Emperor Galawedos to defeat and kill the Imam of Harer, Ah.mad ibn Ibrahim, at the battle of Lake Tana in 1543. Like Ella Asbeha and Justinian many centuries earlier, in reverse, Ah.mad had been encouraged and supported by Suleyman the Magnificent to move against Ethiopia. After this epic event, Ottoman interest began to wane and the Turkish grip in Yemen slacken -- though they only entered S.an'a' itself in 1547.QASIMIDSal-Qasim I al-Mans.urc.1592/97-1620Muh.ammad I al-Mu'ayyad1620-1644S.an'a' occupied, 1629; Ottomans ejected, 1635Isma'il al-Mutawakkil1644-1676Ah.mad I al-Mahdi1676-1681Muh.ammad II al-Mutawakkil1681-1686Muh.ammed III an-Nas.ir al-Hadi1686-1718al-Qasim II al-Wutawakkil1718-1727al-H.usayn al-Mans.ur1727-1748al-'Abbas I al-Mahdi1748-1775'Ali I al-Mans.ur1775-1806Ah.mad II al-Mahdi1806-1808Ah.mad III al-Mutawakkil1808-1816'Abdallah I al-Mahdi1816-1835'Ali II al-Mans.ur1835-1837, 1844-1845, 1849-1850, 1857'Abdallah II an-Nas.ir1837-1840Muh.ammed IV al-Hadi1840-1844Muh.ammed V al-Mutawakkil1845-1849Ottoman attack on S.an'a', 1849'Abbas II al-Mu'ayyad1850Ghalib al-Hadi1850-1857Civil War, 1857-1871; to Ottomans, 1871-1918Muh.ammed VI al-Mans.ur1890-1904Yah.ya al-Mutawakkil1904-1948Independent Kingdom, 1918'Abdallah (III) al-Hadi1948Ah.mad (III) an-Nas.ir1948-1962Muh.ammad al-Mans.ur al-Badr1962, d. 1996the United Arab Republic, 1958-1961; Civil War, 1962-1970; Republic, 1962-presentThus, we get the return of the Zaydi Imams. At first this was as vassals of the Turks, but in short order (1635) the conquerors were ejected and Yemen achieved independence. However, this would be an obscure and isolated independence. Distant power again returned when the British seized Aden in 1839 to put down pirates and the slave trade. Aden remained a British possession until 1967, and gradually a British Protectorate was extended inland and to the east. Yemen lost its coast on the Indian Ocean.As with the early days of Sheba, there is a conflict between sources for some of the Qasimi Imams. Bosworth's The New Islamic Dynasties [Edinburgh University Press, 1996, p.96-97] leaves out several rulers given by Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies -- but also adds a few. Where Gordon does not give diacritics or honorifics (laqab, like "al-Mans.ur"), and Bosworth creates confusion by only giving the first year of a reign, I have followed the Oxford Dynasties of the World by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002, p.194], which may in fact be Gordon's source, but does give diacritics and honorifics. I have retained one feature in Bosworth, that there are two Ah.mads between 1806 and 1816, not just one.By the middle of the 19th century there are serious problems. The Turks, despite their general lethargy, are back, and the Wahhabis, no doubt taking strong objection to Yemeni Shi'ism, are intervening also. Between civil war and invasion, the Ottomans end up annexing the country again by 1871. But, again, their rule tends to lapse into local control, and the Imams, whose hold on the countryside had never been entirely broken, reemerged, at least as vassals, in 1890. This was the situation when World War I shattered Ottoman power at its source. Yemen was simply cut loose, and the Imam becomes the King of Yemen.After another bit of conservative and Tibetan isolation, the winds of change arrive again. Yemen joined the Arab League in 1945 and then the United Arab Republic, with Egypt and Syria, in 1958. Meanwhile, the substantial Jewish population of Yemen, under increasing persecution, largely decamped to Palestine and then Israel. The King withdrew from the UAR in 1961 but