Question: what are arbuscular mycorrhizal associations?
Answer: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) established symbiotic associations with soybean (Glycine max) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) that were functionally similar in a Norway spruce (Picea abies) agroforestry or monoculture system (Bainard et al., 2013).