thegoodfellas/blogset-br huggingface dataset:
This was one of the roots of orthomolecular psychiatry and medicine as it is known today. (4) That niacin lowers cholesterol levels. This vitamin is now one of the world's standard materials for doing so. It also extends life and does not increase deaths from violent acts as some of the other compounds which lower cholesterol do. (5) The HOD and EWI test for assisting in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. This is an excellent test, hardly known to the profession. In pursuing this research we were the first physicians in America to conduct double blind controlled tests, and we were later the first to recognize and to publish its many defects and flaws. Our discovery that niacin lowers cholesterol, published in 1955, is credited with the initiation of the new paradigm in nutritional medicine, i.e. the use of vitamins for treatment and not just for prevention of deficiency disease. Private Practice, from 1967I gave up my two positions, Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Director of Psychiatric Research, because my freedom to publish and discuss our therapeutic trials using vitamins was being severely restricted by my two main employers, the University of Saskatchewan and the Department of Public Health. The psychiatric establishment was violently opposed to our work, which did not have the support of the drug companies who were promoting their own products, the tranquilizers. Not a single attempt was made to repeat our double blind controlled studies (five), nor to examine our claims clinically. I decided I could be more effective free of any of these adverse influences. Since then I have been happily working with thousands of patients, applying what we had discovered in those early years in Saskatchewan. I have published many hundreds of reports in the medical and psychiatric literature, but after our views became widely known the establishment literature would no longer accept any and our reports went to the alternative literature instead. I have authored many books. I have been active in the Canadian Schizophrenia Foundation which will celebrate its 25th anniversary next May in Vancouver with a two and one-half day meeting. I was one of the organizers of the Huxley Institute of Biosocial Research, which has unfortunately not been able to survive. I am editor of the Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, which was the first medical journal to bring attention to many important new treatments in medicine such as the yeast syndrome, the toxicity of mercury from amalgams, the orthomolecular treatment of the schizophrenias and many other conditions. My main interest since 1967 in Saskatoon, and in Victoria, B.C., after 1976, has been to promote the principles of orthomolecular medicine and psychiatry. In medicine the move into nutrition or orthomolecular medicine is well underway, and will sweep into most of the medical schools within the next five years. The move into psychiatry has been dismally slow. Psychiatrists can not untrack themselves from the influence of the tranquilizers, which are helpful, but when used alone hardly ever restore a schizophrenic patient to normal. My definition of a normal person is one who is free of
Linus Pauling que na altura tinha ja um instituto com o seu nome: Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine. Completou muitos trabalhos cientificos em conjugacao com o instituto, tendo publicado Cancer and Vitamin C (Cancer e Vitamina C) com Pauling, em 1979. Apos aposentar-se pelo Vale of Leven Hospital em 1982, Cameron foi convidado para trabalhar no instituto, como diretor de pesquisas e diretor medico.
