thegoodfellas/blogset-br huggingface dataset:
the amortization of mortgages. Fungibility The substitutability of listed options, which is dependent upon their common expiration dates and strike prices. The congruence of expiration dates and strike prices lets investors close positions by offsettingtransactions through the optionsclearing corporation. Furthest month Used in the context of commodities or optionstrading to refer to the month that is away from the contract's date of settlement. FUTOP The Danish derivatives market, merged with the Copenhagen Stock Exchange in 1997. Future A term used to designate all contracts covering the sale of financialinstruments or physical commodities for future delivery on a commodityexchange. Future investment opportunities The identification of additional, more valuable, investment opportunities in the future that result from a current opportunity or operation. Futures A term used to designate all contracts covering the sale of financialinstruments or physical commodities for future delivery on a commodityexchange. Futures commission merchant (FCM) A firm or person engaged in soliciting or accepting and handling orders for the purchase or sale of futures contracts, subject to the rules of a futures exchange and, who, in connection with such solicitation or acceptance of orders, accepts any money or securities to provide margin for any resulting trades or contracts. The FCM must be licensed by the CFTC. Related: Commission house, omnibus account. Futures contract A legally binding agreement to buy or sell a commodity or financial instrument in a designated future month at a price agreed upon today by the buyer and seller. Futures contracts are standardized according to the quality, quantity, and delivery time and location for each commodity. A futures contract differs from an option because an option is the right to buy or sell, while a futures contract is the promise to actually make a transaction. A future is part of a class of securities called derivatives, so named because such securities derive their value from the worth of an underlying investment. Futures contract multiple A constant set by an exchange, which when multiplied by the futures price gives the dollar value of a stock index futures contract. Futures market A market where contracts for future delivery of a commodity or a security are bought or sold. Futures option An option on a futures contract. Related: Options on physicals. Futures price The price at which parties to a futures contract agree to transact upon the settlement date. Future value The amount of cash at a specified date in the future that is equivalent in value to a specified sum today. Fuzzy Logic A system which mathematically models complex relationships which are usually handled in a vague manner by language. Under the title of "Fuzzy Logic" falls formal fuzzy logic (a multi-valued form of logic), and fuzzy sets. Fuzzy sets measure the similarity between an object and a group of objects. A member of a fuzzy set can belong to both the set, and its compliment. Fuzzy sets can more closely approximate human reasoning than traditional "crisp" sets. See: Crisp sets. FVO (for valuation only) See: For your information
code for CZECH REPUBLIC. CZK The ISO 4217 currency code for Czech Republic Koruna. Cabinet crowd NYSE members who tradebonds with a low daily traded volume. See: Automated Bond System. Cabinet security A stock or bond listed on a major exchange with low daily tradedvolume. Cable Exchange rate between British pound sterling and the U.S. dollar. CAC 40 index A broad-basedindex of common stocks composed of 40 of the 100 largest companies listed on the forward segment of the official list of the Paris Bourse. Cage A section of a brokerage firm used for receiving and disbursing funds. Calendar List of new issues scheduled to come to market shortly. Calendar effect Describes the tendency of stocks to perform differently at different times. For example, a number of researchers have documented that historically, returns tend to be higher in January compared to other months (especially February). Others have documented returns patterns across days of the week and within the day. Some of these patterns are found in volume and volatility as well as returns. Calendar spread Applies to derivative products. A strategy in which there is a simultaneous purchase and sale of options of the same class at the same strike prices, but with different expiration date. Calendar Straddle or Combination See Calendar Spread. Call An option that gives the holder the right to buy the underlying asset. Call date A date before maturity, specified at