NelsoN F GomeS 400 plates about "Evolution of the MAMMALS and MORE""Characters Cloud Theory""When two populations are isolated reproductively, even isolated, will continue carrying low frequency genes, that were widely exchanged between them."This theory seeks to explain why we always need of parsimony to resolve disagreements, which often appear in phylogenetic analysis.The methodologies are always looking for a set of unique characters, which will allow to define a given taxon.But always end up faced with a confusing picture. At this point enters the parsimony to resolve the situation.I have demonstrated that synapomorphies are "crutches" (even though required steps and indispensable in the construction of Phylogenies).Also the use of parsimony is another "crutch", ie can not be used as if it were a mathematical law.Spite of the progress that these henniguian definitions represented in the development of phylogenies.They are far from representing mathematical laws, and should be seen only as steps in the construction of phylogenies.Steps that may even be ruled out "a posteriori".Working in phylogenies of Chiroptera, Marsupialia, Primates and Xenarthra, I could see that there is a continuity of characters between neighboring groups...but I'm not talking about coherent and gradual continuities.On the contrary .... I'm talking about conflicting continuities, that could be interpreted as parallelisms or convergences .... but they are not.According to this theory that I call "CHARACTERS CLOUD Theory":"When two populations are separated reproductively, even after well-established,these populations will carry low frequency genes, which may be manifested again,giving the false impression of characters convergence.The methodologies lead us to interpret them as convergences, but really they are not.When I have built the Phylogeny of Eutheria, using Marsupialia as outgroup and considering it as immediate sister group, I found the same patterns presented by sister species of the genus Monodelphis or by main groups of Marsupialia.There distributions in mosaic even in groups too far apart ...ancient, as Eutheria and Marsupialia.We must bear in mind that when they parted, the species do not form homogeneous and distinct "TYPES" ... but instead, "genes clouds" with different frequencies.These genetic "CLOUDS" inferred by its manifestations: the characters...they represent fragments that were continuous and after "separated" carried with them these "intermediate particles" that were already in decline for not representing the "STANDARDS" but still existing and persistent."Also the use of parsimony is another "crutch", ie can not be used as if it were a mathematical law.Spite of the progress that these henniguian definitions represented in the development of phylogenies.They are far from representing mathematical laws, and should be seen only as steps in the construction of phylogenies".Teoria da nuvem de caracteres"Quando duas populacoes se isolam reprodutivamente, mesmo isoladas, continuarao transportando genes de baixa frequencia, que antes eram trocados amplamente entre elas".Essa teoria procura explicar porque sempre precisamos da parcimonia para resolver as discordancias, que frequentemente aparecem nas analise filogeneticas.As metodologias sempre procuram um conjunto de caracteres exclusivos, que permitirao definir um determinado taxon.Mas acabam sempre se deparando com um quadro confuso. Nesse ponto entra a parcimonia para resolver a situacao.Tenho demonstrado que as sinapomorfias sao "muletas" (mesmo sendo etapas necessarias e indispensaveis na construcao de filogenias).Tambem