Caenorhabditis elegans, or "C. elegans", almost everybody who is able to read a newspaper or online magazine will have heard of the miraculous effects of calorie restriction and fasting on longevity (of this worm!). Since I assume that you possess more gray matter than this transparent nematote, you will probably have asked yourself how, or rather if these results from a worm with an average lifespan of 2-3 weeks translate to human beings,... well, all I can tell you is that leading a miserable life of lifelong dieting appears to work in non-human primates, as well (Kemnitz. 2011). Now, the obvious question is:How does all that relate to Intermitent Thoughts on Intermittent Fasting? Obviously, none of the roundworms or rhesus monkey's followed Martin Berkhan's intermittent fasting approach, did they? No, I have not seen pictures of abes on leangains.com, either, so I suppose they did not follow Berkhan's approach, but - and this is the likewise fascinating, as well as surprising, connection - there is scientific evidence that intermittent fasting could reproduce some of the beneficial effects of caloric reduction while avoiding a whole host of its undesirable side-effects. Reason enough for me, to devote this episode of the increasingly popular Intermittent Thoughts on Intermittent Fasting series to the non-cosmetic health effects of intermittent fasting (I know that's not as getting ripped and jacked, guys ;-)Figure 1: Ramadan fasting leads to profound beneficial changes in inflammatory markers (left) and blood lipids (right) in 20 healthy male non-obese volunteers aged 23-39 (data calculated based on Aksungar. 2006)We touched on one of this unsexy, yet vitally important health-benefits at the end of the last installment on the metabolic and endocrine effects of fasting, already: the beneficial effect on insulin resistance (as measured by a +44% increase in the inverse of the long-term marker of insulin resistance 1/HOMA-IR and the slight increase in QUICKI) Shariatpanahi et al. had observed in 55 ramadan fasting subjects (Shariatpanahi. 2008) for example constitutes one of these "boring side-effects", of which many dieters fail to realize that improvements in insulin sensitivity or reductions in inflammatory markers and C-reactive protein (cf. figure 1, left), as they were reported by Aksungar et al. in a 2006 study on the effects of religious "intermittent" fasting (Aksungar. 2006) facilitate weight - and more specifically - fat loss.Image 2: Would the issue of dehydration distort the results of Ramadan studies and thus render them irrelevant for our argumentation? (photo Offline Clinic)As in almost every episode I want to make a few brief statements regarding the "Ramadan model of intermittent fasting". I have already discussed its advantages over "over-other day" or "alternative day" fasting in the second installment of this series and I have hinted at possible problems related to the restriction of water intake within the fasting period in the third installment of the series. Now, in view of the general recommendation to drink more and more frequently to avoid dehydration (USDA), it seems prudent to verify that potential beneficial health effects of fasting are not masked by detrimental side effects of dehydration, if we