issuance, when the issuer of a bond may retire part of the bond for a specified call price. Call feature Part of the indenture agreement between the bond issuer and buyer describing the schedule and price of redemptions prior to maturity. Call loan A loan repayable on demand. Sometimes used as a synonym for broker loan or broker overnight loan. Call loan rate See: Call money rate Call money rate Also called the broker loan rate , the interest rate that banks charge brokers to financemarginloans to investors. The broker charges the investor the call money rate plus a service charge. Call option An optioncontract that gives its holder the right (but not the obligation) to purchase a specified number of shares of the underlyingstock at the given strike price, on or before the expiration date of the contract. Call an option To exercise a call option. Call premium Premium in price above the par value of a bond or share of preferred stock that must be paid to holders to redeem the bond or share of preferred stock before its scheduled maturity date. Call price The price, specified at issuance, at which the issuer of a bond may retire part of the bond at a specified call date. Call protection A feature of some callablebonds that establishes an initial period when the bonds may not be called. Call provision An embedded option granting a bondissuer the right to buy back all or part of an issue prior to maturity. Call risk The combination of cash flow uncertainty and reinvestment risk introduced by a call provision. Call swaption A swaption in which the buyer has the right
that describes the relationship between risk and expected return, and serves as a model for the pricing of riskysecurities. The CAPM asserts that the only risk that is priced by rational investors is systematic risk, because that risk cannot be eliminated by diversification. The CAPM says that the expected return of a security or a portfolio is equal to the rate on a risk-free security plus a risk premium multiplied by the asset's systematic risk. Theory was invented by William Sharpe (1964) and John Lintner (1965). The early work of Jack Treynor is was also instrumental in the development of this model. Capital budget A firm's planned capital expenditures. Capital budgeting The process of choosing the firm'slong-termassets. Capital Builder Account (CBA) A Merrill Lynch brokerage account that allows investors to access the loan value of his or her eligible securities to buy or sell securities. Excess cash in a CBA can be invested in a money market fund or an insuredmoney market deposit account without losing access to the money. Capital expenditures Amount used during a particular period to acquire or improve long-termassets such as property, plant, or equipment. Capital flight The transfer of capital abroad in response to fears of political risk. Capital formation Expansion of capital or capital goods through savings, which leads to economic growth. Capital gain When a stock is sold for a profit, the capital gain is the difference between the net sales price of the securities and their netcost, or original basis. If a stock is sold below cost, the difference is a capital loss. Capital gains distribution A distribution to the shareholders of a mutual fund out of profits from selling stocks or bonds, that is subject to capital gains taxes for the shareholders. Capital gains tax The tax levied on profits from the sale of capital assets. A long-termcapital gain, which is achieved once an asset is held for at least 12 months, is taxed at a maximum rate of 20% (taxpayers in 28% tax bracket) and 10% (taxpayers in 15% tax bracket). Assets held for less than 12 months are taxed at regular income tax levels, and, since January 1, 2000, assets held for at least five years are taxed at 18% and 8%. Capital gains yield The price change portion of a stock's return. Capital goods Goods used by firms to produce other goods, e.g., office buildings, machinery, equipment. Capital growth The increase in an asset'smarket price. Also called capital appreciation. Capital infusion Often refers to the cross-subsidization of divisions within a firm. When one division is not doing well, it might benefit from an infusion of new funds from the more successful divisions. In the context of venture capital, it can also refer to funds received from a venture capitalist to either get the firm started or to save it from failing due to lack of cash. Capital-intensive Used to describe industries that require large investments in capital assets to produce their goods, such as the automobile industry. These firms require large profit margins and/or low costs of borrowing to survive.
