thegoodfellas/blogset-br huggingface dataset:
even though Hubble was not re-boosted to a higher orbit.NASA's original plan for safely de-orbiting Hubble was to retrieve it using a space shuttle. The Hubble telescope would then have most likely been displayed in the Smithsonian Institution. This is no longer possible since the space shuttle has been retired, and would have been unlikely in any case due to the cost of the mission and risk to the crew. Instead NASA looked at adding an external propulsion module to allow controlled re-entry.[142] The final decision was not to attach a de-orbit module on STS-125, but to add a grapple fixture so a robotic mission could more easily attach such a module later.[143][edit] Debate over final servicing missionMain article: STS-125Columbia was originally scheduled to visit Hubble again in February 2005. The tasks of this servicing mission would have included replacing a fine guidance sensor and two broken gyroscopes, placing protective "blankets" on top of torn insulation, replacing the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 with a new Wide Field Camera 3 and installing the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS). However, then-NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe decided that, in order to prevent a repeat of the Columbia accident, all future shuttles must be able to reach the 'safe-haven' of the International Space Station (ISS) should an in-flight problem develop that would preclude the shuttle from landing safely. The shuttle is incapable of reaching both the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station during the same mission, and so future manned service missions were canceled.[144]This decision was assailed by numerous astronomers, who felt that Hubble was valuable enough to merit the human risk. HST's successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), will not be ready until well after the 2010 scheduled retirement of the space shuttle. While Hubble can image in the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, JWST is limited to the infrared. The break in space-observing capabilities between the decommissioning of Hubble and the commissioning of a successor is of major concern to many astronomers, given the great scientific impact of HST taken as a whole.[145] The consideration that the JWST will not be located in low Earth orbit, and therefore cannot be easily repaired in the event of an early failure, only makes these concerns more acute. Nor can JWST's instruments be easily upgraded. On the other hand, many astronomers felt strongly that the servicing of Hubble should not take place if the costs of the servicing come from the JWST budget.In January 2004, O'Keefe said he would review his decision to cancel the final shuttle servicing mission to HST due to public outcry and requests from Congress for NASA to look for a way to save it. On 13 July 2004 an official panel from the National Academy of Sciences made the recommendation that the HST should be preserved despite the apparent risks. Their report urged "NASA should take no actions that would preclude a space shuttle servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope". In August 2004, O'Keefe requested the Goddard Space Flight Center to prepare a detailed proposal for a robotic service
beyond the reach of existing instruments. It is expected to detect stars in the early Universe approximately 280 million years older than stars HST now detects.[154][155] The telescope is an international collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency since 1996,[156] and is planned for launch on a Ariane 5 rocket.[157] Although JWST is primarily an infrared instrument, its wavelength coverage extends down to 600 nm wavelength light, or roughly orange in the visible spectrum. A typical human eye can see to about 750 nm wavelength light, so there is some overlap with the longest wavelength visible bands, including orange and red light.ColorWavelengthviolet380450 nmblue450475 nmcyan476495 nmgreen495570 nmyellow570590 nmorange590620 nmred620750 nmSelected space telescopes & instruments[158]NameYearWavelengthApertureHuman Eye-0.39-0.75 m0.01 mSpitzer20033-180 m0.85 mHubble STIS19970.115-1.03 m2.4 mHubble WFC320090.2-1.7 m2.4 mHerschel200960-672 m3.5 mJWSTPlanned0.6-28.5 m6.5 mA complementary telescope, looking at even longer wavelengths than Hubble or JWST, is the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory, launched on May 14, 2009. Like JWST, Herschel has a mirror substantially larger than Hubble's, but observes only in the far-infrared. Like JWST, it is not designed to be serviced after launch.Longer term, concepts for advanced 21st century space telescopes exist, such as the Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope (AT-LAST)[159] A conceptualized 8 to 16-meter (320 to 640-inch) optical space telescope that if approved, built, and launched (perhaps using the Space Launch System), could be a more direct successor Hubble Space Telescope (HST); with the ability to observe and photograph astronomical objects in the optical, ultraviolet, and Infrared wavelengths, but with substantially better resolution than Hubble or Spitzer. This effort is being planned for the 2025-2035 time frame.Comparison focusing on observation of the early UniverseExisting ground based telescopes, and various proposed Extremely Large Telescopes, can exceed the HST in terms of sheer light gathering power and diffraction limit due to larger mirrors, but other factors affect telescopes. In some cases, they may also be able to match or beat Hubble in resolution by using adaptive optics (AO). However, AO on large ground-based reflectors will not make Hubble and other space telescopes obsolete. Most AO systems sharpen the view over a very narrow field Lucky Cam, for example, produces crisp images just 10" to 20" wide, whereas Hubble's cameras are super sharp across a 212' (150") field. Furthermore, space telescopes can study the heavens across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, most of which is blocked by Earth's atmosphere. Finally, the background sky is darker in space than on the ground, because air absorbs solar energy during the day and then releases it at night, producing a faintbut nevertheless discernibleairglow that washes out faint, low-contrast astronomical objects.[160] fonte do texto: wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope
Parece coisa de ficcao cientifica. Alias, e algo que ha muito tempo os filmes e contos de ficcao cientifica ja previam: uma interface com o computador atraves de movimentos e de toques direto na tela. Com o avanco da tecnologia, isso ja virou realidade e e utilizado por muitos de nos todos os dias. Muitos caixas eletronicos de banco, celulares como o iPhone e o Nokia 5800, e alguns monitores de computador ja utilizam a tecnologia conhecida como Touch Screen. Mas voce sabe como ela funciona?O que e o Touch Screen?Em poucas palavras, o Touch Screen e uma tela sensivel ao toque, ou seja, alem de podermos ver o que aparece no monitor do computador ou na tela de algum aparelho, podemos toca-la e ela respondera como se estivessemos tocando nos objetos mostrados nela . E uma tecnologia que integra nao so sensores na tela, mas tambem programas e interfaces especificas para entender o que esta acontecendo.Atualmente existem varios tipos diferentes de tela touch screen, cada uma funciona com uma tecnologia diferente. Vamos aqui falar de quatro tipos principais, as telas resistivas, as capacitivas, as de Onda Acustica Superficial e o sistema utilizado pelo Microsoft Surface, que utiliza microcameras ao inves de sensores.Telas Resistivas, ou Usando uma caneta para escrever no monitorTalvez a tecnologia mais utilizada e mais simples para as touch screens seja justamente a de telas resistivas. Elas funcionam atraves de pressao na tela que e reconhecida e traduzida como um comando especifico. Essa tecnologia e utilizada, por exemplo, em uma das telas do Nintendo DS e nas telas de alguns caixas eletronicos de banco.O sistema de identificacao da pressao e feito utilizando-se duas placas bem finas, separadas por um afastador. Uma delas e feita de um metal e a outra de vidro. Entre elas passa uma corrente eletrica leve. Ao se encontrar na tela, as duas placas encostam-se naquele ponto. A mudanca no campo eletrico e percebida e as coordenadas sao enviadas ao computador. Essa informacao e traduzida por um programa que transforma o toque em algum comando na tela.Por causa de como essa tela e produzida, ela pode ser utilizada com qualquer objeto que faca pressao. Muitas pessoas, por exemplo, utilizam canetas especificas. Esse e o caso do DS e de PDAs sensiveis ao toque ou ate mesmo de celulares como o Nokia 5800 ou o HTC Touch. Mas tambem e possivel tocar na tela com o dedo ou qualquer outro objeto. O principal problema dessa tecnologia e que, como ele utiliza duas placas e uma delas e metalica, por mais fina que seja, ela deixa passar somente cerca de 75% da luminosidade do monitor.Telas Capacitivas, ou Usando o dedo para navegarA tecnologia de telas capacitivas e a tecnologia utilizada nos iPhones e iTouchs. Ela funciona a partir de uma camada carregada de eletricidade, conhecida como camada capacitiva, posicionada sobre o painel do monitor. Ao se tocar na tela, parte desses eletrons e transmitida para o seu dedo, como se fosse um pequeno choque, mas muito leve a ponto de nao se perceber. O computador entao entende essa
pequena descarga de eletricidade naquele ponto e calcula as coordenadas, que entao sao traduzidas como um comando para a tela do computador.Essa tecnologia e extremamente versatil, e como ela funciona com uma pequena camada metalica sobre a tela, ela deixa muito mais luz passar, chegando a quase 90% luminosidade.Telas de Ondas AcusticasTalvez a melhor tecnologia, justamente por permitir passar 100% da luminosidade da tela. Diferentemente das outras tecnologias, ela nao posiciona nenhuma placa metalica sobre o monitor. Ao inves disso, sao posicionados dois transdutores de cada lado da tela, um receptor de um transmissor, tanto dos lados quanto na parte superior e inferior, fechando um quadrado.O transdutor transmissor manda uma pequena onda que e percebida pelo transdutor receptor. Essas informacoes formam entao uma grade de coordenadas. Quando algo encosta na tela, os receptores percebem uma interrupcao no envio das informacoes e informam automaticamente a coordenada do toque, traduzindo isso como um comando na tela.Sistema de microcameras do Microsoft SurfaceVendo que sua principal concorrente, a Apple, resolveu investir forte em aparelhos com tela sensivel ao toque, a Microsoft desenvolveuum novo sistema, batizado de Surface. Basicamente, ele e uma tela grande com cinco cameras espalhadas por suas bordas que percebem o toque na tela ou quando algo e depositado sobre ela.O Surface tambem conta com tecnologia wireless Bluetooth e Wi-Fi, conseguindo conectar atraves desses sistemas a qualquer aparelho, tambem habilitado, que e colocado sobre ela. O Surface entao reconhece o aparelho e inicia um modo de interacao com seu conteudo atraves de comandos de toque na tela.Essa tecnologia ainda esta em fase de testes, mas foi prometida para funcionar com o Windows Vista. Imagina-se que com o lancamento oficial do Windows 7, a tecnologia Surface possa ser amplamente difundida. Com ela sera possivel conectar com aparelhos moveis como o Zune e cameras fotograficas, interagindo com o conteudo diretamente na tela do Surface.Leia mais em: http://www.tecmundo.com.br/2449-como-funcionam-as-telas-sensiveis-ao-toque-touch-screen-.htm#ixzz1ioLEsdyE
