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prosecutors indicted Ecclestone for alleged bribery. The charge relates to a $44 million (£29m) payment to Gribkowsky. It was linked to the sale of a stake in Formula 1. Gerhard Gribkowsky, the BayernLB bank executive, was found guilty of taking $44m in bribes and failing to pay tax on the money. On 14 January 2014, a court in Munich ruled that Ecclestone would indeed be tried on bribery charges in Germany, and on 5 August 2014, the same court ruled that Ecclestone could pay a £60m settlement, without admitting guilt, to end the trial. Tax avoidance Interviews conducted by a

Bernie Ecclestone

German prosecutor in the Gerhard Gribkowsky case showed that Ecclestone had been under investigation by the UK tax authorities for nine years, and that he had avoided the payment of £1.2 billion through a legal tax avoidance scheme. HM Revenue and Customs agreed to conclude the matter in 2008 with a payment of £10 million. Biography In 2011 Faber and Faber published Tom Bower's biography No Angel: The Secret Life of Bernie Ecclestone, which was written with Ecclestone's co-operation. Bower has written exposé biographies of figures such as Robert Maxwell and Simon Cowell, leading commentators including Brian Appleyard of the

Bernie Ecclestone

New Statesman to express surprise over Ecclestone's co-operation. The book recounts an episode at the 1979 Argentine Grand Prix in which Colin Chapman offered Mario Andretti $1000 to push Ecclestone into a hotel swimming pool in Buenos Aires. A nervous Andretti approached Ecclestone and confessed the plot, to which Ecclestone replied: "Pay me half and you can". Personal life The Forbes World's Billionaires List of 2011 ranked Ecclestone as the 4th richest person in the United Kingdom, with an estimated fortune of $4.2 billion, an increase of $200 million from the previous year. In early 2004, he sold one of

Bernie Ecclestone

his London residences in Kensington Palace Gardens, never having lived in it, to steel magnate Lakshmi Mittal for £57.1 million. At Grand Prix venues, Ecclestone uses a grey mobile home, known as "Bernie's bus", as his headquarters. In 2005, Ecclestone sold his £9 million yacht Va Bene to his friend Eric Clapton. Terry Lovell published a biography of Ecclestone, Bernie's Game: Inside the Formula One World of Bernie Ecclestone in March 2003 after legal issues had delayed its publication from its original date of November 2001. Ecclestone has been married three times. With first wife Ivy, he has a daughter,

Bernie Ecclestone

Deborah, through whom he is a great-grandfather. He has five grandchildren — two granddaughters and three grandsons. Ecclestone had a 17-year relationship with Tuana Tan, which ended in 1984 when Slavica Radić, later his second wife, became pregnant. He was then married to Yugoslav-born former Armani model Radić for 23 years. The couple have two daughters, Tamara (born 1984) and Petra (born 1988). In 2008, Slavica Ecclestone filed for divorce. Slavica settled their divorce amicably with her receiving a reported $1 to 1.5 billion settlement. The divorce was granted on 11 March 2009. In April 2012, Ecclestone announced his engagement

Bernie Ecclestone

to 35-year-old Fabiana Flosi, Vice-President of Marketing for the Brazilian Grand Prix. She is 47 years his junior. In April 2020, it was revealed the pair are expecting a son due weeks before Ecclestone's 90th birthday. Ecclestone was a victim of theft in March 2005: two wheels were stolen from his car while it was parked outside his London home. The car, a brand new Mercedes-Benz CLS55 AMG, was said to be the first of its kind in Britain. On the evening of 24 November 2010, whilst returning to his apartment in his central London offices with his girlfriend Flosi,

Bernie Ecclestone

four men ambushed the pair and robbed them of jewellery, including diamond rings and a watch, with a total value of £200,000 (Ecclestone later said, "I see a figure of £200,000 mentioned but that is bollocks. They won't be going far on what they took off us"). The image of Ecclestone's bruised face was later used in an advertisement by Hublot, the makers of the stolen watch, with the slogan "See what people will do for a Hublot". Ecclestone turned down a knighthood in the early 2000s as he did not believe that he deserved it. In a 2019 interview,

Bernie Ecclestone

he stated that if he had brought some good to the country, he was glad, but he did not set out with this purpose in mind, so did not deserve recognition. Complete Formula One World Championship results (key) Awards and honours 2000 Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria 2006 Commander of the Order of Saint-Charles, Monaco 2008 Imperial College Honorary Doctorate Notes References Bernie Ecclestone, the man behind Formula One BBC News, 12 November 1997 Chicanery in Formula One? The Economist, 26 August 2004 Grand prix, grand prizes. The Economist, 13 July 2004

Bernie Ecclestone

Griffiths, John The case that will decide Formula One's future. Financial Times, 23 November 2004 Mott, Sue The funny billionaire in trapped in the body of a tyrant Telegraph, 20 March 2004 Mr Formula One The Economist, 13 March 1997 The main men in F1 BBC Sport, 11 October 2004 The Governor of Grand Prix UK Motorsport, from Daily Telegraph, 1997 External links #212 Bernard Ecclestone & Family at Forbes Billionaires, 2010, 10 March 2010 Category:1930 births Category:Living people Category:Auto racing executives Category:Brighton Speed Trials people Category:English billionaires Category:English chief executives Category:English Formula One drivers Category:English motorsport people Category:Formula One

Bernie Ecclestone

Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 – 2 September 1755) was a French princess, the daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France, and Maria Josepha of Saxony. Marie Zéphyrine, known as Madame Royale or la Petite Madame, was born at the Palace of Versailles and was named after St Zephyrinus, on whose feast day she was born. Her birth was greeted with caution; in the previous two years, Maria Josepha had suffered stillbirths and her health was of a fragile nature. Louis XV, on the other hand, had hoped for a grandson. Marie Isabelle de Rohan served as Marie Zéphyrine's

Marie Zéphyrine of France

XOR is a computer puzzle game created by Astral Software and published by Logotron in 1987 for a range of platforms including the Acorn Electron, Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum. XOR is a pure puzzle game with no random or arcade elements, as summed up by the blurb on Logotron's original advertising campaign: Gameplay Objective The player controls two shields, Magus and Questor, which can be moved horizontally and vertically though the maze, in order to collect masks. The object of each level is to collect all the masks, then reach the exit.

