thegoodfellas/blogset-br huggingface dataset:
Agr vc ja sabe o que fazer pra trolla akele seu amg no primeiro dia de aula :)DDA como sempre salvando sua vida RCRCRCRC Daeew bandgay, blz com vcs? eu tinha dito que ia posta quarta, pq era o dia que eu ia volta pra colegio, e como eu NAUM SO DE CUMPRI PROMECA naum tive tempo acabei naum postando, como naum tem muito o que dizer ja que minha sala nova e R-I-D-I-C-U-L-A.Mais como vcs foram otimos e diferente de outras vezes naum ficaram mandando email, pro titio aki eu criei um post para os fans enlouquecidos do DDA que estavam a dias apertando F5 e querendo post novo :) "Estagios Que passamos durante o Ano" Como todos aki sabem eu sou o tipo de RETARDADO pessoa que fica vendo as coisas e imaginando como ela ficaria na forma de um post, entao dessa maneira a ddacorporation tem o orgulho de apresentar a mais nova pesquisa feitas pelos estudiosos, do comportamento humano da DDA University que apresenta os estagios que a grande parte dos alunos passam hj !!! Estagio 1: O estagio 1 se resume a grande alegria do aluno em voltar para o colegio, em grande parte acordando as 6 da manha para ir ate la rever seus amigos, esse estagio tbm tem como caracteristica uma certa medida de stress, stress que tem como origem o medo de ficar longe de amigos (as) ou ate o medo de ter aula com aquele professor que vc naum gosta nenhum pouco, esse estagio tem duracao aproximada de 2 a 3 semanas. Estagio 2: Estagio e popularmente conhecido como o estagio da indiferenca, e nesse estagio que o aluno se acostuma com o seu novo Habitat ou seja, a nova sala de aula e ja acha indiferente estar nessa ou em outra sala, muitas vezes o aluno naum atinge esse estagio a passa o ano todo como um emo revoltado, que fica pra cima a pra baixo reclamando da sala pensando que isso vai resolver alguma coisa, esse estagio dura aproximadamente 3 semanas. Estagio 3: Um dos estagios mais conhecidos, ele nos estados unidos e conhecido como " I want a vacation for the love of god " ou seja ( Eu quero ferias pelo amor de deus ) esse estagio ate um certo tempo dividiam os cientistas, e ate hj naum se chegou a um concesso, ja que ninguem sabe ao certo quando ele comeca, leia um treixo do livro do livro do grande cientista LeLeandro sobre sua tese sobre esse estagio " Ninguem ao certo nunca soube o que realmente fazia a aluno entrar nessa fase, mais depois de anos de estudos, cheguei a conclusao que o que faz o aluno entrar nesse estagio e a grande fadiga, e principalmente preguica e vontade de vadiar e assistir Tv globinho durante a manha "Como foi visto essa e a tese mais convincente e que tem mais fundamentos ja feita ate hj, mais uma coisa que naum se pode dizer com exatidao e o quando comeca e quando acaba esse estagio, pois a
casos de pessoas que naum passam por nenhum dos estagios 1 ou 2 e ja vem direto para esses, tambem e muito comum a pessoa chegar neste estagio por volta da 3 semana de aula, ou uma coisa assim !!!!. Estagio 4 E dividido em varias formas, ele ocorre de formas diferentes com as pessoas, muitas pessoas neste estagio desenvolvem a sindrome do " Eu vo reprova "e dps encaram uma grande fase de desconfianca se no fim seram ou nuam aprovados, normalmente isso acontece nas ultimas semanas de aula. Estagio 5 E o estagio conhecido como " Now or Never " e nesse estagio que voce vai descobrir seu futuro, se voce avanca ou fica, e quando tudo o que voce fez e colocado na balanca, e quando voce sera julgado a sangue frio, e descobre se voce sera APROVADO ou REPROVADO na grande maioria das vezes quem sofre com a sindrome do " Eu vou reprovar " no 4 estagio tem grandes chances de repetir o ano, ja que quem normalmente estudou esta com a absoluta certeza de que esta aprovado.Ate hoje sao estudados esses costumes, essa maneira de ser, esta em alta esse tipo de pesquisa veja como exemplo, nos ultimos meses tivemos diversos Documentario no Discovery sobre esse novo estudo feito por nossos especialistas, ainda sabemos que se tem muito para saber sobre esses estranhos costumes por isso a DDA coporation esta sempre ligado em noticias para trazes sempre post construtivos KKKKKKK como o apresentado hj.E ai, qual estagio esta voce ? Por favor se tiver ficado muito ruim, ou ate mesmo idiota o post foi mal, eu fiz um rascunho dele na aula de sociologia !!!Erros avisa ai que eu arrumo !!!
