of sexual reproduction, in the case of memes, information is primarily conveyed horizontally by means of imitation. Such a theory was later developed into one which saw memes as the units of information that give rise to cultural artefacts and ideas.What Paley ascribed to a special Divine Designer, who created everything, Darwin explained by means of the theory of natural selection. To the notion of natural theology, Darwin added the concept that nature, which is without an inherent telos, develops spontaneously. Dawkins, a scientific naturalist, consequently pays Paley a somewhat backhanded compliment in his much-discussed The blind watchmaker: We have seen that living things are too improbable and too beautifully 'designed' to have come into existence by chance ... Darwin's answer is step-by-step transformations from simple beginnings, from primordial entities sufficiently simple to have come into existence by chance. Each successive change in the gradual evolutionary process was simple enough, relative to its predecessor, to have arisen by chance ... The cumulative process is directed by nonrandom survival. (Dawkins 2006a:43)Such thinking poses a significant challenge to classical theism, as Dawkins (2006b) wishes to show in his The God delusion. However, Dawkins' approach, which disallows God's transcendence and intervention, is a fully naturalistic extreme, which we need not take seriously.A second aspect indicated by Darwinism requires deeper introspection in terms of a natural theology. Such an aspect, which Paley overlooked, consists of the astonishing suffering which results from natural selection. The question arises as to why God did not seek out a better way of maintaining Creation. Why so many species had to be wiped out in the course of evolution is debatable. The Malthusian principle holds that, despite the possibility of an exceptional increase in organisms taking place, the 'struggle for existence' retains its dimensions and allows the weakest of such organisms to die out (Darwin [1859] 1999:55). No wonder this led to questions such as theodicy or anthropodicy (Bennett 2008:10). The 'good Creation' now seems to have a very large price. George Williams even goes as far as to state that 'Mother Nature is a Wicked Old Witch!', and that the goodness in nature ought to be discounted by an evolutionary ethic (McGrath 2006:82).The source of a priori knowledge was only gradually realised, 25 years after Kant's death and with the publication of Darwin's On the origin of species. By means of natural selection, our ability to know developed with a specific function. Human cognition is but a small part of a far wider spectrum of information gathering. Kant, in his understanding of time and space, still took as his point of departure the Newtonian preconceptions of absolute time and space, with the difference being that they were transferred from the Divine realm to that of human consciousness. By making such a transfer, he separated faith and science so absolutely that he robbed faith of any objective or ontological reference, leaving it without any recognisable content. By emphasising necessity, Kant elevated Newton's determinism to a metaphysical magnitude. The result was that Euclidian geometry figured as an epistemological maxim, whereas it belongs