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greatest symbol of the movements grandeur was the Order House constructed 1885 in the city, Östersunds-Goodtemplars-Ordenshus. When one of the most prominent leaders, Joseph Malins, visited the city he announced that it was the world's largest order house. Many of the leading people behind the popular movements in Östersund saw industrialization as a significant threat towards the native districts and the old village and farmer community. The work from the movements made the city and its centre-right governance extremely rejective towards industries. Instead they wanted to portray Östersund as a centre of outdoor activities, culture, education and tourism. Industries were

Östersund

not allowed to threaten the good environment, and the social history traditions. In 1917 when the Great War was fought on the continent and with the February revolution in Russia, starting the Russian Revolution also affected Östersund. Rationing led to lack of supplies and a revolution was feared. Some of the citizens, primarily soldiers, went on hunger strikes and at the first of May that year 4,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the city hall demanding lower prices on milk and wood. The year after the Spanish flu spread like wildfire across the world. The city doctor in Östersund noted

Östersund

that "Östersund ought without objection have been more haunted by the flu than any other Swedish city", which is why Östersund was referred to by locals as spanska sjukans huvudstad, "capital of the spanish flu". Despite the great depression and several crisis resulting in a very high unemployment rate Östersund continued to grow in the interwar period. In 1918 the Odenslund area was incorporated. The business sector remained largely unaffected and Östersund continued being one of the least industrialized cities in Sweden. Instead Östersund continued to focus on wholesale trade and became a centre of this in northern and north

Östersund

central Sweden. The city's central position was strengthened when the Inlandsbanan railway was constructed through Jämtland from the north to the south. The first scheduled bus route was created in the 1920s between Östersund and the nearby town of Brunflo. In the next decade well over 40 bus routes were functioning in Östersund. The dairy was located west of the bus square, Gustav III:s torg, at the shopping mall Kärnan's current whereabout. This square naturally become a central part of the city. Östersund continued to grow after the Second World War. Lugnvik was incorporated into the city in 1954 and

Östersund

Östersund was just like the rest of Jämtland affected by the Rehn-Meidner-model, though not in the same way. The Swedish Keynesian politics was launched in order to improve the mobility of the labour force. Jämtland was struck hard by this when the people moved from the countryside to cities, from inland to coast and from the north to the south. As an urban area Östersund was affected by the Million Programme and urban districts like Körfältet were created. The negative view towards industries were changed when the Social Democrats came to power for the first time in the city's history

Östersund

in 1952. Industries were enticed to Östersund through the national localization politic and industrial areas were created in Odenskog and Lugnvik. The development was not, as already mentioned, as good in the rest of Jämtland as it was in Östersund and as a counter act towards the governmental politic the Republic of Jamtland was established in 1963. Östersund became the "republic's capital" and the home to the freedom festival Storsjöyran. Östersund continued to grow and in 1970 Frösö köping was made part of Östersund. In the year of 1971 a major reform occurred in Sweden creating large municipalities replacing all

Östersund

the older institutions and the new large municipality was named after the city. Just like in the rest of Sweden the public sector greatly expanded at this time. In 1960 the public sector of Sweden constituted about 30 per cent of Sweden's total gross domestic product, in the middle of the 1980s the number had grown to 65 per cent. At the time it was here the jobs were, in the county board, the government and in the new municipality. The main reasons for the large expansion were the expanded transfer payment to the households that occurred, along with growing

Östersund

interest and public consummation. Everything was financed by heavy tax increases. The entire 1970s was an expansive period. Besides the new industrial complex the Frösö bridge was constructed, a new police house, Z-kupolen (burned to the ground in 1989), Storsjöteatern, Folkets hus, urban district churches, malls etc. The County Administration board and the hospital expanded and large housing estates were constructed in Körfältet, Lugnvik and Odensala. The city tried to acquire a "humanistic college of higher learning" on Frösön already in the 1940s. A large tension existed between the cities in Norrland and Umeå left the struggle victorious in 1962.

Östersund

Östersund however required a "social college of higher learning" in 1971. Östersund is since 2005 one of the main campus sites of the Mid Sweden University (Mittuniversitetet). A number of governmental offices have also been located to the city in recent years. Garrison town Östersund became a garrison town when the Norrland Artillery Regiment (A 4) was founded in the city 1892, followed by the upgrading of the Jämtland Ranger Corps to the Jämtland Ranger Regiment (I 23). This was done with the growing fear of a Russian assault whereas Jämtland-Trøndelag and Norrbotten became the most prioritized defense-regions. The dissolution

Östersund

of the union between Sweden and Norway contributed by enhancing Östersund as a military city and strengthening its presence, the Jämtland Ranger Regiment was located in the city in 1910 and the Jämtland Air Force Wing (F 4) came to Frösön in 1926. Östersund's importance as a garrison town grew when the city was connected to the Boden Fortress, following the construction of Inlandsbanan. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, the destruction of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the Dissolution of the USSR in 1991 Sweden had lost its national threat and the demand for a strong defense

Östersund

organization was deemed unnecessary. The issue was debated throughout the 1990s and the final decision came in 2004 where all military presence in Östersund was ended. Upon delivering the message the Swedish Minister for Defence Leni Björklund was publicly booed by the city's inhabitants. The ending of Östersund's status as a garrison town has however created a larger enthusiasm regarding the city's future as the private sector has grown larger and more companies are being established, much of which is due to the financial compensation the State offered. The older areas reserved for military activities have been opened up and

Östersund

two more urban districts were made available. Politics and governance Östersund is the capital of Jämtland County and thus, the county governor Britt Bohlin Ohlsson resides in the city. Bohlin Ohlsson is the head of Jämtland County Administrative Board (Länsstyrelsen i Jämtlands län), an administrative entity appointed by the Swedish Government. Östersund is also the seat of Jämtland County Council (Jämtlands läns landsting). The County Council is the elected assembly of Jämtland County. The County Council's responsibilities lie primarily within the public health care system and transportation between the municipalities. Östersund is the seat of Östersund Municipality (Östersunds kommun). The

Östersund

legislative body of the municipality is the 67-member municipal assembly (kommunfullmäktige), elected by proportional representation for a four-year term. The assembly appoints the municipality's main governing body, the 15-member executive committee (kommunstyrelsen). The executive committee is headed by the Mayor (kommunstyrelsens ordförande). Östersund has historically been dominated by the Conservatives, the freeminded (later on Liberal People's Party) and the Social Democrats. Though contrary to Sweden on a national level Östersund's centre-right parties long remained in majority. The situation changed only in 1952 when the social democrats were included and they won an absolute majority in 1962. In 1966 the agririan

Östersund

and rural Centre Party entered the scene, along with the minor Christian Democrat and Communist parties. A new centre-right municipal government was appointed and the Centre Party became the largest party in that coalition 1970. However, since the 1980s the Social Democratic Party has been in power (excluding a term in the 1990s) supported by the communists (now Left Party) and occasionally the Green Party (entered in 1982). Jens Nilsson from the Social Democratic Party is the mayor of Östersund and has been so since 1997. Demography Transport The airport is situated outside the city centre, on the island of