+ Base ====> Sal + AguaExemplo: HCL + NaOH ====> NaCl + H2O CLASSIFICACAO DOS SAIS Quanto a sua obtencao:Sais neutros: obtidos a partir da neutralizacao total de um acido por uma base.H2S + 2 KOH =====> K2S + 2 H2O Sal neutro Sais basicos: obtidos pela neutralizacao parcial de uma base (sobram anions OH-)H2SO4 + Al(OH)3 =====> Al(OH)SO4 + 2 H2O Sal basico Sais acidos: obtidos pela neutralizacao parcial de um acido (sobram cations H+ ionizaveis)H2SO4 + NaOH =======> NaHSO4 + H2O Sal acido Quanto a presenca de OxigenioSais oxigenados ou oxisais: contem oxigenio.CaCO3; Na2SO4; KClO3.Sais nao oxigenados: nao contem oxigenio.NaI; AlCl3; Fe [ Fe (CN)6 ]NOMENCLATURA DOS SAISNome do anion de nome do cation (valencia).Exemplos:NaNO3 - nitrato de sodioFeCl2 - cloreto de ferro II ou cloreto ferrosoFeCl3 - cloreto de ferro III ou cloreto ferrico.OXIDOS Oxidos: sao compostos binarios oxigenados nos quais o Oxigenio e o elemento mais eletronegativo. EXOYExemplos: NO2; CO; CO2; CaO; Fe2O3Classificacao dos oxidosOxidos acidos: sao oxidos moleculares, geralmente nao metais, que: Reagem com agua formando acidos. Reagem com bases formando sal + agua.Exemplos: SO3 + H2O =========> H2SO4 SO3 + 2 NaOH ===> Na2SO4 + H2OOxidos basicos: sao oxidos ionicos, geralmente de metais, que: Reagem com agua formando bases. Reagem com acidos formando sal + agua.Exemplos: CaO + H2O =====> Ca(OH) CaO + 2 HCl ====> CaCl2 + H2OOxidos anfoteros: sao oxidos que reagem tanto com acidos como com bases.Exemplos: Al2O3; ZnO; PbO.Oxidos neutros ou indiferentes: nao reagem com agua, nem com acido, nem com base.Exemplos: CO; NO; N2O.Peroxidos: apresentam dois atomos de oxigenio ligados entre si.Exemplos: Na2O2; Ca2O2; H2O2.NOMENCLATURA DOS OXIDOSOs oxidos formados por nao metais ligados a Oxigenio sao classificados como Oxidos Moleculares e tem seu nome estabelecido pela seguinte regra: Prefixo que indica Prefixo que indica quantidade + oxido de + a quantidade + nome do elemento de Oxigenio do outro elementoExemplos:CO = monoxido de carbonoCO2 = dioxido de difosforoP2O5 = pentoxido de difosforoOs oxidos formados por metais geralmente sao oxidos ionicos e neles o oxigenio apresenta carga -2. Seu nome e formado da seguinte maneira:Oxido de nome do elemento (valencia)Exemplos: Na2O = oxido de sodio Fe2O3 = Oxido de Ferro IIINUMERO DE OXIDACAO O numero de oxidacao ou Nox, e a carga real ou aparente que um atomo adquire em funcao da diferenca de eletronegatividade entre eles e os seus ligantes, numa ligacao quimica. O nox de um elemento em uma substancia simples e sempre zero, pois nao ha nem perda e nem ganho de eletrons.Exemplos: H2 : NoxH = 0 O3 : NoxO = 0Fe : NoxFe = 0 O Nox de um ion simples e igual a sua carga (e a propria definicao de Nox).Exemplos: Na+ : NoxNa = + 1S2 - : NoxS = - 2 O Nox do Hidrogenio em compostos e + 1, com excecao dos compostos com metal, em que o NoxH = -1Exempos: H2O : NoxH = + 1NaH : NoxH = - 1 O Nox do Oxigenio nos compostos e 2, com excecao dos compostos com Fluor (O2F2 e OF2).Exemplos: H2O : NoxO =
- 2H2O2 : NoxO = - 1O2F2 : NoxO = + 1OF2 : NoxO = + 2A soma algebrica dos Nox de todos os atomos de uma molecula e sempre igual a zero (o numero de eletrons cedidos e sempre igual ao numero de eletrons recebidos).Exemplos: H2 O Na2 S H2 S O4 Nox : + 1, - 2 Nox : + 1, - 2 Nox : + 1, + 6, - 2Soma : + 2 2 = 0 Soma : + 2 - 2 = 0 Soma : + 2, + 6, - 8 = 0A soma algebrica dos Nox dos elementos em um ion composto e igual a sua carga (a carga do ion indica que houve perda ou ganho de eletrons).Exemplos:N H4+ Cr2 O72- Nox : - 3, + 1 Nox : + 6 - 2 Soma : - 3 + 4 = + 1 Soma : + 12 - 14 = - 2Para se determinar o Nox de algum atomo numa molecula, usam-se os Nox conhecidos.Exemplo: H4 P2 O7 Nox : + 1 x - 2Soma: + 4 + 2x - 14 = 02x = 10 x = 5 NoxP = + 5EXERCICIOS PROPOSTOS1) O conjunto de compostos inorganicos quimicamente semelhantes representa o (a):a) Grupo inorganicob) Funcao inorganicac) Familia inorganicad) Sistema inorganico2) Indique os dois produtos de uso comum que apresentam propriedades alcalinas:a) Sal e coalhadab) Detergente e vinagrec) Bicarbonato e alcoold) Leite de magnesia e soda caustica3) Os compostos HCl, Mg(OH)2 e CaCO3, sao respectivamente:a) Base, base, salb) Base, base, oxidoc) Acido, base, sald) Acido, base, oxido4) As substancias que, em solucao aquosa conduzem a corrente eletrica e contem o grupo (OH-) hidroxila, sao os / as:a) Saisb) Acidosc) Basesd) Oxidos5) A pirita, o fluoreto de sodio e a gipsita, sao tipicos exemplos de:a) Saisb) Basesc) Acidosd) Oxidos6) O ar que expiramos contem gas carbonico (CO2), que se borbulhado dentro de agua pura, forma pequena quantidade de H2CO3. Nestas condicoes, a solucao obtida:a) Torna-se ligeiramente basica.b) Torna-se fortemente basica.c) Torna-se fracamente acida.d) Continua neutra, como em seu estado puro.7) A fenolftaleina e uma especie quimica que, adicionada a solucoes aquosas basicas, adquire uma coloracao vermelha. Assinale a alternativa que contem uma especie quimica em presenca da qual a fenolftaleina fica vermelha.a) Ca(OH)2b) NaClc) HCld) KBr8) Assinale a alternativa errada:a) A formula do acido sulfurico e H2Sb) A formula do oxido de calcio e CaOc) A formula do hidroxido de potassio e KOHd) A formula do gas nitrogenio e N29) A decomposicao termica do carbonato de calcio e representada pela equacao quimica: CaCO3 (s) ======> CaO (s) + CO2 (g) Podemos dizer que nessa decomposicao ocorre a formacao de:a) Uma base e de um oxidob) Duas basesc) Um sal e um oxidod) Dois oxidos10) Assinale a alternativa correta:a) KBr representa a formula de um sal, enquanto que Na2O representa a formula de um acido.b) HNO3 reprsenta a formula de um acido, enquanto Ba(OH)2 representa a formula de um sal.c) AlO3 representa a formula de um sal, enquanto que CaCL2 representa a formula de uma base.d) H3PO4 representa a
formula de um acido, enquanto que Al2(SO4)3 representa a formula de um sal.11) O H3PO3 e um:a) Triacidob) Diacidoc) Tetracidod) Monoacido12) Das alternativas abaixo, qual a unica que NAO corresponde a uma propriedade dos acidos, segundo a definicao de Arrhenius:a) Conduz eletricidadeb) Apresenta sabor azedoc) Torna azul o tornassol vermelhod) Quando adicionado a um carbonato, produz efervescencia com liberacao de gas carbonico13) Assinale a alternativa em que estao representadas apenas as formulas de sais oxigenados de Cloro:a) NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, AlCl3b) BaCl2, KClO3, Zn(ClO2)2, AgClc) Cr(ClO3)3, KNO3, NaClO, Ca(ClO)2d) AgClO4, LiClO2, Mg(ClO3)2, NaClO14) O acido que da origem ao sulfito ferrico e utilizado como alvejante e conservante de alimentos. A reacao de neutralizacao que produz este sal e proveniente dos seguintes reagentes:a) Acido sulfidrico e oxido de ferro IIIb) Acido sulfidrico e hidroxido de ferro IIIc) Acido sulfurico e hidroxido de ferro IIId) Acido sulfuroso e hidroxido de ferro IIIe) Acido sulfuroso e oxido de ferro III15) A neutralizacao parcial de acido carbonico pelo hidroxido de sodio, produz:a) Carbeto de sodiob) Carbonito de sodioc) Bicarbonato de sodiod) Carbonato de sodioe) Tiocarbonato de sodio16) O oxido CO nao reage com agua, porque e:a) Um superoxidob) Um peroxidoc) Um anfoterod) Indiferente17) O elemento quimico oxigenio forma o anion bivalente O-2 chamado oxido. A representacao da formula correta do oxido de ferro III e:a) Fe2O3b) Fe3O2c) FeOd) Fe3O418) O pirofosfato de potassio (K4P2O7), proveniente da neutralizacao