Question: can 1 be a primitive root?
Answer: Existence of Primitive Roots There are primitive roots mod n n n if and only if n = 1 , 2 , 4 , p k , n = 1,2,4,p^k, n=1,2,4,pk, or 2 p k , 2p^k, 2pk, where p p p is an odd prime.