Östersund

Frösön. Åre Östersund Airport (previously named Östersunds flygplats) is an international airport and the ninth biggest in Sweden with roughly 390,000 passengers in 2005. The airport is one of few Swedish airports with incoming foreign charter traffic and the only one with considerable economic growth in that sector. The European route E14 runs through Östersund from Trondheim to Sundsvall and briefly merges with the European route E45 (referred to as Inlandsvägen locally) coming from the north. The two roads are later split in Brunflo where E14 continues heading east and E45 turns south again. Östersund has passenger rail services to

Östersund

and from, mainly, Sundsvall and Stockholm. Norrtåg operates Mittbanan from Storlien to Sundsvall. Inlandsbanan runs in the same directions as European Route 45. Östersund is connected to Stockholm via long distance SJ 3000 (higher-speed trains), InterCity and night train. There are overnight services to and from Gothenburg and, seasonally, Malmö. Local company Stadsbussarna i Östersund (literally: the City Buses in Östersund) has nine routes in the city. As Östersund is located at shores of Storsjön, (English: "the great lake"), it also has a harbour. There is also a harbour on the Frösö side of the strait. Several bridges span across

Östersund

Storsjön connecting Östersund with communities nearby, Frösöbron across Östersundet, Vallsundsbron from Frösön across Vallsundet to Annersia "the other side" and Rödöbron from Frösön to Rödön in Krokom Municipality. Trade and commerce Like the rest of Jämtland Östersund is heavily dominated by many small businesses. The city is the centre of trade and commerce in Jämtland County and has more than 300 shops. The retail trade's turnover is 30 per cent higher than it ought to be, given the number of inhabitants the city has. Trade in the central business district (Staden – the City) is mostly concentrated to the shopping

Östersund

and pedestrian street Prästgatan where large local shopping malls such as Kärnan and Mittpunkten along with department stores such as Åhléns are located. Large clothing companies such as H&M, Lindex and smaller like WESC, approximately 50 restaurants, shoe stores, sporting goods retailers like Stadium and Intersport, several supermarkets (Östersund has rather few convenience stores), etc. Storgatan, the street that runs parallel with Prästgatan is also lined with shops, restaurants and coffeehouses. Unlike Prästgatan this street is not a pedestrian street. Östersund is the city in Sweden with the most square metres of window display per capita. The most prominent figure

Östersund

in Östersund's business life throughout the 20th century was the car salesman (started out selling horses) Sven O. Persson, founder of Persson Invest, Byggelit and Bilbolaget. A significant real estate owner was Maths O. Sundqvist (1950–2012). Östersund has had a long history as a marketplace with the already mentioned ancient Gregorie market, tracing its lineage back to the 11th century, held in early March. However banned in 1914, it continued to be held a couple of years. In 1950, the market was reborn shortly and was completely resurrected in 1986, when the city celebrated its 200th anniversary, and has been

Östersund

held yearly since then. In 1948, when the markets were non-existent visions to restore Östersund's market traditions, in a modern version, were brought up. The result was the trade fair Expo Norr, initiated 1950 in order to strengthen Östersund as a leading centre of trade in the northern parts of Sweden. The trade fair is an annual event just like Gregorie market, though Expo Norr is held during the summer and not during the winter. Expo Norr is usually attended by 30,000 individuals every year. Just like many other County capitals in Sweden the County Council and the Municipality are

Östersund

among the largest employers. Besides trading and public services Östersund has some larger companies such as Solectron, Cybercom, Volex, Husqvarna AB, Swedbank's telephone bank and Telia. Companies such as the dairy cooperation Milko and Inlandsbanan AB have located their corporate headquarters in the city. A national survey done by the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise shows that out of every company in Östersund Municipality 52 per cent are "very positive towards globalization", thus ranking Östersund at number eight in Sweden as the most globalization-friendly municipality (2008). Culture Cultural venues Östersund is the cultural centre of Jämtland County and home to the

Östersund

prize winning museum Jamtli. The museum has both an indoor exhibition area and an outdoor area which contains a number of historical buildings from all over the county, depicting the old lives of peasants, the early city of Östersund and the Scandinavian inland herding. The museum exhibition hosts an interesting set of tapestries, the Överhogdal tapestries, showing a rich imagery of both Norse and Christian origin from the Viking Age. The mythical Storsjöodjuret (Great Lake Monster) has an exhibit of its own. Another remnant from the Viking age is Frösöstenen, one of the world's most northerly rune stones located on

Östersund

Frösön, the island of Freyr. The county library, Jämtlands läns bibliotek is located in the city. It is the oldest county library in Sweden, being founded in 1816 by the will of professor Carl Zetterström. As the library grew it was moved to a bigger facility. The older building is now situated beside the old church in Kyrkparken. Lake Storsjön has been trafficked for a long time and the steamships S/S Thomée and S/S Östersund are still in operation every summer. Unlike most boats, they are seen as male and not female. S/S Thomée is the only one that sets

Östersund

sail from Östersund's harbour. S/S Östersund sails from Arvesund, located at Storsjön's western shore but makes visits to Jamtli's steamboat jetty. Frösö Zoo is one of Sweden's largest zoological gardens with exotic animals. It has roughly 700 animals like Siberian tigers, lions, polar wolves, monkeys etc. Frözö Zoo also has a tropic house, a biological museum and an amusement park. Outside of Östersund in the village of Orrviken there's a Moose Zoo, called Moose Garden allowing close encounters with tame moose. Färgfabriken (' paint factory') is a centre for experimental culture based in Stockholm, that perceive itself as a laboratory

Östersund

of contemporary art. A branch named Färgfabriken Norr was established in Östersund between April 2008 and January 2011. Gaaltije, the centre for South Sami culture, opened in 1999 and is a living source of knowledge for South Sami culture, history and business. Gamla Tingshuset holds a small cinema, a café, a small venue and practice halls. It is usually a meeting place for the town's youth. Events The city festival Storsjöyran (referred to as simply Yran, literally meaning: The Great Lake Giddy Festival), the oldest city festival in Scandinavia and with 55,000 visitors every year the largest in Sweden. Storsjöyran

Östersund

is held in the middle of Östersund the last weekend of July. Although the event starts the weekend before with the opening of "Krogstråket" when regional bars and restaurants gather near the lake. Jamtli Christmas Market is well attended market taking place the second weekend of Advent. Expo Norr, Sweden's oldest merchandise trade fair held in June with roughly 400 exhibitors. Vinterparken ('The Winter Park'), with seasonal lakeside events. Media The largest daily newspaper in Östersund is Östersunds-Posten (ÖP) with a circulation of 30,000 copies and the second largest is Länstidningen Östersund (LT) with a circulation of 15,000 copies (2006