XOR (video game)

In all levels, use of both shields are required for completion, and in some, one shield must be sacrificed (walled in or destroyed) in order to complete the level. Force fields In the first level, the only obstacles except for the maze walls themselves, are two types of force field: one of which can only be entered from above or below, and a second which can only be entered from left or right. In both cases entering the force field destroys it. Fish and chickens In subsequent levels, fish and chicken objects are introduced. Fish fall downwards whenever possible, while

XOR (video game)

chickens run to the left if not blocked. Both can destroy the player's shields by hitting them from more than one square away (like rocks in Boulder Dash). Fish and chickens can move through force fields if entering from the appropriate direction. It is also possible to push fish left or right, and chickens up and down. Bombs There are two types of bombs in XOR: "V-bombs" ("vertical") and "H-bombs" ("horizontal"). V-bombs move left in the same manner as chickens, while H-bombs (shaped like old-fashioned spherical bombs with a burning fuse) fall downwards like fish. Like fish and chickens, H-bombs

XOR (video game)

can be pushed left and right, and V-bombs can be pushed up or down, by the player's shield. A bomb explodes when it is hit from more than one square away by a fish, a chicken, or another bomb. The object hitting the bomb is destroyed, along with anything directly above or below a V-bomb, or to the left or to the right of an H-bomb. If one bomb hits another, only the bomb that is hit (the lower or left-hand one) actually detonates. Dolls Unlike fish and chickens, dolls cannot move on their own, although the player's shields can

XOR (video game)

push them around the maze. Once a doll is moving it keeps going until it hits an obstacle. Dolls cannot detonate bombs or pass through force fields. Other objects Map sections: these reveal the layout of part the maze to the player. Masks are highlighted on the map. Frowning masks: these are switches – collecting (or blowing up) one turns off the lighting, causing the maze walls to become invisible, while collecting another turns the lights back on again. Teleportation portals (labelled BMUS, for "Beam Me Up Scotty", in some versions): this moves the player's shield to the other teleportation

XOR (video game)

Hanna Mina () (9 March 1924 – 21 August 2018) was a Syrian novelist, described in Literature from the "Axis of Evil" as the country's "most prominent". His early novels belong to the movement of social realism, and focus on class conflict; his later works contain "a more symbolic analysis of class differences". His writing on the suffering of ordinary people was partly inspired by his own experiences, alternately working as a stevedore, barber and journalist; his autobiographical short story, "On the Sacks", was published in 1976. Several of his works are set during the period of the French Mandate

Hanna Mina

of Syria, or in the period immediately following independence. Mina has authored about 40 novels, varying in imaginary value and narrative significance. But his achievement lies in the foundation he laid for this literary structure. For his collective works and novels, Mina was awarded the Arab Writer's Prize in 2005. Early life Born in Latakia in 1924, Hanna Mina spent his childhood in one of the villages near Iskenderun, but following the entrance of the Turkish forces to the district (Hatay State), he moved back to Latakia with his family. Although with only an elementary school certificate, Mina used to

Hanna Mina

write letters and petitions to the government on behalf of illiterates, and distributed the Communist Sawt al-Shaab (Voice of the People) newspaper alongside working as a barber. Writing In 1947, he moved to Beirut in search for a job, later moving to Damascus where he began his literary career. In the 1950s, Mina joined the Damascus newspaper al-Inshaa as a trainee editor. He was paid a monthly salary of a mere 100 Syrian pounds and lived in relative poverty. He wrote several short stories, which brought him into literary circles, and he co-founded the Syrian Writers Federation in 1951 and

Hanna Mina

later moved to become the editor in-chief of al-Inshaa. His first novel was 1954's The Blue Lanterns. Although slowly gaining fame and prestige and becoming of Syria's renowned writers, he never stopped reflecting on the harsh reality of his earlier life, which he considered as fuel for his novels. He has said that "reality carves its inscriptions on human skin with a hot iron that leaves permanent marks and scars". His novel, The Swamp, which invoked fragments of Mina's childhood in Iskenderun, was described by literary critic Salah Fadl as “the greatest autobiography in Arab novel-writing, and the most abundant

Hanna Mina

Mark Alan Knight (born 8 January 1973), also known as TDK and Madfiddler, is a British musician, video game music composer and sound designer. He started out writing chiptune and module file music in the Amiga Demoscene, and began his games industry career as a composer in 1992 . He continued until 2000 when he moved to sound design, and since 2014 has a split role as a sound designer and composer. Biography Born in Brighton, East Sussex in England on 8 January 1973, his grandfather started teaching him the violin when he was 6. At 10 years old he

Mark Knight (musician)

was given a Commodore 64 home computer and took an interest in electronic music. Whilst studying in college he began writing music on the Amiga, releasing music within the demoscene. Having been refused a university place to study Music Production in 1992, he was given the opportunity to arrange the Wing Commander soundtrack to the Commodore Amiga home computer which led him to full-time employment with the developer, Mindscape. Having left Mindscape in 1997, Knight wrote the soundtrack for Duke Nukem: Total Meltdown before accepting a position at Bullfrog Productions, a development company owned by Electronic Arts, working on games

Mark Knight (musician)

such as Dungeon Keeper 2, Populous: The Beginning and Theme Park World – which won a BAFTA for Best Sound. In 2000, Mark changed career direction and lead the sound design team on the EA Sports F1 series, stating that "If truth be told however, it was a simple choice of either F1 or Harry Potter". He left EA in 2003, and after spending time at Visual Science he joined Codemasters in 2007 working on their DiRT, F1 and GRID franchises. Knight has performed on the electric violin with the folk punk band Tricks Upon Travellers (1994–2000), K-Passa (2000–2001, 2008–present),

Mark Knight (musician)

Blue Horses (2002–2003), 4-4-2 (2004), Laura Kenny (2006), Silver Dogs (2006–2007), Bleeding Hearts (2009–2011) and has worked as a session musician for bands such as Pepe Deluxé, The Divine Comedy, C64 Audio.com, and Frost*. He also administers the Fiddle and Alternative Strings Forum. In 2012 Knight released his first TDK chiptune album, and continues to compose music in this style. In 2015 Knight announced his return to video game composition with F1 2015. and in January 2016 was nominated for Best Western Game Composer, 2015, at the Annual Game Music Awards. Knight resigned from Codemasters, the day F1 2017 launched

Mark Knight (musician)

and is now running his Audio Production company, SONiC FUEL, full time. Personal life Knight lives in Warwickshire, England. Discography Video games Carmageddon TV (unreleased) .ComBots (unreleased) Mario's Mission Earth (unreleased) Road Rash (unreleased) Velocity (unreleased) Guy Spy and the Crystals of Armageddon (1992) Outlander (1992) Wing Commander (1992) Alfred Chicken (1993) Battleship (1993) D/Generation (1993) Evasive Action (1993) Liberation: Captive 2 (1993) Overkill/Lunar C (1993) Mario's Time Machine (1993) Out to Lunch (1993) Sim Life (1993) Battletoads (1994) DragonLore (1994) Sim City 2000 (1994) Cyberspeed (1995) Supersonic Racers (1996) Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat (1996) Duke Nukem: Total

Mark Knight (musician)

Meltdown (1997) Populous: The Beginning (1998) Theme Park World (1998) Warhammer: Dark Omen (1998) Dungeon Keeper 2 (1999) Formula One 2000 (2000) Formula One 2000 CE (2000)Superbikes 2000 (2000)Formula One 2001 (2001)Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone (2001)Quake 3: Revolution (2001)Formula One 2002 (2002)Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)Shox (2002)Formula One 2003 (2003)Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup (2003)Sudeki (2004)Crysis (2007)The Witcher (2007)Metal Gear Solid Mobile (2008)Race Driver: GRID (2008)So Blonde (2008)Colin McRae: DiRT 2 (2009)F1 2009 (2009)F1 2010 (2010)DiRT 3 (2011)Dizzy Prince of the Yolkfolk (2011)F1 2011 (2011)FortressCraft (2011)DiRT Showdown (2012)F1 Race Stars (2012)F1 2012 (2012)F1 2013 (2013)GRID

