thegoodfellas/blogset-br huggingface dataset:
F Fifth letter of a Nasdaq stock symbol specifying that the issues is a foreign company. FAC See: Federal Advisory Council FAS Abbreviation for the Incoterm Free Alongside Ship. FASB See: Financial Accounting Standards Board FCA Abbreviation for the Free Carrier FCIA See: Foreign Credit Insurance Association FCM See: Futures commission merchant FDI See: Foreign direct investment FDIC See: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation FFO See: Funds from operations FIRREA See: Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 FI The two-character ISO 3166 country code for FINLAND. FIM The ISO 4217 currency code for the Finnish Markka. FJ The two-character ISO 3166 country code for FIJI. FJD The ISO 4217 currency code for the Fijian Dollar. FK The two-character ISO 3166 country code for FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS). FKP The ISO 4217 currency code for the Falkland Islands Pound. FO The two-character ISO 3166 country code for FAROE ISLANDS. FOK See: Fill or kill order FM The two-character ISO 3166 country code for MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF. FPA Abbreviation for the insurance term Free of Particular Average FR The two-character ISO 3166 country code for FRANCE. FRA See: Forward rate agreement FRF The ISO 4217 currency code for the French Franc. FRN See: Floating-rate note FSC See: Foreign Sales Corporation FX Rate See:Foreign exchange rate Face-amount certificate A debt securityissued by face amount. The holder makes payments periodically to the issues, and the issuer promises to pay the purchaser the face value at maturity or the surrendered value if the security is presented by the maturity specified in the certificate. Face value See: Par value Facilitation The process of providing a market for a security. Normally, this refers to bids and offers made for large blocks of securities, such as those traded by institutions. Listed options may be used to offset part of the risk assumed by the trader who is facilitation the large block order. See also: Hedge ratio. Factor A financial institution that buys a firm'saccounts receivable and collects the accounts. Factor analysis A statistical procedure that seeks to explain a certain phenomenon, such as the return on a common stock, in terms of the behavior of a set of predictive factors. Factor model A way of decomposing the forces that influence a security'srate of return into common and firm-specific influences. Factor portfolio A well-diversified portfolio constructed to have a beta of 1.0 on one factor and a beta of zero on any other factors. Factor Return The return attributable to a particular common factor. We decompose assetreturns into a common factor component, based on the asset's exposures to common factors times the factor returns, and a specific return. Factoring Sale of a firm'saccounts receivable to a financial institution known as a factor. Fade Refers to over-the-counter trading. Fill another OTCdealer's bid for or offer of stock. Fail A deal is said to fail if on the settlement date either the seller does not deliversecurities in proper form or the buyer does not to deliver funds in proper form. Fair-and-equitable test A set of requirements for a plan of reorganization
to be approved by the bankruptcy court. Fair game An investment prospect that has a zero risk premium. Fair market price Amount at which an asset would change hands between two parties, that both have knowledge of the relevant facts. Also referred to as market price. Fair price The equilibrium price for futures contracts. Also called the theoretical futures price, which equals the spot pricecontinuously compounded at the cost of carry rate for some time interval. In the context of corporate goverance, Fair-Price provisions limit the range of prices a bidder can pay in two-tier offers. They typically require a bidder to pay to all shareholders the highest price paid to any during a specified period of time before the commencement of a tender offer and do not apply if the deal is approved by the board of directors or a supermajority of the target's shareholders. The goal of this provision is to prevent pressure on the target's shareholders to tender their shares in the front end of a two-tiered tender offer, and they have the result of making such and acquisition more expensive. A majority of states have fair price laws. Fair price provision See:Appraisal rights Fair rate of return The rate of return that state governments allow a publicutility to earn on its investments and expenditures. Utilities then use these profits to pay investors and provide service upgrades to their customers. Fair value In the context of futures, the equilibrium price for futures contracts. Also called the theoretical futures price, which equals the spot pricecontinuously compounded at the cost of carry rate for some time interval. More generally, fair value for any asset simply refers to the perception that it is neither underpriced (too cheap) nor overpriced (too expensive). Fairness opinion An investment banker's professional opinion as to the price an acquiringfirm's is offering in a takeover or merger. Fall Down In the context of general equities, may not be able to produce as indicated in one's advertised market, due to less help (than anticipated) from other parties or due to changing market conditions. Fall out of bed A sudden drop in a stock's price resulting from failed or poor business deals gone bad or falling through. Fallen angels Bonds that at the time of issue were considered investment grade but that have dropped below that rating over time. Fallout risk A type of mortgage pipeline risk that is generally created when the terms of the loan to be originated are set at the same time the sale terms are established. The risk is that either of the two parties, borrower or investor, fails to close and the loan "falls out" of the pipeline. Fama, Eugene F. Finance professor at the University of Chicago. Developer of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis. Family of funds Different mutual funds offered by one investment company. Far month Used in the context of option or futures to refer to the trading month of the contract that is farthest away. Antithesis of nearest month. Farther out; farther in Used in the context of options to refer