Östersund

for both). Like most Swedish newspaper they each have a political editorial page, views of the Centre Party are expressed in ÖP and views of the Swedish Social Democratic Party are expressed in LT. Länstidningen is unique in Sweden, as it is the only Swedish newspaper with press support that has ever made itself non-dependent on state subsidy. Much of the paper's success is ascribed to the then editor-in-chief awarded with the great journalism award. Since 2006 the newspaper has been dependent on state subsidy. The media group Mittmedia has owned both newspapers since 2005. Two free daily newspapers exist

Östersund

in the city, 100 procent Östersund and Lokaltidningen Storsjön. Local radio stations include Radio Jämtland (a part of Sveriges Radio), One FM and Modern Times Group's Rix FM. Films Shot In Östersund The following feature films have been shot in Östersund: Bitter Flowers Dunderklumpen Marianne The American Education Östersund recently became a university city and the Mid Sweden University has its largest campus site in Östersund with well over 7,000 students. The Mid Sweden University was a university college (högskola) named Mitthögskolan until it was granted university status in 2005, making it the youngest university in Sweden. Mitthögskolan was the

Östersund

result of the merger between the University College of Sundsvall/Härnösand (Högskolan i Sundsvall/Härnösand) and the University College of Östersund (Högskolan i Östersund) Östersund is a centre for the research in Social Sciences (Business Administration, Psychology, Sociology and Political Science) and Social Work, whilst the research in Health Sciences is split between Östersund and Sundsvall. The city has several secondary schools (gymnasieskolor) of which Palmcrantzskolan (PC) and Wargentinsskolan (Wargen) are the two largest. Among the smaller are Primrose, John Bauer, VTC-gymnasiet and Östersund's gymnasieskola. Sports Östersund is marketed as the Winter City and has a long history of winter sports. It

Östersund

is internationally perhaps most known as one of the regular Biathlon World Cup hosts in late-November and early-December. World Cup competitions have been held there since 1989. The Biathlon World Championship 1970 were hosted in Östersund in 1970, 2008 and 2019. The cross-country skiing stadium is located two kilometres () from the city centre and is one of the most well-equipped and spectator friendly ski stadiums in Sweden. The stadium is also internationally renowned due to the topography of its ski tracks, the compact track-system and the fact that Östersund is usually quite a reliable locality for snow during the

Östersund

winter months. A number of biathlon world cup races have been held at the stadium as well as several national championships in cross-country skiing. Nationellt Vintersportcentrum (NVC, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre) is a research and training project run by the sports movement, the university, the municipality and the county council. The Swedish Olympic Committee (SOC) use its lab for various tests. Östersund, in association with the neighboring municipality of Åre, had plans to be the candidate of Sweden for the organization of the XXII Olympic Winter Games, the 2014 Winter Olympics, but the candidacy proposal was rejected by the

Östersund

government. It would have been the fourth attempt of this city (after 1994 where Östersund lost the bid with the score 45–39 to Lillehammer in the final round, 1998 and 2002). Östersund has a basketball team in Sweden's highest division (Ligan), Jämtland Basket. Östersund's Fallskärmsklubb is the oldest of Sweden's drop zones and was formed in 1958. The very first civilian parachute jump was done actually on the ice of Storsjön in February 1956. The jumpers were officers from the Swedish Parachute rangers regiment that also wanted to jump on their spare time. Östersund's Fallskärmsklubb is today localized to Optand's

Östersund

airfields, approximately south from Östersund where one carries out education of students and sky diving for the experienced jumpers all year around with the exception from late autumn until early winter. Other sports clubs include: IFK Östersund Ope IF Östersunds FK Fältjägarnas IF 2021 Special Olympics World Winter Games Östersund along with Åre will host the 2021 Special Olympics World Winter Games. It will mark the first time that Sweden have ever hosted the Special Olympics. Notable residents Alexander Edler (born 1986), professional ice hockey defenseman for the Vancouver Canucks Emil Fjellström (1884–1944), stage and film actor Mathias Fredriksson (born

Östersund

1973), former cross-country skier Anna Haag (born 1986), cross-country skier Martha Hedman (1883–1974), Swedish-American stage actress Emil Jönsson (born 1985), cross-country skier Annika Norlin (born 1977), singer/songwriter for Hello Saferide and Säkert! International relations Twin towns – Sister cities Östersund is twinned with: Trondheim, Norway (since 1946) Sanok, Poland References Notes See also Storsjön Frösön External links Category:County seats in Sweden Category:Populated places in Östersund Municipality Category:Municipal seats of Jämtland County Category:Jämtland Category:Swedish municipal seats Category:Populated places established in 1786 Category:Diocese of Härnösand Category:Populated lakeshore places in Sweden Category:University towns in Sweden Category:Ski areas and resorts in Sweden Category:Planned cities

Östersund

Tikva may refer to: People: Tikva Frymer-Kensky (1943–2006), Professor at the University of Chicago Divinity School Avi Tikva (born 1976), retired Israeli professional association footballer Shalom Tikva (born 1965), former Israeli international footballer Places: Tikva Quarter or Hatikva Quarter, a poor and working class neighbourhood in south-eastern Tel Aviv, Israel Ganei Tikva, a local council in Israel, bordering Kiryat Ono to the west, Petah Tikva to the north, Gat Rimon to the east and Savyon to the south Petah Tikva, known as Em HaMoshavot, a city in the Center District of Israel, east of Tel Aviv Sha'arei Tikva, an Israeli

Tikva

Swimming at the 1996 Summer Paralympics consisted of 168 events, 87 for men and 81 for women. Because of a tie in the men's 100 m freestyle S4 event, a total of 169 bronze medals were awarded. The 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta were the first ones where swimming was fully integrated based on functional disability, with classification no longer separated into classes based on the four disability types of vision impaired, cerebral palsy, amputee, and wheelchair sport. Countries no longer had multiple national swimming teams based on disability type but instead had one mixed disability national team. Medal table

Swimming at the 1996 Summer Paralympics

Jean François-Poncet (8 December 1928 – 18 July 2012) was a French politician and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing between November 1978 and May 1981. From 1983 until 2010, he had been a member of the French Senate. François-Poncet had served as a diplomat in the French government in the 1950s and 1960s. "Entering politics in 1967, he was elected in Lot-et-Garonne, as [a] member of the Conseil General...." François-Poncet served as CEO of Carnaud SA, a major packaging business, from 1971 to 1974. He returned to government service in 1974 when President

Jean François-Poncet

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing appointed François-Poncet secretary of state at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1976 President Giscard d'Estaing appointed François-Poncet Secretary General in the Office of the President, "a key post in French politics". In 1978 d'Estaing appointed François-Poncet Minister of Foreign Affairs. He held the latter position until 1981. In the 1980s he participated in three conferences of the Bilderberg group (in 1982, 1985 and 1988). In 1983, he was elected senator from the Department of Lot-et-Garonne. François-Poncet served in the Senate until 2010, where he chaired the Economic Affairs Committee until 2001 and also served as Vice

