thegoodfellas/blogset-br huggingface dataset:
Basel, Switzerland, which serves as a forum for monetary cooperation among several European central banks, the Bank of Japan, and the US Federal Reserve System. Founded in 1930 to handle the German payment of World War I reparations, it now monitors and collects data on international banking activity and promulgates rules concerning international bank regulation. Bank Investment Contract (BIC) Interestguaranteed by the bank in a portfolio over a specific time frame with a specific yield. Bank line Line of credit that a bank grants to a customer. Bank Letter of Credit Policy Standards allowing banks to confirm letters of credit by foreign banks supporting the purchase of US exports. Bank note A term used synonymously with paper money or currency issued by a bank. Notes are, in effect, a promise to pay the bearer on demand the amount stated on the face of the note. Today, only the Federal Reserve Banks are authorized to issue bank notes, i.e. Federal Reserve notes, in the United States. Bank regulation The formulation and issuance by authorized agencies of specific rules or regulations, under governing law, for the conduct and structure of banking. Bank run (bank panic) A series of unexpected cash withdrawals caused by a sudden decline in depositor confidence or fear that the bank will be closed by the charteringagency, i.e. many depositors withdraw cash almost simultaneously. Since the cash reserve a bank keeps on hand is only a small fraction of its deposits, a large number of withdrawals in a short period of time can deplete available cash and force the bank to close and possibly go out of business. Bank trust department Bank department that deals with estates, administers trusts, and provides services such as estate planning advice to its clients. Bank wire A computer message system linking major banks. It is used not for effecting payments, but as a mechanism to advise the receiving bank of some action that has occurred, e.g., the payment by a customer of funds into that bank's account. Banker's acceptance A short-termcredit investment created by a nonfinancial firm and guaranteed by a bank as to payment. Acceptances are traded at discounts to face value in the secondary market. These instruments have been a popular investment for money market funds. They are commonly used in international transactions. Banking Delay Time required for processing and clearing a check through the banking system. Bankmail An agreement between a company engaged in a takeoverbid and a bank that the bank will not finance the bid of another acquirer. Bankruptcy Inability to pay debts. In bankruptcy of a publicly owned entity, the ownership of the firm'sassets is transferred from the stockholders to the bondholders. Bankruptcy cost view The argument that expected indirect and direct bankruptcycostsoffset the other benefits from leverage so that the optimal amount of leverage is less than 100% debt financing. Bankruptcy risk The risk that a firm will be unable to meet its debtobligations. Also referred to as default or insolvency risk. Bankruptcy view The argument that expected bankruptcy costs preclude firms from financing entirely with debt. Bar
higher than the discount rate; reject the project if it is lower than the discount rate. It is wise to also consider net present value for project evaluation. Basis The price an investor pays for a security plus any out-of-pocket expenses. It is used to determine capital gains or losses for tax purposes when the stock is sold. Also, for a futures contract, the difference between the cash price and the futures price observed in the market. Basis point In the bondmarket, the smallest measure used for quoting yields is a basis point. Each percentage point of yield in bonds equals 100 basis points. Basis points also are used for interest rates. An interest rate of 5% is 50 basis points higher than an interest rate of 4.5%. Sometimes referred to as BPS, BIPS, and pronounced "Bips" Basis price Price expressed in terms of yield to maturity or annual rate of return. Basis risk Unexpected changes in the basis between the placing and the lifting of a hedge. Basis risk is in excess of convergence. Basket Applies to derivative products. Group of stocks that is formed with the intention of either being bought or sold all at once, usually to perform index arbitrage or a hedging program. Basket options Packages that involve the exchange of more than two currencies against a base currency at expiration. The basket option buyer purchases the right, but not the obligation, to receive designated currencies in exchange for a base currency, either at the prevailing foreign exchangemarket rate or at a prearranged rate of exchange. Multinational corporations with multicurrency cash flows frequently use basket options because it is generally cheaper to buy an option on a basket of currencies than to buy individual options on each of the currencies that make up the basket. Basket trades Related: Program trades. BD form An SEC document required of brokerage houses that outlines the firm's finances and officers. BDS Statistic A statistic based upon the correlation integral which examines the probability that a purely random system could have the same scaling properties as the system under study. See: Correlation Integral. Boston Exchange Automated Communication Order-Routing Network (BEACON) This system permits the automatic execution of