Mark Knight (musician)

2 (2013)GRID Autosport (2014)F1 2014 (2014)Toybox Turbos (2014)F1 2015 (2015)Dirt Rally (2015)Overlord: Fellowship of Evil (2015)D/Generation HD (2015)F1 2016 (2016)F1 2017 (2017)Flight Sim World (2017)Funfair.io (2017-)BeamNG.drive (2018-)NASCAR Heat 4 (2019) Music ReleasesCyberspeed Unleashed (2011)FortressCraft Credits (2011)Reawakening (2012)D/Generation HD (2015)Project Hubbard: Escape to New Rob (2019)ME! (2019) Violin Sessions4-4-2 – Come on EnglandBjorne Lynne – The Gods AwakenC64Audio – Back in Time 3Frost* – The Dividing LineFrost* – Falling SatellitesJames J Turner – How Could We Be Wrong?Ian Livingstone – Big Fat Gypsy WeddingsK-Passa – Born AgainPepe Deluxe – BeatitudePress Play on Tape – Home ComputerSilverDogs – SilverDogsThe Divine Comedy –

Mark Knight (musician)

Bridgeton Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from the city of Bridgeton, in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. The district is one of 31 former Abbott Districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2017-18 school year, the district and its eight schools had an enrollment of 6,399 students and 500.1 classroom teachers

Bridgeton Public Schools

(on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.8:1. The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "A", the lowest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J. Students from Downe Township and some students from Lawrence Township (other students are sent to Millville Senior High School) attend the district's high school for ninth through twelfth grades as part of

Bridgeton Public Schools

sending/receiving relationships. Schools Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Pre-Schools Geraldine O. Foster Early Childhood Center (285 students in PreK) Elementary schools Broad Street School (945; K-8) Buckshutem Road School (604; K-8) Cherry Street School (580; K-8) ExCEL School (enrollment not listed; K-8) Indian Avenue School (645; K-8) Quarter Mile Lane School (733; PreK-8) West Avenue School (723; K-8) High school Bridgeton High School (1,378; 9-12) Administration Core members of the district's administration are: Dr. H. Victor Gilson, Interim Superintendent Nicole Albanese, Business Administrator / Board Secretary References External links

Bridgeton Public Schools

The 2018 E3 Harelbeke was a road cycling one-day race that took place on 23 March 2018 in Belgium. It was the 61st edition of the E3 Harelbeke and the tenth event of the 2018 UCI World Tour. The race was won by Niki Terpstra (), who stayed 20 seconds clear of an elite group, led home by his teammate Philippe Gilbert, with 's Greg Van Avermaet completing the podium. Teams As E3 Harelbeke was a UCI World Tour event, all eighteen UCI WorldTeams were invited automatically and obliged to enter a team in the race. Seven UCI Professional Continental

2018 E3 Harelbeke

Scaphocephaly is a type of cephalic disorder which occurs when there is a premature fusion of the sagittal suture. The sagittal suture joins together the two parietal bones of skull. Scaphocephaly is the most common of the craniosynostosis conditions and is characterized by a long, narrow head. Treatment This condition can be corrected by surgery if the child is young enough. The use of a cranial remolding orthosis can also benefit the child if the child begins wearing it at an early age. Terminology The term is from Greek skaphe meaning 'light boat or skiff' and kephale meaning 'head') describes

Scaphocephaly

Evandro Elmer de Carvalho Brandão (born 7 May 1991) is an Angolan professional footballer who plays for Israeli club Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. as a striker. Club career England Brandão was born in Luanda, Angola, but spent the first years of his life in Portugal before moving to England at the age of 9. He began his football career at Blackburn Rovers, before joining Walsall in 2003. After three years with Walsall, Brandão signed for Manchester United on 21 October 2006, after impressing assistant manager Carlos Queiroz while on trial with United at the 2006 Under-17 Nike Cup. He had

Evandro Brandão

to wait five months to make his debut for the under-18s, but played in four of their last five games as the side finished fourth in the 2006–07 Premier Academy League, before being offered a trainee contract in July 2007. The following season, Brandão scored four goals in 18 appearances for the under-18 team, adding four in 15 appearances the year after – he also made his debut for the reserves in 2008–09, coming on as a 69th-minute substitute for Magnus Wolff Eikrem in a Manchester Senior Cup game away to Bury; however, he was unable to make any more

Evandro Brandão

of an impression at the club, and was released on the expiry of his contract in June 2009. Portugal Brandão signed with Braga in the summer of 2009 but, just five months later, the deal was usurped by Benfica, who signed him on a two-and-a-half-year contract. After spending a year in the Benfica academy, Brandão went out on loan twice in 2010–11, first to Segunda Liga club Fátima and then to Gondomar in the third division, for whom he netted 10 goals in 12 games. Hungary After failing to break into the Benfica first team, Brandão moved to Hungarian club

Evandro Brandão

Videoton in July 2011, coached by his former Portugal under-16 manager Paulo Sousa. He scored his first and only goal for the side on 20 August, contributing to a 4–1 home win against Pécs. Later years In the summer of 2012, Brandão signed with Olhanense in the Portuguese top flight, on loan. He scored his first goal in the competition on 15 December to help to a 2–2 home draw to Gil Vicente, as his team went on to finish as the first above the relegation zone. Subsequently, Brandão represented in quick succession Tondela, Libolo, Kabuscorp (both from the Angolan

Evandro Brandão

Girabola) and Sport Benfica e Castelo Branco, netting only eight times combined. On 12 July 2016, he agreed to a deal at Fafe from the Portuguese second tier. Brandão scored his first hat-trick at the professional level on 15 January 2017, contributing to a 4–1 win over Braga B at the Parque Municipal dos Desportos de Fafe. In June, following his team's relegation, he signed for Leixões also in the second division. On 10 September 2019, Brandão joined Israeli Liga Leumit club Maccabi Petah Tikva FC. International career At youth level, Brandão earned 24 caps for Portugal. He switched allegiance

Evandro Brandão

to Angola as a senior, making his debut on 13 August 2014 by playing the last four minutes of a 0–0 friendly draw to Angola. International goals (Angola score listed first, score column indicates score after each Brandão goal) Honours Club Videoton Ligakupa: 2011–12 Szuperkupa: 2011 Libolo Girabola: 2014, 2015 References External links Videoton official profile Portugal national team data Category:1991 births Category:Living people Category:Portuguese people of Angolan descent Category:Sportspeople from Luanda Category:Portuguese footballers Category:Angolan footballers Category:Association football forwards Category:Blackburn Rovers F.C. players Category:Walsall F.C. players Category:Manchester United F.C. players Category:Primeira Liga players Category:LigaPro players Category:Portuguese Second Division players Category:S.L.