Jean François-Poncet

President of the Foreign Relations and Defense Committee as well as Vice President of the Senatorial European Affairs Committee. "He led Senate delegations in Eastern Europe, South-East Asia, China, Central Asia, Afghanistan, and most Middle Eastern countries." He received his B.A. from Wesleyan University in 1947, his M.A. from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in 1948, and his PhD in economics from the Paris Law School. François-Poncet was also a graduate of the École nationale d'administration. He died, aged 83, in Paris, France. He was the son of André François-Poncet, also a French politician and

Jean François-Poncet

The Type 81 is a self-propelled 122 mm multiple rocket launcher (SPMRL) produced by the People's Republic of China for the People's Liberation Army Ground Force. It is a variant of the Soviet BM-21 Grad. The Type 81 was the first in a family of Chinese self-propelled 122 mm rocket launchers. The spin-stabilized rocket fired by the Type 81 may be armed with a high explosive warhead or a steel fragmentation warhead. Variants Type 81 The Type 81 mounts a 40-round launcher on an OQ261 Honyan 6X6 truck chassis. Type 83 The Type 83 mounts a 24-round launcher on a

Type 81 (rocket launcher)

6x6 truck chassis. Type 89 The Type 89 mounts a 40-round launcher on the armoured tracked chassis of the Type 83 self-propelled gun. The rockets may be fired in 20 seconds. The launcher is mounted at the rear with a reload pack in front. Type 90 The Type 90 mounts a 40-round launcher on a Tiema SC2030 6X6 truck. The truck also carries a reload pack of 40 additional rockets; the launcher to be reloaded within 3 minutes. Type 90A The Type 90A is an upgrade of the Type 90. The 40-round launcher is mounted on a Tienna XC2200 6×6

Type 81 (rocket launcher)

truck, has improved fire control, and a battery may be remotely controlled by a command vehicle. It is manufactured by Norinco. Type 90B The Type 90B is an upgrade of the Type 90A. The 40-round launchers are mounted on a Beifang Benchi 2629 6×6 trucks. The system adds WZ551 reconnaissance vehicles, and the command vehicle has improved command and fire control systems. PR50 SPMRL Latest version of the series, with fire power increased by 25% to 50 round from the original 40 rounds. Incorporate features of WS SPMRL series so that the operating cost and overall life cycle cost for

Type 81 (rocket launcher)

both. Also incorporated is a feature originated in Type 90B, which is the adoption of rockets of different ranges, so PR50 has a wide range of 20 km to 40 km. The Chinese name for PR50 SPMRL is Sha Chen Bao (沙尘暴), meaning Sandstorm, and the system made its public debut in 2006 at the 6th China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition. SR-4 Development of the Type 81, featuring 40 tubes arranged into two pods. The range is 50 km. SR-5 SR-5 MRL is a self-propelled MLS which first made its public debut in 2012 Eurosatory, similar to the HIMARS.

Type 81 (rocket launcher)

SR-5 is a fully computerized and digitized system with modular design concept to enable both the 122 mm rocket series and 220 mm rocket series to be adopted on a single chassis, using the same fire control and support systems, hence greatly reduces the operational cost. The SR-5 has been exported to Algeria, Bahrain and Venezuela. SR-7 The SR-7 is a scaled-down variant, with either one pod of twenty 122 mm rockets or six 220 mm rockets. The maximum range is 50 km for the 122 mm rocket and 70 km for the 220 mm rocket. Operators People's Liberation Army

Type 81 (rocket launcher)

The Test Case is a 2017 Hindi web series, directed by Vinay Waikul and Nagesh Kukunoor and produced by Endemol Shine India for the ALTBalaji app. It stars Nimrat Kaur, Akshay Oberoi, Atul Kulkarni, Rahul Dev and Anup Soni in lead roles along with Juhi Chawla in a guest appearance. The web series is about the main character training to be the first woman test case in a combat role, within the Indian Army. Plot Protagonist Captain Shikha Sharma (Nimrat Kaur) is the only woman in a group of Indian Army officers training to join the Special forces. She is

The Test Case (web series)

also the first woman to be undertaking the course making her a "test case" for inducting women into combat oriented roles in the Indian army. The storyline revolves around her journey of overcoming challenges at home to biases by her colleagues despite being an intelligent and a highly motivated individual. Shikha initially faces physical challenges when completing a demanding obstacle course. But she perseveres and overcomes them with grit. This results in making both friends and enemies among her colleagues. She manages to not only remain in the course but also moves up to the top-half of the team's leaderboard.

The Test Case (web series)

During the final phase of training, which is in the form of a simulated sortie into harsh enemy territory spanning multiple days, Shikha is placed in command of one of the two competing squads in an effort to test her leadership skills. The exercise ends in disaster with the squad losing contact with the course instructors for a prolonged period of time. The squad eventually makes it back with Shikha and Captain Bilal (Akshay Oberoi) suffering severe injuries and unconscious. A medical examination reveals that Shikha's injuries were not as a result of combat injuries. But a follow-up interrogation by

The Test Case (web series)

the lead course instructor Naib Subedar Kirpal Bhatti (Rahul Dev) and the course commanding officer Colonel Ajinkya Sathe (Atul Kulkarni) has Shikha and the members of her squad insisting that nothing untoward happened and the injuries were as a result of an accident. In the meanwhile, an anonymous letter is sent to the Army command alleging that Shikha was sexually assaulted during the exercise. Lieutenant Colonel Imtiaz Hussain (Anup Soni), a poker aficionado, is dispatched to investigate quickly and quietly. Using a series of unconventional tactics Major Hussain ultimately manages to piece together the sequence of events and identify the

The Test Case (web series)

culprit. But Shikha refuses to press charges saying she wants to solve this problem without anyone else helping her. She explains to Hussain that she wants to set a clear example that women are not only just capable of joining combat units but also equally capable of defending themselves without help. She ultimately manages to get Captain Manit Varma (Suhail Nayyar) to confess while covertly recording his confession; And also manages to defeat him in one on one close quarter combat. He is ultimately arrested and led away by the Army police. The story ends on a happy note with

The Test Case (web series)

Shikha graduating top of the training course. Cast Nimrat Kaur as Captain Shikha Sharma Juhi Chawla as Shraddha Pandit (cameo) - Minister of Defense Akshay Oberoi as Captain Bilal Siddiqui Manit Joura as Captain Avinash Walia Atul Kulkarni as Colonel Ajinkya Sathe Rahul Dev as Naib Subedar Kirpal Bhatti Anup Soni as Lt. Col Imtiaz Hussain Bhuvan Arora as Captain Rohan Rathore Arshia Verma as Captain Rohan Rathore’s Daughter Sumit Suri as Captain Ranjit Surjewal Bijou Thaangjam as Tej Bahadhur Thapa Saurabh Goyal as Captain Vishnu Soren Tarun Gahlot as Captain 'Tank' Chauhan Samir Kochhar as Shivalik Ahuja Suhail Nayyar

