of ValenciaThe Dhu'n-Nunids of ToledoThe Banu Mujahid of Denia and MajorcaThe Tujibids of SaragossaThe Hudids of SaragossaThe Murabit (Almoravid) Sult.ans, 1067-1147 ADThe Muluk at-T.awa'if, 1144-1266CordovaValenciaMurciaThe Banu Ghaniya of MajorcaThe Muwahid (Almohad) Caliphs, 1147-1238 ADThe Nas.rid Sult.ans of Granada, 1232-1492 ADThe Hudids of MurciaIslamic Rulers of North Africa, 789-1163 ADThe Idrisids of Morocco, 789-985 ADThe Rustamids of Algeria, 778-909 ADThe Aghlabids, 800-909 ADThe Shi'ite Fatimid Caliphs, 909-1171 ADThe Zirids of Tunisia, 947-1163 ADThe Hammadids of Algeria, 1015-1152 ADThe Murabit (Almoravid) Sult.ans, 1067-1147 ADThe Muwahid (Almohad) Caliphs, 1147-1238 ADThe Seljuk Great Sult.ans, 1037-1157 ADSeljuk Sult.ans of Rum, 1078-1307 ADThe Zangid Atabegs of Mosul, Aleppo, & Damascus, 1127-1262 ADThe Khwarazm Shahs, 1097-1231 ADThe Oghullar of RumAydin OghullariSarukhan OghullariMenteshe OghullariGermiyan OghullariH.amid OghullariTekke OghullariJandar OghullariQaraman OghullariEretna OghullariDulghadir OghullariOsmanli OghullariThe Il Khans, 1256-1353The Jalayirids, 1340-1432The Qara Qoyunlu, 1351-1469The Timurids, 1370-1500The Aq Qoyunlu, 1396-1508The Khans of the Golden HordeThe Khans of the White HordeThe Khans of KazanThe Khans of AstrakhanThe Khans of the CrimeaThe Ayyubid Sult.ans, 1169-1252 ADIslamic Rulers of North Africa, 1217-1659 ADThe Marinid Amirs of Morocco, 1195-1465The Wat.t.asid Amirs of Morocco, 1472-1554The Sa'did Sharifs of Morocco, 1510-1659The H.afs.id Amirs, Caliphs, or Sult.ans of Tunisia, 1229-1574The Zayyanid or Ziyanid Amirs of Algeria, 1236-1555The 'Alawid Sharifs, Sult.ans, & Kings of Morocco, 1640-presentThe H.usaynid Beys of Tunisia, 1705-1957The Keita Kings of Mali, 1230-1390The Si & Askiya Kings of Songhay, 1464-1592The Mamluk Sult.ans of Egypt, 1252-1517 ADThe Abbasid Puppet Caliphs of Egypt, 1261-1517 ADThe Ottoman Sultans & Caliphs, 1290-1924 AD, Maps and List of EmperorsThe Shihabi Amirs of Lebanon, 1697-1842 ADThe House of Muh.ammad 'Ali in Egypt, 1805-1953 ADThe Sanusi Amirs & Kings of Libya, 1837-1969 ADShibanid Ozbegs, 1438-1599Kazakhs, 1394-1748Toqay Temurids, 1599-1758Mangits of Bukhara, 1747-1920The Shahs of Iran, 1501-1979 ADThe Safavids, 1501-1736The Afsharids, 1736-1750The Zands, 1750-1794The Qajars, 1794-1924The Pahlavis, 1924-1979Sult.ans of Delhi, 1206-1555Mu'izzi or Shamsi Slave Kings, 1206-1290Khaljis, 1290-1320Tughluqids, 1320-1414Sayyids, 1414-1451Lodis, 1451-1526Suris, 1540-1555Moghul Emperors, 1526-1540, 1555-1858Nawwabs of Bengal, 1704-1765Nawwabs of Oudh, 1722-1856Niz.ams of Hyderabad, 1720-1948Sult.ans of Malacca, 1403-1528Sult.ans of Johor, 1528-presentSult.ans of Acheh, c.1450-1903Yemen, 1230 BC-1962 ADat-Tababi'a, 1230 BC-533 ADSaba/Sheba, 755 BC-100 ADDhu-Raydan & Himyar, 120 BC-629 ADRassids, 860-1226Ayyubids, 1173-1229Rasulids, 1229-1454T.ahirids, 1454-1517Qasimids, 1597-1962Modern IslamThe Shihabi Amirs of Lebanon, 1697-1842 ADThe House of Muh.ammad 'Ali in Egypt, 1805-1953 ADThe Sanusi Amirs & Kings of Libya, 1837-1969 ADThe Sult.ans of Oman and Zanzibar, 1754-presentThe Hashimites, 1827-presentThe 'Alawid Sharifs, Sult.ans, & Kings of Morocco, 1640-presentThe H.usaynid Beys of Tunisia, 1705-1957The House of Sa'ud, 1735-presentThe Sultans of Brunei, 1405-presentThe Rajahs of Sarawak, 1841-1946Afghanistan, 1747-1973Prime Ministers & Presidents of PakistanIslamic Fascism and Satyagraha in PalestineMy thanks to Professor Shaun Marmon of Princeton University for drawing my attention to Clifford Edmund Bosworth's The New Islamic Dynasties [Edinburgh University Press, 1996]. This remarkable and invaluble work is, strangely enough, already out of print. Also of great use was Classical Islam, a History 600-1258, by G.E. von Grunebaum [Aldine Publishing, 1970], The Arabs, by Anthony Nutting [Mentor, 1964], The Arab Awakening, by George Antonius [Capricorn Books, 1965], The Cambridge History of Islam, edited by P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis [Vols. 1A, 1B, 2A, & 2B, Cambridge, 1977], and other historical sources credited elsewhere in these pages.Philosophy