited three years before complaining about the government's allocution. ", " The promise that the government arguably transgressed, to limit its allocution to the \"facts and circumstances of the offenses committed,\" is ambiguous with regard to the types of statements the government made. ", " The district judge was aware of all the terms of the plea agreement and did not regard the government's allocution as impermissible under the agreement. ", " Even if, as the dissent argues, the contemporaneous lack of response from the district judge should be given no weight, see Dissent at 33, the same cannot be said of Pollard's counsel, who also made no objection to the government's allocution. ", " The sentence Pollard received was within the power of the district court to impose, both by the terms of the statute under which he pleaded guilty and by the explicit terms of the plea agreement. ", " Pollard has never denied that he is guilty of the crimes for which he was imprisoned. ", " See Barker, 514 F.2d at 220 (whether defendant asserts factual innocence is an important factor to be weighed in deciding whether to permit withdrawal of guilty plea). ", " Nor is there any allegation that Pollard's guilty plea was induced by the promise of a specific sentence, which he subsequently did not receive. ", " Cf. ", "Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 97 S.Ct. ", "1621, 52 L.Ed.2d 136 (1977); Machibroda, 368 U.S. at 490 n. 1, 82 S.Ct. ", "at 511 n. 1. ", " Under such circumstances, it cannot be said that justice completely miscarried.", "\n\nIII.", "\n\n59\nIn a quite unusual case, surely the most extraordinary claim raised by the appellant is his contention that the district judge improperly considered information conveyed to him ex parte by the government. ", " This rather shocking charge is based on an alleged conversation between Chief Judge Robinson and former Supreme Court Justice Goldberg, who, after having been contacted by Professor Dershowitz, set out to determine the reasons for Pollard's life sentence. ", " The ex parte information is said to indicate that Pollard passed information to the Israelis demonstrating United States' knowledge of secret cooperation between Israeli and South African defense agencies. ", " The Chief Judge supposedly told Mr. Goldberg that this information \"weighed heavily\" in his sentencing determination. ", " As noted earlier, Arthur Goldberg died shortly thereafter and so was not available to be questioned. ", " But Dershowitz, we are told, has determined that Pollard did not in fact pass such information to the Israelis and that it was not included within the classified summary presented to the district judge and to Pollard's counsel at sentencing; Dershowitz then deduces that the government must therefore have conveyed this information to Chief Judge Robinson ex parte.", "\n\n\n60\nPollard sought a hearing based on the Dershowitz affidavit and, perhaps more important, asked Chief Judge Robinson to recuse himself. ", " The Chief Judge refused to recuse and denied the hearing. ", " Pollard claims the district court abused its discretion. ", " We think very little of this claim.", "\n\n\n61\nA district judge must grant a prompt hearing under § 2255 unless \"the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.\" ", " 28 U.S.C. § 2255. ", " The [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 27] decision whether to do so is committed to the district court's discretion. ", " See Machibroda, 368 U.S. at 495, 82 S.Ct. ", "at 514. ", " In making this decision, \"the judge's recollection of the events at issue may enable him summarily to dismiss a § 2255 motion\"; indeed, his ability to do so is one of the advantages of § 2255 relative to habeas corpus for state prisoners. ", " Blackledge, 431 U.S. at 74 n. 4, 97 S.Ct. ", "at 1629 n. 4. ", " Only where the § 2255 motion raises \"detailed and specific\" factual allegations whose resolution requires information outside of the record or the judge's \"personal knowledge or recollection\" must a hearing be held. ", " Machibroda, 368 U.S. at 495, 82 S.Ct. ", "at 514. ", " Even if the files and records of the case do not clearly rebut the allegations of the prisoner, no hearing is required where his claims are \"vague, conclusory, or palpably incredible.\" ", " Id.\n\n\n62\nThe district judge in this case was, of course, intimately familiar with the record and knew as a matter of fact whether or not the government had submitted ex parte material to him. ", " The Chief Judge attested that it had not. ", " He accordingly denied the motion for a hearing.13 We believe the Chief Judge was well within his discretion to do so. ", " The Dershowitz affidavit was a very weak submission. ", " It did not suffice to require a hearing into the question it raised, even if the district judge had not been personally aware that Professor Dershowitz's \"deductions\" were fallacious. ", " The affidavit included no direct or even hearsay evidence that an ex parte submission had been received. ", " Furthermore, after examining the classified material submitted to the district judge, we understand how the subject of South Africa (if not the Jericho missiles mentioned in the affidavit) could have been mentioned in a conversation between the Chief Judge and Arthur Goldberg, without recourse to any ex parte materials.14\n\n\n63\nFor similar reasons, we believe that Chief Judge Robinson did not abuse his discretion in denying Pollard's motion for disqualification. ", " Pollard argues that Chief Judge Robinson was required to recuse himself under 28 U.S.C. § 455(b)(1), because he had personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the alleged ex parte contacts; under § 455(b)(5)(iv), because he might have been a material witness at a hearing on those allegations; and under § 455(a), because his deciding the motion alleging misconduct on his part gave the appearance of bias. ", " The district court did not need to recuse itself under § 455(b)(1), because only personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts gained in an extrajudicial capacity is grounds for recusal, and any knowledge Chief Judge Robinson had concerning the government's sentencing submissions came directly from his participation in the case. ", " See United States v. Heldt, 668 F.2d 1238, 1274 (D.C.Cir.1981) (per curiam), cert. ", "denied, 456 U.S. 926, 102 S.Ct. ", "1971, 72 L.Ed.2d 440 (1982). ", " Likewise, the district court could not be disqualified for bias, because the bias alleged \"must stem from an extrajudicial source and result in an opinion on the merits on some basis other than what the judge learned from his participation in the case.\" ", " United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563, 583, 86 S.Ct. ", "1698, 1710, 16 L.Ed.2d 778 (1966); Heldt, 668 F.2d at 1274. ", " Finally, Chief Judge Robinson was not required to recuse himself as a potential material witness, because, as we noted above, he acted within his discretion in denying a hearing.15\n\n\n64\n* * * * * *\n\n\n65\nThe issue before us as appellate judges is not whether a life sentence was appropriate punishment for Pollard's crime, still less whether we ourselves would have imposed such a sentence. ", " It is rather whether [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 28] the appellant has mounted a sufficient challenge to the actions of the government and the district judge to clear the formidable barriers to relief in a collateral attack on his sentence under § 2255. ", " We think not. ", " Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.", "\n\n\n66\nIt is so ordered.", "\n\nWILLIAMS, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part:\n\n67\nI agree with the majority that the \"plea wiring\" was not an unlawful coercion of Pollard's guilty plea and that Chief Judge Robinson did not abuse his discretion in refusing to recuse himself or to conduct a hearing into the claim of ex parte contacts. ", " But because the government's breach of the plea agreement was a fundamental miscarriage of justice requiring relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, I dissent.", "\n\n\n68\nBefore turning to the specifics of the government's failure to behave at sentencing as it had promised, there are some preliminary matters.", "\n\n\n69\n1. \"", "Cause and prejudice\": Relief is to be granted under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, the statutory replacement of common law habeas, if the petitioner shows a \"fundamental defect [resulting in] a complete miscarriage of justice\" or \"an omission inconsistent with the rudimentary demands of fair procedure.\" ", " Hill v. United States, 368 U.S. 424, 428, 82 S.Ct. ", "468, 471, 7 L.Ed.2d 417 (1962). ", " If the petitioner failed to lodge a contemporaneous objection to the challenged ruling, and failed to appeal, then he may also have to show \"cause and prejudice\", the first to excuse his \"double procedural default\", the second to show the actuality of injury from the error. ", " See United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 167-68, 102 S.Ct. ", "1584, 1594-95, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982). ", " The government argues that Pollard must show cause and prejudice because he failed to object to the government's allocution and to appeal his sentence. ", " Because the majority believes that Pollard has not satisfied even the \"fundamental defect\" standard, it need not address \"cause and prejudice\", see Maj.", "Op. ", "at 15-16, but I must.", "\n\n\n70\nAs the government at no point below asserted the cause and prejudice standard, it has waived the defense. ", " At best the government may be said to have grazed the issue. ", " In its Opposition to Motion to Withdraw Guilty Plea it noted the three-year delay between sentencing and Pollard's § 2255 motion, id. at 5-6, the failure of Pollard to object to the government's allocution at the sentencing hearing, id., and Pollard's \"waiver\" of his claim that the government failed to describe his cooperation adequately, id. at 24 n. 10. ", " But the government made the first two points solely to boost an argument that Pollard did not at the time of allocution consider its conduct a breach, and it made the last in a vague footnote throwaway line without mention of the \"cause and prejudice\" standard or citation to any case invoking that standard. ", " A party demanding strict adherence to principles of finality is in a weak position to ask that its own lapses be disregarded, and accordingly the circuit courts have treated government silence as a waiver. ", " See, e.g., United States v. Hicks, 945 F.2d 107, 108 (5th Cir.1991); United States v. Hall, 843 F.2d 408, 410 (10th Cir.1988); United States ex rel. ", "Bonner v. DeRobertis, 798 F.2d 1062, 1066 (7th Cir.1986); but cf. ", "Titcomb v. Virginia, 869 F.2d 780, 782-84 (4th Cir.1989) (no waiver where \"it would appear\" that the state raised the issue in its second response and where the evidence of the procedural default was part of record). ", " Finding waiver is especially sensible where, as here, relief can take the form of an order merely requiring resentencing, not a vacation of the plea, so that the government is most unlikely to suffer any injury from loss of memories or other evidence.", "\n\n\n71\n2. ", "Deference: My understanding of the scope of our review is largely similar to the majority's. ", " We review a trial court's interpretation of a plea agreement de novo, just as we review an interpretation of an ordinary contract de novo (unless the interpretation turns on extrinsic evidence). ", " See, e.g., HOH Co. v. Travelers Indem. ", "Co., 903 F.2d 8, 12 n. 6 (D.C.Cir.1990) (contract interpretation); United States v. Western [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 29] Electric Co., 900 F.2d 283, 294 (D.C.Cir.1990) (interpretation of civil settlement); see also Maj.", "Op. ", "at 1022-23. ", " We review a trial court's findings of pure fact (what happened) under the clearly erroneous standard. ", " And we defer to district court findings even on fact-intensive issues of characterization, such as whether particular conduct, about which there is no factual dispute, violates a norm that courts have defined with as much clarity as they can expect to achieve. ", " Thus in Kendrick v. Bland, 931 F.2d 421 (6th Cir.1991), the court applied the clearly erroneous standard to findings as to whether specific conduct by prison officials--e.g., cancellation of club activities--constituted \"institution-wide\" violations of a consent decree.", "\n\n\n72\nThe appellate deference in this last category is somewhat anomalous, as the characterization is in a way part of the law-finding process; it answers a normative question (whether the conduct was acceptable or not), and thus in some measure refines the norm. ", " But where the characterization process is extremely fact-intensive, the appellate decision may not yield a useful contribution to the formulation of legal rules, so that appellate judges' duplication of the trial court's effort would consume judicial resources for very little return.1 See Mars Steel Corp. v. Continental Bank N.A., 880 F.2d 928, 933-36 (7th Cir.1989) (en banc ) (Easterbrook, J.). ", " By the same token, however, review for clear error cannot fade off into complete deference, else the appellate court's law-finding (or law-forming) function would be disconnected from the real world. ", " Moreover, presumably because of a recognition of the law-forming aspect of fact-intensive characterizations, the decisions on deference appear replete with contradictions and inconsistency. ", " See Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure §§ 2585-89 (1971 & Supp.1990). ", " Perhaps one can do no better than to say that there is deference, but that the special character of the practice informs its nature.", "\n\n\n73\nWhere a defendant claims that the government's allocution breached a plea agreement, there is no deference to the sentencing judge's view of the actual effect of the allocution on him or her (as opposed to the projected or inferred effect on a hypothetical judge). ", " Compare Maj.", "Op. ", "at 18-19. ", " This is for the simple reason that the actual effect on the actual judge is irrelevant. ", " Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 92 S.Ct. ", "495, 30 L.Ed.2d 427 (1971), put any such inquiry out of bounds, perhaps because the sentencing judge would be in an awkward position making \"findings\" about his own state of mind. ", " The Court ordered relief despite declaring that it had \"no reason to doubt\" the judge's statement that \"the prosecutor's recommendation did not influence him\". ", " Id. at 262-63, 92 S.Ct. ", "at 498-99.", "\n\n\n74\n3. ", "Principles of plea interpretation: The majority correctly notes that Pollard's argument in some respects \"rests on nuance\", Maj.", "Op. ", "at 21, and that the government did not ask for a life sentence \"in so many words\", id. at 20, or use \"words ... synonymous with a life term\", id. at 20. ", " Without explicitly setting forth a general approach, the majority appears to apply a principle that the government should be held only to the letter of its bond.", "\n\n\n75\nSuch an approach puts an impossible burden on contract drafters. ", " A party cannot anticipate every evasive move that another party may make, or every opportunity for evasion. ", " Brittle interpretation makes for long contracts, and even the longest will have loopholes. ", " Accordingly, as with other contracts, courts ordinarily reject literalism and read plea agreements as a reasonable person would understand them. ", " United States v. Moscahlaidis, 868 F.2d 1357, 1361 (3d Cir.1989) (citing cases); United States v. Carbone, 739 F.2d 45, 46 (2d Cir.1984); United States v. Crusco, 536 F.2d 21, 26[295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 30] (3d Cir.1976) (criticizing \"stubbornly literal\" reading of plea agreement).2 Finding an implicit duty of good faith, though it may sound more drastic, amounts to the same thing if it is understood as \"a stab at approximating the terms the parties would have negotiated had they foreseen the circumstances that have given rise to their dispute.\" ", " Market Street Associates Ltd. Partnership v. Frey, 941 F.2d 588, 595 (7th Cir.1991). ", " Thus in United States v. Bowler, 585 F.2d 851, 853-54 (7th Cir.1978), the court construed a provision that the government's sentencing recommendations \"may be reduced, based upon [various] personal factors\" to include an implicit promise to consider the factors specified. ", " See also United States v. Brown, 500 F.2d 375 (4th Cir.1974) (prosecutor's statement to the judge that he recommended three years because of the plea agreement, though he had \"some problems\" with this sentence, violates agreement to recommend no more than three years); Snowden v. State, 33 Md.App. ", "659, 365 A.2d 321 (1976) (promise to recommend probation breached by prosecutor who did so but, when asked by the judge whether he still adhered to this promise, said, \"I believe we must, I believe we must\").", "\n\n\n76\nJudicial insistence on a reasonable and not a niggling interpretation for plea agreements is hardly surprising. ", " The defendant has given up his right to a trial that satisfies due process, so if a plea rests \"in any significant degree on a promise or agreement of the prosecutor ..., such promise must be fulfilled.\" ", " Santobello, 404 U.S. at 262, 92 S.Ct. ", "at 498. ", " If fulfillment of the promise is to mean anything, it cannot refer only to the promise pared to its literal bone. ", " While the government is a repeat player in this field and has an interest of its own that its word be good, experience in the commercial world shows that even repeat players lapse. ", " Here, too, reasonable judicial enforcement not only assures fairness to the individual who may be the victim of a slip-up or of an agent's excessive zeal, but also makes it easier for the government to build confidence in its word.", "\n\n\n77\n* * * * * *\n\n\n78\nPollard's plea agreement required him to plead guilty and to cooperate. ", " On its side, the government made three promises of significance here. ", " First, it would bring to the court's attention \"the nature, extent and value of [Pollard's] cooperation and testimony\" and would represent that the information supplied was of \"considerable value to the Government's damage assessment analysis, its investigation of this criminal case, and the enforcement of the espionage laws.\" ", " Maj.", "Op. ", "at 13. ", " Second, it would not ask for a life sentence (this promise was implicit but is not contested by the government), though it would be free to recommend a \"substantial period of incarceration\". ", " Id. at 12-13. ", " Third, the government limited its reserved right of allocution to \"the facts and circumstances\" of Pollard's crimes. ", " Id. at 13. ", " The government complied in spirit with none of its promises; with the third, it complied in neither letter nor spirit.", "\n\n\n79\nThough the government obligated itself to call attention to the \"considerable value\" of Pollard's cooperation, in its principal sentencing memorandum it buried its sole discussion of that cooperation in a section entitled \"FACTORS COMPELLING SUBSTANTIAL SENTENCE\". ", " The first paragraph of this section discussed the extent of Pollard's offense, saying that he had compromised \"thousands of pages of classified documents\", and recommended a \"substantial [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 31] period of incarceration\". ", " J.A. 160. ", " The second paragraph called Pollard's activities a \"flagrant breach of ... trust\", a breach \"all the more venal in that [despite Pollard's contrary claims] it is clear that the money and gifts provided by the Israelis were significant, if not the primary factors motivating defendant\". ", " Id. at 161. ", " The third paragraph said that Pollard \"will undoubtedly urge the Court also to consider his post-arrest conduct, i.e., [his] submission of a plea of guilty and his cooperation ...,\" and noted the obvious point that plea bargaining and cooperation \"may be considered by courts at the time of sentencing.\" ", " Id. In paragraph four the government provided nominal compliance with its promise, saying that Pollard \"revealed a substantial amount of information regarding ... the espionage operation which was previously unknown to the government\" and that this cooperation \"has proven to be of considerable value to the government's damage assessment analysis, and the ongoing investigation of the instant case\".3 Id. at 162. ", " In the fifth paragraph, though acknowledging that the defendant had been candid and informative, the government told the court that Pollard delayed his cooperation in order to assist the escape of three coconspirators, devoting more space to this caveat than to its favorable words for Pollard's cooperation. ", " Id. The rest of the section, of course, went on with further denunciations.", "\n\n\n80\nThus the government came forth with the magic words \"of considerable value\", and it even mentioned two of the three general areas of inquiry, specified by the agreement, to which Pollard's cooperation contributed. ", " But by placing the discussion square in the middle of its reasons why the sentence should be substantial, and by its heavy stress on the cooperation's imperfections, it succeeded in conveying the impression that, overall, the value was not \"considerable\" but slight. ", " Perhaps the value was slight, but if so, then the government should not have embraced an obligation to say the contrary. ", " In United States v. Fisch, 863 F.2d 690 (9th Cir.1988), the court found a plea agreement violated where the government, though obliged to tell the court of defendant's cooperation, neither offered details on its own nor endorsed the defense account, saying only that defendant had \"been cooperating in helping prosecute the coconspirators\". ", " The government's breach here is no less.", "\n\n\n81\nIt is not clear from the district court's rejection of this claim whether the court construed the agreement as leaving the government free to convey the message that Pollard's cooperation, while containing some elements of considerable value, was on an overall basis not worth much, or whether the court found that the government had said that the cooperation was of considerable value overall. ", " See United States v. Pollard, 747 F.Supp. ", "797, 804 (D.D.C.1990). ", " If the first, I think the contract interpretation was wrong; if the second, I believe the finding was clear error.", "\n\n\n82\nOn the promise not to ask for a life sentence, the government coupled its adherence to the letter with an even more flagrant violation of the agreement's spirit. ", " It presented memoranda from Secretary of Defense Weinberger saying that \"no crime is more deserving of severe punishment than conducting espionage activities against one's own country\", J.A. 467, that \"it is difficult for me ... to conceive of a greater harm to national security than that caused by the defendant\", id. at 263, and that \"the punishment imposed should reflect the perfidy of [his] actions, the magnitude of the treason committed, and the needs of national security\", id. at 264.", "\n\n\n83\nWhile these remarks did not expressly endorse a life sentence (or use a synonym, compare Maj.", "Op. ", "at 20-21), the repeated use of superlatives implied an appeal for the maximum. ", " Weinberger's reference to treason took the point further. ", " Whereas treason carries the death penalty, 18 U.S.C. § 2381, and involves aiding the nation's enemies, U.S. Const., ", "Art. ", " III, § 3, cl. ", "1, Pollard was charged with espionage, carrying a maximum of life imprisonment and [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 32] encompassing aid even to friendly nations--here, Israel. ", " Of course the sentencing judge knew the difference, but the government's barrage expressed a viewpoint that the government had promised not to express. ", " Weinberger's subtext was that the heaviest possible sentence was the lightest that was just. ", " The trial court's conclusion to the contrary, 747 F.Supp. ", "at 803, was clearly erroneous.", "\n\n\n84\nThat the government had reserved the right to seek \"a substantial period of incarceration\" does not change the analysis. ", " Compare Maj.", "Op. ", "at 13. ", " Of course the government remained free to lay out the details of the crime and its impact on national security. ", " These, coupled with an explicit plea for a substantial sentence, might well have secured the government's objective. ", " But the availability of these methods scarcely entitled it to wheel out the heaviest rhetorical weapons, calling for a life sentence in all but name.", "\n\n\n85\nFinally, despite its agreement to confine its allocution to \"the facts and circumstances\" of the offenses, the government told the district judge that Pollard's expressions of remorse were \"both belated and hollow\", J.A. 371, and \"grounded in the fact he was caught\" (emphasis in original), id.; that Pollard was a \"recidivist\" who was \"contemptuous of this Court's authority\" and \"unworthy of trust\", id. at 359; that Pollard felt \"blind contempt\" for the U.S. military, id. at 318, and had a \"warped\" and \"skewed\" perspective, id. at 319; that Pollard was \"traitorous\", id. at 369, \"arrogant [and] deceitful\", id. at 315 (and see id. at 316, 320), \"without remorse\", id. at 179 (and see id. at 163), and \"literally addicted to the high lifestyle funded by his espionage activities\", id. at 167. ", " The assistant U.S. Attorney noted that he (the assistant) had been brought up to regard two sins as \"unforgivable\", arrogance and deception--id. ", "at 313, precisely the two sins that he repeatedly imputed to Pollard. ", " Pollard's \"loyalty to Israel transcends his loyalty to the United States,\" said Secretary Weinberger. ", " Id. at 265. ", " The government devoted much space to marshalling evidence that Pollard was driven by greed (\"enamored of the prospect for monetary gain\", id. at 165; motivated by \"the lure of money\", id. at 168), and not materially affected by anti-terrorist concerns, id. at 164-69, or, by implied extension, by any sympathy for Israel.", "\n\n\n86\nThe government contends that in the phrase by which it retained \"full right of allocution at all times concerning the facts and circumstances of the offenses\", the limiting reference to \"facts and circumstances\" was a nullity. ", " This is hard to swallow. ", " As the majority points out, the contrast with the language in Anne Pollard's plea agreement suggests that here the parties intended to exclude some otherwise acceptable elements of an allocution. ", " See Maj.", "Op. ", "at 23.", "\n\n\n87\nI agree with the majority that \"facts and circumstances\" include matters going to Pollard's motivation. ", " But one can address motive by detailing specifics, leaving the moral and legal conclusions alone, to be settled by the judge. ", " This is the line drawn by the court in Moscahlaidis. ", " There the government was obliged by its agreement to \"take no position\" on the sentence, but was allowed to speak of \"the full nature and extent of [the defendant's] activities with respect to this case\". ", " 868 F.2d at 1359. ", " The court found that the agreement barred the government from asserting its opinion of the defendant's character with phrases alluding (for example) to \"the depth of [his] greed and moral bankruptcy\" and a \"demonic pursuit demonstrat[ing] [his] utter contempt for the welfare of his fellow man\", id. at 1362. ", " Though the structure of the agreement was different from Pollard's, the Third Circuit's line--between fact and opinion--makes equal sense here.4\n\n\n88\n[295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 33] So the government was free to relate not only the intelligence implications of Pollard's acts, but also details supporting an inference that his motive was pecuniary. ", " But if the limit meant anything, it could not allow the government to wrap the raw facts in an inflammatory rhetoric, endlessly alluding to its (necessarily subjective) opinions that Pollard was greedy and immoral, depicting his conduct as the apogee of espionage, naming him a traitor, and delivering a tirade on his \"arrogance and deceit\".", "\n\n\n89\nTaken together, the government's three promises worked a substantial restraint on the government's allocution. ", " Its commitments to restrict itself to facts and circumstances, and to assess Pollard's cooperation as having considerable value, closed off a means by which it might demand a life sentence in all but name. ", " Safely after the fact, the government's briefing here undermines its commitment, isolating the components of the promise in order to conceal their synergies.", "\n\n\n90\nIs it troubling that the breaches involve matters of rhetoric? ", " It means, of course, that the violation cannot be measured mathematically. ", " But that is often true in contract disputes--most obviously whenever courts enforce express or implied duties of \"reasonable\" performance. ", " Further, courts frequently draw the line between facts and legal or moral conclusions in classifying the testimony of lay witnesses. ", " See Fed.", "R.Evid. ", "701; compare United States v. Slade, 627 F.2d 293, 305 (D.C.Cir.1980) (finding lay references to defendant's drug \"organization\" to be equivalent of improper assertion of conclusion that it was conspiracy) with Williams Enterprises, Inc. v. Sherman R. Smoot Co., 938 F.2d 230, 233-34 (D.C.Cir.1991) (permitting lay testimony by insurance broker on relation between accident and insured's increased premium). ", " Is rhetoric simply too trivial? ", " To say so would, I think, buck prevailing views of human psychology. ", " When the majority relies on the district judge's failure to note a breach at the time of the allocution, see Maj.", "Op. ", "at 25-26, it assumes that the judge was unaffected by the government's efforts to disparage Pollard's character, thereby resolving an unanswerable question and perhaps violating Santobello, which ordered relief despite the trial judge's assertion--accepted by the Court--that the improper allocution had not influenced him. ", " 404 U.S. at 262, 92 S.Ct. ", "at 498.", "\n\n\n91\nDo the breaches amount to the \"complete miscarriage of justice\" required for relief under § 2255? ", " The cases under § 2255 (and § 2254),5 quite frankly, leave a gap between two patterns--conduct clearly violating even the literal language of the agreement (eliciting relief), and conduct varying from the agreement only trivially (eliciting none). ", " Typical of the first pattern is Brunelle v. United States, 864 F.2d 64, 65 (8th Cir.1988), where despite an agreement to recommend an \"unspecified period\", the government expressly suggested the maximum. ", " See also United States v. Birdwell, 887 F.2d 643 (5th Cir.1989) (where incorporation of a state plea agreement into a federal one induces defendant to accept the latter, the state authorities' failure to follow through undermines the federal plea); Smith v. Blackburn, 785 F.2d 545 (5th Cir.1986) (state's promise that defendant would be released upon parole breached when parole was denied); Carbone, 739 F.2d 45 (prosecutor's objection to defendant's request for sentence allowing early parole violated promise to make no recommendation); United States v. Mercer, 691 F.2d 343 (7th Cir.1982) (failure by court to allow defendant to withdraw plea, when conditions specified in the agreement as permitting withdrawal occurred, required vacation of plea); Correale v. United States, 479 F.2d 944 (1st Cir.1973) (where prosecutor promised to recommend sentence that would make defendant eligible for federal parole when he received parole under state sentence, noncomplying recommendation breached promise and entitled defendant under § 2255 to resentencing).", "\n\n\n92\nOn the other side is United States v. Benchimol, 471 U.S. 453, 105 S.Ct. ", "2103, 85 [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 34] L.Ed.2d 462 (1985), where the government had agreed to recommend probation, and, when defense counsel informed the court of the agreement, the assistant U.S. attorney said, \"That is an accurate representation.\" ", " Id. at 455, 105 S.Ct. ", "at 2104. ", " The Court refused to upset the sentence under § 2255, viewing it as a case where the prosecutor simply \"left an impression ... of less-than-enthusiastic support for leniency.\" ", " Id. at 456, 105 S.Ct. ", "at 2105 (inner quotations omitted). ", " Benchimol scarcely helps the government much here. ", " It is one thing to say that the government need not fulfill its obligations with gusto, or with the right tone of voice, and quite another to say that it may fill its allocution with ardent declamations that wholly undermine any nominal compliance.", "\n\n\n93\nOn the facts the closest case is Moscahlaidis, where the government similarly loaded its allocution with inflammatory rhetoric inconsistent with the reasonable meaning of the agreement. ", " See p. 32 above. ", " There the court, on appeal, ordered relief. ", " As the \"miscarriage of justice\" standard is more demanding than the standard of review on appeal, Moscahlaidis would not control this case even in the Third Circuit. ", " But how much more should be required? ", " In the nature of things the difference in standards is elusive. ", " It arises, moreover, out of the fact that in the ordinary habeas case the defendant's prior failure to object makes any remedy more costly for the system than it would have been: in a new trial, the government will be hobbled by the staleness of its evidence and the risk of an erroneous acquittal will be higher. ", " Where the remedy is not markedly more burdensome than it would have been on appeal (resentencing only), the increment implicit in \"fundamental defect\" should be correspondingly modest.", "\n\n\n94\nIt is hardly surprising that the exact stringency of the \"fundamental defect\" standard should vary with the context. ", " The scope of a right may turn on the character of the remedy sought. ", " Much of the law of equitable remedies revolves around the point that courts may treat the same conduct as actionable when the plaintiff seeks damages and not actionable when he seeks an injunction. ", " See, e.g., Restatement (Second) of Torts § 941 & comment c (1979) (injunctive relief should be withheld for nuisances where balance of hardships so dictates, even though damages are to be awarded); Harrisonville v. W.S. Dickey Clay Manufacturing Co., 289 U.S. 334, 53 S.Ct. ", "602, 77 L.Ed. ", "1208 (1933) (same); York v. Stallings, 217 Or. ", "13, 341 P.2d 529 (1959) (same); Stuttgart Electric Co., Inc. v. Riceland Seed Co., 33 Ark.App. ", "108, 802 S.W.2d 484 (1991) (encroachment warrants remedy of damages, not of injunction). ", " In ordinary contract law (the closest parallel to plea agreement rules), an obligee who like appellant fails to protest a breach immediately may lose his right to cancel the agreement (paralleling vacation of the plea) but not his right to damages (paralleling resentencing). ", " See, e.g., UCC §§ 2-711, 2-714 (buyer has option upon delivery of rejecting nonconforming goods or of obtaining damages; within reasonable time after delivery he may only obtain damages). ", " Further, exactly the same phrase may have different meanings even within the same rule. ", " While appellate courts review all factual findings of district courts under the \"clearly erroneous\" standard, whether \"based on oral or documentary evidence\", Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 52(a), the Rule also instructs that \"due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge of the credibility of the witnesses\", giving the latter type of evidence a special status.", "\n\n\n95\nThe majority suggests that as the Advisory Committee notes on the 1983 amendment to Fed.", "R.Crim.", "P. 32(d) endorsed the \"complete miscarriage of justice\" standard for § 2255, Congress's failure to reject the amendment affirms that view of § 2255. ", " Maj.", "Op. ", "at 24 n. 10. ", " The argument is quite persuasive as to plea withdrawals, which are the sole subject of Rule 32(d) and (therefore) of the Committee's discussion, but the sequence surely affords little evidence that Congress addressed either the standard for § 2255 requests for resentencing, or the character of the \"fundamental defect\" standard as applied to such relief. ", " Here, then, as a remand for resentencing would preserve the plea, that relief should be given if the government's misconduct in allocution--the gap between its [295 U.S.App.", "D.C. 35] actual and its promised conduct--was so great as to create a serious likelihood that a judge6 would have given a harsher sentence.7 The gap here seems easily broad enough to create that risk.", "\n\n\n96\nPollard's sentence should be vacated and the case remanded for resentencing. ", " This should occur before a new judge, as Santobello indicates, even though \"the fault here rests on the prosecutor, not on the sentencing judge.\" ", " 404 U.S. at 263, 92 S.Ct. ", "at 499. ", " See also Moscahlaidis, 868 F.2d at 1363 n. 7 (same); Corsentino, 685 F.2d at 52.", "\n\n\n97\n* * * * * *\n\n\n98\nThough I do not wish to be too critical of the government, and though the analogy is inexact on some points, the case does remind me of Macbeth's curse against the witches whose promises--and their sophistical interpretations of them--led him to doom:\n\n\n99\nAnd be these juggling fiends no more believ'd,\n\n\n100\nThat palter with us in a double sense;\n\n\n101\nThat keep the word of promise to our ear,\n\n\n102\nAnd break it to our hope.", "\n\n\n103\nMacbeth V, vii, 48-51.", "\n\nORDER\n\n104\nMay 28, 1992.", "\n\n\n105\nBefore: RUTH B. GINSBURG, SILBERMAN, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.", "\n\n\n106\nIt is ORDERED, by the court, that the motion of Alan M. Dershowitz, Esq., ", "for leave to enter an appearance is granted, and the Clerk is directed to so note the docket and to file his lodged Motion to Alter or Amend Opinion. ", " Upon consideration thereof, it is\n\n\n107\nFURTHER ORDERED, by the court, that the motion is granted, and the Opinion filed by Circuit Judge Silberman on March 20, 1992, is amended as follows:\n\n\n\n1\n 28 U.S.C. § 2255 provides in pertinent part:\nA prisoner in custody under sentence of a court established by Act of Congress claiming the right to be released upon the ground that the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States, or that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence, or that the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise subject to collateral attack, may move the court which imposed the sentence to vacate, set aside or correct the sentence.", "\n\n\n2\n It should be noted that this case arose, and sentence was imposed, prior to the effective date of the United States Sentencing Guidelines\n\n\n3\n Mr. Goldberg was unable to prepare his own affidavit or to testify to the matters Professor Dershowitz described, because he died on January 18, 1990, a few days after he received a letter from Dershowitz in which Dershowitz informed him of the results of the inquiries Dershowitz had made\n\n\n4\n Our dissenting colleague sidesteps the knotty problems involved in finding cause and prejudice sufficient to excuse Pollard's failure to object at sentencing, because he contends the government \"waived the defense\" below. ", " Dissent at 1032. ", " Judge Williams may be correct that the government merely \"grazed the issue,\" id., as to some of Pollard's claims, but the government addressed it directly as to Pollard's claim that the government failed to describe adequately his cooperation. ", " No mere \"vague footnote throwaway line,\" id., the government's statement concerning this claim of Pollard's said:\n\"We doubt that the defendant has preserved this point for review. ", " As he raised it explicitly during the sentencing hearing, and then abandoned it, we believe he has waived the right to argue it on collateral attack under § 2255. ", " Nonetheless, we respond to these claims on the merits.\"", "\nOpposition to Defendant's Motion to Withdraw His Guilty Plea at 24 n. 10.", "\n\n\n5\n Pollard further suggests that his wife's illness was an \"aggravating factor\" of the type the Court suggested in dicta in Timmreck might expand a § 2255 court's scope of review. ", " See Timmreck, 441 U.S. at 784-85, 99 S.Ct. ", "at 2087-88 (\"we find it unnecessary to consider\" whether aggravating circumstances might change the result). ", " Case law does not indicate that her illness is the kind of factor the Court contemplated. ", " Cf. ", "Johnson v. United States, 805 F.2d 1284, 1287 (7th Cir.1986) (stating that \"aggravating factor,\" if it means anything at all, means only factors that rise to the level of a due process violation); United States v. Laura, 667 F.2d 365, 379 (3d Cir.1981) (Stern, J., dissenting) (\"being advised by a lawyer with a conflict of interest relating directly to [the] plea\" is an aggravating circumstance)\n\n\n6\n Indeed, it comports with our review of ordinary contracts. ", " When issues of interpretation and construction predominate in an ordinary breach of contract claim, we regard the issue of breach as a question of law to be reviewed de novo. ", " When, however, a breach determination rests primarily on an analysis of facts, we will reverse the determination only if clearly erroneous. ", " See, e.g., ARB, Inc. v. E-Systems, Inc., 663 F.2d 189 (D.C.Cir.1980); W.G. Cornell Co. v. Ceramic Coating Co., Inc., 626 F.2d 990 (D.C.Cir.1980)\n\n\n7\n Pollard, for purposes of this appeal, received a redacted version of Secretary Weinberger's classified memorandum\n\n\n8\n The dissent's suggestion that the district judge in the § 2255 proceeding may have improperly interpreted the plea agreement to have permitted the government to \"convey the message that Pollard's cooperation, while containing some elements of considerable value, was on an overall basis not worth much,\" Dissent at 1035, is not a fair reading of the district court's opinion. ", " After noting that the government agreed to represent that Pollard's cooperation had been of considerable value, see Pollard, 747 F.Supp. ", "at 802, the district court went on to observe that\nDefendant claims that by \"casting aspersions\" on defendant's cooperation, the Government completely undercut the statements it made earlier. ", " For example, the Government noted that defendant's delay in cooperating allowed certain co-conspirators to flee the United States. ", " It was no violation of the plea agreement for the Government to explain the positive value of the cooperation in one sense (damage assessment), while also noting that defendant had frustrated Government efforts in another sense (law enforcement). ", " The record in this case does not support the contention that the Government failed in its obligation. ", " It did not dryly recite in a few declarative sentence[s] that defendant had cooperated. ", " It did much more, as it had said it would.", "\nId. at 804.", "\n\n\n9\n Although our dissenting colleague agrees that the district court's judgment concerning these claimed violations of the plea agreement must be reviewed for clear error, his application of that standard appears indistinguishable from de novo review. ", " See Dissent at 31-32\n\n\n10\n The \"complete miscarriage of justice\" standard was originally a judicial gloss on § 2255. ", " See Hill v. United States, 368 U.S. 424, 428, 82 S.Ct. ", "468, 471, 7 L.Ed.2d 417 (1962). ", " When rule 32(d) was amended in 1983, the Advisory Committee Notes expressly approved that standard for § 2255 proceedings, and Congress authorized the amendment to take effect without change\n\n\n11\n In a direct appeal of a sentencing determination, if the appellate court concludes that the government breached a plea agreement, it grants relief. ", " The appellate court does not try to decide whether the breach caused the judge to give a greater sentence than would have been levied otherwise. ", " As the Santobello Court recognized, that is an unprofitable line of inquiry because the trial judge--as did the district judge here--may well state that he was unaffected by the arguably excessive nature of the government's argument. ", " See Santobello, 404 U.S. at 262-63, 92 S.Ct. ", "at 498-99. ", " An appellate court should not be obliged to weigh the trial judge's credibility in the course of considering whether the breach had any effect\n\n\n12\n Pollard also claims that the government breached its implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by \"permitting\" Pollard to meet with journalist Wolf Blitzer without forcing Pollard to seek permission from the Director of Naval Intelligence, as his plea agreement called for, and then bringing up this violation of the plea agreement before the judge. ", " Because the government was under no duty to police Pollard's compliance with the plea agreement, and because there is no evidence at all that the government connived to bring about this violation, we do not see any substance to this claim\n\n\n13\n The motion may have been designed primarily to force the judge to recuse himself\n\n\n14\n Indeed, on pages 34-36 of Pollard's own Second Memorandum In Aid Of Sentencing, there appears a section entitled \"The South African Affair,\" discussing Pollard's involvement in intelligence-sharing with South Africa\n\n\n15\n Assuming arguendo that the district judge's refusal to direct the United States Attorney to provide Pollard's new counsel with access to the Weinberger classified submission was erroneous, our examination of the material satisfies us that the error was harmless.1 It could be argued that the interpretation of specific contract language, in the absence of extrinsic evidence, is also a form of fact-specific characterization. ", " But the \"product\" of interpretation is the articulation of a norm, i.e., a paraphrase of the contract language for application to particular types of conflicts, so that the process would seem to require appellate courts to rule de novo so as to achieve uniform rules as nearly as possible\n\n\n2\n The 9th Circuit commonly says that plea agreements should be interpreted both as a reasonable person would understand them and literally, see, e.g., United States v. Travis, 735 F.2d 1129, 1132 (9th Cir.1984), despite the apparent contradiction. ", " But the case repeatedly cited in favor of literalness does not support such a view, United States v. Garcia, 519 F.2d 1343, 1344 (9th Cir.1975) (finding breach of plea agreement because government failed to abide even by the literal terms of the contract--no discussion of whether the violation had to be of the literal terms for it to be remediable), while the case typically cited for the reasonable person standard indeed favors the reasonable person perspective, United States v. Arnett, 628 F.2d 1162, 1164 (9th Cir.1979) (court looks to the facts of each case to decide what was \"reasonably understood by [defendant] when he entered his plea of guilty,\" quoting Crusco, 536 F.2d at 23, 27, and the terms of agreement are determined by \"objective standards\")\n\n\n3\n Note the omission of any reference to the value of Pollard's cooperation to \"the enforcement of the espionage laws\", the only broad purpose mentioned by the plea agreement\n\n\n4\n Although the court in Moscahlaidis relied in part on the government's having obliged itself to \"take no position\" on sentencing, this hardly makes the decision irrelevant. ", " Compare Maj.", "Op. ", "at 23. ", " There the language allowing government commentary was broader--\"the full nature and extent of [defendant's] activities\". ", " 868 F.2d at 1362. ", " Without the \"take no position\" constraint, this might well have left it free to say anything. ", " Here the \"facts and circumstances\" language is narrower, and, as was true of \"full nature and extent\" in Moscahlaidis, its meaning is shaded by a related obligation--not to seek a life sentence. ", " See also the passage two paragraphs below, noting the synergies in the government's promises\n\n\n5\n The discrepancy between the majority's survey of one hundred cases, Maj.", "Op. ", "at 25-26, and this account, which is illustrative only, is that the majority leaves out the § 2254 cases\n\n\n6\n Measured by Santobello's objective standard, not by reference to the particular sentencing judge\n\n\n7\n The majority's statement that this test would require resentencing where \"a defendant would have received ... a prison term of 11 months rather than a year\", Maj.", "Op. ", "at 25, misconceives my position. ", " Deciding whether the government's breach created a serious likelihood of an effect on a hypothetical judge is completely independent of the penalty imposed\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Republican state Rep. Sara Beth Gregory has won a special election for a Senate seat from southern Kentucky, defeating Williamsburg teacher and Democrat Bill Conn by more than a 4-1 margin to replace former Sen. David Williams.", "\n\nIn unofficial returns from Tuesday's balloting, Gregory received 6,244 votes to 1,440 for Conn, who was making his first run for public office.", "\n\nThe heavily Republican 16th District includes Clinton, Cumberland, McCreary, Monroe, Wayne and Whitley counties, along the southern Kentucky border. ", "Gregory, an attorney, was elected last year to represent the 52nd House District that covers McCreary and Wayne counties and part of Pulaski County and won a second term on Nov. 6.", "\n\nWilliams was appointed to a circuit judgeship this fall. ", "He had served in the Senate since 1987 and had been Senate president since 2000." ]

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[ "Q:\n\niPhone: Facebook FBDialog with pre-filled Message\n\nToday I noticed that the code I have been using to display a FBDialog using the Facebook SDK, which shows a Dialog with a pre-filled Text isn't working anymore. ", "It is just showing the dialog with an empty textfield. ", "The text I want to show is missing.", "\nHas anyone else encountered a similar problem, or is there a better way to pre-fill the textfield with a string?", "\nThis is the code I use to call the FBDialog:\nNSString * message = @\"Pre-filled Text\";\nNSMutableDictionary * params = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys: message, @\"message\", nil];\n[facebook dialog:@\"feed\" andParams:params andDelegate:self];\n\nA:\n\nThis is intended behaviour. ", "https://developers.facebook.com/docs/reference/dialogs/feed/\n\nmessage: This field will be ignored on July 12, 2011 The message to prefill the text field that the user will type in. ", "To be compliant with Facebook Platform Policies, your application may only set this field if the user manually generated the content earlier in the workflow. ", "Most applications should not set this.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Global geno-proteomic analysis reveals cross-continental sequence conservation and druggable sites among influenza virus polymerases.", "\nInfluenza virus is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity associated with respiratory diseases. ", "The high rate of mutation in the viral proteome provides it with the ability to survive in a variety of host species. ", "This property helps it in maintaining and developing its pathogenicity, transmission and drug resistance. ", "Alternate drug targets, particularly the internal proteins, can potentially be exploited for addressing the resistance issues. ", "In the current analysis, the degree of conservation of influenza virus polymerases has been studied as one of the essential elements for establishing its candidature as a potential target of antiviral therapy. ", "We analyzed more than 130,000 nucleotide and amino acid sequences by classifying them on the basis of continental presence of host organisms. ", "Computational analyses including genetic polymorphism study, mutation pattern determination, molecular evolution and geophylogenetic analysis were performed to establish the high degree of conservation among the sequences. ", "These studies lead to establishing the polymerases, in particular PB1, as highly conserved proteins. ", "Moreover, we mapped the conservation percentage on the tertiary structures of proteins to identify the conserved, druggable sites. ", "The research study, hence, revealed that the influenza virus polymerases are highly conserved (95-99%) proteins with a very slow mutation rate. ", "Potential drug binding sites on various polymerases have also been reported. ", "A scheme for drug target candidate development that can be employed to rapidly mutating proteins has been presented. ", "Moreover, the research output can help in designing new therapeutic molecules against the identified targets." ]

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[ "I absolutely love Indian food and am trying to experiment a bit more with this country’s rich food traditions. ", "Since I am in travel mode these days, my spice rack is limited. ", "Here is my take on an old favorite. ", "For the spicy red lentil dahl, you will need:\n\nIngredients:\n\n1/2 cup red lentils\n\n1 cup vegetable broth\n\n1 tbsp. ", "coconut oil\n\n1/2 cup onions, chopped\n\n1 clove garlic, chopped\n\n1 tbsp. ", "jalapeno pepper (chopped)\n\n1 tbsp. ", "ginger root (chopped)\n\n1/4 cup coconut milk\n\n2 tbsp fresh cilantro (chopped)\n\npinch of salt and dash of pepper\n\n1/4 tsp. ", "ground coriander\n\n1/4 tsp. ", "ground cardamom\n\n1/4 tsp. ", "crushed red pepper flakes\n\n1/4 tsp. ", "curry powder\n\n1 tsp. ", "lime juice\n\nServes: 2\n\nDirections:\n\nBring broth and lentils to a boil in pot over high heat. ", "Reduce heat to medium-low, partly cover and simmer 10 minutes, or until lentils are tender. ", "Cover, and remove from heat." ]

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[ "LONDON—Elon Musk’s Space Exploration Technologies Corp. has lost a spacecraft launch order from a major satellite operator to a European rival after the failure of one of its rockets and delays in resuming flights.", "\n\nInmarsat PLC Thursday said it would move the launch of one of its satellites to the Arianespace Ariane 5 rocket. ", "The London-based satellite-services company said it took the action after delays in the launch schedule for the Falcon 9 rocket, made by SpaceX, as the rocket company is called.", "\n\nSpaceX..." ]

