Taifa states. Toledo, however, which had been the capital of the Visigoths and was still considered the heart of Spain, was never recovered.Murcia, MursiyahKhayran as.-S.aqlabi1012/13-1028Zuhayr as.-S.aqlabi1028-1038'Abd al'Aziz ibn Abi'Amiral-Mans.ur of Valencia1038-1045Mujahid al-'Amiri1045-c.1049The T.ahiridsAh.mad ibn T.ahirc.1049-1063Muh.ammad ibn T.ahir1063-1078'Abbadid conquest, 1078The 'Abbadids of Seville, IshbilyahMuh.ammad I ibn Isma'ilibn 'Abbad1023-1042'Abbad Fakhr ad-Dawlaal-Mu'tad.id1042-1069Muh.ammad II al-Mu'tamid1069-1091,d.1095Almoravid conquest, 1091The H.ammudids of Malaga, Malaka'Ali ibn H.ammud1014/15-1017al-Qasim I al-Ma'mun1017-1021,1022-1026Yah.ya I al-Mu'tali1021-1022,1026-1036Idris I al-Muta'ayyad1036-1039Yah.ya II al-Qa'im1039-1040al-H.asan al-Mustans.ir1040-1043Idris II al-'Ali1043-1046,1053-1056Muh.ammad I al-Mahdi1046-1052Idris III as-Sami1052-1053Muh.ammad II al-Musta'li1056Zirid conquest, 1056The Zirids of Granada, Gharnat.ahZawi ibn Zirias.-S.anhaji1013-1019H.abbus ibn Maksan1019-1038Badis al-Muz.affaran-Nas.ir1038-1073'Abdallah ibn BulugginGranada,1073-1090Tamimibn BulugginMalaga,1073-1090,d.1095Almoravid conquest, 1090Aft.asids of Badajoz, Bat.alyaws'Abdallah ibn Muh.ammadibn al-Aft.as1022-1045Muh.ammad al-Muz.affar1045-1068Yah.ya1068'Umar al-Mutawakkil1068-1094Almoravid conquest, 1091The 'Amirids of Valencia, Balansiyyah'Abd al'Aziz ibn Abi'Amiral-Mans.ur (Sanchuelo)1021-1060'Abd al-Malik Niz.am ad-Dawla1060-1065Occupied by Dhu'n-Nunids, 1065-1076Abu Bakr al-Mans.ur1076-1085'Uthman al-Qad.i1085Yah.ya II Dhu'n-Nunid1085-1092Rodrigo Diaz, El Cid1094-1099Almoravid conquest, 1102The Dhu'n-Nunids of Toledo, T.ulayt.ulahIsma'il Dhu'r-Riyasataynaz.-Z.afir1018-1043Yah.ya I Sharaf ad-Dawlaal-Ma'mun1043-1075Yah.ya II al-Qadir1075-1080,1081-1085,d.1092Occupied by Aft.asids, 1080-1081;Conquest by Leon & Castille, 1085The Banu Mujahidof Denia and MajorcaMujahid al-'Amirial-Muwaffaqc.1012-1045'Ali Iqbal ad-Dawla1045-1076conquest by Hudids, 1076The Tujibids of Saragossa, Saraqus.tahal-Mundhir I al-Tujibigovernor,1010-1023Yah.ya al-Muz.affar1023-1029al-Mundhir IIMu'izz ad-Dawla1029-1039'Abdallah al-Muz.affar1039-1040The Hudids of SaragossaSulayman ibn Hudal-Judhami1040-c.1047Sulayman Taj ad-Dawlac.1047-1049Ah.mad I Sayf ad-Dawla1049-1082Yusuf al-Mu'tamin1081-1083Ah.mad II al-Musta'in1083-1110'Abd al-Malik'Imad ad-Dawla1110Almoravid occupation, 1110-1118;occupation by Aragon, 1118-1130Ah.mad IIISayf ad-Dawla1130-1146Conquest by Aragon, 1146 MURABIT. (ALMORAVID) SULT.ANSYusuf ibn Tashufin1061-1107Crosses over into Spain,defeat of Alfonso VI at Zallaqa, 1086'Ali ibn Yusuf1107-1142Tashufin ibn 'Ali1142-1146Ibrahim ibn Tashufin1146Ish.aq ibn 'Ali1146-1147Almohad conquest, 1147The Murabit.un, or Spanish Almoravides, began as a Berber religious movement, named after a ribat. or "hermitage" at the mouth of the Senegal River from which, perhaps spuriously, its militants originally derived. Be that as it may, the movement began with a local chief, Yah.ya ibn Ibrahim, who returned from Mecca with a Moroccan scholar, 'Abdallah ibn Yasin, both ready to fire up a rivalist and militant movement. The warriors moved north, under multiple leadership. Since they wore veils, as do the Tuaregs today, they are also known as the mutalaththimun, "veiled ones." A state was founded in Morocco and Algeria by Yusuf ibn Tashufin, who established himself at a new capital, Marrakech. Intervention in Spain followed shortly (1086), largely restoring the Islamic position there. The Almoravids were Orthodox and acknowledged the Abbasid Caliph. They ended up getting overwhelmed by a new religious movement, less conservative, the Almohads.THE GHAZNAWIDSSebuktigingovernorin Ghaznafor Samanids,977-997Isma'il997-998Mah.mudof Ghazna998-1030Invasions of India, 1001-1024Muh.ammad1030-1031,1040-1041Mus'ud I1031-1040Mawdud1041-1048Mus'ud II1048'Ali1048-1049'Abd ar-Rashid1049-1052Farrukhzad1052-1059Ibrahim1059-1099Mas'ud III1099-1115Shirzad1115-1116Malik Arslan Shah1116-1117Seljuk Occupation, 1117Bahram Shah1117-1150,c.1152-1157Ghurid Occupation, 1150-c.1152Khusraw Shahin Lahore,1157-1160Khusraw Malik1160-1186,c.1191Ghurid Conquest, 1186With the Ghaznawids, Turkish leaders first appear as a major power in Islam. With the celebrated Mah.mud, Islam also becomes for the first time a permanent factor in Indian history. Mah.mud's invasions of India involved looting temples and smashing idols. This was long remembered in anger by Hindus; but it was the first time in the history of Islam, since the Prophet Muh.ammad's reoccupation of Mecca, that idols could be smashed in real pagan temples.THE QARAKHANIDS'Ali Arslan KhanGreat QaghanAh.mad Arslan Qara Khan998-1017Overthrow of Samanids, 1005Mans.ur Arslan Khan1017-1024Muh.ammad Toghan Khan1024-1026Yusuf Qadir Khan1026-32'Ali Tigin Bughra KhanGreat Qaghanin Samarkand,c.1020-1034Muh.ammad Arslan Qara Khanc.1042-c.1052Ibrahim Tabghach Bughra Khanc.1052-1068Nas.r Shams al-Mulk1068-1080Khid.r1080-1081Ah.mad1081-1089Ya'qub Qadir Khan1089-1095Mas'ud1095-1097Sulayman Qadir Tamghach1097Mah.mud Arslan Khan1097-1099Jibra'il Arslan Khan1099-1102Muh.ammad Arlsan Khan1102-1129Nas.r1129Ah.mad Qadir Khan1129-1130H.asan Jalal ad-Dunya1130-1132Ibrahim Rukn ad-Dunya1132Mah.mud1132-1141Defeat of Seljuks,Qara-Khitai Occupation, 1141Ibrahim Tabghach Khan1141-1156'Ali Chaghri Khan1156-1161Mas'ud Tabghach