SNP cluster groups (SCGs) and could be a useful tool for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes.Multiplex SNaPshot Genotyping for Detecting Loss of Heterozigozity.pdfBackgroundIn the workup of patients with suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), detection of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) could help pinpoint the mismatch-repair (MMR) gene carrying the germline mutation, but analysis of microsatellite markers has proved unreliable for this purpose. We developed a simple, low-cost method based on singlenucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and capillary electrophoresis for the assessment of LOH at 2 MMR loci simultaneously. MethodsWe used the Applied Biosystems SNaPshot Multiplex Kit with meticulously selected primers to assess 14 common SNPs in MLH1 [mutL homolog 1, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 2 (E. coli)] and MSH2 [mutS homolog 2, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 1 (E. coli)] and optimized the protocol for DNA isolated from peripheral blood and fresh/frozen or archival microsatellite-unstable tumors from patients with confirmed (n42) or suspected (n25) HNPCC. The 42 tumors from patients with confirmed MLH1 or MSH2 germline mutations were used to validate the methods diagnostic accuracy against results obtained with DNA sequencing or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification.Single nucleotide extension technology for quantitative site-specific evaluation of metC-C in GC-rich regions.pdfAbstract: The development and use of high throughput technologies for detailed mapping of methylated cytosines (metC) is becoming of increasing importance for the expanding field of epigenetics. The single nucleotide primer extension reaction used for genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms has been recently adapted to interrogate the bisulfite modification induced quantitative C/T polymorphism that corresponds to metC/C in the native DNA. In this study, we explored the opportunity to investigate C/T (and G/A) ratios using the Applied Biosystems (ABI) SNaPshot technology. The main effort of this study was dedicated to addressing the complexities in the analysis of DNA methylation in GC-rich regions where interrogation of the target cytosine can be confounded by variable degrees of methylation in other cytosines (resulting in variable C/T or G/A ratios after treatment with bisulfite) in the annealing site of the interrogating primer. In our studies, the mismatches of the SNaPshot primer with the target DNA sequence resulted in a biasing effect of up to 70% while these effects decreased as the location of the polymorphic site moved upstream of the target cytosine. We demonstrated that the biasing effect can be corrected with the SNaPshot primers containing degenerative C/T and G/A nucleotides. A series of experiments using various permutations of quantitative C/T and G/A polymorphisms at various positions of the target DNA sequence demonstrated that SNaPshot is able to accurately report cytosine methylation levels with <5% average SD from the true values. Given the relative simplicity of the method and the possibility to multiplex C/T and G/A interrogations, the SNaPshot approach may become a useful tool for large-scale mapping of metC.The development and validation of a single SNaPshot multiplex for tiger species and subspecies identification-Implications for forensic purposes.pdfAbstract: The tiger (Panthera tigris) is currently listed on Appendix I of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; this affords it the highest level of international protection. To