Evandro Brandão

Benfica footballers Category:C.D. Fátima players Category:Gondomar S.C. players Category:S.C. Olhanense players Category:C.D. Tondela players Category:Sport Benfica e Castelo Branco players Category:AD Fafe players Category:Leixões S.C. players Category:Nemzeti Bajnokság I players Category:Fehérvár FC players Category:Girabola players Category:C.R.D. Libolo players Category:Kabuscorp S.C.P. players Category:Liga Leumit players Category:Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. players Category:Portugal youth international footballers Category:Angola international footballers Category:2019 Africa Cup of Nations players Category:Portuguese expatriate footballers Category:Angolan expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in England Category:Expatriate footballers in Hungary Category:Expatriate footballers in Israel Category:Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in England Category:Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Hungary Category:Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Israel Category:Angolan expatriate sportspeople in England

Evandro Brandão

The sparsely-spotted stingaree (Urolophus paucimaculatus), also known as the white-spotted stingaree or Dixon's stingaree, is a species of stingray in the family Urolophidae, common off the southern Australian coast. Preferring sandy flats and seagrass beds, this benthic ray can be found from close to shore to a depth of at least , and tends to occur deeper in the northern portion of its range. Reaching a length of , this species has a broad, diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc that is typically plain gray in color above with a V-shaped marking between the eyes. Individuals from southerly waters also generally exhibit

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

a smattering of small, dark-edged white spots. This ray is further characterized by a distinctively bell-shaped curtain of skin between the nostrils. Its tail has a skin fold running along either side and a leaf-shaped caudal fin, but no dorsal fin. Relatively inactive during daytime, the sparsely-spotted stingaree preys mainly on crustaceans, and to a much lesser extent on polychaete worms and other small benthic organisms. It is aplacental viviparous, with the mother provisioning her young with histotroph ("uterine milk"). Life history differs between the eastern and western subpopulations: eastern females bear litters of up to six pups with a

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

twelve-month gestation period, while western females bear litters of only one or two pups with a ten-month gestation period. Also, western rays mature later and live longer than eastern rays. The venomous sting of the sparsely-spotted stingaree is potentially injurious to humans, and it has been reported to react aggressively if disturbed. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed it under Least Concern, as there is little fishing activity over the majority of its range. Taxonomy The sparsely-spotted stingaree was described in a 1969 issue of The Victorian Naturalist by Joan Dixon of the Museum Victoria. The

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

specific epithet paucimaculatus is derived from the Latin paucus, meaning "few", and maculatus, meaning "spotted". The type specimen was collected from the Bass Strait, near Cape Patton in Victoria. Subpopulations from the eastern and western portions of its range differ in aspects of life history and merit further taxonomic investigation, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Distribution and habitat One of the most abundant cartilaginous fishes off southern Australia, the sparsely-spotted stingaree has a relatively wide distribution extending from Crowdy Head in New South Wales to Lancelin in Western Australia, including the entirety of Tasmania. Its

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

range has expanded southward in the past few decades, apparently due to climate change. In Port Phillip, its numbers increased from 1970 to 1991, likely as a result of fisheries depleting its ecological competitors. Bottom-dwelling in nature, the sparsely-spotted stingaree inhabits a variety of sandy or seagrass-bottomed habitats, ranging from very shallow, sheltered bays and inlets to the open continental shelf, deep or more. Rays found further north, such as in the Great Australian Bight, tend to be found at depths greater than . By contrast, rays found further south, off Victoria and Tasmania, are most common in less than

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

of water. There is no evidence for segregation by age or sex, though there may be an offshore migration during winter. Description The sparsely-spotted stingray has a more or less diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc wider than long, with rounded outer corners. The anterior margins of the disc are nearly straight and converge at an obtuse angle on the fleshy snout, the tip of which barely protrudes from the disc. The small eyes are immediately followed by comma-shaped spiracles with angular or rounded posterior rims. The outer rim of each nostril is enlarged into a knob towards the back. Between the

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

nostrils is a bell-shaped curtain of skin with a finely fringed trailing margin; only the Kapala stingaree (U. kapalensis) has a similarly shaped nasal curtain. The small mouth contains five or six papillae (nipple-like structures) on the floor, most of which have forked tips. Additional small papillae are present on the outside of the lower jaw. The teeth in both jaws are small with roughly oval bases, and are arranged in a quincunx pattern. The five pairs of gill slits are short. The pelvic fins are small and rounded. The tail measures 77–98% as long as the disc; it is

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

very flattened at the base and slender towards the tip, which bears a deep, leaf-shaped caudal fin. There is a prominent fold of skin running along either side of the tail, and a serrated stinging spine placed on the upper surface about halfway along its length. There is no dorsal fin. The skin is completely devoid of dermal denticles. This species is uniformly light gray above with a darker V-shaped marking between the eyes, and white below with slightly darker lateral disc margins. Most rays from the southern portion of its range also have a handful of small, regularly arranged

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

spots atop the disc, each white with a dark border. Juveniles have a black caudal fin, which lightens with age (except sometimes for the margin). The largest individual on record was long. Biology and ecology During the day, the sparsely-spotted stingaree spends much time resting motionless on the bottom, often buried in sand. Crustaceans form the main component of its diet, accounting for over 80% of food intake by volume with amphipods, mysids, and shrimps being most important. Polychaete worms, mostly of the relatively mobile, shallowly buried "errant" type, are a major secondary food source. On rare occasions, molluscs, echinoderms,

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

and small bony fishes are also eaten. This species incorporates a progressively greater diversity of prey into its diet as it grows older; specifically, mysids, isopods, and amphipods decline in importance, while shrimps, polychaete worms, penaeid prawns, and crabs are consumed in greater proportions. The sparsely-spotted stingaree is preyed upon by the broadnose sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus). It is known to be parasitized by a tapeworm in the genus Acanthobothrium, and the monogeneans Calicotyle urolophi and Merizocotyle urolophi. Like other stingrays, the sparsely-spotted stingaree is aplacental viviparous: once the developing embryos exhaust their supply of yolk, the mother supplies them

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

with nutrient-rich histotroph ("uterine milk") via specialized extensions of the uterine epithelium called "trophonemata". Females have a single functional ovary and uterus, on the right side, and an annual reproductive cycle. In the eastern subpopulation, ovulation occurs in spring or early summer and the litter size ranges from one to six, increasing with female size. The gestation period lasts approximately one year, and the newborns measure about long. Males reach sexual maturity at around long and two and a half years of age, and females at around long and three years of age. The maximum lifespan is at least 8

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

years for males and 9 years for females. In the western subpopulation, mating occurs in early or mid-summer and females only bear litters of one or two pups. The gestation period lasts ten months, with birthing taking place in late spring or early summer. The newborns measure across. Males mature sexually at around across and three years of age, and females at around across and five years of age. The maximum lifespan is 14 years. In both subpopulations, females grow more slowly and to a larger ultimate size than males. Human interactions Reported to be more aggressive than other stingarees,

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

the sparsely-spotted stingaree readily employs its venomous sting if disturbed and can inflict a painful injury on a human. It is edible, but seldom brought to market. Fishing pressure is insignificant across large portions of this ray's range, including in the Great Australian Bight, though substantial numbers are caught incidentally by commercial fisheries off southeastern and southwestern Australia in beach seines and bottom trawls. The sparsely-spotted stingaree generally survives being captured, sorted, and discarded, though the process often causes it to abort any unborn young. Nevertheless, losses to fisheries appear to be sustainable at present, and thus the IUCN has