Apostila 5 - Capitulo 6:Interacoes e transformacoesReacoes quimicasEquacoes quimicasA energia das reacoes quimicasTipos de reacoes quimicasQuando ocorrer reacoes quimicasMassa molecularCapitulo 7:Mecanica: estudo do movimentoO que e mecanicaMovimento retilineo uniforme MRUMovimento retilineo uniformemente variado (MRUV)Aceleracao da gravidadeCapitulo 8:ForcasAs forcas e seus efeitosSistemas de forcasAs forcas e o equilibrio dos corposHISTORIACapitulo 4:INDEPENDENCIAIndependencia da America EspanholaIndependencia da America PortuguesaCapitulo 5:IMPERIALISMOA Segunda Revolucao IndustrialAs IdeiasOs PaisesGEOGRAFIA Apostila 4 - Capitulo 12:A Comunidade dos Estados Independentes CEI - IIApostila 5 - Capitulo 13:O Quadro Fisico da AsiaCapitulo 14:O Oriente Medio
anuncio, analise uma serie de dados para comecar a insercao. Se voce utiliza o wordpress, podera saber quais sao as areas mais rentaveis do seu blog.5 - Escolha um tema especifico para falar.Falar de temas gerais, nem sempre e a melhor forma mais facil de conseguir visitantes e monetizar seu blog. Ja existem muitos blogs de variedades, bbb.. Com um tema especifico voce conseguira, focar para um publico alvo, e assim estudar uma forma de monetizar o blog de acordo com as pessoas que o acessam.fonte de pesquisa:http://comoganharonline.com/blog/2009/02/04/5-dicas-para-ganhar-dinheiro-com-blog/
Debates, com certeza todos de nos ja devemos ter ouvido falar,de debates,seja qual for.Todos tem uma importancia,porque e pelos debates que temos a certeza dos votos,e se realmente o candidatos irao fazer o que prometes.Ou seja a hora da verdade.:veja abaixo uma pesquisa do google.E mais ou menos isto a mensagem que nos foi transmitida pelo candidato Cavaco Silva, perante a voluntariedade do tambem candidato Fernando Nobre.Cercado pela implosao economica e social que esta ai, Cavaco Silva, esconde-se nos argumentos virtuais que nao podem ser confirmados ou desmentidos. Eu falei, eu reuni, eu devolvi, eu sei qual e o caminho, eu aconselhei, eu nao conheco o orcamento mas sei que nao seria o meu...Fernando Nobre ganhou pontos, bem se sabe que perante as sondagens, com a excepcao de Cavaco, quem quiser ganhar tem que se mostrar, arriscar voluntarismo e patriotismo, e foi o que Nobre fez e bem. Cavaco corre um perigo, que e que se perceba que o seu calendario foi o da sua candidatura e nao o do interesse nacional.Nao juntou as eleicoes Legislativas e Europeias o que lhe daria informacoes importantes para tomar decisoes antes dos seis meses em que nao poderia dissolver a Assembleia da Republica; viu o PEC1 e o PEC 2 serem cilindrados um apos outro sem mexer uma palha; viu o orcamento de 2010 resvalar sem fazer esforco nenhum para chamar a razao o executivo, a verdade e que se ele, Cavaco Silva, em vez de estar em Belem estivesse em Boliqueime a politica tinha sido rigorosamente igual ao que foi.Fernando Nobre deu um bom exemplo, com o medico que receita um medicamento que vai matar o doente, pois se o proprio ministro das Financas diz que o Orcamento de 2011 vai aumentar o desemprego, levar o pais a recessao e a implosao social, porque aviara, o doente , a receita?Quem ouviu e viu estes dois candidatos ja pode fazer uma ideia do debate entre Alegre e Cavaco. Alegre a dizer ( o que nao agradara nada a quem o apoia) que teria feito isto e aquilo e Cavaco a dizer o mesmo de sempre, se nao fosse ele isto estaria muito pior! Muitos Namoros comecam de uma amizade,afinal os dois ja se conhecem e os sentimentos podem sim mudar.Mas sera que toda amizade vira namoro??A maioria siim!, mas a outra parte nao!Porque??Bom ae eu ja nao sei responder.Os coracoes e terra onde ninguem vai.As vezes pode passar alguem na rua e os dois se apaixonarem e nem mesmo serem amigos,ou dois melhores amigos se apaixonarem.Isso e do Destino,nao sera revistas,blogs,jornais,televisao que podera lhe responder.Porque amor acontece assim!E do nada e puro,simples e belo.Mas uma coisa e Certa, se o namoro nao comecar de uma amizade,depois que comecarem a namorar virara amizade!Beijooos Uma noticia que paralisou o mundo no dia 1 de maio de 2011.depois que o presidente dos Estados Unidos:Barack Obama disse:"uns dos maiores terrorista do mundo Osama Bin Laden,esta morto."Sera que uns dos homens mais procurados do mundo estara realmente morto?.Pois naquele dia os americanos tiveram a certeza que iriam deitar suas cabecas
