the robustness of the results in face of the phylogenetic uncertainty. The two different trees yielded nearly identical results; hence, we present the results of only one of the two trees (divergence time = 2 my).To study when and how often worker differentiation evolved (i.e., species with larger guards), a Bayesian framework was used for the stochastic reconstructions of character states (with vs. without larger guards)49,50,51. We ran 1,000 simulations of a stochastic process of these binary character state changes across the tree branches. A prior probability of equal character state changes was assumed, and the posterior density of stochastically mapped character history was plotted on the phylogeny (Fig. 1). The visualization of the aggregate result of the 1,000 stochastic maps was done using the function densityMap of the R phylogenetics package phytools52. Maximum likelihood and parsimony reconstructions were also run, mainly to evaluate the influence of branch lengths on the interpretation of character evolution. Both analyses were run in Mesquite53 choosing the option "trace character over trees": the ML criterion54 employed the Mk1 model (all changes equally probable); the parsimony criterion applied Fitch optimization55. We used Pagel's model of the correlated evolution of two binary traits24, implemented in the fitPagel function of the phytools package to (1) test if species with negative allometry are more likely to have larger guards and (2) test if known target species ofLestrimelitta robber bees are more likely to have guards of increased size. This method controls for the non-independence of closely related species (e.g., among Tetragonisca and Frieseomelitta). Having larger guards (y/n) was used as the dependent variable, being a target species (y/n) was used as the predictor.Data availabilityThe data supporting the findings of this study will be made available by the authors upon... ( continua em http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-016-0012-y ) Livro 2016. As musas do terceiro milenio. Volume II.LARCEN, Cesar Goncalves. Mais uma laconica viagem no tempo e no espaco: explorando o ciberespaco e liquefazendo fronteiras entre o moderno e o pos-moderno atravessando o campo dos Estudos Culturais [ebook]. / Cesar Goncalves Larcen - 2. Ed. - Canoas: Cesar Goncalves Larcen Editor, 2014. 102 p. ebook.: il.COMPRE AQUI:https://www.amazon.com.br/As-musas-terceiro-mil%C3%AAnio-desterro-ebook Livro 2016. As musas do terceiro milenio. Volume I.LARCEN, Cesar Goncalves. Mais uma laconica viagem no tempo e no espaco: explorando o ciberespaco e liquefazendo fronteiras entre o moderno e o pos-moderno atravessando o campo dos Estudos Culturais [ebook]. / Cesar Goncalves Larcen - 2. Ed. - Canoas: Cesar Goncalves Larcen Editor, 2014. 102 p. ebook.: il.COMPRE AQUI:https://www.amazon.com.br/musas-acham-terceiro-mil%C3%AAnio-Livro-ebook Livro 2014. Mais uma laconica viagem tempo e no espaco. Segunda Edicao (Ampliada).LARCEN, Cesar Goncalves. Mais uma laconica viagem no tempo e no espaco: explorando o ciberespaco e liquefazendo fronteiras entre o moderno e o pos-moderno atravessando o campo dos Estudos Culturais [ebook]. / Cesar Goncalves Larcen - 2. Ed. - Canoas: Cesar Goncalves Larcen Editor, 2014. 102 p. ebook.: il.COMPRE AQUI:http://www.amazon.com/dp/B01AGVB3D0?ref_=pe_2427780_160035660Livro 2013. Pedagogias Culturais.DOWNLOAD GRATUITO. FREEDOWNLOAD.LARCEN, Cesar Goncalves. Pedagogias Culturais: dos estudos de midia tradicionais ao estudo do ciberespaco em investigacoes no ambito dos Estudos Culturais e da Educacao. Porto Alegre: Cesar Goncalves Larcen Editor, 2013. 120 p.Livro 2011.