The Test Case (web series)

as Captain Manit Verma Pawan Chopra as Devidyal (capt Shikha Sharma's father) Rituraj Singh as General Bedi Sonal Jha as Captain Shikha's Mother Shruthy Menon as RMO Capt. Aparna Rao Episodes Episode 1: The Beginning. Episode 2: The Outsider. Episode 3: The Player. Episode 4: Heart of Darkness - Part 1. Episode 5: Heart of Darkness - Part 2. Episode 6: Down but Not Out. Episode 7: Mind Games. Episode 8: Prisoners of Conscience. Episode 9: The Confession. Episode 10: Season Finale: What goes around... Comes around. Delay in episode availability The first episode of the series was made available

The Test Case (web series)

on the launch date over the ALT Balaji App. The future of the series appeared uncertain after successive episodes did not follow for a prolonged period. Reports of creative differences emerged between the director and the producer as a possible reason for the delay. Eventually it was announced that from the second episode onwards, Kukunoor had been replaced by Vinay Waikul as the director. Waikul had previously served as first assistant director for the super-hit Bollywood films like Dangal, 3 idiots, Bhaag Milkha Bhaag and Ghajini. This web series was Waikul's directorial debut. In December 2017, an announcement from the

The Test Case (web series)

The 12th Infantry Division (, 12-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army that existed in various formations from the early 19th century until the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution. The division was based in Lutsk in the years leading up to 1914. It fought in World War I and was demobilized in 1918. Organization The 12th Infantry Division was part of the 12th Army Corps. 1st Brigade (HQ Proskurov) 45th Azov Infantry Regiment 46th Dnieper Infantry Regiment 2nd Brigade (HQ Kamenets-Podolsk) 47th Ukrainian Infantry Regiment 48th Odessa Infantry Regiment 12th Artillery

12th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)

Emelia Jane Burns (born 18 February 1982, Brisbane) is an Australian actress, who has had roles in films and television series. Films Burns appeared in the 2007 action film The Condemned, written and directed by Scott Wiper, as Yasantwa, a convict on death row from Ghana, transported to a remote island to compete in an illegal human hunting television show. Burns also appeared in the 2011 horror movie Don't Be Afraid of the Dark. Television Burns is well known for her role as Diva, in two seasons of the children's television series The Elephant Princess. She has also appeared on

Emelia Burns

In the Java computer programming language, an annotation is a form of syntactic metadata that can be added to Java source code. Classes, methods, variables, parameters and Java packages may be annotated. Like Javadoc tags, Java annotations can be read from source files. Unlike Javadoc tags, Java annotations can also be embedded in and read from Java class files generated by the Java compiler. This allows annotations to be retained by the Java virtual machine at run-time and read via reflection. It is possible to create meta-annotations out of the existing ones in Java. History The Java platform has various

Java annotation

ad-hoc annotation mechanisms—for example, the transient modifier, or the @deprecated javadoc tag. The Java Specification Request JSR-175 introduced the general-purpose annotation (also known as metadata) facility to the Java Community Process in 2002; it gained approval in September 2004. Annotations became available in the language itself beginning with version 1.5 of the Java Development Kit (JDK). The apt tool provided a provisional interface for compile-time annotation processing in JDK version 1.5; JSR-269 formalized this, and it became integrated into the javac compiler in version 1.6. Built-in annotations Java defines a set of annotations that are built into the language. Of

Java annotation

the seven standard annotations, three are part of java.lang, and the remaining four are imported from java.lang.annotation. Annotations applied to Java code: @Override - Checks that the method is an override. Causes a compilation error if the method is not found in one of the parent classes or implemented interfaces. @Deprecated - Marks the method as obsolete. Causes a compile warning if the method is used. @SuppressWarnings - Instructs the compiler to suppress the compile time warnings specified in the annotation parameters. Annotations applied to other annotations (also known as "Meta Annotations"): @Retention - Specifies how the marked annotation is

Java annotation

stored, whether in code only, compiled into the class, or available at runtime through reflection. @Documented - Marks another annotation for inclusion in the documentation. @Target - Marks another annotation to restrict what kind of Java elements the annotation may be applied to. @Inherited - Marks another annotation to be inherited to subclasses of annotated class (by default annotations are not inherited to subclasses). Since Java 7, three additional annotations have been added to the language. @SafeVarargs - Suppress warnings for all callers of a method or constructor with a generics varargs parameter, since Java 7. @FunctionalInterface - Specifies that

Java annotation

the type declaration is intended to be a functional interface, since Java 8. @Repeatable - Specifies that the annotation can be applied more than once to the same declaration, since Java 8. Example Built-in annotations This example demonstrates the use of the @Override annotation. It instructs the compiler to check parent classes for matching methods. In this case, an error is generated because the gettype() method of class Cat doesn't in fact override getType() of class Animal like is desired. If the @Override annotation was absent, a new method of name gettype() would be created in class Cat. public class

Java annotation

Animal { public void speak() { } public String getType() { return "Generic animal"; } } public class Cat extends Animal { @Override public void speak() { // This is a good override. System.out.println("Meow."); } @Override public String gettype() { // Compile-time error due to typo: should be getType() not gettype(). return "Cat"; } } Custom annotations Annotation type declarations are similar to normal interface declarations. An at-sign (@) precedes the interface keyword. Each method declaration defines an element of the annotation type. Method declarations must not have any parameters or a throws clause. Return types are restricted to primitives,

Java annotation

String, Class, enums, annotations, and arrays of the preceding types. Methods can have default values. // @Twizzle is an annotation to method toggle(). @Twizzle public void toggle() { } // Declares the annotation Twizzle. public @interface Twizzle { } Annotations may include an optional list of key-value pairs: // Same as: @Edible(value = true) @Edible(true) Item item = new Carrot(); public @interface Edible { boolean value() default false; } @Author(first = "Oompah", last = "Loompah") Book book = new Book(); public @interface Author { String first(); String last(); } Annotations themselves may be annotated to indicate where and when they

Java annotation

can be used: @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) // Make this annotation accessible at runtime via reflection. @Target({ElementType.METHOD}) // This annotation can only be applied to class methods. public @interface Tweezable { } The compiler reserves a set of special annotations (including @Deprecated, @Override and @SuppressWarnings) for syntactic purposes. Annotations are often used by frameworks as a way of conveniently applying behaviours to user-defined classes and methods that must otherwise be declared in an external source (such as an XML configuration file) or programmatically (with API calls). The following, for example, is an annotated JPA data class: @Entity // Declares this an entity bean

Java annotation

@Table(name = "people") // Maps the bean to SQL table "people" public class Person implements Serializable { @Id // Map this to the primary key column. @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO) // Database will generate new primary keys, not us. private Integer id; @Column(length = 32) // Truncate column values to 32 characters. private String name; public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } } The annotations are not method calls and will not, by themselves, do anything.

