Ritual, Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1967, pp. 218-226] must be reckoned with capacities in interaction such as courage, gameness [l'esprit de jeu], gallantry, composure, presence of mind, dignity, stage confidence, capacities which are discussed in some detail by him and, explicitly in at least one case, as kinds of competency (p. 224). (3) 1 / Une nouvelle definition du concept de performance -Traditionnellement, la performance est rapportee aux capacites cerebrales. (3)1/ Uma nova definicao de Performance Tradicionalmente, a performance esta relacionada com a capacidade do cerebro.(64)The "performance models" studied in psycholinguistics areto be taken as models of aspects of ability for use, relative tomeans of implementation in the brain, although they could now be seenas a distinct, contributory factor in general competence. 4. Difference cruciale entre l'anthropologie et lapsychologie cognitive. Les psycholinguistes etudient l'esprit,nous etudions des personnes et des traditions. 4Crucial Diferenca entre a antropologia e a psicologia cognitiva.Psicolinguistas estudam "espirito", Nos investigamos"pessoas" e "tradicoes".(p.65) The performance of a person is not identical with a behavioral record, or with the imperfect or partial realization of individual competence. It takes into account the interaction between competence (knowledge, ability for use), the competence of others, and the cybernetic and emergent properties of events themselves. A performance, as an event, may have properties (patterns and dynamics) not reducible to terms of individual or standardized competence. Sometimes, indeed, these properties are the point (a concert, play, party). (5) Le paradigme qui inspire Dell Hymes ici est clairement l'interactionnisme symbolique. (5) Aqui, o paradigma que inspira Dell Hymes e, claramente, o interacionismo simbolico. (64) The concept of"performance" will take on great importance, insofar as thestudy of communicative competence is seen as an aspect of what fromanother angle may be called the ethnography of symbolic forms thestudy of the variety of genres, narration, dance, drama, song,instrumental music, visual art, that interrelate with speech in thecommunicative life of a society, and in terms of which the relativeimportance and meaning of speech and language must be assessed. Therecent shift in folklore studies and much of anthropology to thestudy of these genres in terms of performances with underlying rulescan be seen as a reconstruction on an ethnographic basis of thevision expressed in Cassirer's philosophy of symbolic forms. Theconcept of "performance" will be important also in thelight of sociological work such as that of Goffman (cited above), asits concern with general interactional competence helps make precisethe particular role of linguistic competence.( former AAA president Dell H. Hymes, who died Friday, Nov 13, 2009, at the age of 82 )* 2 / La performance commefacon personnelle de parler -Dell Hymes,Foundations inSociolinguistics. An Ethnographic Approach,Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1974; repr. London:Tavistock, 1977, pp. 9297. (92) Chomsky's work is a decisivestep, not only in extending the scope of linguistic theory, but alsoin redefining the nature of its object. For "language"Chomsky substitutes "competence" defined as a fluent nativespeaker's knowledge (largely tacit) of grammaticality of whetheror not putative sentences are part of his language, and according towhat structural relationships. The goal of linguistic description isthus changed; from an object independent of men, to a human capacity.Both