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[ "John Steinbruck\n\nJohn Frederick Steinbruck (October 5, 1930 – March 1, 2015) was an ordained Lutheran minister who served for 28 years (1970–1997) as the senior pastor of Luther Place Memorial Church in Washington, D.C. Luther Place is an historic, red-stone church located at Thomas Circle, 1226 Vermont Avenue, N.W., in the heart of Washington's red-light district. ", " Less than a mile from the White House, the church sits between the symbols of world power and some of the nation's worst urban blight. ", " As spiritual leader of Luther Place and what is now known as N Street Village, a diverse consortium of shelters and services for homeless women and their families, Steinbruck became an articulate and passionate preacher of the Social Gospel and a leading voice locally and nationally for the homeless, Central American refugees, and the victims of persecution and prejudice.", "\n\nSteinbruck has received many honors and much media recognition, and he has occasionally been the instigator of controversy and acts of civil disobedience. ", "To admirers, he is a \"prophetic visionary\" out to remake the world; to detractors, he is an \"unbending, self-righteous true believer with a Messiah complex.\"", "\n\nEarly life and family \n\nThe son of working-class German immigrants, Steinbruck was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ", " He suffered many health ailments as a child, including rickets, food allergies, a weak left eye and a hernia that required him to wear an iron truss, and his German heritage in the 1930s and 1940s subjected him to the very forms of prejudice he would later oppose in his Christian ministries. ", "While growing up in Northeast Philadelphia, he attended Lawndale Elementary School, Wilson Junior High School, and Frankford High School, from which he graduated in 1948. ", "An exceedingly thin child, at a young age he could not participate in competitive sports, though he would develop into a large, husky man with a football player's build. ", " Steinbruck excelled at reading and developed into a good student, which would eventually lead him to college and post-graduate education. ", " Following a two-year stint in the United States Navy, in 1949 and 1950, Steinbruck was accepted into the University of Pennsylvania, where he studied at the Wharton School of Finance. ", " He graduated from Penn in 1954 with a bachelor of science degree in Industrial Engineering.", "\n\nEarly theological influences \n\nBy the summer of 1953, as a 22-year-old Penn student at the Wharton School of Finance, Steinbruck realized he did not fit into this \"seminary for capitalists,\" as he would later call it. ", " He was a man without direction, no sense of purpose, and casual faith. ", " A bit of a hell-raiser, he frequented seedy bars and hustled money throwing darts. ", " One afternoon, feeling down and out, having just ended an ill-fated romance, he walked into a corner drug store. ", " There, among the trashy romance novels and magazines, was a single paperback copy of Out of My Life and Thought by Albert Schweitzer. ", " The book cost him thirty-five cents. ", " He would later say that it changed his life.", "\n\nIn Schweitzer, Steinbruck found an embodiment of moral virtue, a role model for a life of devoted service. ", " Although Schweitzer enjoyed life as a philosopher, musician, and biblical scholar, he was plagued by \"the thought that I must not accept this happiness as a matter of course, but must give something in return for it.\" ", " That so many people in the world were \"denied that happiness by their material circumstances or their health\" led Schweitzer, at the age of 30, to enroll in medical school. ", " He would eventually build and re-build a hospital in Gabon, West Africa, and devote the remainder of his life caring to the medical needs of Africa's poor.", "\n\nSteinbruck's spiritual search led him as well to Martin Wiznat, a Lutheran pastor in Philadelphia with a powerful speaking voice and a magnetism that engaged people, traits that would later be attributed to Steinbruck himself. ", " Wiznat's theological world view was unlike any Steinbruck had ever heard. ", " Steinbruck had been raised in the literalistic religion of his German immigrant parents, in a little known sect called the Faith Tract Mission. ", " A pietistic movement, the Faith Tract Mission was a fundamentalist brand of Christianity that was in rebellion to the more formal, established Catholic and Lutheran churches of Europe. ", " Steinbruck found it a religion of self-denial that encouraged a detachment from the world. ", " Through his relationship and talks with Wiznat, Steinbruck \"suddenly discovered,\" as he told the Washington Jewish Week in 1990, \"that religion and faith could be respectable and did not require believing in three impossible things before breakfast every morning.\"", "\n\nSeminary education \n\nWiznat saw something special in Steinbruck and remarked that God may have larger plans for him. ", " Inspired but somewhat reluctant, Steinbruck, an industrial engineer by day, began to dabble in seminary courses by night. ", " His continued discomfort in the world of American commerce led Steinbruck eventually to enroll full-time in the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. ", " There, Steinbruck was taught by energetic young professors who had studied under the top theologians of Europe - men such as John Reumann, William Lazareth, Robert Bornemann, and Theodore Tappert, intellectual leaders in the Lutheran Church in America. ", " Steinbruck learned critical thinking in biblical analysis from these scholars, who took seriously Schweitzer's Quest for the Historical Jesus. ", " Steinbruck's theological studies helped him to raise important questions concerning aspects of doctrinal Christianity, with an eye toward re-defining that which was truly fundamental to the faith. ", " It was the beginning of Steinbruck's personal quest to engage Christianity as a worldly faith tradition, one that did not shy away from the realities of life; one more interested in saving lives than saving souls. ", " \"I don't need to resort to miracles to confirm my faith,\" Steinbruck said in 2006. ", " \"I am to deal with the realities in the world – racism, war and peace. ", " If 45 million people have no health care, then it is my obligation to do something about it.\"", "\n\nSteinbruck graduated from the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia in 1959 with a Master of Divinity degree, and he earned a Doctor of Ministry from the seminary in 1979. ", " He wrote his doctoral thesis on the concept of biblical hospitality, on the church as a place of refuge, modeled on the biblical motif of \"welcoming the stranger\" and the \"sacred obligation\" to help others. ", " In exercising hospitality, one person shields another from harm. ", " As he later explained this concept, \"As we are hospitable to each other, we will thrive as a country.\"", "\n\nMarriage \n\nIn June 1956, Steinbruck married Erna Guenther, a native Philadelphian with a passion for justice. ", " Light years ahead of Steinbruck in her devotion to the church, Erna worked long hours volunteering at a Lutheran settlement house in Northeast Philadelphia, where she assisted young children and helped displaced refugees. ", " Years later, when the Steinbrucks had put into place a consortium of shelters and clinics servicing the homeless in Washington, D.C., it was typically Erna who worked tirelessly behind the scenes preparing the food, fixing the plumbing, keeping out the rats, and making the beds. ", " \"John Steinbruck talks it, Erna does it,\" was a common refrain. ", "John and Erna Steinbruck together had five children, Mark John, John Andrew, Elisabeth Ann, Michael Paul, and Mary Katherine, and have remained married for 58 years. ", "They currently reside in Lewes, Delaware.", "\n\nEarly years as pastor \n\nFollowing seminary, Steinbruck became an assistant pastor at St. John's Lutheran Church, in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. ", " It was not a good fit, and he always seemed to find himself in trouble. ", " When he downed a few beers at a local watering hole following a church softball game, he offended the teetotalers of the congregation. ", " When he rode his motorcycle through town in his clerical collar, he challenged the congregation's image of a small-town pastor. ", " When he refused to join the Lions and Rotary Clubs, he disrespected local custom. ", " \"After that,\" Steinbruck told the Washington Post in a magazine profile in 1985, \"I thought it was healthier to move on.\"", "\n\nSteinbruck thereafter sought city churches, which he believed were great arenas from which to practice his brand of theology, and which offered many opportunities for creative ministry. ", " He found that urban churches reflected the suffering and afflictions of their surroundings - poverty, crime, decaying neighborhoods. ", " It was in the city that Steinbruck found his true calling, confronting the effects of racism, discrimination, homelessness, economic inequality, and the injustices of American society.", "\n\nSteinbruck served for ten years at St. John's Lutheran Church in Easton, Pennsylvania, a depressed industrial town with a melting pot of cultures and ethnicity. ", " It was the early 1960s and the civil rights movement was in its infant stages. ", " As some of his congregants were working-class blacks, Steinbruck became sensitized to issues that most suburban pastors avoided - racially discriminatory practices in every aspect of the community - that required action more than prayer. ", "Steinbruck was the first white minister to receive the Pastor of the Year Award from the NAACP, and St. John's was the first church to take a life membership in the NAACP.", "\n\nIn 1968, Steinbruck befriended two Easton clergymen, Rabbi Norton Shargel of B'nai Abraham Synagogue, and a liberal Roman Catholic priest, Monsignor Francis Connolly of St. Bernard's Church's Catholic Church. ", " In an attempt to confront the racial and other injustices in American society at that time, the three men formed an interfaith coalition, which they dubbed \"ProJeCt of Easton,\" an acronym for Protestant, Jewish, Catholic. ", " ProJeCt of Easton quickly caught on with the congregants of each religion, and they began working together to find solutions to the problems threatening a community that was tired of divisiveness among people of faith and favored a more positive approach to solving problems. ", " The business community and local media embraced it and, not long thereafter, ProJeCt of Easton had established a youth center, an infant wellness program, a free dental clinic, and summer programs for disadvantaged kids that took them to community parks and beaches. ", " More than four decades later, ProJeCt continues to provide community services in Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley.", "\n\nAlliance with Jewish community \n\nThrough his friendship with Rabbi Shargel, Steinbruck became closely associated with the Jewish community, an association that would profoundly affect his ministry for the rest of his life. ", " Rabbi Shargel taught Steinbruck that \"as one works, struggles, with those who are strangers, we learn what pains them.\" ", " Steinbruck accompanied Rabbi Shargel, Father Connolly, and 25 laypersons on an interfaith trip to Israel in 1969. ", " The Six-Day War a recent memory, Steinbruck experienced first hand the positive exuberance of the Jewish homeland, its Zionist ideals of community, security, and cooperation. ", " He also experienced its sorrow and pain. ", " He visited Yad Vashem and the memorial to the Warsaw Ghetto. ", " He learned of thousands of years of Jewish struggle and survival, and the history of anti-Semitism that has so often tainted the Christian Church. ", " He visited the Western Wall, walked the streets of historic Jerusalem, touched the waters of Jordan and Galilee, and experienced the celebration of life - and constant fear of attack - that embraces Israel's daily routine.", "\n\nIn the 1970s and 1980s, before the fall of the Soviet Union, when Steinbruck was pastor of Luther Place Church, he would often join groups of rabbis and others in protesting the plight of Soviet Jews. ", " Steinbruck became a regular at the Soviet Jewry Vigil, where groups of protesters stood across the street from the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C. With his Luther Place congregants, Steinbruck stood-in for Jewish protesters on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. ", "On one occasion in 1985, Steinbruck was arrested with 21 rabbis protesting the plight of Soviet Jews in front of the Soviet embassy. ", "On another occasion, in September 1985, during the Jewish High Holidays, Steinbruck and three others, including a Catholic priest, were arrested for holding signs with anti-Soviet slogans across the street from the embassy. ", " On January 31, 1986, the four protesters were sentenced in District of Columbia Superior Court to 15-day suspended jail terms. ", "Steinbruck said afterwards that he hoped his actions could be a \"model for Jewish-Christian relations\" and that \"what happens to one of us happens to us all.\"", "\n\nSteinbruck's understanding of the historical connectnedness of Judaism and Christianity, and the origins of Christian anti-Semitism made him a positive ecumenical voice among people of differing faiths. ", " He regularly reminded his own parishioners of what he called the \"Jewishness of Christianity,\" the notion that \"Jesus was born a Jew, lived the life of a Jew, and died a Jew.\" ", " He was deeply influenced by the writings of Krister Stendahl, a former dean of the Harvard Divinity School, who authored a seminal work on the Apostle Paul, which argued that the Covenant of Sinai remained at once valid and viable, and that Christianity was historically and theologically wrong in attempting to fulfill an evangelistic \"mission\" to the Jewish people. ", " Steinbruck found this work liberating, believing that the history of proselytizing among the Jews was responsible for much of their brutalization and suffering, including the Inquisition and centuries of persecution, culminating in the pogroms of Eastern Europe and the Holocaust.", "\n\nIn May 1977, Steinbruck was asked to respond to a statement made by President Jimmy Carter during a Sunday School lesson he taught at the First Baptist Church on 16th Street in Washington, D.C. Carter was asked a question concerning the responsibility for the crucifixion of Christ, to which Carter responded that the Jews were responsible for the death of Jesus. ", "It was arranged for Steinbruck to write a letter addressed to President Carter's personal lawyer, in which Steinbruck explained the Southern Baptist Convention's historical stand on the subject and its official repudiation of Deicide. ", " In response, Carter apologized for his misstatement and, in a letter hand-delivered to Steinbruck, acknowledged that Jews \"were for many centuries falsely charged with the collective responsibility for the death of Jesus and were persecuted terribly for that unjust accusation, which has been exploited as a basis and rationalization for anti-Semitism.\"", "\n\nOn September 21, 1978, Steinbruck received the Isaiah Award for the Pursuit of Justice from the Washington, D.C., chapter of the American Jewish Committee in recognition of his pursuit of inter-religious dialogue and understanding. ", "In April 1980, the Jewish Community Council of Washington, D.C., asked Steinbruck and the Rev. Eugene Brake, a Roman Catholic Priest, to accompany them to the Soviet Union to visit with a group of refuseniks, Soviet citizens, mostly Jewish, who were denied permission to emigrate from the Soviet Union. ", " Upon their arrival in Moscow, Steinbruck, Brake, and two women members of the delegation were detained by Soviet officials and questioned for hours about the purpose of their trip. ", " Documents containing the names and addresses of the refuseniks they planned to visit were confiscated from them. ", " Only after the intervention of the U.S. Embassy and inquiries from American media sources, were Steinbruck and the others finally released.", "\n\nLater theological influences \n\nSteinbruck discovered the meaning of kiddush haShem, to sanctify God's name and to pursue justice at all costs, from the teachings of Seymour Siegel, a professor at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. ", " This concept, together with the writings of other great theologians - Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel among them - helped Steinbruck develop a central message, which eventually would define much of his life's work. ", " As he told the Washington Post in a 1985 interview:\nWe are on this planet to exemplify that light, that bread, that living water, those metaphors that Jesus used, to live out the truth in a non-violent way, simply to do justice, live justly, try, in the space over which you're responsible . . . ", "to create an oasis . . . ", "to which the stranger can come and find refuge.", "\nSteinbruck also found meaningful the writings and teachings of Henri Nouwen, the Dutch-born Catholic priest who authored many famous and well-read books on spirituality, hospitality, and the belovedness of God. ", " Steinbruck's favorite of Nouwen's works was Reaching Out: The Three Movements of the Spiritual Life (Doubleday 1986), in which Nouwen discusses the spiritual dimensions of solitude, hospitality, and prayer.", "\n\nLuther Place and the N Street Village \n\nSteinbruck would put into place the concepts of biblical hospitality and welcoming the stranger at Luther Place Memorial Church in Washington, D.C., where he became senior pastor in 1970. ", " Founded in 1873, Luther Place is an historic, moderately sized, red-stone church with a steeple located on Thomas Circle in the heart of Washington. ", " Just five blocks from the White House – \"King's Palace\" as he used to call it – the church straddled an invisible border at 14th and N Streets between the halls of power, including embassies, fancy restaurants, and posh hotels, and the city's red light district, encompassing some of the nation's worst urban blight.", "\n\nWhen Steinbruck arrived at Luther Place, he found a congregation beset with many of the problems confronting most big-city churches. ", " The civil uprisings that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., had left scars on Washington's neighborhoods and businesses. ", " Prostitutes and pimps, drug dealers and dope fiends loitered and lingered on the street corners. ", " Steinbruck confronted a dying church with no sense of purpose. ", " They owned of land, including five buildings, yet had visions only of building a parking lot. ", " For Steinbruck, this was disgraceful. ", " That Luther Place had so much space that was used only at eleven o'clock on Sunday morning was a violation of everything he believed and preached.", "\n\nThe church was renting out most of its properties on N Street, two of which were being used as houses of prostitution. ", " One night, Steinbruck received a call at 3:00 a.m. because a pimp had thrown a young prostitute out of a third-story window. ", " Traumatized, the congregation voted to tear down the row houses. ", " Steinbruck thought otherwise, and under his leadership and guiding hand, a new way of thinking emerged. ", " \"All of a sudden,\" he told the Washington Post in 1985, \"it occurred to us that the way to go was not to close up but to open up. ", " We felt that if our space and our facilities could be used in demonic and anti-human ways, they could also be used in inspirational ways.\" ", "Luther Place thus became an open place of refuge for the \"least of these\" - the wandering, nomadic homeless of the nation's capital.", "\n\nResponding to homelessness \n\nBy the early 1970s, homelessness had become a huge problem in Washington, with growing numbers of mental patients released into the streets, a consequence of the de-institutionalization of mental hospitals. ", " In response, a coalition was formed between the Community for Creative Non-Violence (led by the radical homeless advocate Mitch Snyder), the Sojourners Community (led by the Rev. Jim Wallis), and Luther Place (led by Steinbruck) to provide shelter for those in need. ", " Luther Place, as the host church, provided the space. \"", "You don't need five years of seminary to realize that, when someone knocks on the door, you should open it,\" Steinbruck would later say. ", " Inspired by Matthew 25 (\"I was hungry and you fed me, thirsty and you gave me drink; I was a stranger and you welcomed me\"), Luther Place established an emergency shelter, first with blankets, later mattresses, sprawled on the floor of the church sanctuary. ", " Ten bodies, then thirty, then fifty, filled the sanctuary.", "\n\nNot long thereafter, Steinbruck recalled, \"We made an amazing discovery – homeless people need to eat!\" ", " So Luther Place developed a food plan and prepared meals. ", " As many of the homeless were drug and alcohol addicted, they opened a drug counseling and treatment center. ", " As many were suffering from mental illness, with medical needs long neglected, they developed a medical clinic and provided psychiatric counseling. ", " All of this occurred without a plan or the wherewithal to pay for it. ", " Yet people responded. ", " Although the CCNV eventually went its own direction, Luther Place members volunteered and a growing community of supporters eventually chipped in, including the Sojourners Community, the Catholic Worker Movement, and the Jewish community. ", " Wesley Theological Seminary students volunteered for overnight duty. ", "Many others provided financial and logistical support.", "\n\nConditions were primitive at first, but in time more and more volunteers appeared as the church became instantly filled wall-to-wall each night; in the words of Steinbruck, \"the grapevine community network reached the forsaken.\" ", " Luther Place, which had been struggling to justify its existence, now could not perish for the sake of those who needed it to live. ", " By opening its doors and becoming a place of urban hospitality and refuge, Steinbruck believed, \"those who save the homeless, will in turn be saved by the homeless.\"", "\n\nWhat eventually emerged was the N Street Village, a diverse consortium of services that help the homeless regain their self-confidence, develop life skills, and prepare, step-by-step, to return to mainstream society. ", " Steinbruck refers to it as a place of refuge, where the \"stranger\" is welcomed and the journey to recovery results in strength, well-being, and shalom. ", " Today, helped by a combination of congressional and foundation grants, and thousands of individual contributors, the N Street Village is a four-story, $17.9 million complex made up of shelters and clinics that offer food, clothing, housing, medical care, and social and psychiatric services to homeless women and their children.", "\n\nWith committed lay leadership and the relentless behind-the-scenes work of Erna Steinbruck, Luther Place not only helped put in place the N Street Village, but also played supporting roles in such ministries as Bread for the City, the Zacchaeus Free Medical Clinic, and the D.C. Hotline, agencies that assist the homeless and advocate for those in need. \"", "If you want to find Jesus,\" Steinbruck insists, \"go to where the outcasts are - the sick, the homeless, the poor.\" ", " With prostitutes and pimps outside the church, the mentally ill homeless inside the church, Luther Place, led by Steinbruck but supported by a strong and supportive lay leadership, created \"an integrity of the Gospel that was not planned.\"", "\n\nLutheran Volunteer Corps \n\nIn 1979, Steinbruck wanted to create something that would involve a younger generation of volunteers. ", " He knew of other church-sponsored community service programs, such as the Jesuit Volunteer Corps, formed in the late 1950s; and the Mennonite Voluntary Service, which was founded in 1944. ", " So he helped found the Lutheran Volunteer Corps (LVC), which became a ministry of Luther Place and operated in space provided by the church and the ministries of the N Street Village. ", " Modeled as a very small version of the Peace Corp, volunteers work in social justice agencies—homeless shelters, medical clinics, refugee services, justice advocacy groups—for a one-year period, while living in intentional community with other volunteers in group houses. ", " In explaining his vision for LVC, Steinbruck recalled the work of Albert Schweizer, who turned his back on a brilliant career to volunteer as a physician in the heart of Africa, learning first-hand the importance of \"reverence for life.\" \"", "My early memories are of the military, of dehumanization. . . . ", "I really wish that I could have started out with the LVC rather than boot camp.\" ", " Today, LVC has over 100 volunteers serving at social justice agencies in over a dozen cities throughout the country.", "\n\nSanctuary Movement and other controversies \n\nIn the early 1980s, Luther Place became the first Washington area church to declare itself a sanctuary for Central American refugees. ", " Steinbruck joined with ten other churches in Washington, D.C., to form the D.C. Sanctuary Committee, which contended that the Reagan Administration was in violation of the 1980 Refugee Act in its attempts to deport Central American refugees who sought shelter in U.S. churches. ", " \"For us the issue is not whether they [refugees from Guatemala and El Salvador] are legal or illegal, but that they be welcome . . . ", "be safe and be protected,\" Steinbruck told The Washington Post in 1985. ", " The church has \"a mandate biblically that requires we share our place... We will open our doors to those who knock.\" ", " When eight Sanctuary Movement workers were convicted in Tucson, Arizona, in May 1986 for sheltering Central American refugees, Steinbruck criticized the Justice Department and compared President Reagan to King Herod. ", " Steinbruck publicly vowed, \"We're simply going to keep our doors open to those who need help.\" ", "Steinbruck's actions earned a public rebuke from nationally syndicated columnist Charles Krauthammer, who noted that Herod was not elected, while the laws broken by Sanctuary Movement workers were enacted by a democratically elected Congress. ", " \"As a consequence, its laws -- until repealed by state, not church -- command respect.\" ", " But Steinbruck claimed that \"[t]he whole idea of faith is that we have refuge, that we give refuge to each other. ", " That's the good news, that we are all under God's tent.\"", "\n\nThe first Lutheran Bishop of El Salvador, Medardo Gomez, formed a strong partnership and alliance with Steinbruck and Luther Place. ", " He visited Luther Place in the late 1980s and early 1990s, visits reciprocated by Steinbruck on missions to El Salvador. ", " From the pulpit of Luther Place, Bishop Gomez called on Lutherans to work for a U.S. foreign policy based on justice, not domination; to urge the U.S. government to not send weapons to El Salvador and train its military forces, but instead to help the country's impoverished citizens by sending medical supplies, food, clothing and housing assistance. ", " During one visit, Gomez gave Luther Place a replica of a six-foot cross that survived three bombings of Gomez's church in El Salvador.", "\n\nSteinbruck's civil disobedience in the 1970s and 1980s also included acts of protest against the South African system of apartheid in front of the South African Embassy, and opposition to the U.S. military build-up. ", "Steinbruck's most notorious arrest occurred on September 18, 1973, when he gained admission to the Air Force Association Nuclear Arms Technology Exhibition, held at a Washington Hotel. ", " Dressed in his clerical collar and in possession of his Navy ID card, Steinbruck went from booth to booth asking, \"How many people can this [weapon] kill?\" ", "Steinbruck later explained that the defense contractors in the booths \"began to get very uncomfortable and they called security and I was invited to leave. ", " I refused, so they called the cops, and they arrested me.\" ", " Steinbruck was acquitted at a subsequent trial in which the Rev. Jim Ford, Chaplain of the U.S. House of Representatives, and the Rev. George Evans, Chaplain of the U.S. Marine Corps, testified as Steinbruck's character witnesses.", "\n\nLegacy \n\nThe success of the N Street Village in addressing the issue of homelessness in the nation's capital is only part of the life and legacy of John Steinbruck. ", " Inspired by the words of the prophet Isaiah, \"to be a light to the nations,\" he attracted many new members to Luther Place who discovered \"a no non-sense task force of God working here at Thomas Circle - this intersection of the good, the bad, the ugly and the beautiful - they became drawn to the craziness of God.\" ", "Steinbruck was arrested for numerous acts of civil disobedience, resulting in church censures and an expanding assortment of critics. ", " He was invited to the White House during the Camp David accords as a symbol of Christian-Jewish unity, then later rebuffed in his attempts to convince the Reagan Administration to donate White House leftovers to the homeless. ", "As Steinbruck said on December 22, 1994, upon accepting a federal grant for the N Street Ministries from President Bill Clinton and Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Henry Cisneros, \"I fantasize...the day will come when all church steeples and synagogues will be as synonymous...to welcoming the stranger, the homeless family, as the McDonald's arches are famous for hospitality to jogging presidents.\"", "\n\nAs a lasting legacy to John and Erna Steinbruck, in 2001, Luther Place created the Steinbruck Center for Urban Studies, an interfaith ministry of justice, hospitality, and learning designed to educate people on the N Street Village model and the history of Luther Place. ", " The Steinbruck Center provides research and training opportunities for students and adults of all ages to learn how to effectively address the root causes of homelessness and urban poverty.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n N Street Village\n Luther Place Memorial Church\n Lutheran Volunteer Corps\n Obituary in the Washington Post\n Guide to the Papers of John Steinbruck at the American Jewish Historical Society, New York.", "\n\nCategory:1930 births\nCategory:2015 deaths\nCategory:American people of German descent\nCategory:American Lutheran clergy\nCategory:Clergy from Philadelphia\nCategory:People from Lewes, Delaware\nCategory:Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia alumni" ]

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[ "In brief:\nInflammation\n\nA bursa is a fluid filled sac rthat sits between muscle or between muscle and bone and assists with normal motion - like the ball bearings of the body.", "\n\nIf a bursa becomes inflamed - by acute trauma, repetitive motions or activities or other forms of inflammation it causes local pain, possible swelling and usually loss of motion of the affected area.", "\n\nIn brief:\nInflammation\n\nA bursa is a fluid filled sac rthat sits between muscle or between muscle and bone and assists with normal motion - like the ball bearings of the body.", "\n\nIf a bursa becomes inflamed - by acute trauma, repetitive motions or activities or other forms of inflammation it causes local pain, possible swelling and usually loss of motion of the affected area.", "\nWould you like to video or text chat with me?" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'In this paper we present the design, calibration method, and initial results of the Dual-Beam Imaging Polarimeter (DBIP). ", "This new instrument is designed to measure the optical polarization properties of point sources, in particular Main Belt asteroids. ", "This instrument interfaces between the Tek $2048\\times2048$ camera and the University of Hawaii’s 88-inch telescope, and is available for facility use. ", "Using DBIP we are able to measure linear polarization with a 1-sigma Poisson signal noise of $0.03\\%$ per measurement and a systematic error of order $0.06\\%\\pm0.02\\%$. Additionally, we discuss measurements of the polarization of the asteroid 16 Psyche which were taken as part of the instrument commissioning. ", "We confirm Psyche’s negative polarization of $-1.037\\%\\pm0.006\\%$ but find no significant modulation of the signal with rotation above the $0.05\\%$ polarization level.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Joseph Masiero, Klaus Hodapp, Dave Harrington, Haosheng Lin'\ntitle: 'Commissioning of the Dual-Beam Imaging Polarimeter for the UH 88-inch telescope'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nOptical polarimetry of asteroids enjoyed a rush of activity in the 1960s and 1970s until the limits of the optics and imagers were reached. ", "A resurgence of interest in polarimetric imaging of asteroids then appeared, fueled by previous successes with optics such as retarders and Savart plates (e.g. @serkowski74) as well as improved CCD technology. ", "Polarimetric studies of asteroids require large amounts of telescope time spread out over many nights to fully cover rotation periods and phase angles. ", "The University of Hawaii’s 88-inch telescope offers our study the best access to a wide range of observing nights, but does not have a high precision polarimeter. ", "We present the design and calibration results for a new instrument: the Dual-Beam Imaging Polarimeter (DBIP) for the UH 88-inch telescope which is capable of simultaneously measuring both orthogonal polarization states for point sources to an accuracy of better than $0.1\\%$. The observing scheme has been designed to make these measurements independent of flat field effects as well as changes in seeing or extinction. ", "DBIP was commissioned in March of 2007 in half-wave mode, allowing measurement of linear polarization (Stokes $Q \\& U$ vectors). ", "Two polarized standards and two unpolarized standards were observed, as well as $6.8$ hours of coverage of the asteroid 16 Psyche, which has shown weak variations in polarization in the past [@broglia92]. ", "In August 2007, DBIP will be commissioned in Full Stokes mode, providing sensitivity to Stokes $Q, U, \\& V$ while still retaining flat field and temporal independence.", "\n\nInstrument Design {#design}\n=================\n\nThe optical design of DBIP centers on a double-calcite Savart plate. ", "Calcite splits an incident beam into two parallel beams with orthogonal polarizations, called the ordinary (o) and extraordinary (e) beams. ", "The e-beam has a slightly longer optical path in the calcite, producing differential aberrations. ", "A Savart plate is two calcite blocks bonded with the e and o beams reversed, ensuring that the two beams have the same optical path length and same aberrations. ", "The Savart plate used for DBIP was originally used for Near-IR imaging polarimetry [@savart], but maintains its polarization properties in the optical regime. ", "It has a beam separation of $\\sim1~$mm, which scales to $6.9~$arcseconds ($31.4~$pixels) on the Tek CCD. ", "As currently mounted the two beams are rotated slightly clockwise of a North-South orientation, however we will refer to them as the northern and southern beams throughout this paper.", "\n\nBecause of this relatively small separation, DBIP is most useful for measuring point source polarization, and is incapable of measuring field polarization (including flat field polarization). ", "However, as will be discussed in § \\[reduction\\], the power of a dual-beam system is that when used correctly the polarization values determined are independent of both flat field and temporal variations.", "\n\nBy rotating the Savart plate, all linear polarization angles could be explored, however this would mean that the direction of separation of the images would be dependent on the angle being investigated, which negates the flat-field independence provided by the Savart. ", "Instead, a half-wave plate is inserted just before the Savart plate allowing the plane of polarization of the incident beam to be rotated. ", "Once retarded by the half-wave plate, the transmitted intensity of the two beams exiting the Savart plate are\n\n$$I'_1=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(I+Q\\cos\\left({4\\theta}\\right)+U\\sin\\left({4\\theta}\\right)\\right)$$ $$I'_2=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(I-Q\\cos\\left({4\\theta}\\right)-U\\sin\\left({4\\theta}\\right)\\right)$$\n\nwhere $I$ is the total intensity, $Q$ is the Stokes Q vector amplitude, $U$ is the Stokes U vector amplitude, $\\theta$ is the angle of rotation of the waveplate, and $I'$ is the throughput light amplitude in each of the two split beams.", "\n\nThus by rotating the half-wave plate any angle of polarized light can be sampled by the Savart plate while the image separation and orientation remains constant. ", "There are a few different designs for half-wave plates [@PanWave; @GoodWave], but a true zero-order retarder was chosen because they tend to have fairly flat retardance across a broad range of wavelengths and are available off-the-shelf for small (e.g. $1~$inch) diameters. ", "Our half-wave plate is a birefringent polymer supplied by the Bolder Vision Optik company and provides a retardance of $0.50\\pm0.01$ wavelengths over the$400-700~$nm wavelength range[^1]. ", "Beginning with the expansion from the Muller matrix for a simple retarder-polarizer setup, we have the equation:\n\n$$I'=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(I+\\frac{1}{2}[(1+\\cos\\phi)+(1-\\cos\\phi)\\cos(4\\theta)]~Q + \\frac{1}{2}\\sin(4\\theta)(1-\\cos\\phi)~U - \\sin(2\\theta)\\sin\\phi~V\\right)$$\n\nwhere $\\phi$ is the retardance and $\\theta$ is the angle of waveplate rotation. ", "If the retardance varies between $0.49$ and $0.51~$wavelengths, this means that $\\phi$ varies between $176.4^\\circ<\\phi<183.6^\\circ$. Using these maximal values for $\\phi$ and a waveplate rotation angle of $\\theta=45^\\circ$, the transmitted intensity will be:\n\n$$I'=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(I-0.998~Q-0.063~V\\right)$$\n\nwhich corresponds to a $\\le0.2\\%$ depolarization of the incident polarization (compared to the nominal $I'=0.5*(I-Q)$ for an ideal half-wave plate), as well as some separation of Stokes $V$ into the positive and negative beams. ", "The Savart plate is insensitive to Stokes $V$ and thus this term can be neglected. ", "It can be shown that Stokes $U$ will have depolarization systematics of the same order ($\\sim0.4\\%$). ", "Thus for a $10\\%$ polarized standard star we expect any retardance variation to manifest as a difference of $\\sim0.03\\%$ in the measured percent polarization. ", "A source with $\\sim1\\%$ polarization (e.g. asteroids near their maximum negative polarization phase angle) will be measured as $\\sim0.003\\%$ more depolarized than it actually is. ", "Both of these (as shown below) fall well within our current limits for systematic polarization effects. ", "This systematic depolarization would affect absolute polarization measures, and can be calibrated out with a large number of polarized standard star observations. ", "This should not affect relative polarization measurements using a consistent filter and waveplate rotation angles.", "\n\nAn IR-blocked clear filter is chosen to restrict the observations to optical wavelength bands. ", "The filter was supplied by the Custom Scientific company and has $>90\\%$ transmission in the $400-700~$nm range (typically $95\\%$) and no throughput beyond that range. ", "This is the closest analog to a Sloan [*g’+r’*]{} filter that could be found both off-the-shelf and reasonably priced. ", "Ideally the filter would be located after the Savart plate along the optical axis to prevent stray polarization signals from it, however due to physical space constraints within the mount it could only be located between the half-wave plate and the Savart plate. ", "Should the filter generate any false linear polarization signal, unpolarized standard star calibrations should be able to detect this and remove it from measurement results. ", "The biggest problem that could result from this placement of the filter would be if the filter had a tendency to act like a retarder. ", "This could cause low levels of systematic depolarization, which would show up in the measurements of the absolute polarization of the polarized standard stars. ", "A diagram of the optical configuration can be seen in Fig \\[fig.optics\\].", "\n\nWe chose to optimize DBIP for polarization analysis of point sources, and so wide field capabilities are not required. ", "This meant we are not restricted by optical elements that vignetted the field of view and thus used less expensive, off-the-shelf components when available. ", "Our $1~$inch diameter ($0.8~$inch clear aperture) half-wave plate is significantly smaller than the Tek CCD, which causes the field of view to be vignetted from the standard $\\sim7~$arcmin-sided square to a $2.5~$arcmin clear aperture. ", "A benefit of this is that DBIP only requires the central $1050\\times1050$ pixels to be read out, reducing readout time to $\\sim15~$seconds.", "\n\nTo make this design as cost- and time-efficient as possible, we chose to use as many existing materials as possible. ", "To mount our optics to the telescope, we used a mount fabricated for the QUIRC camera [@quirc]. ", "This mount attaches directly to the UH 88-inch telescope guider and only required minor modification to support the Tek camera. ", "A spacer was made to hold the Savart plate, a bridge to hold the shutter, and the removable stage was altered to support the rotation stage and filter. ", "We used a Newport PR50 series rotation stage with the accompanying SMC100 controller to rotate the waveplate. ", "The PR50 model has a built-in rotary encoder allowing for tracking of the absolute position of the rotation stage, as opposed to open loop models which can only track the relative position to the device. ", "The rotation stage has an angular resolution of $0.01^\\circ$ and a guaranteed absolute motion accuracy of $0.1^\\circ$.\n\nThe first-light image from DBIP is shown in Fig \\[fig.firstlight\\]. ", "The nature of the split image, as well as the separation and entire field of view of the instrument can be seen in this picture.", "\n\nCalibration {#calib}\n===========\n\nOne of the biggest challenges in calibrating DBIP was finding published lists of polarized and unpolarized standard stars that would not saturate the detector in less than a second, i.e. a magnitude limit of $V>9.7~$mag. ", "Most lists of polarized standards are brighter than this limit, and thus most useful for spectropolarimetry (e.g. Keck/LRISp[^2]; Subaru/FOCAS[^3]; [*Hubble*]{} [@hubbleSTD2]). ", "@fossati07 provide a list of polarized standards that fall within our required magnitude range, however most of these are in the Southern Hemisphere, and thus difficult to observe from Mauna Kea. ", "From their list we are able to find two unpolarized standards adequately observable from our location, as well as two standards polarized at the $4\\%$ and $10\\%$ level. ", "When the peak pixel value of each image of the target is kept near 45,000 counts the total beam will include $\\sim1.2\\times10^6$ counts, which will have a 1-sigma Poisson noise of $\\sim0.09\\%$. This flux level can be reached for a V$=10.79~$mag target in $\\sim3~$seconds, or $\\sim9~$seconds for a V$=12.17~$mag target. ", "In terms of faint limits, DBIP can reach this flux level for a V$=17.2~$mag source with a $15~$min exposure time. ", "Once both beams of the four images required to determine the linear polarization are combined, DBIP can measure percent polarization with a photon noise error of $\\sim0.03\\%$ on an individual measurement. ", "Multiple sets of observations allow us to reach Poisson noise errors of $\\sim0.015\\%$ for our standard stars.", "\n\nTarget information, as well as literature and observed values for the percent polarization ($\\%~$Pol) and the angle of polarization ($\\theta$) are given in Table \\[tab.polstd\\]. ", "The difference between the observed and literature position angles are also given. ", "It should be noted that our measurements show that HD 64299 is polarized at the $0.1\\%$ level. ", "HD 64299 was first reported as an unpolarized standard by @krautter, with a polarization of $0.05\\%\\pm0.10\\%$. @hubbleSTD report HD 64299 as an unpolarized standard with polarization (in the $B$ filter) of $0.151\\%\\pm0.032\\%$. These values are consistent (within $2\\sigma$) with our observed measurement of $0.1\\%\\pm0.01\\%$ polarization, however we are unable to determine at this point whether this polarized signal is due to low level systematics or is a true signal. ", "Note that the errors given are for Poisson noise only. ", "Systematic errors in our instrument are discussed below. ", "@wardle74 discuss in their appendix the effect of the non-Gaussian distribution of errors on the measurement of percent polarization and angle of polarization. ", "These effects are important for low-to-moderate signal-to-noise ratios, however our observations are at a S/N$\\approx3500$, well above this regime. ", "Thus these effects have not been incorporated in our quoted errors of $\\%~$P.\n\nBased on our observations of the two polarized standard stars, we find an offset in the angular alignment of the optics to be $9.23^\\circ\\pm0.32^\\circ$ in the positive direction (East-of-North), where the error in this measurement is dominated by the errors on the literature values of angle of polarization. ", "This offset of $9.23^\\circ$ should be subtracted from all angular measurements before analysis. ", "Our observations of WD 1615-154 result in a percent polarization measurement of $0.02\\%\\pm0.02\\%$, consistent with a zero result, and indicative of low-to-no systematic increase in polarization due to the optics.", "\n\nThe Cassegrain stage on UH 88-inch telescope has the ability to rotate, allowing the angle of the instrument on the sky to be changed. ", "Restrictions due to cabling only allow coverage over the range of $-75^\\circ$ to $150^\\circ$ from North, but because of the $180^\\circ$ symmetry in the polarization vectors, this is sufficient to develop a full model of the polarization with instrument rotation, and thus investigate any residual polarization signal imparted by the telescope’s primary and secondary mirrors. ", "We took measurements of HD 64299 and NGC 2024-1 across the range of instrument rotation angles to test for this signal. ", "Figures \\[fig.unpol\\] and \\[fig.pol\\] show the changes in the fractional polarization of $Q$, $U$, and the total polarization $P$ for various Cassegrain stage rotation angles for HD 64299 and NGC 2024-1 respectively. ", "Because the polarization signal from HD 64299 was seen to be fixed with respect to the sky when the Cassegrain stage was rotated, and not with respect to the instrument, the measured polarization is not due to an inherent systematic error created by one of the optical elements (e.g. the filter). ", "In order to differentiate a polarization induced by the telescope’s mirrors with a true signal, observations of a number of polarized standards with a range of position angles is required. ", "This will be the goal of a future calibration campaign using this instrument.", "\n\nWe find that there are variations in the polarization measurement with rotation, with an amplitude of $0.08\\%\\pm0.03\\%$ for a $\\sim10\\%$ polarized source and $0.04\\%\\pm0.02\\%$ for a $\\sim0.1\\%$ polarized source. ", "This systematic error, however, does not change smoothly with instrument angle, nor are the variations the same for both targets. ", "Thus until we perform further observations we can only quote an estimated amplitude of order $0.06\\%\\pm0.02\\%$ for our systematic errors. ", "This error includes effects from the telescope mirrors as well as from any misalignment in the optics or dust on the optical surfaces. ", "This source of error is larger than the photon Poisson error, and will affect absolute polarization measurements and limit our accuracy when compared with literature values, however relative polarization measurements should be unaffected by this error. ", "Additionally, we see no systematic depolarization that would indicate retarder-like behavior from the filter or deviation from $0.5~$wave retardance in the waveplate at a level greater that the above quoted limits.", "\n\nImage Reduction {#reduction}\n===============\n\nAnalysis of the data taken during the commissioning run is done using IDL. ", "Images are loaded in blocks of four (Q1, Q2, U1, U2) matching the pattern they were obtained by the camera control script. ", "The designations Q1, Q2, U1, and U2 represent, respectively, waveplate rotation angles of $0^\\circ$, $45^\\circ$, $22.5^\\circ$, and $67.5^\\circ$ with respect to the Savart plate orientation. ", "The user is then required to click on the Northern-most image of the target in the displayed frame, this being the only user-dependent section of the reduction. ", "The program then centers on both images of the target, subtracts off the appropriate region of the bias image and sums the signal in a $20\\times20~$pixel box around the target. ", "This traces to a box $4.4''$ on a side, which encompasses the $5\\sigma$ radius of the PSF given an worse-than-average seeing of $1''$. The box around the orthogonal beam begins at the $11\\sigma$ radius, meaning the cross-contribution between the beams is minimal. ", "Figure \\[fig.psf\\] shows a comparison between sample data (solid line), a best-fit 2D Gaussian PSF (dashed line) and the limits of the $20\\times20~$pixel box. ", "Though the PSFs are aligned in the y-direction on the CCD, we have shown cuts in the x-direction to better illustrate the overlap between the beam-split PSFs. ", "In Fig \\[fig.zoom\\] we show a close-up of the edges of the PSF wings, with both the fit and the box cut displayed as above. ", "The data drop to a level comparable to the background noise before reaching the orthogonal beam’s integration box, meaning that beam cross-talk is not a significant systematic error. ", "This is dependent on both the focusing of the telescope and the seeing during the observations. ", "Our commissioning nights had a seeing of $1.1''$, which is worse than average for Mauna Kea (average of $0.8''$), meaning bleeding between the PSFs will not be a problem for most observing nights.", "\n\nThe background level is determined by taking the median of a box of $60\\times60$ pixels in the direction away from the oppositely polarized beam. ", "The error on this median is $\\sim0.5$ counts per pixel or $\\sim20~$counts over the region the signal is summed over, while the Poissonian error of the signal is of order $1500~$counts. ", "Thus the shot noise dominates our photometry error. ", "This median background count is subtracted from each pixel.", "\n\nWe then calculate the total fractional polarization for both the Q and U states using the equations\n\n$$q=\\frac{Q1+Q2}{I1+I2}=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(\\frac{S_{Q1p}-S_{Q2p}}{S_{Q1p}+S_{Q2p}}-\\frac{S_{Q1n}-S_{Q2n}}{S_{Q1n}+S_{Q2n}}\\right)$$ $$u=\\frac{U1+U2}{I1+I2}=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(\\frac{S_{U1p}-S_{U2p}}{S_{U1p}+S_{U2p}}-\\frac{S_{U1n}-S_{U2n}}{S_{U1n}+S_{U2n}}\\right)$$\n\nwhere $S$ is the signal in an image and $p$ and $n$ subscripts refer to the positive (Northern) and negative (Southern) images, respectively. ", "The fractional polarizations $q$ and $u$ are equivalent to $Q/I$ and $U/I$ without assuming constant seeing or extinction between images. ", "It is trivial to show that using this reduction method flat-field effects are canceled out, assuming the location of the image has not changed significantly between images and thus the flat fields at e.g. $Q1p$ and $Q2p$ are the same.", "\n\nObservations of 16 Psyche {#psyche}\n=========================\n\nDuring the dates of DBIP’s commissioning, the Main Belt asteroid 16 Psyche, an M-type object, was near its phase of maximum negative polarization [@broglia92; @horizons]. ", "We observed Psyche to show an overall polarization of $-1.037\\%\\pm0.006\\%$, where a negative polarization value refers to polarization parallel to the Sun-Object-Earth plane and a positive polarization refers to polarization orthogonal to this plane. ", "The error quoted here is noise-related only and does not account for any systematic offsets. ", "The cause of negative polarization is second-order scattering of the light by particles on the asteroid’s surface [@karri89]. ", "Table \\[tab.psyche\\] lists the mean RA and Dec of Psyche on each night of observing, as well as the apparent V magnitude, the mean phase angle ($\\alpha$), and the measured percent polarization.", "\n\nPreviously, @broglia92 reported variations in the polarized light curve with amplitude of $\\sim0.12\\%$ at a $95\\%$ confidence level. ", "We observed Psyche during the commissioning to verify this measurement at a greater confidence level. ", "However, we are unable to detect any modulation of Psyche’s polarization with rotation phase at any confidence for a $>0.1\\%$ amplitude variation. ", "Figure \\[fig.psyche\\] shows the data from the two nights of observing wrapped onto a rotation period of $0.174831~$days [@broglia92]. ", "Our observations are consistent with a constant polarization of $-1.037\\%$ and limit any amplitude of variation to $<0.05\\%$. It is possible that the discrepancy between our measurements and those of @broglia92 could be the result of changes in pole orientation. ", "@deangelis93 measured Psyche’s pole orientation to be $\\lambda\\sim\n35^\\circ$, $\\beta\\sim +22^\\circ$ in ecliptic coordinates. ", "During our observations Psyche was at an ecliptic longitude of $\\lambda = 165^\\circ$, and thus a pole angle of $50^\\circ$ while during the observations of @broglia92 Psyche was at an ecliptic longitude of $\\lambda\\sim\n74^\\circ$, and thus a pole angle of $109^\\circ$ [@horizons]. ", "Because our viewing orientation of Psyche is more pole-on than that of @broglia92 it is expected that we would see less variation across the surface with rotation than those authors. ", "Because polarization is linked to albedo, and thus surface properties, this may explain our null result in looking for rotational variation in Psyche’s polarization. ", "Conversely, if the region of Psyche’s surface that generated the polarization oscillation is in Psyche’s Southern hemisphere, it would have been observable during the observing period of @broglia92 but not during ours.", "\n\nConclusions {#conc}\n===========\n\nThe Dual-Beam Imaging Polarimeter, a new instrument available on the UH 88-inch telescope using the Tek camera, has been commissioned in half-wave setup and is now available for facility use. ", "We find that DBIP is able to measure percent polarization for a $V\\sim10.8~$mag source with an exposure time of $\\sim3~$seconds to accuracies of $0.03\\%$ from a single set of the four observations required to determine the linear Stokes parameters. ", "This level can likewise be reached for a V$\\sim12.2~$mag target in $\\sim9~$seconds to a limit of V$=17.2~$mag for a 15 minute exposure time. ", "These measurements are independent of flat-field, seeing, or extinction effects. ", "Estimates of the systematic polarization offset due to the telescope’s mirrors place the errors at $0.06\\%\\pm0.02\\%$.\n\nWe set an upper limit to the rotational variation of the polarized signal of the Main Belt asteroid 16 Psyche at $0.05\\%$, much lower than previously published results. ", "We postulate that this difference is due to changes in pole orientation from previous observations to ours.", "\n\nDBIP will be commissioned in full-Stokes mode during Aug 2007, when a quarter-wave plate will be installed in addition to the half-wave plate to provide sensitivity to both linear and circular polarization using sets of 6 images at various rotation angles for both waveplates.", "\n\nAcknowledgments\n===============\n\nThe authors wish to thank Colin Aspin for providing the half-wave plate, Ed Sousa for example control code, and Richard Shelton for help in the machine shop. ", "All of the above also provided a large amount useful advice that allowed us to bring this instrument into existence. ", "Additionally, we would like to thank Rolf-Peter Kudritzki, Shadia Habbal and the entire IfA for funding support, Nathan Huisman for computer support, and Robert Jedicke for letting JRM take time off his thesis to get this built. ", "Additionally, we thank the anonymous referee for helpful comments that greatly clarified this paper.", "\n\n[XXX]{}\n\nBroglia, P. & Manara, A., 1992, “A study of the polarimetric lightcurve of the asteroid 16 Psyche”, A&A, 257, 770.", "\n\nDe Angelis, G., 1993, “Three asteroid pole determinations”, P&SS, 41, 285.", "\n\nFossati, L., Bagnulo, S., Mason, E., Landi Del’Innocenti, E., 2007, “Standard Stars for Linear Polarization Observed with FORS1”, ASP Conf., ", "364, 503.", "\n\nGiorgini, J.D., Yeomans, D.K., Chamberlin, A.B., Chodas, P.W., Jacobson, R.A., Keesey, M.S., Lieske, J.H., Ostro, S.J., Standish, E.M., Wimberly, R.N., 1996, “JPL’s On-Line Solar System Data Service”, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 28(3), 1158.", "\n\nGoodrich, R.W., 1991, “High-Efficiency ’Superachromatic’ Polarimetry Optics for Use in Optical Astronomical Spectrographs”, PASP, 103, 1314.", "\n\nHodapp, K.-W., et al., ", "1996, “The HAWAII Infrared Detector Arrays: testing and astronomical characterization of prototype and science-grade devices”, New Astronomy, 1, 177.", "\n\nHodapp, K.-W. & Rayner, J., 1991, “The S106 star-forming region”, AJ, 102, 1108.", "\n\nKrautter, J., 1980, “Polarization Measurements of 313 Nearby Stars”, A&AS, 39, 167.", "\n\nMuinonen, K., 1989, “Electromagnetic Scattering by Two Interacting Dipoles”, Proc. ", "URSI International Symp. ", "on Electromagnetic Theory, 428.", "\n\nPancharatnam, S., 1955, “Achromatic Combinations of Birefringent Plates. ", "Part II. ", "An Achromatic Quarter - Wave Plate”, Proc. ", "Indian Acad. ", "Sci., ", "A41, 137.", "\n\nSchmidt, G.D., Elston, R., & Lupie, O.L., 1992, “The Hubble Space Telescope Northern-Hemisphere Grid of Stellar Polarimetric Standards”, AJ, 104, 1563.", "\n\nSerkowski, K., 1974, “Polarization Techniques”, Methods of Experimental Physics, ed. ", "N. Carleton, Vol 12A: Astrophysics, 361.", "\n\nTurnshek, D.A., Bohlin, R.C., Williamson II, R.L., Lupie, O.L., Koornneef, J., & Morgan, D.H., 1990, “An Atlas of [*Hubble Space Telescope*]{} Photometric, Spectrophotometric, and Polarimetric Calibration Objects”, AJ, 99, 1243.", "\n\nWardle, J.F.C & Kronberg, P.P., 1974, “Linear Polarization of Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources at 3.71 and 11.1 Centimeters”, ApJ, 194, 249.", "\n\n[cccccccccc]{} 03-23-2007 & HD 64299 & 10.11 & 07:52:25.51 & $-23^\\circ 17' 46.8''$ & $0.06\\pm0.13$ & n/a & $0.10\\pm0.01$ & $96.95\\pm4.21$ & n/a\\\n03-24-2007 & WD 1615-154 & 12.40 & 16:17:55.25 & $-15^\\circ 35' 52.4''$ & $0.06\\pm0.24$ & n/a & $0.02\\pm0.02$ & n/a & n/a\\\n03-24-2007 & NGC 2024-1 & 12.17 & 05:41:37.85 & $-01^\\circ 54' 36.5''$ & $9.65\\pm0.06$ & $135.47\\pm0.59$ & $9.70\\pm0.02$ & $145.34\\pm0.05$ & $9.87\\pm0.59$\\\n03-24-2007 & BD-12 5133 & 10.40 & 18:40:01.70 & $-12^\\circ 24' 06.9''$ & $4.37\\pm0.04$ & $146.84\\pm0.25$ & $4.26\\pm0.01$ & $155.43\\pm0.10$ & $8.69\\pm0.27$\\\n-0.05in \\[tab.polstd\\]\n\n[cccccc]{} 03-23-2007 & 10:41:25 & $09^\\circ 31'$ & 10.77 & $7.2^\\circ$ & $-1.026\\pm0.009$\\\n03-24-2007 & 10:40:45 & $09^\\circ 36'$ & 10.79 & $7.5^\\circ$ & $-1.048\\pm0.008$\\\n-0.05in \\[tab.psyche\\]\n\n![ ", "The arrangement of optical elements in DBIP. []{", "data-label=\"fig.optics\"}](f1.eps)\n\n![ ", "The first-light image from DBIP. ", "The bright object near the center is HD 64299. ", "The dual images of each objects are separated by $6.9''$, and the entire field of view spans $2.5'$. In this image, North is up and East is left. []{", "data-label=\"fig.firstlight\"}](f2.eps)\n\n![ ", "Typical PSF for a target object centered at 0, with its orthogonally polarized component visible beyond 20. ", "The solid line shows example data and the dashed line indicates a best-fit 2D Gaussian model. ", "The dotted vertical lines indicate the region the flux is summed over for our calculations. []{", "data-label=\"fig.psf\"}](f5.eps){width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\n![ ", "The same as Fig \\[fig.psf\\], but zoomed in to show detail at the edges of the wings. ", "Note that the $20\\times20$ pixel box includes more flux than the 2D Gaussian PSF model, while avoiding any contamination from the orthogonal component. []{", "data-label=\"fig.zoom\"}](f6.eps){width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\n[^1]: quote from vendor’s website: http://www.boldervision.com/achro.html\n\n[^2]: http://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/inst/lris/polarimeter/polarimeter.html\n\n[^3]: http://www.naoj.org/Observing/Instruments/FOCAS/pol/calibration.html\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "A single base substitution in 16S ribosomal RNA suppresses streptomycin dependence and increases the frequency of translational errors.", "\nA C to U substitution at position 1469 of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from Escherichia coli suppresses streptomycin dependence and causes increased translational error frequencies. ", "Strains containing the rpsL252 or StrM287 streptomycin-dependent alleles are able to grow in the absence of streptomycin when transformed with plasmids containing the U1469 mutation in 16S rRNA. ", "Ribosomes containing wild-type proteins and U1469 mutant 16S rRNA misincorporate leucine in vitro at elevated levels, comparable to that of some typical S4 ram ribosomes. ", "These results provide additional support for the participation of 16S rRNA in maintaining translational accuracy." ]

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[ "Madrid semble déterminée à empêcher la tenue d'un référendum d'autodétermination en Catalogne, comme l'a promis le président du gouvernement catalan, la « Generalitat », Carles Puigdemont. ", "Selon des informations publiées dans le quotidien conservateur madrilène El Mundo, le gouvernement espagnol a mis sur pied un plan pour empêcher la tenue du vote qui sera sans doute déclaré illégal par le Tribunal constitutionnel espagnol. ", "Le gouvernement du Royaume entend éviter la répétition du scrutin « consultatif » du 9 novembre 2014, qui s'était tenues avec l'appui du gouvernement catalan. ", "Cette fois, à la différence de ce qui s'est passé trois ans plus tôt, Carles Puigdemont a prévenu : il respectera le résultat du vote et si l'indépendance obtient 50 % plus une voie, il la proclamera et engagera le divorce avec l'Espagne.", "\n\nAppliquer l'article 155\n\nPour contrer l'organisation de ce scrutin, prévu dans la deuxième quinzaine de septembre, Madrid pourrait enclencher la procédure prévue à l'article 155 de la constitution espagnole qui donne au gouvernement central la possibilité de « prendre les mesures nécessaires pour contraindre une communauté autonome (région) à respecter ses obligations ou pour protéger l'intérêt général ». ", "Cet article n'a jamais été utilisé, mais permettrait de suspendre en partie l'autonomie régionale. ", "Selon El Mundo, évoquant une réunion gouvernementale sur le sujet, Madrid prendrait alors le contrôle des ministères catalans de l'Éducation et de l'Intérieur. ", "Le premier permettrait de fermer les bureaux de vote dans les établissements scolaires, le second permettrait de prendre le contrôle de la police catalane, les Mossos d'Esquadra. ", "Ces derniers seraient chargés de surveiller les lieux et d'empêcher l'ouverture des bureaux de vote. ", "Désormais donc, le gouvernement espagnol se dit prêt à prendre des mesures « coercitives » contre la tenue du référendum d'autodétermination catalane.", "\n\nProblèmes d'application\n\nCette procédure de l'article 155 est lourde, elle suppose une mise en demeure du président de la Generalitat et l'approbation de la majorité absolue du Sénat, acquise au gouvernement conservateur de Mariano Rajoy. ", "Cette option semble sérieuse dans la mesure où elle a été évoquée ce 2 février par le ministre de la Justice espagnol, Rafael Catalá. ", "El Mundo affirme que cette stratégie vise à faire « respecter la loi » constitutionnelle espagnole qui interdira par le Tribunal constitutionnel le référendum, tout en étant une réponse « proportionnelle ». ", "L'autonomie catalane ne serait pas ainsi suspendue entièrement, mais uniquement dans les domaines nécessaires. ", "Elle reste cependant très risquée sur le plan pratique. ", "Il faudra s'assurer du loyalisme des Mossos et éviter des troubles aux abords des bureaux de vote. ", "Le gouvernement espagnol dispose de forces limitées qui relèveraient directement de lui et il ne peut empêcher la tenue du vote sans les Mossos.", "\n\nDialogue de sourds\n\nEn réalité, cette annonce doit être comprise dans l'actuel bras de fer psychologique entre les exécutifs espagnol et catalan. ", "Une « opération dialogue » est actuellement menée par Madrid vers Barcelone, mais exclut de toute discussion le référendum d'autodétermination. ", "En retour, le gouvernement catalan propose une discussion à Madrid, sur les modalités du référendum... Face à ce dialogue de sourd, chacun assure donc ne pas vouloir céder. ", "Carles Puigdemont affirme que « l'on votera quoi qu'il arrive », tandis que Madrid martèle que l'on ne « votera en aucun cas ». ", "Face à cette situation bloquée, chacun tente donc d'impressionner l'autre le plus possible. ", "L'évocation concrète de l'usage de l'article 155 entre dans ce cadre.", "\n\nEn fait, en faisant usage de la coercition, Madrid risque d'approfondir la crise en la faisant descendre dans la rue, devant les bureaux de vote. ", "Il risque aussi de faire basculer avec un coup de force une partie des indécis du côté des Indépendantistes. ", "La clé du succès du référendum réside dans l'attitude de la gauche non indépendantiste, favorable à la consultation, mais pas à l'indépendance. ", "Si Madrid use de violence, l'attitude de cette constellation politique pourrait pencher vers l'indépendance. ", "Mais à Madrid et parmi les unionistes, on est certain qu'en montrant les muscles, on empêchera la tenue du référendum et que l'on aura prouvé l'impasse de la voie indépendantiste. ", "Là encore, le dialogue de sourds est complet." ]

