in favor of worshipwithout these ceremonies that were still so popular in the Anglican church Toworship him without ceremonies. The ceremonies of the law, which God himselfordained, are now abrogated, and out of date. Christ the substance being come,the shadows fly away; and therefore the apostle calls the legal ceremoniescarnal rites. Heb 9: 10. If we may not use those Jewish ceremonies which Godonce appointed, then not those which he never appointed.So how then did these rites and ceremonies, thathad disappeared from Presbyterianism between the 17th and mid-19thcentury reappear in the Episcoterian worship I mentioned in this post? I examined that question in another essay that Iwrote on the reintroduction of Holy Days and the church calendar that I willpublish separately. Here is the section detailing how Presbyterians turned awayfrom the simple New Testament worship they had practiced for two centuries andreadopted the shadows that had preceded the reformation:Historically Presbyterians had rejected writtenliturgies, the Westminster divines had made a conscious decision not to createa formal liturgy that would restrict their freedom in worship and for whichthey saw no warrant in Scripture, but they decided instead to write a simpledirectory that would give guidance to ministers in preparing their worship. Thecolonial Presbyterians had inherited the same distrust of liturgies as theirPuritan forbears, but their distrust went even further. In 1729 when theAmerican Presbyterians decided to formally adopt the Westminster Standards,they did not officially adopt the Directory for Publick Worship, which had beenconsidered an integral part of the Standards by the Puritans who framed it.This was because of the hostility of many American Presbyters to any documentthat smacked of usurping the role of Scripture in guiding and shaping theirworship. As a result the Adopting Act framed by the Synod of 1729 onlyrecommended the directory to its members. In 1786 when the Presbyterian churchof the newly formed Untied States again adopted the Westminster Standards astheir Creedal statement they opted to receive the the Directory as insubstance agreeable to the institutions of the New Testament.17This was an important distinction, for of all thedocuments produced by the Westminster Assembly only the Directory contained anexplicit repudiation of the practice of observing Holy Days. As we have seen,Holy Days are clearly inconsistent with the idea of biblical worship as it isabundantly set forth in the Confession, but in later years the concept thatbiblical worship was only that which was explicitly authorized in scripture(this concept is often referred to as the Regulative Principle of Worship) wasto come under attack within the Presbyterian church.Until the mid 1800s, both the Regulative Principleand tradition were usually enough to ensure that the Church Year had no placein the Presbyterian Church. In 1837 the Presbyterian Church in the UnitedStates had split into two separate camps, the New and Old school. Theissues that had caused the split had to do with the feelings of ministers ineither wing towards Calvinism and the traditional polity and practice of thePresbyterian church. The New School, which had been profoundly influenced bythe sweeping revivals of the 18th and early 19th centuries, tended to believethat evangelistic considerations outweighed issues like strict adherence