nos travesseiro e dormirem sossegados,sem a sobra do medo que os rondavam.Porque a dez anos atras mais de 3.000 mil pessoa inocentes morreram no ataque das torres gemeas e poucos minutos depois ele destruiu tambem um "quartel americano" onde morreu 260 pessoa,funcionarios e visitantes.E depois de dez anos depois esta bomba sobre a morte de Osama Bin Laden.Pois e a certeza que ele sim verdadeiramente ele esta morto.os americanos estao com as posses das fotos de Osama morto,mais Obama acha cedo ainda divulgar estas imagens,porque isto pode ser,como uma provocacao,ainda maio em cima dos terroristas alcaides.Mas,mesmo depois da morte de Osama,ja o substituiram colocaram um sucessor que ira dar continuacao aos atentados,por isto agora mais do que nunca temos que ficar de olhos bem abertos,pois a qualquer momento teremos uma surpresa.
putting tokens of each word into two independent corpora, before any text processing began. The choice of p = .5 is not necessary but yields two corpora of approximately the same size. With this method, the deviations from a fit are interpretable, and our plotting method no longer introduces any erroneous structure.Figure 1a shows such a plot, giving the frequency/frequency-rank relationship from the American National Corpus (ANC; Reppen & Ide, 2004), a freely available collection of written American English. All figures in this paper follow this plotting procedure unless otherwise noted. The plot shows a two-dimensional histogram of where words fall in frequency/frequency-rank space. 7 The shading of the histogram is done logarithmically with the number of words falling into each hexagonal bin and is white for zero-count bins. Because the plot has a logarithmic y-axis, words with zero frequency after the split are not shown. The fit of Eq. 2 using a maximum-likelihood method on the separate frequency and frequency rank portions of the corpus is shown in the red solid line. Additionally, a locally smoothed regression line (LOESS) (Cleveland, Grosse, & Shyu, 1992) is shown in gray. This line corresponds to a local estimate of the mean value of the data and is presented as a comparison point to see how well the fit of Eq. 2 matches the expected value of the points for each frequency rank (x-value). In the corner, several key values are reported: the fit and , an R 2 measure giving the amount of variance explained by the red line fit, and an adjusted R 2 adj capturing the proportion of explainable variance captured by the fit, taking the smoothed regression as an estimate of the maximum amount of variance explainable. For simplicity, statistics are computed only on the original R 2 , and its significance is shown with standard star notation (three stars means p < .001).This plot makes explicit several important properties of the distribution. First, it is approximately linear on a log-log plot, meaning that the word frequency distribution is approximately a power law, and moreover, is fit very well by Eq. 2 according to the correlation measures. This plot shows higher variability toward the low-frequency end, (accurately) indicating that we cannot estimate the curve reliably for low-frequency words. While the scatter of points is no longer monotonic, note that the true plot relating frequency to frequency rank must be monotonic by definition. Thus, one might imagine estimating the true curve by drawing any monotonic curve through these data. At the low-frequency end, we have more noise and, so, greater uncertainty about the shape of that curve. This plot also shows that Eq. 2 provides a fairly accurate fit (red) to the overall structure of the frequency-rank relationship across both corpora.Importantly, because we have estimated r and f(r) in a statistically independent way, deviations from the curve can be interpreted. Figure 1b shows a plot of these deviations, corresponding to the residuals of frequency once Eq. 2 is fit to the data. Note that if the true generating process were something like
