TERMINOLOGY - ELTtons of it - please go to : http://www.tefl.net/teacher-training/terminology.htm WHAT IS GRAMMAR?"Grammar is sometimes defined as the way words are put together to make correct sentences." Penny UrAn oversimplification but a good starting pointBy adding Grammar the message is made less ambiguous. E.g. "the bill please" "Could you please send the bill....."Diane Larsen-Freemandefine pieces of a language, organize sentences, verb tenses, structure of textsit gives formal meaning to a speechgrammatical items can refer to units smaller than sentences(e.g I am a teacher is grammatical; i a teacher is not grammatical)grammar can occur in single words( -ed for pas simple; -s, es for plural)we can mix different approaches when teaching grammarbe aware of grammar explanations on text booksGRAMMARING the ability to use grammar structures accurately, meaningfully, and appropriately. Grammar lessons are no longer about knowing language systems (declarative knowledge), but about knowing how to use language (procedural knowledge).http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/general-language-discussions/15096-what-grammaring.html Teacher's roles diagnostician/assessor/observerplannermanager/organizerprovider/resourceBE AWARE OF:YOUR ROLE IN THE CLASSROOMIS IT APPROPRIATE TO THE STAGE OF THE LESSON?Student's Rolesspongeresearchernegotiatorexplorerexperimenterstrugglerpath followerobeyer WHAT IS A VERB?A word which:occurs as part of the predicate of a sentence carries grammatical categories such as tense, aspect person, numberrefers to an action or a state.verb phrasethe part of the sentence which contains the main verb and also any objects, complements and adverbials. e.g. Tom gave a watch to his daughter.can consist of the word or of more than one word, in which case the phrase consists of a head verb preceded by one or more auxiliary verbs. - no mention of objects, complements, etc.the verb phrase is often heavily packed with meaning. We build into it a number of concepts and devices- action/state- tense/time- passive/active voice- mood indicative, subjunctive(probability - unreal sits), imperative.- modality- aspect(progressive,/perfect) WRITTEN DISCOURSEWhat makes a text cohesive?VERB FORM -historic present when narrating stories - it sounds more immediate/ spoken discoursePARALLELISM - use the same lexical form in a sentence/clause "she came, she saw"PRONOMIAL REFERENCE-avoid repeating a nounanaphoric reference:when a pronoun refers back(it was mentioned before) - I was looking for my daugther. I found hercataphoric reference: when a pronoun refers foward in the text- "Nobody seemed to know where they came from, but they were in the forest: Kanga and Baby Roo'.exophoric reference/xenophoric reference: retorical questions+reference; refers to sth outside of the text. REPETITION AND LEXICAL CHAINS: different words with similar meaning.antonyms/sinonyms; hipenyms(furniture - table, chair)/hyponyms(pigs, dogs - animals); meronyms(refers to sth referring to parts/features of it).SUBSTITUTION: in real life people do not answer in full sentences" Do you like pizza? Yes, I do.ELLIPSIS: When we drop parts of a sentence "Where did you go? Movie!"CONJUNCTIONS(sentence and discourse)*additive: add information (and, moreover, plus)*adversive:contrast(but, however, on the other hand, nevertheless)*causal: reason(because, so therefore,due to, consequently )*temporal: time(first, next, then, in the end, later, firstly)*ellaborativ/exemplitive:(such as, for instance, in fact, hence etc)*discursal: to change topis(anyway, by the way, etc) MATERIAL+RESOURCESADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES+produced for international marketlearners have a written record of what they have learntlearners can look back and aheadgenerally written by experienced pelople and pilotedsaves time - preparationsupplementary materials(CD, DVD, photocopiables)standard of presentation and quality of recordings.pitched at