American is likely to remain minimal. However, the European conquest squeezed native American population through a genetic bottleneck, reducing Native Americans sets of genes in 1/3 to 1/25 of its size anterior.Esta dramatic change significantly reduced genetic variability, and changed forever Genomic groups of survivors. Attempts to reconstruct the genomic structures of most groups of the New World were met with various difficulties arising from this lack of variability.Genetic analysis of Native American populations shows that coalescence available haplogroup times range from 16,000 to 22,000 years ago, according to the hypothesis ice bridge.Affiliation Native American Haplogroup and TestingAlthough an increasing number of laboratories offering DNA tests are DNA tests for Native American Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA, it is important to note that these results are not currently recognized as sufficient proof to become a registered Native American. Moreover, due to the fact that each of the four major mtDNA haplogroups found in different tribal groups in North America, Central and South America, a Native American DNA test will not provide a specific tribal affiliation.Member famous Native American HaplogroupsThe Ice Maiden "Juanita" was discovered on Peru's Mount Ampato, near Arequipa, Peru in 1995 by Johann Reinhard. "Juanita," who lived about 500 years ago, was sacrificed in a religious ceremony around the age of 14 years. Scientists have recovered the DNA of the Ice Maiden and determined that it belonged to the Native American haplogroup A2, and she was closely related to the Panamanian Ngobe Indian tribe.ReferencesTorroni A, Schurr TG, et al. Asian affinities and continental radiation of the four founding Native Americans. J. MtDNAs Human Genetics (1993)Torroni A, Chen YS, et al. mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in four indigenous people of southern Mexico.Am. J. Human Genetics (1994).Bandelt HJ, Herrnstadt C., et al. Identification of Native American Founder mtDNAs Through the analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA sequences:. Some caveats Annals of Human Genetics (2003)Forster P, Harding R, Torroni A, and Bandelt HJ Origin and evolution of Native American variation mDNA:. A reavaliacaoAm. J. Human Genetics (1996)Derenko MV, Grzybowski T, et al. Diversity of mitochondrial DNA lineages in South Siberia. Annals of Human Genetics (2003)Michael Crawford. The origins of Native Americans: Evidence from Anthropological Genetics, Cambridge University Press (1998)http://www.genetree.com/a_and_bClan Aiyana is one of 36 groups of mtDNA (or clans) identified so far. From August 262003, Oxford Ancestors searchable database lists 39 games for Aiyana.According to Oxford Ancestors:Aiyana... the founder of one of the four major clans who colonized North America and South East Asia about 12,000 years ago. Descendants Aiyana fought extreme cold and ice as they crossed the Bering land bridge that joined what is now Alaska and Siberia, to reach the Great Plains of North America. From there, they spread to reach all parts of the continent and, within just a few thousand years, all of Central America and South America as well. However, given the data currently available, it is not possible to determine precisely where Aiyana lived or even when.The descendants of four clans - Chochmingwu, Djigonasee, Aiyana and Ina - dominate the Native Americans. In addition, about 1%