Capitalization ratios Also called financial leverage ratios, these ratios compare debt to total capitalization and thus reflect the extent to which a corporation is trading on its equity. Capitalization ratios can be interpreted only in the context of the stability of industry and company earnings and cash flow. Capitalization table A table showing the capitalization of a firm, which typically includes the amount of capital obtained from each source - long-termdebt and common equity - and the respective capitalization ratios. Capitalization-Weighted Index A stock index which is computed by adding the capitalization (float times price) of each individual stock in the index, and then dividing by the divisor. The stocks with the largest market values have the heaviest weighting in the index. See also Float, Divisor. Capitalized Recorded in asset accounts and then depreciated or amortized, as is appropriate for expenditures for items with useful lives longer than one year. Capitalized interest Interest that is not immediately expensed, but rather is considered as an asset and is then amortized through the income statement over time. In the context of project financing, interest that is paid by additional borrowing. Capped-Style Option A capped option is an option with an established profit cap or cap price. The cap price is equal to the option's strike price plus a cap interval for a call option or the strike price minus a cap interval for a put option. A capped option is automatically exercised when the underlying security closes at or above (for a call) or at or below (for a put) the Option's cap price. Captive finance company A company, usually a subsidiary that is wholly owned, whose main function is financing consumer purchases from the parent company. Caput An exotic option. It represents a call option on a put option. That is, you purchase the option to buy a put option at a particular price on or before the expiration date. Car A loose quantity term sometimes used to describe the amount of a commodityunderlying one commoditycontract; e.g., "a car of bellies." Derived from the fact that quantities of the product specified in a contract once corresponded closely to the capacity of a railroad car. Caracas Stock Exchange Originally established in 1947 and merged with a competitor in 1974 to become the only securities exchange of Venezuela. Cargo Goods being transported. Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) Seller is responsible for the payment of freight to carry goods to a named overseas destination. The seller is also responsible for providing cargo insurance at minimum coverage against the buyer's risk of loss or damage to the goods during transport. The risk of loss or damage is transferred from the seller to the buyer once the goods are delivered into the carrier's custody. This term may be used for any mode of transport. Carriage Paid To (CPT) Seller is responsible for the payment of freight to carry goods to a named overseas destination. The risk of loss or damage is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the carrier's
a category of assets such as: domestic equity, fixed income, etc. Class A/Class B shares See: Classified stock Class action A legal complaint filed by a lawyer or group of lawyers for a group of petitioners with an identical grievance, often with an award proportionate to the number of shareholders involved. Class of Options Option contracts of the same type (call or put) and Style (American, European or Capped) that cover the same underlying security. Classified Board Also known as Staggered Board: is one in which the directors are placed into different classes and serve overlapping terms. Since only part of the board can be replaced each year, an outsider who gains control of a corporation may have to wait a few years before being able to gain control of the board. This slow replacement makes a classified board an effective delays of takeovers. Sometimes known as a delay provision. Classified stock The division of stock into more than one class of common stock, usually called Class A and Class B. The specific features of each class, which are set out in the charter and bylaws, usually give certain advantages to the Class A shares, such as increased voting power. Claused Bill of Lading A bill of lading with a notation that indicates damage or shortage. Also called foul bill of lading and are the opposite of clean bills of lading. Clawback The ability to recover prior project cash flow that may have been distributed or paid away as dividends to sponsors. Clawback A dividend clawback is an arrangement whereby the equity owners commit to use dividends they have received in the past to finance the cash needs of the project or corporation in the future. Clawback has a more general definition. For example, premiums paid on an insurance policy may be refunded (or clawed back) if the policy is cancelled in a certain time frame. Such an arrangement is specified in the contract and referred to as a clawback provision. Clean In the context of general equities, block trade that matches buy or sell orders/interests, sparing the block trader any inventoryrisk (no net position and hence none available for additional customers). Natural. Antithesis of open. Clean Bill of Lading A bill of lading bearing no findings of damage or shortage. Clean opinion An auditor's opinion reflecting an unqualified acceptance of a company'sfinancial statements. Clean price Bond price excluding accrued interest. Clean Report of Findings A report issued by an inspection firm, indicating that price has been verified, that the goods have been inspected prior to shipment, and that both conform to buyer specifications. Clean up In the context of general equities, purchase/sale of all the remaining supply of stock, or the last piece of a block, in a trade-leaving a net zero position. "Clean your skirts" In the context of general equities, i.e. "make all your obligatedcalls" check with all prior obligations in a security. Often preceded by "subject to." Clear To settle a trade by the seller delivering securities and the buyer delivering funds in the proper form. A trade