a machinist for a company that made lasers, taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.[1] Clara was an accountant,[16] who taught him to read before he went to school.[1] Clara Jobs had been a payroll clerk for Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley.[18]Jobs attended Monta Loma Elementary, Mountain View, Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[2] He frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee.[19] Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one semester,[20] he continued auditing classes at Reed, while sleeping on the floor in friends' rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple.[21] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[21] Early careerHomebrew Computer Club Newsletter, September 1976In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California.[22] He traveled to India in mid-1974[23] to visit Neem Karoli Baba[24] at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted as Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973.[22] Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of Hariakhan Baba. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, then up to Himachal Pradesh and back.[22]Jobs left India after staying for seven months[25] and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke,[22] with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing.[26][27] During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".[28] He also became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, engaged in lengthy meditation retreats at the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldest Soto Zen monastery in the US,[29] considered taking up monastic residence, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen.[30] He later said that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[28]Jobs returned to Atari and was assigned to create a circuit board for the game Breakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little interest in or knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line. According to Wozniak, Jobs told Wozniak that Atari gave them only
the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,[75] though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[76]On July 1, 2008, a $7-billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.[77][78] Management styleJobs was a demanding perfectionist[79][80] who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style.He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky:There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.[81]Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".[82] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Michael Moritz's The Little Kingdom, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT.NeXT Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs's office replied that his personality had changed since then.[83]In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[84] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."[85] Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France", alluding to Jobs's compelling and larger-than-life persona.[86] Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.[87]Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting[when?] when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[88] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he owned then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."[89] In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at
told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where "Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer Walter Isaacson, aired on 60 Minutes,[108] Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously, you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me."[109] Jobs was in occasional touch with his mother Joanne Simpson,[99][110] who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles.[103] When speaking about his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."[17] Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sun in August 2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public that year.[111][112][113]In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man and he was my brother.[107]Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime partner Chris Ann Brennan, a Bay Area painter.[99] For two years, she raised their daughter on welfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.[99] Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991, in a ceremony at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was Kobun Chino Otogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991, followed by daughters Erin in August 1995, and Eve in 1998.[114] The family lives in Palo Alto, California.[115]Jobs demonstrating the iPhone 4 to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on June 23, 2010In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). In another unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young &
William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children.Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.[116]In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobs never moved in.[117][118]In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House, a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966 BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.[119][120] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.[121]Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.[122] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011.[123]Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers.[124][125] Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its