landedvarious parties (one of 200 marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and theslave trade along the Ivory Coast, and to punish attacks by the natives onAmerican seamen and shipping.[RL30172]1844 Mexico:President Tyler deployed U.S. forces to protect Texas against Mexico, pendingSenate approval of a treaty of annexation (which was later rejected). Hedefended his action against a Senate resolution of inquiry.[RL30172]184648 MexicanAmerican War: On May 13, 1846, the United States recognized theexistence of a state of war with Mexico. After the annexation of Texas in 1845,the United States and Mexico failed to resolve a boundary dispute and PresidentPolk said that it was necessary to deploy forces in Mexico to meet a threatenedinvasion.The war ended with the Treaty ofGuadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848. The treaty gave the U.S.undisputed control of Texas, established the U.S.Mexican border of the RioGrande, and ceded to the United States the present-day states of California,Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming. Inreturn, Mexico received US$18,250,000 (about $499,000,000 in 2016)[3] lessthan half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land beforethe opening of hostilities.[RL30172]1849 Smyrna(Izmir, Turkey): In July, a naval force gained release of an American seized byAustrian officials.[RL30172]185018591851 OttomanEmpire: After a massacre of foreigners (including Americans) at Jaffa inJanuary, a demonstration by the Mediterranean Squadron was ordered along theTurkish (Levantine) coast.[RL30172]1851 JohannaIsland (modern Anjouan, east of Africa): In August, forces from the U.S.sloop-of-war Dale exacted redress for the unlawful imprisonment of the captainof an American whaling brig.[RL30172]185253 Argentina:February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852 to April 1853: Marines were landedand maintained in Buenos Aires to protect American interests during arevolution.[RL30172]1853 Nicaragua:March 11 to 13, US forces landed to protect American lives and interests duringpolitical disturbances.[RL30172]185354 Japan:Commodore Matthew Perry and his expedition made a display of force leading tothe "opening of Japan".[RL30172]185354 Ryukyu andBonin Islands (Japan): Commodore Matthew Perry on three visits before going toJapan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration,landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Nahaon Okinawa; he also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands with the purpose ofsecuring facilities for commerce.[RL30172]1854 China: April4 to June 17, American and English ships landed forces to protect Americaninterests in and near Shanghai during Chinese civil strife.[RL30172]1854 Nicaragua: OnJuly 915, naval forces bombarded and burned San Juan del Norte (Greytown) toavenge an insult to the American Minister to Nicaragua.[RL30172]1855 China: On May1921, U.S. forces protected American interests in Shanghai and, from August 3to 5 fought pirates near Hong Kong.[RL30172]1855 Fiji Islands:From September 12 to November 4, an American naval force landed to seekreparations for attacks on American residents and seamen.[RL30172]1855Uruguay: On November 2529, United States and European naval forces landed toprotect American interests during an attempted revolution inMontevideo.[RL30172]1856 Panama,Republic of New Grenada: On September 1922, U.S. forces landed to protectAmerican interests during an insurrection.[RL30172]1856 China: From October22 to December 6, U.S. forces landed to protect American interests at Cantonduring hostilities between the British and the Chinese, and to avenge anassault upon an unarmed boat displaying the United States flag.[RL30172]185758 Utah War: TheUtah