The Ancient Celts occupied areas from Ireland to Turkey. The first records about the Celts were given by Roman historians and place the first contact between these two groups back to 400 BC. This beginning of relationship between Celts and Romans is remarkable by the military superiority of the Celts. They took lands from the Etruscans (who were already subordinate to the Romans at that time) and imposed a siege against Rome itself, demanding a ransom of a thousand pounds of gold. After that, though, History started to take a quite different direction. The Celts were conquered and assimilated by the Romans coming from south and by the Germanic tribes coming from the north. That is when a popular Celtic image was built: one of the Celts as a people always in fight against a conquering nation. This is a flag that the Modern Celts still wave, as we will show next.Celtic warrior clothes. (Source: Wikimedia Commons). There is atendency of minority languages of surviving in the countryside and, even there,they usually end up being reached by a majority language, becoming graduallyless used by younger generations until it almost disappears. These relationships,beyond being perceptible even by someone that is not a specialist in the issue,were studied with a scientific view (e.g. Hetchers model of cultural division of labour). But the Welshlanguage, the Cymraeg, tries to defy both tendencies.In thearticle The streets of Bethesda (2004, alternative link), the linguist Paul Manning tells how the Welshnationalist organizations of the 19th Century debated among themselves wetherthe Cymraeg was a language hostile to the industrial environment or not. Therural leaders argued that the industrial centers were too bonded to Englandscapital and would develop using English language exclusively. The Welsh capitalistssustained that, since more and more workers were leaving the fields to work infactories and slater and coal extraction, the cities would be the only possiblefuture to Cymraeg. Even if those Industry men were not talking the truth, the Welshseen as standard passed to be the one spoken by the miners and workers ofslate processing factories, not the rural workers. It continued a non-metropolitanlanguage though. Only more recently this pattern has started to change.The Welsh language in Cardiff: a quiet revolution (Aitchison & Carter, 1987 alternative link) describes an increasing use of Cymraegin the Welsh capital city, a heavily Anglicized area of the nation. Among otherhappenings that favoured this raise, he points out the founding of the WelshFolk Museum, the inauguration of more Welsh speaking TV channels and theequality between English and Welsh in courts (a measure that attracted manyCymraeg speakers to act as interpreters and translators). These actions favoredthe developing of a class of Welsh speaking liberal professionals and white-collarsalary men that found themselves privileged by speaking Cymraeg and that wantedto keep this advantage to their children. Because of that, there are severalnursery schools (pre-primary schools) in Cardiff which educate children inCymraeg. (About social division and Welsh language, see also The craft of reference (Manning, 2004).The growthof the use of Cymraeg in the Metropolis and in a high mobility class defies theregional taboo. The paper Affiliation,