Java annotation

Rather, the class object is passed to the JPA implementation at run-time, which then extracts the annotations to generate an object-relational mapping. A complete example is given below: package com.annotation; import java.lang.annotation.Documented; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Inherited; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Documented @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR,ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE, ElementType.PACKAGE,ElementType.FIELD,ElementType.LOCAL_VARIABLE}) @Inherited public @interface Unfinished { public enum Priority { LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH } String value(); String[] changedBy() default ""; String[] lastChangedBy() default ""; Priority priority() default Priority.MEDIUM; String createdBy() default "James Gosling"; String lastChanged() default "2011-07-08"; } package com.annotation; public @interface UnderConstruction { String owner() default "Patrick Naughton"; String value() default "Object is

Java annotation

Under Construction."; String createdBy() default "Mike Sheridan"; String lastChanged() default "2011-07-08"; } package com.validators; import javax.faces.application.FacesMessage; import javax.faces.component.UIComponent; import javax.faces.context.FacesContext; import javax.faces.validator.Validator; import javax.faces.validator.ValidatorException; import com.annotation.UnderConstruction; import com.annotation.Unfinished; import com.annotation.Unfinished.Priority; import com.util.Util; @UnderConstruction(owner="Jon Doe") public class DateValidator implements Validator { public void validate(FacesContext context, UIComponent component, Object value) throws ValidatorException { String date = (String) value; String errorLabel = "Please enter a valid date."; if (!component.getAttributes().isEmpty()) { errorLabel = (String) component.getAttributes().get("errordisplayval"); } if (!Util.validateAGivenDate(date)) { @Unfinished(changedBy = "Steve", value = "whether to add message to context or not, confirm", priority = Priority.HIGH ) FacesMessage message = new FacesMessage(); message.setSeverity(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_ERROR); message.setSummary(errorLabel);

Java annotation

message.setDetail(errorLabel); throw new ValidatorException(message); } } } Processing When Java source code is compiled, annotations can be processed by compiler plug-ins called annotation processors. Processors can produce informational messages or create additional Java source files or resources, which in turn may be compiled and processed. However, annotation processors cannot modify the annotated code itself. (Code modifications may be implemented using methods beyond the Java Language Specification.) The Java compiler conditionally stores annotation metadata in the class files, if the annotation has a RetentionPolicy of CLASS or RUNTIME. Later, the JVM or other programs can look for the metadata to determine

Java annotation

how to interact with the program elements or change their behavior. In addition to processing an annotation using an annotation processor, a Java programmer can write their own code that uses reflections to process the annotation. Java SE 5 supports a new interface that is defined in the java.lang.reflect package. This package contains the interface called AnnotatedElement that is implemented by the Java reflection classes including Class, Constructor, Field, Method, and Package. The implementations of this interface are used to represent an annotated element of the program currently running in the Java Virtual Machine. This interface allows annotations to be

Java annotation

read reflectively. The AnnotatedElement interface provides access to annotations having RUNTIME retention. This access is provided by the getAnnotation, getAnnotations, and isAnnotationPresent methods. Because annotation types are compiled and stored in byte code files just like classes, the annotations returned by these methods can be queried just like any regular Java object. A complete example of processing an annotation is provided below: import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; // This is the annotation to be processed // Default for Target is all Java Elements // Change retention policy to RUNTIME (default is CLASS) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface TypeHeader { // Default value specified

Java annotation

for developer attribute String developer() default "Unknown"; String lastModified(); String [] teamMembers(); int meaningOfLife(); } // This is the annotation being applied to a class @TypeHeader(developer = "Bob Bee", lastModified = "2013-02-12", teamMembers = { "Ann", "Dan", "Fran" }, meaningOfLife = 42) public class SetCustomAnnotation { // Class contents go here } // This is the example code that processes the annotation import java.lang.annotation.Annotation; import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement; public class UseCustomAnnotation { public static void main(String [] args) { Class<SetCustomAnnotation> classObject = SetCustomAnnotation.class; readAnnotation(classObject); } static void readAnnotation(AnnotatedElement element) { try { System.out.println("Annotation element values: \n"); if (element.isAnnotationPresent(TypeHeader.class)) { // getAnnotation returns

Java annotation

Annotation type Annotation singleAnnotation = element.getAnnotation(TypeHeader.class); TypeHeader header = (TypeHeader) singleAnnotation; System.out.println("Developer: " + header.developer()); System.out.println("Last Modified: " + header.lastModified()); // teamMembers returned as String [] System.out.print("Team members: "); for (String member : header.teamMembers()) System.out.print(member + ", "); System.out.print("\n"); System.out.println("Meaning of Life: "+ header.meaningOfLife()); } } catch (Exception exception) { exception.printStackTrace(); } } } Usage in the wild Researchers have studied the usage of Java annotations over 1,094 notable open-source Java projects hosted on GitHub. They found that annotations are actively maintained, with many annotations being added, but also changed or removed because of bugs in the annotation type or

Java annotation

values. Overall, this study finds that there exists a small but significant relationship between annotation usage and code error-proneness: Java code with annotations tends to be less error-prone. See also JSR 250: Common Annotations for the Java Platform CLI Attributes Java programming Java virtual machine Model-driven architecture Python decorators, inspired by Java annotations, which have a similar syntax. References External links Introduction to Java 6 Annotations at Sun Developer Network Site An Introduction to Java Annotations by M. M. Islam Chisty Introduction to Java 5.0 Annotations by Joy Christy Of Java Annotations by John Hunt Custom Annotations in Java Java

Java annotation

Sleepwalking is the fifth studio album by Gerry Rafferty, released in 1982. It is the follow-up to the 1980 album Snakes and Ladders. It would be Rafferty's last album for Liberty/United Artists, and his last for six years. Sleepwalking was co-produced by Rafferty and Christopher Neil who went on to become the producer for Mike + The Mechanics. Unlike the previous Rafferty albums such as City to City and Night Owl there is considerable use of synthesisers and drum programming, some of the latter done by Christopher Neil, along with contributions from British session musicians including Hugh Burns, Mo Foster,

Sleepwalking (Gerry Rafferty album)

Liam Genockey, Kenny Craddock, Maurice Pert and Mel Collins. Some tracks also feature members of Dire Straits, keyboardist Alan Clark and drummer Pick Withers; the following year, Rafferty would provide vocals for Dire Straits leader Mark Knopfler's soundtrack to the film Local Hero. The album was reissued as a 2-CD set with Snakes and Ladders by EMI in August 2012. The track "The Right Moment" from this album was later recorded by Olivia Newton-John in 1985 for her Soul Kiss album. Track listing All tracks written and arranged by Gerry Rafferty "Standing at the Gates" – 6:51 "Good Intentions" –

Sleepwalking (Gerry Rafferty album)

4:15 "A Change of Heart" – 4:10 "On the Way" – 4:24 "Sleepwalking" – 3:51 "Cat and Mouse" – 5:03 "The Right Moment" – 3:24 "As Wise as a Serpent" – 5:15 Personnel Gerry Rafferty – vocals, acoustic guitar, keyboards, backing vocals Liam Genockey, Pick Withers – drums Hugh Burns – electric guitar Alan Clark – piano, synthesizer, Hammond organ Christopher Neil – synthesiser, programming, backing vocals Kenny Craddock – piano, keyboards, Hammond organ, synthesizer, banjo Ian Lynn – synthesizer, sequencer Mel Collins – saxophone Frank Ricotti, Morris Pert – percussion Mo Foster – bass guitar Technical Nick Ryan –