company An investment company that issues a fixed number of shares of the mutual fund that it manages, and does not create new shares if demand increases. Antithesis of an open-end management company. Closed-end fund An investment company that issues shares like any other corporation and usually does not redeem its shares. A publicly traded fund sold on stock exchanges or over the counter that may trade above or below its net asset value. Related: Open-end fund. Closed-end management company An investment company that has only a set number of shares of the mutual fund that it manages, and does not create new shares if demand increases. Antithesis of an open-end management company. Closed-end mortgage Mortgage against which no additional debt may be issued. Closed fund A mutual fund that is no longer issuingshares, mainly because it has grown too large. Closed out Position that is liquidated when the client does not meet a margin call or cover a short sale. Closely held A corporation whose voting stock is owned by only a few shareholders. Closely held company A company who has a small group of controllingshareholders. In contrast, a widely-held firm has many shareholders. It is difficult or impossible to wage a proxy battle for any closely-held firm. Closing costs All the expenses involved in transferring ownership of real estate. Closing price Price of the last transaction of a particular stock completed during a day's trading session on an exchange. Closing purchase A transaction in which the purchaser's intention is to reduce or eliminate a short position in a stock, or in a given series of options. Closing quote The last bid and offer prices of a particular stock at the close of a day's trading session on an exchange. Closing range Also known as the range. The high and low prices, or bids and offers, recorded during the period designated as the official close. Related: Settlement price. Closing sale A transaction in which the seller's intention is to reduce or eliminate a long position in a stock, or a given series of options. Closing tick The net of the number of stocks whose closing prices are higher than their previous trades ( uptick) against the number of stocks whose closing prices were lower than their previous trades (downtick). A positive closing tick indicates "buying at the close", or a bullishmarket; a negative closing tick indicates "selling at the close," or a bearishmarket. See: TRIN. Closing transaction Applies to derivative products. Buy or sell transaction that eliminates an existing position (selling a long option or buying back a short option). Antithesis of opening transaction. Closing TRIN See: TRIN Cloud on title Any claim or encumbrance, usually discovered in a title search, that may impair the title to a property, and make its validity questionable. See: bad title. Club A group of underwriters who do not need to proceed to form a syndicate. Cluster analysis A statistical technique that identifies clusters of stocks whose returns are highly correlated within each cluster and relatively uncorrelated across clusters. Cluster analysis has identified groupings such
underlying stock is also short in the account. In addition, a short call is covered if the account is also long another call on the same security, with a striking price equal to or less than the striking price of the short call. A short put is covered if there is also a long put in the account with a striking price equal to or greater than the striking price of the short put. Covered call A shortcall optionposition in which the writer owns the number of shares of the underlying stock represented by the option contracts. Covered calls generally limit the risk the writer takes because the stock does not have to be bought at the market price, if the holder of that option decides to exercise it. Covered call writing strategy A strategy that involves writing a call option on securities that the investor owns. See: Covered or hedge option strategies. Covered foreign currency loan A loandenominated in a currency other than that of the borrower's home country, for which repayment terms are prearranged through the use of a forward currency contract. Covered interest arbitrage Occurs when a portfolio managerinvests dollars in an instrumentdenominated in a foreign currency and hedges the resulting foreign exchange risk by selling the proceeds of the investment forward for dollars. Covered Interest Rate Parity The principle that the yields from interest-bearing foreign and domestic investments should be equal when the currencymarket is used to predetermine the domestic currency payoff from a foreign investment. Covered or hedge option strategies Strategies that involve a position in an option as well as a position in the underlying stock, designed so that one position will help offset any unfavorable price movement in the other, including covered call writing and protective putbuying. Related: Naked strategies Covered option Optionposition that is offset by an equal and opposite position in the underlying security. Antithesis of naked option. Covered position Use of an option in a tradingstrategy in the underlyingasset which is already owned. Covered put A put optionposition in which the option writer also is short the corresponding stock or has deposited, in a cash account, cash or cash equivalents equal to the exercise price of the option. This limits the option writer'srisk because money or stock is already set aside. In the event that the holder of the put option decides to exercise the option, the writer's risk is more limited than it would be on an uncovered or naked put option. Covered straddle An option strategy in which one call and one put with the same strike price and expiration are written against 100 shares of the underlying stock. In actually, this is not a "covered" strategy because assignment on the short put would require purchase of stock on margin. This method is also known as a covered combination. Covered straddle write The term used to describe the strategy in which an investor owns the underlying security and also writes a straddle on that security. This is not really a covered position. Covered writer An investor who writes options only