do acido pirofosforico, apresenta para o FOSFORO o numero de oxidacao:a) 5b) 2c) + 2d) + 5e) + 919) Os numeros de oxidacao do manganes nos compostos Na2MnO4 e NaMnO4 sao, respectivamente:a) 7 e 6b) 6 e 7c) 6 e 6d) 7 e 720) O Pb e um metal de transicao pertencente ao grupo 4A, podendo, quando forma compostos, apresentar dois numeros de oxidacao (Nox). Considere a equacao abaixo, que representa a reacao ocorrida no interior dos acumuladores eletricos:Pb + PbO2 + 2 H2SO4 ===> 2 PbSO4 + 2 H2O O chumbo, nas substancias Pb, PbO2 e PbSO4, apresenta Nox, respectivamente, iguais a:a) 0, - 4, 2b) 0, 4, 4c) 4, - 4, 2d) 2, 2, 2e) 0, 4, 221) Dados os seguintes compostos:I MnO2II MnIII MnSO4IV KmnO4V MnO(OH) O numero de oxidacao do manganes e maximo em:a) Ib) IIc) IIId) IVe) V
The Russell-Einstein Manifesto Issued in London, 9 July 1955 IN the tragic situation which confronts humanity, we feel that scientists should assemble in conference to appraise the perils that have arisen as a result of the development of weapons of mass destruction, and to discuss a resolution in the spirit of the appended draft.We are speaking on this occasion, not as members of this or that nation, continent, or creed, but as human beings, members of the species Man, whose continued existence is in doubt. The world is full of conflicts; and, overshadowing all minor conflicts, the titanic struggle between Communism and anti-Communism.Almost everybody who is politically conscious has strong feelings about one or more of these issues; but we want you, if you can, to set aside such feelings and consider yourselves only as members of a biological species which has had a remarkable history, and whose disappearance none of us can desire.We shall try to say no single word which should appeal to one group rather than to another. All, equally, are in peril, and, if the peril is understood, there is hope that they may collectively avert it.We have to learn to think in a new way. We have to learn to ask ourselves, not what steps can be taken to give military victory to whatever group we prefer, for there no longer are such steps; the question we have to ask ourselves is: what steps can be taken to prevent a military contest of which the issue must be disastrous to all parties?The general public, and even many men in positions of authority, have not realized what would be involved in a war with nuclear bombs. The general public still thinks in terms of the obliteration of cities. It is understood that the new bombs are more powerful than the old, and that, while one A-bomb could obliterate Hiroshima, one H-bomb could obliterate the largest cities, such as London, New York, and Moscow. No doubt in an H-bomb war great cities would be obliterated. But this is one of the minor disasters that would have to be faced. If everybody in London, New York, and Moscow were exterminated, the world might, in the course of a few centuries, recover from the blow. But we now know, especially since the Bikini test, that nuclear bombs can gradually spread destruction over a very much wider area than had been supposed.It is stated on very good authority that a bomb can now be manufactured which will be 2,500 times as powerful as that which destroyed Hiroshima. Such a bomb, if exploded near the ground or under water, sends radio-active particles into the upper air. They sink gradually and reach the surface of the earth in the form of a deadly dust or rain. It was this dust which infected the Japanese fishermen and their catch of fish. No one knows how widely such lethal radio-active particles might be diffused, but the best authorities are unanimous in saying that a war with H-bombs might possibly put an end to the human race.
