Part of the nationalincome used for the expansion ofproduction, the construction of buildings forsocial, cultural and everyday use, as wellas for forming social and insurancereserves. In the Soviet Union, the fundembraces a quarter of the national income(over three quarters of the national incomegoes to the consumption fund). Part ofthe surplus product is the accumulationfund's main source. As for its materialcontent, the accumulation fund consistsof the means of production (over andabove those which form part of thereplacement fund), as well as the objects ofconsumption, required for the workersadditionally drawn into production. Insocialist society, the accumulation fund isformed in a planned way on a scale of allsocial production as a single nationalaccumulation fund. The accumulation fundis, first of all, expended on productionaccumulation: the construction of newplants, factories, mines, railways,, electricpower stations, agricultural enterprises,fitting out operating enterprises with newequipment, machines, plant, etc., theintroduction of new technology, theimprovement of working conditions, and thedevelopment of the personality in the processof material production. Productionaccumulation ensures the reproduction ofmaterial wealth and social ownership of themeans of production on an expanded scale.In the context of scientific and technicalprogress production accumulation makesit possible to raise the technological levelof production and to accelerate the* paceof its development. The accumulation fundis also used for non-productionaccumulation, i. e., building housing, public healthunits, cultural, everyday services, scientificand administrative units. Besides, non--production accumulation includes the increaseof the fund of vital means intended forthe workers additionally drawn intoproduction and expenses of training andrefresher courses. Non-productionaccumulation goes into expanding the servicesphere, satisfying the requirements ofthe members of society and ensuringtheir comprehensive development. Thematerial reserves and insurance fundsformed through the accumulation fund arenecessary for ensuring steady socialproduction and its proper balance, and forpreventing and eliminating partialdisproportions. The material reserves andinsurance funds are made up from thestate reserves of plant, raw materials, fueland foods, as well as from the reserve fundsof the collective farms. Capital investmentis the main way the accumulation fundis used (see Capital Investment underSocialism). The fund is tne necessarymaterial condition for forming and improvingthe proportions of the economy, and itsplanned management in the interests ofthe fuller satisfaction of the material andcultural requirements of the members ofsocialist society. The advantages of thesocialist economic system make possible theoptimal correlation of the accumulationand consumption funds, and combine a highpace of reproduction with the steady growthof the people's well-being. The social labour ofthose who produce commodities; labour ingeneral, regarded independently of itsconcrete form. In contrast to concretelabour, abstract labour has no qualitativedistinctions. No matter what purposefulform it assumes, it is productive expenditureof human labour power in the physiologicalsense (the use of the energy of muscles,nerves, brain, etc.). Abstract labour is not,however, a biological but a social concept.It creates the value of the commodity andis a historical category that is a featureof commodity production alone. In a subsistence economy, the social character oflabour is directly manifested in concretelabour, which is a component part of theaggregate labour of the workers employedin a given husbandry. Under the conditionsof commodity production, the socialcharacter of labour is revealed only during theexchange of commodities. To equatecommodities on the basis of value means toequate the labour that went