ibn Sult.an came to dominate the east coast of Africa south of Mogadishu, and mostly ruled from Zanzibar after 1827, permanently after 1840. After his death the Sult.anate was divided. The British connection proved the ultimate undoing of this empire, since Britain began to suppress the slave trade, which was the principal business of the Arabs in East Africa, and both Britain and Germany began to annex the mainland areas (Kenya and Tanganyika). Reduced to British "protection," the Sult.ans of Zanzibar then did survive until independence, but after that were promptly overthrown. Zanzibar was then absorbed with Tanganyika into the socialist republic of Julius Nyerere (1962-1985), a darling of the Left, whose harebrained economics managed to dig the country further and further into poverty all the years of his rule, despite (more like because of) some of the highest levels of foreign aid in the world. Meanwhile, Oman was eventually cut loose by the British and emerged from Mediaeval isolation with the Sult.an still in charge. Qabus ibn Sa'id is now the last Sult.an in the Middle East, and the last in Islam apart from Brunei. BRUNEI,BendaharasMuhammadc.1514Ahmadc.1521Sharif 'Alic.1526SulaimanBolkiahAbdul Qahhard.1578Saif ur-Rijalc.1578-c.1590Shah Bruneic.1590Raja Ghafurc.1600Muhammad Hassanregent,1601-1617Abdul-Jalil Akbar1617-c.1637Abdul-Jalilul Jabbarc.1637-c.1642Haji Muhammed 'Alic.1642-c.1648Abdul Hakk Mubinc.1648-1655Muhyid-Din1655-c.1670Nasrud-DinHusin Kamaluddin1670-1680Muhammad Aliud-Dinc.1680-c.1690civil war, c.1690-c.1750Omar 'Ali Saif ud-Din Ic.1750-1780,d.1795Muhammed Tajud-Din1780-1792,1793-1806Muhammed Jamal ul-'Alam1792-1793Muhammed Khanzul Alam1806-1822Raja Api1822Omar 'Ali Saifud-Din IIDjamal ul-Din1822-1852Abdul-Mumin1852-1885Hashim Jalilul 'AlamAkam ud-Din1885-1906British Protectorate, 1888-1984,British Resident, 1906MuhammedJamalul 'Alam II1906-1924Ahmad Tajud-Din1924-1941,1945-1950Japanese occupation, 1941-1945Sir Omar 'Ali Saifud-Din III1950-1967, d. 1986Sir Hassanul-Bolkiah1967-presentA sultanate on the northeast coast of Borneo, and one of the wealthiest states on Earth, due to oil revenues. Formerly in control over much of the island, it became a British Protectorate 1888-1984. The present Sultan, one of the richest men in the world, is well known, if not infamous, for his luxuriant lifestyle. Good looking foreign girls and women recruited for innocent sounding jobs have reported some bad experiences.Some details here are from Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies, but the list is largely based on Clifford Edmund Bosworth's The New Islamic Dynasties [Edinburgh University Press, 1996]. SARAWAK, BROOKEJames1841-1868Charles Anthony1868-1917Charles Vyner1917-1942,1945-1946,d.1963Japanese occupation, 1942-1945; Great Britain, 1946-1957; Malaya, 1957-1963; Malaysia, 1963-presentOne of the stranger domains in the British Empire, perhaps the fantasy of many English boys in the 1890's. Sarawak was granted by the Sultan of Brunei to a British adventurer, James Brooke, the "White Rajah of Sarawak," who used it as a base from which to eradicate piracy in the South China Sea and headhunting in the interior. His successors continued as Rajahs until after the World War II, with a domain that ended up larger than the original Sultanate of Brunei.Then, since the place had been so thoroughly trashed by the Japanese, C.V. Brooke ceded it to Britain. Although the Brookes were not Moslems, their subjects were, and Sarawak eventually became part of the very Moslem country of Malaysia.The list is from Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies and Chester L. Krause and Clifford Mishler, the Standard Catalog of World Coins [Colin R. Bruce II, editor, Krause Publications, Iola, Wisconsin, 1982, p.1227].Islamic Index The Hashemites, 1827-presentWhen I lived in Beirut in 1969-70, one of the principal