Conditional sentencesThe conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English.Watch out:1) Which type of the conditional sentences is used?2) Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?There are three types of the if-clauses.typeconditionIcondition possible to fulfillIIcondition in theory possible to fulfillIIIcondition not possible to fulfill (too late)Formtypeif clausemain clauseISimple Presentwill-future (or Modal + infinitive)IISimple Pastwould + infinitive *IIIPast Perfectwould + have + past participle *Examples (if-clause at the beginning)typeif clausemain clauseIIf I study, I will pass the exam.IIIf I studied,I would pass the exam.IIIIf I had studied, I would have passed the exam.Examples (if-clause at the end)typemain clauseif-clauseII will pass the exam if I study.III would pass the exam if I studied.IIII would have passed the exam if I had studied.Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)typeExampleslong formsshort/contracted formsI+If I study, I will pass the exam.If I study, I'll pass the exam.-If I study, I will not fail the exam.If I do not study, I will fail the exam.If I study, I won't fail the exam.If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.II+If I studied, I would pass the exam.If I studied, I'd pass the exam.-If I studied, I would not fail the exam.If I did not study, I would fail the exam.If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.III+If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.-If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam.If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam.If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam.If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).I would pass the exam.I could pass the exam.I might pass the exam.I may pass the exam.I should pass the exam.I must pass the exam. Reported commandsIf you put a command into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).The form is mostly: form of to tell + to + infinitive.Affirmative commandsNegative commandsFather: "Do your homework."Teacher. "Don't talk to your neighbour."Father told me to do my homework.The teacher told me not to talk to my neighbour.Reported questionsIf you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement.That's why the word order is: subject - verbQuestion without question words (yes/no questions):Peter: "Do you play football?" - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.Question with question words:Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football An In-depth Look at Modals used in the Present and the Future(be) able tocancantcoulddont have todont need tohad betterhave (got) tomaymay as well/might as wellmightmustmust notneedneedntought toshallshantshouldwillwontwouldwouldnt(be) able to ability, less used than cane.g. Im not able to come to the game on