Eq. 2, the residuals should be only noise, meaning that those that are above and below the fit line (y = 0 in the residual plot) should be determined entirely by chance. There should be no observable structure to the residual plot. Instead, what Fig. 1b reveals is that there is considerable structure to the word frequency distribution beyond the fit of the ZipfMandelbrot equation, including numerous minima and maxima in the error of this fit. This is most apparent in the scoop on the right-hand size of the plot, corresponding to misestimation of higher ranked (lower-frequency) words. This type of deviation has been observed previously with other plotting methods and modeled as a distinct power law exponent by Ferrer i Cancho and Sole (2001), among others. However, what is more striking is the systematic deviation observed in the left half of this plot, corresponding to low-rank (high-frequency) words. Even the most frequent words do not exactly follow Zipfs law. Instead, there is a substantial auto-correlation, corresponding to the many local minima and maxima (wiggles) in the left half of this plot. This indicates that there are further statistical regularities -- apparently quite complex -- that are not captured by Eq. 2. These autocorrelations in the errors are statistically significant using the Ljung-Box Q-test (Ljung & Box, 1978) for residual autocorrelation (Q = 126,810.1, p < .001), even for the most highly ranked 25 (Q = 5.7, p = .02), 50 (Q = 16.7, p < .001), or 100 (Q = 39.8, p < .001) words examined. Such a complex structure should have been expected: Of course, the numerous influences on language production result in a distribution that is complex and structured. However, the complexity is not apparent in standard ways of plotting power laws. Such complexity is probably incompatible with attempts to characterize the distribution with a simple parametric law, since it is unlikely that a simple equation could fit all of the minima and maxima observed in this plot. At the same time, almost all of the variance in frequencies is fit very well by a simple law like Zipfs power law or its close relatives. A simple relationship captures a considerable amount about word frequencies but clearly will not explain everything. The distribution in language is only near-Zipfian.Steven T. Piantadosi (2014). Zipfs word frequency law in natural language: A critical review and future directions
ensures that both signals and meanings survive the bottleneck.Because the participants could not know which condition they were in, it is impossible that the resulting languages were intentionally designed as adaptive solutions to the transmission bottleneck. Rather, the best explanation for the result is that in these experiments, just as in the computational models, linguistic adaptation is an inevitable consequence of the transmission of linguistic variants under particular constraints on replication. The result is apparent design, but without an intentional designer.(...)It seems clear from all of this that, first, cultural transmission alone is capable of explaining the emergence of languages that exhibit that appearance of design and, second, experimental studies of the iterated learning of artificial languages are a potentially useful methodological tool for those interested in studying cultural evolution.ConclusionThis article has extended previous work on iterated language learning experiments by showing, using data obtained from an earlier study, exactly how compositional structure emerges over time as a result of cultural transmission. Using a recently developed analytical technique that calculates the regularity of mapping between signal and meaning elements (Tamariz & Smith, 2008), we were able to precisely quantify changes in the languages ability to systematically encode such associations between meaning and signal components. From this we were able to explain the amplification effect the bottleneck seems tohave on systematicity in language, arguing that the sampling of smaller subsets of the language for training input to the next generation tends to make weaker patterns that are not visible at the level of the entire language appear stronger locally.