amount, such as bonds and preferred stock. Fixed income market The market for trading bonds and preferred stock. Fixed-income securities Investments that have specific interest rates, such as bonds. Fixed premium Payments of a fixed or equal amount paid to an insurance company for insurance or an annuity. Fixed price basis An offering of securities at a fixed price. Fixed-price tender offer A one-time offer to purchase a stated number of shares at a stated fixed price, usually at a premium over the current market price. Fixed rate A traditional approach to determining the finance charge payable on an extension of credit. A predetermined and certain rate of interest is applied to the principal. Fixed-rate loan A loan whose rate is fixed for the life of the loan. Fixed-rate payer In an interest rate swap, the counterparty who pays a fixed rate, usually in exchange for a floating-rate payment. Fixed-term reverse mortgage A mortgage in which the lending institution provides payments to a homeowner for a fixed number of years. Fixed trust A unit investment trust consisting of securities that were agreed upon at the time of investment and do not change. Flag A pattern reflecting price fluctuations within a narrow range, generating a rectangular area on a graph both prior to and after sharp rises or declines. Flash Value of a security displayed, or flashed across the tape, when the tape display cannot keep up with volume on an exchange and lags the current price is lagged more than approximately five minutes. Flat Convertibles: Earning interest on the date of payment only.General: Having neither a short nor a long position in a stock. Clean.Market: Characterized by horizontal price movement, usually the result of low activity.Equities: To execute without commission or markup. Flat benefit formula Method used to determine a participant's benefits in a defined benefit plan by multiplying months of service by a flat monthly benefit. Flat price (also clean price) The quoted newspaper price of a bond that does not include accrued interest. The price paid by the purchaser is the full price. Flat price risk Taking a position either long or short that does not involve spreading. Flat scale The pattern for new issues where shorter- and longer-termyields display very little difference over the bond'smaturityrange. Flat tax A tax which is levied at the same rate on all levels of income. Antithesis of progressive tax. Flat trades A bond in defaulttrades flat; that is, the price quoted covers both principal and unpaid accrued interest. Any security that trades without accrued interest or at a price that includes accrued interest is said to trade flat. Flattening of the yield curve A change in the yield curve when the spread between the yield on long-term and short-termTreasuries has decreased. Compare steepening of the yield curve and butterfly shift. FLEX Options Exchange traded equity or index options, where the investor can specify within certain limits, the terms of the options, such as exercise priceExpiration date, exercise type, and settlement calculation. Flexible budget A budget that shows how costs vary with different rates
an interest rate or currency is structured not to go below. Floorless Convertible Used by companies that are in such bad shape, that there is no other way to get financing. This instrument is similar to a convertible bond, but convertible at a discount to the share price at issuance and for a fixed dollar amount rather than a specific number of shares. The further the stock falls, the more shares you get. Popular in the mid to late 1990s. Also known as toxic convertibles or death spiral convertibles. Floor broker Member of an exchange who is an employee of a member firm and executesorders, as agent, on the floor. of the exchange for clients. Floor official An employee of a stock exchange who settles disputes related to the auction process on the floor of the stock exchange. Floor picture Details of the trading crowd for a stock, such as the major players, their sizes, and the outside market +/- an eighth. Floor planning Arrangement used to finance inventory. A finance company buys the inventory, which is then held in trust for the user. Floor ticket Summary of a stock or commoditiesexchangeorder ticket by the registered representative on receipt of a buy or sell order from a client; gives the floor broker the information needed to execute a securitiestransaction. Floor trader A stock exchangemember who generally trades only for his own account or for an account controlled by him, or who has such a trade made for him. Also referred to as a "local." Force Majeure Events outside the control of the parties. These events are acts of man, nature, governments and regulators, or impersonal events. Contract performance is forgiven or extended by the period of force majeure. Flotation (rotation) cost The costs associated with creating capital through the issue of new stocks or bonds, including the compensation earned by the investment banker plus legal, accounting and printing expenses. Flow of funds In the context of municipal bonds, refers to the statement displaying the priorities by which municipal revenue will be applied to the debt. In the context of mutual funds, refers to the movement of money into or out of a mutual funds or between or among various fund sectors.Flow-through basis An account for an investment credit to show all income statement benefits of the credit in the year of acquisition, rather than spreading them over the life of the asset. Flow-through method The practice of reporting to shareholders using straight-line depreciation but using accelerated depreciation for tax purposes and "flowing through" the lower income taxes actually paid to financial statements prepared for shareholders. Flower bond Government bonds that when owned at the time of death are acceptable at par in payment of federal estate taxes. Fluctuation A price or interest rate change. Fluctuation limit The limit created by the commodityexchange that halts trading on a future if the price of the future changes, in either direction, more than a previously set amount. Flurry A drastic volume increase in a specific security. Focus list Used in the context of general equities.