It is feared that if many H-bombs are used there will be universal death, sudden only for a minority, but for the majority a slow torture of disease and disintegration.Many warnings have been uttered by eminent men of science and by authorities in military strategy. None of them will say that the worst results are certain. What they do say is that these results are possible, and no one can be sure that they will not be realized. We have not yet found that the views of experts on this question depend in any degree upon their politics or prejudices. They depend only, so far as our researches have revealed, upon the extent of the particular expert's knowledge. We have found that the men who know most are the most gloomy.Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war? People will not face this alternative because it is so difficult to abolish war.The abolition of war will demand distasteful limitations of national sovereignty. But what perhaps impedes understanding of the situation more than anything else is that the term "mankind" feels vague and abstract. People scarcely realize in imagination that the danger is to themselves and their children and their grandchildren, and not only to a dimly apprehended humanity. They can scarcely bring themselves to grasp that they, individually, and those whom they love are in imminent danger of perishing agonizingly. And so they hope that perhaps war may be allowed to continue provided modern weapons are prohibited. This hope is illusory. Whatever agreements not to use H-bombs had been reached in time of peace, they would no longer be considered binding in time of war, and both sides would set to work to manufacture H-bombs as soon as war broke out, for, if one side manufactured the bombs and the other did not, the side that manufactured them would inevitably be victorious.Although an agreement to renounce nuclear weapons as part of a general reduction of armaments would not afford an ultimate solution, it would serve certain important purposes. First, any agreement between East and West is to the good in so far as it tends to diminish tension. Second, the abolition of thermo-nuclear weapons, if each side believed that the other had carried it out sincerely, would lessen the fear of a sudden attack in the style of Pearl Harbour, which at present keeps both sides in a state of nervous apprehension. We should, therefore, welcome such an agreement though only as a first step.Most of us are not neutral in feeling, but, as human beings, we have to remember that, if the issues between East and West are to be decided in any manner that can give any possible satisfaction to anybody, whether Communist or anti-Communist, whether Asian or European or American, whether White or Black, then these issues must not be decided by war. We should wish this to be understood, both in the East and in the West.There
to the fact that in nature "everything is connected to everything else," which is the primary message of ecology. From the 1950s Commoner played a leading role in every aspect and important phase of the environmental movement. He stated his opposition to nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s, was part of the science information movement of the 1960s, joined the energy debates of the 1970s and the organic farming/pesticides, waste management/recycling, and toxic chemicals issues of the 1980s and 1990s. Commoner's best-known book, The Closing Circle (1971), concluded that "human beings have broken out of the circle of life, driven not by biological need, but by the social organization which they have devised to 'conquer' nature. ... We must learn how to restore to nature the wealth that we borrow from it." The political lesson to be learned from Los Angeles smog, from fertilizer-poisoned water supplies in Illinois, from algal bloom in Lake Erie, and from detergent foam everywhere was that the older forms of both capitalism and socialism, with their emphases respectively on profit and productivity, were quite inadequate to cope with a deteriorating planet. At the same time Commoner did not want to sit back and contemplate nature fatalistically, or, as he called it, "inactivism." In the 1970s, as Congress passed laws for clean air, pure water, and the protection of the environment, Barry Commoner's warnings seemed to be generating serious political and legal action because, as Time warned in its cover story on Commoner (February 2, 1970), "the price of pollution could be the death of man." Gradually, however, Commoner came to believe that much of the politicians' concern with the environment and with energy