Both present perfect and past perfect talk about something that happened before a point in time (reference point).In the present perfect, our reference point is the present.In the past perfect, our reference point is in the past.Present perfectAn action that started in the past and continues to the present.I have lived in this city for six months.An action that happened before now (unspecified time)I have been to Japan twice.How to form the present perfect:HAVE / HAS + past participleExamples of the present perfect:My mother has just gone to the store.Janet has lived abroad for five years.I havent seen the new movie yet.Have you finished your homework?Its very common to use the contractions ve and s in the present perfect:Ive been to Japan three times.My mothers just gone to the store.Janets lived abroad for five years.Past perfectAn action that happened before a time in the pastWhen I arrived at the office this morning, I discovered that I had left my computer on the night before.How to form the past perfect:HAD + past participleExamples of the past perfect:I went to Japan in 1988 and 1991.I turned 10 years old in 1994.I had been to Japan twice by the time I was 10 years old.My husband ate breakfast at 6:00 AMI woke up at 7:00 AMWhen I woke up this morning, my husband had already eaten breakfast.http://www.espressoenglish.net/difference-between-present-perfect-and-past-perfect-in-english/Its common to use the contraction d in the past perfect:Id traveled to five different countries by the time I was 20 years old Did you know that some nouns in English can be both countable AND uncountable, depending on the situation? Its true! For these words, the uncountable form usually refers to the general idea, and the countable form usually refers to a specific item.Here are some examples of words that can be both countable AND uncountable:chickenCountable: The animalWe have ten cows and fifteen chickens on our farm.Uncountable: The foodWould you like some chicken?paperCountable: Individual documentsI showed my papers to the immigration agent.Uncountable: Paper in generalI need to buy some paper our printer is all out.timeCountable: Specific events, moments in timeWeve been to Tokyo three times.Uncountable: The general concept of timeI didnt have enough time to finish reading the book.hairCountable: Individual strands of hairThe last time I was at that restaurant, I found two hairs in my food!Uncountable: Hair in generalMy sister has blonde hair.roomCountable: The specific places in a house, apartment, hotel, etc.Our house has five rooms: the kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, living room, and family room.Uncountable: Room meaning space in generalIll make some room for these new books in the bookshelf.memoryCountable: Specific memories of past eventsI have fond memories of the volleyball games my friends and I used to play in college.Uncountable: The ability to remember (in general)I have a terrible memory. I always forget peoples names!coffee / water / beer / tea / sodaCountable: When asking for a specific number of these drinksCould you bring us three coffees with milk, and two herbal teas?Uncountable: When talking about the drink in generalI drink a lot of coffee, but I dont drink very much beer.http://www.espressoenglish.net/words-that-are-both-countable-and-uncountable/ LOOK AFTERto take