trades based on the current stock prices on the consolidated markets at any of the US securitiesexchanges. Bear An investor who believes a stock or the overall market will decline. A bear market is a prolonged period of falling stock prices, usually by 20% or more. Related: bull. Bear CD A bear CD pays the holder a fraction of any fall in a given market index. Bear hug Often used in risk arbitrage. Hostile takeover attempt in which the acquireroffers an exceptionally large premium over the market value of the acquiree's shares so as to as to squeeze (hug) the target into acceptance. Bear market Any market in which prices exhibit a declining trend. For a prolonged period, usually falling by 20% or more. Bear raid In the context of general equities, attempt by investors to move the price of a stock opportunistically by selling large
numbers of sharesshort. The investors pocket the difference between the initial price and the new, lower price after this maneuver. This technique is illegal under SEC rules, which stipulate that every shortsale must be on an uptick. Bear spread Applies to derivative products. Strategy in the options or futures markets designed to take advantage of a fall in the price of a security or commodity. A bear spread with call options is created by buying a call option with a certain strike price and selling a call option on the same stock with a lower strike price (with the same expiration date). A bear spread with put options is where an investor buys a put with a high strike price and sells a put with a low strike price. With futures, the investor sells the nearby contract and purchases the next out contract. All of these strategies are designed to profit from a fall in the underlying asset's price. Bear trap The predicament facing short sellers when a bear market reverses its trend and becomes bullish. The assets continue to sell in anticipation of further declines in price, and short sellers then are forced to cover at higher prices. Bearer bond Bonds that are not registered on the books of the issuer. Such bonds are held in physical form by the owner, who receives interest payments by physically detaching coupons from the bond certificate and delivering them to the paying agent. Bearer form Describes issue form of security not registered on the issuingcorporation's books, and therefore payable to its bearer. See also: Bearer bond; coupon bond. Bearer share Security not registered on the books of the issuing corporation and thus payable to possessor of the shares. Negotiable without endorsement and transferred by delivery, thus avoiding some of the control associated with ordinary shares. Dividends are payable upon presentation of dividend coupons, which are dated or numbered. Applies mainly to international equities. Bearish Words used to describe investor attitude. A bearish investor believes that a particular asset or the market as a whole will decline in value. Beating the gun In the context of general equities, gaining an advantageous price in a trade through a quick response to market developments. Before-tax contributions The portion of an employee's salary contributed to a retirement plan before federal income taxes are deducted; this reduces the individual's gross income for federal tax purposes. Before-tax profit margin The ratio of net income before taxes to net sales. Beggar-thy-neighbor An international trade policy of competitive devaluations and increased protective barriers that one country institutes to gain at the expense of its trading partners. Beggar-thy-neighbor devaluation A devaluation that is designed to cheapen a nation's currency and thereby increase its exports at the expense of other countries. Devaluation can also reduce a nation's imports. Such devaluations often lead to trade wars. Behind Used for listed equity securities. At the same price but entered after your order/interest, such as on the specialist's book. Antithesis of ahead of you. Bell Signal on a stock exchange to indicate the open and close of
trading. Bellwether issues Related: Benchmark issues. Below par Less than the nominal or face value of a security. Benchmark The performance of a predetermined set of securities, used for comparison purposes. Such sets may be based on published indexes or may be customized to suit an investment strategy. Benchmark error Use of an inappropriate proxy for the true market portfolio. Benchmark interest rate Also called base interest rate, it is the minimum interest rate investors will demand for investing in a non-Treasury security. It is also tied to the yield to maturityoffered on the comparable-maturity treasury security that was most recently issued (on-the-run). Benchmark issue Also called on-the-run or current-couponissue or bellwether issue. In the secondary market, the benchmark issue is the most recently auctioned Treasury issues for each maturity. Beneath Used for listed equity securities. 