declares the registration statement effective on the basis of a price formula rather than on a specific range. Formula investing A formula-basedinvestment technique in which investment decisions are made using predetermined timing or asset allocation models, e.g., dollar cost averaging. Fortune 500 Fortune magazine's listing of the top 500 US corporations determined by an index of 12 variables. 48-hour rule PSA Uniform Practices requirement that all pool information in a to be announced (TBA)transaction be communicated by the seller to the buyer before 3 p.m. EST on the business day 48 hours prior to the agreed-upon trade date. Forward See: Forward contract Forward averaging A method of calculating taxes on a lump sumdistribution from a qualified retirement plan that enables the tax payer to pay less than the current tax rate. Forward contract A contract that specifies the price and quantity of an asset to be delivered on in the future. Forward contracts are not standardized and are not traded on organized exchanges. Forward cover The purchase in the cash market of the difference between what you are obligated to deliver in a forward contract and the amount of the asset you own. For example, if you agreed to sell 100,000 bushels of corn in September in a forward contract, but you only have 60,000, you need to purchase 40,000 to cover your obligation. Forward currency contract An agreement to buy or sell a country's currency at a specific price, usually 30, 60, or 90 days in the future. This guarantees an exchange rate on a given date. Forward delivery A transaction in which the settlement will occur on a specified date in the future at a price agreed upon on the trade date. Forward differential Annualized percentage difference between spot and forward rates. Forward discount A currencytrades at a forward discount when its forward price is lower than its spot price. Forward exchange A type of foreign exchange transaction whereby a contract is made to exchange one currency for another at a fixed date in the future at a specified exchange rate. By buying or selling forward exchange, business protect themselves against a decrease in the value of a currency they plan to sell at a future date. Forward exchange rate Exchange rate fixed today for exchanging currency at some future date. Forward exchange transaction Foreign currency purchase or sale at the current exchange rate but with payment or delivery of the foreign currency at a future date. Forward Fed funds Fed fundstraded for future delivery. Forward foreign exchange contract Agreement that obligates an investor to deliver a specified quantity of one currency in return for a specified amount of another currency. Forward foreign exchange rate The exchange rate available today to exchange currency at some specified date in the future. Forward forward contract In Eurocurrencies, a contract under which a deposit of fixed maturity is agreed to at a fixed price for future delivery. Forward interest rate Interest rate fixed today on a loan to be made at some future date. Forward-looking multiple A truncated expression for a P/E ratio
that is based on forward (expected) earnings rather than on trailing earnings. Forward market A market in which participants agree to trade some commodity, security, or foreign exchange at a fixed price for future delivery. Forward parity Notion that the forward rate is an unbiased predictor of future spot exchange rates. Forward premium A currencytrades at a forward premium when its forward price is higher than its spot price. Forward pricing Practice mandated by the SEC that open-end investment companies establish all incoming buy and sell orders on the next net asset valuation of fund shares. Forward rate A projection of future interest rates calculated from either spot rates or the yield curve. Forward rate agreement (FRA) Agreement to borrow or lend at a specified future date at an interest rate that is fixed today. Forward sale A method for hedging price risk that involves an agreement between a lender and an investor to sell particular kinds of loans at a specified price and future time. Forward trade A transaction for which settlement will occur on a specified date in the future at a price agreed upon on the trade date. Forwarder Acts as a travel agent for cargo. A forwarder specializes in arranging the transport and completing required shipping documentation. Some are affiliated with NVOCC services. In the United States they are licensed by the Federal Maritime Commission. Foul Bill of Lading A bill of lading that contains a notation indicating damage or shortage. Also called claused and are the opposite of clean bills of lading. 