to most effectively detect smoke under all conditions.One ofthe largest trends in the growth of in-flight fire is due to the transportationof lithium batteries. From March 1991 to October 2012, the FAA office ofSecurity and Hazardous Materials Safety recorded 132 cases of aviationincidents involving smoke, fire, extreme heat or explosion involving batteriesand battery powered devices (Federal Aviation Administration, 2012). Lithiumbatteries were the majority of battery types in the incidents. (Levin, 2011)Lithiumion batteries (Li-ion) are used to power portable electronic devices such as cellularphones, portable tablets, EFBs and digital cameras; Li-ion batteries are rechargeable.Non-rechargeable lithium batteries (Li-metal) are similar to Li-ion, but use adifferent electrode material metallic lithium.Alllithium batteries present a potential fire hazard. These batteries are carriedon aeroplanes as cargo, within passenger baggage, and by passengers directly.Like some other batteries lithium batteries are capable of deliveringsufficient energy to start an in-flight fire (Kolly). Lithium batteries presenta greater risk of an in-flight fire than some other battery types because theyare also unable to contain their own energy in the event of a catastrophicfailure (Kolly).Only asmall fire source is needed to start a lithium battery fire. The materialaround lithium battery powered devices (often plastic) melts easily and ignitesadjacent cells or batteries, contributing to higher fire intensity (Webster,2004). When shipped as cargo, batteries are packed on pallets.Aviationaccidents and incidents, believed to be caused by Li-ion battery initiatedfire, have occurred when battery shipments were placed next to other cargo onthe aeroplane. On 3 September 2010, UPS Flight 006, a cargo flight from Dubai,United Arab Emirates, to Cologne, Germany, crashed off airport near Dubairesulting in the deaths of the two crewmembers. The Boeing 747-400F departedDubai but returned due to smoke in the cockpit and the indication of major fireon the main deck.Theinvestigation revealed that a large quantity of lithium batteries were on theflight.Followingthe accident the FAA issued a SAFO stating that Halon was inefficient in fightingfires involving a large quantity of lithium batteries. A restriction was alsoput in place to restrict the carriage of lithium batteries carried in bulk ascargo on passenger flights. (Federal Aviation Administration, 2010)Additionally,IATA modified the Dangerous Goods Regulations to improve risk reduction for theshipment of lithium batteries. (International Air Transport Association IATA,2012).Batteriestravelling in passenger baggage can also start an in-flight fire. The FAArecommends that lithium batteries should not be packed in checked luggage, but keptin hand luggage and stowed in overhead aeroplanes compartments during flight.On 17 April 2012, an in-flight battery fire incident occurred on Pinnacle Flight4290 from Toronto, Canada to Minneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota (LitBat Fire TransCanadaOctober 2011). While at 28,000ft, a passengers personal electronic device (anair purifier) caught fire.Duringthe in-flight service, the flight attendant noted that the device was on fireon the floor; its battery was burning several feet from the device. Using waterfrom the service cart, the flightattendant put out the fire using wet paper towels. She then submerged thebattery in a cup of water because the battery was still smouldering.On theflight deck, the Captain sensed very strong burning electrical odour coming fromthe cabin. An emergency was declared and the flight diverted and landed safety atTraverse City, Michigan (Avherald). Li-Ion batteries