1) Behind; 2) Lower in price. Beneficial Owner As used for most purposes under the federal securities laws. A beneficial owner of stock is any person or entity with sole or shared power to vote or dispose of the stock. This SEC definition is intended to include a holder who enjoys the benefits of ownership although the shares may be held in another name. Beneficial ownership Often used in risk arbitrage. Person who enjoys the benefits of ownership even though title is in another name. (Abused through the illegal use of a parking violation.) Beneficiary Term used to refer to the person who receives the benefits of a trust or the recipient of the proceeds of a life insurance policy. Bequest Property left to an heir under the terms of a will. Best's rating A rating A.M. Best Co. assigns to insurance companies based on the company's ability to meet its obligations to its policyholders. Best efforts A high standard of undertaking, but nevertheless excusable in the event of a force majeure. Best-efforts sale A method of securitiesdistribution/underwriting in which the securities firm agrees to sell as much of the offering as possible and return any unsold shares to the issuer. As opposed to a guaranteed or fixed-pricesale or bought deal, in which the underwriter agrees to sell a specific number of shares (and holds any unsold shares in its own account if necessary). Best-interests-of-creditors test The requirement that a claim holder voting against a plan of reorganization must receive at least as much as if the debtor were liquidated. Beta The measure of an asset'srisk in relation to the market (for example, the S&P500) or to an alternative benchmark or factors. Roughly speaking, a security with a beta of 1.5, will have move, on average, 1.5 times the market return. [More precisely, that stock'sexcess return (over and above a short-term money market rate) is expected to move 1.5 times the market excess return).] According to asset pricing theory, beta represents the type of risk, systematic risk, that cannot be diversified away. When using beta, there are a number of issues that you need to be aware of: (1) betas may change through time; (2) betas may be different depending on the direction of the market
(i.e. betas may be greater for down moves in the market rather than up moves); (3) the estimated beta will be biased if the security does not frequently trade; (4) the beta is not necessarily a complete measure of risk (you may need multiple betas). Also, note that the beta is a measure of comovement, not volatility. It is possible for a security to have a zero beta and higher volatility than the market. Beta equation (security) The market beta of a security is determined as follows: Regressexcess returns of stock y on excess returns of the market. The slope coefficient is beta. Define n as number of observation numbers. Beta= [(n) (sum of [xy]) ]-[ (sum of x) (sum of y)]/ [(n) (sum of [xx]) ]-[ (sum of x) (sum of x)] where: n = # of observations (usually 36 to 60 months) x = rate of return for the S&P 500 index y = rate of return for the security. Related: Alpha Biased expectations theories Related: Pure expectations theory. Bid The price a potential buyer is willing to pay for a security. Sometimes also used in the context of takeovers where one corporation is bidding for (trying to buy) another corporation. In trading, we have the bid-ask spread which is the difference between what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are asking for in terms of price. Bid away Refers to over-the-counter trading. Bid from another dealer exists at the same (listed) or higher (OTC) price. Bid-asked spread The difference between the bid and the asked prices. Bid bond A bid "performance" bond consisting of a small percentage (1-3%) of the tender contract price, refunded to losers once the contract is awarded. Bid price This is the quotedbid, or the highest price an investor is willing to pay to buy a security. Practically speaking, this is the available price at which an investor can sell shares of stock. Related: Ask, offer. Bid-to-cover ratio The ratio of the number of bids received in a Treasury security auction compared to the number of accepted bids. Bid wanted Used in the context of general equities. Announcement that a holder of securities wants to sell and will entertain bids. Bidder A firm or person that wants to buy a firm or security. Bidding buyer In the context of general equities, a nonaggressive buyer who prefers to await a natural seller in the hope of paying a lower price. Bidding through the market In the context of general equities, aggressive willingness to purchase a security at a premium to the inside market. Contrasts with bidding buyer. Bidding up Moving the bid price higher. Bifurcation When a non-linear dynamic system develops twice the possible solutions that it had before it passed its critical level. A bifurcation cascade is often called the period doubling route to chaos because the transition from an orderly system to a chaotic system often occurs when the number of possible solutions begins increasing, doubling each time. Bifurcation Diagram A graph that shows the critical points where bifurcation occurs, and the