Sparsely-spotted stingaree

Topi () is a town in the eastern part of the Swabi District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Topi is administratively subdivided into two Union councils: Topi East and Topi West. Tarbela Dam is located east of Topi. Geography Topi is located in the east of Swabi District of the Khyber Pukhtoonkwa Province of Pakistan. Topi is located to the west of the Tarbela Dam, the world's largest earth filled dam. Tarbela Dam is the largest hydroelectric generation project in Pakistan, producing 3,495 megawatts of electricity accounting for 40 percent of the Water and Power Development Authority's total power output as

Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Sakura cheese ) is a soft cheese created in Hokkaidō, Japan. This cheese is a creamy white, and is flavored with mountain cherry leaves, and accented with pickled cherry blossom flowers; 'Sakura' means "cherry blossom" in Japanese, and is recognized as a symbol of Japan and Japanese culture. It is the first widely acclaimed Japanese cheese, as the vast majority of cheeses in general were a European/Mediterranean phenomenon. It has the rare distinction of winning a gold medal at the Mountain Cheese Olympics in Appenzell, Switzerland, which normally favors Swiss, Italian, or French cheeses almost exclusively for awards. The medal

Sakura cheese

Congenital dermal sinus is an uncommon form of cranial or spinal dysraphism. It occurs in 1 in 2500 live births. It occurs as a dermal indentation, found along the midline of the neuraxis and often presents alongside infection and neurological deficit. Congenital dermal sinus form due to a focal failure of dysjunction between the cutaneous ectoderm and neuroectoderm during the third to eight week of gestation.Typically observed in the lumbar and lumbosacral region, congenital dermal sinus can occur from the nasion and occiput region down. Early diagnosis and treatment is crucial for cases of congenital dermal sinus. It ensures that

Congenital dermal sinus

neurological condition does not degrade and prevents infection. Diagnosis can be confirmed through the use of advanced neuroimaging to observe the tract and associated lesions. Embryogenesis During normal development, cutaneous ectoderm separates from neuroectoderm to allow for the insertion of mesoderm. That is, the skin separates from the tissue of the spinal cord to allow proper formation of the vertebral column. In cases of congenital dermal sinus there is a failure in this process, resulting in formation of a persistent connection between the skin and neural tissue. This manifests as a tract extending from the surface of the skin to

Congenital dermal sinus

the spinal cord lined with stratified squamous epithelium, surrounded by dermal and neurological tissue. The tract may terminate in the deep fascia, or even make contact with neural elements. Congenital dermal sinus may form at any point along the midline of the neuraxis, however, the majority form in the lumbar and lumbosacral region (41% and 35% of cases respectively). Diagnosis Congenital dermal sinus is often diagnosed in infants and children. Early diagnosis is important in congenital dermal sinus, so that treatment can be provided early, to prevent progression of associated complications. Clinical features There three key hallmarks of congenital dermal

Congenital dermal sinus

sinus: cutaneous abnormalities, infection, and neurological deficits. Cutaneous abnormalities Congenital dermal sinus is a tract from the surface layer of the skin, through the deeper tissues into the cranial or spinal cavity. The skin findings of this tract can include: Pit along neuraxis Flat capillary hemangioma Hypertrichosis Skin tag Abnormal pigmentation Subcutaneous lipoma Signs of local infection Infection The stratified squamous epithelium of the congenital dermal sinus tract can extend to the spinal fascia of the dura mater or all the way to the spinal cord. Thus, the congenital dermal sinus forms a point of entry for infection, this can

Congenital dermal sinus

allow for the formation of an abscess. Infection can then travel up the spinal cord to result in meningitis, which can be fatal if left untreated. Neurological deficit Congenital dermal sinus is often also associated with spinal fluid drainage, intradural cysts and spinal cord tethering; conveying neurological deficit. Neurological deficit can occur due to spinal cord compression from intradural dermoid cyst growth in the epidermis and dermis. Tethered spinal cord can result in gait difficulties and sphincter dysfunction, as well as compressing the spine. Neurological deficits are more likely to occur where diagnosis has not been timely, allowing cysts and

Congenital dermal sinus

or infection. Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the preferred tool for diagnostic and preoperative imaging of congenital dermal sinus. MRI allows the neural structures to be observed, visualizing the tract and its anomalies and lesions. For example, exposing tethered cord, inclusion tumors or spinal cord malformations. Observation by X-ray is limited in diagnosis, especially due to immature calcification of infants less than 18 months. X-ray may be used in conjunction with MRI or sonogram images to assist preoperatively. Treatment Treatment of congenital dermal sinus involves complete resection of the tract as well as intradural exploration. Prophylactic surgical removal of

Congenital dermal sinus

the congenital dermal sinus tract is beneficial for the patient, allowing neurological and bladder function to be maintained. Early surgical intervention results decreases the risk of infection and/or tumour progression – factors typically associated with delayed presentation of congenital dermal sinus. ] Intradural exploration is necessary as excision of the entire tract, as well as any of its intradural connections, reduces need for further surgical intervention. The surgical technique involves ‘removing the cutaneous lesion in ellipse’. The tract of the congenital dermal sinus must then be explored and excised, with intradural lesions dissected. If not all epithelial tissue is removed,

Congenital dermal sinus

there is a possibility for the dermoid cyst to reoccur and require further operation. Further operations are limited by postoperative and post-infection scarring. Historically Prior to pervasive use and availability of advanced methods of neuroimaging, it is possible that the rate of incidence of congenital dermal sinus has been supplemented by the incidence of coccygeal pits. Coccygeal pits are distinct from congenital dermal sinus as they are found within the gluteal cleft, rather than above the gluteal cleft. The caudally orientated coccygeal pits are not associated with intradural pathology and do not need to be excised, unlike the cephalically oriented

Congenital dermal sinus

Vrata Tunnel () is one of the shortest tunnels on the Croatian A6 motorway route. It is only long and consists of two tunnel tubes. It is located between Oštrovica and Vrata interchanges. The tunnel is tolled within the A6 motorway closed toll collection system. There are no other toll plazas related to use of the tunnel. The tunnel was excavated by Viadukt using New Austrian Tunneling method. The tunnel was originally designed to be long, but it was shortened due to the landslide on the western portal in the zone of contact between Paleozoic and carbonate layers. The tunnel

Vrata Tunnel

is noteworthy since it comprises a bridge spanning a cavern found during excavation. Tunnel bridge During construction, a by by cavern was discovered intersecting the northbound tunnel tube away from the eastern tunnel portal. The cavern is located away from originally executed, southbound Vrata Tunnel tube and reaches to within of the ground surface. A bridge was built over the cavern, accounting for nearly one-quarter of the length of the tunnel. The surrounding rock was stabilized using geotechnical anchors to ensure safety before the bridge construction started. The deck of the bridge consists of reinforced concrete grillage supported by a

Vrata Tunnel

pair of abutments and longitudinal reinforced concrete girders. Since there is an intermittent watercourse through the cavern, the tunnel tube was sealed to protect the cavern and water flowing through it. This was achieved by construction of a concrete structure covering the bridge deck, hiding the cavern from the motorway users and giving them impression of driving through an unbroken tunnel tube. Traffic volume Traffic is regularly counted and reported by Autocesta Rijeka–Zagreb, operator of the A6 motorway and the tunnel, and published by Hrvatske ceste. Substantial variations between annual (AADT) and summer (ASDT) traffic volumes are attributed to the

