involving the participation of a group of colleges students, who were asked to use a meditation technique called integrative body-mind training, concluded that "meditating may improve the integrity and efficiency of certain connections in the brain" through an increase in their number and robustness Brain scans showed strong white matter changes in the anterior cingulate cortex.Dr. James Austin, a neurophysiologist at the University of Colorado, reported that meditation in Zen "rewires the circuitry" of the brain in his book Zen and the Brain (Austin, 1999). This has been confirmed using functional MRI imaging, a brain scanning technique that measures blood flow in the brain.[citation needed]TheoriaFifteen Carmelite nuns came from the monastery to the laboratory to enter a fMRI machine whilst meditating, allowing scientists there to scan their brains using fMRI while they were in a state known as Unio Mystica (and also Theoria).[27] The results showed that far-flung parts of the brain were recruited in the sustaining of this mystical union with God.[27] During a meditation test, using fMRI two states were compared. Activity during the last 6 minutes of meditation and activity during 6 minutes of controlled meditation. As a result, in the controlled analysis increases were found in putamen, midbrain, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampal/parahippocampal formation. However, in the last 6 minutes multiple foci of activation within prefrontal, parietal and temporal cortices as well as in the precentral and postcentral gyri, and hippocampal/parahippocampal formation were identified. The article [28] shows activation during meditation. The prompt values were analyzed at the Mind-Body Medical Institute.Meditation and EEGElectroencephalograph (EEG) recordings of skilled meditators showed a significant rise in gamma wave activity in the 80 to 120 Hz range during meditation. There was also a rise in the range of 25 to 42 Hz. These meditators had 10 to 40 years of training in Buddhist-based mental[clarification needed] training. EEG done on meditators who had received recent training demonstrated considerably less rise.[29]The experienced meditators also showed increased gamma activity while at rest and not meditating.During meditation there is a modest increase in slow alpha or theta wave EEG activity.Chang and Lo found different results, explicable perhaps by the fact they show no sign of even having tested for gamma.[31] First they classify five patterns in meditation based on the normal four frequency ranges (delta < 4 Hz, theta 4 to <8 Hz, alpha 8 to 13 Hz, and beta >13 Hz). The five patterns they found were:1) delta2) delta + theta3) theta + slow alpha4) high-amplitude alpha5) amplitude suppressed ("silent and almost flat")They found pattern #5 unique and characterized by:1) extremely low power (significant suppression of EEG amplitude)2) corresponding temporal patterns with no particular EEG rhythm3) no dominating peak in the spectral distributionThey had collected EEG patterns from more than 50 meditators over the prior five years. Five meditation EEG scenarios are then described. They further state that most meditation is dominated by alpha waves. They found delta and theta waves occurred occasionally, sometimes while people fell asleep and sometimes not. In particular they found the amplitude suppressed pattern correlated with "the feeling of