possible solutions that exist at that point. Big Bang The term applied to the liberalization in 1986 of the London Stock Exchange (LSE) when trading was automated. Big Board A nickname for the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Also known as The Exchange. More than 2,000 common and preferred stocks are traded. Founded in 1792, the NYSE is the oldest exchange in the United States, and the largest. It is located on Wall Street in New York City. Big picture To highlight trading interest due to the size of the trade. Big producer A successful broker who generates a large volume of commission. See Rainmaker. Big uglies Unpopular stocks. Bilateral Netting Bilateral netting - the consolidation of all swap agreements between two counterparties into one master agreement. The result is that if one counterparty bankrupts, that counterparty cannot seek to collect on any swaps that are in-the-money to them while at the same time refusing to pay out on any that are out-of-the-money. Instead, the master agreement sets out that in this event all swaps between the two counterparties will be netted; only then will the bankrupt company receive money, and then only if they are net in-the-money. Bill of exchange General term for a document demanding payment. Bill of lading A contract between an exporter and a transportation company in which the latter agrees to transport the goods under specified conditions that limit its liability. It is the exporter's receipt for the goods as well as proof that goods have been or will be received. Billing cycle The time elapsed between billing periods for goods sold or services rendered. Binder An amount of money paid to indicategood faith in a transaction before the transaction is completed. Binomial option pricing model An option pricing model in which the underlying asset can assume one of only two possible, discrete values in the next time period for each value that it can take on in the preceding time period. Bi-weekly mortgage loan A mortgageloan on which interest and principal payments are made every half-month (total of 26 payments) as opposed to monthly payments. This results in earlier loan retirement. Black Friday A precipitous drop in a financial market . The original Black Friday occurred on September 24, 1869, when prospectors attempted to corner the gold market. Black market An illegal market. Black Monday Refers to October 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 508 points on the heels of sharp drops the previous week. On Monday, October 27, 1997, the Dow dropped 554 points. While the point drop set a new record, the percentage decline was substantially less than in 1987. Black-Scholes option-pricing model A model for pricing call options based on arbitrage arguments. Uses the stock price, the exercise price, the risk-freeinterest rate, the time to expiration, and the expected standard deviation of the stock return. Developed by Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in 1973. Blank check A check that is duly signed, but the amount of the check is left blank to be supplied by the drawee. Blank check offering
An initial public offering by a company whose business activities are undefined and therefore peculative. Blank Check Preferred Stock This is stock over which the board of directors has broad authority to determine voting, dividend, conversion, and other rights. While it can be used to enable a company to meet changing financial needs, its most important use is to implement poison pills or to prevent takeovers by placement of this stock with friendly investors. Blanket certification form See: NASD form FR-1 Blanket fidelity bond SEC-required insurance coverage that brokerage firms are required to have in order to cover fraudulent trading by employees. Blanket inventory lien A secured loan that gives the lender a lien against all the borrower'sinventories. Blanket Mortgage A mortgage that covers at least two pieces of real estate as collateral for the same mortgage. Blanket recommendation A recommendation by a brokerage firm sent to all its customers advising that they buy or sell a particular stock regardless of investment objectives or portfolio size. Blind pool A limited partnership that does not announce its intentions as to what properties will be acquired. Blind trust A trust in which a fiduciary third party has total discretion to make investments on behalf of a beneficiary while the beneficiary is uninformed about the holdings of the trust. Blitzkrieg tender offer In the context of a takeover, refers to a tender offer that is priced so attractively that the tender is completed quickly. Block Large quantity of stock or large dollar amount of bondsheld or traded. As a rule of thumb, 10,000 shares or more of stock and $200,000 or more worth of bonds would be described as a block. Block call In the context of general equities, conference meeting during which customer indications and orders, along with the traders' own buy/sell preferences, are conveyed to the entire organization. See block list. Block house Brokerage firms that help to find potential buyers or sellers of large block trades. Block list In the context of general equities, listing of stock the investment bank is looking for (wants to buy) or (wants to sell) at the beginning of the day, whether on an agency or principalbasis. Block trade A large tradingorder, defined on the New York Stock Exchange as an order that consists of 10,000 shares of a given stock or at a total market value of $200,000 or more. Block trader A dealer who will take a position in the block trades to accommodate customer buyers and sellers of blocks. See: Dealer, market maker, principal. Block voting Describes a group of shareholders banding together to vote their shares in a single block. Blocked currency A currency that is not freely convertible to other currencies due to exchangecontrols. Blocked funds Cash flows generated by a foreign project that cannot be immediately repatriated to the parent firm because of capital flow restrictions imposed by the host government. Blow-off top A steep and rapid increase in price followed by a steep and rapid drop. This is an indicator seen in charts and used in technical analysis of stock