supposed to contain the problem complex is in fact always out of phase with it. The implication is that a completely new approach is required, relying heavily on a network of bodies so constituted that it can rapidly restructure itself in response to any new problem configuration. The current institutional heavy artillery is just not sufficiently manoeuverable in a moving battle in difficult terrain.25. The crucial variables are discovered by accidentGall points out that the moment an institution is established to research into a new problem we are immediately faced with all the systems characteristics noted above. It is seemingly impossible for the system to achieve its goal - unless there is a "happy accident" of which there are many well-known examples (e.g. the discovery of nylon). In fact the crucial variables tend to be discovered by those with the "wrong" education, the "wrong" institutional framework and usually without intending to do so. Perhaps this is a good reason for encouraging a proliferation of organizations with strange preoccupations.26. The larger the system, the greater the possibility of unexpected failureThose concerned with a new world order, or the possibility of world government must face up to this.27. "Success" or "function" in any system may be failure in the larger or smaller systems to which it is connectedThis is a most important point for those who rely on the indicators designed, and provided, for the system they work in. However successful it may appear, or however much progress is regularly reported, the system may in fact merely be functioning as a problem reprocessing machine. Such machines take in problems of one type and transform them into problems of another type (by "solving" them). The new problems are not perceived as such, however, because they are carefully designed to be undetectable to the indicators of significance to the system. Alternatively they may be so well packaged and labelled that they are even claimed as positive contributions to society.28. When a fail-safe system fails, it fails by failing to fail safe.This is of course a point which has been well-recognized by those involved in the international campaign against nuclear energy and weaponry. But it can also apply to bureaucratic procedures with special escape clauses to safeguard against failure to deal with (urgent) humanitarian cases.29. Complex systems tend to produce complex responses (not solutions) to problems.World problems have given rise to very complex legal and instrumental responses, but it is certainly not clear that remedial action is achieving its aims- at least if one looks beyond the literature put out by public relations departments or the documents governed by the bureaucratic "positive/optimistic" standard of reporting (with appropriate suppression of inconvenient facts).30. Great advances are not produced by systems designed to produce great advances.This follows from point 25. Gall points out: "Systems can do many things, but one thing they emphatically cannot do is to solve problems. This is because problem-solving is not a systems-function and there is no satisfactory systems-approximation to the solution of a problem. A system represents someone's solution to a problem. The system does