Vrata Tunnel

The photoacoustic effect or optoacoustic effect is the formation of sound waves following light absorption in a material sample. In order to obtain this effect the light intensity must vary, either periodically (modulated light) or as a single flash (pulsed light). The photoacoustic effect is quantified by measuring the formed sound (pressure changes) with appropriate detectors, such as microphones or piezoelectric sensors. The time variation of the electric output (current or voltage) from these detectors is the photoacoustic signal. These measurements are useful to determine certain properties of the studied sample. For example, in photoacoustic spectroscopy, the photoacoustic signal is

Photoacoustic effect

used to obtain the actual absorption of light in either opaque or transparent objects. It is useful for substances in extremely low concentrations, because very strong pulses of light from a laser can be used to increase sensitivity and very narrow wavelengths can be used for specificity. Furthermore, photoacoustic measurements serve as a valuable research tool in the study of the heat evolved in photochemical reactions (see: photochemistry), particularly in the study of photosynthesis. Most generally, electromagnetic radiation of any kind can give rise to a photoacoustic effect. This includes the whole range of electromagnetic frequencies, from gamma radiation and

Photoacoustic effect

X-rays to microwave and radio. Still, much of the reported research and applications, utilizing the photoacoustic effect, is concerned with the near ultraviolet/visible and infrared spectral regions. History The discovery of the photoacoustic effect dates back to 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell was experimenting with long-distance sound transmission. Through his invention, called "photophone", he transmitted vocal signals by reflecting sun-light from a moving mirror to a selenium solar cell receiver. As a byproduct of this investigation, he observed that sound waves were produced directly from a solid sample when exposed to beam of sunlight that was rapidly interrupted with a

Photoacoustic effect

rotating slotted wheel. He noticed that the resulting acoustic signal was dependent on the type of the material and correctly reasoned that the effect was caused by the absorbed light energy, which subsequently heats the sample. Later Bell showed that materials exposed to the non-visible (ultra-violet and infra-red) portions of the solar spectrum can also produce sounds and invented a device, which he called "spectrophone", to apply this effect for spectral identification of materials. Bell himself and later John Tyndall and Wilhelm Röntgen extended these experiments, demonstrating the same effect in liquids and gases. However, the results were too crude,

Photoacoustic effect

dependent on ear detection, and this technique was soon abandoned. The application of the photoacoustic effect had to wait until the development of sensitive sensors and intense light sources. In 1938 Mark Leonidovitch Veingerov revived the interest in the photoacoustic effect, being able to use it in order to measure very small carbon dioxide concentration in nitrogen gas (as low as 0.2% in volume). Since then research and applications grew faster and wider, acquiring several fold more detection sensitivity. While the heating effect of the absorbed radiation was considered to be the prime cause of the photoacoustic effect, it was

Photoacoustic effect

shown in 1978 that gas evolution resulting from a photochemical reaction can also cause a photoacoustic effect. Independently, considering the apparent anomalous behaviour of the photoacoustic signal from a plant leaf, which could not be explained solely by the heating effect of the exciting light, led to the cognition that photosynthetic oxygen evolution is normally a major contributor to the photoacoustic signal in this case. Physical mechanisms Photothermal mechanism Although much of the literature on the subject is concerned with just one mechanism, there are actually several different mechanisms that produce the photoacoustic effect. The primary universal mechanism is photothermal,

Photoacoustic effect

based on the heating effect of the light and the consequent expansion of the light-absorbing material. In detail, the photothermal mechanism consists of the following stages: conversion of the absorbed pulsed or modulated radiation into heat energy. temporal changes of the temperatures at the loci where radiation is absorbed – rising as radiation is absorbed and falling when radiation stops and the system cools. expansion and contraction following these temperature changes, which are "translated" to pressure changes. The pressure changes, which occur in the region where light was absorbed, propagate within the sample body and can be sensed by a

Photoacoustic effect

sensor coupled directly to it. Commonly, for the case of a condensed phase sample (liquid, solid), pressure changes are rather measured in the surrounding gaseous phase (commonly air), formed there by the diffusion of the thermal pulsations. The main physical picture, in this case, envisions the original temperature pulsations as origins of propagating temperature waves ("thermal waves"), which travel in the condensed phase, ultimately reaching the surrounding gaseous phase. The resulting temperature pulsations in the gaseous phase are the prime cause of the pressure changes there. The amplitude of the traveling thermal wave decreases strongly (exponentially) along its propagation direction,

Photoacoustic effect

but if its propagation distance in the condensed phase is not too long, its amplitude near the gaseous phase is sufficient to create detectable pressure changes. This property of the thermal wave confers unique features to the detection of light absorption by the photoacoustic method. The temperature and pressure changes involved are minute, compared to everyday scale – typical order of magnitude for the temperature changes, using ordinary light intensities, is about micro- to millidegrees and for the resulting pressure changes is about nano- to microbars. The photothermal mechanism manifests itself, besides the photoacoustic effect, also by other physical changes,

Photoacoustic effect

notably emission of infra-red radiation and changes in the refraction index. Correspondingly, it may be detected by various other means, described by terms such as "photothermal radiometry", "thermal lens" and "thermal beam deflection" (popularly also known as "mirage" effect) (see Photothermal spectroscopy. These methods parallel the photoacoustic detection. However, each method has its special range of application. Other While the photothermal mechanism is universal, there could exist additional other mechanisms, superimposed on the photothermal mechanism, which may contribute significantly to the photoacoustic signal. These mechanisms are generally related to photophysical processes and photochemical reactions following light absorption: (1) change in

Photoacoustic effect

the material balance of the sample or the gaseous phase around the sample; (2) change in the molecular organization, which results in molecular volume changes. Most prominent examples for these two kinds of mechanisms are in photosynthesis The first mechanism above is mostly conspicuous in a photosynthesizing plant leaf. There, the light induced oxygen evolution causes pressure changes in the air phase, resulting in a photoacoustic signal, which is comparable in magnitude to that caused by the photothermal mechanism. This mechanism was tentatively named "photobaric". The second mechanism shows up in photosynthetically active sub-cell complexes in suspension (e.g. photosynthetic reaction

Photoacoustic effect

centers). There, the electric field which is formed in the reaction center, following the light induced electron transfer process, causes a micro electrostriction effect with a change in the molecular volume. This, in turn, induces a pressure wave which propagates in the macroscopic medium. Another case for this mechanism is Bacteriorhodopsin proton pump. Here the light induced change in the molecular volume is caused by conformational changes that occur in this protein following light absorption. Detection of the photoacoustic effect In applying the photoacoustic effect there exist various modes of measurement. Gaseous samples or condensed phase samples, where the pressure

Photoacoustic effect

is measured in the surrounding gaseous phase, are usually probed with a microphone. The useful applicable time-scale in this case is in the millisecond to sub-second scale. Most often, In this case, the exciting light is continuously chopped or modulated at a certain frequency (mostly in the range between ca. 10–10000 Hz) and the modulated photoacoustic signal is analyzed with a lock-in amplifier for its amplitude and phase, or for the inphase and quadrature components. When the pressure is measured within the condensed phase of the probed specimen, one utilizes piezoelectric sensors inserted into or coupled to the specimen itself.