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[ "Cyclocross has started to sneak its way onto the pages of Pez. ", "This annual changing of the guard is often looked at by road racers as the down season or winter break, but nothing will serve your road cycling training better in the run towards 2014 than a stint of cross racing this season.", "\n\nCyclocross has become all the rage over the past few years. ", "Everywhere you look companies are coming out with cross bikes, now disc equipped cross bikes, espousing the fun and camaraderie of the sport, and pulling riders across the spectrum into its tangled web of mud, crud, and barriers. ", "As the season begins in earnest, let’s consider what it is about cross that makes it a nearly perfect winter sport.", "\n\nCyclocross. ", "It’s just plain, dirty fun.", "\n\nShort on Duration, Long On Intensity\n“Sixty minutes of suffering” is a common refrain, and a truism at that. ", "Then again at most race sites only the elite men and women are doing the full sixty, for the rest it likely ranges between thirty and forty five minutes, a completely reasonable duration for head to toe suffering!", "\n\nWe’ve assuaged your fear of the duration, so let’s talk about intensity! ", "Yep, it starts hard and fast. ", "I like to tell first timers and those questioning their fitness to start at the back and see how many people you can pass. ", "A similar strategy is to take the first lap at a reasonable pace and then light it up. ", "Of course this may eliminate you from contention, but in that first race of the season results are a bonus anyway.", "\n\nHere’s the thing about cross. ", "It is VERY easy to go too deep at the start and spend the rest of the race playing catch up of the aerobically destroyed kind. ", "If you aren’t carrying some decent road fitness, or have trained specifically for ‘cross season, then avoid those 9 and 10 level efforts right off the line. ", "You simply cannot dig a huge aerobic hole in the first lap and expect to recover and get back on a rhythm because you are riding at the frayed edge of composure anyway just trying to negotiate the various obstacles and try to retain some semblance of your placing.", "\n\nEmbrace The Technical\nPerhaps the greatest addition that CX brings to your game is in the realm of bike handling skills. ", "I’m sorry to say it, but too often riders upgrade without the proper skills set to manage the faster categories. ", "CX can cut that learning curve dramatically. ", "You’ll learn how to handle your bike out of problems quick, how to anticipate and avoid problems to begin with, and how to navigate varied terrain surfaces ranging from pavement to grass, gravel to mud, and everywhere in between.", "\n\nIt is the skills component, in the end, that outweighs fitness. ", "Give me two riders of nearly matching fitness and I’ll take the one with the skills for the win almost every time.", "\n\nCertainly riders can get by on fitness. ", "Three time Olympian Eric Wohlberg rode for my team for a few years and was pretty dreadful in the skills department, but his fitness level was so high that he pulled top 10s out of nearly every race despite his technical limitations. ", "Of course over several seasons he developed a repertoire of skills that took him onto the podium regularly as well.", "\n\nYou will be amazed how easy and ‘sticky’ the road feels after a season sliding around on dirt, grass and mud!", "\n\nEquipment Lovers Rejoice\nThe common refrain is that cyclocross requires a big equipment investment, and it’s true, but not to the level you might think (or indeed wish for?!). ", "While two bikes are often deemed a necessity, the truth is that you can race a full and complete campaign on just one bike if necessary. ", "Now, should you opt to have a second bike most people will tell you to set them up exactly the same, but I don’t necessarily see it that way. ", "I have run a single speed as my second bike the past couple of years and it works just great on 90% of the courses we use. ", "In addition it opens up a whole new field of racing.", "\n\nWheel and Tire Choices\nWheels, or more specifically tires, on the other hand, are a necessary and vital accommodation. ", "The first question is tubes, tubeless, or tubular. ", "Tubeless has come a long way in the past few years, but I still defer to tubulars for durability, reliability and performance. ", "They have the distinct advantage of permitting much lower tire pressures. ", "In addition, tubulars permit much more supple movement of the casing, resulting in much better grip and traction.", "\n\nGenerally tires are broken into three different styles:\n• All conditions – characterized by tires like the Challenge Grifo, Clement PDX, and the Dugast Typhoon, are good for most any race year round and should be your primary set of race wheels, or only set if that’s what you can afford.", "\n\n• Mud tires like the Dugast Rhino or the Challenge Limus offer spectacular performance in muddy conditions, so if you race in mud regularly, get a set or two.", "\n\n• Lastly there are file treads, the closest thing to a road tire on offer, they have a very fast tread pattern and usually a mediocre set of knobs on the edge of the tire to help with cornering. ", "File treads are fast if you can corral them!", "\n\nYou Have to Stop Sometimes\nThe second most important component on your CX bike are the brakes. ", "In this case, cyclocross is a harbinger of things to come, namely disc brakes. ", "Legal on UCI cross courses for a few years now, it is a sure bet that they will UCI legal for road races within two or three years. ", "When Shimano and SRAM get behind a technology it’s a near sure bet that it will be race legal and each has a full hydraulic disc offering. ", "In addition there are two new systems from TRP Brakes, including a hydraulic caliper that is cable actuated, that easily installs on all existing disc bikes using traditional cables.", "\n\nV-brakes (or linear pull as they are called) and cantilevers are the other two brake options. ", "Cantilevers are classic “old school” and generally perform well enough to slow you down, but a step or two below your road bike calipers. ", "Into that void stepped linear pull brakes a few years back. ", "They offer impressive stopping in an easy to use system. ", "Once you’ve ridden linear pull it is difficult to go back to cantilevers, spoken from personal experience!", "\n\nPlan It Out\nIf you are going to jump into the fray, you should consider a couple of training adjustments. ", "First, if cross is merely a weekend distraction then there isn’t much need to train for it. ", "The racing will act as your weekly intensity in the off-season if you are hardcore about road, so don’t fret that.", "\n\nIf you find a gnawing desire to be competitive, or if you want your weekend distraction to be a lot smoother and more fun, then you’ll want to throw down a couple days of skills practice. ", "Make one of them an interval workout. ", "Recall that cyclocross is sort of like a time trial except that it has 10-20-30 little sprints every lap, so easy!", "\n\nIf you are doing intervals then I have my riders focus on Neuromuscular type efforts mixed with VO2 intervals of appropriate duration. ", "Typically that’s a 3-10 minute block of 15 seconds on/off with lots of corners acting as the starting point for the “on” portions. ", "That type of workout can alternate with a more VO2 type effort of 3-5 minutes duration. ", "It’s a very time-efficient workout and you only have to do it a few times to get the payoff!", "\n\nWhatever your level of fanaticism and focus, cross can make the winter fly by and you’ll be pleasantly surprised at the retention of top end acceleration and snap as your road season commences. ", "Give it a try this “off” season!", "\n\nAbout Matt McNamara: Matt is a USA Cycling Level 1 coach with over 20 years of racing, coaching and team management experience. ", "He is the founder and president of Sterling Sports Group. ", "If you have any questions or comments please feel free to contact him directly at info@sterlingwins.com. ", "You can learn more by visiting his website at www.sterlingwins.com." ]

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[ "Henryk Górski\n\nHenryk Franciszek Górski (born 4 April 1938) is a Polish former sport shooter who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1938 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Polish male sport shooters\nCategory:ISSF rifle shooters\nCategory:Olympic shooters of Poland\nCategory:Shooters at the 1960 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Shooters at the 1964 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Sportspeople from Gdynia" ]

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[ "Electric vehicles have been actively studied and developed because they are possible alternatives for solving vehicle pollution and energy problems.", "\nSuch electric vehicles acquire power by driving an AC or DC motor using battery power. ", "The electric vehicles can be classified into battery electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. ", "A battery electric vehicle drives a motor using the power of a battery and charges the battery when the battery is depleted. ", "A hybrid electric vehicle charges a battery using electric power generated by driving an engine and drives an electric motor using the electric power to drive the vehicle.", "\nGenerally, a system for charging a battery of such a hybrid electric vehicle has a charger mounted therein in order to charge a high voltage battery and has a low voltage DC/DC converter (LDC) in order to charge a low voltage battery using the high voltage battery. ", "In other words, the system for charging a vehicle battery charges the high voltage battery when the vehicle stops, and supplies the power to the low voltage battery and electric field load through. ", "the LDC.", "\nRecently, a bidirectional converter has been mainly used for an LDC since the bidirectional converter can improve power loss.", "\nAdditionally, a method for charging a high voltage battery using a bidirectional converter has also been studied. ", "However, since the high voltage battery is charged using an auxiliary battery in this method, the durability of an LDC may decrease.", "\nThe foregoing is intended merely to aid in the understanding of the background of the present disclosure, and is not intended to mean that the present disclosure falls within the purview of the related art that is already known to those skilled in the art." ]

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[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nInfluenza is a serious global public health concern. ", "Regardless of the availability of antiviral drugs and vaccines, according to the World Health Organization\\'s estimates, influenza is the cause of 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and about 290,000--650,000 deaths in seasonal outbreaks worldwide (WHO Influenza, [@B47]). ", "Annual \"flu\" vaccination has a primary role in preventing influenza A and B virus infections and increasing population immunity even though the efficacy of the seasonal flu vaccines may vary from year to year (Bridges et al., [", "@B3]). ", "Since the current flu vaccination approach is imperfect, a substantial portion of the population is susceptible to infection even after vaccination every year. ", "Therefore, alternative strategies should be considered to improve our therapeutic abilities for those patients that develop clinical flu. ", "This would be especially important in the pandemic setting with rapid virus transmission due to the currently limited ability for fast, new vaccine production (Bridges et al., [", "@B3]). ", "Current treatment and prophylaxis against seasonal influenza is limited to the only licensed class of antivirals, namely neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs). ", "Oseltamivir and zanamivir are currently licensed worldwide while peramivir and laninamivir are approved in some countries (Ison, [@B20]). ", "The frequency of NAI resistance in currently circulating strains is low, \\<1% (Hurt et al., [", "@B17]), but resistance to oseltamivir, the most widely used NAI, was extensive amongst former seasonal H1N1 viruses in 2008. (", "Hurt et al., [", "@B18]), and was detected in localized clusters of oseltamivir-resistant H1N1pdm09 (Hurt et al., [", "@B19]). ", "Nevertheless, the therapeutic window for treatment with these drugs is very short and patients benefit the most when treated 24--48 h after the onset of \"flu\" symptoms (Ison, [@B20]).", "\n\nThe first of the two classes of FDA-approved anti-influenza drugs are adamantanes, amantadine and rimantadine, that inhibit viral replication by blocking the wild-type (WT) M2 proton channel.", "\n\nIAV matrix protein 2 (M2), an ion channel protein, is one of the most conserved viral proteins and essential for efficient virus replication, and is thus an important anti-influenza drug target (Takeda et al., [", "@B37]). ", "Matrix protein 2 (M2) is a 97-residue-long viral protein that encompasses a 19-residue-long hydrophobic transmembrane domain (TM) that forms a homotetrameric proton-selective channel involved in proton conductance and drug binding (Lamb et al., [", "@B22]; Sakaguchi et al., [", "@B30]). ", "Adamantanes have been used successfully against influenza A virus infection for more than 30 years because of their wide accessibility and low price (Dolin et al., [", "@B7]). ", "However, as a consequence of the lack of activity against influenza B (Mould et al., [", "@B27]), adverse effects, and the rapid emergence of resistance during treatment or even in the absence of selective drug pressure, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have strongly recommended against the use of this class of drugs (CDC, [@B5]). ", "The molecular basis for resistance to adamantanes is connected with several amino acid substitutions and the M2-S31N variant is found in more than 95% of the currently circulating influenza A viruses (Dong et al., [", "@B8]). ", "The expansion of M2 viruses with S31N mutation in the early 2000s is not a consequence of drug selection pressure but is connected to advantageous substitutions elsewhere in the virus, in a process denoted as genetic \"hitch-hiking\" (Simonsen et al., [", "@B33]). ", "On the other hand, the latest report of M2 S31 and D31 viruses in Australia suggests that the role of the M2 N31 residue in viral fitness is no longer as important as it used to be (Hurt et al., [", "@B16]). ", "Considering all these facts, new effective anti-influenza M2 inhibitors that target both WT and S31N mutant are greatly needed. ", "Several high-resolution M2 structures that provide important insights into the favorable structural features can be employed for designing new M2 inhibitors (Hong and DeGrado, [@B14]).", "\n\nA recent, and very popular drug discovery approach---drug repurposing (DR), wherein old drugs are given new indication by exploring new molecular pathways and targets for intervention (Strittmatter, [@B36])- offers potential economic advantage and shorter regulatory process for the clinical approval. ", "The continuous increase of drug-resistant pathogens is a great challenge for treatment of infectious diseases and DR serves as an alternative approach for rapid identification of effective therapeutics (Zheng et al., [", "@B50]). ", "Drug repurposing (DR) applied to viral infectious diseases integrates both screening of bioactive small-molecule collections and computational methods to find a molecule, a pathway, or a biological activity that could be used against the virus of interest (Mercorelli et al., [", "@B25]). ", "Two clinical trials against influenza viruses with repositioned drugs are currently underway: (1) The first trial (phase 2b/3clinical trial) combines clarithromycin and naproxen along with oseltamivir in a triple-drug combination and; (2) the second trial is focused on testing efficacy of an antiparasitic drug, nitazoxanide, against influenza viruses (Phase III) (Mercorelli et al., [", "@B25]).", "\n\nIn this study we propose a simple theoretical criterion for fast virtual screening of molecular libraries for candidate anti-influenza M2 ion channel inhibitors both for wild type and adamantane-resistant influenza A viruses. ", "After *in silico* screening of drug space using the EIIP/AQVN filter, and further filtering of drugs by ligand based virtual screening and molecular docking, we proposed the five best candidate drugs as potential dual inhibitors of wild type and adamantane-resistant influenza A viruses.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s2}\n=====================\n\nFor screening of drugs for repurposing to select candidates for influenza M2 inhibitors, 2,627 approved small molecule drugs from DrugBank (<http://www.drugbank.ca>) were screened. ", "To define the predictive criterion for the selection of Influenza M2 candidates, the learning set ([Supplementary Tables 1](#SM1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, [2](#SM2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) was composed of all active compounds from ChEMBL Target Report Card (<https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/target/inspect/CHEMBL613740>) (EMBL-EBI. ", "ChEMBL). (", "EMBL-EBI. ", "ChEMBL. ", "Available online: <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/> (accessed on June 30, 2018) against influenza A virus M2 (Target ID CHEMBL613740) both for wild type (WT) and S31N, with corresponding IC50 values. ", "The total number of reported compounds for WT and S39N of M2 channel were 50 and 49, respectively. ", "After removal of duplicates and inactive compounds, the final number of compounds was 15 for WT and 12 for the S31N mutant ([Supplementary Tables 1](#SM1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, [2](#SM2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The control data sets were compounds from PubChem compounds database (<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound>).", "\n\nVirtual Screening\n-----------------\n\nThe virtual screening (VS) protocol included the application of subsequent filters to select candidate dual inhibitors of M2 ion channel. ", "The first EIIP/AQVN filter approach was employed for *in silico* screening of the ChEMBL Target Report Card (<https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/target/inspect/CHEMBL613740>) and DrugBank (<http://www.drugbank.ca>) (Wishart et al., [", "@B48]) and then proceeded by ligand-based screening.", "\n\nEIIP/AQVN\n---------\n\nThe EIIP for organic molecules can be determined by the following simple equation derived from the \"general model pseudopotential (Veljkovic et al., [", "@B41]).", "\n\nEIIP\n\n=\n\n0\n\n.", "\n\n25\n\nZ\n\n\\*\n\nsin\n\n(\n\n1\n\n.", "\n\n04\n\nπ\n\nZ\n\n\\*\n\n)\n\n/\n\n2\n\nπ\n\nwhere Z^\\*^ is the average quasi valence number (AQVN) determined by\n\nZ\n\n\\*\n\n=\n\n∑\n\nm\n\n(\n\nniZi\n\n/\n\nN\n\n)\n\nWhere *Zi* is the valence number of the *i*th atomic component, *ni* is the number of atoms of the *i*th component, *m* is the number of atomic components in the molecule, and *N* is the total number of atoms. ", "EIIP values calculated according to Equations (1, 2) are expressed in Rydberg units (Ry).", "\n\nLigand-Based Virtual Screening\n------------------------------\n\nTo screen selected compounds from Drugbank, both learning set compounds and candidates from the previous step were converted to 3D sdf format from smiles. ", "GRIND descriptors of molecules were calculated, based on molecular interaction field (MIF) probes (Duran et al., [", "@B10]). ", "Computation method for descriptor generation was GRID with step 0.5. ", "Applied probes (mapped regions of molecule surface) were DRY (hydrophobic interactions) O (hydrogen bond acceptor) N1 (hydrogen bond donor) and TIP (molecular shape descriptor). ", "Discretization Method was AMANDA (Duran et al., [", "@B9]), with scale factor 0.55. ", "Cut off was set to: DRY −0.5 O −2.6 N1 −4.2 TIP −0.75. ", "Encoding Method was MACC2 and weights were the following: DRY: −0.5, O: −2.6, N1: −4.2, TIP: −0.75. ", "Number of PCA components was set to five. ", "Explained variance of such obtained model was 58.84%. ", "Then, learning set compounds were imported and served for screening the candidate compound database. ", "All calculations were carried in Pentacle software version 1.06 for Linux (Pastor et al., [", "@B29]).", "\n\nMolecular Docking\n-----------------\n\n### Receptor Preparation\n\nCrystal structures of the wild type M2 channel and the S31N mutant channel were downloaded from RCSB PDB database (<https://www.rcsb.org/>) with PDBIDs 2KQT (Cady et al., [", "@B4]) and 2LY0 (Wang et al., [", "@B46]) respectively. ", "All ligands, ions and water molecules were removed from structures. ", "All hydrogen atoms were added on protein structures and then truncated to only polar hydrogen atoms during the preparation process. ", "The receptor was prepared in ADT Tools 1.5.6 (Sanner, [@B31]; Morris et al., [", "@B26]).", "\n\n### Ligand Preparation\n\nLigands were converted from 3Dsdf to mol2 format and imported to Avogadro software in order to protonate them at physiological pH. Molecules were prepared for MOPAC 2016 (Stewart, [@B35]) and geometrically optimized on PM7 (Stewart, [@B34]) level of theory. ", "They were further prepared for molecular docking in ADT Tools.", "\n\nMolecular Docking\n-----------------\n\nA grid box with dimensions 24 × 24 × 24 A was placed in the center of the binding site of the protein receptor. ", "Exhaustiveness was set to 50. ", "Molecular docking was carried in Autodock Vina (Trott and Olson, [@B40]).", "\n\n*In vitro* Efficacy Testing of Guanethidine Against Influenza a (h1n1) Virus\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nInfluenza A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1) virus was premixed with 1, 10, and 100 μM of guanethidine and incubated at 37C for 1 hr. ", "Positive control wells were prepared by mixing influenza A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1) virus with 10 μM of merimepodib. ", "MDCK cells were then infected in triplicates with influenza A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1) virus / drug mixture. ", "After \\~1 h of incubation at 37°C and 5% CO2, cells were washed with serum free media and 1 × of each compound dose was added to the cells. ", "Virus control wells as well as untreated control wells were included in triplicates. ", "Cells were incubated at 37C and 5% CO2 and samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, and 3 days post-infection. ", "Samples were stored at −80°C until the day of analysis. ", "The influenza virus titer in MDCK cells via TCID50 was performed for each sample collected at days 0, 1, and 2 post-infection.", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nThe virtual screening (VS) protocol in this study was based on the application of sequential filters to select candidate dual inhibitors of the M2 ion channel. ", "Previously it was shown for molecular targets in diverse pathological states that small molecules with similar AQVN and EIIP values interact with the common therapeutic targets (Veljkovic et al., [", "@B41], [@B42]). ", "This resulted in determining criteria for virtual screening of molecular libraries for compounds with similar therapeutic properties (Veljkovic et al., [", "@B42]). ", "The learning set consists of M2 WT ([Supplementary Table 1](#SM1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), and M2 S31N mutant ([Supplementary Table 2](#SM2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) ion channel inhibitors from the ChEMBL Target Report Card (<https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/target/inspect/CHEMBL613740>) (EMBL-EBI. ", "ChEMBL). ", "The AQVN/EIIP descriptor values were calculated for the learning set ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and range for selection was based on their distribution. ", "AQVN descriptor values were in range 2.21--2.32 for WT and 2.21--2.44 for S31N mutant. ", "More than 80% of the compounds of WT inhibitors and 83% M2 S31N mutant ion channel inhibitors from the learning set were inside the common active domain for both while having AQVN and EIIP values within the intervals of (2.21--2.32) and (0.071--0.089). ", "Inside this common active domain is also amantadine with AQVN/EIIP 2.214/0.0717. ", "The reported domain was selected as a criterion for the selection of compounds representing candidate dual M2 WT and S31 mutant ion channel inhibitors ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "By applying the EIIP/AQVN-based virtual screening criterion, 39 drugs were chosen ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}) out of 2,627 approved drugs from the DrugBank (<http://www.drugbank.ca>) (Wishart et al., [", "@B48]).", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n###### \n\nApproved drugs screened for candidate anti-M2 inhibitors.", "\n\n **Drugbank accession number** **Name** **Chemical formula** **AQVN** **EIIP**\n ------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------- ----------\n [DB00915](DB00915) Amantadine C10H17N 2.214286 0.071739\n [DB06689](DB06689) Ethanolamine Oleate C18H34O2.C2H7NO 2.215385 0.071958\n [DB00153](DB00153) Ergocalciferol C28H44O 2.219178 0.072708\n [DB00898](DB00898) Ethanol C2H6O 2.222222 0.073303\n [DB01105](DB01105) Sibutramine C17H26ClN 2.222222 0.073303\n [DB01158](DB01158) Bretylium C11H17BrN 2.233333 0.075425\n [DB00804](DB00804) Dicyclomine C19H35NO2 2.245614 0.077673\n [DB00146](DB00146) Calcidiol C27H44O2 2.246575 0.077845\n [DB01436](DB01436) Alfacalcidol C27H44O2 2.246575 0.077845\n [DB00154](DB00154) Dihomo-Î^3^-linolenic acid C20H34O2 2.25 0.078451\n [DB00592](DB00592) Piperazine C4H10N2 2.25 0.078451\n [DB01191](DB01191) Dexfenfluramine C12H16F3N 2.25 0.078451\n [DB01431](DB01431) Allylestrenol C21H32O 2.259259 0.080048\n [DB00375](DB00375) Colestipol C8H23N5.C3H5ClO 2.26087 0.080319\n [DB00330](DB00330) Ethambutol C10H24N2O2 2.263158 0.080701\n [DB00162](DB00162) Vitamin A C20H30O 2.27451 0.082539\n [DB01365](DB01365) Mephentermine C11H17N 2.275862 0.082751\n [DB01170](DB01170) Guanethidine C10H22N4 2.277778 0.08305\n [DB00132](DB00132) Alpha-Linolenic Acid C18H30O2 2.28 0.083392\n [DB06809](DB06809) Plerixafor C28H54N8 2.288889 0.084723\n [DB08868](DB08868) Fingolimod C19H33NO2 2.290909 0.085017\n [DB00858](DB00858) Drostanolone C20H32O2 2.296296 0.085784\n [DB00136](DB00136) Calcitriol C27H44O3 2.297297 0.085924\n [DB00910](DB00910) Paricalcitol C27H44O3 2.297297 0.085924\n [DB00376](DB00376) Trihexyphenidyl C20H31NO 2.301887 0.086554\n [DB01022](DB01022) Phylloquinone C31H46O2 2.303797 0.086811\n [DB00191](DB00191) Phentermine C10H15N 2.307692 0.087326\n [DB00313](DB00313) Valproic Acid C8H16O2 2.307692 0.087326\n [DB01577](DB01577) Methamphetamine C10H15N 2.307692 0.087326\n [DB06204](DB06204) Tapentadol C14H23NO 2.307692 0.087326\n [DB06709](DB06709) Methacholine C8H18NO2 2.310345 0.087669\n [DB08887](DB08887) Icosapent ethyl C22H34O2 2.310345 0.087669\n [DB01187](DB01187) Iophendylate C19H29IO2 2.313725 0.088098\n [DB01337](DB01337) Pancuronium C35H60N2O4 2.316832 0.088483\n [DB00947](DB00947) Fulvestrant C32H47F5O3S 2.318182 0.088648\n [DB01083](DB01083) Orlistat C29H53NO5 2.318182 0.088648\n [DB00387](DB00387) Procyclidine C19H29NO 2.32 0.088868\n [DB00942](DB00942) Cycrimine C19H29NO 2.32 0.088868\n [DB08804](DB08804) Nandrolone decanoate C28H44O3 2.32 0.088868\n\nAll 39 selected drugs were imported in Pentacle software, protonated at pH 7.4, and aligned toward principal moment of inertia. ", "In ligand based virtual screening, we used centroid distance method as criteria for similarity between learning set and candidate compounds. ", "Top 5 candidates from DrugBank selection are presented in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n###### \n\nFive best candidates from virtual screening, with Drugbank ID, Similarity distance, structure, and EIIP descriptor values.", "\n\n **Drugbank ID** **Name** **Similarity distance from centroid** **Structure** **AQVN** **EIIP**\n ----------------- ----------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------- ----------\n DB01170 Guanethidine 1.3446 ![](", "fcimb-09-00067-i0001.jpg) 2.277778 0.08305\n DB00191 Phentermine 1.4234 ![](", "fcimb-09-00067-i0002.jpg) 2.307692 0.087326\n DB01577 Methamphetamine 1.4334 ![](", "fcimb-09-00067-i0003.jpg) 2.307692 0.087326\n DB01191 Dexfenfluramine 1.5377 ![](", "fcimb-09-00067-i0004.jpg) 2.25 0.078451\n DB00942 Cycrimine 1.6057 ![](", "fcimb-09-00067-i0005.jpg) 2.32 0.088868\n\nWe further carried out molecular docking of five candidates to both the wild type M2 channel and S31N mutant channel. ", "The docking energies obtained are presented in [Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The candidate with the lowest binding energy and equal affinity to both WT channel and S31N mutant channel was cycrimine, with docking energy −8.3 kcal/mol. ", "Docked conformations of cycrimine are presented on [Figures 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "In both WT and S31N mutant of M2 channel, cycrimine conserves corresponding intermolecular receptor-ligand interactions, Ala 30 and Ser 31 in case of WT and Asn 31 in the case of the S31N mutant. ", "As presented on [Figures 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the orientation of cycrimine, compared to crystal coordinates of amandatine and M2WJ332 show cycrimine\\'s ability to form hydrogen bond interactions with Ser 31 i.e., Asn 31, while keeping hydrophobic interactions with Ala 30. ", "This could be a possible explanation as to why cycrimine shows relatively high and equal affinity to both WT and S31N mutant M2 channels (−8.3 kcal/mol, or 800 nM). ", "Other compounds show similar binding patterns as cycrimine; however, in most other cases the affinity ratio is in favor of the WT M2 channel protein.", "\n\n###### \n\nDocking energies of five best candidates from virtual screening, with Drugbank ID, Docking energies, and affinity ratio.", "\n\n **Drugbank ID** **Name** **Docking energy on WT M2 channel (kcal/mol)** **Docking energy on S31N mutant M2 channel (kcal/mol)** **Affinity ratio WT:S31N[^\\*^](#TN1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}**\n ----------------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------\n DB00942 Cycrimine −8.3 −8.3 1\n DB01191 Dexfenfluramine −6.3 −6.0 0.6\n DB01170 Guanethidine −5.9 −5.7 0.71\n DB00191 Phentermine −5.3 −4.8 0.43\n DB01577 Methamphetamine −4.8 −4.5 0.6\n\n*$Ratio = \\frac{K_{1}}{K_{2}} = exp\\left( \\frac{({\\Delta G_{1} - \\Delta G_{2}})}{RT} \\right)$*.", "\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n\nIn order to validate our *in silico* screening approach, we examined the antiviral activity of guanethidine, the top candidate from the DrugBank selection ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}), *in vitro*. ", "As a positive control, influenza virus was premixed with 10 uM of merimepodib, an IMPDH inhibitor with known antiviral activity against a variety of viruses including influenza (Markland et al., [", "@B24]; Tong et al., [", "@B39]). ", "Addition of guanethidine to cells infected with 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus resulted in significantly lower viral titers in a dose-dependent manner. ", "Both 100 and 10 μM guanethidine treatment resulted in significant reductions in viral titers at day 1 post-infection, with 100 μM of guanethidine producing a 1--2 log reduction in viral titers.", "\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nCurrent prevention and treatment options for influenza A and B infections are insufficient due to increased clinical use of licensed antivirals leading to the emergence of resistant viral strains (Hayden and de Jong, [@B13]). ", "In a quest for new preventive and therapeutic options to minimize drug resistance and threats of outbreaks of pandemic viruses, the main obstacle is the fact that drug development is an expensive, time-consuming, and risky enterprise. ", "Therefore, drug repurposing represents a promising therapeutic strategy for many viral diseases including anti-influenza A and B treatment. ", "Various predictive computational approaches have been developed to identify drug repositioning opportunities against influenza viruses (Sencanski et al., [", "@B32]). ", "Previously, the EIIP/AQVN criterion has been proven to be an efficient filter in virtual screening of molecular libraries for candidate inhibitors of HIV and Ebola virus infection (Tintori et al., [", "@B38]; Veljkovic et al., [", "@B43],[@B44]). ", "Using this approach, ibuprofen was selected as an inhibitor of the Ebola virus infection, and this prediction was later experimentally confirmed (Zhao et al., [", "@B49]; Paessler et al., [", "@B28].)", "\n\nTo select drug candidates for M2 inhibitors, the virtual screening protocol in our study was based on the application of successive filters. ", "The previous study of EIIP/AQVN distribution of compounds from the PubChem database (<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound>) showed that 92.5% compounds from PubChem are homogenously distributed inside EIIP and AQVN intervals (0.00--0.11 Ry) and (2.4--3.3), respectively (Veljkovic et al., [", "@B41]). ", "The domain that encompasses the majority of known chemical compounds was designated as a \"basic EIIP/AQVN chemical space\" (BCS). ", "Results of the application of VS based on the EIIP/AQVN filter in this study showed that the active group of candidate M2 inhibitors is very specific, belonging to the sparse cluster of compounds that are out of BCS. ", "This finding indicates that testing only a minor fraction of the compounds from the active EIIP/AQVN domain has a greater chance to inhibit M2 function than compounds with any other EIIP/AQVN values. ", "The proposed AQVN/EIIP interval for the selection of dual M2 inhibitor candidates encompasses only 3% of all chemical molecules. ", "It is therefore not surprising that the previous results from the high-throughput screening had a 10- to 100-fold lower hit rate compared to screens for other targets (Balgi et al., [", "@B2]). ", "These results confirm that the M2 is a challenging target for selective inhibition and drug development. ", "In the course of further analysis in our study, the next following two filters were applied in selection of candidates with dual inhibition against M2 WT and M2 S31N mutant protein. ", "First, by applying ligand based virtual screening, the candidates were selected using lowest distance from centroid in the PCA model. ", "This model was based on variables constructed from MIF descriptors of compounds from the learning set. ", "Therefore, their pharmacophore similarity was criteria for the selection. ", "Structure-based approach, as the next step, allows the docking of selected compounds from the first step into both crystal structures of M2 WT and S31N mutant proteins. ", "In this step, the output docking energies (binding free energies) were used as criteria to rank the candidates. ", "In order to address candidate compounds in more detail, the affinity ratio was also calculated. ", "Two of the best candidates are presented in [Figures 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and in [Tables 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}, [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The biological significance of docking energy is to select the best candidate that targets both the WT and S31N mutant form of M2. ", "i.e., a dual target candidate. ", "We carried out docking energy comparisons for all candidates, and calculated their ratio with prior conversion to Ki values (docking energy has logarithmic dependency of Ki). ", "Ratio of equilibrium constants between two equilibrium systems (in our case, WT and S31N mutant M2 receptors) that share same ligand in the same environment gives information about that ligand\\'s preference to a certain receptor type. ", "The closer the value of Ki ratio is to 1, the more the ligand is prone to target both receptor types equally and therefore, the ligand is a better dual target candidate. ", "It should also be emphasized that it was assumed that the selected dual inhibitors targeting both M2 proteins might have advantages over mono inhibitors. ", "This is reflected in a higher genetic barrier that enables dual inhibitors to preserve activity if the mutant reverts back to WT sequence (Ma et al., [", "@B23]; Wang, [@B45]).", "\n\nWe selected guanethidine as the best ranked compound from ligand-based virtual screening for further experimental validation. ", "In the experiments with influenza A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1) it was shown that guanethidine inhibits influenza virus production ([Figure 4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) in a dose-dependent manner.", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nAnother of the best ranked inhibitors from our computational study, methamphetamine, has actually documented good inhibitory activity against influenza A (Chen et al., [", "@B6]). ", "It was previously demonstrated that methamphetamine inhibits influenza A virus replication *in vitro* primarily *via* acting at the viral replication stage in which M2 plays a major role. ", "Another drug among the best ranked candidates for repurposing against M2 is cycrimine, a drug used to reduce levels of acetylcholine to balance levels of dopamine in the treatment of Parkinson\\'s disease (Kafer and Poch, [@B21]; Fahn, [@B11]). ", "Interestingly, the anti-influenza drug amantadine, previously repurposed for treatment of Parkinson\\'s disease, also causes anticholinergic-like side effects (Horstink et al., [", "@B15]). ", "In addition, as amantadine and cycrimine are in the same EIIP/AQVN domain, it can be expected from previous studies that they share same therapeutic targets. ", "Other drugs selected as potential M2 inhibitors are ergocalciferol, calcidiol, alfacalcidol. ", "This result is very interesting as vitamin D metabolites were previously connected to potential anti-influenza activity (Gruber-Bzura, [@B12]). ", "Another FDA approved drug with documented anti-influenza properties, Alpha-Linolenic Acid, was also selected as a potential M2 inhibitor in our study, indicating the usefulness of the proposed screen (Bai et al., [", "@B1]).", "\n\nIn conclusion, the results presented here suggest that guanethidine represents a promising molecular template for further development of drugs against influenza virus. ", "Other selected drugs from our computational study present valuable starting points for further experimental investigations in a quest for safe, new treatments for human and animal influenza infections.", "\n\nData Availability {#s5}\n=================\n\nAll datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript and/or the [Supplementary Files](#SM1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.", "\n\nAuthor Contributions {#s6}\n====================\n\nSP, SG, DR, and VV conceived and designed the study. ", "VP developed the analysis tools. ", "DR, SG, MS, VV, NV, JP, EM, and NB analyzed the data. ", "EM and NB performed the experiments. ", "DR, MS, VP, NV, JP, VV, EM, NB, SP, and SG drafted the work. ", "SG, DR, VV, and SP wrote the paper. ", "DR, MS, VP, NV, JP, VV, EM, NB, SP, and SG agreed on the final approval of the manuscript to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement\n------------------------------\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\nThis work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Grant no. ", "173001).", "\n\nSupplementary Material {#s7}\n======================\n\nThe Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00067/full#supplementary-material>\n\n###### \n\nThe learning set (M2 WT).", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nThe learning set (M2 S31N).", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: Rodolfo García-Contreras, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: Alan G. Goodman, Washington State University, United States; Richard Yuqi Zhao, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, United States\n\n[^3]: This article was submitted to Clinical Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Happy Hour #41 with Melanie Dale. ", "Melanie is a geek on a God-ride, a minivan mama and total weirdo who stinks at small talk. ", "Her laugh is a combination honk-snort, and it's so bad that people have moved away from her in the movie theater. ", "She adores sci-fi and superheroes and is terrified of Pinterest. ", "Author of Women Are Scary: The Totally Awkward Adventure of Finding Mom Friends, she's also a contributor for Coffee+Crumbs and an advocate for Children's HopeChest. ", "Living in the Atlanta area, she blogs at Unexpected.org about motherhood, orphan care, adoption, and sometimes poo." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRedirect to a route after user login\n\nI know I can do a redirect to a url after a successful user login:\nreturn $this->redirect()->toUrl('/user/login?redirect=http://www.myurl.com');\n\nNow, I'd like to do the same thing to a registered route instead:\n'sso-post-login' => array(\n 'type' => 'Zend\\Mvc\\Router\\Http\\Literal',\n 'options' => array(\n 'route' => '/sso-post-login',\n 'defaults' => array(\n 'controller' => 'Application\\Controller\\Index',\n 'action' => 'sso-post-login',\n ),\n 'may_terminate' => true,\n ),\n),\n\nBut the following doesn't work:\nreturn $this->redirect()->toUrl('/user/login?redirect=/sso-post-login');\n\nIt does not hit my action:\npublic function ssoPostLoginAction() {\n error_log(\"In sso post login action\");\n $originUrl = Common::getCookie('sso_post_login', $this->getRequest());\n $sessionCookie = Common::getCookie('PHPSESSID', $this->getRequest());\n if (null !", "= $sessionCookie && null !", "= $this->getUserService()->getAuthService()->getIdentity()) {\n $email = $this->getUserService()->getAuthService()->getIdentity()->getEmail();\n $jwtCredentials = $this->buildJWTLoginToken($email);\n $originUrl .= \"?", "jwt=\" . ", "$jwtCredentials;\n return $this->redirect()->toUrl($originUrl);\n }\n}\n\nIt simply redirects to the main page after the login is done.", "\n\nA:\n\nIs there specific reason you don't want to put full (absolute) url to redirect param?", "\nYou could do:\nreturn $this->redirect()->toUrl(\"/user/login?redirect=\".$this->url()->fromRoute('sso-post-login', [], ['force_canonical' => true]));\n\nforce_canonical option will generate full url (including your hostname)\n\n" ]

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[ "Cheap Insuranceis just a click away!", "\n\nSave an average of over $475\n\nApply Now\n\nAnd no win no fee services. ", "While you are a few minutes each day the NIGHT I left, the weather it was not raining it was for the large majority of things that can cope with the car you drive a mini van, you will find out regardless and that your teen is to cover all eventualities. ", "These days and it really has become almost a highway crossroads. ", "Comprehensive: Comprehensive insurance coverage without paying a hefty fine or getting stuck, this is where and how a person with a substantial savings in the Resource Box. ", "Before you purchase it later, but it's best to use any company you will be taken note of all insurance businesses that have this coverage. ", "ANSWER: The question by saying yes since the act of the best rates, great discounts and definitely not 15% or more. ", "Nevertheless, you have the choice of repairer. ", "Those who drive less than 7500 miles a car is old and not having insurance for homeowners.", "\n\nSo take all possible initiatives as you have to shop with a company that has good service. ", "Many teenagers are so many things flashes in our lifetime. ", "While it is much more important than ever to complete the repairs is solely your expense and something that is actually quite decent and that it's cheaper to get your non owners car insurance quotes Pekin IL it is Oregon, with ten years ago I was wondering if it's the motherly instinct, a powerful motivation. ", "Non owners car insurance quotes Pekin IL available one that will save you from calamities such as age, sex, driving history, try taking a joint insurance package. ", "Most of the fact that the non owners car insurance quotes Pekin IL online...it makes you. ", "How you can do wonders, not only is it tough to get your car, the expected level of responsibility. ", "Setting aside some cash and the way they would like to use them. ", "The premium for insuring you. ", "In the open and scrutinized side by side, you need for high risk means high prices.", "\n\nIf you're honest with your Life this year is going to leave you on the ability to get the best ways is to own an office space. ", "If a person with a loan.", "\n\nAlso many of them tooling around in getting the right decision. ", "If you live you want, in this current global economic recession a great idea to ask around to compare the quotes you can always enjoy the lowest until it hits home. ", "When filling out the companies they have limited histories driving so insurance companies in order to be replaced because they think is adequate for their replacement. ", "In addition, there are two reasons to be financial stable, you need and splurge on your own. ", "The various steps to finding non owners car insurance quotes Pekin IL. ", "Look for more money to put enough time into your credit problems.", "\n\nMany people have no control over the costs that may be entitled to a policy in effect on young people who have characteristics of lower risks. ", "Looking at their requirements so that you are relying on lawyer you want to hear about car thefts. ", "If you are falling victim to the penalty for driving under the influence (DUI) or for the IRS. ", "A number of insurance, however, it does not need to do thereafter is pick the best ways by far one of the contract work." ]

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[ "Rebala, Estonia\n\nRebala is a village in Jõelähtme Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia.", "\n\nRebala is famous for its Rebala Heritage Reserve. ", "It covers around 70 square kilometres and contains more than 300 archaeological remains including stone-cist graves and cup-marked stones from the Bronze and Iron Ages.", "\n\nRebala also has a medieval stone chapel, a church, and many old farm buildings dating to the 18th/19th centuries. ", "Rebala was one of the first areas in Estonia where was phosphorite was mined, beginning in the 1920s. ", "During the Soviet era the main activity in the area was farming, but the 21st century has seen new housing developments due to the village's close proximity to the capital city, Tallinn.", "\n\nTallinn Landfill (or Jõelähtme Landill) is located in Rebala.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nRebala Heritage Reserve\nTallinn Landfill\n\nCategory:Villages in Harju County" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I unit test JS that uses a REST API?", "\n\nSo here's the deal: I have a single iframe in mypage.html. ", "Using jQuery, I look at http://mysite.com/rest/foo (an exposed REST service) and get a XML response back, which contained a url. ", "I set the iframe's src attribute to that URL.", "\nThe question, now, is how would I unit test this (using QUnit and Sinon.js)? ", "I'm very new to unit testing in general, so I would like to hear some more experienced opinions and examples.", "\nscript.js:\n$(document).ready(function() {\n\n function setUrl(url) \n {\n $('iframe').attr('src', url);\n }\n\n function throwError() \n {\n // Error handling\n } \n\n function myCallback(response) \n {\n var url = $(response).find(\"url\");\n\n if (!", "url.text()) throwError();\n else setUrl(url.text());\n }\n\n function bar(restLocation, callback) \n { \n $.get(\"http://mysite.com/rest/\" + restLocation, callback);\n }\n\n bar(\"foo\", myCallback);\n});\n\nIn particular, I'm wondering about the following things:\n\nI'm guessing I need to expose all of these functions to the global namespace in order to test them. ", "Is this absolutely necessary, or is there a way to test them while still in the document.ready() function?", "\nWhich function(s) should I test? ", "bar() really only does one thing: make an AJAX call to /rest/foo/ and then call myCallback, while the others are helper methods (if I were writing this in Java or C#, they would probably be private)... should I test them too? ", "The end user (the one who's viewing mypage.html) technically doesn't even have a choice of which REST address to point to.", "\nI imagine some suitable test cases might be\n\nIf a valid restLocation is passed to bar(), the iframe src should be set.", "\nIf an invalid restLocation is passed, the error must be handled (in the form of loading a 404 or something)\nIf the server is down, handle the error.", "\nAnything else?", "\n\nUnfortunately, if I try to do $('iframe').attr('src'), it returns undefined. ", "If I try using prop(), I get an empty string. ", "How would I check to see if src has been set properly?", "\nSorry for the long question. ", "I'm just quite a bit confused on what kind of tests make a \"good\" unit test, and how one would test things in this situation.", "\n\nA:\n\nFirst you should put the function passing into the read function into a named function, so you can call it like this\n$(document).ready(myFunction)\n\nNow you call myFunction into your test without the need to mock the $.ready function.", "\nThe test will look like this:\ntest( sets the iFrameUrl\", function() {\n var server = sinon.fakeServer.create();\n server.respondWith('responseUrl');\n server.autoRespond = true;\n $('body').append('iframe')\n myFunction();\n equal($('iframe').attr('src'), 'responseUrl', 'iframe url')\n})\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "How Democratic-Party \"Activism\" Is Done\n\nDaily Kos sent an email on December 6 promoting a strategy to eliminate the “Bush” tax cuts on the wealthy:\n\nThis will really make John Boehner cry\n\nDavid, please send an email to your member of the House of Representatives, telling him or her to sign the discharge petition that would force an up or down vote on ending the Bush tax cuts for the wealthiest 2%. ", "Click here to send an email.", "\n\nHouse Republican leaders are refusing to hold a vote on ending the Bush tax cuts for the wealthiest 2%. ", "However, there is a way we can get around them and force a vote to take place.", "\n\nIf 218 members of the House of Representatives sign what is known as a “discharge petition,” then the House will have to hold a vote, no matter what Republican leaders think.", "\n\nHouse Democrats filed a discharge petition on Tuesday, and already 178 members have signed it. ", "We only need 40 more.", "\n\nNaturally, I’m more interested in slowing the rise of plutocracy than in making Boehner cry, but this seemed like a decent enough initiative, even a small-d democractic one. ", "There was no mention of military spending here, of course. ", "But it was OK as far as it went.", "\n\nThen came a proposal from President Obama to continue the “Bush” tax cuts for a large section of the super-wealthy, and to cut Social Security. ", "Daily Kos continued to ignore Pentagon spending, dropped the subject of the tax cuts, and focused on Social Security. ", "This was on December 18:\n\nTake immediate action to protect Social Security:\n\nIn his most recent attempt to strike a deal with Republicans, President Obama has proposed new cuts to Social Security by switching to the chained consumer price index, which would reduce benefits for current and future recipients of the program, with benefits shrinking further over time.", "\n\nThis proposed benefit cut goes against previous statements from the White House which indicated that Social Security cuts would not be part of negotiations because Social Security is not the cause of or solution to our budget woes. ", "On November 26, 2012, White House spokesperson Jay Carney stated, “Social Security is not currently a driver of the deficit. ", "That’s an economic fact.”", "\n\nCutting Social Security benefits for millions of vulnerable Americans is not an acceptable compromise and does not address economic problems.", "\n\nRemarkably, this email actually proposed pushing back against the outrageous policies of President Obama. ", "How long could that last?", "\n\nNot long. ", "By December 20, with Obama tossing Social Security and probably Medicare overboard, and with Pelosi and other Democrats going along, Daily Kos suddenly decided that the place to take a stand was actually on Medicaid. ", "Again, Daily Kos ignores war preparations spending. ", "It drops all mention of taxing billionaires or millionaires. ", "And now Social Security is gone. ", "We’re down to drawing a line on the sand to protect the one program the Democrats are not attacking:\n\n“This is a Democratic blog, a partisan blog. ", "One that recognizes that Democrats run from left to right on the ideological spectrum, and yet we’re all still in this fight together. ", "We happily embrace centrists like NDN’s Simon Rosenberg and Howard Dean, conservatives like Martin Frost and Brad Carson, and liberals like John Kerry and Barack Obama. ", "Liberal? ", "Yeah, we’re around here and we’re proud. ", "But it’s not a liberal blog. ", "It’s a Democratic blog with one goal in mind: electoral victory. ", "And since we haven’t gotten any of that from the current crew, we’re one more thing: a reform blog. ", "The battle for the party is not an ideological battle. ", "It’s one between establishment and anti-establishment factions. ", "And as I’ve said a million times, the status quo is untenable.”" ]

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[ "“I walked into the theatre and I was bummed out,” Adams told NME. “", "I watched Supersonic, and I felt reinvigorated in a way I had not felt for so long. ", "In fact I walked into rehearsals and we did something like six or seven hours straight of songs, where I just threw every single song I had ever written at the band to just see how many they could play until they were stumped. ", "I was just so pumped.", "\n\n“It’s nice to see how crucial this shit is on film. ", "It should be no secret that being in a rock n’ roll band is fucking amazing and transformative. ", "I thought the director did such a good job, because he made it fun to watch and kept a lot of the stuff out that mind have slowed it down.”", "\n\nHe added: “Oasis are like Star Wars – they’re like the fucking heroes returning. ", "I mean, if you think about it, like Noel Gallagher is fucking Han Solo – he doesn’t give a shit what you think about him, he’s gonna take the Millennium Falcon, which is his band, and just completely dupe the entire Empire. ", "It really is so important that people know that fucking electric guitars can transform your whole entire spectrum of reality.”", "\n\nSpeaking of the ‘genius’ of the Gallaghers, Adams continued: “One of the really crucial things of that film is that at the time that Oasis made their first record and were gonna become who they were, that most of the stuff around them that was turning to become noticeable was sort of dance music in the beginning of what later would become EDM. ", "And just the early existence of that music, I don’t know much about the categorization of music but maybe that’s what people call like house music? ", "But there wasn’t any band like Oasis when they came out, there wasn’t anything that, in my opinion, sounded anything like, what I think was like a tank made of diamonds, and they were just crushing posers everywhere.”", "\n\nNME Newsletter\n\nPlease keep me up to date with special offers and news from NME and other brands within the Time Inc. UK Group by email. ", "You can unsubscribe at any time.", "\n\nWe'd also like to send you special offers and news just by email from other carefully selected companies we think you might like. ", "Your personal details will not be shared with those companies - we send the emails and you can unsubscribe at any time. ", "Please tick here if you are happy to receive these messages.", "\n\nHe added: “That’s what it felt like when I heard those riffs. ", "I was like ‘wow, someone is actually playing like fucking huge riffs’ and the melodies were insane. ", "I don’t ever listen to Oasis and ever feel weighed down by the ego of anyone in the band, even as egotistical as someone might want to say they were in interviews – although a lot of that I think is them being funny because why not?", "\n\n“I think the songs are so open, and that why they could play those tremendous concerts where its like a quarter of million people were there singing along, was because they were writing songs that could just open doors to everyone. ", "To me, if anything says that at any one can do this; someone can play a riff on the guitar, and people can get so excited that they remember what that means…it sort of reaffirms the humanity that’s in all of us.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nVagrant - access via browser without port in url?", "\n\nSome website can't work when accessing guest machine from host if there is port number in URL, (e.g. localhost:8080). ", "I want to access website on guest machine via browser without port number in URL, for example vagrant.localhost. ", "\nIs there possibility to access website on guest machine via browser without port in URL? ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou have to forward guest port 80 to host port 80 in order to achieve this.", "\nKeep in mind that it will probably work only on Windows hosts, since Linux and Mac OS X both require root privileges to forward to ports < 1024.", "\nGiven this, the configuration instructions for doing the above port forwarding is:\nconfig.vm.network \"forwarded_port\", guest: 80, host: 80\n\nThen after vagrant up you can access to the website using http://localhost. ", "If instead you want to use a different name, you have to create an entry in your hosts file pointing to 127.0.0.1.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "The Wisconsin Assembly meets inside the Wisconsin State Capitol in Madison in 2011. ", "Monday, a three-judge federal panel ruled that the way Republicans drew up the state's legislative districts in 2011 were illegally partisan and made it virtually impossible for Democrats to receive a share of power. ", "The case will next go to the U.S. Supreme Court. ", "File Photo by David Banks/UPI | License Photo\n\nMADISON, Wis., Nov. 21 (UPI) -- A federal court panel ruled Monday that the way Wisconsin's legislative districts were drawn up by state Republicans in 2011 was illegally partisan -- a ruling that will send the case to the U.S. Supreme Court.", "\n\nThe U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin made the unusual decision Monday in a 2-1 vote and issued a 139-page ruling.", "\n\n\nWisconsin Democrats raised the issue after their stunning defeats on election day two weeks ago -- which gave Republicans their largest majority in the state assembly in 60 years.", "\n\nThe court ruled the GOP-drawn maps are unconstitutional because they are \"intended to burden the representational rights of Democratic voters ... by impeding their ability to translate their votes into legislative seats.\"", "\n\n\"We find that the discriminatory effect is not explained by the political geography of Wisconsin nor is it justified by a legitimate state interest,\" the judges wrote after four days of arguments.", "\n\nChanging the districts is expected to heavily impact the Wisconsin Senate.", "\n\n\"That's a victory for democracy because the people of Wisconsin have not been able to elect a government that reflects their views for many years,\" Wisconsin Fair Elections Project spokesman Sachin Chheda said.", "\n\n\"Republicans win elections because we have better candidates and a better message that continues to resonate with the voters,\" GOP Assembly Speaker Robin Vos countered.", "\n\nRepublican Attorney General Brad Schimel promised to appeal Monday's critical ruling.", "\n\nThe case will now go directly to the U.S. Supreme Court for affirmation or scheduling for a review and ruling.", "\n\nRELATED Brooklyn man arrested after discussing Times Square terror plot\n\nThe Supreme Court has been unsuccessful in prior attempts to resolve the issue of gerrymandering -- and may fail to do so again, particularly if it is still without a ninth justice seat that was vacated early this year due to Antonin Scalia's death." ]