conservation was sham. He was particularly disappointed in President Jimmy Carter's national energy policy, which Commoner said was "not designed to solve the energy crisis ... but merely to delay it." In The Politics of Energy (1979) Commoner called for "a national policy for the transition from the present, non-renewable energy system to a renewable one"a transition which he believed a traditional free market economy would be unable to accomplish. He wanted Americans to use solar rather than conventional power, trains rather than automobiles, and methane or gasohol rather than gasolineproposals which ran not only up against powerful vested interests but also against come basic American habits and preferences. This theme of the evils of an increased dependence on technology remained a theme for the rest of Commoner's career appearing again in 1995 in his book Making Peace with the Planet. Since none of the presidential candidates of 1980 seemed to be dealing with environmental issues in the most superficial way, Barry Commoner ran for president on a ticket of his own, the Citizens Party. It polled only a quarter of one percent of the vote. Commoner returned to Queens College in 1981 as professor of earth and environmental sciences, serving also as visiting professor of community health at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He also moved his Center for the Biology of Natural Sciences to Queens as well. The research conducted at
bibliografico foi publicado na Acta Mathematica quando o erro foi encontrado pelo autor. Este erro de fato levou Poincare a futuras descobertas, as quais agora sao consideradas o inicio da teoria do caos. A bibliografia foi publicada no final de 1980. Suas pesquisas a respeito dos Pontos de Lagrange e pontos de transferencia de baixa energia nao foram utilizados por mais de um seculo. Veja rede de transporte interplanetaria. Trabalhos na relatividadeO trabalho de Poincare no estabelecimento de fuso horarios internacionais, o levou a considerar como relogios distribuidos sobre a Terra, os quais se movem a velocidade diferente em relacao ao espaco absoluto ( ou "eter luminoso") poderiam ser sincronizados. Ao mesmo tempo o teorico holandes Hendrik Lorentz tinha estendido a teoria de Maxwell para uma teoria do movimento de particulas carregadas ("eletros" ou "ions"), e suas interacoes com a radiacao. Para isto ele teve que introduzir o conceito de tempo local:o qual usaremos para explicar a falha dos experimentos opticos e eletricos para a deteccao do movimento relativo em relacao ao eter. Poincare (1900) argumentou que a maravilhosa invencao de Lorentz do tempo local e observou que quando movendo relogios que estao sincronizados pela troca de sinais de luzes assumimos que eles viajam ao mesmo tempo em ambas direcoes de um referencial [1]. Em A Medicao do Tempo (Poincare 1898), ele argumenta que a dificuldade de estabelecer a simultaneidade de eventos distantes e concluiu que isto pode ser estabelecido por convencao. Ele tambem discute o postulado da velocidade da luz, e formula o Principio da relatividade, de acordo com o qual nenhum experimento magnetico ou mecanico pode detectar a diferenca entre estados de movimento uniforme.Alem disto, Poincare era um divulgador constante (e algumas vezes critico amigavel) da teoria de Lorentz. Poincare como um filosofo, tinha interesse no "significado profundo". Portanto ele interpretava a teoria de Lorentz nos termos do Principio da relatividade e isto acabou levando a muitas ideias que agora sao associadas com a Relatividade restrita.Em um trabalho de 1900 Poincare discutia o recuo de um objeto fisico quando este emite um jato de radiacao em sua direcao, como predito pela eletrodinamica de Maxwell-Lorentz. Ele comentou que o fluxo de radiacao parecia atuar como um fluido ficticio com uma massa por unidade de volume de e/c2, onde e e a densidade de energia; em outras palavras, o equivalente da massa da radiacao e m = E / c2, ou E = mc2. Poincare considerava este recuo do emissor como um aspecto nao solucionado da teoria de Maxwell-Lorentz, o qual ele discute novamente em Ciencia e Hipotese (1902) e em O Valor da Ciencia (1904). Por ultimo ele disse que o recuo e contraditorio com o principio de Newton desde nosso projetil aqui nao tem massa, ele nao e materia, mas energia, e discute dois outros efeitos inexplicaveis:nao conservacao de massa implicada pela massa variavel de Lorentz m, a teoria de Abraham da massa variavel e os experimentos de Kaufmann da massa de eletrons rapidos em movimento enao conservacao da energia nos experimentos com radio de Madame Curie. Deve-se a Einstein