Photoacoustic effect

In this case the time scale is between less than nanoseconds to many microseconds The photoacoustic signal, obtained from the various pressure sensors, depends on the physical properties of the system, the mechanism that creates the photoacoustic signal, the light-absorbing material, the dynamics of the excited state relaxation and the modulation frequency or the pulse profile of the radiation, as well as the sensor properties. This calls for appropriate procedures to (i) separate between the signals due to different mechanisms and (ii) to obtain the time dependence of the heat evolution (in the case of the photothermal mechanism) or the

Photoacoustic effect

oxygen evolution (in the case of the photobaric mechanism in photosynthesis) or the time dependence of the volume changes, from the time dependence of the resulting photoacoustic signal. Applications Considering the photothermal mechanism alone, the photoacoustic signal is useful in measuring the light absorption spectrum, particularly for transparent samples where the light absorption is very small. In this case the ordinary method of absorption spectroscopy, based on difference of the intensities of a light beam before and after its passage through the sample, is not practical. In photoacoustic spectroscopy there is no such limitation. the signal is directly related to

Photoacoustic effect

the light absorption and the light intensity. Dividing the signal spectrum by the light intensity spectrum can give a relative percent absorption spectrum, which can be calibrated to yield absolute values. This is very useful to detect very small concentrations of various materials. Photoacoustic spectroscopy is also useful for the opposite case of opaque samples, where the absorption is essentially complete. In an arrangement where a sensor is placed in a gaseous phase above the sample and the light impinges the sample from above, the photoacoustic signal results from an absorption zone close to the surface. A typical parameter which

Photoacoustic effect

governs the signal in this case is the "thermal diffusion length", which depends on the material and the modulation frequency and ordinarily is in the order of several micrometers. The signal is related to the light absorbed in the small distance of the thermal diffusion length, allowing the determination of the absorption spectrum. This allows also to separately analyze a surface that is distinct from the bulk. By varying the modulation frequency and wavelength of the probing radiation one essentially varies the probed depth, which results in the possibility of depth profiling and photoacoustic imaging, which discloses inhomogeneities within the

Photoacoustic effect

sample. This analysis includes also the possibility to determine the thermal properties from the photoacoustic signal. Recently, the photoacoustic approach has been utilized to quantitatively measure macromolecules, such as proteins. The photoacoustic immunoassay labels and detects target proteins using nanoparticles that can generate strong acoustic signals. The photoacoustics-based protein analysis has also been applied for point-of-care testings. Another application of the photoacoustic effect is its ability to estimate the chemical energies stored in various steps of a photochemical reaction. Following light absorption photophysical and photochemical conversions occur, which store part of the light energy as chemical energy. Energy storage leads

Photoacoustic effect

to less heat evolution. The resulting smaller photoacoustic signal thus gives a quantitative estimate of the extent of the energy storage. For transient species this requires the measurement of the signal in the relevant time scale and the capability to extract from the temporal part of the signal the time-dependent heat evolution, by proper deconvolution. There are numerous examples for this application. A similar application is the study of the conversion of light energy to electrical energy in solar cells. A special example is the application of the photoacoustic effect in photosynthesis research. Photoacoustic effect in photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a

Photoacoustic effect

very suitable platform to be investigated by the photoacoustic effect, providing many examples to its various uses. As noted above, the photoacoustic signal from wet photosynthesizing specimens (e.g. microalgae in suspension, sea weed) is principally photothermal. The photoacoustic signal from spongy structures (leaves, lichens) is a combination of photothermal and photobaric (gas evolution or uptake) contributions. The photoacoustic signal from preparations which carry out the primary electron transfer reactions (e.g. reaction centers) is a combination of photothermal and molecular volume changes contributions. In each case, respectively, photoacoustic measurements provided information on Energy storage (i.e. the fraction of light energy which

Photoacoustic effect

is converted to chemical energy in the photosynthetic process; The extent and dynamics of the gas evolution and uptake from leaves or lichens. Most usually it is photosynthetic oxygen evolution which contributes to the photoacoustic signal; Carbon dioxide uptake is a slow process and does not show up in photoacoustic measurements. Under very specific conditions, however, the photoacoustic signal becomes transiently negative, presumably reflecting oxygen uptake. However, this needs more verification; Molecular volume changes, which occur during the primary steps of photosynthetic electron transfer. These measurements provided information related to the mechanism of photosynthesis, as well as give indications on

Photoacoustic effect

the intactness and health of the specimen. Examples are: (a) the energetics of the primary electron transfer processes, obtained from the energy storage and molecular volume change measured under sub-microsecond flashes; (b) The characteristics of the 4-step oxidation cycle in photosystem II, obtained for leaves by monitoring photoacoustic pulsed signals and their oscillatory behavior under repetitive exciting light flashes; (c) the characteristics of photosystem I and photosystem II of photosynthesis (absorption spectrum, light distribution to the two photosystems) and their interactions. This is obtained by using continuously modulated light of a certain specific wavelength to excite the photoacoustic signal and

Photoacoustic effect

measure changes in energy storage and oxygen evolution caused by background light at various chosen wavelengths. In general, photoacoustic measurements of energy storage require a reference sample for comparison. It is a sample with exactly the same light absorption (at the given excitation wavelength) but which completely degrades all the absorbed light into heat within the time resolution of the measurement. It is lucky that photosynthetic systems are self-calibrating, providing such a reference in one sample, as follows: One compares two signals: one, which is obtained with the probing modulated/pulsed light alone and the other when a steady non-modulated light

Photoacoustic effect

(referred to as background light), which is strong enough to drive photosynthesis into saturation, is added. The added steady light does not produce any photoacoustic effect by itself, but changes the photoacoustic response due to the modulated/pulsed probing light. The resulting signal serves as a reference to all other measurements in absence of the background light. The photothermal part of the reference signal is maximal, since at photosynthetic saturation no energy is stored. At the same time the contribution of the other mechanisms tends to zero at saturation. Thus the reference signal is proportional to the total absorbed light energy.