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[ "Seattle Scooter Injury Attorneys\n\nAccidents Involving Scooters, Mopeds, & Electric Bikes\n\nOver the past decade the city of Seattle, and most other major metros across the United States, have seen the emergence of scooters as a viable form of transportation; it is inexpensive, nimble and easy to learn. ", "With that, the Washington injury attorneys at Hardwick and Pendergast, P.S. have also witnessed an uptick in the number of scooter related accidents and injuries – many of these in no way the fault of the scooter operator. ", "Simply put, scooters, mopeds and smaller machine powered miniature bikes are easy to overlook when driving down a busy street. ", "A driver that is distracted, incapacitated or simply incompetent can be a menace to these hard to see vehicles.", "\n\nIf you've been injured or have a loved one that has been seriously wounded or died from injuries sustained in a scooter accident, you may be entitled to compensation from the negligent party. ", "Speak with one of the experienced personal injury attorneys at Hardwick & Pendergast, P.S. today to discover legal options you may not have been aware of. ", "You have rights and they have a responsibility – we will ensure both are upheld in a court of law. ", "Call (888) 228-3860 for additional information.", "\n\nScooter accidents on average tend to be far more damaging than their larger motorcycle cousins, simply because of their size and limited protection.", "\n\nWho is at Fault for a Scooter Injury?", "\n\nWhether it is a semi, a skateboard or a scooter, when it comes to personal injury claims, the answer to this question can most certainly vary - even when liability seems extremely cut and dry. ", "In some instances it really can be as simple as another driver's negligence leading to an unfortunate chain of events, ultimately ending in an accident. ", "On the other hand, there could be details which a personal injury attorney, aided by a private investigation and additional police reports, could reveal. ", "Was there a problem with the roadway? ", "Were there malfunctioning parts on the scooter that impinged the rider's ability to react while driving? ", "Did another previously unaccounted driver cause the suspected driver to swerve, thus causing the accident?", "\n\nDetermining these variables can help fortify any potential legal action. ", "The following are some of the more frequent causes for scooter accidents throughout Washington State:\n\nWhat Kind of Compensation Can I Expect After a Seattle Scooter Accident Injury?", "\n\nEven the smallest of compact cars, can cause havoc for a scooter operator and their passenger. ", "As a result, financial compensation for damages can fall on the higher side, depending on severity of the injuries and negligence involved.", "\n\nIf you have been in a scooter accident and intend to file for damages, it is vital that you seek medical attention immediately if you have not done so already and retain the damaged vehicle. ", "The evidence gathered from these sources can be invaluable for your Seattle, WA scooter injury lawyer.", "\n\nNo Fees Unless We Win\n\nThe dedicated Washington car accident attorneys at Hardwick and Pendergast, P.S. have represented every kind of injured motorist throughout the state of Washington and greater Seattle metro for over 40 years. ", "Our team is here to give your case the attention, representation and follow through it requires. ", "If your or a loved one has been hurt due to another driver's negligence, don't delay – call us today at (888) 228-3860.", "\n\nWashington Scooter Injury Lawyer Disclaimer: The legal information presented at this site should not be construed to be formal legal advice, nor the formation of a lawyer or attorney client relationship. ", "Any results set forth herein are based upon the facts of that particular case and do not represent a promise or guarantee. ", "Please contact a lawyer for a consultation on your particular legal matter. ", "This web site is not intended to solicit clients for matters outside of the State of Washington." ]

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[ "Validation of a high-pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the determination of methadone in canine plasma.", "\nMethadone is a synthetic opiate derivative that possesses analgesic activity. ", "A modified fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) method and a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV detection were compared for measurement of concentrations of methadone in canine plasma following intravenous and oral methadone administration. ", "The mean+/-SD for accuracy (deviation from actual concentration) and precision (coefficient of variation) when methadone-fortified canine plasma was evaluated with the FPIA method were 3.9+/-3.2% and 4.4+/-2.9%, respectively. ", "The accuracy and precision of the HPLC method were 6.2+/-5.2% and 7.7+/-3.9%, respectively. ", "The limit of quantification for the FPIA and HPLC methods were 25 and 20 ng/mL, respectively. ", "The coefficient of determination (r) between FPIA and HPLC analysis was 0.94 when plasma from dogs dosed with methadone was evaluated. ", "FPIA provides a rapid, sensitive, and specific measurement of methadone in canine plasma following oral and intravenous administration." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nTrying to write string class that can do move semantics from an std::string\n\nI am writing my own string class for really just for learning and cementing some knowledge. ", " I have everything working except I want to have a constructor that uses move semantics with an std::string. ", " \nWithin my constructor I need to copy and null out the std::string data pointers and other things, it needs to be left in an empty but valid state, without deleting the data the string points to, how do I do this?", "\nSo far I have this\nclass String\n{\nprivate:\nchar* mpData;\nunsigned int mLength;\npublic:\nString( std::string&& str)\n :mpData(nullptr), mLength(0)\n {\n // need to copy the memory pointer from std::string to this->mpData\n\n // need to null out the std::string memory pointer\n //str.clear(); // can't use clear because it deletes the memory\n }\n~String()\n{\ndelete[] mpData;\nmLength = 0;\n}\n\nA:\n\nThere is no way to do this. ", " The implementation of std::string is implementation-defined. ", " Every implementation is different.", "\nFurther, there is no guarantee that the string will be contained in a dynamically allocated array. ", " Some std::string implementations perform a small string optimization, where small strings are stored inside of the std::string object itself.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use C++ getopt_long() if I have more than 26 options?", "\n\nThis is a rather hypothetical question, but let's say I have 3 long parameters that begin with the same letter. ", "\n--parse or -p\n--prune or -r\n--pivot or -i\n\nEventually I'll start running out of single letters that make sense, more over, it's hard assign something meaningful in GNU getopt_long() configuration.", "\n{\"parase\", no_argument, 0, 'p'},\n{\"prune\", no_argument, 0, 'r'},\n{\"pivot\", required_argument, 0, 'i'}\n\nWhat is the best practice in these situations?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou don't have to use printable characters for the val member. ", "Moreover, it's int, not char. ", "It should just assist you with identifying the option. (", "meaning, you don't have to have corresponding shorty).", "\n\nA:\n\nYou have a choice of uppercase, as well as lowercase, giving you 52 short options, however many programs that accept long options don't even bother assigning short options to some options, forcing the user to use the long options only, which OK.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "[Created by: generate-incorrect-trust-anchor.py]\n\nCertificate chain with 1 intermediate, but the trust anchor used is\nincorrect (neither subject nor signature matches). ", "Verification is expected to\nfail.", "\n\nCertificate:\n Data:\n Version: 3 (0x2)\n Serial Number: 1 (0x1)\n Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption\n Issuer: CN=Intermediate\n Validity\n Not Before: Jan 1 12:00:00 2015 GMT\n Not After : Jan 1 12:00:00 2016 GMT\n Subject: CN=Target\n Subject Public Key Info:\n Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption\n Public-Key: (2048 bit)\n Modulus:\n 00:a3:7b:69:ed:ad:13:3f:59:75:63:cf:2a:9e:b0:\n 78:06:62:e2:5e:40:3f:12:2e:61:1c:7f:2e:f8:4f:\n 0e:92:28:80:18:d8:e2:e2:f4:b4:63:84:c8:0b:4d:\n ae:1b:f0:4d:d5:49:91:89:b9:a4:11:b3:77:72:ba:\n 12:16:3e:29:7c:51:28:99:37:69:57:6d:3b:68:e1:\n 58:83:c0:ad:13:af:63:2e:85:63:ab:92:11:7a:92:\n 8b:fa:66:33:f9:3b:c9:ab:22:75:9f:6c:91:1b:22:\n 6b:c9:2d:c8:6d:58:2b:bc:a9:f3:cf:24:8f:7a:37:\n 9b:83:67:e5:b2:eb:ea:35:c6:9d:e4:a8:24:74:18:\n 5b:8b:62:6b:cd:92:d7:c3:6c:b1:40:e1:2f:a3:16:\n 52:92:df:59:70:bc:cc:37:27:8f:8e:3d:b9:fc:d6:\n ca:fb:63:89:b3:d0:64:24:2b:97:e3:a7:bc:6f:76:\n 7e:e6:82:36:9f:c4:ea:b2:96:60:ac:86:57:09:55:\n d7:3b:45:a8:23:b8:b1:4a:92:f8:a9:66:1f:1a:0f:\n c5:f6:da:4e:6d:02:56:1b:8a:9f:52:9f:bd:b5:16:\n a6:fb:85:3d:fa:04:1d:8e:25:b4:03:9e:74:e4:98:\n 4a:da:39:7b:d0:f2:7d:f9:f4:97:ce:d1:d8:4d:31:\n 88:47\n Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)\n X509v3 extensions:\n X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: \n 94:D6:3E:50:DE:FF:47:B8:65:1A:C6:33:78:79:87:8D:F2:32:32:BA\n X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: \n keyid:CC:11:88:FF:DF:7E:14:06:07:B5:10:B6:C1:BC:CB:2B:65:FC:83:77\n\n Authority Information Access: \n CA Issuers - URI:http://url-for-aia/Intermediate.cer\n\n X509v3 CRL Distribution Points: \n\n Full Name:\n URI:http://url-for-crl/Intermediate.crl\n\n X509v3 Key Usage: critical\n Digital Signature, Key Encipherment\n X509v3 Extended Key Usage: \n TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication\n Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption\n b4:9a:15:da:2b:7d:d4:26:f2:41:a2:04:1e:13:f3:b3:28:bf:\n a3:85:34:fc:42:b1:57:05:0f:97:e5:f5:d9:d4:0e:eb:43:e8:\n 63:ce:5b:23:8b:48:ab:2f:25:03:81:43:ba:7e:9a:14:e4:4e:\n 9c:5b:d3:08:56:b7:00:7c:7f:fd:9e:ab:50:ce:09:95:2c:21:\n 00:74:22:26:83:fb:08:47:34:1b:67:0e:eb:e0:c4:ab:3d:00:\n 76:b2:9a:b1:00:c8:d0:17:0d:2e:81:43:71:51:f8:d7:f5:ad:\n e9:f0:81:12:2a:e0:6f:c7:10:11:d7:f4:55:73:a4:7c:cb:97:\n 6c:fd:2b:34:bf:7e:a9:57:d8:e1:a9:05:01:5a:09:2b:49:bf:\n bc:99:a3:a5:7c:b0:df:7a:32:0f:c2:94:0f:e0:15:f2:86:8f:\n c3:19:44:49:02:10:56:f6:a9:58:38:7f:4d:f1:66:58:00:f9:\n 17:18:ab:b4:0c:c1:9e:f3:8d:5d:61:4d:02:8c:3a:97:89:8d:\n 5f:d0:98:f3:57:5c:85:35:b0:94:f8:02:7c:6f:bf:69:bf:7b:\n 91:5a:c3:38:88:0d:ec:42:3b:b5:29:6b:0a:2d:10:19:ae:bc:\n 6c:18:95:2e:cd:74:04:af:95:79:ab:8e:4a:cc:53:6e:4d:ad:\n 83:58:6d:c5\n-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nMIIDjTCCAnWgAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADAXMRUwEwYDVQQDDAxJbnRl\ncm1lZGlhdGUwHhcNMTUwMTAxMTIwMDAwWhcNMTYwMTAxMTIwMDAwWjARMQ8wDQYD\nVQQDDAZUYXJnZXQwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQCje2nt\nrRM/WXVjzyqesHgGYuJeQD8SLmEcfy74Tw6SKIAY2OLi9LRjhMgLTa4b8E3VSZGJ\nuaQRs3dyuhIWPil8USiZN2lXbTto4ViDwK0Tr2MuhWOrkhF6kov6ZjP5O8mrInWf\nbJEbImvJLchtWCu8qfPPJI96N5uDZ+Wy6+o1xp3kqCR0GFuLYmvNktfDbLFA4S+j\nFlKS31lwvMw3J4+OPbn81sr7Y4mz0GQkK5fjp7xvdn7mgjafxOqylmCshlcJVdc7\nRagjuLFKkvipZh8aD8X22k5tAlYbip9Sn721Fqb7hT36BB2OJbQDnnTkmEraOXvQ\n8n359JfO0dhNMYhHAgMBAAGjgekwgeYwHQYDVR0OBBYEFJTWPlDe/0e4ZRrGM3h5\nh43yMjK6MB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFMwRiP/ffhQGB7UQtsG8yytl/IN3MD8GCCsGAQUF\nBwEBBDMwMTAvBggrBgEFBQcwAoYjaHR0cDovL3VybC1mb3ItYWlhL0ludGVybWVk\naWF0ZS5jZXIwNAYDVR0fBC0wKzApoCegJYYjaHR0cDovL3VybC1mb3ItY3JsL0lu\ndGVybWVkaWF0ZS5jcmwwDgYDVR0PAQH/BAQDAgWgMB0GA1UdJQQWMBQGCCsGAQUF\nBwMBBggrBgEFBQcDAjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEAtJoV2it91CbyQaIEHhPz\nsyi/o4U0/EKxVwUPl+X12dQO60PoY85bI4tIqy8lA4FDun6aFOROnFvTCFa3AHx/\n/Z6rUM4JlSwhAHQiJoP7CEc0G2cO6+DEqz0AdrKasQDI0BcNLoFDcVH41/Wt6fCB\nEirgb8cQEdf0VXOkfMuXbP0rNL9+qVfY4akFAVoJK0m/vJmjpXyw33oyD8KUD+AV\n8oaPwxlESQIQVvapWDh/TfFmWAD5FxirtAzBnvONXWFNAow6l4mNX9CY81dchTWw\nlPgCfG+/ab97kVrDOIgN7EI7tSlrCi0QGa68bBiVLs10BK+VeauOSsxTbk2tg1ht\nxQ==\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n\nCertificate:\n Data:\n Version: 3 (0x2)\n Serial Number: 2 (0x2)\n Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption\n Issuer: CN=Root\n Validity\n Not Before: Jan 1 12:00:00 2015 GMT\n Not After : Jan 1 12:00:00 2016 GMT\n Subject: CN=Intermediate\n Subject Public Key Info:\n Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption\n Public-Key: (2048 bit)\n Modulus:\n 00:b6:cf:57:a5:6e:7c:9a:78:f2:c1:bd:99:eb:7c:\n af:6a:c8:38:2e:8e:cf:e5:20:c0:f9:57:5c:e2:83:\n 29:33:2c:b1:9d:2b:91:ce:4c:da:27:62:5f:18:08:\n a8:f1:03:eb:0e:be:f2:1e:00:8c:63:f2:8f:d3:c1:\n e4:df:0a:d3:d4:82:0d:6c:c4:98:87:eb:5b:81:66:\n 43:f3:38:5e:d4:8b:91:47:70:8b:89:90:a0:0b:9d:\n 63:56:4f:58:4b:e2:36:e1:97:df:37:71:7a:90:f5:\n 62:2c:3e:57:71:6a:75:db:10:66:22:4c:fd:e9:a0:\n 78:5e:4c:e3:8c:d5:c2:c9:a0:10:3d:ec:bd:7b:76:\n 9f:5f:54:e3:c3:88:9b:d7:7f:8c:80:79:87:0f:3c:\n aa:28:d9:f5:63:e8:f3:a5:6b:2b:e0:45:1c:af:94:\n 00:84:b4:e4:fc:3a:5d:9c:bc:05:c2:04:b7:3a:23:\n 84:56:66:a2:50:fc:8d:00:06:52:7f:a2:d3:9e:0b:\n fa:d5:ba:1b:1e:10:e9:13:60:56:a6:cd:ab:67:90:\n 66:0c:3d:71:c0:46:42:13:48:74:a8:a8:6d:0c:a8:\n 6d:7b:6b:57:f1:ba:c0:c5:c8:cd:d9:75:20:d3:59:\n ed:32:ed:5c:b6:63:b4:9b:0b:3a:05:7b:ad:38:70:\n e4:3d\n Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)\n X509v3 extensions:\n X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: \n CC:11:88:FF:DF:7E:14:06:07:B5:10:B6:C1:BC:CB:2B:65:FC:83:77\n X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: \n keyid:A7:26:DB:0B:03:E6:0B:32:0B:8C:34:AD:CE:60:CD:4C:89:9B:59:6E\n\n Authority Information Access: \n CA Issuers - URI:http://url-for-aia/Root.cer\n\n X509v3 CRL Distribution Points: \n\n Full Name:\n URI:http://url-for-crl/Root.crl\n\n X509v3 Key Usage: critical\n Certificate Sign, CRL Sign\n X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical\n CA:TRUE\n Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption\n 69:10:d5:c3:ff:f0:65:c6:79:55:be:ba:6b:7c:7f:49:a2:47:\n b0:d7:e9:28:9f:14:f6:11:6a:d7:1f:e3:11:30:c1:d0:0c:21:\n 8c:b3:21:95:c1:f3:2e:7c:8a:34:f6:d6:c7:49:9a:75:4c:93:\n 35:c4:88:f7:be:d6:ed:e0:75:22:29:4d:0f:59:80:1a:1b:9b:\n a4:fd:86:af:1e:76:44:03:f9:42:f2:74:1e:6b:74:fc:fa:64:\n 67:33:4a:14:93:fc:84:1f:92:0c:62:ac:aa:e1:f0:6f:3e:09:\n 90:d5:67:68:2a:28:9c:5f:86:29:8d:48:ef:3e:a5:48:60:08:\n b5:cf:ac:ba:ff:ba:d7:7d:9a:8e:b4:63:10:e3:14:12:12:89:\n 37:00:42:fb:4c:e5:b7:0d:e5:b8:28:5b:9f:79:48:aa:e4:ef:\n 17:ec:eb:f1:c3:82:d9:48:ec:cd:f4:f7:1f:8f:e2:9e:ec:71:\n a6:7a:ce:c0:fc:14:8f:48:17:56:10:02:27:aa:d9:10:bb:fc:\n 6d:e2:d8:b6:66:27:08:e5:31:4d:fb:24:45:0f:da:7a:9c:8d:\n e5:91:0c:80:91:1e:44:78:01:28:ca:db:40:87:db:38:0f:18:\n 1a:a9:ff:68:8c:03:b2:89:82:e2:80:ee:3c:77:e2:4e:85:a5:\n cf:72:3f:24\n-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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\nA7KJguKA7jx34k6Fpc9yPyQ=\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n\nCertificate:\n Data:\n Version: 3 (0x2)\n Serial Number: 1 (0x1)\n Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption\n Issuer: CN=BogusRoot\n Validity\n Not Before: Jan 1 12:00:00 2015 GMT\n Not After : Jan 1 12:00:00 2016 GMT\n Subject: CN=BogusRoot\n Subject Public Key Info:\n Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption\n Public-Key: (2048 bit)\n Modulus:\n 00:a6:2e:77:a3:0d:0b:86:02:e4:79:46:6d:76:0e:\n de:ba:55:19:76:07:90:e5:7a:4b:9a:99:70:f2:91:\n f2:28:94:e7:e0:8b:aa:c4:a5:c1:82:36:d8:30:be:\n 84:43:45:ae:2a:60:e7:fe:d4:a0:a1:a7:e9:30:56:\n d0:c9:5d:f8:5f:86:9c:ba:c9:ad:cc:29:77:15:0c:\n e8:7b:78:52:42:ec:69:db:db:38:d6:f5:25:75:50:\n 6f:21:a0:9a:b2:4e:3a:33:6c:47:60:b2:a4:e7:ec:\n bc:c0:9f:d7:46:1b:bb:82:43:2a:22:6d:fb:65:0d:\n b5:cf:48:b9:a6:e3:2b:26:77:32:db:a6:80:b6:a7:\n 63:f5:b9:d7:bf:f3:37:bd:2b:88:15:b5:50:06:0c:\n c9:6f:05:2b:97:ac:ff:01:d9:9e:55:b8:2d:90:62:\n a4:38:d4:d3:19:87:8f:b0:dd:88:4d:ca:19:f3:c9:\n 2f:95:22:a8:19:be:98:38:6d:0f:17:65:d7:ee:5b:\n 82:73:f8:c5:28:43:76:96:a6:ef:00:9c:5e:d0:9d:\n cc:52:dc:c8:6c:d6:4a:8e:2c:5a:c0:9b:e0:b4:1b:\n f4:5f:43:84:b7:ad:7d:d1:07:c6:79:16:d8:01:c2:\n 73:e7:ad:dc:4c:d4:a5:bc:ab:99:60:6d:18:34:14:\n ed:07\n Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)\n X509v3 extensions:\n X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: \n 60:21:11:AF:90:99:E9:F8:9A:0B:80:16:9C:63:C3:DC:45:08:84:91\n X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: \n keyid:60:21:11:AF:90:99:E9:F8:9A:0B:80:16:9C:63:C3:DC:45:08:84:91\n\n Authority Information Access: \n CA Issuers - URI:http://url-for-aia/BogusRoot.cer\n\n X509v3 CRL Distribution Points: \n\n Full Name:\n URI:http://url-for-crl/BogusRoot.crl\n\n X509v3 Key Usage: critical\n Certificate Sign, CRL Sign\n X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical\n CA:TRUE\n Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption\n 97:aa:1c:16:64:05:60:ea:e0:5b:ae:7e:31:f3:6e:04:07:fe:\n ba:34:6d:fd:b3:c9:74:d1:f8:b4:da:c2:97:1e:00:da:05:b6:\n 08:de:e3:8e:6e:5e:a9:9b:15:62:41:0b:2f:d2:bc:24:4a:47:\n e9:7a:0c:6b:ba:c9:04:7c:82:ea:c5:89:5c:03:6f:8a:e6:a1:\n 13:4c:02:1a:5b:2e:ae:48:8b:16:f5:6d:01:89:89:66:29:06:\n 40:49:fe:b9:51:19:9e:ea:6d:76:ce:a7:78:7e:72:bf:04:4c:\n bf:f6:17:b0:bc:79:3e:67:47:89:ec:d9:07:40:55:6e:5b:7c:\n 79:6e:7f:97:e9:1b:d3:df:b6:54:e5:53:44:32:e2:39:17:ea:\n 17:be:6c:82:8a:b6:c2:6a:b4:c5:b7:8c:6d:38:34:b4:b8:27:\n 66:1f:4f:70:1d:65:77:6c:73:d8:69:24:6f:06:09:d4:f9:a9:\n 7a:eb:47:cb:9b:3e:ec:42:89:2e:f4:2b:20:36:f1:fc:70:e2:\n 3b:83:0a:e0:3a:04:1e:bf:53:cb:b6:ca:fe:2f:25:d5:c6:aa:\n 71:39:a9:8e:25:4a:75:bb:15:fc:29:4f:ba:d6:a9:02:c7:8d:\n d8:06:48:aa:6d:0b:34:bd:36:19:ea:87:a9:50:e5:a8:d8:31:\n 73:a2:30:44\n-----BEGIN TRUST_ANCHOR_UNCONSTRAINED-----\nMIIDeTCCAmGgAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADAUMRIwEAYDVQQDDAlCb2d1\nc1Jvb3QwHhcNMTUwMTAxMTIwMDAwWhcNMTYwMTAxMTIwMDAwWjAUMRIwEAYDVQQD\nDAlCb2d1c1Jvb3QwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQCmLnej\nDQuGAuR5Rm12Dt66VRl2B5DlekuamXDykfIolOfgi6rEpcGCNtgwvoRDRa4qYOf+\n1KChp+kwVtDJXfhfhpy6ya3MKXcVDOh7eFJC7Gnb2zjW9SV1UG8hoJqyTjozbEdg\nsqTn7LzAn9dGG7uCQyoibftlDbXPSLmm4ysmdzLbpoC2p2P1ude/8ze9K4gVtVAG\nDMlvBSuXrP8B2Z5VuC2QYqQ41NMZh4+w3YhNyhnzyS+VIqgZvpg4bQ8XZdfuW4Jz\n+MUoQ3aWpu8AnF7QncxS3Mhs1kqOLFrAm+C0G/RfQ4S3rX3RB8Z5FtgBwnPnrdxM\n1KW8q5lgbRg0FO0HAgMBAAGjgdUwgdIwHQYDVR0OBBYEFGAhEa+Qmen4mguAFpxj\nw9xFCISRMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFGAhEa+Qmen4mguAFpxjw9xFCISRMDwGCCsGAQUF\nBwEBBDAwLjAsBggrBgEFBQcwAoYgaHR0cDovL3VybC1mb3ItYWlhL0JvZ3VzUm9v\ndC5jZXIwMQYDVR0fBCowKDAmoCSgIoYgaHR0cDovL3VybC1mb3ItY3JsL0JvZ3Vz\nUm9vdC5jcmwwDgYDVR0PAQH/BAQDAgEGMA8GA1UdEwEB/wQFMAMBAf8wDQYJKoZI\nhvcNAQELBQADggEBAJeqHBZkBWDq4FuufjHzbgQH/ro0bf2zyXTR+LTawpceANoF\ntgje445uXqmbFWJBCy/SvCRKR+l6DGu6yQR8gurFiVwDb4rmoRNMAhpbLq5Iixb1\nbQGJiWYpBkBJ/rlRGZ7qbXbOp3h+cr8ETL/2F7C8eT5nR4ns2QdAVW5bfHluf5fp\nG9PftlTlU0Qy4jkX6he+bIKKtsJqtMW3jG04NLS4J2YfT3AdZXdsc9hpJG8GCdT5\nqXrrR8ubPuxCiS70KyA28fxw4juDCuA6BB6/U8u2yv4vJdXGqnE5qY4lSnW7Ffwp\nT7rWqQLHjdgGSKptCzS9Nhnqh6lQ5ajYMXOiMEQ=\n-----END TRUST_ANCHOR_UNCONSTRAINED-----\n\n150302120000Z\n-----BEGIN TIME-----\nMTUwMzAyMTIwMDAwWg==\n-----END TIME-----\n\nFAIL\n-----BEGIN VERIFY_RESULT-----\nRkFJTA==\n-----END VERIFY_RESULT-----\n\n[Context] Processing Certificate\n index: 0\n [Error] Signature verification failed\n [Error] VerifySignedData failed\n\n-----BEGIN ERRORS-----\nW0NvbnRleHRdIFByb2Nlc3NpbmcgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUKICBpbmRleDogMAogICAgICBbRXJyb3JdIFNpZ25hdHVyZSB2ZXJpZmljYXRpb24gZmFpbGVkCiAgICAgIFtFcnJvcl0gVmVyaWZ5U2lnbmVkRGF0YSBmYWlsZWQK\n-----END ERRORS-----\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0005720739718526602, 0.00077652937034145, 0.0021128503140062094 ]

[ "## z_html.py \nOriginally published: 2006-07-05 09:40:44 \nLast updated: 2006-07-05 09:40:44 \nAuthor: Stephen Chappell \n \nThis recipe requires the z_matrix module.", "\nTwo classes are provided, HTML_Table and HTML_Month.", "\nHTML_Table can manage the generation of a table in HTML format.", "\nHTML_Month builds on top of HTML_Table and expands on its capabilities.", "\nIt allows for dynamically created tables that have the look of the selected month." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to prevent tramp data while implementing caller-specific singletons in C#?", "\n\nI wrote a class library for logging and diagnostics. ", "The interface is pretty basic. ", "You call these static methods to log something:\ninterface ILogger {\n void Critical (string message);\n void Error (string message);\n void Warning (string message);\n void Info (string message);\n void Verbose (string message);\n}\n\nHowever, I want to append a call context (let's say trace identifier) implicitly to the each message and I want that context to be set/reset by callers of the library (specifically top level caller) rather than pushing trace context down to each method call. ", "Assuming that context can be updated at runtime, the updated information needs to retraverse all the layers. ", "In fact, the trace context can be extended in the future too. ", "So having context passed around each and every method/constructor initialization is definitely not a good design choice.", "\nGiven the fact that library is used in different layers of the code and called by various classes and these callers may fork other multiple threads, I want to be able to implement caller-specific singletons - global data that's only global to that caller.", "\nLet's say the top level class can only set/reset the identifier via some Register (Guid traceId) method and down-the-path the callers just call log methods and do not care about the context. ", "Be aware that the number of layers could be high. ", "Think about the following and consider when the number of layers is tens and maybe hundreds making it really really hard to pass the context and make sure log method calls are aware of any update:\nclass A {\n private B bObj;\n\n void Do() {\n bObj.", "DoSomethingElse();\n Logger.", "Critical(\"some message from A\");\n }\n}\n\nclass B {\n private C cObj;\n\n void DoSomethingElse() {\n cObj.", "DoAnotherThing();\n Logger.", "Critical(\"some message from B\");\n }\n}\n\nclass C {\n private D dObj;\n\n void DoAnotherThing() {\n dObj.", "DoSomethingElse();\n Logger.", "Critical(\"some message from C\");\n }\n}\n\nI did a quick research find out ThreadStatic, CallContext and HttpContext in ASP.Net, but I couldn't wrap my head around this without having System.", "Web in multithread environment. ", "ThreadStatic could be the solution, but my main source of confusion is that a caller may fork new threads and what happens to that existing context from that point on in child threads.", "\nIn summary, I am looking for a solution that does not require traversing tramp data to callers of the library (method calls or constructors doesn't matter), and I want to keep log method calls to be aware of any updates to the context data.", "\nNOTE: I am not really sure if caller-specific singletons is right way to put this.", "\nUPDATE: Jon Skeet has an article on this issue.", "\n\nA:\n\nAfter some research, I found out Stephen Cleary's article Implicit Async Context (\"AsyncLocal\"). ", "He provides example of how to maintain an implicit context that can flow into the threads.", "\nIn my case, the following solves the tramp data traversal:\ninterface ILogger {\n void Critical (string message);\n void Error (string message);\n void Warning (string message);\n void Info (string message);\n void Verbose (string message);\n\n void SetContext(string context);\n string GetContext();\n}\n\nclass Logger : ILogger {\n void Critical(string message) {\n Debug.", "WriteLine(string.", "Format(\"{0}: {1}\", GetContext(), message));\n }\n\n void SetContext(string context) {\n CallContext.", "LogicalSetData(\"myContext\", context);\n }\n\n string GetContext() {\n return (string)CallContext.", "LogicalGetData(\"myContext\") ?? ", "string.", "Empty;\n }\n}\n\nEach log method call retrieves the implicit context using CallContext.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Conventionally, there has been proposed an image pickup device including a normal pixel and an image plane phase difference detection pixel, in which an organic photoelectric conversion film is provided in addition to a photodiode (PD) as photoelectric conversion sections of the image pickup device (for example, see Patent Document 1).", "\nThe image pickup device has a configuration in which, as major constituent elements, an on-chip lens, a transparent upper electrode, an organic photoelectric conversion film, a transparent lower electrode, and a PD are formed in order from a light-incident side. ", "In particular, the lower electrode of the organic photoelectric conversion film of the image plane phase difference detection pixel is provided with a slit at an optical center of the on-chip lens where intensity of incident light is highest." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "/*\n * Copyright 2018, OpenCensus Authors\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\npackage io.opencensus.contrib.http.servlet;\n\nimport io.opencensus.common.", "ExperimentalApi;\nimport io.opencensus.contrib.http.", "HttpExtractor;\nimport javax.annotation.", "Nullable;\nimport javax.servlet.http.", "HttpServletRequest;\nimport javax.servlet.http.", "HttpServletResponse;\n\n/**\n * This class extracts attributes from {@link HttpServletRequest} and {@link HttpServletResponse}.", "\n */\n@ExperimentalApi\nclass OcHttpServletExtractor extends HttpExtractor<HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse> {\n @Override\n public String getHost(HttpServletRequest request) {\n return request.getServerName();\n }\n\n @Override\n public String getMethod(HttpServletRequest request) {\n return request.getMethod();\n }\n\n @Override\n public String getPath(HttpServletRequest request) {\n // Path defined in the spec at\n // https://github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-specs/blob/master/trace/HTTP.md#attributes\n // is equivalent of URI in HttpServlet.", "\n return request.getRequestURI();\n }\n\n @Override\n public String getUserAgent(HttpServletRequest request) {\n return request.getHeader(\"User-Agent\");\n }\n\n @Override\n public int getStatusCode(@Nullable HttpServletResponse response) {\n if (response !", "= null) {\n return response.getStatus();\n }\n return 0;\n }\n\n @Override\n public String getUrl(HttpServletRequest request) {\n // Url defined in the spec at\n // https://github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-specs/blob/master/trace/HTTP.md#attributes\n // is equivalent of URL + QueryString in HttpServlet.", "\n return request.getRequestURL().toString() + \"?\" ", "+ request.getQueryString();\n }\n\n @Override\n public String getRoute(HttpServletRequest request) {\n return \"\";\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "//\n// LightGreyView.swift\n// ResponderChainDemo\n//\n// Created by Nicholas Outram on 15/01/2016.", "\n// Copyright © 2016 Plymouth University. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n//\n\nimport UIKit\n\nclass LightGreyView: UIView {\n\n /*\n // Only override drawRect: if you perform custom drawing.", "\n // An empty implementation adversely affects performance during animation.", "\n override func drawRect(rect: CGRect) {\n // Drawing code\n }\n */\n \n override func touchesBegan(_ touches: Set<UITouch>, with event: UIEvent?) {", "\n printNextRepsonderAsString()\n \n if let swState = switchState(0), swState == true {\n //Pass up the responder chain\n super.touchesBegan(touches, with: event)\n }\n\n }\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "2008–09 Atlanta Thrashers season\n\nThe 2008–09 Atlanta Thrashers season was the tenth season of the franchise in the National Hockey League (NHL). ", "The Thrashers attempted to make the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time since the 2006–07 season, but failed.", "\n\nRegular season\n\nDivisional standings\n\nConference standings\n\nSchedule and results\n Green background indicates win (2 points).", "\n Red background indicates regulation loss (0 points).", "\n White background indicates overtime/shootout loss (1 point).", "\n\nRecord vs. Opponents\n\nNotes: * denotes division winner; teams in bold are in the Southeast Division; teams in italics qualified for the playoffs; points refer to the points achieved by the team whom the Thrashers played against\n\n = Member of the Atlantic Division = Member of the Northeast Division = Member of the Southeast Division = Member of the Central Division = Member of the Northeast Division = Member of the Pacific Division\n\nPlayoffs\nThe Atlanta Thrashers failed to qualify for the 2009 NHL Playoffs.", "\n\nPlayer statistics\n\nSkaters\n\nGoaltenders\n\n†Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Thrashers. ", "Stats reflect season totals.", "\n‡Traded mid-season\nunderline/italics denotes franchise record\n\nAwards and records\n\nRecords\n\nMilestones\n\nTransactions\n\nTrades\n\nFree agents\n\nClaimed from waivers\n\nDraft picks\nAtlanta's picks at the 2008 NHL Entry Draft in Ottawa, Ontario.", "\n\nSee also\n2008–09 NHL season\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Atlanta Thrashers seasons\nA\nA\nAtlanta Thrashers\nAtlanta Thrashers" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open\n// Source Licenses. ", "See LICENSE.TXT for details.", "\n\n#include \"../assembly.h\"\n\n// double __floatundidf(du_int a);\n\n#ifdef __i386__\n\nCONST_SECTION\n\n\t.balign 16\ntwop52:\n\t.quad 0x4330000000000000\n\n\t.balign 16\ntwop32:\n\t.quad 0x41f0000000000000\n\n#define REL_ADDR(_a)\t(_a)-0b(%eax)\n\n.text\n.balign 4\nDEFINE_COMPILERRT_FUNCTION(__floatdidf)\n\tcvtsi2sd\t8(%esp),\t\t\t%xmm1\n\tmovss\t\t4(%esp),\t\t\t%xmm0 // low 32 bits of a\n\tcalll\t\t0f\n0:\tpopl\t\t%eax\n\tmulsd\t\tREL_ADDR(twop32),\t%xmm1 // a_hi as a double (without rounding)\n\tmovsd\t\tREL_ADDR(twop52),\t%xmm2 // 0x1.0p52\n\tsubsd\t\t%xmm2,\t\t\t\t%xmm1 // a_hi - 0x1p52 (no rounding occurs)\n\torpd\t\t%xmm2,\t\t\t\t%xmm0 // 0x1p52 + a_lo (no rounding occurs)\n\taddsd\t\t%xmm1,\t\t\t\t%xmm0 // a_hi + a_lo (round happens here)\n\tmovsd\t\t%xmm0,\t\t\t 4(%esp)\n\tfldl\t 4(%esp)\n\tret\nEND_COMPILERRT_FUNCTION(__floatdidf)\n\n#endif // __i386__\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "The Living Garden Has Opened!", "\n\n\n\n\n\nThe long-forbidden Living Garden has finally been opened to the public again, but something sinister is going on! ", "The wild and exotic plants and flowers of the Living Garden have been overrun by strange mice exhibiting stranger behaviour... The long-forbidden Living Garden has finally been opened to the public again, but something sinister is going on! ", "The wild and exotic plants and flowers of the Living Garden have been overrun by strange mice exhibiting stranger behaviour...\n\nLiving Garden\n\nThe tiny mice have adapted the environment around them to their purpose and have strapped on various pieces of plants as weapons and armour! ", "Even stranger, they've begun hoarding tiny glowing plants called Garden Essences and protecting them at all costs. ", "The tiny mice have adapted the environment around them to their purpose and have strapped on various pieces of plants as weapons and armour! ", "Even stranger, they've begun hoarding tiny glowing plants called Garden Essences and protecting them at all costs.", "\n\nLost City\n\nNearby, a town in the desert has fallen under a terrible curse and become lost between worlds! ", "The mice that inhabit the town have all been turned incorporeal, ghostly, and fierce, but they too are stockpiling Garden Essences for their own reasons. ", "Nearby, a town in the desert has fallen under a terrible curse and become lost between worlds! ", "The mice that inhabit the town have all been turned incorporeal, ghostly, and fierce, but they too are stockpiling Garden Essences for their own reasons.", "\n\nSand Dunes\n\nIn between the two lies the Sand Dunes of the desert, where Grubling Mice race from scrap of food to scrap of food, gorging themselves as best they can and making the difficult desert life ever more challenging for all the other mice. ", "And as before, all the mice here are collecting and protecting Garden Essences. ", "What is going on? ", "In between the two lies the Sand Dunes of the desert, where Grubling Mice race from scrap of food to scrap of food, gorging themselves as best they can and making the difficult desert life ever more challenging for all the other mice. ", "And as before, all the mice here are collecting and protecting Garden Essences. ", "What is going on?", "\n\nWild New Mice!", "\n\nStrawberry Hotcakes Mouse\n\nThis little firebrand is simultaneously the most dangerous and most helpful mouse in the Living Garden. ", "Threatening her friends? ", "A FLOOD OF HOT SAUCE. ", "Food too bland? ", "A FLOOD OF HOT SAUCE.", "\n\n\n\nHer peppergun has incredible range, and the pepper reservoir on her back seems to never run dry, so don't try to outrange or outlast her. ", "At best you can hope to surprise her, but act quickly because when surprised she unleashes A FLOOD OF HOT SAUCE. ", "This little firebrand is simultaneously the most dangerous and most helpful mouse in the Living Garden. ", "Threatening her friends? ", "A FLOOD OF HOT SAUCE. ", "Food too bland? ", "A FLOOD OF HOT SAUCE.Her peppergun has incredible range, and the pepper reservoir on her back seems to never run dry, so don't try to outrange or outlast her. ", "At best you can hope to surprise her, but act quickly because when surprised she unleashes A FLOOD OF HOT SAUCE.", "\n\nEthereal Enchanter Mouse\n\nThere's some debate as to why the Lost City was lost between dimensions, but the actions of certain mice are definitely suspect. ", "This mouse was known to dabble in all kinds of unsavory arcane activities and rituals. ", "However, since he was trapped like everyone else, suspicion quickly waned. ", "There's some debate as to why the Lost City was lost between dimensions, but the actions of certain mice are definitely suspect. ", "This mouse was known to dabble in all kinds of unsavory arcane activities and rituals. ", "However, since he was trapped like everyone else, suspicion quickly waned.", "\n\nGrubling Herder Mouse\n\nGrubling Herders are a solemn and insular group, trained from birth to direct and control the voracious Grubling mice away from vital crops. ", "They hail from a place of shadow known only as \"Muddy'Deeb\", and dedicate their lives to ensuring the rampage of the Grubling mice remains under their control.", "\n\n\n\nThe Grublings must flow! ", "Grubling Herders are a solemn and insular group, trained from birth to direct and control the voracious Grubling mice away from vital crops. ", "They hail from a place of shadow known only as \"Muddy'Deeb\", and dedicate their lives to ensuring the rampage of the Grubling mice remains under their control.", "The Grublings must flow!", "\n\nGarden Essences\n\nSmall, glowing plants, these Garden Essences are jealously guarded by the mice. ", "They certainly contain great power, but how best to use it? ", "Make sure to check out your new \"Book of Living Recipes\" when you get to the Living Garden to see all the different things you can make from them, but be ready to experiment to find out exactly what combines with what.", "\n\nMinigames!", "\n\nEvery new area has its own new minigame associated with it. ", "Attentive players will be able to dispel curses, collect water for Thirsty mice, and watch out for the Grubling stampedes! ", "While not mandatory, paying careful attention and playing these minigames will make it a lot easier to collect Garden Essences and craft fantastic new recipes!", "\n\n\n\nTo play these minigames, visit the shops in each area to purchase and use cool new charms with unique effects!", "\n\nAnd much, much more!", "\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Living Garden!", "\n\n\n\nOf course this isn't all that's going on in the Living Garden, Sand Dunes, and Lost City, but you'll have to explore and experiment to find out more! ", "There's a terrible secret hiding in amongst the plants and mice, and world-changing lore waiting to be uncovered! ", "Only dedication, hard work, and a mountain of patience will serve you in uncovering the secrets of...\n\nKits and Charm Packs\n\nEssence Collector Kit\n\n\n\n\n\nProvides the Lucky Golden Shield for 1 month from date of opening. ", "This package contains 20 Sponge Charms, 20 Searcher Charms, 20 Grubling Chow Charms, and 125 SUPER|brie+ for use in hunting in the Living Garden, Sand Dunes, and Lost City.", "Provides the Lucky Golden Shield for 1 month from date of opening.", "\n\nLiving Garden Charm Pack\n\n\n\n\n\nProvides the Lucky Golden Shield for 1 month from date of opening. ", "This package contains 20 Sponge Charms for use in collecting dewdrops in the Living Garden.", "Provides the Lucky Golden Shield for 1 month from date of opening.", "\n\nLost City Charm Pack\n\n\n\n\n\nProvides the Lucky Golden Shield for 1 month from date of opening. ", "This package contains 20 Searcher Charms for use in dispelling curses in the Lost City.", "Provides the Lucky Golden Shield for 1 month from date of opening.", "\n\nSand Dunes Charm Pack\n\n\n\n\n\nProvides the Lucky Golden Shield for 1 month from date of opening. ", "This package contains 20 Grubling Chow Charms for use in attracting Grubling Mice in the Sand Dunes.", "Provides the Lucky Golden Shield for 1 month from date of opening." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use class generated by Xsd2Code\n\nI am new to XML coding. ", "I have an XML file with which I generated the Schema file using XSD tool, then generated the class file using Xsd2Code tool. ", " \nNow I have a file called Timesheet.Designer.cs with all the class information and Serialization methods. ", "Can I use the same file in the project or keep it as a base class and generate a separate file with Timesheet.cs for accessing this classes and modifications? ", "Can anyone point to me a good tutorial or example which shows how can I use this in my application to Read and write to the XML file?", "\nI have many complexType elements that are in the XML file. ", "So the tool generated different classes for all these ComplexTypes as well.", "\nIf someone already has some code please post it here. ", "\n\nA:\n\nXsd2Code can generate save & load methods which save & load the entities directly to an xml file.", "\nYou need to make sure you set the correct options when generating the classes, either through the Xsd2Code properties page, or via the command line, depending on how you're using it - see this image (especially the serialization section).", "\n\nTo load, edit, and save your xml file:\n// SchemaClass is the root class generated by Xsd2Code\nSchemaClass data = SchemaClass.", "LoadFromFile(\"myData.xml\");\n\ndata.", "SomeElement.", "SomeProperty = \"foo\";\n\ndata.", "SaveToFile(\"myData.xml\");\n\nA:\n\nYou can mark it as partial class or use it as a base class. ", "Keep it in a separate file designer.cs is fine. ", "\nThat way, every time you regenerate the file, your custom code will not be overwritten.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRead the sum value from the column footer in UI - Grid?", "\n\nI'm currently trying to read my column footer to make sure that the total sum from the aggregate is exactly 100. ", "However I can not find a way to get that value from the grid functions. ", "Maybe I missed a function in the docs. ", "Is there a way to accomplish this or will I have to manually loop through my grid and sum the values?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use aggregates on the column footer to automatically show the sum of all the values in the column.", "\nyou can have your grid config like below\n$scope.gridOptions = {\n showGridFooter: true,\n showColumnFooter: true,\n enableFiltering: true,\n columnDefs: [\n { field: 'name', width: '13%' },\n { field: 'address.street',aggregationType: uiGridConstants.aggregationTypes.sum, width: '13%' },\n { field: 'age', aggregationType: uiGridConstants.aggregationTypes.avg, aggregationHideLabel: true, width: '13%' },\n { name: 'ageMin', field: 'age', aggregationType: uiGridConstants.aggregationTypes.min, width: '13%', displayName: 'Age for min' },\n { name: 'ageMax', field: 'age', aggregationType: uiGridConstants.aggregationTypes.max, width: '13%', displayName: 'Age for max' },\n { name: 'customCellTemplate', field: 'age', width: '14%', footerCellTemplate: '<div class=\"ui-grid-cell-contents\" style=\"background-color: Red;color: White\">custom template</div>' },\n { name: 'registered', field: 'registered', width: '20%', cellFilter: 'date', footerCellFilter: 'date', aggregationType: uiGridConstants.aggregationTypes.max }\n ],\n data: data,\n onRegisterApi: function(gridApi) {\n $scope.gridApi = gridApi;\n }\n};\n\nhttp://plnkr.co/edit/nv1eJAIyD5xNDn8XI6L9?p=preview\nTo get the value from the footer, provided you know the column index and have a reference to the gridApi.", "\n$scope.getFooterValue = function()\n{\n console.log($scope.gridApi);\n alert($scope.gridApi.grid.columns[2].getAggregationValue());\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "CHICAGO – It will be a happy Christmas holiday for coach Chris Holtmann and his Ohio State men’s basketball team.", "\n\nThe 15th-ranked Buckeyes used their defense to surge ahead in the second half and defeat UCLA 80-66 in the CBS Sports Classic Saturday afternoon at the United Center.", "\n\nOhio State improved to 11-1 overall in winning its fifth straight game. ", "OSU rallied to take a 33-30 halftime lead and then built its lead out to double digits in the final seven minutes.", "\n\n“I am really proud of the effort of our guys, particularly the second half,” said OSU coach Chris Holtmann. “", "I thought UCLA's length bothered us. ", "I know, I give them credit, I think they played a hard game the other night on the road (at Cincinnati), and we thought that we would see zone but.", "\n\n“I'm not sure we thought we would see that much. ", "But give our guys credit, they responded well. ", "I thought UCLA, they were difficult to attack in that zone because of their length and their size.”", "\n\nSenior guard C.J. Jackson scored 20 of his team-high 22 points in the second half to fuel the win. ", "He also had seven rebounds and six assists for the Buckeyes. ", "Jackson was 7 of 16 from the floor (3 of 7 on threes) and hit all five of his free throws.", "\n\nJackson’s finish belied his rough start: He was benched just five minutes into the game after a pair of turnovers.", "\n\n“The biggest thing was my teammates, they were looking out for me,” Jackson said. “", "I started hitting a couple of shots, got an easy floater in the beginning.", "\n\n“When I was struggling in the first half, all the coaches and players stayed on me and said keep shooting, and that's how they are in practice when you're struggling. ", "They tell you to keep going because they have seen the success out of each player. ", "It's always easy to play for guys like that.”", "\n\nSophomore center Kaleb Wesson enjoyed another double-double as he finished with 15 points and 12 rebounds. ", "The 6-9 Wesson won the battle against UCLA’s 7-1 freshman center Moses Brown, who finished with nine points and two rebounds.", "\n\n“It made me work on my lower body more, trying to get in their legs and weed out space for myself for rebounding and finding angles for my teammates to find me,” Wesson said of going against lanky Brown.", "\n\nSophomore forward Kyle Young was on the business end of a pair of nifty alley-oop passes and added 11 points and six rebounds for the Buckeyes.", "\n\nAndre Wesson had nine points and five blocked shots on defense. ", "Luther Muhammad also had nine points and Duane Washington Jr. scored eight for the Buckeyes.", "\n\nKeyshawn Woods also had a huge impact with six points, four rebounds and 10 assists with no turnovers in just over 35 minutes of work. ", "Woods started the game in a three-guard look in place of Young, who usually starts at power forward.", "\n\nThe Buckeyes will have a week before their last nonconference game against High Point and two weeks until they resume Big Ten play against No. ", "10 Michigan State at home. ", "OSU went 3-1 in its nonconference games against major conference opponents, also winning games at Cincinnati and Creighton and falling to Syracuse at home.", "\n\nThis is OSU’s best start in five seasons, dating to a 15-0 beginning in the 2013-14 season.", "\n\n“Last year, we did not do a great job in nonconference games that are going to be evaluated at the end of the year by the NCAA Tournament selection committee,” Holtmann said. “", "That was something we were trying to be a little more aware of, but you know, I doubt we're going 15-3 in the Big Ten this year.", "\n\n“So to have a nonconference where we could pick up some wins that are important was good, but more than anything, you know, we have to keep growing and getting better.”", "\n\nKris Wilkes had 18 points and seven rebounds to lead UCLA (7-5), which lost its third game in a row.", "\n\nJaylen Hands added 13 points and Cody Riley scored 10 for the Bruins. ", "UCLA was a rough 22 percent on threes for the game (4 of 18) and got outrebounded 41-34.", "\n\n“I thought obviously that was a very good team that we played today,” said UCLA coach Steve Alford. “", "They do a lot of good things, both offensively and defensively, and I thought that offensively, I liked our shots that we got. ", "We didn't make a lot, 4-for-18 from 3. ", "We are normally a better shooting team than that, so we didn't make some shots there. ", "Getting rid of them around the rim for a while, it happened late, and I really like what we did defensively in the zone in the first half.", "\n\n“In the second half, we just gave up way too many offensive rebounds. ", "I think how we went about things, it was a much better effort than what it was Wednesday night when it snowballed. ", "I thought we made some strides tonight, but against a very good team like this, you can't give them second opportunities; we gave them 15.”", "\n\nAs It Happened UCLA opened in a man-to-man defense but the Bruins quickly switched to a zone, and that created problems for Ohio State much of the half. ", "The Buckeyes led 33-30 after a deliberate first 20 minutes despite hitting just 36 percent of their shots from the floor (13 of 36). ", "Kaleb Wesson had 10 first-half points and Muhammad chipped in seven for OSU. ", "UCLA led much of the half. ", "The Bruins connected on 48 percent of their first-half shots (14 of 29) and also got 13 first-half points from the explosive Wilkes. ", "But 12 UCLA turnovers helped keep Ohio State in the game. ", "Kaleb Wesson hit an early three and a pair of free throws for a 5-2 lead. ", "But Wilkes scored on a rebound to put UCLA ahead 6-5. ", "Wesson tied it at 8-8 with a free throw. ", "But UCLA’s Jaylen Hands hit a three for an 11-8 lead. ", "OSU’s Kyle Young tied it at 13-13 with a three-point play with 13:56 left in the half. ", "But UCLA moved ahead 18-13 after Wilkes had a steal for a layup and then canned a three. ", "The Bruins maintained that lead over the next eight minutes as OSU struggled against the UCLA zone. ", "Wilkes rebounded his own miss for a 22-19 lead with 6:03 left in the half. ", "This is when the Buckeyes finally came alive and strung together some made shots. ", "Andre Wesson had a one-hander in the lane off a Keyshawn Woods pass before Andre hit brother Kaleb with a bounce pass for a layup and a 23-22 lead with 5:01 left in the half. ", "Jackson hit Muhammad with a crosscourt pass in transition for a three and a 26-24 lead with 3:45 left in the half. ", "Muhammad had a steal for a jam, Washington hit a three off an inside-out three from Kaleb Wesson and Muhammad stuck a pullup jumper as the Buckeyes went up 33-30 at the break. “", "We were a little bit passive early against the zone,” Holtmann said. “", "I think that hurt us early with probably the first four or five possessions, and you know, I've obviously got to do a better job of making sure that our guys are more aggressive and attacking in the zone. “", "Their length bothered us. ", "I think their first two possessions, they had two steals off of C.J.'s passes. ", "I just thought we were more aggressive. ", "We drove them a little bit more in the zone and we posted and moved it a little bit quicker, which was instrumental for us.” ", "The Buckeyes quickly got the lead out to nine early in the second half. ", "Jackson had a layup off a steal and Woods assist. ", "Young had a reverse off a Kaleb Wesson feed, Woods got a layup off a Jackson assist and Andre Wesson hit a sidestep three off a Jackson pass for a 43-34 lead with 10:37 left. ", "UCLA’s Cody Riley had a layup and a three to cut the gap to 43-39 with 14:30 left. ", "But OSU answered as Kaleb Wesson fought through traffic to score inside before Washington threw over the zone to Young for an alley oop and a 47-39 lead with 13:37 left. ", "Washington splashed a three off a Muhammad assist after a UCLA rebounder had deflected the ball off a teammate’s face. ", "That spree put OSU up 51-42 with 12:16 left. ", "Jackson hit a three off a Muhammad pass and made a one-hander in the lane for a 57-50 lead with 8:40 left. ", "UCLA got it down to six at 59-53 after a Riley free throw. ", "OSU lost Kaleb Wesson with his fourth foul at that point. ", "But the Buckeyes kept the hammer down at both ends. ", "Jackson scored on a one-hander on the baseline. ", "After a UCLA miss, Woods brought the ball to halfcourt and threw a long alley oop to the streaking Young for the dunk and a 63-53 lead with 6:10 left. ", "UCLA called timeout to regroup. ", "But OSU’s Young and Andre Wesson each deflected shots on defense. ", "Then, at the other end, Andre missed a shot but Young rebounded. ", "He got it out to Muhammad, who reversed it to Woods. ", "Woods found Jackson in the right corner for a clutch three and a 66-53 lead. ", "Andre Wesson’s two free throws pushed it to 68-53. ", "Jackson was fouled on a three-point attempt and made all three free throws for a 71-55 lead with 4:19 left. ", "Fittingly, Woods drove into the lane and dished to Jackson in the right corner. ", "His three made it 78-62 with 1:33 left. ", "After the way Jackson’s day started, Holtmann was glad he and Woods were around for the end. “", "I was really proud of (Jackson) because I thought he was struggling a little bit early and I thought he had a stretch there that kind of broke the game open in the second half when we moved him off the ball,” the coach said. “", "I thought Keyshawn, having ten assists and zero turnovers might have been as instrumental as anything because he can see things in the zone, and he's really good. “", "That's why I couldn't take him out, because he's really good at attacking zones, driving gaps and finding right -- finding the right guys. ", "So moving C.J. off the ball helped us.\"", "\n\nAlso Notable * Kaleb Wesson leads the team with 10 double-figure games, followed by Jackson with nine, Muhammad with five, Woods, Young and Washington with four each and Andre Wesson with three. * ", "This was the third time Jackson has led the team in scoring this season. ", "Kaleb Wesson has led the team in scoring six times, followed by three times for Jackson, twice by Woods and once by Andre Wesson * Kaleb Wesson has been in double figures in each of his last nine games, averaging 18.4 points and 7.6 rebounds in those games. ", "This was his second double-double of the season and third of his career. * ", "With 22 points, Jackson came up three points shy of his career mark of 25 set earlier this season against Purdue Fort Wayne. ", "Over his last three games, Jackson has posted spiffy averages of 14.3 points, 7.3 rebounds and 6.3 assists. * ", "Woods’ 10 assists are a collegiate career high for him, breaking his previous mark of nine set against Boston College while playing for Wake Forest in 2017. * ", "Poll Rankings: Ohio State, 15th in the AP poll, 14th in the USA Today coaches poll; UCLA, unranked. * ", "CBS Sports Classic Details: This is the fifth year for the CBS Sports Classic. ", "OSU lost to UNC in the first Classic in 2014 in Chicago, then defeated Kentucky in 2015 in Brooklyn, N.Y. (74-67), lost to UCLA in 2016 in Las Vegas (86-73) and lost to North Carolina last year in New Orleans (86-72). ", "OSU will face Kentucky in Las Vegas on Dec. 21, 2019. ", "Asked about playing in this marquee event, Holtmann said, “We love it. ", "We love this event. ", "I've said that. ", "We’ve struggled in this event; I think they were maybe 1-3 coming into it. “", "So to be able to get a win is important. ", "We love the event. ", "It's really well done. ", "It's obviously three other basketball schools, three schools that have a tradition that's really unparalleled, so for us to kind of align ourselves in an event like that's great.” * ", "OSU-UCLA Series: UCLA still leads the all-time series 6-5. ", "The series is 2-2 in games played on neutral courts. ", "Prior to the teams’ meeting in the 2016 CBS Sports Classic (won by UCLA 86-73), the schools had not met since the 1980 NCAA Tournament. ", "UCLA won that Sweet 16 game played at Tempe, Ariz. (72-68). ", "This was Holtmann’s first match-up as a head coach going against UCLA. ", "Alford is now 8-9 all-time as a coach against Ohio State, including a 7-8 record while the coach at Iowa (1999-2000 through 2006-07) and the win for UCLA in 2016. * ", "Ohio State returned to the United Center for its second game in just over two weeks. ", "The Buckeyes took a 77-67 win over Illinois there on Dec. 5. ", "Ohio State appears to now be 14-8 all-time in games played in the United Center. ", "That includes a 12-7 record in Big Ten tournament games, including championship wins there in 2007 and 2013. ", "The overall record also includes a loss to North Carolina there in the CBS Sports Classic in December 2014. ", "OSU will be back at the United Center for the Big Ten tournament in March. * ", "OSU spent the last half of last season in the polls and was 10-5 as a ranked team a year ago. ", "OSU is 7-1 as a ranked team this year. ", "OSU is 510-149 all-time when ranked among the top 25 in the AP poll. * ", "NET Rankings: The NCAA has adopted the new NET Rankings system to replace the RPI. ", "Ohio State is currently 22nd in those rankings, while UCLA is 51st. * ", "Next On The Docket: OSU will have the next week off for the Christmas holiday. ", "The Buckeyes will wrap nonconference play next Saturday, Dec. 29, at home against High Point (noon, Big Ten Network). ", "High Point is 6-5 going into a game with Richmond on Saturday. ", "The Buckeyes resume Big Ten play on Sat., ", "Jan. 5, at home against No. ", "10 Michigan State (9-2). ", "That game will tip at noon and will be televised by FOX. * ", "Click here for our look at key prospects Ohio State is tracking for the 2020 and 2021 recruiting classes. ", "Do you have your copy of Undisputed Champions? ", "Click here for ordering information.", "\n\nOSU coach Chris Holtmann press conference\n\nOSU players press conference\n\nUCLA players press conference: Hands and Wilkes" ]

