Filmes recomendados:A PartilhaQuadro clinico; Ataque de panicoPerfume de mulherQuadro clinico; Depressao (Distimia)Mr. jonesQuadro clinico; Transtono bipolarMelhor impossivelQuadro clinico; Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo (TOC)O aviadorQuadro clinico; Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo (TOC)Uma mente brilhanteQuadro clinico; EsquizofreniaNascido em quatro de julhoQuadro clinico; Transtorno do Estresse pos-traumaticoBicho de sete cabecasQuadro clinico; Uso / Abuso de drogas An Introduction to Classical and Operant Conditioning in PsychologyConditioning in behavioral psychology is a theory that the reaction ("response") to an object or event ("stimulus") by a person or animal can be modified by 'learning', or conditioning. The most well-known form of this is Classical Conditioning (see below), and Skinner built on it to produce Operant Conditioning.Pavlov's Discovery of ConditioningThis mode of learning was demonstrated by the experiments of Ivan Pavlov, who decided to research conditioning after discovering during separate gastric tests that his dog subjects began to salivate not only when meat powder was presented to them, but more significantly, when the person feeding them came into proximity with them. The dogs had been inadvertently trained through classical conditioning to associate the person feeding them with the food itself, and reacted in a similar way (salivation) to the feeders. This is known as a stimulus-response (SR), when salivation becomes a responsive action to the stimulus of the person feeding the dogs:At the start of the experiments:The Unconditioned/Neutral Stimulus (US/NS) is the person arriving to feed the dogs before the salivation as a result of their presence had began.The Unconditioned Response (UR) was for the dogs not to salivate.By the end of the experiments, when the unconditioned stimulus and responses had been conditioned: The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) becomes the person arriving to feed the dogs, which stimulates the Conditioned Response:The Conditioned Response (CR) becomes salivation (normally a reflex action to aid digestion when feeding is going to begin) at the sight of the person.On disovering this associative learning on the part of the dogs, Pavlov decided to carry out further research specific to conditioning...Classical ConditioningThe most famous experiment by the physiologist related to conditioning followed this research. Commonly referred to as "Pavlov's Dogs", the experiment aimed to condition the dogs to associate the opening of a doorwith feeding time. By selecting a bell as the Unconditioned Stimulus instead of the person arriving to feed the dogs, as in his previous tests, Pavlov was providing a stimulus to which feeding was unrelated. At feeding time, the door was opened and food was then provided. Initially, salivation was not secreted with the opening of the door, but over time, the stimulus became conditioned, and when the door was opened but food was not provided, salivation still occured, suggesting that the door opening had become a Conditioned Stimulus.Instrumental LearningAn extension of Classical Conditioning was devised by Edward Thorndike (1874-1949), who placed cats in a puzzle box. The incentive of a fish as food was placed outside of the box, giving the cats a reason to try to escape from the box. Initially, they had trouble escaping, and only gained freedom by knocking the latch of the box. Over time, they learnt that the undoing of the latch