Photoacoustic effect

In order to separate and define the photobaric and photothermal contributions in spongy samples (leaves, lichens) one uses the following properties of the photoacoustic signal: (1) At low frequencies (below roughly 100 Hz) the photobaric part of the photoacoustic signal may be quite large and the total signal decreases under the background light. The photobaric signal is obtained in principle from the difference of signals (the total signal minus the reference signal, after a correction to account for the energy storage). (2) At sufficiently high frequencies, however, the photobaric signal is very much attenuated in comparison with the photothermal component

Photoacoustic effect

and can be neglected. Also, no photobaric signal can be observed even at low frequencies in a leaf with its inner air space filled with water. This is true also in live algal thalli, suspensions of microalgae and photosynthetic bacteria. This is because the photobaric signal depends on oxygen diffusion from the photosynthetic membranes to the air phase, and is largely attenuated as the diffusion distance in the aqueous medium increases. In all the above instances when no photobaric signal is observed one may determine the energy storage by comparing the photoacoustic signal obtained with the probing light alone, to

Photoacoustic effect

the reference signal. The parameters obtained from the above measurements are used in a variety of ways. Energy storage and the intensity of the photobaric signal are related to the efficiency of photosynthesis and can be used to monitor and follow the health of photosynthesizing organisms. They are also used to obtain mechanistic insight on the photosynthetic process: light of different wavelengths allows one to obtain the efficiency spectrum of photosynthesis, the light distribution between the two photosystems of photosynthesis and to identify different taxa of phytoplankton. The use of pulsed lasers gives thermodynamic and kinetic information on the primary

Photoacoustic effect

Bizkaia–Durango () is a professional cycling team based in Spain, which competes in elite road bicycle racing events such as the UCI Women's World Tour. Team history 2014 Bizkaia–Durango was active during 2014 in women's road cycling. On October 30, current Brazilian National Time Trial champion, Márcia Fernandes, was suspended for two years for returning a positive doping test for EPO by the Brazilian cycling federation. Riders in For the 2015 season the team signed; Coral Casado, Elisabet Escursell, Paula Lanz and Alba Teruel. On November 22 the Lierni Lekuona, Lourdes Oyarbide and Ainara Sanz signed extensions with the team.

Bizkaia–Durango

On December 4, the team signed Samara Sheppard and offered extensions to; Anna Ramirez, Mayalen Noriega and Dorleta Eskamendi. 2016 In 2016, the team was joined by Mauritian rider Kimberley Le Court, previously with British team Matrix Pro Cycling. Major wins 2004 Stage 5 Tour de l'Aude Cycliste Féminin, Ghita Beltman Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria, Joane Somarriba Overall Emakumeen Euskal Bira, Joane Somarriba Stages 2, 3a & 3b, Joane Somarriba 2005 Overall & Stage 2b Trophée d'Or Féminin, Joane Somarriba 2006 Handzame, Emma Johansson 2007 Stage 5 Emakumeen Euskal Bira, Gema Pascual Stage 2 La Route de France, Aran Azpiroz 2011

Bizkaia–Durango

Stage 2 Giro Donne, Shara Gillow 2013 Bergara–Osintxu, Irene San Sebastian 2014 Grand Prix of Maykop, Yulia Ilinykh Stage 2 Tour de San Luis, Clemilda Fernandes 2015 Stage 2 Tour of Adygeya, Elena Utrobina Stages 2 & 3 Vuelta a Burgos, Yulia Ilinykh Matiena-Abadiño, Yulia Ilinykh Campeonato de Euskadi, Yulia Ilinykh Zalla Road Race, Margarita Victoria Garcia 2016 Overall Vuelta a Burgos, Margarita Victoria Garcia Stage 1, Margarita Victoria Garcia Gran Premio Comunidad de Cantabria, Margarita Victoria Garcia Trofeo Gobierno de La Rioja, Margarita Victoria Garcia Trofeo Ria de Marin, Margarita Victoria Garcia Zizurkil-Villabona Sari Nagusia, Margarita Victoria Garcia 2017

Bizkaia–Durango

Gran Premio Costa Blanca Calpe, Lourdes Oyarbide Grand Premio Ciudad de Alcobendas, Lourdes Oyarbide Stage 2 Vuelta a Burgos, Lourdes Oyarbide Stage 4 Vuelta Femenina Internacional a Costa Rica, Paola Munoz Trofeo Iturmendi, Lourdes Oyarbide Sopelana (Torneo Euskaldun), Lourdes Oyarbide Tolosa, Lourdes Oyarbide Overall Bestmed Jock Tour, Carla Overholzer Stages 2 & 3, Carla Overholzer Trofeo Gobierno de La Rioja, Margarita Victoria Garcia 2018 Zeberio, Alice Marie Arzuffi Zizurkil, Lucia Gonzalez Deba, Cristina Martinez Lakuntza, Alice Marie Arzuffi Tour de Belle Isle en Terre–Kreiz Breizh Elites Dames, Danielle Christmas National and continental champions 2009 Spain Time Trial, Gema Pascual Torrecilla

Bizkaia–Durango

2010 Slovenia Road Race, Polona Batagelj 2011 Slovenia Road Race, Polona Batagelj 2012 Pan American Track (Points race), Paola Muñoz Pan American Track (Scratch race), Lilibeth Chacon Spain Time Trial, Anna Sanchis Chile Time Trial, Paola Muñoz Spain Road Race, Anna Sanchis 2013 Spain Time Trial, Anna Sanchis Spain Road Race, Ane Santesteban Slovenia Road Race, Polona Batagelj 2014 Spain Time Trial, Leire Olaberria Hungary Time Trial, Veronika Anna Kormos Spain Road Race, Anna Ramírez Brazil Time Trial, Márcia Fernandes 2016 Spain Road Race, Margarita García Mauritius Road Race, Kimberly Le Court de Billot 2017 Namibia Road Race, Vera Adrian

Bizkaia–Durango

The Gloster Southern Railroad was a United States shortline railroad that operated in Mississippi and Louisiana. The GLSR began operation in 1990 and provided freight service from Gloster, Mississippi, to the Illinois Central Railroad (now Canadian National Railway - CN) interchange at Slaughter, Louisiana. The line was owned by Georgia-Pacific (GP) which had purchased and refurbished of an abandoned branch line to provide service to a GP oakwood mill in Gloster. The GLSR operated four or five freight trains per week until the plant closed in December 2002. One year later, Genesee and Wyoming Inc acquired three short-line railroads from

Gloster Southern Railroad

GP. However, this sale did not include the GLSR. In September 2004, GP announced that they would re-open the Gloster oakwood mill. However, they did not continue to operate the GLSR. On January 6, 2008, a local railfan observed a Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS) train heading north through Lobdell, Louisiana. Behind the three KCS locomotives was a former GLSR CF7 locomotive which had its number boards covered with grey duct tape. The McComb Enterprise Journal reported on April 2, 2008, that the Georgia-Pacific Corporation is closing its railroad and that the town of Gloster was interested in the rail

Gloster Southern Railroad

Anarkali Marikar is an Indian film actress who appears predominantly in Malayalam films. She made her debut in 2016 in the film Aanandam. Early life Anarkali was born to Niyas Marikar and Laly P. M. Her father is a photographer and mother a homemaker. She has an older sister named Lakshmi Marikar, who was a former child actor in the Malayalam film No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North. Anarkali completed her degree in Mass communication from Mar Ivanios College in Thiruvananthapuram. She was offered the role in her debut film Aanandam through its cinematographer Anend C. Chandran, a friend to her

Anarkali Marikar

sister. Career Anarkali was offered the leading role in the Lal Jose-directed 2015 film Nee-Na when she was in 12th grade, but declined as she was concentrating on her studies. She made her film debut in 2016 with the teenage romantic-comedy Aanandam, in a supporting role. Produced by Vineeth Sreenivasan and directed by debutant Ganesh Raj, it featured a group of youngsters. Her second film Vimaanam (2017) featured Prithviraj Sukumaran in the lead role, directed by debutante Pradeep Nair. She played the role, Gauri. After that, she was then cast in a leading role in Amala, directed by debutante Nishad

Anarkali Marikar