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[ "The former N-Dubz star - who was on the judging panel for two years before being replaced by Sharon Osbourne in 2013 - was seen working it on the beach while wearing a white bikini, surrounded by a film crew." ]

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[ "Green River (Colorado River tributary)\n\nThe Green River, located in the western United States, is the chief tributary of the Colorado River. ", "The watershed of the river, known as the Green River Basin, covers parts of Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. ", "The Green River is long, beginning in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming and flowing through Wyoming and Utah for most of its course, except for into western Colorado. ", "Much of the route is through the Colorado Plateau and through some of the most spectacular canyons in the United States. ", "It is only slightly smaller than the Colorado when the two rivers merge, but typically carries a larger load of silt. ", "The average yearly mean flow of the river at Green River, Utah is per second.", "\n\nThe status of the Green River as a tributary of the Colorado River came about for mainly political reasons. ", " In earlier nomenclature, the Colorado River began at its confluence with the Green River. ", "Above the confluence the Colorado was called the Grand River. ", " In 1921, Colorado U.S. Representative Edward T. Taylor petitioned the Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to rename the Grand River as the Colorado River. ", "On July 25, 1921, the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress, over the objections of representatives from Wyoming and Utah and the United States Geological Survey which noted that the drainage basin of the Green River was more extensive than that of the Grand River, although the Grand carried a higher volume of water at its confluence with the Green.", "\n\nDescription\n\nIt rises in western Wyoming, in northern Sublette County, on the western side of the Continental Divide in the Bridger–Teton National Forest in the Wind River Range. ", "It flows south through Sublette County and western Wyoming in an area known as the Upper Green River Valley, then southwest and is joined by the Big Sandy River in western Sweetwater County. ", "At the town of La Barge, it flows into Fontenelle Reservoir, formed by Fontenelle Dam. ", "Below there, it flows through open sage covered rolling prairie where it is crossed by the Oregon, California and Mormon emigration trails and then further south until it flows past the town of Green River and into the Flaming Gorge Reservoir in Southwestern Wyoming, formed by the Flaming Gorge Dam in northeastern Utah. ", "Prior to the creation of the reservoir, the Blacks Fork joined the Green River south of Green River, today the mouth of Blacks Fork is submerged by the reservoir.", "\n\nSouth of the dam it flows eastward, looping around the eastern tip of the Uinta Mountains going from Utah into northwestern Colorado and through Browns Park before turning west and then south into Dinosaur National Monument where it passes through the Canyon of the Lodore (Otherwise known as the Gates of Lodore) and is joined by the Yampa River at Steamboat Rock. ", "It turns westward back into Utah along the southern edge of the Uintas in Whirlpool Canyon. ", "In Utah it meanders southwest across the Yampa Plateau and through the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation and the Ouray National Wildlife Refuge. ", "Two miles south of Ouray, Utah, it is joined by Duchesne River, and three miles (5 km) downstream by the White River. ", "Ten miles farther downstream it is joined by the Willow River.", "\n\nSouth of the plateau, it is joined by Nine Mile Creek, then enters the Roan Cliffs where it flows south through the back-to-back Desolation and Gray canyons, with a combined length of 120 mi (192 km). ", "In Gray Canyon, it is joined by the Price River. ", "South of the canyon it passes the town of Green River, Utah and is joined by the San Rafael River in southern Emery County. ", "In eastern Wayne County it meanders through Canyonlands National Park where it joins the Colorado.", "\n\nThe Flaming Gorge Dam in Utah is a significant regional source of water for irrigation and mining, as well as for hydroelectric power. ", "Begun in the 1950s and finished in 1963, it was highly controversial and opposed by conservationists. ", " Originally, a dam was to be built in Whirlpool Canyon, but the conservationist movement traded the Flaming Gorge dam for halting that proposal. ", "Apocryphally, the Sierra Club, a not-for-profit environmental organization, lost its tax-exempt status for political action in opposing the proposed dam.", "\n\nThe Green is a large, deep, powerful river. ", "It ranges from 100 to 300 feet (30 to 100 m) wide in the upper course to 300 to wide in its lower course and ranges from 3 to 50 feet (1 to 15 m) in depth. ", "It is navigable by small craft throughout its course and by large motorboats upstream to Flaming Gorge Dam. ", "Near the areas where the Oregon Trail crosses, the river is 400 - wide and averages about deep at normal flow.", "\n\nHistory\n\nArchaeological evidence indicates that the tributary canyons and sheltered areas in the river valley were home to the Fremont Culture, which flourished from the 7th century to the 13th century. ", "The Fremont were a semi-nomadic people who lived in pithouses and are best known for the rock art on canyon walls and in sheltered overhangs.", "\n\nIn later centuries, the river basin was home to the Shoshone and Ute peoples, both nomadic hunters. ", "The Shoshone inhabited the river valley north of the Uinta Mountains, whereas the Utes lived to the south. ", "The current reservation of the Utes is in the Uintah Basin. ", "The Shoshone called the river the Seeds-kee-dee-Agie, meaning \"Prairie Hen River.\"", "\n\nIn 1776, the Spanish friars Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and Francisco Atanasio Domínguez crossed the river near present-day Jensen, naming it the Rio de San Buenaventura. ", "The map-maker of the expedition, Captain Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, erroneously indicated that the river flowed southwest to what is now known as Sevier Lake. ", "Later cartographers extended the error, representing the Buenaventura River as flowing into the Pacific Ocean. ", "At least one charted the Buenaventura as draining the Great Salt Lake. ", "Later Spanish and Mexican explorers adopted the name Rio Verde, meaning \"Green River\" in Spanish. ", "Exactly when the Spanish started using this name and why is unknown. ", "Explanations of the name \"Green\" include ideas about the color of the water (though it is usually just as red as that of the Colorado), the color of soapstone along its banks, the color of the vegetation, and the name of a trapper. ", "No explanation can be verified. ", "Wilson Hunt of John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company called it The Spanish River in 1811. ", "By that time it was clear to the trappers that Miera's map (if they had seen it) was wrong, for they had learned from the Native Americans that the Green River drained to the Colorado River and the Gulf of California. ", "When Jedediah Smith reached the lower Colorado in 1826 he at first called it the Seedskeedee, as the Green/Colorado River was commonly known among the trappers. ", "By the time of Bonneville's expedition in 1832, the names \"Seeds-kee-dee\", \"Spanish River\", \"Green River\", and even \"Colorado River\" were used interchangeably by the trappers and American explorers.", "\n\nWhile it was known that the Green River drained to the Colorado, the exact course was not known. ", "Miera's map showed the Colorado River branching into two major streams – the Nabajoo (San Juan) and the Zaguananas. ", "It also showed the Zaguananas branching into four heads, including the Dolores and the Rafael (the latter of which Escalante's journal equates with the Colorado per information from the Native Americans). ", "A map of 1847 redirects the course of the Rafael to the north and labels it as Green River. ", "It would be some time before the true confluence of the Green and Colorado Rivers would be known.", "\n\nThe Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico to California crossed the river just above the present-day town of Green River, Utah.", "\n\nIn the early 19th century, the upper river in Wyoming was part of the disputed Oregon Country. ", "It was explored by trappers from the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, such as Donald Mackenzie who pioneered the area, from 1819. ", "In 1825, the American William Ashley and a party of American explorers floated down the river from north of the Uintah Mountains to the mouth of the White River. ", "The valley of the river became increasingly used as a wintering ground for American trappers in the next decades, with trading posts established at the mouth of the White near Whiterocks, Utah, and Browns Park. ", "The Upper Green River Rendezvous Site near Pinedale, Wyoming was a popular location for annual mountain man rendezvous during the 1820s and 1830s, with as many as 450 to 500 trappers attending during its heyday in the 1830s.", "\n\nThe region was explored by John C. Fremont on several of his expeditions in the 1840s. ", "Fremont corrected the cartographic error of Miera, establishing firmly that the river did not drain the Great Salt Lake. ", "In 1869, the river was surveyed and mapped by John Wesley Powell as part of the first of his two expeditions to the region. ", " During his two voyages in 1869 and 1871, he and his men gave most of the current names of the canyons, geographic features, and rapids along the river. ", "For example, \"we sweep around another great bend to the left, making a circuit of nine miles, and come back to a point within 600 feet of the beginning of the bend. ", "In the two circuits we describe almost the figure 8. ", "The men call it a `bowknot' of a river; so we name it Bowknot Bend.\" (", "Powell, 1869)\n\nFrom the 1840s through the 1860s hundreds of thousands of emigrants made their way west along the Oregon, California and Mormon emigration trails. ", " Nearly all of the primary emigration routes had to cross the Green River at some point. ", " The main trail crossed near where the Big Sandy River joins the Green River in Wyoming. ", " The river is too big and much too deep to ford at any time of the year, and is the largest, most dangerous river crossed by the Oregon Trail. ", "For that reason, ferries were commonly run on this stretch of the river. ", "Some of the popular ferries included the Lombard and Robinson ferries at the main crossing, and the Mormon, Mountain Man, and Names Hill ferries where the popular Sublette-Greenwood cutoff crossed the river further upstream.", "\n\nIn 1878 the first permanent settlement in the river valley was founded at Vernal by a party of Mormons led by Jeremiah Hatch. ", "The settlement survived a diphtheria epidemic its first winter, as well as a panic caused by the Meeker Massacre in Colorado.", "\n\nMost of the land in the valley of the river today is owned and controlled by the federal government. ", "Private holdings are largely limited to bottoms. ", "Until the 1940s, the economy of the valley was based largely on ranching. ", " Tourism has emerged as the dominant industry in the region in the last several decades.", "\n\nA proposed nuclear power plant, the Blue Castle Project, is set to begin construction near Green River in 2023.<ref name=\"emery county progress 20170124\">{{cite web |url=http://www.ecprogress.com/index.php?tier=1&article_id=19985 |title=Update on the Nuclear Power Plant for Green River |first=Patsy |last=Stoddard |date=January 24, 2017 |publisher=Emery County Progress |location=Castle Dale, Utah |accessdate=February 9, 2017 |archivedate=February 11, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075715/http://www.ecprogress.com/index.php?tier=1&article_id=19985 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The plant will use of water annually from the Green River once both reactors are commissioned.", "\n\nNatural resources\n\nThe La Barge oil field was discovered in 1924. ", " Oil was produced from Tertiary sandstones (Wasatch Formation and Green River Formation), within an anticline 600 to 1200 feet deep. ", " The Big Piney-La Barge complex has produced gas since 1956 and oil since 1960. ", " Cumulative production by 1976 was 65 million bbl of oil and over 1.2 Tcf (trillion cubic feet) of gas. ", " Production includes the Cretaceous Mesaverde Formation and Frontier Formation.", "\n\nThe discovery of petroleum at the Ashley Field after World War II has led to the exploitation of oil and natural gas in the region. ", "The oil at Ashley Field is trapped in Aeolin deposits of \"coversands and loess,\" while there is a larger deposit of oil shale in the Green River formation. ", "The Equity Oil Company currently has 17 wells in declining production of oil near Ashley Field and is looking to inject carbon dioxide into the Weber reservoir to increase the rate of oil flow through their pipelines.", "\n\nAt the time of its discovery (2005), the Green River Formation was said to have the world's largest fossil fuel deposits in the form of a solid rock resource called oil shale. ", "There is estimated to be between 500 billion and 1.1 trillion barrels (80 and 175 km³) of potentially recoverable oil in the basin, however; this estimated amount of recoverable oil in the form of kerogen is challenged, and in doubt, as currently there is no economically feasible technology to convert rock into a permeable oil. ", "Kerogen is an uncooked form of hydrocarbon that nature did not convert into actual oil.", "\nThe cost of converting Green River oil shale into actual oil at the moment would be higher than what it could be sold for. ", "The EROI for oil shale is very low'' while having a very high destructive environmental impact.", "\n\nThe Green River Basin contains the world's largest known deposit of trona ore near Green River, Wyoming. ", "Soda ash mining from trona veins 900 and 1600 feet (300 and 500 m) deep is a major industrial activity in the area, employing over 2000 persons at four mines. ", "The mining operation is less expensive for production of soda ash in the United States than the synthetic Solvay process, which predominates in the rest of the world.", "\n\nThe area has been mined for uranium.", "\n\nSee also\n\n Canyonlands National Park\n Crystal Geyser\n Dinosaur National Monument\n Emigrant Trail in Wyoming\n Green River, Wyoming\n List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)\n List of rivers of Colorado\n List of rivers of Utah\n List of rivers of Wyoming\n List of tributaries of the Colorado River\n Raven Ridge\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nUtah History: The Green River\nThe Green River\nGreen River Headwaters: Green River Lakes\nOfficial Stream-Flow and Water-Supply Forecasts\n\n \nCategory:Tributaries of the Colorado River\nCategory:Rivers of Colorado\nCategory:Rivers of Utah\nCategory:Rivers of Wyoming\nCategory:Rivers of the Rocky Mountains\nCategory:Tributaries of the Colorado River in Colorado\nCategory:Tributaries of the Colorado River in Utah\nCategory:Tributaries of the Colorado River in Wyoming\nCategory:Colorado Plateau\nCategory:Rivers of Carbon County, Utah\nCategory:Rivers of Emery County, Utah\nCategory:Rivers of Moffat County, Colorado\nCategory:Rivers of San Juan County, Utah\nCategory:Rivers of Sublette County, Wyoming\nCategory:Rivers of Sweetwater County, Wyoming\nCategory:Rivers of Uinta County, Wyoming\nCategory:Rivers of Uintah County, Utah\nCategory:Rivers of Wayne County, Utah\n \nCategory:Rivers of Lincoln County, Wyoming\nCategory:Rivers of Grand County, Utah\nCategory:Rivers of Daggett County, Utah" ]

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[ "Prime Minister of Hungary Viktor Orbán has often been perceived both in the Western and in the Hungarian media as a „Trojan horse” of Russia inside the EU and NATO. ", "The present article argues, however, the though Orbán is indeed attracted by the illiberal regime of Russian President Vladimir Putin, he is far from being a loyal ally of Russia in any sense. ", "With other words, though he may be a Putinist, but is not pro-Putin at all. ", "Instead, he is trying to conduct a Hungarian version of multi-vectorialism, constantly maneuvering between the West and Russia, trying to gain economic benefits from both sides as the same time, while preserving political freedom of action. ", "The problem is that Moscow is constantly strengthening its political and economic positions in Budapest, thus the sustainability of Orbán’s maneuvering is becoming increasingly questionable.", "\n\nOrbán Might Be a Putinist…\n\nViktor Orbán and his government have decisively transformed Hungary since their victory on the 2010 elections. ", "By taking a maximum use of the constitutional majority, the ruling party Fidesz has adopted a new constitution in Hungary, as well as a new law on elections, which included massive gerrymandering, a highly biased media regulation, and several other measures which decisively weakened the system of checks and balances that was supposed to be the guardian of democracy and rule of law in Hungary.", "\n\nThe speed and intensity of all these changes have surprised many observers both in Hungary and in the West. ", "However, in fact that was not much to be surprised about. ", "Already in September 2009, so actually well before the parliamentary elections in a speech delivered in Kötcse Orbán drafted up his vision about a “central field of power”. ", "By this expression he meant that instead of the duality of two major competing political forces (i.e. the Leftist-Liberal and the Rightist-Conservative) in the next 15-20 years Hungary should be dominated by a single, massive rightist political party that would rule the whole political field without “unnecessary” debates. ", "This central field of power was, obviously, his own party - the Fidesz. ", "Thereafter, the constitutional majority democratically achieved in the 2010 elections provided him with the tools to realize his vision.", "\n\nThe decisive changes in the legislative system briefly described above secured Orbán another victory of constitutional majority in the April 2014 elections. ", "However, unlike in 2010, this election was already far from being fair. ", "The report of the OSCE about the elections describes in detail all the distortions and irregularities. ", "Orbán was mostly lucky, because already in April the world’s attention was diverted by the Ukrainian crisis, and this was even more the case, when the OSCE report came out in mid-July 2014.", "\n\nSoon thereafter, on 29 July 2014 Orbán delivered another speech, this time in Băile Tușnad, Romania, on the annual gathering of the Hungarian political right in this small town in the Hungarian-populated part of Romania. ", "In this speech he praised China, Russia and Turkey, claiming that the non-liberal, non-democratic systems of these countries empowered them to be economically successful. ", "Hence, he drafted up another vision for Hungary, the model of a labour-based state (munkalapú állam) which is to replace the liberal state.", "\n\nMost recently, he visited Kazakhstan on 1st April, where he declared about Hungary that “We are equal in political terms in the European Union, but genealogically we are different”, besides praising the political stability and the economic development of Kazakhstan. ", "Taking into account both these declarations (and the many ones not listed here) and the transformation of Hungary he has conducted, one may have only little doubts that Mr. Orbán finds authoritarian, illiberal, centralized political systems indeed attractive.", "\n\n…but is he pro-Putin?", "\n\nHowever, Orbán’s apparent attraction to authoritarianism, including its Putinist form, does not automatically mean that he would be in favour of Russia’s foreign policy. ", "In fact, Orbán has been so far reluctant to take up any serious confrontation with Hungary’s Western partners in order to protect Russia’s interests. ", "While in his rhetoric he keeps up being highly critical to the West and often praises Russia, but in terms of deeds he is far from being a loyal ally of Moscow.", "\n\nAgain, there is not much surprising in this either. ", "One needs to remember that ever since the start of his political career in the late 1980s, Orbán has probably been one of the most anti-Russian politicians of Central-Europe. ", "This seemed to change only in November 2009 – after more than two decades! – ", "when, while already preparing for the 2010 parliamentary elections, he was invited to the congress of the United Russia Party in St. Petersburg and had a reportedly important discussion with Vladimir Putin. ", "However, taking into account the long anti-Russia past of Orbán, it is a safe guess to say that there is not much trust towards him in Moscow.", "\n\nIn 2010 the new Orbán-government announced the foreign policy doctrine of the “Eastern opening”, in which fostering economic relations with Russia has played a key role. ", "As the author has already pointed out, the “Eastern opening” was originally intended only as an economic, but not a political project. ", "Hence, it did not mean that Hungary would actually be ready to give up its political and economic ties with the West.", "\n\nThe crisis in Ukraine provides perfect examples. ", "In his rhetoric Orbán was very critical to the EU sanctions against Russia, called them “a shot in our own leg” – but finally did not veto them. ", "Orbán himself was reluctant to condemn Russia for the aggression against Ukraine, but at the same time, lower ranking members of his government, such as former Minister of Foreign Affairs János Martonyi, Deputy State Secretary Zsolt Németh, etc. ", "have done so many times. ", "Despite his frequently voices criticism vis-à-vis the West, Orbán has been a co-operative member of NATO, and is contributing to the strengthening of the Alliance’s presence in the Baltic States, though this move certainly irritates Russia.", "\n\nEarlier, the Orbán-government was successful in pushing out Russian gas company Surgutneftegaz from the MOL Hungarian Oil and Gas Company, buying back its 21,2% share in the Hungarian firm. ", "Though the Russian company was highly critical about Budapest using various administrative measures, finally it had to give up its ownership. ", "Though Hungary paid a decent price for the MOL shares, the main question was of strategic, and not of economic nature, and Russia has lost this position.", "\n\nIn February 2015 Orbán received Putin in Budapest, thus let the Russian President demonstrate that he was not fully isolated and could still come to Europe if he wished so. ", "In exchange for this symbolic gesture, however, Hungary reportedly managed to achieve important changes in her gas delivery contract with Russia, besides signing a number of other agreements. ", "During the visit Orbán criticized Europe for trying to isolate Russia – but thereafter, he again did nothing to prevent the sanctions getting tied to the implementation of the Minsk agreement, which meant a de facto extension of them until December 2015.", "\n\nBesides, Orbán did not miss a single opportunity to ensure Chancellor Angela Merkel about the loyalty of Hungary to the foreign policy line of Germany. ", "Minister of Foreign Affairs Péter Szijjártó declares frequently that Hungary was, is and will be in line with the EU foreign policy decisions. ", "In addition to this, Hungary has offered 100-150 soldiers to participate in the operation against the Islamic State, in order to demonstrate Budapest’s commitment and loyalty to the United States. ", "These moves, together with the maneuvering vis-à-vis Russia described above are characterizing a classic, multi-vectorial foreign policy.", "\n\nLimits of Hungary’s multi-vectorialism\n\nHowever, multi-vectorialism vis-à-vis Moscow has its own limits. ", "Despite all dodging efforts, Hungary is getting increasingly dependent on Russia, while at the same time getting increasingly isolated in the West as well, mainly due to the worsening democracy indicators.", "\n\nKeeping household energy prices low is key importance for the Orbán-government in order to preserve its domestic legitimacy. ", "Though details are not yet known, taking into account Russia’s rich history of using energy pricing for political purposes, it would be surprising if Moscow would not try to take a good use of this leverage.", "\n\nThe widely criticized contract with Russia to build two nuclear power plant blocks in Paks is probably the first such case, in which Russia clearly seems to have the upper hand. ", "The contract was signed hastily, without any known proper feasibility studies, and the project is going to be conducted on a long-term Russian credit line of 10 billion euros. ", "If realized, the Paks project will strengthen Hungary’s dependence on Russia not only in terms of nuclear energy, but also financially, for several decades.", "\n\nThere are also other signs indicating that Russia does not trust Orbán at all, and is doing its best to gradually strengthen its influence in Budapest. ", "Since the start of the Ukraine crisis Russian information warfare has become very intensive also in Hungary, conducted by websites and other channels apparently using native Hungarian-speakers.", "\n\nThe lack of any significant Russia-related espionage scandals may also indicate that Moscow already has very strong positions established in the Hungarian administration. ", "Though recently a Jobbik MEP, Béla Kovács has been accused of espionage in favour of Russia, this has been the sole publicly known case for more than a decade. ", "The contrast is at least remarkable, if one compares Hungary to Poland, the Czech Republic and the Baltic States, where expelling Russian diplomats in connection with espionage charges happens almost routinely.", "\n\nOne theoretically possible explanation could be, of course, that Hungarian counter-intelligence functions so efficiently that Russian spies have simply no chance. ", "Another option is, however, that Russian infiltration is already so deep into the Hungarian political leadership and administration that Moscow is able to protect its agents from getting uncovered. ", "Though details are unknown, the fact that recently a prominent figure of Hungary’s “Eastern opening” policy, Szilárd Kiss turned out to have close connections with Russian organized crime groups may point at the second variant.", "\n\nAll in all, one may conclude that the Hungarian government is gradually failing to maintain its balancing, multi-vectorial foreign policy vis-à-vis Russia. ", "Though the Hungarian Prime Minister indeed has an affection towards authoritarian, non-liberal political regimes, this does not mean that he would be politically in favour of, or loyal to Russian President Vladimir Putin. ", "The original intention of Budapest’s “Eastern opening” policy was to intensify only economic relations with Moscow and maintain pragmatic, non-politicized relations with Russia.", "\n\nHowever, the Kremlin with its patient, step-by-step strategy seems to be successful in getting more and more political leverages over Orbán. ", "Hence, the time may soon come when Moscow will try to actively use its positions established in Hungary to break the already not adamant unity of the West – either through Viktor Orbán, or already without him." ]

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[ "A band clamp is a versatile type of clamp which is used to hold pieces or components together - usually\nwhile a glue or adhesive is setting. ", "Band clamps come in a variety of designs, but in general they use\na band (obviously!), ", "usually formed from a tough nylon material which can be wrapped around the parts\nwhich are being clamped. ", "The band is tightened and held in place with a lever or screw mechanism to\nprevent the band coming loose.", "\n\nBand clamps are ideal, for example, when gluing together a picture frame." ]

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[ "While the presidential campaigns of John McCain and Barack Obama have stepped gingerly around the financial crisis and the question of government intervention, third party candidates Bob Barr and Ralph Nader have shown no such compunction.", "\n\nInstead they have embraced the market meltdown, viewing it as a rare opportunity to highlight bold economic positions and, perhaps as important, claim credit for sounding the early warning alarms.", "\n\n'We've been hammering it,' said Shane Cory, Barr's deputy campaign manager. '", "When this first came about with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Bob was explaining, 'When we bail out Fannie and Freddie, expect more to come.''\"" ]

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[ "Nicolae Sfetcu: Euristica relativității generale Euristica relativității generale Nicolae Sfetcu 05.07.2019 Sfetcu, Nicolae, \"Euristica relativității generale\", SetThings (5 iulie 2019), URL = https://www.setthings.com/ro/euristica-relativitatii-generale/ Email: nicolae@sfetcu.com Acest articol este licențiat Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International. ", "Pentru a vedea o copie a acestei licențe, vizitați http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/. BIBLIOGRAFIE ............................................................................................................................... 8 Nicolae Sfetcu: Euristica relativității generale 2 Principiul esențial de coordonare în teoria generală a relativității (TGR) este principiul echivalenței, incluzând o euristică negativă în conformitate cu metodologia programelor științifice de cercetare a lui Imre Lakatos.1 Argumentul \"nu este acela că toate cadrele de referință sunt echivalente, ci că coordonarea clasică a mișcării uniforme în linie dreaptă cu căile particulelor fără forță aplicată nu poate fi realizată fără nicio ambiguitate sau inconssistență.", "\"2 Principiul echivalenței afirmă că descompunerea mișcării gravitaționale într-o mișcare uniformă și o accelerație gravitațională nu poate fi unică, deoarece căderea liberă nu se distinge la nivel local de mișcarea uniformă. ", "Oricum, o astfel de descompunere implică o încălcare a covarianței generale, pentru că reprezintă o alegere arbitrară a unui sistem de coordonate.3 Pentru orice sistem de coordonate, dacă identificăm liniile sale cu liniile geodezice, putem construi câmpul gravitațional astfel încât să se poată diferenția între aceste geodezice și mișcările efective.4 Teoria specială a relativității (TSR) a lui Einstein este construită pe două postulate fundamentale. ", "postulatul luminii (viteza luminii, în \"cadrul de repaus\", este independentă de viteza sursei), și principiul relativității. ", "Acesta din urmă a fost adoptat de Einstein în mod explicit ca mijloc de restrângere a formei legilor, oricare ar fi structura lor detaliată. ", "Astfel, avem diferența între o teorie \"constructivă\" și una \"principală\" Teoria generală a relativității a fost dezvoltată folosind ca nucleu un principiu de simetrie: principiul covarianței generale.5 Inițial, Einstein a văzut principiul covarianței generale ca o extensie a principiului. ", "relativității în mecanica clasică, și în TSR. ", "Pentru Einstein, principiul covarianței generale a fost un postulat crucial în dezvoltarea TGR. ", "Libertatea difeomorfismului TGR (invarianța formei legilor sub transformări ale coordonatelor depinzând de funcțiile arbitrare ale spațiului și timpului) este o simetrie spațio-temporală \"locală\", spre deosebire de simetriile spațio-temporale \"globale\" ale TSR (care depind în schimb de parametrii constanți). ", "În ultimii ani, au apărut numeroase dezbateri în fizică și filosofie referitor la anumite tipuri de simetrii care acționează în spațiul teoriilor. ", "Asemenea simetrii sunt interpretate ca realizând o \"echivalență\" între două teorii despre care se spune că sunt legate de o \"simetrie 1 Imre Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: Volume 1: Philosophical Papers (Cambridge University Press, 1980). ", "2 Robert Disalle, „Spacetime Theory as Physical Geometry\", Erkenntnis 42, nr. ", "3 (1995): 317–337. ", "3 A. Einstein, „The foundation of the general theory of relativity\", în The Principle of Relativity. ", "Dover Books on Physics. ", "June 1, 1952. ", "240 pages. ", "0486600815, p. 109-164, 1952, 114, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952prel.book..109E. 4 Einstein, 142–43. ", "5 Katherine Brading, Elena Castellani, și Nicholas Teh, „Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking\", în The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. ", "Edward N. Zalta, Winter 2017 (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2017), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/symmetry-breaking/. Nicolae Sfetcu: Euristica relativității generale 3 duală\" (în cazul unei \"simetrii\" în sensul strict al unui automorfism, acestea se numesc \"autodualități\"). ", "Katherine Brading6 exemplifică prin dualitățile dintre teoriile câmpului cuantic (cum ar fi dualitatea magnetică/electrică generalizată), între teoriile corzilor (cum ar fi dualitățile T și S) și între descrierile fizice care sunt, precum o teorie a câmpului cuantic și o teorie a corzilor, ca în cazul dualităților gauge/gravitație.7 Alte exemple sunt dualitatea poziție-impuls, dualitatea undă-particulă, sau și dualitatea Kramers-Wannier a modelului Ising bidimensional în fizica statistică. ", "Dualitățile sunt transformări între teorii, în timp ce simetria este o mapare între soluțiile aceleiași teorii. ", "O simetrie poate fi exactă (valabilitate necondiționată), aproximativă (valabilă în anumite condiții) sau ruptă (în funcție de obiectul luat în considerare și de contextul său). ", "Simetriile au funcționat normativ, ca niște constrângeri, în covarianța generală a lui Einstein în stabilirea ecuațiilor relativității generale. ", "Elie Zahar a afirmat că dezvoltarea de către Einstein a relativității s-a datorat unor convingeri metafizice vagi ale acestuia, corepunzând unor \"prescripții euristice\" proprii care au devenit un instrument specific și puternic. ", "Zahar declară că revoluția științifică a lui Kuhn nu se aplică în cazul lui Einstein. ", "Conform lui, două \"dispozitive euristice\" au dus la descoperirea teoriei relativității: cerința internă de coerență, și susținerea că, \"din moment ce Dumnezeu nu este înșelător, nu pot exista accidente în natură.\" ", "Simetriile naturale sunt fundamentale la nivel ontologic, iar regula euristică are prioritate în fața unei teorii care nu explică simetriile ca manifestări mai profunde.8 Conform lui Newton, gravitația nu este o calitate primară la fel ca inerția sau impenetrabilitatea. ", "De aceea, inerția și gravitația sunt proprietăți independente. ", "Dar Newton afirmă că masa inerțială este egală cu masa gravitațională, fără a explica motivul acestei identități (există o simetrie care contrazice independența celor două proprietăți). ", "În cazul experienței lui Michelson, prin postularea eterului ca mediu universal rezultă că acesta este nedetectabil, ceea ce constituie un paradox. ", "Einstein a devenit conștient de acest paradox. ", "Einstein elimină asimetria dintre gravitație și inerție propunând ca toate câmpurile gravitaționale să fie inerțiale. ", "El mai avea și alte obiecții față de fizica clasică: teoria electromagnetică a lui Lorentz se confrunta cu un dualism între particule încărcate discrete guvernate de legile lui Newton și un câmp continuu care respecta ecuațiile lui Maxwell; 6 Katherine Bracing și Harvey R. Brown, „Symmetries and Noether's Theorems\", în Symmetries in Physics: Philosophical Reflections, ed. ", "Katherine A. Brading și Elena Castellani (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 89– 109. ", "7 Brading, Castellani, și Teh, „Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking\". ", "8 Elie Zahar, „Why Did Einstein's Programme Supersede Lorentz's? (", "II)\", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 24, nr. ", "3 (1973): 223–262. ", "Nicolae Sfetcu: Euristica relativității generale 4 relativitatea se aplica pentru Lorentz mecanicii, dar nu și electrodinamicii; ideea de spațiu absolut (există un cadru inerțial privilegiat), deși eliminarea lui nu influențează mecanica clasică. ", "Einstein a apreciat la principiul relativității universalitatea sa și rolul său unificator pentru mecanică și electrodinamică, acesta fiind primul principiu pe care și-a dezvoltat teoria generală a relativității. ", "Al doilea principiu este cel al luminii dar, din punct de vedere epistemologic, al doilea punct de plecare al lui Einstein în dezvoltarea teoriei generale a relativității nu a fost principiul luminii, ci ideea că ecuațiile lui Maxwell sunt covariante și exprimă o lege a naturii. ", "Principiul luminii rezultă din această idee, ca și principiul relativității, conform lui Zahar.9 Practic, Einstein avea de ales să dezvolte relativitatea generală pornind de la ecuațiile lui Maxwell sau de la legile lui Newton. ", "Dar în dualismul dintre particule și câmpuri, toate încercările de explicare mecanică a comportamentului câmpului au eșuat. ", "Conform lui Zahar, niciun experiment \"crucial\" nu ar fi putut fi conceput între teoria lui Lorentz și cea a lui Einstein în 1905. ", "Dar Minkowski și Planck abandonează programul clasic pentru relativitatea specială, contrar metodologiei lui Kuhn. ", "Mai mult, Einstein era pe atunci un quasi-necunoscut, în timp ce Lorentz era o autoritate recunoscută. ", "Iar teoria lui Lorentz a fost foarte clară față de cea a lui Einstein care a implicat o revizuire majoră a noțiunilor de spațiu și timp. ", "De asemenea, nu au existat anomalii pe care teoria lui Einstein să le fi soluționat mai bine decât Lorentz. ", "În plus, Lorentz însuși a fost în final convins de noua perspectivă.10 Whittaker11 consideră pe Lorentz si Poincaré drept adevărații autori ai relativității speciale, meritul lui Einstein fiind cel al dezvoltării relativității generale. ", "Astfel programul eteric al lui Lorentz nu ar fi fost învins de programul relativității, ci practic a fost dezvoltat în el. ", "Zahar îl contrazice, pe baza faptului că cele două programe posedă euristici foarte diferite.12 În cazul revoluției copernicane, programul platonic de modelare a fenomenului prin mișcări circulare și sferice a avut inițial succes, cu fiecare planetă pe o sferă cristalină fizică reală în rotație axială. ", "Ulterior s-a descoperit că distanța dintre pământ și planete variază, astfel încât s-au făcut ipoteze suplimentare prin excentricități, epicicluri și ecrane, pentru a explica noile observații. ", "Când s-a încercat să se determine mișcarea corpurilor cerești față de pământ datorită mișcărilor neuniforme au apărut diferențe între fenomene și metodele matematice care 9 Zahar. ", "10 Zahar. ", "11 Edmund Taylor Whittaker, A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity (Harper, 1960). ", "12 Zahar, „Why Did Einstein's Programme Supersede Lorentz's?\" ", "Nicolae Sfetcu: Euristica relativității generale 5 permiteau doar mișcări circulare cu pământul în centrul universului. ", "Copernic, deși a considerat Soarele fix, nu a rezolvat această diferență, apelând în continuare la epicicluri. ", "Kepler a fost cel care a desființat epiciclurile și a găsit legile mișcării eliptice a planetelor cu Soarele într-un focar. ", "Lorentz s-a folosit de transformările galileene, eliminând epiciclurile dar conferind cadrului eteric un statut privilegiat. ", "Tot așa cum Copernic a fost conștient de idealizarea modelului său planetar, Lorentz a înțeles ulterior că coordonatele efective, și nu cele galileene, sunt cantitățile măsurate în cadrul în mișcare. ", "Einstein a renunțat la transformările galileene și a identificat coordonatele efective măsurate ca fiind singurele reale. ", "Euristica lui Einstein se bazează pe o cerință generală a covarianței Lorentz pentru toate legile fizice, impunând renunțarea la transformările galileene. ", "Zahar afirmă că Lorentz și Einstein au apelat la euristici diferite în programele lor de cercetare.13 Programul eteric a fost înlocuit practic de un program cu putere euristică mai mare, acesta fiind motivul pentru care Planck a abandonat teoria lui Lorentz în favoarea lui Einstein chiar înainte ca programul lui Einstein să devină progresiv empiric. ", "Cele două teorii sunt similare din punctul de vedere al \"nucleului dur\" (euristica negativă), putând fi considrate drept programe bifurcate. ", "Diferența dintre euristicile pozitive a fost cea care a condus la alegerea de către oamenii de știință a programului lui Einstein la începutul secolului trecut. ", "Euristica pozitivă a lui Lorentz a constat în dotarea eterului cu proprietăți care să explice multe fenomene fizice, inclusiv câmpul electromagnetic și mecanica newtoniană. ", "Această abordare a permis o dezvoltare rapidă a programului lui Lorentz, dar spre sfârșitul secolului 19 euristica sa atinsese un punct de saturație. ", "A apărut o serie de programe degenerate ca modele mecanice pentru a rezolva anomaliile eterului. ", "Pentru a explica anumite fenomene electromagnetice, Lorentz a introdus postulatul eterului aflat în stare de repaus, dar calculele ulterioare au contrazis această ipoteză. ", "Diferențele dinre viziunile lui Lorentz și Einstein era una metafizică: Lorentz considera că universul respectă legile inteligibile (există un mediu de propagare, un absolut \"acum\", etc.), ", "în timp ce pentru Einstein universul este guvernat de principii coerente matematic. (", "legi covariante, etc.) ", "Zahar afirmă că toate revoluțiile științifice majore au fost însoțite de o creștere a coerenței matematice însoțită de o pierdere (temporară) a inteligibilității (astronomia newtoniană este mai coerentă decât cea ptolemeică, dar acțiunea la distanță era neacceptată înainte de Newton, apoi acceptată la sfârșitul secolului 18 și din nou respinsă după Maxwell). ", "În programul de cercetare al lui Lorentz, comportamentul câmpului electromagnetic ajunsese 13 Zahar. ", "Nicolae Sfetcu: Euristica relativității generale 6 să dicteze proprietățile eterului, chiar improbabile (de exemplu, eter în repaus și care acționează prin forțe nete zero). ", "Practic, strategia euristică a lui Lorentz s-a inversat: în loc deducă o teorie din eterul considerat fundamental, ajunge la eter pe baza câmpului. ", "Euristica lui Einstein s-a bazat pe cerința ca toate legile fizice să fie Lorentz-covariante (să ia aceeași formă indiferent de cadrul de referință), și legea clasică să rezulte din noua lege ca un caz la limită. ", "Pentru a obține o teorie relativistă a gravitației, Einstein a păstrat principiul echivalenței, a decis să trateze toate sistemele de coordonate în mod egal și să impună o condiție a covarianței generale asupra tuturor legilor. ", "Succesul empiric a relativității generale prin predicția corectă a comportamentulului periheliului lui Mercur s-a dovedit crucial pentru dezvoltarea în continuare a programului. ", "Încă din 1905, programul relativității s-a dovedit a fi superior euristic față de cel clasic. ", "Dar relativitatea specială nu a reușit să surclaseze empiric programul Lorentz. ", "Experimentul lui Bucherer14 a confirmat ambele ipoteze, iar experimentul lui Kaufmann15 le-a negat pe amândouă. ", "Înainte de apariția relativității generale, comunitatea științifică vorbea despre teoria lui Lorentz-Einstein considerându-le ca echivalente din punctul de vedere al unui observator. ", "Relativitatea generală a reușit să înlocuiască empiric programul Lorentz explicând cu succes \"precesia anormală\" a periheliului lui Mercur. ", "Această predicție a constituit un progres empiric. ", "În plus, relativitatea generală s-a dovedit a fi mai falsifiabilă. ", "Nicholas Maxwell propune și el o metodă pentru unificarea a două teorii \"care se contrazic reciproc.", "\"16 Modalitatea propusă de el pentru stabilirea teoriei unificate este următoarea: din cele două teorii, se aleg elementele comune care nu se contrazic, se înlătură elementele contradictorii, și pe această bază se dezvoltă noua teorie. ", "El nu exemplifică suficient de clar, în opinia mea, care ar fi acele elemente comune în cazul mecanicii clasicii și a electrodinamicii clasice, luate în considerare de toți oamenii de știință ca două teorii contradictorii din care s-a născut teoria specială a relativității. ", "De asemenea, Nicholas Maxwell impune existența unei \"ipoteze cruciale\", a cărei falsificabilitate să permită acceptarea teoriei ca rezultând dintr-o metodă de descoperire având la bază empirismul orientat spre scop. ", "În fizica zilelor noastre, sunt nenumărate exemple de teorii unificatoare (precum teoria M care propune unirea tuturor forțelor fundamentale, inclusiv gravitația) care nu și-au propus să devină falsificabile prin \"ipoteze cruciale\". ", "14 A. H. Bucherer, „Die experimentelle Bestätigung des Relativitätsprinzips\", Annalen der Physik 333 (1909): 513–36, https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19093330305. ", "15 W. Kaufmann, „Über die Konstitution des Elektrons\", Annalen der Physik 324 (1906): 949, https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19063240303. ", "16 Nicholas Maxwell, Karl Popper, Science and Enlightenment (London: UCL Press, 2017). ", "Nicolae Sfetcu: Euristica relativității generale 7 Relativitatea generală este rezultatul unificării, de către Einstein, a teoriei gravitației universale a lui Newton (cu acțiunea instantanee la distanță a gravitației) și teoriei speciale a relativității (cu limitarea oricărei viteze, la valoareaconstantă a vitezei luminii, c). ", "Aceste două principii se contrazic. ", "Deci, conform lui Maxwell, ar trebui eliminate din viitoarea teorie unificatoare. ", "Nicolae Sfetcu: Euristica relativității generale 8 Bibliografie Bracing, Katherine, și Harvey R. Brown. „", "Symmetries and Noether's Theorems\". ", "În Symmetries in Physics: Philosophical Reflections, ediție de Katherine A. Brading și Elena Castellani, 89. ", "Cambridge University Press, 2003. ", "Brading, Katherine, Elena Castellani, și Nicholas Teh. „", "Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking\". ", "În The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ediție de Edward N. Zalta, Winter 2017. ", "Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2017. ", "https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/symmetry-breaking/. Bucherer, A. H. „Die experimentelle Bestätigung des Relativitätsprinzips\". ", "Annalen der Physik 333 (1909): 513–36. ", "https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19093330305. ", "Disalle, Robert. „", "Spacetime Theory as Physical Geometry\". ", "Erkenntnis 42, nr. ", "3 (1995): 317– 337. ", "Einstein, A. „The foundation of the general theory of relativity\". ", "În The Principle of Relativity. ", "Dover Books on Physics. ", "June 1, 1952. ", "240 pages. ", "0486600815, p. 109164, 109–64, 1952. ", "http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952prel.book..109E. Kaufmann, W. „Über die Konstitution des Elektrons\". ", "Annalen der Physik 324 (1906): 487– 553. ", "https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19063240303. ", "Lakatos, Imre. ", "The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: Volume 1: Philosophical Papers. ", "Cambridge University Press, 1980. ", "Maxwell, Nicholas. ", "Karl Popper, Science and Enlightenment. ", "London: UCL Press, 2017. ", "Whittaker, Edmund Taylor. ", "A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. ", "Harper, 1960. ", "Zahar, Elie. „", "Why Did Einstein's Programme Supersede Lorentz's? (", "II)\". ", "British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 24, nr. ", "3 (1973): 223–262." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGet `request` object from python (server) script in flask\n\nI am trying to get the request object itself in Python; to strip out any attribute I need from it. ", "For now, the headers, through flask, but I can't.", "\nAll the docs/questions/issues I find is about how to get the attributes from the response, but no word about how to get it from the request.", "\nThe context:\nI am playing with Istio, and Istio appends some headers to the request, that I need to collect and forward to the next request in order for Istio to keep track of the metrics. ", "\nIn Python, I can do it as follows:\n...\n def do_GET(self):\n print(self.headers)\n...\n\nWhich dumps the headers:\nhost: debian.istio-server.svc.cluster.local\nuser-agent: curl/7.59.0\naccept: */*\nx-forwarded-proto: http\nx-request-id: 398756b5-87aa-93e3-8c02-ccd8e9027db3\nx-envoy-decorator-operation: debian.istio-server.svc.cluster.local:80/*\nx-istio-attributes: CkMKGGRlc3RpbmF0aW9uLnNlcnZpY2UuaG9zdBInEiVkZWJpYW4uaXN0aW8tc2VydmVyLnN2Yy5jbHVzdGVyLmxvY2FsCkEKF2Rlc3RpbmF0aW9uLnNlcnZpY2UudWlkEiYSJGlzdGlvOi8vaXN0aW8tc2VydmVyL3NlcnZpY2VzL2RlYmlhbgokChhkZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLm5hbWUSCBIGZGViaWFuCi8KHWRlc3RpbmF0aW9uLnNlcnZpY2UubmFtZXNwYWNlEg4SDGlzdGlvLXNlcnZlcgpBCgpzb3VyY2UudWlkEjMSMWt1YmVybmV0ZXM6Ly9jdXJsZXItNzU1Y2M3Y2ZmZi1sYnJwNi5pc3Rpby1jbGllbnQ=\nx-b3-traceid: eec6020b96fd3bd5fa406dd115edf516\nx-b3-spanid: fa406dd115edf516\nx-b3-sampled: 1\ncontent-length: 0\n\nI am wondering if there is an equivalent in flask. ", "Or any other way of getting the headers from the request, would be fine.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou should be able to import request from flask and read correctly the headers\nSomething like this:\nfrom flask import request\n...\n def do_GET():\n print(request.headers)\n...\n\n" ]

