to the Seljuk conquest of Anatolia, which was then partially recovered for Romania. The extent of Seljuk control over the Ghaznawids is unclear, but the Ghurids are just beginning their rise against their suzerains, whom they will replace (1186). While the Ghurids fall to the Khwarazm Shahs (1215), their slave vassals in India found the Sultanate of Delhi. The Almoravids have crossed over to Spain, defeated the Christians (1086), and delayed the Reconquista. When the Fatimid vassals, the Zirids of Tunisia, converted to Orthodox Islam (1049), the Fatimids rid themselves of some troublesome Arab tribes by directing them to North Africa. This was a sterile revenge which gained the Fatimids nothing, but did contribute to an Arabization of North Africa.THE GHURIDSAbu 'AliGhaznawid vassal,1011-c.1035'AbbasMuh.ammadc.1059H.asanH.usayn I1100-1146Suri1146-1149Sam I1149H.usayn II1149-1161Muh.ammadSayf ad-Din1161-1163Muh.ammadBaha' ad-DinSult.an,1163-1203Muh.ammadMu'izz ad-DinGhazna,1173-1203Sult.an inGhur & India,1203-1206Mah.mudGhiyath ad-Din1206-1212Yildiz Mu'izziTaj ad-Dingovernorof Ghazna,1206-1215Sam IIBaha ad-Din1212-1213Khwarazm VassalsAtsiz 'Ala ad-Din1213-1214Muh.ammadShuja' ad-Din1214-1215Khwarazm Conquest, 1215The Ghaznawids eventually came under the suzerainty of the Sejuks, and about the same time start displaying Persian rather than just Arabic (or Turkish) names. Their end came from the Ghurids, one time vassals and now aggressive conquerers in their own right, following the last Ghaznawids to their last refuge in the Punjab. Thus the first permanent Islamic state in Northern India became established, with the Ghurids own vassals beginning the line of the Sult.ans of Delhi -- we even see a title with a word that will become very famous in India, Taj ad-Din, "Crown of the Religion." Soon, however, the power of the Khwarazm Shahs began to overtake the Ghurids -- though the Mongols were not far behind.THE KHWARAZM SHAHSEkinchi ibn QochqarSeljuk governor, 1097Arslan Tigin Muh.ammad Qut.b adDin1097-1127Qizil Arslan Atsiz 'Ala' adDin1127-1156Vassal of Qara Khitai, 1141Il Arslan1156-1172Tekish Taj adDunya wadDin1172-1200Overthrows last Sejuks in Iraq, 1194Muh.ammad 'Ala' adDin1200-1220Conquest of Qarakhanids, 1212, of Ghurids, 1215Mengubirti Jalal adDin1220-1231Thrown out of Transoxanian by Mongols, 1220-1221; Mongol conquest, 1231For a while, the Seljuk successors, the Khwarazm Shahs, seemed on the way to restoring the Seljuk empire, and more. By 1215, it looked like they had. From Central Asia to Iraq to India, the Shahs held sway. Unfortunately for them, Genghis Khan was on the move. He arrived in 1220. The Shah was crushed, but lingered in a rump of western Iran until 1231. In that twilight period Shah Jalal adDin actually expanded into Azerbaijan and Georgia, but there was little he could do about the Mongols.Jalal adDin was deposed without a major expenditure of Mongol effort. Greater effort came in 1256, when Qubilai Khan's brother Hulagu arrived with full Mongol force and the intention to conquer the whole Middle East. The long Abbasid Caliphate ended when Hulagu killed the last Caliph, perhaps at the urging of his Christian wife. The Seljuks of Rum were subjugated, but then the Great Khan Mongke died in 1259. Hulagu returned to Mongolia to elect Qubilai Great Khan. This permanently redirected the main force of the Mongols, now against China. When the Mamluks defeated a Mongol party in 1260, this was the practical end of Mongol expansion in the Middle East. Nevertheless, what was left was the