401(K) Under section 401(K) of the Internal Revenue Code, a deferred compensation plan set up by an employer so that employees can set aside money for retirement on a pre-tax basis. Employers may match a percentage of the amount that employees contribute to the plan. Contributions by both employees and employersn as well as investment earnings and interest, are not taxed until the employee withdraws the money; if the employee withdraws the money before retirement age, he or she pays an early withdrawal penalty tax. Currently, employees are allowed to annually contribute up to 15 percent of their salary but no more than $11,000 ($12,000 for people 50 or older). Many employers now offer these deferred compensation plans in lieu of or in addition to pensions. Fourth market Refers to the practice of institutional investorstrading large blocks of securities directly to avoid brokerage commissions. See: Instinet. Fractal An object in which the parts are in some way related to the whole. That is, the individual components are "self-similar." An example is the branching network in a tree. While each branch, and each successive smaller branching is different, they are qualitatively similar to the structure of the whole tree. Fractal Dimension A number that quantitatively describes how an object fills its space. In Euclidean, or Plane geometry, objects are solid and continuous. That is, they have no holes or gaps. As such, they have integer dimensions. Fractals are rough and often discontinuous, like a wiffle ball, and so have fractional, or fractal dimensions. Fractal Distribution A
expenditures less the change in working capital. In terms of a formula:Free cash flows =Sales (Revenues from operations)- COGS (Cost of goods sold-labor, material, book depreciation)- SG&A (Selling, general administrative costs)EBIT (Earnings before interest and taxes or Operating Earnings)- Taxes (Cash taxes)EBIAT (Earnings before interest after taxes)+ DEP (Book depreciation)- CAPX (Capital expenditures)- ChgWC (Change in working capital)C (Free cash flows)There is an issue as to whether you want to define the FCFs to the firm as a whole (the cash flow to all of its security holders), or the FCFs only to the firm's equity holders. For firm valuation, you want the former; for stock valuation you want the latter. To value the firm, calculate the stream of FCFs to the firm and discount this stream by the firm's WACC (Weighted average cost of capital). This will give you the value of a levered firm, including the tax benefits of debt financing. Alternatively, you can discount the firm's FCFs by its unlevered cost of capital and add separately the present value of the tax benefits. To value the firm's equity, you can either take the above number and subtract the market value of all outstandingdebt (liabilities) or you can calculate the FCFs to the firm's equity holders and discount this stream by the firm's levered equity cost of capital. Notice that changes in working capital have the same effect on free cash flows as do changes in physical capital, i.e., capital expenditures. For example, suppose you had to spend $XX to increase the capacity of your plant. This expenditure would be a reduction in free cash flow in the year it was made. Likewise, if you had to increase the level of your cash balance, inventory or receivables by $XX to accommodate greater sales, then this too would result in a like reduction in free cash flows in the year the level of working capital was increased. [Definition and discussion courtesy of Professor Michael Bradley.] Free delivery Securities industry procedure whereby delivery of securities sold is made to the buying customer's bank without requiring immediate payment; thus a credit agreement of sorts. Antithesis of delivery vs. payment. Free float An exchange rate system characterized by the absence of government intervention. Also known as clean float. Free of Particular Average Marine cargo insurance that does not cover partial losses or partial damage unless caused by the vessel being sunk, stranded, burned, on fire, or in a collision. Free Indices Usually refers to indices constructed by Morgan Stanley Capital International such that the market capitalization weights reflect the degree to which a stock is investible by foreigners. For example, if a stock has $700 million capitalization but government restrictions only allow up to 50% to be held by foreigners, then the weight in the Free index would by $350 million. The Standard and Poors/International Finance Corporation indices call their equivalent indices Investible Indices (IFCI). Free reserves Excess reserves minus member bankborrowings at the Fed. Free rider A follower who avoids the cost and expense of finding the best course of action simply by