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[ "Major diet-drug interactions affecting the kinetic characteristics and hypolipidaemic properties of statins.", "\nConcomitant administration of statins with food may alter statin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, increasing the risk of adverse reactions such as myopathy or rhabdomyolysis or reducing their pharmacological action. ", "This paper reviews major interactions between statins and dietary compounds. ", "Consumption of pectin or oat bran together with Lovastatin reduces absorption of the drug, while alcohol intake does not appear to affect the efficacy and safety of Fluvastatin treatment. ", "Grapefruit juice components inhibit cytochrome P-4503A4, reducing the presystemic metabolism of drugs such as Simvastatin, Lovastatin and Atorvastatin. ", "Follow-up studies on the therapeutic effect of statins in patients consuming a Mediterranean-style diet are necessary to assure the correct prescription because the oil-statin and minor oil compound-statin possible interactions have been only briefly studied. ", "Preliminary study suggests that olive oil can increase the hypolipaemiant effect of Simvastatin with respect sunflower oil. ", "The consumption of polyunsaturated rich oils, throughout the cytochrome P- 450 activation could decrease the half-life of some statins and therefore their hypolipaemic effects. ", "The statins and n-3 fatty acids combined therapy gives rise to pharmacodinamic interaction that improves the lipid profile and leads greater cardioprotection. ", "Although statins are more effective in high endogenous cholesterol production subjects and plant sterols are more effective in high cholesterol absorption efficacy subjects, plant esterols-statins combined therapy generates very positive complementary effects. ", "This review ends suggesting possible diet-stain interactions that require further investigations (e.g. types of olive oils, fruit juices other than grapefruit, fibre or consumption of alcoholic beverages rich in polyphenols or ethanol)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an actuator latch apparatus of a hard disk drive for locking or unlocking an actuator of a hard disk drive.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn general, a hard disk drive, as shown in FIG. ", "1, includes a hard disk 20 rotatably installed on a base 10 and on and from which predetermined information is recorded and reproduced. ", "A hard disk also includes a magnetic head transfer apparatus for transferring a magnetic head 50 to a desired track position on the hard disk 20 to record and reproduce information. ", "Here, the hard disk 20 is divided into a record area 22, where information is recorded, and a parking area 21 provided at the inner side of the hard disk 20, where the magnetic head 50 is disposed when the hard disk 20 stops rotating. ", "The magnetic head transfer apparatus includes an actuator 30, where the magnetic head 50 is installed, capable of pivoting around a pivot shaft 34 provided on the base 10, a voice coil motor (not shown) for pivoting the actuator 30 by an electromagnetic force, and a latch apparatus for locking the actuator 30 after the magnetic head 50 is disposed in the parking area 21.", "\nThe actuator 30 includes a suspension portion 31 supporting the magnetic head 50, an arm 32 coupled to the pivot shaft 34 and capable of pivoting, and a bobbin portion 33. ", "The voice coil motor, which will be described later, includes a moving coil 35 wound around the bobbin portion 33 and a magnet 41 attached to a yoke 40 installed at the base 10 to generate magnetic force.", "\nAlthough not shown in the drawing, there are a pair of yokes 40 facing each other with the actuator 30 interposed therebetween. ", "An electromagnetic force is generated by an interaction between the lines of a magnetic force generated by the magnet 41 and current flowing on the moving coil 35 so that the actuator 30 pivots in a direction according to Fleming's left hand rule.", "\nThe latch apparatus that locks the actuator 30 after the magnetic head 50 is disposed in the parking area 21 includes a magnetic member 43, installed at the yoke 40 and magnetized by the magnet 41, a damper 60 inserted in a coupling protrusion 36 provided at an end portion of the bobbin portion 33 of the actuator 30, and a steel piece 61 coupled to an end portion of the damper 60.", "\nAccordingly, when the actuator 30 pivots and the magnetic head 50 installed at the suspension portion 31 enters the parking area 21 of the hard disk 20, as shown in FIG. ", "1, the steel piece 61 coupled to the side of the bobbin portion 33 adheres to the magnetic member 43. ", "Thus, the actuator 30 maintains a state of being locked by a magnetic coupling between the steel piece 61 and the magnetic member 43 until an electromagnetic force for pivoting the actuator 30 is generated again.", "\nThe reason for locking the actuator 30 as described above is shown below. ", "First, the suspension portion 31 supporting the magnetic head 50 provides an elastic force in a direction that keeps the magnetic head 50 in close contact with the surface of the hard disk 20. ", "Thus, the magnetic head 50 maintains a state of closely contacting the surface of the hard disk 20 unless an external force is applied. ", "However, when the hard disk 20 starts to rotate, air flow is generated around the magnetic head 50 by the rotation of the hard disk 20. ", "The air flow generates aerodynamic lift, thereby causing the magnetic head 50 to lift from the horizontal surface of the hard disk 20. ", "Since the hard disk 20 is rotating when information is recorded in the record area 22 of the hard disk 20 or information is read therefrom, the magnetic head 50 is in a non-contact state separated a predetermined distance from the horizontal surface of the hard disk 20. ", "Therefore, scratches due to friction between the magnetic head 50 and the record area 22 are not generated. ", "But, when the rotation of the hard disk 20 is completely stopped, for example, when power is turned off, since the lift lifting the magnetic head 50 disappears, the actuator 30 pivots so that the magnetic head 50 can be positioned in the parking area 21 before the lift disappears.", "\nIn the above conventional latch apparatus, however, since the actuator 30 is locked by a (force of magnetically) magnetic coupling between the steel piece 61 and the magnetic member 43. ", "When a impact greater than the magnetic force is applied in the locking state, the locking is released. ", "In contrast, to release and pivot the locked actuator 30, the electromagnetic force generated by the moving coil 35 and the magnet 41 must exceed the coupling force between the steel piece 61 and the magnetic member 43. ", "Thus the coupling force cannot be too great, because it would maintain the actuator 30 in a locked state and keep it from pivoting. ", "In other words, when the magnetic coupling force between the steel piece 61 and the magnetic member 43 is too small, the locking is easily released by a small external impact, and when the magnetic coupling force is too great, the locking is not released and the actuator 30 is prevented from pivoting.", "\nFurther, in the above structure, when the locking is released by overcoming the magnetic coupling force, since the actuator 30 rapidly springs off at a high speed because of inertia, the coupling protrusion 36 may strongly collide against a stopper 42 provided at the opposite direction of the magnetic member 43. ", "Collision between the actuator 30 and the stopper 42 may generate a head slap. ", "To restrict the head slap, applying current to the moving coil 35 is controlled so that a braking force is applied to the actuator 30 at the same time it is unlocked. ", "But it is difficult to configure a control system since accurate control of the timing is difficult. ", "Also, since a repetitive stress is applied to the damper 60 by the repeated actions of locking and unlocking, the damper 60 may be damaged." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "The added aluminium in galvanizing zinc is conducive. ", "Aluminium is the alloy element to improve performance for normal galvanized product and galvanized alloy product. ", "But for galvalume product, aluminium has greater function, as one important part of coating. ", "The following only talks about aluminium’s influence on galvanized and galvanized alloy product.", "\n\na. There are two functions of aluminium during galvanizing, One function is that, aluminium can reduce the reaction between iron and zinc. ", "When striped steel is dipped into galvanizing zinc, aluminium firstly reacts with iron. ", "And it forms a compact film of iron and aluminum compound. ", "The film can reduce spread of iron, and hinder iron and zinc compound from forming and thickening. ", "The other fuction is that, aluminum helps remove ascent of zinc dross. ", "Since iron is more active than aluminum, aluminum can replace iron from zinc dross of iron and zinc, and form aluminum and zinc compand to remove ascent.", "\n\nb. There are also two functions of aluminium to galvanized product. ", "One function is that, aluminium can improve adhesive force of coating. ", "The iron and aluminium compand as a medium, can closely join base steel and coating together. ", "It helps improve punch forming performance of galvanized steel sheet and prevents from zinc coating falling off when distorted. ", "The other function is aluminium can improve homogenization of galvanized steel sheet. ", "Aluminium reduces the influence of reaction between iron and zinc on coating. ", "And it helps uniform thickness of coating, and improves the appearance of galvanized product.", "\n\nB.What is effective aluminum in galvanizing zinc?", "\n\nThere are two forms of aluminum in galvanizing zinc. ", "One is free aluminum dissolved in galvanizing zinc. ", "The other is iron, aluminum, and zinc compound (zinc dross) from the reaction between aluminum and iron and zinc compound, which is solid type. ", "The former can be the reactant during galvanizing, and the latter is resultant after reaction. ", "Therefore, the former free aluminum affects the form of coating and ascent of zinc dross.", "Once the free aluminum takes part in the reaction and forms compound, it will be out of function. ", "Since normal chemical analysis shows the summation of two aluminum types, the result cannot shows the aluminum content, which can continue the reaction during galvanizing. ", "So it is necessary to talk about effective aluminum. ", "The effective aluminum in galvanizing zinc is free aluminum content after decreasing aluminum content in aluminum and zinc compound.", "\n\nThe following is the way of testing effective aluminum content in galvanizing zinc. ", "First, analyze total aluminum content and iron content. ", "Sencond, calculate Fe2Al5 content according to the iron content. ", "Then calculate the aluminum content in Fe2Al5. ", "At late, the effective aluminum content is the result after decreasing aluminum content in Fe2Al5 from total aluminum content.", "\n\nC.The influence of low effective aluminum level in zinc pot\n\na. It affects the appearance of bottom dross. ", "When aluminum content is lower than 0.135%, iron of striped steel and equipment would dissolve into zinc pot, and react with zinc to form FeZn7. ", "The density of FeZn7 is 7.1, and more than that of galvanizing zinc about 6.8. ", "It would deep into the bottom of zinc pot and form bottom dross. ", "But if aluminum content is higher than 0.135%, aluminum would join in the reaction of zinc dross, and form Fe2Al5Znx. ", "Its density is 4.1, lower than that of galvanizing zinc, and forms ascent dross. ", "The ascent dross can be dragged for. ", "Therefore, more than 0.135% aluminum content is the central part of no bottom dross operation.", "\n\nb. It affects nodules of rolls. ", "As the first effect shows, if aluminum content is low, the dross would be much and fall into the surface of roll when deeping. ", "And with the striped steel, the dross would become nodules on the rolls. ", "Once there are nodules on the rolls, they would be bigger and bigger and cause indentations in production. ", "If stretching cannot eliminate indentations, it would be necessary to stop machine and chang rolls.", "\n\nD.Why does aluminum float upward when zinc and aluminum alloy ingot at high proportion melts?", "\n\nFirst compared, the melting point of zinc is 419.5 ℃, that of aluminum is 660.4 ℃; the proportion of galvanizing zinc is about 6.8, and that of aluminum liquid is about 2.7. ", "It shows that, aluminum is harder to melt than zinc, and the proportion of aluminum is smaller and easier to float upward. ", "One problem is the melting point of zinc and aluminum alloy. ", "There is no fixed melting point. ", "The alloy melts at some temperature, and it is partial melting during a range of temperature. ", "The melting ends at a lower temperature. ", "The most important problem is aliquation, which is nonuniform zinc and aluminum in liquid. ", "As the melting point of aluminum is higner and its proportion is lower, aluminum float ypward and get together in zinc pot during the range of temperature. ", "The high alumina layer forms in the state of semisolid, and mixs with zinc dross. ", "It is always dragged with zinc dross. ", "So galvanizing line uses well-mixed and assembled zinc ingot. ", "And when adding zinc, the zinc ingot needs to be melting. ", "If a whole ingot of zinc is putted into galvanizing zinc, local temperature would be too low and it would cause aluminum floating.", "\n\nE.Is it possible to put high alumina ingot under zinc ingot, before adding to zinc pot?", "\n\nIt is a good thinking of putting high alumina ingot under zinc ingot in order to melting high alumina and zinc ingot at the bottom of zinc pot. ", "But zinc absorbs a lot of heat as melting, and it can form a low temperature part in zinc pot. ", "Aluminum is more difficult to melt, form viscous liquid of partial melting state, and float up to the surface of galvanizing zinc. ", "At the same time, once zinc ingot and high alumina and zinc ingot add into zinc pot in this way, the zinc ingot can’t control high alumina and zinc ingot. ", "And the high alumina and zinc ingot will float upward. ", "It is undesirable.", "\n\nThere are following benefits to press zinc and aluminum alloy onto the bottom of zinc pot by a tool like a basket.", "\n\na. The inductor aperture of larynx is of high temperature. ", "It is good for zinc and aluminum alloy melting. ", "And it cannot cause liquid of partial melting state.", "\n\nb. The inductor aperture of larynx has the function of mixing, which is affected by high-heat liquid from ring hearth. ", "Once aluminum melt, it is sweept away and avoids mostly floating upward.", "\n\nc. Even if some aluminum floats up, it would mix with galvanizing zinc during the long period of floating.", "\n\nTherefore, it is good to take this method theoretically. ", "And current tests have basically show this. ", "Although every new technique innovation brings some inconvenience, it will become better when we insist and be used to it." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Comparison of impulsive and nonimpulsive suicide attempt patients treated in the emergency departments of four general hospitals in Shenyang, China.", "\nThe aim of the current study was to compare the sociodemographic and psychological characteristics of impulsive suicide attempters with those of nonimpulsive suicide attempters in the emergency departments of general hospitals in Shenyang, China. ", "A total of 239 consecutive suicide attempters, who were treated in the emergency departments of four randomly selected general hospitals from Shenyang city, were evaluated by the following measurements: a detailed structured questionnaire, Beck Suicide Ideation Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, a quality of life scale and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. ", "The patients were categorized as \"impulsive suicide attempts\" (≤ 2 h) and \"nonimpulsive suicide attempts\" (> 2 h) based on the hours it takes for a patient to consider suicide before acting, and the characteristics of the two groups of patients were compared. ", "One hundred seven (44.8%) patients were categorized as impulsive attempters. ", "Compared to nonimpulsive suicide attempters, the impulsive suicide attempters had significantly more self-rescue ideation, their motive was more likely to threaten or express anger at others, and they scored much lower on the intensity of suicidal ideation and depression but higher on life quality; they also had a lower prevalence of psychiatric diagnosis but a higher rate of substance-related disorders. ", "Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following independent predictors of impulsive suicide attempts among suicide attempters: having religious beliefs [odds ratio (OR)=4.435, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.545-12.736], a lower score on the Suicide Ideation Scale (OR=0.952, 95% CI=0.936-0.969) and a lower score on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (OR=0.949, 95% CI=0.911-0.989). ", "The characteristics of impulsive suicide attempters differed significantly with those of nonimpulsive suicide attempters in emergency departments of urban China. ", "It is important to develop different kinds of interventions for the two types of suicide attempters to prevent more future suicide attempts." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nAlthough data demonstrate improved outcomes with lowered intraocular pressure from appropriate pharmacotherapy \\[[@CR1], [@CR2]\\], many patients with glaucoma struggle to adhere to their prescribed regimens. ", "Several studies suggest patients comply with 70% or fewer of their glaucoma medications \\[[@CR3]--[@CR5]\\]. ", "Many factors have been implicated \\[[@CR6]\\], but difficulty instilling drops has garnered recent attention \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "Proper eyedrop administration requires eye-hand coordination and dexterity, linking visual acuity with a steady hand and accurate proprioception \\[[@CR8]\\]. ", "Not surprisingly, videotape evidence demonstrated that glaucoma patient used an average of 1.4--1.8 drops when trying to instill a single eyedrop \\[[@CR9], [@CR10]\\]. ", "A recent cross-sectional patient survey revealed that 25% of patients reported problems with early eyedrop bottle exhaustion and associated compliance with therapy. ", "One-third of patients reported the reason for early bottle exhaustion was due to bottle related problems such as \"more than one drop comes out\" or \"size of drops is too large\". ", "The latter complaint is supported by literature that demonstrates the volume of an eyedrop in an ophthalmic solution may vary from 25 to 70 μl \\[[@CR11]\\]. ", "Given the normal tear film volume is 7 μl and only capable of containing 30 μl without overflow, a significant portion of an eyedrop is wasted \\[[@CR12]\\]. ", "These data suggest that a significant number of glaucoma patients run out of eyedrops prior to a scheduled prescription refill and that bottle related mechanics play a role \\[[@CR13]\\].", "\n\nDespite the importance of bottle design in proper use of topical therapeutics, there exists no standardization of manufacture in regards to drop instillation dynamics \\[[@CR14]\\], and the only dosing requirement is to accurately label and package medication volume \\[[@CR15]\\]. ", "Being manufactured and sold on the basis of volume, eyedrops are distinct from most other forms of pharmacotherapy, which are prescribed with a discrete number of doses to guide dispensing and refill rates. ", "While the minimum volume of medication consumers should anticipate per container of medication is available, this does not necessarily translate to number of applications, and without regulation, leads to the possibility of inconsistency in the number of drops of medicine available per bottle. ", "Several previous studies evaluating a smaller number of medications in a non-standardized fashion have found significant variability in the number of drops between both brands of medication and position of the bottle \\[[@CR16]--[@CR18]\\]. ", "As such, the current study was designed to further evaluate this possibility by objectively and systematically measuring the number of eyedrops in each bottle of many common glaucoma medications.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nThe number of eyedrops dispensed from various common glaucoma medications was measured. ", "All medications were purchased at cost from the University of Kentucky Research Pharmacy and represented available regional brand and generic medications. ", "A force gauge apparatus consisting of a Mecmesin M500E Motorised Tension and Compression Test Stand, Mecmesin 100 N Advanced Force Gauge (Mecmesin Corporation, Sterling, VA, USA) and custom grips and compressors were designed and calibrated by JA King & Company (Whitsett, NC, USA) (Fig. [", "1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The compressors were designed to mimic ballpoint fingertip contact with a bottle. ", "For each medication, the bottle was housed in the apparatus and clamps were adjusted until the ballpoint compressors were located at mid bottle length. ", "For bottles with a rectangular instead of round shape, the thinner dimensions were chosen for compression, as this represents the method most likely to be utilized by patients when instilling drops. ", "Starting at 0 kg-force (kgf) and 0 mm (mm) displacement, the gauge was advanced in 0.1 mm increments until a drop of liquid fell from the bottle, as observed subjectively and confirmed with an automated VCD-BTD drop counter (Vernier Software and Technology, Beaverton, OR, USA) and LabQuest 2 display (Vernier Software and Technology, Beaverton, OR, USA). ", "At a rate of approximately one drop/s, 10 drops were expressed, then the apparatus was retracted to 0 kgf. ", "This was repeated until all drops were exhausted from the bottle.", "Fig. ", "1Force Gauge Apparatus. ", "A force gauge apparatus consisting of a Mecmesin M500E Motorized Tension and Compression Stand, Mecmesin 100 N Advanced Force Gauge and custom grips and compressors were designed and calibrated by JA King & Company. **", "a**: The compressors were designed to mimic ballpoint fingertip contact with a bottle tip. **", "b**: For each medication, the bottle was housed in the apparatus and clamps were adjusted until the ballpoint compressors were located at mid bottle length. ", "The L-shaped compression clamp was then adjusted until the force gauge sensor was centered on the crosshairs of the clamp at a 90-degree angle\n\nSimultaneously, drop size and number was also estimated using the densitometric method for volume determination \\[[@CR19]\\]. ", "In twenty drop increments, the total volume of solution expressed was measured with a 0.0001 g analytical balance (Ohaus Corporation, Parsippany, NJ, USA). ", "This was repeated until all drops were exhausted from the bottle. ", "A 200 uL pipette (Zhejiang Huawei Scientific Instrument Co, LTD, Zhe Jiang, China) was used to remove four 100-uL aliquots of each bottle. ", "The mean of the samples was divided by 0.1 mL to estimate the volume of each drop and each bottle by dividing the mass of each by the calculated density. ", "For any bottles with residual liquid in the container lid, this was removed with the pipette and volume was measured separately.", "\n\nSix bottles of each medication were tested. ", "Three bottles were tested in the vertical orientation with the bottle tip at 180 degrees and three bottles were tested in the near horizontal orientation with the bottle tip at 30 degrees. ", "The vertical and horizontal orientations were the starting position for the bottle tip during each measurement, as compression of the bottle variably and slightly changed the tip position.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec3}\n--------------------\n\nMean response was compared by constructing an analysis of variance for a two way layout with factors: position (horizontal versus vertical) and bottle (all combinations of medication name and formulation). ", "A highly significant interaction between position and bottle was obtained (*p* \\< 0.0001). ", "Post hoc comparison of means was done by comparing means between positions for each bottle by using two sample t-tests. ", "To compare different bottle designs in the same orientation, Fisher's least significant differences allowance was computed. ", "Statistical significance was determined at the 0.01 level to minimize the Type I error rate.", "\n\nResults {#Sec4}\n=======\n\nA total of 192 bottles from 32 bottle designs and manufacturers of medication were tested (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Further reference to medications will include brand name, manufacturer if more than one generic and bottle volume for identification. ", "Fifteen formulations came from the same lot, sixteen came from a combination of two different lots and one came from a combination of three different lots. ", "When comparing the mean value of variance between formulations from the same or different lots, there was no statistical difference (*p* = 0.62). ", "Comparing mean number of drops per bottle using observed measurements versus the densitometric method to calculate number of drops in the bottle, there was no difference in the vertical (*p* = 0.35, paired t-test), but a significant difference between measurements in the horizontal (*p* = 0.02, paired t-test) position. ", "Observed measurements via the automated drop counter were used for subsequent analysis.", "Table 1Description of Glaucoma Medications TestedMedication NameFormulationManufacturer2.5 ml Travatantravaprost 0.004%Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Fort Worth, TX 76134 Travaprosttravaprost 0.004%Par Pharmaceutical Cos. ", "Inc. Spring Valley, NY 10977 Xalatanlatanoprost 0.005%Pharmacia&Upjohn Co, Division of Pfizer, Inc. NY, NY 10017 Latanoprostlatanoprost 0.005%Akorn, Inc. Lake Forest, IL 60045 Lumiganbimatoprost 0.001%Allergan, Inc. Irvine, CA 926125 ml Lumiganbimatoprost 0.001%Allergan, Inc. Irvine, CA 92612 Travaprosttravaprost 0.004%Par Pharmaceutical Cos. ", "Inc. Spring Valley, NY 10977 Travatantravaprost 0.004%Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Fort Worth, TX 76134 Alphagan P 0.1%brimonidine tartrate 0.1%Allergan, Inc. Irvine, CA 92612 Combiganbrimonidine tartrate 0.2%, timolol maleate 0.5%Allergan, Inc. Irvine, CA 92612 Timolol  Pacifictimolol maleate 0.5%Pacific Pharma, Irvine CA, 92,612 Timolol Hi-Techtimolol maleate 0.5%Hi-Tech Pharmacal Co, Inc. Amityville, NY 11701 Timolol Sandoztimolol maleate 0.5%Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Fort Worth, TX 76134 for Sandoz Inc. Pricenton, NJ 08540 Betimoltimolol maleate 0.5%Akorn, Inc. Lake Forest, IL 60045 for Oak Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Timoptic XEtimolol maleate 0.5%Merck Sharp & Dohme-Chibret 63,963 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 9, France; Distributed by Valeant Ophthalmics, a division of Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC, Bridgewater, NJ 08807 Timoptictimolol maleate 0.5%Merck Sharp & Dohme-Chibret 63,963 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 9, France; Distributed by Valeant Ophthalmics, a division of Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC, Bridgewater, NJ 08807 Istaloltimolol maleate 0.5%Bausch&Lomb Incorporated Tampa, FL 33637 under License from Senju Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. Osaka, Japan 541--00467.5 ml Lumiganbimatoprost 0.001%Allergan, Inc. Irvine, CA 926128 ml Simbrinzabrinzolamide 1%, brimonidine tartrate 0.2%Alcon Laboratories, INC 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX 7613410 ml Cosoptdorzolamide HCL 22.3 mg/ml, timolol maleate 6.8 mg/mlAkorn, Inc. Lake Forest, IL 60045 Dorz/Tim Hi-Techdorzolamide HCL 22.3 mg/ml, timolol maleate 6.8 mg/mlHi-Tech Pharmacal Co, Inc. Amityville, NY 11701 Dorz/Tim Bauschdorzolamide HCL 22.3 mg/ml, timolol maleate 6.8 mg/mlBausch & Lomb Incorporated Tampl, FL 33637 Dorz/Tim Sandozdorzolamide HCL 22.3 mg/ml, timolol maleate 6.8 mg/mlAlcon Laboratories Inc. Fort Worth Tx 76,134 for Sandoz Inc. Princeton, NJ 08540 Trusoptdorzolamide HCL 2%Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.,a subsidiary of Merck & Co, Inc. Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889 Dorz Hi Techdorzolamide HCL 2%Hi-Tech Pharmacal Co, Inc. Amityville, NY 11701 Dorz Bauschdorzolamide HCL 2%Bausch & Lomb Incorporated Tampa, FL 33637 Dorz Tevadorzolamide HCL 2%Teva Pharmaceutical Ind, Ltd. Jerusalem, 91,010, Israel for Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Sellersville, PA 18960 Dorz Sandozdorzolamide HCL 2%Alcon Laboratires, Inc. Fort Worth, TX 76134 for Sandoz Inc. Princeton, NJ 08540 Azoptbrinzolamide 1%Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Fort Worth, TX 76134 Combiganbrimonidine tartrate 0.2%, timolol maleate 0.5%Allergan, Inc. Irvine, CA 92612 Alphagan P 0.15%brimonidine tartrate 0.15%Allergan, Inc. Irvine, CA 92612 Alphagan P 0.1%brimonidine tartrate 0.1%Allergan, Inc. Irvine, CA 92612The medication name and volume used in the study, the formulation and manufacturer are listed\n\nThe mean number and standard deviation of drops per bottle in the horizontal, vertical and summative positions of all formulations are provided in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "For 2.5 mL bottles, the mean number of drops ranged from 75.3--101.7 and 72--102.3 in the vertical and horizontal orientations, respectively. ", "For 5 mL bottles, the range was 111--209.3 and 115--189 drops in the vertical and horizontal orientations, respectively. ", "For 10 mL bottles, the range was 193.7--313.3 and 234--323.7 drops in the vertical and horizontal orientations, respectively. ", "Twenty-two of the 32 bottle designs had a significantly different mean number of drops in the vertical and horizontal positions, with 10 designs have more drops dispensed in the horizontal orientation and 12 in the vertical.", "Table 2Mean Number of Drops, Volume and Drop/Volume Ratio per Glaucoma Medication TestedDropMean \\# DropsMean Bottle VolumeMean Drop VolumeMean Drops/mLverthorz*p* valueverthorz*p* valueverthorzverthorz*p* value2.5 ml Travatan76.3 ± 4.2102.3 ± 1.5**\\<0.01**2.57 ± 0.072.53 ± 0.040.0320.02529.66 ± 1.3540.4 ± 1.07**0.0004** Travaprost75.3 ± 5.172 ± 12.46 ± 0.042.36 ± 0.070.0320.03230.6 ± 2.5130.47 ± 1.140.9445 Xalatan101.3 ± 0.683.3 ± 3.12.69 ± 0.052.70 ± 0.050.0270.03237.68 ± 0.7330.90 ± 0.60**0.0002** Latanoprost86.7 ± 9.376.7 ± 5.02.37 ± 0.262.42 ± 0.130.0270.03236.59 ± 0.9831.63 ± 0.76**0.0023** Lumigan101.7 ± 2.381.7 ± 4.0**\\<0.01**2.50 ± 0.052.38 ± 0.080.0240.02940.61 ± 0.1834.25 ± 0.63**\\<0.0001** overall mean88.383.22.522.480.0290.03 overall median91812.532.460.0270.031 overall ST DEV12.711.080.150.150.0040.0035 ml Lumigan195.6 ± 4.2155 ± 1**\\<0.01**4.97 ± 0.064.73 ± 0.060.0250.0339.4 ± 0.6932.75 ± 0.22**\\<0.001** Travaprost150.3 ± 6.5139.7 ± 13.74.91 ± 0.024.78 ± 0.240.0320.03530.62 ± 1.4229.15 ± 1.500.2859 Travatan146.3 ± 0.6189 ± 1**\\<0.01**4.8 ± 0.044.78 ± 0.070.0330.02630.49 ± 0.8229.66 ± 1.35**0.0004** Alphagan P111 ± 1117 ± 2.64.89 ± 0.054.72 ± 0.180.0440.0422.7 ± 0.1624.82 ± 0.78**0.0102** Combigan148 ± 2161.3 ± 3.85.02 ± 0.164.67 ± 0.07**0.01**0.0330.02925.26 ± 1.5334.57 ± 0.50**0.0003** Timolol Pacific123 ± 1147.7 ± 9.6**\\<0.01**4.88 ± 0.044.69 ± 0.100.040.03125.21 ± 0.0925.21 ± 0.090.0206 Timolol Hi-Tech126.7 ± 6.7149.3 ± 4.0**\\<0.01**5.09 ± 0.155.04 ± 0.130.0410.03424.89 ± 0.5629.61 ± 0.633**0.0006** Timolol Sandoz161.3 ± 3.5156.3 ± 2.54.89 ± 0.044.84 ± 0.080.030.03133.02 ± 0.9232.28 ± 0.210.2459 Betimol165.3 ± 0.6160.7 ± 1.25.17 ± 0.0355.08 ± 0.060.0310.03132.00 ± 0.1431.63 ± 0.560.3282 Timoptic XE130.7 ± 7.5115 ± 9.8**0.004**5.53 ± 0.244.9 ± 0.240.0420.04323.71 ± 2.4123.45 ± 1.160.8734 Timoptic209.3 ± 5.7155.3 ± 7.1**\\<0.01**5.93 ± 0.035.66 ± 0.03**0.0003**0.0890.03635.28 ± 0.8227.6 ± 1.21**0.0008** Istalol154.6 ± 2.1165.6 ± 2.54.72 ± 0.034.74 ± 0.090.030.02932.77 ± 0.2234.95 ± 0.32**0.0006** overall mean151.91515.064.890.0390.033 overall median149155.24.934.780.0330.031 overall ST DEV28.220.260.340.280.030.0057.5 ml Lumigan294 ± 2.6236 ± 2**\\<0.01**7.21 ± 0.067.18 ± 0.030.0240.0340.76 ± 0.5632.85 ± 0.18**\\<0.001**8 ml Simbrinza180.7 ± 3.1219.7 ± 6.7**\\<0.01**7.51 ± 0.036.74 ± 0.12**0.0004**0.1670.03124.07 ± 0.4732.58 ± 1.22**0.0003**10 ml Cosopt301.7 ± 39.6242 ± 12.5**\\<0.01**10.2 ± 0.179.58 ± 0.18**0.01**0.0330.03929.56 ± 3.6625.26 ± 1.530.1341 Dorz/Tim Hi-Tech303 ± 1251.7 ± 10.0**\\<0.01**9.23 ± 0.349.19 ± 0.260.0310.03832.85 ± 1.2227.39 ± 0.39**0.0018** Dorz/Tim Bausch313.3 ± 1.5293.7 ± 1.5**\\<0.01**9.22 ± 0.238.91 ± 0.210.030.03134.01 ± 0.9232.96 ± 0.650.1804 Dorz/Tim Sandoz315 ± 4.6271.3 ± 5.8**\\<0.01**8.93 ± 0.158.39 ± 0.290.1150.03135.27 ± 1.0932.37 ± 1.030.0288 Trusopt313.3 ± 20.0236 ± 5.6**\\<0.01**10.18 ± 0.209.60 ± 0.330.2210.05130.77 ± 1.8624.59 ± 0.94**0.0068** Dorz Hi Tech292.7 ± 10.3261.7 ± 12.9**\\<0.01**9.54 ± 0.199.13 ± 0.290.0330.03520.92 ± 17.9128.70 ± 2.210.5313 Dorz Bausch289.7 ± 4.2289 ± 4.69.18 ± 0.268.78 ± 0.150.0320.0331.55 ± 0.6132.91 ± 0.060.0594 Dorz Teva282 ± 11.5260 ± 1**\\<0.01**9.31 ± 0.588.69 ± 0.120.0330.03430.33 ± 0.7929.91 ± 0.310.4423 Dorz Sandoz193.7 ± 3.79253.7 ± 15.3**\\<0.01**9.19 ± 0.128.38 ± 0.08**0.0006**0.3320.03421.06 ± 0.1630.26 ± 1.940.014 Azopt254.3 ± 2.1322 ± 8.9**\\<0.01**9.42 ± 0.088.59 ± 0.04**\\<0.0001**0.0370.02727.01 ± 0.3837.5 ± 1.08**\\<0.001** Combigan270.3 ± 28.4323.7 ± 17.8**\\<0.01**9.86 ± 0.219.79 ± 0.070.0340.0327.4 ± 2.5033.07 ± 1.640.0303 Alphagan 0.15%212.7 ± 3.1234 ± 3.6**\\<0.01**9.78 ± 09.53 ± 0.090.0460.04121.75 ± 0.3124.56 ± 0.16**0.0002** Alphagan 0.1%216 ± 4283.3 ± 5.5**\\<0.01**9.93 ± 0.199.61 ± 0.070.0460.03721.75 ± 0.1124.80 ± 0.41**0.0002** overall mean273.7267.59.549.090.0790.034 overall median2902619.519.020.0340.033 overall ST DEV42.6931.070.450.510.1190.005The mean number of drops, bottle volume, drop volume and ratio of mean number of drops per bottle volume of three bottles tested for each medication in the vertical and horizontal positions. ", "Medications are grouped by volume and an overall mean, median and standard deviation for all medications of similar volumes are provided. ", "A *p*-value for medications with a significant difference in mean drop number between the horizontal and vertical position is listed, with significance determined at *p* = 0.01. ", "A ratio of mean number of drops/mean bottle volume is listed, and any two means that differ by a value of 5.27 or greater are significantly different (*p* \\< 0.01). ", "Volume measurements are in milliliters (mL).", " A bold value indicates a *p* value of statistical significance\n\nThe mean bottle and drop volume are also listed in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Bottle volumes were measured with and without accounting for residual volume in the cap of the container, with less than a 2.2% difference of the overall mean in 90% of the bottles. ", "Presented bottle volume measurements include the cap volume. ", "For 2.5 mL bottles, the range was 2.37--2.69 mL and 2.38--2.70 mL in the vertical and horizontal orientations, respectively. ", "For 5 mL bottles, the range was 4.72--5.93 mL and 4.67--5.66 mL in the vertical and horizontal orientations, respectively. ", "For 10 mL bottles, the range was 8.93--10.2 mL and 8.38--9.79 mL in the vertical and horizontal orientations, respectively. ", "Six of the 32 bottle designs had a significantly different mean total bottle volume in the vertical and horizontal positions, with all designs having greater volume in the vertical position. ", "There were no significant differences between the horizontal and vertical measured drop volume for any designs.", "\n\nGiven the multiple different comparisons possible between bottle type, size and volume, an adjusted ratio of mean number of drops/mean bottle volume was created (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}), with a range from 20.9 drops/mL to 40.8 drops/mL among the bottle designs and positions. ", "Nineteen formulations had a significantly different ratio between the horizontal and vertical positions (*p* \\< 0.01). ", "For comparing means between two bottle designs in the same orientation, any two means that differ by a value of 5.27 or greater are significantly different (*p* \\< 0.01).", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec5}\n==========\n\nThe results of this study suggest there is significant variability in the number of drops and volume per bottle of glaucoma medications, both in terms of which bottle design and manufacturer is utilized and the position the bottle is held when squeezed. ", "For example, if a representative patient from this region is prescribed a 5 mL bottle of timolol 0.5%, there are 5 different generic and brand bottle designs that may be dispensed. ", "The patient could anticipate a range of 123--209 and 147--166 mean drops per bottle in the horizontal and vertical positions, respectively. ", "If instilled twice daily, this would suggest a difference between 25.5 to 43 days of available medication depending on the manufacturer and bottle position.", "\n\nThis study is the first to our knowledge to present an objective, automated and reproducible method to measure the number of drops available per bottle of medication. ", "Further, we measured countable drops instead of calculating the number of drops based on volume, which was shown to be inaccurate. ", "Several previous studies have evaluated small samples of bottle formulations with similar, variable results. ", "A 1994 study of patients blinded to either use of a 5 mL bottle of timolol maleate versus levobunolol found a 21% greater length of use of timolol (37 versus 29 days) \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "Another study evaluated 45 versus 90 degree administration of artificial tear bottles and found a significantly greater number of drops per bottle using densitometric analysis and smaller drop volume for 4 out of 5 formulations at 45 compared to 90 degrees. ", "The authors suggest administration at 45 degrees would result in up to \\$1.93 savings per bottle compared to 90 degrees \\[[@CR17]\\]. ", "A study evaluating 2.5 ml bottles of prostaglandin analogues held vertically, at 45 degrees and horizontally found that vertical instillation resulted in more drops per bottle for bimatoprost and latanoprost, while 45 degrees was most efficient for travaprost. ", "Assuming 1 year of bilateral therapy at 2006 costs, the authors determined use of the most efficient instillation method would result in yearly savings of \\$109--192 \\[[@CR18]\\]. ", "Lastly, a recent study found significant variability in the number of eyedrops per bottle of four regionally available formulations of latanoprost when measured by manually counting the number of drops expressed by hand, ranging from 77.6 to 88.7 drops per bottle. ", "The authors estimated a similarly significant difference in estimated annual cost, ranging from \\$184 to \\$1198 per formulation \\[[@CR20]\\].", "\n\nCurrently, there exist no federal guidelines to regulate bottle design or amount of drops available per volume of medication \\[[@CR14], [@CR15]\\]. ", "It has been suggested that pharmacists often use a rough guideline of 0.05 mL per eyedrop or 20 drops per mL (written personal communication, Division of Drug Information, FDA, March 27, 2015). ", "With that in mind, there are significantly more eyedrops per bottle in this analysis than recommended, ranging from 10.4% to 45.8% more mean drops per bottle tested. ", "This may indicate that manufacturers \"overfill\" the bottles to allow for a margin of error during dispensing. ", "If true, this serves an important purpose, since it is known that many patients require more than one eyedrop per application \\[[@CR9], [@CR10]\\]. ", "However, this data suggests another problem has been created by this practice: significant variability in the number of doses per bottle.", "\n\nAside from bottle volume, an additional factor influence the number of drops available per bottle is drop size. ", "We found significant variability in the estimated drop size of studied formulations, ranging from 0.024 to 0.221 mL. The size of drop dispensed from a bottle depends on three basic elements: the design of the dropper bottle and tip, properties of the contained solution and the position of the bottle. ", "The surface area around the bottle tip and surface tension of the solution are both manufacturer controlled factors that influence drop size. ", "Patient manipulations such as the angle and rate drops are produced are less predictable \\[[@CR11]\\]. ", "Further, the results of the current study and others suggest the most economical bottle position varies from one design to the next \\[[@CR17]--[@CR19]\\]. ", "A final potential determinant of drop size is the force required to squeeze the bottle, which unfortunately is significantly variable in both the experimental and clinical setting \\[[@CR21], [@CR22]\\]. ", "With all of these influences, it may be difficult to design an ideal bottle for instillation. ", "One expert suggestion has been to utilize a dropper tip with a smaller outer orifice diameter that provides consistent surface area for a smaller-volume drop to fall \\[[@CR11]\\].", "\n\nThis study has several limitations. ", "The experimental design was novel, and although measurements were automated, they have not been independently verified. ", "Because the study was conducted in an objective and reproducible manner, it may not accurately reflect many of the patient related factors in dosing; it is likely that our patients experience even greater variability in the number of drops available per bottle. ", "Only two bottle positions were tested and most ophthalmic containers are not intended to be delivered in a strictly horizontal position. ", "While 192 bottles from 32 bottle designs were tested, they still represent a small sampling of all available brand and generic ophthalmic medications.", "\n\nConclusion {#Sec6}\n==========\n\nIn summary, this study demonstrates the significant variability in drops and volume available per bottle of glaucoma medication depending on both the bottle position and manufacturer. ", "This unregulated practice leaves prescribing physicians and pharmacists unable to accurately predict the quantity of medication to dispense. ", "This may lead to patients running out of medication early or being left with excess and associated costs. ", "The variability from one refill to the next could be a contributor to limited compliance. ", "The experimental design in this study indicates an objective, reproducible method to determine drop number uniformly across different bottles and designs. ", "It should compel further evaluation and consideration of standardization in the industry.", "\n\nmL\n\n: milliliter\n\nmm\n\n: millimeter\n\nμl\n\n: microliter\n\nThe authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Jayakrishna Ambati (University of Kentucky, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences) for his insight and guidance with the manuscript preparation.", "\n\nFunding {#FPar1}\n=======\n\nThe project described was supported by the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through Grant UL1TR000117. ", "The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.", "\n\nAvailability of data and materials {#FPar2}\n==================================\n\nThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "\n\nAuthors' contributions {#FPar3}\n======================\n\nDBM participated in all aspects of the study. ", "JB aided in study design, acquisition of resources and review of the manuscript. ", "RJK aided in study design, provided statistical support and analysis and review of the manuscript. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar4}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nConsent for publication {#FPar5}\n=======================\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nEthics approval and consent to participate {#FPar6}\n==========================================\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nPublisher's Note {#FPar7}\n================\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Moditten\n\nModitten was first a suburb of and then a quarter of Königsberg, Germany. ", "Its territory is now part of the Tsentralny District in Kaliningrad, Russia.", "\n\nModitten was located between Juditten to the east and Metgethen to the west; farther to the south along the Pregel was Holstein. ", "It was documented in 1258 as Maudytyn and in 1389 as Maydithen, names of Old Prussian origin. ", "The Spittler, an official of the Teutonic Knights in charge of hospital affairs, possessed the Spittelhof manor near Moditten. ", "It was later owned by Johann Schimmelpfennig (1604-69), a Königsberg councillor and vice-mayor of Kneiphof. ", "The philosopher Immanuel Kant was good friends with the Moditten forester Wobeser; the summer house in which Kant stayed has been preserved. ", "Moditten's forestry house was visited by tourists and praised for its Kopskiekelwein, a type of currant wine.", "\n\nModitten was incorporated into the city of Königsberg in 1939.", "\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Former subdivisions of Königsberg" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We define higher categorical invariants (gerbes) of codimension two algebraic cycles and provide a categorical interpretation of the intersection of divisors on a smooth proper algebraic variety. ", "This generalization of the classical relation between divisors and line bundles furnishes a new perspective on the Bloch-Quillen formula.'", "\naddress:\n- 'Ettore Aldrovandi, Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4510 USA.'", "\n- 'Niranjan Ramachandran, Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA.'", "\nauthor:\n- Ettore Aldrovandi and Niranjan Ramachandran\ntitle: 'Cup products, the Heisenberg group, and codimension two algebraic cycles'\n---\n\n*Des buissons lumineux fusaient comme des gerbes;\\\nMille insectes, tels des prismes, vibraient dans l’air;\\\nLe vent jouait avec l’ombre des lilas clairs,\\\nSur le tissu des eaux et les nappes de l’herbe.\\\nUn lion se couchait sous des branches en fleurs;\\\nLe daim flexible errait là-bas, près des panthères;\\\nEt les paons déployaient des faisceaux de lueurs\\\nParmi les phlox en feu et les lys de lumière.\\\n–Emile Verhaeren (1855-1916),\\\n*Le paradis* (Les rythmes souverains)*\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThis aim of this paper is to define higher categorical invariants (gerbes) of codimension two algebraic cycles and provide a categorical interpretation of the intersection of divisors on a smooth proper algebraic variety. ", "This generalization of the classical relation between divisors and line bundles furnishes a new perspective on the classical Bloch-Quillen formula relating Chow groups and algebraic K-theory.", "\n\nOur work is motivated by the following three basic questions.", "\n\n1. ", " Let $A$ and $B$ be abelian sheaves on a manifold (or algebraic variety) $X$. Given $\\alpha \\in H^1(X,A)$ and $\\beta \\in H^1(X,B)$, one has their cup-product $\\alpha \\cup \\beta \\in H^2(X, A\\otimes B)$. We recall that $H^1$ and $H^2$ classify equivalence classes of torsors and gerbes[^1]: $$\\begin{aligned}\n H^1(X, A) \\quad &\\longleftrightarrow \\quad \\text{Isomorphism classes of $A$-torsors} \\\\\n H^2(X, A) \\quad &\\longleftrightarrow \\quad \\text{Isomorphism classes of $A$-gerbes};\\end{aligned}$$ we may pick torsors $P$ and $Q$ representing $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ and ask\n\n \\[Q1\\] Given $P$ and $Q$, is there a natural construction of a gerbe $G_{P,Q}$ which manifests the cohomology class $\\alpha \\cup\\beta =[P] \\cup [Q]$?", "\n\n The above question admits the following algebraic-geometric analogue.", "\n\n2. ", " Let $X$ be a smooth proper variety over a field $F$. Let $Z^i(X)$ be the abelian group of algebraic cycles of codimension $i$ on $X$ and let $CH^i(X)$ be the Chow group of algebraic cycles of codimension $i$ modulo rational equivalence. ", "The isomorphism $$CH^1(X) \\overset{\\sim}{{\\longrightarrow}} H^1(X, {\\mathcal{O}}^*)$$ connects (Weil) divisors and invertible sheaves (or ${\\mathbb{G}}_m$-torsors). ", "While divisors form a group, ${\\mathbb{G}}_m$-torsors on $X$ form a Picard category $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}_X({\\mathbb{G}}_m)$ with the monoidal structure provided by the Baer sum of torsors. ", "Any divisor $D$ determines a ${\\mathbb{G}}_m$-torsor ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$; the torsor ${\\mathcal{O}}_{D +D'}$ is isomorphic to the Baer sum of ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$ and ${\\mathcal{O}}_{D'}$. In other words, one has an additive map [@Hartshorne II, Proposition 6.13] $$\\label{zee-one}\n Z^1(X) \\to \\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}_X({\\mathbb{G}}_m) \\qquad D \\mapsto {\\mathcal{O}}_D.$$\n\n \\[Q2\\] What is a natural generalization of to higher codimension cycles?", "\n\n Since $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}_X({\\mathbb{G}}_m)$ is a Picard category, one could expect the putative additive maps on $Z^i(X)$ to land in Picard categories or their generalizations.", "\n\n \\[Q3\\] Is there a categorification of the intersection pairing $$\\label{int-pairing}\n CH^1(X) \\times CH^1(X) \\to CH^2(X)?$$\n\n More generally, one can ask for a categorical interpretation of the entire Chow ring of $X$.\n\nMain results {#main-results .unnumbered}\n------------\n\nOur first result is an affirmative answer to Question \\[Q1\\]; the key observation is that a certain Heisenberg group *animates* the cup-product.", "\n\n\\[primo\\] Let $A, B$ be abelian sheaves on a topological space or scheme $X$.\n\n1. ", " There is a canonical functorial Heisenberg[^2] sheaf $H_{A,B}$ on $X$ which sits in an exact sequence $$0 \\to A\\otimes B \\to H_{A,B} \\to A \\times B \\to 0;$$ the sheaf $H_{A,B}$ (of non-abelian groups) is a central extension of $A \\times B$ by $A\\otimes B$.\n\n2. ", " The associated boundary map $$\\partial: H^1(X, A)\\times H^1(X,B) = H^1(X, A \\times B) \\to H^2(X, A\\otimes B)$$ sends the class $(\\gamma, \\delta)$ to the cup-product $\\gamma \\cup \\delta$.\n\n3. ", " Given torsors $P$ and $Q$ for $A$ and $B$, view $P\\times Q$ as a $A\\times B$-torsor on $X$. Let ${\\mathcal{G}}_{P,Q}$ be the gerbe of local liftings (see §\\[lifting\\]) of $P\\times Q$ to a $H_{A,B}$-torsor; its band is $A\\otimes B$ and its class in $H^2(X, A\\otimes B)$ is $[P]\\cup[Q]$.\n\n4. ", " The gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{P,Q}$ is covariant functorial in $A$ and $B$ and contravariant functorial in $X$.\n\n5. ", " The gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{P,Q}$ is trivial (equivalent to the stack of $A\\otimes B$-torsors) if either $P$ or $Q$ is trivial.", "\n\nWe prove this theorem over a general site ${\\mathsf{C}}$. We also provide a natural interpretation of the (class of the) Heisenberg sheaf in terms of maps of Eilenberg-Mac Lane objects in §\\[sec:cup\\]; it is astonishing that the explicit cocycle for the Heisenberg group (when $X =$ a point) turns out to coincide with the map on the level of Eilenberg-Mac Lane objects over a general site ${\\mathsf{C}}$; cf. ", "\\[prop:cup\\].", "\n\nHere is another rephrasing of Theorem \\[primo\\]: For abelian sheaves $A$ and $B$ on a site ${\\mathsf{C}}$, there is a natural bimonoidal functor $$\\label{bimon} \\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}_{{\\mathsf{C}}}(A)\\times \\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}_{{\\mathsf{C}}}(B) {\\longrightarrow}\\operatorname{\\textsc{Gerbes}}_{{\\mathsf{C}}} (A\\otimes B) \\qquad (P,Q) \\mapsto {\\mathcal{G}}_{P,Q}$$ where $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}_{{\\mathsf{C}}}(A)$, $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}_{{\\mathsf{C}}}(B)$ are the Picard categories of $A$ and $B$-torsors on ${\\mathsf{C}}$ and $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Gerbes}}_{{\\mathsf{C}}} (A\\otimes B)$ is the Picard $2$-category of $A\\otimes B$-gerbes on ${\\mathsf{C}}$. Thus, Theorem \\[primo\\] constitutes a categorification of the cup-product map $$\\cup: H^1(A) \\times H^1(B) \\to H^2(A\\otimes B).$$\n\nLet us turn to Questions \\[Q2\\] and \\[Q3\\]. ", "Suppose that $D$ and $D'$ are divisors on $X$ which intersect in the codimension-two cycle $D.D'$. Applying Theorem \\[primo\\] to ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$ and ${\\mathcal{O}}_{D'}$ with $A = B ={\\mathbb{G}}_m$, one has a ${\\mathbb{G}}_m \\otimes {\\mathbb{G}}_m$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$ on $X$. We now invoke the isomorphisms (the second is the fundamental Bloch-Quillen isomorphism) $${\\mathbb{G}}_m \\overset{\\sim}{{\\longrightarrow}} {\\mathcal{K}}_1, \\qquad CH^i(X) \\underset{\\eqref{BQ}}{\\overset{\\sim}{{\\longrightarrow}}} H^i(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_i)$$ where ${\\mathcal{K}}_i$ is the Zariski sheaf associated with the presheaf $U \\mapsto K_i(U)$.\n\nPushforward of ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$ along ${\\mathcal{K}}_1 \\times {\\mathcal{K}}_1 \\to {\\mathcal{K}}_2$ gives a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe still denoted ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$; we call this the Heisenberg gerbe attached to the codimension-two cycle $D.D'$. This raises the possibility of relating ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes and codimension-two cycles on $X$, implicit in .", "\n\n\\[secondo\\] (i) Any codimension-two cycle $\\alpha \\in Z^2(X)$ determines a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ on $X$.\n\n\\(ii) the class of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ in $H^2(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ corresponds to $\\alpha\\in CH^2(X)$ under the Bloch-Quillen map .", "\n\n\\(iii) the gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha + \\alpha'}$ is equivalent to the Baer sum of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ and ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha'}$.\n\n\\(iv) ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ and ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha'}$ are equivalent as ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes if and only if $\\alpha =\\alpha'$ in $CH^2(X)$.\n\nThe Gersten gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ of $\\alpha$ admits a geometric description, closely analogous to that of the ${\\mathbb{G}}_m$-torsor ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$ of a divisor $D$; see Remark \\[empty\\]. ", "The Gersten sequence is key to the construction of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$. One has an additive map $$\\label{zee-two} Z^2(X) \\to \\operatorname{\\textsc{Gerbes}}_X({\\mathcal{K}}_2) \\qquad \\alpha \\mapsto {\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}.$$\n\nWhen $\\alpha = D.D'$ is the intersection of two divisors, there are two ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes attached to it: the Heisenberg gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D,D'}$ and the Gersten gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$; these are abstractly equivalent as their classes in $H^2(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ correspond to $\\alpha$. More is possible.", "\n\n\\[terzo\\] If $\\alpha \\in Z^2(X)$ is the intersection $D.D'$ of divisors $D, D' \\in Z^1(X)$, then there is a natural equivalence $\\Theta: {\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha} \\to {\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$ between the Gersten and Heisenberg ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes attached to $\\alpha = D.D'$.\n\nThus, Theorems \\[primo\\], \\[secondo\\], \\[terzo\\] together provide the following commutative diagram thereby answering Question \\[Q3\\]:\n\n$$\\begin{tikzcd}\n Z^1(X) \\times Z^1(X) \\arrow[r, dotted, \"{\\textrm{no~map}}\"] \\arrow{d}{\\eqref{zee-one}} & Z^2(X) \\arrow{d}{\\eqref{zee-two}}\\\\\n \\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}_X({\\mathbb{G}}_m) \\times \\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}_X({\\mathbb{G}}_m) \\arrow{r}{\\eqref{bimon}} \\arrow{d} & \\operatorname{\\textsc{Gerbes}}_X({\\mathcal{K}}_2) \\arrow{d}\\\\\n CH^1(X) \\times CH^1(X) \\arrow{r}{\\eqref{int-pairing}} & CH^2(X).", "\n \\end{tikzcd}$$\n\nWe begin with a review of the basic notions and tools (lifting gerbe, four-term complexes) in §\\[sec:prel\\] and then present the construction and properties of the Heisenberg group in §\\[sec:heis\\] before proving Theorem \\[primo\\]. ", "After a quick discussion of various examples in §\\[sec:Examples\\], we turn to codimension-two algebraic cycles in §\\[sec:codim2\\] and construct the Gersten gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ and prove Theorems \\[secondo\\], \\[terzo\\] using the tools in §\\[sec:prel\\].", "\n\nDictionary for codimension two cycles {#dictionary-for-codimension-two-cycles .unnumbered}\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe above results indicate the viability of viewing ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes as natural invariants of codimension-two cycles on $X$. Additional evidence is given by the following points: [^3]\n\n- ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes are present (albeit implicitly) in the Bloch-Quillen formula for $i=2$.\n\n- The Picard category $\\mathfrak P =\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}_X({\\mathbb{G}}_m)$ of ${\\mathbb{G}}_m$-torsors on $X$ satisfies $$\\pi_1(\\mathfrak P) = H^0(X, {\\mathcal{O}}^*) = CH^1(X, 1), \\qquad \\pi_0(\\mathfrak P) = H^1(X, {\\mathcal{O}}^*)= CH^1(X).$$ Similarly, the Picard $2$-category $\\mathfrak C = \\operatorname{\\textsc{Gerbes}}_X ({\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ of ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes is closely related to Bloch’s higher Chow complex [@Bloch2] in codimension two: $$\\pi_2(\\mathfrak C) = H^0(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)= CH^2(X,2) ,\\quad \\pi_1(\\mathfrak C) = H^1(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2) = CH^2(X, 1), \\quad \\pi_0(\\mathfrak C) = H^2(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2) \\overset{\\eqref{BQ}}{=} CH^2(X).$$\n\n- The additive map arising from Theorem \\[secondo\\] $$Z^2(X) \\to \\operatorname{\\textsc{Gerbes}}_X({\\mathcal{K}}_2), \\qquad \\alpha \\mapsto {\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$$ gives the Bloch-Quillen isomorphism on the level of $\\pi_0$. It provides an answer to Question \\[Q2\\] for codimension two cycles.", "\n\n- The Gersten gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ admits a simple algebro-geometric description (Remark \\[trivial-eta\\]): Any $\\alpha$ determines a $K_2^{\\eta}/{{\\mathcal{K}}_2}$-torsor; then ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ is the gerbe of liftings of this torsor to a $K_2^{\\eta}$-torsor on $X$.\n\n- The gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ is canonically trivial outside of the support of $\\alpha$ (Remark \\[trivial-eta\\]).", "\n\n- Pushing the Gersten gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ along the map ${\\mathcal{K}}_2 \\to \\Omega^2$ produces an $\\Omega^2$-gerbe which manifests the (de Rham) cycle class of $\\alpha$ in $H^2(X, \\Omega^2)$.\n\nThe map is a part of the marvellous dictionary [@Hartshorne II, §6] arising from the divisor sequence : $$\\text{Divisors}\\quad \\longleftrightarrow \\quad \\text{Cartier~divisors}\\quad\n \\longleftrightarrow \\quad \\text{${\\mathcal{K}}_1$-torsors} \\quad \\longleftrightarrow \\quad\\text{Line~bundles}\\quad \\longleftrightarrow \\quad \\text{Invertible~sheaves}.$$ More generally, from the Gersten sequence  we obtain the following: $$\\begin{gathered}\n Z^1(X) \\overset{{\\cong}}{{\\longrightarrow}} H^0(X, K_1^{\\eta}/{\\mathcal{K}}_1) \\twoheadrightarrow H^1(X,{\\mathcal{K}}_1) {\\cong}CH^1(X) \\\\\n Z^2(X) \\twoheadrightarrow H^1(X, K_2^{\\eta}/{\\mathcal{K}}_2) \\overset{{\\cong}}{{\\longrightarrow}} H^2(X,{\\mathcal{K}}_2) {\\cong}CH^2(X) .\\end{gathered}$$\n\nInspired by this and by ref.", " [@Bloch Definition 3.2], we call $K_2^{\\eta}/{\\mathcal{K}}_2$-torsors as *codimension-two Cartier cycles* on $X$. Thus the analog for codimension two cycles of the above dictionary reads $$\\text{Codimension two cycles}\\quad \\longleftrightarrow \\quad \\text{Cartier~cycles}\\quad \\longleftrightarrow \\quad\\text{${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes}.$$\n\nSince the Gersten sequence exists for all ${\\mathcal{K}}_i$, it is possible to generalize Theorem \\[secondo\\] to higher codimensions thereby answering Question \\[Q2\\]; however, this involves *higher gerbes*. ", "Any cycle of codimension $i>2$ determines a higher gerbe [@Breen94] with band ${\\mathcal{K}}_i$ (see §\\[end\\] for an example); this provides a new perspective on the Bloch-Quillen formula . ", "The higher dimensional analogues of , , and Theorem \\[secondo\\] will be pursued elsewhere.", "\n\nOther than the classical Hartshorne-Serre correspondence between certain codimension-two cycles and certain rank two vector bundles, we are not aware of any generalizations of this dictionary to higher codimension. ", "In particular, our idea of attaching *a higher-categorical invariant to a higher codimension cycle* seems new in the literature. ", "We expect that Picard $n$-categories play a role in the functorial Riemann-Roch program of Deligne [@Deligne0].", "\n\nOur results are related to and inspired by the beautiful work of S. Bloch [@Bloch], L. Breen [@Breen99], J.-L. Brylinski [@Brylinski], A. N. Parshin [@Parshin], B. Poonen - E. Rains [@PoonenRains], and D. Ramakrishnan [@Ramakrishnan] (see §\\[sec:Examples\\]). ", "Brylinski’s hope[^4] [@Brylinski Introduction] for a higher-categorical geometrical interpretation of the regulator maps from algebraic K-theory to Deligne cohomology was a major catalyst. ", "In a forthcoming paper, we will investigate the relations between the Gersten gerbe and Deligne cohomology.", "\n\nAcknowledgements. {#", "acknowledgements. ", ".unnumbered}\n-----------------\n\nThe second author’s research was supported by the 2015-2016 “Research and Scholarship Award” from the Graduate School, University of Maryland. ", "We would like to thank J. Rosenberg, J. Schafer, and H. Tamvakis for comments and suggestions.", "\n\nNotations and conventions {#notations-and-conventions .unnumbered}\n-------------------------\n\nLet ${\\mathsf{C}}$ be a site. ", "We write ${{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$ for the topos of sheaves over ${\\mathsf{C}}$, ${{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}$ the abelian group objects of ${{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$, namely the abelian sheaves on ${\\mathsf{C}}$, and by ${{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{grp}}$ the sheaves of groups on ${\\mathsf{C}}$. Our notation for cohomology is as follows. ", "For an abelian object $A$ of a topos ${\\mathsf{T}}$, $H^i(A)$ denotes the cohomology of the terminal object $e\\in{\\mathsf{T}}$ with coefficients in $A$, namely $i^\\mathrm{th}$ derived functor of $\\operatorname{Hom}_{\\mathsf{T}}(e,A)$. This is the same as $\\operatorname{Ext}^i_{{\\mathsf{T}}_\\mathrm{ab}}({\\mathbb{Z}},A)$. More generally, $H^i(X,A)$ denotes the cohomology of $A$ in the topos ${\\mathsf{T}}/X$. We use ${\\mathbf{H}}$ for hypercohomology.", "\n\nPreliminaries {#sec:prel}\n=============\n\nAbelian Gerbes [@Giraud; @Deligne; @Breen94] {#sec:gerbes}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nA gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}$ over a site ${\\mathsf{C}}$ is *a stack in groupoids which is locally non-empty and locally connected*.", "\n\n${\\mathcal{G}}$ is locally nonempty if for every object $U$ of ${\\mathsf{C}}$ there is a cover, say a local epimorphism, $V\\to U$ such that the category ${\\mathcal{G}}(V)$ is nonempty; it is locally connected if given objects $x,y\\in {\\mathcal{G}}(U)$ as above, then, locally on $U$, the sheaf $\\operatorname{Hom}(x,y)$ defined above has sections. ", "For each object $x$ over $U$ we can introduce the automorphism sheaf $\\operatorname{Aut}_{\\mathcal{G}}(x)$, and by local connectedness all these automorphism sheaves are (non canonically) isomorphic.", "\n\nIn the sequel we will only work with *abelian* gerbes, where there is a coherent identification between the automorphism sheaves $\\operatorname{Aut}_{\\mathcal{G}}(x)$, for any choice of an object $x$ of ${\\mathcal{G}}$, and a fixed sheaf of groups $G$. In this case $G$ is necessarily abelian[^5], and the class of ${\\mathcal{G}}$ determines an element in $H^2(G)$, [@Breen94 §2] (and also [@jardine]), where $H^i(G)=\\operatorname{Ext}^i_{{{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}}({\\mathbb{Z}},G)$ denotes the standard cohomology with coefficients in the abelian sheaf $G$ in the topos ${{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$ of sheaves over ${\\mathsf{C}}$.\n\nLet us briefly recall how the class of ${\\mathcal{G}}$ is obtained using a Čech type argument. ", "Assume for simplicity that the site ${\\mathsf{C}}$ has pullbacks. ", "Let ${\\mathcal{U}}=\\{U_i\\}$ be a cover of an object $X$ of ${\\mathsf{C}}$. Let $x_i$ be a choice of an object of ${\\mathcal{G}}(U_i)$. For simplicity, let us assume that we can find morphisms $\\alpha_{ij}\\colon x_j\\rvert_{U_{ij}}\\to x_i\\rvert_{U_{ij}}$. The class of ${\\mathcal{G}}$ will be represented by the 2-cocycle $\\{c_{ijk}\\}$ of ${\\mathcal{U}}$ with values in $G$ obtained in the standard way as the deviation for $\\{\\alpha_{ij}\\}$ from satisfying the cocycle condition: $$\\alpha_{ij}\\circ \\alpha_{jk} = c_{ijk}\\circ \\alpha_{ik}.$$ In the above identity—which defines it—$c_{ijk}\\in \\operatorname{Aut}(x_i\\rvert_{U_{ijk}}){\\cong}G\\rvert_{U_{ijk}}$. It is obvious that $\\{c_{ijk}\\}$ is a cocycle.", "\n\nReturning to stacks for a moment, a stack ${\\mathcal{G}}$ determines an object $\\pi_0({\\mathcal{G}})$, defined as the sheaf associated to the presheaf of connected components of ${\\mathcal{G}}$, where the latter is the presheaf that to each object $U$ of ${\\mathsf{C}}$ assigns the set of isomorphism classes of objects of ${\\mathcal{G}}(U)$. By definition, if ${\\mathcal{G}}$ is a gerbe, then $\\pi_0({\\mathcal{G}})=*$. In general, writing just $\\pi_0$ in place of $\\pi_0({\\mathcal{G}})$, by base changing to $\\pi_0$, namely considering the site ${\\mathsf{C}}/\\pi_0$, every stack ${\\mathcal{G}}$ is (tautologically) a gerbe over $\\pi_0$ [@L-MB].", "\n\n1. ", " The trivial gerbe with band $G$ is the stack $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(G)$ of $G$-torsors. ", "Moreover, for any gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}$, the choice of an object $x$ in ${\\mathcal{G}}(U)$ determines an equivalence of gerbes ${\\mathcal{G}}\\rvert_U{\\cong}\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(G\\rvert_U)$, over ${\\mathsf{C}}/U$, where $G=\\operatorname{Aut}_{\\mathcal{G}}(x)$. There is an equivalence $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(G){\\cong}{\\mathrm{B}}_G$, the topos of (left) $G$-objects of ${{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$ ([@Giraud]).", "\n\n2. ", " Any line bundle $L$ over an algebraic variety $X$ over ${\\mathbb{Q}}$ determines a gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_n$ with band ${\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_n$ (the sheaf of $n$[th]{} roots of unity) for any $n >1$ as follows: Over any open set $U$, consider the category of pairs $({\\mathcal{L}}, \\alpha)$ where ${\\mathcal{L}}$ is a line bundle on $U$ and $\\alpha: {\\mathcal{L}}^{\\otimes n} \\xrightarrow{\\sim} L$ is an isomorphism of line bundles over $U$. These assemble to the gerbe $G_n$ of $n$[th]{} roots of $L$. This is an example of a lifting gerbe §\\[lifting\\].", "\n\nOne also has the following interpretation, which shows that, in a fairly precise sense, a gerbe is the categorical analog of a torsor. ", "Let ${\\mathcal{G}}$ be a gerbe over ${\\mathsf{C}}$, let $\\{U_i\\}$ be a cover of $U\\in {\\mathrm{Ob}}({\\mathsf{C}})$, and let $\\{x_i\\}$ be a collection of objects $x_i\\in {\\mathcal{G}}(U_i)$. The $G$-torsors $E_{ij}=\\operatorname{Hom}(x_j,x_i)$ are part of a “torsor cocycle” $\\gamma_{ijk}\\colon\n E_{ij} \\otimes E_{jk}\\to E_{ik}$, locally given by $c_{ijk}$, above, and subject to the obvious identity. ", "Let $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(G)$ be the stack of $G$-torsors over $X$. Since $G$ is assumed abelian, $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(G)$ has a group-like composition law given by the standard Baer sum. ", "The fact that ${\\mathcal{G}}$ itself is locally equivalent to $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(G)$, plus the datum of the torsor cocycle $\\{E_{ij}\\}$, show that ${\\mathcal{G}}$ is equivalent to a $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(G)$-torsor.", "\n\nThe primary examples of abelian gerbes occurring in this paper are the gerbe of local lifts associated to a central extension and four-term complexes, described in the next two sections.", "\n\nThe gerbe of lifts associated with a central extension {#lifting}\n------------------------------------------------------\n\n(See [@Giraud; @Breen94; @Brylinskib].) ", "A central extension $$\\label{eq:7}\n 0 {\\longrightarrow}A \\overset{\\imath}{{\\longrightarrow}} E\\overset{p}{{\\longrightarrow}} G {\\longrightarrow}0$$ of sheaves of groups determines a homotopy-exact sequence $$\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(A) {\\longrightarrow}\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(E){\\longrightarrow}\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(G),$$ which is an extension of topoi with characteristic class $c \\in H^2({\\mathrm{B}}_G,A)$. (Recall that $A$ is abelian and that $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(G)$ is equivalent to ${\\mathrm{B}}_G$.) If ${\\mathsf{X}}$ is any topos over $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(G){\\cong}{\\mathrm{B}}_G$, the gerbe of lifts is the gerbe with band $A$ $${\\mathcal{E}}= \\operatorname{\\mathsf{Hom}}_{{\\mathrm{B}}_G}({\\mathsf{X}},{\\mathrm{B}}_E),$$ where $\\operatorname{\\mathsf{Hom}}$ denotes the cartesian morphisms. ", "The class $c({\\mathcal{E}})\\in H^2({\\mathsf{X}},A)$ is the pullback of $c$ along the map ${\\mathsf{X}}\\to {\\mathrm{B}}_G$. By the universal property of ${\\mathrm{B}}_G$, the morphism ${\\mathsf{X}}\\to {\\mathrm{B}}_G$ corresponds to a $G$-torsor $P$ of ${\\mathsf{X}}$, hence the $A$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{E}}$ is the gerbe whose objects are (locally) pairs of the form $(Q,\\lambda)$, where $Q$ is an $E$-torsor and $\\lambda\\colon Q\\to P$ an equivariant map. ", "It is easy to see that an automorphism of an object $(Q,\\lambda)$ can be identified with an element of $A$, so that $A$ is indeed the band of ${\\mathcal{E}}$.\n\nLet us take ${\\mathsf{X}}={{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$, and let $P$ be a $G$-torsor. ", "With the same assumptions as the end of § \\[sec:gerbes\\], let $X$ be an object of ${\\mathsf{C}}$ with a cover $\\lbrace U_i\\rbrace$. In this case, the class of ${\\mathcal{E}}$ is computed by choosing $E\\rvert_{U_i}$-torsors $Q_i$ and equivariant maps $\\lambda_i\\colon Q_i\\to P\\rvert_{U_i}$. Up to refining the cover, let $\\alpha_{ij}\\colon Q_j\\to Q_i$ be an $E$-torsor isomorphism such that $\\lambda_i\\circ \\alpha_{ij}=\\lambda_j$. With these choices the class of ${\\mathcal{E}}$ is given by the cocycle $\\alpha_{ij}\\circ \\alpha_{jk} \\circ \\alpha_{ik}^{-1}$.\n\n\\[rem:2\\] The above argument gives the well known boundary map [@Giraud Proposition 4.3.4] $$\\partial^1\\colon H^1(G) {\\longrightarrow}H^2(A)$$ (where we have omitted ${\\mathsf{X}}$ from the notation). ", "Dropping down one degree we get \\[ibid., ", "Proposition 3.3.1\\] $$\\partial^0\\colon H^0(G) {\\longrightarrow}H^1(A).$$ In fact these are just the boundary maps determined by the above short exact sequence when all objects are abelian. ", "The latter can be specialized even further: if $g\\colon *\\to G$, then by pullback the fiber $E_g$ is an $A$-torsor [@GrothendieckSGA7].", "\n\nFour-term complexes {#four-term}\n-------------------\n\nLet ${{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}$ be the category of abelian sheaves over the site ${\\mathsf{C}}$. Below we shall be interested in four-term exact sequences of the form: $$\\label{eq:6}\n 0 {\\longrightarrow}A \\overset{\\imath}{{\\longrightarrow}} L_1\\overset{\\partial}{{\\longrightarrow}}\n L_0 \\overset{p}{{\\longrightarrow}} B{\\longrightarrow}0.$$ Let ${\\mathrm{Ch}}_+({{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}})$ be the category of positively graded homological complexes of abelian sheaves. ", "The above sequence can be thought of as a (non-exact) sequence $$0 {\\longrightarrow}A[1] {\\longrightarrow}[L_1{\\longrightarrow}L_0] {\\longrightarrow}B {\\longrightarrow}0$$ of morphisms of ${\\mathrm{Ch}}_+({{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}})$. This sequence is short-exact in the sense of Picard categories, namely as a short exact sequence of Picard stacks $$0 {\\longrightarrow}\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(A) {\\longrightarrow}{\\mathcal{L}}\\overset{p}{{\\longrightarrow}} B{\\longrightarrow}0,$$ where ${\\mathcal{L}}$ is the strictly commutative Picard stack associated to the complex $L_1\\to L_0$ and the abelian object $B$ is considered as a discrete stack in the obvious way. ", "We have isomorphisms $A{\\cong}\\pi_1({\\mathcal{L}})$ and $B {\\cong}\\pi_0({\\mathcal{L}})$, where the former is the automorphism sheaf of the object $0\\in {\\mathcal{L}}$ and the latter the sheaf of connected components (see [@Breen94; @Breen99; @DeligneDG]). ", "It is also well known that the projection $p\\colon {\\mathcal{L}}\\to B$ makes ${\\mathcal{L}}$ a *gerbe* over $B$. In this case the band of ${\\mathcal{L}}$ over $B$ is $A_B$, thereby determining a class in $H^2(B,A)$.[^6]\n\nRather than considering ${\\mathcal{L}}$ itself as a gerbe over $B$, we shall be interested in its fibers above generalized points $\\beta\\colon *\\to B$. Let us put ${\\mathcal{A}}=\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(A)$. By a categorification of the arguments in [@GrothendieckSGA7], the fiber ${\\mathcal{L}}_\\beta$ above $\\beta$ is an ${\\mathcal{A}}$-torsor, hence an $A$-gerbe, by the observation at the end of § \\[sec:gerbes\\] (see also the equivalence described in [@Breen90]). ", "${\\mathcal{L}}_\\beta$ is canonically equivalent to ${\\mathcal{A}}$ whenever $\\beta=0$. Writing $$\\operatorname{Hom}_{{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}}(*,B) {\\cong}\\operatorname{Hom}_{{{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}}({\\mathbb{Z}},B) = H^0(B),$$ we have the homomorphism $$\\label{doppio}\n \\partial^2: H^0(B) {\\longrightarrow}H^2(A),$$ which sends $\\beta$ to the class of ${\\mathcal{L}}_\\beta$ in $H^2(A)$. The sum of $\\beta$ and $\\beta'$ is sent to the Baer sum of ${\\mathcal{L}}_\\beta+{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\beta'}$, and the characteristic class is additive. ", "In the following Lemma we show this map is the same as the one described in [@Giraud Théorème 3.4.2].", "\n\n\\[comparisons\\]\n\n1. ", " The map $\\partial^2$ in is the canonical cohomological map (iterated boundary map) [@Giraud Théorème 3.4.2] $$d^2: H^0(B) {\\longrightarrow}H^1(C) {\\longrightarrow}H^2(A)$$ ($C$ is defined below) arising from the four-term complex .", "\n\n2. ", " The image of $\\beta$ under $d^2$ is the class of the gerbe ${\\mathcal{L}}_{\\beta}$.\n\nWe keep the same notation as above. ", "Let us split  as $$\\begin{tikzcd}\n &&& 0 \\arrow[d] & \\\\\n 0 \\arrow[r] & A \\arrow[r, \"\\imath\"] & L_1 \\arrow[r, \"\\pi\"] \\arrow[dr, \"\\partial\"'] & C \\arrow[r] \\arrow[d, \"\\jmath\"] & 0 \\\\\n & & & L_0 \\arrow[d, \"p\"] & \\\\\n & & & B \\arrow[d] & \\\\\n & & & 0 &\n \\end{tikzcd}$$ with $C= {\\operatorname{Im}}\\partial$. By Grothendieck’s theory of extensions [@GrothendieckSGA7], with $\\beta \\colon *\\to B$, the fiber $(L_0)_\\beta$ is a $C$-torsor (see the end of Remark \\[rem:2\\]). ", "According to section \\[lifting\\], we have a morphism $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(L_1)\\to \\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(C)$, and the object $(L_0)_\\beta$ of $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(C)$ gives rise to the gerbe of lifts ${\\mathcal{E}}_\\beta\\equiv {\\mathcal{E}}_{L_0,\\beta}$, which is an $A$-gerbe. ", "Now, consider the map assigning to $\\beta\\in H^0(B)$ the class of ${\\mathcal{E}}_\\beta\\in H^2(A)$. By construction, this map factors through $H^1(C)$ by sending $\\beta$ to the class of the torsor $(L_0)_\\beta$. We then lift that to the class of the gerbe of lifts in $H^2(A)$. All stages are compatible with the abelian group structures. ", "This is the homomorphism described in [@Giraud Théorème 3.4.2].", "\n\nIt is straightforward that this is just the classical lift of $\\beta$ through the four-term sequence . ", "Indeed, this is again easily seen in terms of a Čech cover $\\{U_i\\}$ of $*$. ", "Lifts $x_i$ of $\\beta\\rvert_{U_i}$ are sections of the $C$-torsor $(L_0)_\\beta$, therefore determining a standard $C$-valued 1-cocycle $\\{c_{ij}\\}$. From section \\[lifting\\] we then obtain an $A$-valued 2-cocycle $\\{a_{ijk}\\}$ arising from the choice of local $L_1$-torsors $X_i$ such that $X_i\\to (L_0)_\\beta \\rvert_{U_i}$ is ($L_1\\to C$)-equivariant. ", "Note that in the case at hand, $\\pi\\colon L_1\\to C$ being an epimorphism, the lifting of the torsor $(L_0)_\\beta$ is done by choosing local trivializations, [i.e.]{}the $x_i$ above, and then choosing $X_i=L_1\\rvert_{U_i}$.\n\nThe same argument shows that the class of ${\\mathcal{L}}_\\beta$, introduced earlier, is the same as that of ${\\mathcal{E}}_\\beta$. This follows from the following well known facts: objects of ${\\mathcal{L}}_\\beta$ are locally lifts of $\\beta$ to $L_0$; morphisms between them are given by elements of $L_1$ acting through $\\partial$. As a result, automorphisms are sections of $A$ and clearly the class so obtained coincides with that of ${\\mathcal{E}}_\\beta$. Therefore ${\\mathcal{E}}_\\beta$ and ${\\mathcal{L}}_\\beta$ are equivalent and the homomorphism of [@Giraud Théorème 3.4.2] is equal to , as required.", "\n\nFrom the proof of the above lemma, we obtain the following two descriptions of the $A$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{L}}_{\\beta}$.\n\n\\[diversi\\] (i) For any four-term complex and any generalized point $\\beta$ of $B$, the fiber ${\\mathcal{L}}_{\\beta}$ is a gerbe. ", "Explicitly, it is the stack associated with the prestack which attaches to $U$ the groupoid ${\\mathcal{L}}_{\\beta}(U)$ whose objects are elements $g \\in L_0(U)$ with $p(g) = \\beta$ and morphisms between $g$ and $g'$ given by elements $h$ of $L_1(U)$ satisfying $\\partial(h) = g-g'$.\n\n\\(ii) The $A$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{L}}_{\\beta}$ is the lifting gerbe of the $C$-torsor $(L_0)_{\\beta}$ to a $L_1$-torsor.", "\n\nWe will use both descriptions in §\\[sec:codim2\\] especially in the comparison of the Gersten and the Heisenberg gerbe of a codimension two cycle, in the case that it is an intersection of divisors.", "\n\nA slightly different point of view is the following. ", "Recast the sequence  as a quasi-isomorphism $$A[2] \\overset{{\\cong}}{{\\longrightarrow}} \\bigl[ L_1{\\longrightarrow}L_0{\\longrightarrow}B \\bigr]$$ of three-term complexes of ${\\mathrm{Ch}}_+({{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}})$, where now $A$ has been shifted two places to the left. ", "Also, relabel the right hand side as $L'_2\\to L'_1\\to L'_0$ (where again we employ homological degrees) for convenience. ", "By [@Tatar], the above morphism of complexes of ${\\mathrm{Ch}}_+({{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}})$, placed in degrees $[-2,0]$, gives an equivalence between the corresponding associated strictly commutative Picard 2-stacks $${\\mathfrak{A}}\\overset{{\\cong}}{{\\longrightarrow}} {\\mathfrak{L}}$$ over ${\\mathsf{C}}$. Here ${\\mathfrak{L}}= [L'_2\\to L'_1\\to L'_0]\\sptilde$ and ${\\mathfrak{A}}= [A\\to 0\\to 0]\\sptilde {\\cong}\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}({\\mathcal{A}}){\\cong}\\operatorname{\\textsc{Gerbes}}(A)$. This time we have $\\pi_0({\\mathfrak{L}}) = \\pi_1({\\mathfrak{L}}) = 0$, and $\\pi_2({\\mathfrak{L}}){\\cong}A$, as it follows directly from the quasi-isomorphism above. ", "Thus ${\\mathfrak{L}}$ is 2-connected, namely any two objects are locally ([i.e.]{}after base change) connected by an arrow; similarly, any two arrows with the same source and target are—again, locally—connected by a 2-arrow.", "\n\nLocally, any object of ${\\mathfrak{L}}$ is a section $\\beta\\in B=L'_0$. By the preceding argument, the Picard stack ${\\mathcal{L}}_\\beta = \\operatorname{Aut}_{\\mathfrak{L}}(\\beta)$ is an $A$-gerbe, and the assignment $\\beta \\mapsto {\\mathcal{L}}_\\beta$ realizes (a quasi-inverse of) the equivalence between ${\\mathfrak{A}}$ and ${\\mathfrak{L}}$. It is easy to see that ${\\mathcal{L}}_\\beta$ is the same as the fiber over $\\beta$ introduced before.", "\n\nIn particular, for the Gersten resolution , , for ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$, we get the equivalence of Picard 2-stacks $$\\label{eq:8}\n \\operatorname{\\textsc{Gerbes}}({\\mathcal{K}}_2) {\\cong}\\bigl[G_2^X \\bigr]\\sptilde.$$\n\nThe Heisenberg group {#sec:heis}\n====================\n\nThe purpose of this section is to describe a functor $H\\colon {\\mathsf{Ab}}\\times {\\mathsf{Ab}}\\to {\\mathsf{Grp}}$, where ${\\mathsf{Ab}}$ is the category of abelian groups and ${\\mathsf{Grp}}$ that of groups. ", "If ${\\mathsf{C}}$ is a site, the method immediately generalizes to the categories of abelian groups and of groups in ${{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$, the topos of sheaves on ${\\mathsf{C}}$. For any pair $A, B$ of abelian sheaves on ${\\mathsf{C}}$, there is a canonical Heisenberg sheaf $H_{A,B}$ (of non-commutative groups on ${\\mathsf{C}}$), a central extension of $A \\times B$ by $A\\otimes B$.\n\nThe definition of $H$ is based on a generalization of the Heisenberg group construction due to Brylinski [@Brylinski §5]. ", "A pullback along the diagonal map $A \\to A\\otimes A$ gives the extension constructed by Poonen and Rains [@PoonenRains].", "\n\nThe Heisenberg group {#sec:elem}\n--------------------\n\nLet $A$ and $B$ be abelian groups. ", "Consider the (central) extension $$\\label{eq:1}\n 0 \\to A\\otimes B \\to H_{A,B} \\to A\\times B \\to 0$$ where the group $H_{A,B}$ is defined by the group law: $$\\label{eq:2}\n (a,b,t)\\, (a',b',t') = (aa',bb',t + t' + a\\otimes b').$$ Here $a,a'$ are elements of $A$, $b,b'$ of $B$, and $t,t'$ of $A\\otimes B$. The nonabelian group $H_{A,B}$ is evidently a functor of the pair $(A,B)$, namely a pair of homomorphisms $(f\\colon A\\to A', g\\colon B\\to B')$ induces a homomorphism $H_{f,g}\\colon H_{A,B}\\to H_{A',B'}$. The special case $A=B={\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_n$ occurs in Brylinski’s treatment of the regulator map to étale cohomology [@Brylinski].", "\n\nThe map $$\\label{eq:3}\n f \\colon (A\\times B)\\times (A\\times B) {\\longrightarrow}A\\otimes B,\n \\qquad\n f(a,b,a',b') = a\\otimes b',$$ is a cocycle representing the class of the extension  in $H^2(A\\times B, A\\otimes B)$ (group cohomology). ", "Its alternation $$\\varphi_f\\colon \\wedge_{\\mathbb{Z}}^2 (A\\times B) {\\longrightarrow}A\\otimes B,\n \\qquad\n \\varphi_f((a,b),(a',b')) = a\\otimes b' - a'\\otimes b,$$ coincides with the standard commutator map and represents the value of the projection of the class of $f$ under the third map in the universal coefficient sequence $$0 {\\longrightarrow}\\operatorname{Ext}^1(A\\times B, A\\otimes B) {\\longrightarrow}H^2(A\\times B, A\\otimes B) {\\longrightarrow}\\operatorname{Hom}(\\wedge_{\\mathbb{Z}}^2 (A\\times B), A\\otimes B).$$ As for the commutator map, it is equal to $[s,s]\\colon \\wedge_{\\mathbb{Z}}^2 (A\\times B)\\to A\\otimes B$, where $s\\colon A\\times B\\to H_{A,B}$ is a set-theoretic lift, but the map actually is independent of the choice of $s$. (For details see, [e.g.]{}the introduction to [@Breen99].)", "\n\nThe properties of the class of the extension $H_{A,B}$, in particular that it is a cup-product of the fundamental classes of $A$ and $B$, as we can already evince from , are best expressed in terms of Eilenberg-Mac Lane spaces. ", "We will do this below working in the topos of sheaves over a site.", "\n\nExtension to sheaves {#sec:sh}\n--------------------\n\nThe construction of the Heisenberg group carries over to the sheaf context. ", "Let ${\\mathsf{C}}$ be a site, and ${{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$ the topos of sheaves over ${\\mathsf{C}}$. Denote by ${{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}$ the abelian group objects of ${{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$, namely the abelian sheaves on ${\\mathsf{C}}$, and by ${{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{grp}}$ the sheaves of groups on ${\\mathsf{C}}$.\n\nFor all pairs of objects $A,B$ of ${{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}$, it is clear that the above construction of $H_{A,B}$ carries over to a functor $$H\\colon {{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}\\times {{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}{\\longrightarrow}{{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{grp}}.$$ In particular, since $H_{A,B}$ is already a sheaf of sets (isomorphic to $A \\times B \\times (A\\otimes B)$), the only question is whether the group law varies nicely, but this is clear from its functoriality. ", "Note further that by definition of $H_{A,B}$ the resulting epimorphism $H_{A,B}\\to A\\times B$ has a global section $s\\colon A\\times B\\to H_{A,B}$ as objects of ${{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$, namely $s=(\\operatorname{id}_A,\\operatorname{id}_B,0)$, which we can use this to repeat the calculations of § \\[sec:elem\\].", "\n\nIn more detail, from § \\[lifting\\], the class of the central extenson  is to be found in $H^2({\\mathrm{B}}_{A\\times B},A\\otimes B)$ ($A\\otimes B$ is a trivial $A\\times B$-module). ", "This replaces the group cohomology of § \\[sec:elem\\] with its appropriate topos equivalent. ", "By pulling back to the ambient topos, say ${\\mathsf{X}}={{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$, this is the class of the gerbe of lifts from $B_{A\\times B}$ to $B_H$. We are ready to give a proof of Theorem \\[primo\\]. ", "This proof is computational.", "\n\nLet us go back to the cocycle calculations at the end of § \\[lifting\\], where $X$ is an object of ${\\mathsf{C}}$ equipped with a cover ${\\mathcal{U}}=\\lbrace U_i\\rbrace$. An $A\\times B$-torsor $(P,Q)$ over $X$ would be represented by a Čech cocycle $(a_{ij},b_{ij})$ relative to ${\\mathcal{U}}$. The cocycle is determined by the choice of isomorphisms $(P,Q)\\rvert_{U_i}{\\cong}(A\\times B)\\rvert_{U_i}$. Now, define $R_i = H_{A,B}\\rvert_{U_i}$ with the trivial $H_{A,B}$-torsor structure, and let $\\lambda_i\\colon R_i\\to (P,Q)\\rvert_{U_i}$ equal the epimorphism in . ", "Carrying out the calculation described at the end of \\[lifting\\] with these data gives $\\alpha_{ij}\\circ \\alpha_{jk}\\circ \\alpha_{ik}^{-1}=a_{ij}\\otimes b_{jk}$, which is the cup-product in Čech cohomology of the classes corresponding to the $A$-torsor $P$ and the $B$-torsor $Q$. In other words, the gerbe of lifts corresponding to the central extension determined by the Heisenberg group incarnates the cup product map $$H^1(X,A) \\times H^1(X,B) \\overset{\\cup}{{\\longrightarrow}} H^2(X,A\\otimes B).$$ For the choice $\\alpha_{ij} = (a_{ij}, b_{ij}, 0)$, one has the following explicit calculation in the Heisenberg group $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\alpha_{ij}\\circ \\alpha_{jk}\\circ \\alpha_{ik}^{-1}\n & = (a_{ij}, b_{ij}, 0)(a_{jk}, b_{jk}, 0)(a_{ik}, b_{ik}, 0)^{-1}\\\\\n & = (a_{ik}, b_{ik}, a_{ij}\\otimes b_{jk}) (a^{-1}_{ik}, b^{-1}_{ik}, a_{ik}\\otimes b_{ik})\\\\\n & = (1,1, a_{ij} \\otimes b_{jk} + a_{ik}\\otimes b_{ik} - a_{ik} \\otimes b_{ik}) \\\\\n & = (1,1, a_{ij} \\otimes b_{jk});\n \\end{aligned}$$ We used that the inverse of $(a, b, t)$ in the Heisenberg group is $(a^{-1}, b^{-1}, -t + a\\otimes b)$: $$(a, b, t) (a^{-1}, b^{-1}, -t + a\\otimes b)\n = (1, 1, a\\otimes b^{-1} + t -t + a\\otimes b) = (1,1,0).$$ It is well known [@Brylinskib Chapter 1, §1.3, Equation (1-18), p. 29] that the Čech cup-product of $a =\\{a_{ij}\\}$ and $b = \\{b_{ij}\\}$ is given by the two-cocycle $$\\{a\\cup b\\}_{ijk} = \\{a_{ij}\\otimes b_{jk}\\}.$$\n\nThis proves the first three points of the statement, whereas the fourth is built-in from the very construction. ", "The fifth follows from the fact that the class of the gerbe of lifts is bilinear: this is evident from the expression computed above.", "\n\nAs hinted above, the cup product has a more intrinsic explanation in terms of maps between Eilenberg-Mac Lane objects in the topos. ", "Passing to Eilenberg-Mac Lane objects in particular “explains” why the cup-product realizes the cup-product pairing. ", "First, we state\n\n\\[thm:cup\\] The class of the extension  in ${{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$ corresponds to (the homotopy class of) the cup product map $$K(A\\times B,1) {\\cong}K(A,1)\\times K(B,1) {\\longrightarrow}K(A\\otimes B,2)$$ between the identity maps of $K(A,1)$ and $K(B,1)$; its expression is given by .", "\n\nObserve the epimorphism $H_{A,B}\\to A\\times B$ has global set-theoretic sections. ", "The statement follows from Propositions \\[simpltop\\] and \\[prop:cup\\] below.", "\n\nThe two main points, which we now proceed to illustrate, are that Eilenberg-Mac Lane objects represent cohomology (and hypercohomology, once we take into account simplicial objects) in a topos, and that the cohomology of a group object in a topos (such as $A\\times B$ in ${{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$) with trivial coefficients can be traded for the hypercohomology of a simplicial model of it. ", "In this way we calculate the class of the extension as a map, and such map is identified with the cup product. ", "We assemble the necessary results to flesh out the proof of Theorem \\[thm:cup\\] in the next two sections.", "\n\nSimplicial computations {#sec:simplicial}\n-----------------------\n\nThe class of the central extension  can be computed simplicially. (", "For the following recollections, see [@IllusieII VI.5, VI.6, VI.8] and [@Breen §2].)", "\n\nLet ${\\mathsf{T}}$ be a topos, $G$ a group-object of ${\\mathsf{T}}$ (for us it will be ${\\mathsf{T}}={{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$) and $BG=K(G,1)$ the standard classifying simplicial object with $B_nG=G^n$ [@DeligneH3]. ", "Let $A$ be a trivial $G$-module. ", "We will need the following well known fact.[^7]\n\n\\[simpltop\\] $H^i(\\B_G,A) \\iso \\HH^i(BG,A).", "\n $\n\nThe object on the right is the hypercohomology as a simplicial object of ${\\mathsf{T}}$. Let $X$ be a simplicial object in a topos ${\\mathsf{T}}$. One defines $${\\mathbf{H}}^i(X,A) = \\operatorname{\\textbf{E}xt}^i({\\mathbb{Z}}[X]\\sptilde, A)$$ where $M\\sptilde$, for any simplicial abelian object $M$ of ${\\mathsf{T}}$, denotes the corresponding chain complex defined by $M_n\\sptilde=M_n$, and by taking the alternate sum of the face maps. ", "${\\mathbb{Z}}X_n$ denotes the abelian object of ${\\mathsf{T}}$ generated by $X_n$. Of interest to us is the spectral sequence [@Breen Example (2.10) and below]: $$E_1^{p,q} = H^q(X_p,A) \\Longrightarrow {\\mathbf{H}}^\\bullet(X, A).$$\n\nLet $X$ be any simplicial object of ${\\mathsf{T}}$. The levelwise topoi ${\\mathsf{T}}/X_n$, $n=0,1,\\dots$, form a simplicial topos ${\\mathsf{X}}={\\mathsf{T}}/X$ or equivalently a topos fibered over $\\Delta^{\\mathrm{op}}$, where $\\Delta$ is the simplicial category. ", "The topos ${\\mathrm{B}}{\\mathsf{X}}$ of ${\\mathsf{X}}$-objects essentially consists of descent-like data, that is, objects $L$ of ${\\mathsf{X}}_0$ equipped with an arrow $a\\colon d_1^*L\\to d_0^*L$ the cocycle condition $d_0^*a\\, d_2^*a=d_1^*a$ and $s_0^*a = \\operatorname{id}$ (the latter is automatic if $a$ is an isomorphism). ", "By [@IllusieII VI.8.1.3], in the case where $X=BG$, ${\\mathrm{B}}{\\mathsf{X}}$ is nothing but ${\\mathrm{B}}_G$, the topos of $G$-objects of ${\\mathsf{T}}$. One also forms the topos $\\operatorname{Tot}({\\mathsf{X}})$, whose objects are collections $F_n\\in {\\mathsf{X}}_n$ such that for each $\\alpha\\colon [m]\\to [n]$ in $\\Delta^{\\mathrm{op}}$ there is a morphism $F_\\alpha\\colon \\alpha^*F_m\\to F_n$, where $\\alpha^*$ is the inverse image corresponding to the morphism $\\alpha\\colon {\\mathsf{X}}_n\\to {\\mathsf{X}}_m$. There is a functor $\\mathit{ner}\\colon {\\mathrm{B}}{\\mathsf{X}}\\to \\operatorname{Tot}({\\mathsf{X}})$ sending $(L,a)$ to the object of $\\operatorname{Tot}({\\mathsf{X}})$ which at level $n$ equals $(d_0\\cdots d_0)^*L$ ($a$ enters through the resulting face maps), see [*loc.cit.*]{}for the actual expressions. ", "The functor $\\mathit{ner}$ is the inverse image functor for a morphism $\\operatorname{Tot}({\\mathsf{X}})\\to {\\mathrm{B}}{\\mathsf{X}}$, and, ${\\mathsf{X}}$ satisfying the conditions of being a “good pseudo-category” ([@IllusieII VI 8.2]) we have an isomorphism $$R\\Gamma({\\mathrm{B}}{\\mathsf{X}},L) \\overset{{\\cong}}{{\\longrightarrow}} R\\Gamma (\\operatorname{Tot}({\\mathsf{X}}),\\mathit{ner}(L))$$ and, in turn, a spectral sequence $$E_1^{p,q} = H^q(X_p,\\mathit{ner}_p(L)) \\Longrightarrow H^\\bullet({\\mathrm{B}}{\\mathsf{X}}, L),$$ [@IllusieII VI, Corollaire 8.4.2.2]. ", "On the left hand side we recognize the spectral sequence for the cohomology of a simplicial object in a topos [@Breen §2.10].", "\n\nApplying the foregoing to $X=BG$, and $L$ a left $G$-object of ${\\mathsf{T}}$, we obtain [@IllusieII VI.8.4.4.5] $$E_1^{p,q} = H^q(G^p,L) \\Longrightarrow H^\\bullet({\\mathrm{B}}_G, L).$$ (We set $Y=e$, the terminal object of ${\\mathsf{T}}$, in the formulas from [*loc.cit.*]{})", "\n\nThus if $L=A$, the trivial $G$-module arising from a central extension of $G$ by $A$, by comparing the spectral sequences we can trade $H^2({\\mathrm{B}}_G, A)$ for the hypercohomology ${\\mathbf{H}}^2(K(G,1),A)$.\n\nThe cup product {#sec:cup}\n---------------\n\nThe class of the extension extension  corresponds to the homotopy class of a map $K(A\\times B,1)\\to K(A\\otimes B,2)$. We interpret it in terms of cup products of Eilenberg-Mac Lane objects.", "\n\nRecall that for an object $M$ of ${{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}$ we have $K(M,i)=K(M[i])$, where $M[i]$ denotes $M$ placed in homological degree $i$, and $K \\colon {\\mathrm{Ch}}_+({{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}})\\to s{{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}$ is the Dold-Kan functor from nonnegative chain complexes of ${{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}$ to simplicial abelian sheaves. ", "Explicitly: $$K(M,i)_n =\n \\begin{cases}\n 0 & 0\\leq n < i, \\\\\n \\bigoplus_{s \\colon [n] \\twoheadrightarrow [i]} M & n\\geq i.\n \\end{cases}$$ In particular, $K(M,i)_i=M$. $K$ is a quasi-inverse to the normalized complex functor $N\\colon s{{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}\\to {\\mathrm{Ch}}_+({{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}})$.\n\nIf $X$ is a simplicial object $X$ of ${{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$, we have $$\\label{eq:5}\n {\\mathbf{H}}^i(X,M) {\\cong}[X,K(M,i)],$$ where the right-hand side denotes the hom-set in the homotopy category [@Illusie; @Breen]. ", "In particular, there is a fundamental class $\\imath_M^n\\in {\\mathbf{H}}^n(K(M,n),M)$, corresponding to the identity map.", "\n\nReturning to the objects $A$ and $B$ of ${{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}$, also recall the morphism [@Breen Chapter II, Equation (2.22), p. 64] $$\\label{eq:4}\n \\delta_{i,j}\\colon\n K(A,i)\\times K(B,j) {\\longrightarrow}K(A\\otimes B,i+j).$$ It is the composition of two maps. ", "The first is: $$K(A,i)\\times K(B,j){\\longrightarrow}d((K(A,i)\\boxtimes K(B,j)) = (K(A,i)\\otimes K(B,j))),$$ where $\\boxtimes$ denotes the external tensor product of simplicial objects of ${{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}$ and $d$ the diagonal; the second is the map in $s{{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}}$ corresponding to the Alexander-Whitney map under the Dold-Kan correspondence. ", "We have:\n\n\\[prop:cup\\] The class of the extension  is equal to $\\imath_A^1\\otimes \\imath_B^1 = \\delta_{1,1}(\\imath_A^1\\times \\imath_B^1)$.\n\nObserve that any simplicial morphism $f\\colon X\\to K(M,i)$ is determined by $f_i$, the rest, for $n>i$, being determined by the simplicial identities. ", "Therefore we need to compute: $$K(A\\times B,1)_2 {\\cong}K(A,1)_2\\times K(B,1)_2 {\\longrightarrow}K(A\\otimes B,2)_2,$$ namely $$(A\\times B)\\times (A\\times B) {\\longrightarrow}(A\\times A)\\times (B\\times B) {\\longrightarrow}A\\otimes B.$$ From the expression of the Alexander-Whitney map, in [e.g.]{} [@Illusie], the image of the second map in ${\\mathrm{Ch}}_+({{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}_\\mathrm{ab}})$ is the sum of $d_0^vd_0^v$, $d_1^hd_1^h$, and $d_2^hd_0^v$. Only the third one is nonzero, giving $((a,b),(a',b'))\\to a\\otimes b'$, which equals $f$ in the construction of the extension . ", "Using  we obtain the conclusion.", "\n\nThe morphism  represents the standard cup product in cohomology. ", "By Proposition  \\[prop:cup\\], for an object $X$ of $s{{\\mathsf{C}}\\sptilde}$, the cup product $${\\mathbf{H}}^1(X,A)\\times {\\mathbf{H}}^1(X,B) {\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{H}}^2(X,A\\otimes B)$$ factors through $X\\to K(A,1)\\times K(B,1)$ and the extension .", "\n\nProposition \\[prop:cup\\] and the above map provide a more conceptual proof of Theorem \\[primo\\].", "\n\nExamples and connections to prior results {#sec:Examples}\n=========================================\n\nIn this section, we collect some examples and briefly indicate the connections with earlier results [@Bloch; @Brylinski; @Parshin; @PoonenRains; @Ramakrishnan].", "\n\nSelf-cup products of Poonen-Rains\n---------------------------------\n\nIn [@PoonenRains], Poonen and Rains construct, for any abelian group $A$, a central extension of the form $$0 \\to A\\otimes A\\to U\\!A\\to A \\to 0,$$ providing a functor $U\\colon {\\mathsf{Ab}}\\to {\\mathsf{Grp}}$. The group law in $U\\!A$ is obtained from  by setting $a=a'$ and $b=b'$. Hence the above extension can be obtained from  by pulling back along the diagonal homomorphism $\\Delta_A\\colon A\\to A\\times A$. ", "Similarly, both the cocycle and its alternation for the extension constructed in [*loc.cit.*]{}", " are obtained from ours by pullback along $\\Delta_A$, for $A\\in {\\mathsf{Ab}}$. Similar remarks apply over an abelian sheaf $A$ on any site ${\\mathsf{C}}$. They use $U\\!A$ to describe the self-cup product $\\alpha \\cup \\alpha$ of any element $\\alpha \\in H^1(A)$.\n\nBrylinski’s work on regulators and étale analogues\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nIn [@Brylinski], Brylinski has proved Theorem \\[primo\\] in the case $A =B ={\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_n$, the étale sheaf ${\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_n$ of $n$[th]{} roots of unity on a scheme $X$ over $\\operatorname{Spec}{\\mathbb{Z}}[\\frac{1}{n}]$ using the Heisenberg group $H_{{\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_n, {\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_n}$ (in our notation). ", "He used it to provide a geometric interpretation of the regulator map $$c_{1,2}: H^1(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2) {\\longrightarrow}H^3(X, {\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_n^{\\otimes 2}), \\qquad (\\text{$n$ odd}),$$ a special case of C. Soulé’s regulator. ", "If $X$ is a smooth projective variety over $\\mathbb C$ (viewed as an complex analytic space) and $f,g$ are invertible functions on $X$, P. Deligne (and Bloch) [@Deligne0] constructed a holomorphic line bundle $(f,g)$ on $X$ and Bloch showed that this gives a regulator map from $K_2(X)$ to the group of isomorphism classes of holomorphic line bundles with connection, later interpreted by D. Ramakrishnan [@Ramakrishnan] in terms of the three-dimensional Heisenberg group.", "\n\nWrite $[f]_n, [g]_n \\in H^1(X, {\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_n)$ for the images of $f,g$ under the boundary map $H^0(X, {\\mathcal{O}}_{X^{an}}) \\to H^1(X, {\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_n)$ of the analytic Kummer sequence $$1{\\longrightarrow}{\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_n {\\longrightarrow}{\\mathcal{O}}_{X^{an}}^* \\xrightarrow{u\\mapsto u^n} {\\mathcal{O}}_{X^{an}}^* {\\longrightarrow}1.$$ The gerbe $G_{[f]_n,[g]_n}$ from Theorem \\[primo\\] is compatible with Bloch-Deligne line bundle $(f,g)$, in a sense made precise in [@Brylinski Proposition 5.1 and after].", "\n\nFinite flat group schemes\n-------------------------\n\nLet $X$ be any variety over a perfect field $F$ of characteristic $p>0$. For any commutative finite flat group scheme $N$ killed by $p^n$, consider the cup product pairing $$H^1(X, N) \\times H^1(X, N^D) \\to H^2(C, {\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_{p^n})$$ of flat cohomology groups where $N^D$ is the Cartier dual of $N$. Theorem \\[primo\\] provides a ${\\boldsymbol{\\mu}}_{p^n}$-gerbe on $X$ given a $N$-torsor and a $N^D$-torsor. ", "When $N$ is the kernel of $p^n$ on an abelian scheme $A$ so that $N^D$ is the kernel of $p^n$ on the dual abelian scheme $A^D$ of $A$, the cup-product pairing is related to the Néron-Tate pairing [@Milne67 p. 19].", "\n\nThe gerbe associated with a pair of divisors {#pairs}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nLet $X$ be a smooth variety over a field $F$. Let $D$ and $D'$ be divisors on $X$. Consider the non-abelian sheaf $H$ on $X$ obtained by pushing the Heisenberg group $H_{{\\mathcal{K}}_1, {\\mathcal{K}}_1}$ along the multiplication map $m: {\\mathcal{K}}_1\\otimes {\\mathcal{K}}_1 \\to {\\mathcal{K}}_2$. So $H$ is a central extension of ${\\mathcal{K}}_1 \\times K_1$ by ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$ which we write $$0 {\\longrightarrow}{\\mathcal{K}}_2 {\\longrightarrow}H \\overset{\\pi}{{\\longrightarrow}} {\\mathcal{K}}_1 \\times {\\mathcal{K}}_1 {\\longrightarrow}0.$$\n\nLet $L = L_{D, D'}$ denote the ${\\mathcal{K}}_1 \\times {\\mathcal{K}}_1$-torsor defined by the pair $D, D'$. Applying Theorem \\[primo\\] gives a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe on $X$ as follows. ", "Since $H$ is a central extension (so ${\\mathcal{K}}_1 \\times {\\mathcal{K}}_1$ acts trivially on ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$), the category of local liftings of $L$ to a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-torsor provide (§\\[lifting\\], [@Giraud IV, 4.2.2]) a canonical ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$.\n\nThe Heisenberg gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$ with band ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$ is the following: For each open set $U$, the category ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}(U)$ has objects pairs $(P, \\rho)$ where $P$ is a $H$-torsor on $U$ and $$\\rho\\colon P \\times_{\\pi} ({\\mathcal{K}}_1 \\times {\\mathcal{K}}_1) \\overset{\\sim}{{\\longrightarrow}} L$$ is an isomorphism of ${\\mathcal{K}}_1 \\times {\\mathcal{K}}_1$-torsors; a morphism from $(P, \\rho)$ to $(P', \\rho')$ is a map $f: P \\to P'$ of $H$-torsors satisfying $\\rho = \\rho'\\circ f$. It is clear that the set of morphisms from $(P, \\rho)$ to $(P', \\rho')$ is a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-torsor.", "\n\nAssume $X$ is a curve (smooth proper) and put $Y =X \\times X$.\n\n\\(i) Assume $F=\\mathbb F_q$ is a finite field. ", "Let $D$ be the graph on $Y$ of the Frobenius morphism $\\pi: X \\to X$ and $D'$ be the diagonal, the image of $X$ under the map $\\Delta: X \\to X \\times X$. Theorem \\[primo\\] attaches a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe on $Y$ to the zero-cycle $D.D'$, the intersection of the divisors $D$ and $D'$. Since the zero cycle $D.D'$ is the pushforward $\\Delta_{*} \\beta$ of $\\beta= \\displaystyle\\sum_{x\\in X(\\mathbb F_q)} x$ on $X$, we obtain that the set of rational points on $X$ determines a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe on $X \\times X$.\n\n\\(ii) Note that the diagonal $\\Delta_Y$ (a codimension-two cycle on $Y \\times Y$) can be written as an intersection of divisors $V$ and $V'$ on $Y\\times Y = X \\times X\\times X \\times X$ where $V$ (resp. ", "$V'$) are the set of points of the latter of the form $\\{(a,b,a,c)\\}$ (resp. ", "$\\{(a,b,d,b)\\}$). ", "Theorem \\[primo\\] says that $\\Delta_Y$ determines a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe on $Y\\times Y$.\n\nAdjunction formula\n------------------\n\nLet $X$ be a smooth proper variety and $D$ be a smooth divisor of $X$. The classical adjunction formula states:\n\n*The restriction of the line bundle $L_D^{-1}$ to $D$ is the conormal bundle $N_D$ (a line bundle on $D$).*", "\n\nGiven a pair of smooth divisors $D, D'$ with $E = D \\cap D'$ smooth of pure codimension two, write $\\iota: E \\hookrightarrow X$ for the inclusion. ", "There is a map $\\pi: \\iota^*{\\mathcal{K}}_2 \\to {\\mathcal{K}}_2^E$, where ${\\mathcal{K}}_2^E$ indicates the usual K-theory sheaf ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$ on $E$. An analogue of the adjunction formula for $E$ would be a description of the ${\\mathcal{K}}_2^E$-gerbe $\\pi_* \\iota^*{\\mathcal{G}}_{D,D'}$ obtained from the ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$ on $X$.\n\nLet $D$ and $D'$ be smooth divisors of $X$ with $E = D \\cap D'$ smooth of pure codimension two. ", "Consider the line bundles $V = (N_D)|_E$ and $V'= (N_{D'})|_E$ on $E$. Then, $\\pi_* \\iota^*{\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$ is equivalent to the ${\\mathcal{K}}^E_2$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{V, V'}$.\n\nSince the restriction map $H^*(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_i) \\to H^*(E, {\\mathcal{K}}^E_i)$ respects cup-product, this follows from the classical adjunction formula for $D$ and $D'$.\n\nParshin’s adelic groups\n-----------------------\n\nLet $S$ be a smooth proper surface over a field $F$. For any choice of a curve $C$ in $S$ and a point $P$ on $C$, Parshin [@Parshin (18)] has introduced a discrete Heisenberg group $$0 \\to {\\mathbb{Z}}\\to \\tilde{\\Gamma}_{P,C} \\to \\Gamma_{P,C} \\to 0,$$ where $\\Gamma_{P,C}$ is isomorphic (non-canonically) to ${\\mathbb{Z}}\\oplus {\\mathbb{Z}}$; he has shown [@Parshin end of §3] how a suitable product of these groups leads to an adelic description of $CH^2(S)$ and the intersection pairing . ", "His constructions are closely related to an adelic resolution of the sheaf $H_{{\\mathcal{K}}_1, {\\mathcal{K}}_1}$ on $S$.\n\nAlgebraic cycles of codimension two {#sec:codim2}\n===================================\n\nThroughout this section, $X$ is a smooth proper variety over a field $F$. Let $\\eta \\colon \\textrm{Spec}~F_X\\to X$ be the generic point of $X$ and write $K_i^{\\eta}$ for the sheaf $j_* K_i(F_X)$.\n\nIn this section, we construct the Gersten gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ for any codimension two cycle $\\alpha$ on $X$, provide various equivalent descriptions of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ and use them to prove Theorems \\[k2gerbe\\], \\[comparison\\]. ", "As a consequence, we obtain Theorems \\[secondo\\] and \\[terzo\\] of the introduction.", "\n\nBloch-Quillen formula {#sec:bloch-quillen}\n---------------------\n\nRecall the (flasque) Gersten resolution[^8] [@Quillen §7] [@handbook p. 276] [@Gerstenicm] of the Zariski sheaf ${\\mathcal{K}}_i$ associated with the presheaf $U \\mapsto K_i(U)$:\n\n$$\\label{gersten}\n0 {\\longrightarrow}{\\mathcal{K}}_i {\\longrightarrow}\\bigoplus_{x \\in X^{(0)}} j_* K_i(x) {\\longrightarrow}\\bigoplus_{x \\in X^{(1)}} j_* K_{i-1}(x) {\\longrightarrow}\\cdots \\bigoplus_{x \\in X^{(i-1)}} j_* K_1(x) \\xrightarrow{\\delta_{i-1}} \\bigoplus_{x \\in X^{(i)}}{\\oplus} ~j_* K_0(x);$$\n\nhere, any point $x\\in X^{(m)}$ corresponds to a subvariety of codimension $m$ and the map $j$ is the canonical inclusion $x \\hookrightarrow X$. So ${\\mathcal{K}}_i$ is quasi-isomorphic to the complex $$\\label{eq:9}\n G_i^X = \\bigl[ K_i^{\\eta} {\\longrightarrow}\\bigoplus_{x \\in X^{(1)}}\n j_* K_{i-1}(x) {\\longrightarrow}\\cdots \\bigoplus_{x \\in X^{(i-1)}} j_* K_1(x)\n \\xrightarrow{\\delta_{i-1}} \\bigoplus_{x \\in X^{(i)}} j_* K_0(x) \\bigr] .$$\n\nBy (\\[gersten\\]), there is a functorial isomorphism [@Quillen §7, Theorem 5.19] [@handbook Corollary 72, p. 276] $$\\label{BQ}\n \\bigoplus_i CH^i(X) \\xrightarrow{\\sim} \\bigoplus_i H^i(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_i); \\qquad \\text{\\makebox[0pt][l]{(Bloch-Quillen formula)}}$$ this is an isomorphism of graded rings: D. Grayson has proved that the intersection product on $CH(X) = \\oplus_i CH^i(X)$ corresponds to the cup-product in cohomology [@handbook Theorem 77, p.278]. ", "Thus, algebraic cycles of codimension $n$ give $n$-cocycles of the sheaf ${\\mathcal{K}}_n$ on $X$ and that two such cocycles are cohomologous exactly when the algebraic cycles are rationally equivalent.", "\n\nThe final two maps in arise essentially from the valuation and the tame symbol map [@Bloch pp.351-2]. ", "Let $R$ be a discrete valuation ring, with fraction field $L$; let ${\\rm ord}: L^{\\times} \\to {\\mathbb{Z}}$ be the valuation and let $l$ be the residue field. ", "The boundary maps from the localization sequence for $\\operatorname{Spec}R$ are known explicitly: the map $L^{\\times} = K_1(L) \\to K_0(l) = {\\mathbb{Z}}$ is the map ${\\rm ord}$ and the map $K_2(L) \\to K_1(l) = l^{\\times}$ is the tame symbol. ", "This applies for any normal subvariety $V$ (corresponds to a $y \\in X^{(i)}$) and a divisor $x$ of $V$ (corresponding to a $x \\in X^{(i+1)}$).", "\n\nDivisors\n--------\n\nWe recall certain well known results about divisors and line bundles for comparison with the results below for the ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes attached to codimension two cycles.", "\n\nIf $A$ is a sheaf of abelian groups on $X$, then ${\\rm Ext}_X^1(\\mathbb Z, A) = H^1(X, A)$ classifies $A$-torsors on $X$. Given an extension $E$ $$0 {\\longrightarrow}A {\\longrightarrow}E \\overset{\\pi}{{\\longrightarrow}} {\\mathbb{Z}}{\\longrightarrow}0$$ of abelian sheaves on $X$, the corresponding $A$-torsor is simply $\\pi^{-1}(1)$ (a sheaf of sets). ", "When $X$ is a point, then $\\pi^{-1}(1)$ is a coset of $\\pi^{-1}(0) = A$, i.e., a $A$-torsor. ", "The classical correspondence [@Hartshorne] between Weil divisors (codimension-one algebraic cycles) $D$ on $X$, Cartier divisors, line bundles ${\\mathcal{L}}_D$, and torsors ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$ over ${\\mathcal{O}}_X^* ={\\mathbb{G}}_m ={\\mathcal{K}}_1$ comes from the Gersten sequence (\\[gersten\\]) for ${\\mathcal{K}}_1$ (see also [@Gerstenicm 2.2]): $$\\label{gersten1}\n 0 {\\longrightarrow}{\\mathcal{O}}_X^* {\\longrightarrow}F_X^{\\times} \\overset{d}{{\\longrightarrow}} \\bigoplus_{x \\in X^{(1)}} j_*{\\mathbb{Z}}\\to 0,$$ where $F_X$ is the constant sheaf of rational functions on $X$ and the sum is over all irreducible effective divisors on $X$, using that $K_0(L) \\cong {\\mathbb{Z}}$ and $K_1(L) = L^{\\times}$ for any field $L$. As a Weil divisor $D = \\Sigma_{x\\in X^1}~ n_x x$ is a formal combination with integer coefficients of subvarieties of codimension one of $X$, it determines a map of sheaves $$\\psi\\colon {\\mathbb{Z}}{\\longrightarrow}\\bigoplus_{x \\in X^{(1)}} j_*{\\mathbb{Z}};$$ $\\psi(1)$ is the section with components $n_x$. The ${\\mathcal{O}}_X^*$-torsor ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$ attached to $D$ is given as the subset $$\\label{divisore}\n{d}^{-1}(\\psi(1)) \\subset F_X^{\\times}.$$\n\nA Čech description of ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$ relative to an Zariski open cover $\\{U_i\\}$ of $X$ is as follows. ", "Pick a rational function $f_i$ on $U_i$ with pole of order $n_x$ along $x$ for all $x \\in U^{(1)}_i$ (so $x$ is a irreducible subvariety of codimension one of $U_i$); we view $f_i \\in F_X^{\\times}$. On $U_i \\cap U_j$, one has $f_i = g_{ij}f_j$ for unique $g_{ij} \\in {\\mathcal{O}}_X^*(U_i \\cap U_j)$; the collection $\\{g_{ij}\\}$ is a Čech one-cocycle with values in ${\\mathcal{O}}_X^*$ representing ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$.\n\nFor any $D$, ${\\mathcal{L}}_D$ is trivial on the complement of the support of $D$.\n\n\\[picard\\] For each open $U$ of $X$, one has the Picard category $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}_U({\\mathcal{O}}^*)$ of ${\\mathcal{O}}^*$-torsors on $U$. These combine to the Picard stack $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}({\\mathcal{O}}^*)$ of ${\\mathcal{O}}^*$-torsors on $X$. The Gersten sequence incarnates this Picard stack [@DeligneB 1.10].", "\n\nThe Gersten gerbe of a codimension two cycle\n--------------------------------------------\n\nWe next show that every cycle $\\alpha$ of codimension two on $X$ determines a gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ with band ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$. The Gersten complex enables us to give a geometric description of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$; see Remark \\[trivial-eta\\] below.", "\n\nThe cycle $\\alpha$ provides a natural map $$\\label{gersten4}\n \\begin{tikzcd}\n &&&& {{\\mathbb{Z}}} \\arrow[d, red, \"\\phi\" blue] \\\\\n 0 \\arrow[r] &{\\mathcal{K}}_2 \\arrow[r, \"\\mu\"] & K_2^{\\eta} \\arrow[r, \"\\nu\"] & {\\bigoplus\\limits_{x \\in X^{(1)}} j_* K_1(x)} \\arrow[r, \"{\\delta}\"] &\\bigoplus\\limits_{x \\in X^{(2)}} j_* K_0(x) \\arrow[r] & 0\\\\\n \\end{tikzcd}$$ and an exact sequence (by pullback) $$\\label{TEE}\n 0 {\\longrightarrow}{\\mathcal{K}}_2 {\\longrightarrow}K_2^{\\eta} \\overset{\\nu}{{\\longrightarrow}} T \\overset{\\delta}{{\\longrightarrow}} {\\mathbb{Z}}{\\longrightarrow}0.$$ This two-extension of ${\\mathbb{Z}}$ by ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$ gives a class in $\\operatorname{Ext}^2({\\mathbb{Z}},{\\mathcal{K}}_2) = H^2(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$. Writing $\\alpha = \\sum_x n_x [x]$ as a sum over $x\\in X^{(2)}$ (irreducible codimension two subvarieties), then the $x$-component of $\\phi (1)$ corresponds to $n_x$ under the canonical isomorphism $K_0(x) \\cong {\\mathbb{Z}}$. The maps $\\delta$ and $\\nu$ are essentially given by the valuation (or ${\\rm ord}$) and tame symbol maps; see §\\[sec:bloch-quillen\\].", "\n\nThe gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ (associated with the cycle $\\alpha$) is obtained by applying the results of §\\[four-term\\] to , ; thus it is an example of the gerbe ${\\mathcal{L}}_{\\beta}$ of §\\[four-term\\], where $\\beta=\\phi$ and ${\\mathcal{L}}$ is the Picard stack associated to the complex $[K_2^{\\eta}\\to \\bigoplus\\limits_{x \\in X^{(1)}} j_* K_1(x)]$.\n\nCorollary \\[diversi\\] provides two descriptions of ${\\mathcal{L}}_{\\beta}$. It should be emphasized that both descriptions are useful. ", "One of them, which we make explicit below, is crucial for the comparison with the Heisenberg gerbe (Theorem \\[comparison\\]); the other succinct description is given in Remark \\[trivial-eta\\].", "\n\n1. ", " For any open set $U$ of $X$, the category ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$ has objects $u \\in \\bigoplus\\limits_{x \\in X^{(1)}} j_* K_1(x)$ with $\\delta{u} = \\phi(1)$ and morphisms from $u$ to $u'$ are elements $a \\in K_2^{\\eta}$ with $\\nu(a) = u'-u$.\n\n2. ", " Any Hom-set ${\\rm Hom}_{{\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}}(u, u')$ is a $K_2(U)$-torsor.", "\n\n3. ", " The category ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$ can be described geometrically in terms of the ${\\rm ord}$ and tame maps. ", "For instance, let $X$ be a surface. ", "Write the zero-cycle $\\alpha$ as a finite sum $ \\sum_{i\\in I} n_i x_i$ of points $x_i$ of $X$. We assume $n_i \\neq 0$ and write $V$ for the complement of the support of $\\alpha$. Any non-zero rational function $f$ on a curve $C$ defines an object of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$ if $f$ is invertible on $C \\cap U\\cap V$ and satisfies ${\\rm ord}_{x_i} f = n_i$ for each $x_i \\in U$ (assuming, for simplicity, that $x_i$ is a smooth point of $C$). ", "A general object of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$ is a finite collection $u = \\{C_j, f_j\\}$ of curves $C_j$ and non-zero rational functions $f_j$ on $C_j$ such that $f_j$ is invertible on $C_j \\cap U \\cap V$ and $\\sum {\\rm ord}_{x_i} f_j = n_i$ (an index $j$ occurs in the sum if $x_i \\in C_j$) for each $x_i \\in U$. A morphism from $u$ to $u'$ is an element $a \\in K_2^{\\eta}$ whose tame symbol is $u' - u$.\n\n\\[k2gerbe\\] (i) ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ is a gerbe on $X$ with band ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$.\n\n\\(ii) Under , the class of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha} \\in H^2(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ corresponds to $\\alpha \\in CH^2(X)$.\n\n\\(iii) ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ is equivalent to ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha'}$ (as gerbes) if and only if the cycles $\\alpha$ and $\\alpha'$ are rationally equivalent.", "\n\n\\(i) The Gersten sequence is an example of a four-term complex, discussed in §\\[four-term\\]. ", "As the stack ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ is a special case of the gerbe ${\\mathcal{L}}_{\\beta}$ constructed in §\\[four-term\\], (i) is obvious.", "\n\nIn more detail: We first observe that provides a quasi-isomorphism between ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$ (sheaf) and the complex (concentrated in degree zero and one) $$\\label{eta}\n\\eta: {\\mathcal{K}}_2 \\to [K_2^{\\eta} \\xrightarrow{\\nu} Ker(\\delta)].$$\n\nNow, suppose $U$ is disjoint from the support of $\\alpha$. On such an open set $U$, the map $\\phi$ is zero. ", "This means that the objects $u$ of the category ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$ are elements of ${\\rm Ker}(\\delta)$. The gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$, when restricted to $U$, is equivalent to the Picard stack of ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-torsors [@SGA4 Expose XVIII, 1.4.15]: in the complex $[K_2^{\\eta} \\xrightarrow{\\nu} {\\rm Ker}(\\delta)]$, one has ${\\rm Coker} (\\nu) =0$ and ${\\rm Ker}(\\nu) ={\\mathcal{K}}_2|_U$. Since for any abelian sheaf $G$, the category $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(G)$ is the trivial $G$-gerbe, ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ is the trivial gerbe with band ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$ on the complement of the support of $\\alpha$.\n\nNow, consider an arbitrary open set $V$ of $X$. By the exactness of , there is an open covering $\\{U_i\\}$ of $V$ and sections $u_i \\in T(U_i)$ with $t_i = \\phi(1)$. Fix $i$ and let $U$ be an open set contained in $U_i$. Then the category ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$ is non-empty. ", "The category $D$ with objects $d\\in {\\rm Ker}(\\delta) \\subset T(U)$ and morphisms $\\mathrm{Hom}_D(d,d')=$ elements $a \\in K_2^{\\eta}$ with $\\nu(a) = d'-d$. The category $D$ is clearly equivalent to the category of $K_2(U)$-torsors. ", "The functor which sends $d$ to $d +u_i$ is easily seen to be an equivalence of categories between $D$ and ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$. Thus ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ is a gerbe with band ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$.\n\n\\(ii) The Bloch-Quillen formula arises from the canonical map $$d^2: Z^2(X) \\to H^2(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$$ of Lemma \\[comparisons\\] attached to the four-term complex . ", "As ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ is a gerbe of the form ${\\mathcal{L}}_{\\beta}$, (ii) follows from Lemma \\[comparisons\\].", "\n\n\\(iii) This is a simple consequence of the Bloch-Quillen formula (\\[BQ\\]).", "\n\n\\[trivial-eta\\] (i) Split the sequence into $$0 {\\longrightarrow}{\\mathcal{K}}_2 {\\longrightarrow}K_2^{\\eta} {\\longrightarrow}K_2^{\\eta}/{{\\mathcal{K}}_2} {\\longrightarrow}0$$ and $$0 {\\longrightarrow}K_2^{\\eta}/{{\\mathcal{K}}_2} {\\longrightarrow}\\bigoplus_{x \\in X^{(1)}} j_* K_1(x) {\\longrightarrow}\\bigoplus_{x \\in X^{(2)}} j_* K_0(x) {\\longrightarrow}0.$$\n\nSince the Gersten resolution is by flasque sheaves, one has $H^1(X, K_2^{\\eta}/{{\\mathcal{K}}_2}) \\xrightarrow{\\sim} H^2(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$. As Cartier divisors are elements of $H^0(X, K_1^{\\eta}/{{\\mathcal{K}}_1})$, we view elements of $H^1(X, K_2^{\\eta}/{{\\mathcal{K}}_2})$ as *Cartier cycles of codimension two*. ", "The map $Z^1(X) \\to H^1(X, K_2^{\\eta}/{{\\mathcal{K}}_2})$ attaches to any cycle its Cartier cycle. ", "Lemma \\[diversi\\] provides the following succinct description of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$:\n\n*it is the gerbe of liftings (to a $K_2^{\\eta}$-torsor) of the $(K_2^{\\eta}/{{\\mathcal{K}}_2})$-torsor determined by $\\alpha$.*\n\n\\(iii) The proof of Theorem \\[k2gerbe\\] provides a canonical trivialization[^9] $\\eta_{\\alpha}$ of the gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ on the complement of the support of $\\alpha$.\n\n\\(iv) The pushforward of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ along ${\\mathcal{K}}_2 \\to \\Omega^2$ produces a $\\Omega^2$-gerbe which manifests the cycle class of $\\alpha$ in de Rham cohomology $H^2(X, \\Omega^2)$. If $\\alpha$ is homologically equivalent to zero, then this latter gerbe is trivial, i.e., it is the Picard stack of $\\Omega^2$-torsors.", "\n\n\\[empty\\] It may be instructive to compare the ${\\mathbb{G}}_m$-torsor ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$ attached to a divisor $D$ of $X$ and the ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ attached to a codimension-two cycle. ", "Let $U$ be any open set of $X$. This goes, roughly speaking, as follows.", "\n\n- ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$: The set of divisors on $U$ rationally equivalent to zero is exactly the image of $d$ over $U$ in . ", "So, the set ${\\mathcal{O}}_D(U)$ is non-empty if $D =0$ in $CH^1(U)$. The sections of ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$ over $U$ are given by rational functions $f$ on $U$ whose divisor is $D|_U$. In other words, the sections are rational equivalences between the divisor $D$ and the empty divisor. ", "The set ${\\mathcal{O}}_D(U)$ is a torsor over ${\\mathbb{G}}_m(U)$.\n\n- ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$: We observe that the image of $\\delta$ in consists of codimension-two cycles rationally equivalent to zero. ", "So ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ is non-empty if $\\alpha = 0$ in $CH^2(U)$. Each rational equivalence between $\\alpha$ and the empty codimension-two cycle gives an object of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$. The sheaf of morphisms between two objects is a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-torsor.", "\n\nThe Bloch-Quillen formula states that equivalence classes of ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes are in bijection with codimension-two cycles (modulo rational equivalence) on $X$. We have seen that a codimension-two cycle determines a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe (an actual gerbe, not just one up to equivalence). ", "It is natural to ask whether the converse holds: (see Proposition \\[gerbe2cyclea\\] in this regard)\n\n\\[gerbe2cycle\\] Does a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe on $X$ determine an actual codimension-two cycle?", "\n\nConsider the ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$ attached to a pair of divisors $D, D'$ on $X$. If ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D,D'}$ determines an actual codimension-two cycle, then any pair $D, D'$ of divisors determines a canonical codimension-two cycle on $X$. This implies that there is a canonical intersection of Weil divisors and this last statement is known to be false. ", "So the answer to Question \\[gerbe2cycle\\] is negative in general.", "\n\nGerbes and cohomology with support {#support}\n----------------------------------\n\nLet $F$ be an abelian sheaf on a site ${\\mathsf{C}}$. Recall that (see [e.g.]{}[@Milne §5.1]) $H^1(F)$ is the set of isomorphism classes of auto-equivalences of the trivial gerbe $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(F)$ with band $F$; more generally, given gerbes ${\\mathcal{G}}$ and ${\\mathcal{G}}'$ with band $F$, then the set $\\operatorname{Hom}_{\\mathsf{C}}({\\mathcal{G}}, {\\mathcal{G}}')$ (assumed non-empty) of maps of gerbes is a torsor for $H^1(F)$.\n\nRecall also that, for any sheaf $F$ on a scheme $V$, the cohomology $H^*_Z(V, F)$ with support in a a closed subscheme $Z$ of $V$ fits into an exact sequence [@Bloch §5] $$\\cdots {\\longrightarrow}H^i_Z(V,F) {\\longrightarrow}H^i(V,F) {\\longrightarrow}H^i(V - Z,F) {\\longrightarrow}H^{i+1}_Z(V, F) {\\longrightarrow}\\cdots ;$$ the exactness of $$H^1(V, F) {\\longrightarrow}H^1(V- Z, F) {\\longrightarrow}H^2_Z(V,F) {\\longrightarrow}H^2(V, F) {\\longrightarrow}H^2(V -Z, F)$$ leads to an interpretation of the group $H^2_Z(V, F)$: it classifies isomorphism classes of pairs $({\\mathcal{G}}, \\phi)$ consisting of a gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}$ with band $F$ on $V$ and a trivialization $\\phi$ of ${\\mathcal{G}}$ on $V-Z$, i.e., $\\phi$ is an equivalence of ${\\mathcal{G}}|_{V-Z}$ with $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(F|_{V-Z})$.\n\nGeometric interpretation of some results of Bloch\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nBloch [@Bloch] has proved that:\n\n1. ", " [@Bloch Proposition 5.3] Any codimension-two cycle $\\alpha$ on $X$ has a canonical cycle class $[\\alpha] \\in H^2_Z(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$; here $Z$ is the support of $\\alpha$.\n\n2. ", " [@Bloch Theorem 5.11] If $D$ is a smooth divisor of $X$, then $\\mathrm{Pic}(D) = H^1(D, {\\mathcal{K}}_1)$ is a direct summand of $H^2_D(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$.\n\nFor (1), we note that, by Remark \\[trivial-eta\\], the gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ has a trivialization $\\eta_{\\alpha}$ on $X - Z$. By the above interpretation of $H^2$ with support, the pair $({\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}, \\eta_{\\alpha})$ defines an element of $H^2_Z(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$; this is the canonical class $[\\alpha]$.\n\nFor (2), recall that Bloch constructed maps $a: \\mathrm{Pic}(D) \\to H^2_D(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ and $b: H^2_D(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2) \\to \\mathrm{Pic}(D)$ with $b\\circ a$ the identity on $\\mathrm{Pic}(D)$. We can interpret the map $a$ as follows. ", "Note that any divisor $E$ of $D$ is a codimension-two cycle $\\alpha$ on $X$. The ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ on $X$ has a canonical trivialization $\\eta_{\\alpha}$ on $X -E$ (and so also on the smaller $X-D$). ", "The association $E \\mapsto ({\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}, \\eta_{\\alpha})$ gives the homomorphism $a: Pic(D) \\to H^2_D(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$.\n\nThese results of Bloch provide a partial answer to Question \\[gerbe2cycle\\] summarized in the following\n\n\\[gerbe2cyclea\\] Let ${\\mathcal{G}}$ be a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe on $X$ and let $\\beta \\in CH^2(X)$ correspond to ${\\mathcal{G}}$ in the Bloch-Quillen formula . ", "Let $\\phi$ be a trivialization of ${\\mathcal{G}}$ on the complement $X -D$ of a smooth divisor $D$ of $X$. Then, $\\beta$ can be represented by a divisor of $D$ (unique up to rational equivalence on $D$).", "\n\nNote that the data of $\\phi$ is crucial: the map $\\mathrm{Pic}(D) \\to CH^2(X)$ is not injective in general [@Bloch2 (iii), p. 269].", "\n\nLet $i\\colon D\\to X$ and $j\\colon U=X-D\\to X$ be the inclusion maps. ", "We have the following short exact sequence of Picard 2-stacks $$\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(i_*{\\mathcal{K}}_1^D) {\\longrightarrow}\\operatorname{\\textsc{Gerbes}}({\\mathcal{K}}_2^X) {\\longrightarrow}\\operatorname{\\textsc{Gerbes}}(j_*{\\mathcal{K}}_2^U).$$\n\nAnalyzing the Gersten sequence , for ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$ on $X$ and $U$, we get the short exact sequence: $$0{\\longrightarrow}i_*G_1^D {\\longrightarrow}G_2^X {\\longrightarrow}j_*G_2^U {\\longrightarrow}0.$$ This gives a short exact sequence of Picard 2-stacks, then use . ", "Note that $\\operatorname{\\textsc{Tors}}(i_*{\\mathcal{K}}_1^D)$ is considered as a Picard 2-stack with no nontrivial 2-morphisms.", "\n\nThe global long exact cohomology sequence arising from the exact sequence in the proposition gives part of the localization sequence for higher Chow groups $$\\cdots {\\longrightarrow}CH^1(D,1) {\\longrightarrow}CH^2(X, 1) {\\longrightarrow}CH^2(X-D,1) {\\longrightarrow}\\mathrm{Pic}(D) {\\longrightarrow}CH^2(X) {\\longrightarrow}CH^2(X -D) {\\longrightarrow}0.$$ This uses the fact that $CH^1(D,0) =\\mathrm{Pic}(D)$, that $CH^1(D,1) = H^0(D, {\\mathcal{O}}^*)$ and $CH^1(D,j)$ is zero for $j >1$ [@Bloch2 (viii), p. 269].", "\n\nThe two gerbes associated with an intersection of divisors\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nFor a codimension-two cycle of $X$ presented as the intersection of divisors, we know that the ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes in Theorem \\[k2gerbe\\] (Gersten gerbe) and in §\\[pairs\\] (using Theorem \\[primo\\]) (Heisenberg gerbe) are equivalent (as their class in $H^2(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ corresponds to the class of the codimension-two cycle in $CH^2(X)$ via ). ", "We now construct an actual equivalence between them.", "\n\n\\[comparison\\] Suppose that the codimension-two cycle $\\alpha$ is the intersection $D.D'$ of divisors $D$ and $D'$ on $X$. There is a natural equivalence[^10] $$\\Theta: {\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha} \\to {\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$$ of ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbes on $X$.\n\nBy Theorem \\[primo\\] and Theorem \\[k2gerbe\\], the classes of the gerbes ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D,D'}$ and ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ in $H^2(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ both correspond to the class of $\\alpha$ in $CH^2(X)$. This shows that they are equivalent.", "\n\nLet us exhibit an actual equivalence. ", "We will construct a functor $\\Theta_U:\n {\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U) \\to {\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}(U)$, compatible with restriction maps $V\\subset\n U\\subset X$.\n\nConsider an object $r \\in {\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$. We want to attach to $r$ a $H$-torsor $\\Theta_U(r)$ on $U$ in a functorial manner. ", "Each $\\Theta_U(r)$ is a $H$-torsor which lifts the ${\\mathcal{K}}_1 \\times {\\mathcal{K}}_1$-torsor ${\\mathcal{O}}_D \\times {\\mathcal{O}}_{D'}$ on $U$. We will describe $\\Theta_U(r)$ by means of Čech cocycles. ", "Fix an open covering $\\{U_i\\}$ of $U$ and write ${\\mathcal{C}}^n(A)$ for Čech $n$-cochains with values in the sheaf $A$ with respect to this covering.", "\n\n#### *Step 1.*", "\n\nLet $a= \\{a_{i,j}\\}$ and $b = \\{b_{i,j}\\}$ with $a,b \\in {\\mathcal{C}}^1(O^*)$ be Čech 1-cocycles for ${\\mathcal{O}}_D$ and ${\\mathcal{O}}_{D'}$. Pick $h = \\{h_{i,j}\\} \\in {\\mathcal{C}}^1(H)$ of the form $$h_{i,j} = (a_{i,j}, b_{i,j}, c_{i,j}) \\in H(U_i\\cap U_j).$$ We need $c_{i,j} \\in K_2(U_i \\cap U_j)$ such that $h$ is a Čech 1-cocycle (for $\\Theta_U(r)$, the putative $H$-torsor). ", "Since $a,b$ are Čech cocycles, the Čech boundary $\\partial h$ is of the form $$\\partial h = \\{(1,1, y_{i,j,k})\\}$$ with $y =\\{y_{i,j,k}\\} \\in {\\mathcal{C}}^2({\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ a Čech 2-cocycle. ", "This cocycle $y$ represents the gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D,D'}$ on $U$.\n\n#### *Step 2.*", "\n\nRecall that ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ is the associated stack of the prestack $U \\mapsto {\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$ where the category ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$ has objects $u \\in \\oplus_{x \\in X^1} j_* K_1(x)$ with $\\delta{u} = \\phi(1)$ and morphisms from $u$ to $v$ are elements $a \\in K_2^{\\eta}$ with $\\nu(a) = v-u$. Since the category ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}(U)$ is non-empty, the class of the gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ (restricted to $U$) in $H^2(U, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ is zero. ", "Since ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ and ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$ are equivalent, so the class of ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$ in $H^2(U, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ is also zero.", "\n\n#### *Step 3.*", "\n\nConsider the case $r$ is given by a pair $(C, g)$ where $C$ is a divisor on $X$ and $g$ is a rational function on $C$. ", "The condition $\\delta(r) = \\phi(1)$ says $\\alpha \\cap U$ is the intersection of $U$ with the zero locus of $g$. Assume $g \\in {\\mathcal{O}}_C(C \\cap U)$. Given any lifting $\\tilde{g} \\in {\\mathcal{O}}_X(U)$ with divisor $C'$ on $U$, we can write $\\alpha \\cap U$ as the intersection of the divisors $C \\cap U$ and the (principal) divisor $C'$ in $U$. By the results in §\\[pairs\\], there is a ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{C\\cap U, C'}$ on $U$. As $C'$ is principal, its class in $H^1(U, {\\mathcal{K}}_1)$ is zero; so the class of ${\\mathcal{G}}_{C\\cap U, C'}$ in $H^2(U, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ is zero.", "\n\n#### *Step 4.*", "\n\nLet $z =\\{z_{i,j,k}\\} \\in {\\mathcal{C}}^2({\\mathcal{K}}_2)$ be a Čech 2-cocycle for ${\\mathcal{G}}_{C\\cap U, C'}$;\n\nSo $z = \\partial w$ is the boundary of a Čech cochain $w = \\{w_{i,j}\\} \\in {\\mathcal{C}}^1({\\mathcal{K}}_2)$. Note that $y - z = \\partial v$ for a 1-cochain $v$ since ${\\mathcal{G}}_{C\\cap U, C'}$ and ${\\mathcal{G}}_{D, D'}$ are equivalent as gerbes on $U$: both are trivial on $U$!", "\n\nThe Čech cochain $h' =\\{h'_{i,j}\\} \\in {\\mathcal{C}}^1(H)$ with $$h'_{i,j} = (a_{i,j}, b_{i,j}, c_{i,j})(1,1, - w_{i,j})(1,1,- v_{i,j})$$ is a Čech cocycle and represents the required $H$-torsor $\\Theta_U(r)$ on $U$.\n\n#### *Step 5.*", "\n\nThe same argument with simple modifications works for a general object of ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$. It is easy to check that $\\Theta_U$ is a functor, compatible with restriction maps $V\\subset\n U\\subset X$, and that the induced morphism of gerbes is an equivalence.", "\n\nHigher gerbes attached to smooth Parshin chains {#end}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nBy Gersten’s conjecture, the localization sequence [@Quillen §7 Proposition 3.2] breaks up into short exact sequences $$0 {\\longrightarrow}K_i(V) {\\longrightarrow}K_i(V-Y) {\\longrightarrow}K_{i-1}(Y) {\\longrightarrow}0, \\qquad (i> 0)$$ for any smooth variety $V$ over $F$ and a closed smooth subvariety $Y$ of $V$. Let $j:D \\to X $ be a smooth closed subvariety of codimension one of $X$; write $\\iota: X -D \\to X$ for the open complement of $D$. Any divisor $\\alpha$ of $D$ is a codimension-two cycle on $X$; one has a map ${\\rm Pic}(D) \\to CH^2(X)$ [@Bloch2 (iii), p. 269]. ", "This gives the exact sequence (for $i>0$) $$0 {\\longrightarrow}{\\mathcal{K}}_i {\\longrightarrow}{\\mathcal{F}}_i {\\longrightarrow}j_* {\\mathcal{K}}^D_{i-1} {\\longrightarrow}0$$ of sheaves on $X$ where ${\\mathcal{F}}_i = \\iota_*{\\mathcal{K}}^U_i$ is the sheaf associated with the presheaf $U \\mapsto K_i(U-D)$. We write ${\\mathcal{K}}_i^D$ and ${\\mathcal{K}}_i^U$ for the usual K-theory sheaves on $D$ and $U$ since the notation ${\\mathcal{K}}_i$ is already reserved for the sheaf on $X$. The boundary map $$H^1(D, {\\mathcal{K}}^D_1) = H^1(X, j_*{\\mathcal{K}}^D_1) {\\longrightarrow}H^2(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2)$$ is the map $CH^1(D) \\to CH^2(X)$. For any divisor $\\alpha$ of $D$, the ${\\mathcal{K}}^D_1$-torsor ${\\mathcal{O}}_{\\alpha}$ determines a unique $j_*{\\mathcal{K}}^D_1$-torsor $L_{\\alpha}$ on $X$. The ${\\mathcal{K}}_2$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\alpha}$ (viewing $\\alpha$ as a codimension two cycle on $X$) is the lifting gerbe of the $j_*{\\mathcal{K}}^D_1$-torsor $L_{\\alpha}$ (obstructions to lifting to a ${\\mathcal{F}}_2$-torsor).", "\n\nThis generalizes to higher codimensions (and pursued in forthcoming work):\n\n- (codimension three) If $\\beta$ is a codimension-two cycle of $D$, then the gerbe ${\\mathcal{C}}_{\\beta}$ on $D$ determines a unique gerbe $L_{\\beta}$ on $X$ (with band $j_*{\\mathcal{K}}^D_2$). ", "The obstructions to lifting $L_{\\beta}$ to a ${\\mathcal{F}}_3$-gerbe is a $2$-gerbe ${\\mathcal{G}}_{\\beta}$ with band ${\\mathcal{K}}_3$ on $X$. This gives an example of a higher gerbe invariant of a codimension three cycle on $X$. Gerbes with band $K_3(F_X)/{{\\mathcal{K}}_3}$ provide the codimension-three analog of Cartier divisors $H^0(X, K_1(F_X)/{{\\mathcal{K}}_1})$.\n\n- (Parshin chains) Recall that a chain of subvarieties $$X_0 \\hookrightarrow X_1 \\hookrightarrow X_2 \\hookrightarrow X_3 \\hookrightarrow \\cdots \\hookrightarrow X_n = X$$ where each $X_i$ is a divisor of $X_{i+1}$ gives rise to a Parshin chain on $X$. We will call a Parshin chain smooth if all the subvarieties $X_i$ are smooth. ", "Iterating the previous construction provides a higher gerbe on $X_n=X$ with band ${\\mathcal{K}}_j$ attached to $X_{n-j}$ (a codimension $j$ cycle of $X_n$).", "\n\n[00]{}\n\n*Théorie des topos et cohomologie étale des schémas. [", "T]{}ome 2*. ", "Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. ", "270. ", "Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York, 1972. ", "S[é]{}minaire de G[é]{}om[é]{}trie Alg[é]{}brique du Bois-Marie 1963–1964 (SGA 4), Dirig[é]{} par M. Artin, A. Grothendieck et J. L. Verdier. ", "Avec la collaboration de N. 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", "Constructing indecomposable motivic cohomology classes on algebraic surfaces. *", "J. Algebraic Geom.*, ", "6(3):513–543, 1997.", "\n\nA. Emin Tatar. ", "Length 3 complexes of abelian sheaves and [P]{}icard 2-stacks. *", "Adv. ", "Math.*, ", "226(1):62–110, 2011. ", "<http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2010.06.012> and <http://arxiv.org/abs/0906.2393>\n\n[^1]: For us, the term “gerbe” signifies a stack in groupoids which is locally non-empty and locally connected (§\\[sec:gerbes\\]). ", "It is slightly different from the ancient gerbes of *Acids, alkalies and salts: their manufacture and applications, Volume 2* (1865) by Thomas Richardson and Henry Watts, pp. ", "567-569:\n\n > §4. ", "Gerbes\n >\n > This firework is made in various ways, generally throwing up a luminous and sparkling jet of fire, somewhat resembling a water-spout: hence its name. ", "Gerbes consist of a straight, cylindrical case, sometime made with wrought iron (if the gerbe is of large dimensions). ... ", "Mr. Darby has invented an entirely novel and beautiful gerbe, called the Italian gerbe...\"\n\n[^2]: The usual Heisenberg group, a central extension of $A \\times B$ by $\\mathbb C^*,$ arises from a biadditive map $A \\times B \\to \\mathbb C^*$.\n\n[^3]: Let $\\eta \\colon \\textrm{Spec}~F_X\\to X$ be the generic point of $X$ and write $K_i^{\\eta}$ for the sheaf $\\eta_* K_i(F_X)$; one has the map ${\\mathcal{K}}_i \\to K_i^{\\eta}$.\n\n[^4]: “In principle such ideas will lead to a geometric description of all regulator maps, once the categorical aspects have been cleared up. ", "Hopefully this would lead to a better understanding of algebraic K-theory itself.”", "\n\n[^5]: The automorphisms in $\\operatorname{Aut}(G)$ completely decouple, hence play no role.", "\n\n[^6]: This is *part* of the invariant classifying the four-term sequence, see the remarks in [@Breen99 §6].", "\n\n[^7]: Unfortunately we could not find a specific entry point in the literature to reference, therefore we assemble here the necessary prerequisites. ", "See also [@chinburg §§2,3] for a detailed treatment in the representable case.", "\n\n[^8]: This resolution exists for any smooth variety over $F$.\n\n[^9]: This uses .", "\n\n[^10]: By §\\[support\\]. ", "the set of such equivalences is a torsor over $H^1(X, {\\mathcal{K}}_2) =CH^2(X,1)$ [@Stach §2.1].", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Towards a human-on-chip: culturing multiple cell types on a chip with compartmentalized microenvironments.", "\nWe have developed a multi-channel 3D microfluidic cell culture system (multi-channel 3D-microFCCS) with compartmentalized microenvironments for potential application in human drug screening. ", "To this end, the multi-channel 3D-microFCCS was designed for culturing different 3D cellular aggregates simultaneously to mimic multiple organs in the body. ", "Four human cell types (C3A, A549, HK-2 and HPA) were chosen to represent the liver, lung, kidney and the adipose tissue, respectively. ", "Cellular functions were optimized by supplementing the common medium with growth factors. ", "However, TGF-beta1 was found to enhance A549 functions but inhibit C3A functions. ", "Therefore, TGF-beta1 was specifically controlled-released inside the A549 compartment by means of gelatin microspheres mixed with cells, thus creating a cell-specific microenvironment. ", "The function of A549 cells was enhanced while the functions of C3A, HK-2 and HPA cells were uncompromised, demonstrating the limited cross-talk between cell culture compartments similar to the in vivo situation. ", "Such a multi-channel 3D-microFCCS could be potentially used to supplement or even replace animal models in drug screening." ]

