a decade: high optimism produced a remarkably low hazard ratio of 0.23 for CVD death (upper versus lower quartile of optimism, 95% confidence interval, 0.100.55) when controlling for age, sex, chronic disease, education, smoking, alcohol, history of CVD, body mass, and cholesterol level. Similarly, Buchanan (1995) found that among 96 men who had had their first heart attack, 15 of the 16 most pessimistic men died of CVD over the next decade, while only 5 of the 16 most optimistic died, controlling for major risk factors. (Seligman, M. (2008). APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW. Applied Psychology, (57), 3-18. doi: 10.111/j.1464-0597.2008.00351.x. pg.5)This is an important finding because its implications in the treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. This does not mean that genetics are over-ruled. If someone has a family history of heart disease then there is a strong possibility that the individual will inherit the disease because of genetics. In my personal observations, I have known individuals who had multiple health issues, and in particular, Cardiovascular disease. I have also known individuals who were approximately the same age, gender who were in remarkable health. The only discernible difference between the two was that one expected to be in poor health, while the other expected to be in good health. Their view of the world was different also. The individual with CVD was very pessimistic about world issues and how they affected him while the other acknowledged the problems in the world, yet believed that somehow things would work out. They believed that they would be in a better position in life, in spite of the worlds problems.Some other studies from Seligmans research include the following. Optimism and positive emotions have also been linked to recovery after a major cardiac event. Leedham, Meyerowitz, Muirhead, and Frist (1995) interviewed 31 heart-transplant patients both before and after surgery. Those who reported a high level of positive expectation and good mood before the surgery were found to have greater adherence to medical regimen after surgery, as well as a better status report obtained by nursing 6 months post-operation. Optimism and positive affect may also be protective against other physical deteriorations. Ostir, Ottenbacher, and Markides (2004) followed 1,558 initially non-frail older Mexican-Americans for 7 years. Frailty increased by 7.9% over the course of follow-up, but those men with high positive affect were found to have a significantly lower risk of frailty onset. Positive emotional style (PES) may also act as preventive against the onset of the common cold. Cohen, Alper, Doyle, Treanor, and Turner (2006) administered nasal drops carrying either rhinovirus or influenza to 193 healthy normal volunteers, ranging in age from 21 to 55. They found that a high level of PES was associated with a lower risk of developing either of the two conditions, manifest as upper respiratory conditions. ( Seligman, M. (2008). APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW. Applied Psychology, (57), 3-18. doi: 10.111/j.1464-0597.2008.00351.x. pg.6)Subjective or Emotional When a person feels good they are generally referring to a mental state of being that causes them to have a positive outlook on life and their personal circumstances. I