California, San Diego.[2] Itano died in La Jolla, California of complications from Parkinson's disease.[3]Youth and educationBorn in Sacramento, Harvey was the first of four children of Japanese immigrant Masao Itano, who had moved to California from rural Japan at age 17. Like his father, Harvey earned an undergraduate degree from UC Berkeley (in chemistry). In 1942, upon graduating college, he and his family were detained at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center, followed by internment camps in Arkansas and Colorado.[2]ResearchItano entered the St. Louis University medical school, earning his M.D. in 1945. From there, he went to Caltech for Ph.D. work.[4] He joined the lab of Linus Pauling and began working on sickle cell anemia, a genetic disease that Pauling was interested in.[2] Pauling was convinced that sickle cell disease was caused by defective hemoglobin, and set Itano to find out what made sickle cell hemoglobin chemically different.[5] After failing with a number of other techniques, Itano succeeded in differentiating normal and sickle cell hemoglobins using moving boundary electrophoresis.[6] He used an apparatus designed by Stanley M. Swingle, a variation on the original apparatus of electrophoresis pioneer Arne Tiselius.[7] He found that, under certain conditions, sickle cell hemoglobin is positively charged while normal hemoglobin is not, creating a difference in electrophoretic mobility.[5] By 1956, Vernon Ingram had determined that this was caused by a single difference in peptide sequence,[8] which by 1958 he determined to be a glutamic acid in place of a valine.[9]Itano's subsequent work brought the new field of "molecular medicine" to other genetic and blood diseases. In 1954, he won the Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry, and in 1972 he won the Martin Luther King Jr. Medical Achievement Award, recognizing his sickle cell work.[6]Notes and references1. ^ Pauling, Linus; Harvey A. Itano, S. J. Singer, Ibert C. Wells (1949-11-01). "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease". Science 110 (2865): 543548. Bibcode 1949Sci...110..543P. doi:10.1126/science.110.2865.543. PMID 15395398.2. ^ a b c K. W. Lee. "Remarkable Parents Who Raised Remarkable Family." Sacramento Union, June 25, 1979. Reprint from the Nichi Bei Times accessed August 25, 2008.3. ^ "In Memoriam: UC San Diego Pathology Professor Harvey Itano, MD, PhD, 1920-2010". Retrieved 2010-06-08.4. ^ Maugh II, Thomas H. (June 12, 2010). "Harvey Itano dies at 89; researcher whose studies provided a breakthrough on sickle cell disease". The Los Angeles Times5. ^ a b Ted Goertzel and Ben Goertzel. Linus Pauling: A Life in Science and Politics. New York:BasicBooks, 1995. p. 906. ^ a b "The Register of Harvey Itano Papers 1946 - 2000", MSS 0226, Mandeville Special Collections Library, Geisel Library, University of California, San Diego. Accessed August 25, 2008.7. ^ Swingle, Stanley M. (1947-02). "An Electrophoresis Apparatus Using Parabolic Mirrors". Review of Scientific Instruments 18 (2): 128132. doi:10.1063/1.1740898. PMID 20288558. Retrieved 2008-08-25.8. ^ Ingram, V. M. (1956-10-13). "A Specific Chemical Difference Between the Globins of Normal Human and Sickle-Cell Anaemia Haemoglobin". Nature 178 (4537): 792794. doi:10.1038/178792a0. PMID 13369537.9. ^ Ingram, V M (1958-06). "Abnormal human haemoglobins. I. The comparison of normal human and sickle-cell haemoglobins by fingerprinting". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 28 (3):