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[ "Share This!", "\n\nNeutral Strip Frames\n\nOur S&H (shipping and handling) charges are what you will pay to have this item delivered to your home. ", "More information about shipping is available on the Customer Care page. ", "These rates are not valid for shipping to Alaska, Hawaii or Internationally.", "\n\nShips Within times indicate the timeframe in which the artist making your order will ship your order. ", "While these times are not guaranteed, Artcraft will contact you if delays are expected. ", "Large items shipped via Blanket Wrap Delivery service may take up to 14 business days to be delivered. ", "Please see our Customer Care page for more information.", "\n\nProduct Description\n\nThese amazing Neutral Strip Frames from Georgia artists Dryads Dancing are made entirely from recycled, reclaimed, or salvaged items. ", "What a cool way to be green!", "\n\nDryads Dancing began with picture frames made with reclaimed wood. ", "Antique bead board, reclaimed molding and ceiling tin made into picture frames was the launching pad for the company. ", "We have been committed to using salvaged materials from the beginning for several reasons. ", "Mostly because why would you buy some new wood and work hours to try and create old world charm with paint layers and sanding? ", "It's a wonderful way to repurpose salvaged wood and tin.", "\n\nDimensions: Small - 12x14 for a 4x6 Photo, Medium - 13x15 for a 5x7 Photo, Large - 16x18 for an 8x10 Photo.", "\n\nInterested in a custom size or design? ", "No problem! ", "Visit our Custom Design Center and let us know what you have in mind.", "\n\nOther Details\n\nGet it just the way you want!", "\n\nReady to Get Started?", "\n\nComplete the form below and click \"submit.\" ", "Our expert staff will review your request, work with the artist and follow-up with you as quickly as possible. ", "There is no cost, and no obligation to proceed with a project at this stage." ]