matching of the incoming percept to stored images by the hearer (and the speaker, who is monitoring his or her own speech). My thesis in this chapter is that the act of using a word, in either production or perception, has an effect on the stored representation of the word. We already know this is true in terms of the degree of entrenchment of a word (or the resting level of activation): high-frequency words have stronger representations that make them easier to access, more resistant to change on the basis of other patterns, and more likely to serve as the basis for the creation of new forms (Bybee 1985).In addition, certain levels of use affect the stored representation of words by actually changing their shapes. That is, along with the entrenchment effect of frequency, there is also an automation effect: words and phrases that are used a lot are reduced and compressed. This effect is very salient in grammaticizing phrases (such as 'going to' becoming 'gonna' and 'want to' becoming 'wanna') and more conventionalized contractions (such as 'wont' and 'didnt'), but it also occurs in a more subtle form across the lexicon when a sound change is taking place. Sound changes (phonetically motivated changes, which are usually the reduction of the magnitude of gestures or retiming of gestures; Browman and Goldstein 1992) tend to be phonetically gradual and also lexically gradual: high-frequency words undergo change at a faster rate than low-frequency words. The effects of frequency in the diffusion of a sound change through the lexicon have been shown for vowel reduction and deletion in English (Fidelholtz 1975; Hooper 1976b), for the raising of /a/ to /o/ before nasals in Old English (Phillips 1984), for various changes in Ethiopian languages (Leslau 1969), for the weakening of stops in American English and vowel change in the Cologne dialect of German (Johnson 1983), for ongoing vowel changes in San Francisco English (Moonwomon 1992), and for tensing of short a in Philadelphia (Labov 1994:506507). In a recent paper, I have shown that there is also a frequency effect in the application of t/ d deletion in American English (Bybee 2000). Deletion occurs more in high-frequency words, including of course monomorphemic nouns and adjectives, but also regular past tense verbs, a point to which I will return later.My interpretation of the frequency effect in the diffusion of sound change (following Moonwomon 1992) is that sound change takes place in small increments in real time as words are used. The more a word is used, the more it is exposed to the reductive effect of articulatory automation. The effects that production pressures have on the word are registered in the stored representation, probably as an ever-adjusting range of variation. Thus words of higher frequency undergo more adjustments and register the effects of sound change more rapidly than low-frequency words.The frequency with which a word is subject to the ravages of articulation is not the only factor that encourages sound change. We also have to take into account the fact that certain speech styles allow more reduction and
compression than others. In particular, casual speech among familiars typically shows more reduction. Thus words that are used in casual situations will also undergo change at a faster rate (see this volume, chapter 2, and DIntrono and Sosa 1986). Of course, these words are also likely to be those that are of higher frequency overall.Another factor affecting reduction is the status of the word within the discourse. Fowler and Housum (1987) found that the first use of a word in a spoken text was longer than in subsequent uses. This means that speakers articulate more clearly in the first use of a word, where identification by the hearer might be more difficult,and then allow the reductive processes to apply later when identification by the listener is aided by the context and the fact that the word has already been activated. In fact, speakers may use reduction to indicate that a referent is not new but rather one that has already been accessed in the discourse. Words that are used more often within a text are produced in reduced form more often. If the produced form affects the stored form, then words that are repeated more often in a discourse will reduce at a faster rate than words that are repeated less often.3. Exemplar-based representationsThe account of phonetically gradual lexical diffusion of a sound change given in the preceding section requires a model of memory storage for linguistic units based on actual tokens of use. Each experience of a word is stored in memory with other examples of use of the same word. These memories of specific tokens are organized into clusters with more frequently ocurring exemplars, and tokens that share many properties with high-frequency exemplars are treated as more central, while less common or more deviant tokens are treated as more marginal. Thus linguistic experiences are categorized in the same way as other types of perceptual experiences. Rather than conceiving of stored representations as abstractions from the phonetic tokens, representations are considered to be the result of the categorization of phonetic tokens. This proposal, which will be referred to as the exemplar model, adapts proposals made by Miller (1994) for phonetic segments and Johnson (1997) for larger units. Similar arguments for phonological representations have been made by Hooper (1981) and Cole and Hualde (1998). Note that this model does not distinguish between phonetic and phonemic features in lexical representation (see Steriade 2000). Further implications of this model for sound change will be discussed in the next sections.4. Alternating environmentsGiven that produced tokens affect stored representations, what would happen when a word or morpheme occurs in different environments, such that it is subject to a change in one environment but not in another? In the case of such alternating environments (as Timberlake [1978] calls them) two or more different surface forms map onto a stored form. How are such alternate mappings resolved? Here I approach this question by examining cases of sound change in progress. It is necessary to distinguish the phonetic variation that goes on while a sound change is in progress