War was a dispute between Mormon settlers in Utah Territory and the UnitedStates federal government. The Mormons and Washington each sought control overthe government of the territory, with the national government victorious. Theconfrontation between the Mormon militia and the U.S. Army involved somedestruction of property, but no actual battles between the contending militaryforces.1857 Nicaragua:April to May, November to December. In May, Commander Charles Henry Davis ofthe United States Navy, with some marines, received the surrender of WilliamWalker, self-proclaimed president of Nicaragua, who was losing control of thecountry to forces financed by his former business partner, CorneliusVanderbilt, and protected his men from the retaliation of native allies who hadbeen fighting Walker. In November and December of the same year United Statesvessels USS Saratoga, USS Wabash, and Fulton opposed another attempt of WilliamWalker on Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram Paulding's act of landing marines andcompelling the removal of Walker to the United States, was tacitly disavowed bySecretary of State Lewis Cass, and Paulding was forced intoretirement.[RL30172]1858 Uruguay: FromJanuary 2 to 27, forces from two United States warships landed to protectAmerican property during a revolution in Montevideo.[RL30172]1858 Fiji Islands:From October 6 to 16, a marine expedition with the USS Vandalia killed 14natives and burned 115 huts in retaliation for the murder of two Americancitizens at Waya.[RL30172] [Vandalia 1] [Vandalia 2]185859 OttomanEmpire: The Secretary of State requested a display of naval force along theLevant after a massacre of Americans at Jaffa and mistreatment elsewhere"to remind the authorities (of the Ottoman Empire) of the power of theUnited States."[RL30172]1859 Paraguay:Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress for an attack on a navalvessel in the Parana River during 1855. Apologies were made after a largedisplay of force.[RL30172]1859 Mexico: Twohundred United States soldiers crossed the Rio Grande in pursuit of the Mexicannationalist Juan Cortina.[RL30172] [1859 Mexico]1859China: From July 31 to August 2, a naval force landed to protect Americaninterests in Shanghai.[RL30172]186018691860 Angola,Portuguese West Africa: On March 1, American residents at Kissembo called uponAmerican and British ships to protect lives and property during problems withnatives.[RL30172]1860 Colombia, Bayof Panama: From September 27 to October 8, naval forces landed to protect Americaninterests during a revolution.[RL30172]186165 AmericanCivil War: A major war between the United States (the Union) and elevenSouthern states which declared that they had a right to secession and formedthe Confederate States of America.1863 Japan: July16, Naval battle of Shimonoseki: The USS Wyoming retaliated against a firing onthe American vessel Pembroke at Shimonoseki.[RL30172]1864 Japan: FromJuly 14 to August 3, naval forces protected the United States Minister to Japanwhen he visited Yedo to negotiate concerning some American claims againstJapan, and to make his negotiations easier by impressing the Japanese withAmerican power.[RL30172]1864 Japan: FromSeptember 4 to 14, naval forces of the United States, Great Britain, France,and the Netherlands compelled Japan and the Prince of Nagato in particular topermit the Straits of Shimonoseki to be used by foreign shipping in accordancewith treaties already signed.[RL30172]1865 Panama: OnMarch 9 and 10, US forces protected the lives and property of Americanresidents during a revolution.[RL30172]186577 SouthernUnited States Reconstruction following the American Civil War: The South isdivided into five Union occupation districts