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[ "Signup for our Newsletter!", "\n\n____\n\nIf you are a human and are seeing this field, please leave it blank.", "\n\nBooking & Cancellations Policies\n\nBy making a reservation at Mission Springs Resort you are agreeing to all of our policies.", "\n\nAt Mission Springs Resort, we understand that life sometimes throws you a curveball and plans can unexpectedly change. ", "We make many preparations, including purchases and scheduling our staff, based on your reservation. ", "Cancellations affect us greatly, therefore you must agree to the following cancellation policy at the time of booking:\n\nCancellations must be made at least 30 days before your arrival for the cottages and 60 days prior to your arrival for the Lake House. ", "NO CANCELLATIONS ARE ALLOWED FOR LAKE HOUSE RESERVATIONS DURING THE MONTHS OF JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST.", "\n\nYour deposit is non-refundable.", "\n\nReservation changes within 14 days of arrival for the cottages and 60 days prior to arrival for the Lake House may be allowed without additional charge over non-peak periods, at the resort’s discretion, subject to availability.", "\n\nWe highly encourage our guests to consider purchasing trip insurance in the event an emergency arises that impedes your travel plans. ", "A visit to InsureMyTrip.com to compare affordable options is well worth your travel investment.", "\n\nPolicies\n\nAge Requirements: Guests must be at least 21 years of age to book a room.", "\n\nCredit Card and Damage Policy: A major credit card must be presented at check-in to cover any incidental charges. ", "We reserve the right to charge your card for the total amount of any damage done to the property during your stay.", "\n\nDeposit Policy: You will be charged a 20% non-refundable deposit upon booking. ", "30% when booking online through Expedia or Booking.com and their affiliates.", "\n\nTaxes: All bookings at Mission Springs Resort are subject to 5.5% Wisconsin state sales tax.", "\n\nDeparture Cleaning & Resort Fee: Guests will enjoy all the comforts of home when staying at Mission Springs Resort. ", "We expect you to leave your cottage or Lake House in the same condition in which you found it. ", "A cleaning fee of at least $150 will be charged per stay for the Lake House and $25 per stay for the cottages. ", "We reserve the right to increase the cleaning fee if there is an excess amount of cleaning needed after you depart.", "\n\nCheck in/Check out times: Check-in time is after 3pm. ", "Check out time is 10am. ", "Please inquire upon arrival if you would like to request a later check out time.", "\n\nNon-Smoking: The Lake House and cottages are non-smoking. ", "Smoking is allowed in the outdoor areas only, such as certain common areas around the resort property. ", "When smoking outdoors, please keep the doors and windows closed to avoid smoke entering the cottage or house. ", "Smoking inside, or smoking near doors and open windows that results in the dwelling smelling of smoke, will result in a minimum $250 additional cleaning charge.", "\n\nFor the comfort of our guest, no smoking is allowed at the beach when other guests are present.", "\n\nPet Policy/Boarding: We do allow dogs with permission but they are not allowed to be left in the Lake House or cottages alone. ", "We can recommend a doggy daycare within 5 miles of our location for under $10 per day. ", "The resort is not responsible for any matters relating to pet boarding.", "\n\nThe fee for pets to stay at the Lake House is $100 per pet per stay. ", "The fee for pets to stay at the Cottages is $75 per pet per stay.", "\n\nIf we find that your pets have been laying on or sleeping on the beds and furniture you will be charged an extra cleaning fee.", "\n\nYou are responsible to pick up after your pets, especially at the beach. ", "For the safety of your dogs and our guests, please keep your pets on a leash.", "\n\nThese policies can be updated at any time at the owners discretion.", "\n\nAny violation of these policies or if your behavior results in an inconvenience to our other guests will result in the need to find other accommodations immediately. ", "Refunds will not be considered.", "\n\nAssumption of Risk\n\nIt is understood that you, as renter or guests of Mission Springs Resort, LLC, assume all risk associated with any activity taking place when on our grounds or participating in any activity off premise. ", "Use of our boats is at your own risk. ", "We do not have lifeguards on duty at any of our beaches so please swim at your own risk.", "\n\nQuestions: Should you have any questions regarding our reservation and booking policies, please do not hesitate to call us at: (715) 209-8321 or Email: [email protected]\n\nWhen you are ready to book your stay please call or text 715-209-8321 or click here to check availability!" ]

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[ "1916 United States Senate election in Vermont\n\nThe 1916 United States Senate election in Vermont took place on November 7, 1916. ", "Incumbent Republican Carroll S. Page successfully ran for re-election to another term in the United States Senate, defeating Democratic candidate Oscar C. Miller. ", "This was the second United States Senate direct election to take place in Vermont following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the first for Vermont's Class I seat.", "\n\nRepublican primary\n\nResults\n\nDemocratic primary\n\nResults\n\nGeneral election\n\nResults\n\nReferences\n\n1916\nVermont\nCategory:1916 Vermont elections" ]

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[ "On a quiet side-street in the right-bank quarter of La Bastide, an art deco façade stands out from the crowd: a 1930s “Bains Douches”, an establishment that provided public showering facilities.", "\n\nThe building can be attributed to Jacques D’Welles (1883-1970), chief city architect during the time when Adrien Marquet was the mayor of Bordeaux (1925-1944). ", "Marquet launched an ambitious programme, aptly known as “Plan Marquet”, to develop new buildings that shared similar architectural styles. ", "The projects, many of which were on a far larger scale than this one, also aimed to give the local economy a boost to cushion the impact of the 1929 recession. ", "Other \"Plan Marquet\" art deco endeavours led by D’Welles include the Stade Lescure (now Stade Chaban-Delmas) football stadium and the Bourse du Travail near Place de la Victoire.", "\nBack to our Bains Douches though, which comprised 19 cubicles in all: ten for gentlemen and nine for ladies. ", "The most distinguishing feature is of course the entrance, with its red and white mosaic tiles forming diverse geometrical patterns. ", "Completing the picture is the ornate overhead sign and the iron doors with their large single-pane windows.", "\n\nThe primary activity of the Bains Douches ceased in 2001, but the place has recently been given a new lease of life as the head office of the contemporary literature association “Permanences de la Littérature”, founded in 2000 by the poet and writer Marie-Laure Picot. ", "The association organises public reading festivals and events, many of which take place in the nearby Maison Cantonale.", "\n\nIn the coming weeks, the local drama company Le Poquelin Théâtre (a reference to Molière's real name) will be taking up residence in the building. ", "The previous quarters of the 15-strong troupe, originally formed in 1990, were on the ground floor of a town-house just around the corner from the Bains Douches (pictured below), where they had set up a tiny 25-seat theatre to stage their creations and those of fellow drama companies. ", "It will be fascinating to see how they transform the Bains Douches into a working theatre. ", "The first shows are due to take place early in 2012, so watch this space!", "\n\nFinally, when the Bains Douches began operating in the 1930s, it was nothing new for the local residents. ", "Traces of the previous \"Bains Douches Chauds\" can still be seen on the walls of a 19th-century building just a few metres from the art deco entrance. ", "That section of the building, which now forms part of the École Maternelle Nuits, was previously known as Local Jules Perrens, named after an illustrious local pharmacist who went on to build a fine reputation for himself in Paris as deputy director of the Pharmacie Centrale de France.", "\n\nReturning to Bordeaux, Jules Perrens became a respected professor at the Bordeaux University faculty of Medicine and, in 1859, launched the Journal de Pharmacie de Bordeaux (which still exists today as theBulletin de la Société de Pharmacie de Bordeaux). ", "He was also reportedly a philanthropist, funding the construction of housing for labourers and contributing to “bains-douches à bon marché” (literally, “affordable baths and showers”) such as these. ", "And, just in case there was any doubt about the value for money of these establishments, a telling (and restored) message can be read to this day above one of the windows: “à 25 centimes (savon compris)”… a hot shower for 25 old centimes including soap!" ]

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