Sleepwalking (Gerry Rafferty album)

The Girl Guides Association of Zimbabwe (GGAZ) is the national Guiding organisation of Zimbabwe. It serves 15,267 members (as of 2003). Founded in 1912, the girls-only organisation became a full member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts as the Girl Guides Association of Rhodesia in 1969. The Wayfarers, a sort of Guiding for native African girls began in 1926 after a visit to the colony by Olave Baden-Powell. In 1935 there were some 600 Wayfarers and 300 Sunbeams, the African equivalent of Brownies in Guiding. In 1940, the two movements started to merge; this process was

Girl Guides Association of Zimbabwe

completed in 1950. The name of the association changed in 1981 from the Girl Guides Association of Rhodesia to the Girl Guides Association of Zimbabwe. Programme The programme of the Girl Guides Association of Zimbabwe caters for girls from 5 to 21 years of age. Sunbeams - ages 5 to 7 Brownies - ages 7 to 10 Guides - ages 10 to 16 Rangers - ages 14 to 21 There is also a group of Young Leaders (Flame Rangers) of young women who are not affiliated to any Unit or help in leadership from 17 to 30 years of Age

Girl Guides Association of Zimbabwe

Sir Florizel Augustus Glasspole, ON, GCMG, GCVO (25 September 1909 – 25 November 2000), was the third and longest-serving Governor-General of Jamaica, in office from 1973 to 1991. Early life Between 1937 and 1955, Glasspole was general secretary of the Jamaica United Clerks' Association, of the Water Commission Manual Workers' Union, of the Municipal and Parochial General Workers' Union and of the National Workers' Union. He was president of the Jamaica Printers' and Allied Workers' Union, the Machado Employees' Union, and the General Hospital and Allied Workers' Union. Politics Glasspole was an early member of the People's National Party, he

Florizel Glasspole

was elected to the House of Representatives in the first universal suffrage elections, in 1944, from the constituency of East Kingston and Port Royal, and held the seat through every election until his retirement in 1973. From 1955 to 1962, and again from 1972 to 1973, he served as minister of education under Norman Manley before independence, and under Michael Manley in 1972. Governor-General Glasspole was elevated to the office of Governor General in 1973. He held that office until 1991, when he was replaced by Sir Howard Cooke. Glasspole died in Kingston on November 25, 2000, aged 91. Awards

Florizel Glasspole

and decorations Commander of the Order of Distinction (1970) Commander of the Order of the Nation (1973) Order of Andres Bello (Venezuela) Order of the Liberator (Venezuela) Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1981) Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (1983) References Category:1909 births Category:2000 deaths Category:People from Kingston, Jamaica Category:Governors-General of Jamaica Category:Recipients of the Order of the Nation Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Category:Knights of the Order of St John Category:Recipients of the Order of

Florizel Glasspole

Hrishant Goswami (born 1985) is an Indian model known for his participation in reality television show, Bigg Boss 4. In addition to advertising campaigns, Goswami is winner of the 2004 Gladrags Manhunt Contest. Early life Hailing from Jammu and Kashmir, Goswami studied in the United States and Nigeria. Bigg Boss 4 Goswami stayed in the Bigg Boss house for eight weeks before eviction. On the show, he remained one of the talked about contestants, because of his alleged affair with fellow contestant, Veena Malik. References External links Category:1985 births Category:Indian male models Category:Living people Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir Category:Bigg

Hrishant Goswami

María de las Mercedes de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y Orléans, Countess of Barcelona (Spanish: Doña María de las Mercedes Cristina Genara Isabel Luisa Carolina Victoria y Todos los Santos de Borbón y Orléans (; 23 December 1910 – 2 January 2000) was the mother of Juan Carlos I, King of Spain from 1975 to 2014, and grandmother of the reigning Spanish King, Felipe VI. Biography María was born in Madrid, daughter of Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Infante of Spain, a grandson of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, and his second wife, Princess Louise of Orléans, daughter of Prince

Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Philippe, Count of Paris, a pretender to the French throne. She was granted, at birth, the rank and precedence of an infanta of Spain, although not the actual use of the title, her own being Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Her family moved to Seville, when her father was made Captain General of that province. When the Second Spanish Republic forced them into exile, they lived in Cannes and later in Paris, where she studied art at the Louvre. On 14 January 1935, she attended the wedding, in Rome, of Infanta Beatriz of Spain, daughter of King Alfonso XIII. There she

Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

met the brother of the bride, her second cousin and future husband, the Infante Juan, fourth son and designated heir of Alfonso XIII. They married in Rome on 12 October 1935. When her husband took up Count of Barcelona as a title of pretence on 8 March 1941, María became the Countess of Barcelona. They had four children. Issue Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz (30 July 1936 – 8 January 2020), who married Luis Gomez-Acebo y de Estrada, Viscount de la Torre, on 6 May 1967, and had five children Juan Carlos I of Spain (born 5 January 1938), who

Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

married Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark on 14 May 1962, and had three children Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria (born 6 March 1939), who married Don Carlos Zurita y Delgado on 12 October 1972, and had two children Infante Alfonso of Spain (3 October 1941 – 29 March 1956) They lived in Cannes and Rome, and, with the outbreak of World War II, they moved to Lausanne to live with Queen Victoria Eugenie, the mother of Infante Juan. Afterwards, they resided at Estoril, on the Portuguese Riviera. In 1953, the Countess represented the Spanish Royal Family at the coronation

Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1976, one year after the monarchy was restored in Spain in the person of her son, Juan Carlos, they returned to Spain. She mediated between her son and her husband, estranged since Juan Carlos had been designated heir by Franco. In 1977, Juan renounced his rights in favour of their son, who officially allowed him to retain the title of Count of Barcelona. She broke her hip in 1982 and the left femur in 1985, which forced her to use a wheelchair for the rest of her life. She became a widow in 1993. She

Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

was a fervid fan of bull fighting and of the Andalusian culture. In 1995, her granddaughter Infanta Elena married in Seville in part because the Countess' love for the city. She was the 1,171st Dame of the Royal Order of Queen Maria Luisa on 4 March 1929. She died of a heart attack in the Royal Residence of La Mareta, in Lanzarote, where the royal family had gathered to celebrate the New Year. She was buried with the honors of a queen at the Royal Crypt of the monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, near Madrid. Ancestry Titles, styles,

Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

honours and arms Titles and styles Her Royal Highness Princess María de las Mercedes of the Two-Sicilies (23 October 1910 – 11 October 1935) Her Royal Highness Infanta María de las Mercedes of Spain (12 October 1935 – 7 March 1941) Her Royal Highness The Countess of Barcelona (8 March 1941 – 30 March 1993) Her Royal Highness The Dowager Countess of Barcelona (1 April 1993 – 2 January 2000) Honours National Honours : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III : 9th Titular Grand Mistress and 1,171st Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa

Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

: Dame of the Decoration of the Royal Cavalry Armory of Seville : Dame of the Decoration of the Royal Cavalry Armory of Granada : Dame of the Decoration of the Royal Cavalry Armory of Valencia : Dame of the Decoration of the Royal Cavalry Armory of Zaragoza Foreign honours Calabrian House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies: Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Two-Sicilian Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George Greek Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia : Bailiff Dame Grand Cross of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta : Recipient of the

Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Para Draine (born December 28, 1972) is an American female boxer who has been a world champion two times. She is a former 112 pounds and current 115 pound champion. Draine stands 5 feet eight inches (68 inches) tall, making her relatively tall for a boxer of her weight. Draine's nicknames are "Hurricane" and "The Spokane Spike". The latter nickname reflects the city she currently resides at. Draine has fought a large part of her fights in the American Northwest, specially in Worley, Idaho, but, because of her achievements, she has become well known in the world of boxing. Her

Para Draine

first professional fight came on May 14, 1997, when she defeated Dolores Lira by a four round decision, at Worley. Her first knockout win was on June 25 of that same year, when she beat Trena Drotar in the fourth round. Draine won her first five fights. After she beat the experienced Sue Chase in her fifth fight, she and her management team thought she was ready for a world title try, so, on November 12, she challenged Theresa Arnold for the IBA's women's version of the world Bantamweight title. She lost that fight by a ten round split decision.

Para Draine

Draine then decided to go down in weight and try to become a world Flyweight champion. After two wins, including one over the famed British boxer Michelle Sutcliffe, she challenged the WIBF world Flyweight champion, Yvonne Trevino. On August 8, 1998 at Spirit Lake, North Dakota, Draine became a world champion by beating Trevino by a ten round split decision. She is a boxer who often jumps from one division to another, so she returned to the Bantamweight division. Despite losing her next fight, she got a world title try in her first fight at as a Super Bantamweight: On

Para Draine

April 18, 1999, she and Silke Weikenmeyer fought for the vacant WIBF Super Bantamweight title. In what was Draine's first overseas fight, she lost a ten round decision in Germany. Next, she beat two well known opponents, Jo Wyman and Brenda Burnside, before once again returning to the Flyweight division, to make her first title defense: on April 6, 2000, she lost her title to the then 8-0 Margaret Sidoriff, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Draine kept fighting well known female boxers after losing that fight: she beat Robin Pinto, lost to Yvonne Caples, drew (tied) with Marylin Salcedo, and beat

Para Draine

Olgivanna Lloyd Wright (December 27, 1898 – March 1, 1985) was the third and final wife of Frank Lloyd Wright and had significant influence in his life and work, due in part to her extensive Theosophical associations. She was a serbian dancer. While her "language, cultural background and upbringing were almost exotically alien to his own," she was critical in introducing Wright to Greek-Armenian mystic George Gurdjieff, a man whom he alternately despised and admired. She is a principal character in T. C. Boyle's 2009 novel The Women. Biography She was born as Olga Ivanovna (Olgivanna) Lazović in Montenegro on

Olgivanna Lloyd Wright

December 27, 1898, to Ivan Lazović and Milica Miljanov, daughter of the famous Montenegrin writer, duke and leader of the Kuči tribe Marko Miljanov. A long-time pupil and devotee of G. I. Gurdjieff (even after her involvement with Wright), she was also a nurse to Katherine Mansfield on her deathbed at Gurdjieff's Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man at the Prieuré des Basses Loges on January 9, 1923. She had begun her career with Gurdjieff as a student of sacred dance, which she later mastered, and taught to students of her own including Diana Huebert. She was married first

Olgivanna Lloyd Wright

to Vlademar Hinzenberg, a Russian architect. Wright and Olgivanna married August 1928 in Rancho Santa Fe, California, and honeymooned in Phoenix, Arizona. According to architectural writer Walt Lockley, "The Foundation and the Fellowship would not exist in any form if Wright had not gone to the opera with a friend one Sunday afternoon in 1924 Chicago and sat near to the dark-haired Montenegrin dancer." Olgivanna continued to run Wright's Taliesin Fellowship long after his death, from April 9, 1959, until her own death in Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1985. The last quarter-century of Wright's life—his Arizona years with Olgivanna, from 1932

Olgivanna Lloyd Wright

to 1959—were arguably his most productive, representing "more than half of [Wright's] building" and including the authorship of his autobiography. Embroiled in scandal and controversy from the beginning of their relationship (since both were married at its start), Olgivanna's legacy extended past her natural life. She had planned the removal of Wright's body from its Wisconsin grave, which was then "cremated, mixed with her ashes and used in the walls of a memorial garden to be built on the grounds of their home at Taliesin West." The Wisconsin legislature prohibited this move, but nonetheless her plan was carried out successfully:

Olgivanna Lloyd Wright

When Robert Llewellyn Wright—the son who 26 years earlier had driven through the night to return Frank Lloyd Wright's body to Wisconsin after Wright died at St. Joseph's Hospital in Phoenix—objected to the "desecration," Iovanna sent him a terse telegram: "The heritage of Taliesin is not for the likes of you." Iovanna Lloyd Wright (1925–2015) was Olgivanna's only child with Wright. Olgivanna's only other daughter, Svetlana Hinzenberg, adopted the surname Wright. She married one of Wright's apprentices, Fellowship member William Wesley "Wes" Peters, when she turned 18 in 1935. Wes helped Wright ward off creditors and bankruptcy. Svetlana Peters died

Olgivanna Lloyd Wright

in a car crash in 1946 with her and Wes Peters' youngest son, Daniel, leaving Wes Peters widowed to raise their remaining child, Brandoch (b. 1941). In 1970, Olgivanna invited Svetlana Alliluyeva (the youngest child and only daughter of Joseph Stalin) to Taliesin West, the winter compound of the Taliesin Fellowship. Alliluyeva and Wes Peters married three weeks after they met. After producing with Wes Peters a daughter, Olga, in a marriage that lasted 20 months, Alliluyeva came away with a less than glowing impression of the matriarch and her management of Taliesin: This hierarchical system was appalling: the widow

Olgivanna Lloyd Wright

at the top, then the board of directors (a formality); then her own close inner circle, making all the real decisions; then working architects—the real working horses; at the bottom, students who paid high sums to be admitted, only to be sent the next day to work in the kitchen to peel potatoes ... Mrs. Wright's word was law. She had to be adored and worshipped and flattered as often as possible; flowers sent by mail and presented by hand she enjoyed and encouraged. She gave advice to the architects, guided a drama circle, a dance group and a choir,

Olgivanna Lloyd Wright

counselling on private lives and relationships, expecting everyone to make personal confessions to her. She was a "spiritual leader" and self-appointed minister, preaching on Sunday mornings on matters of God and man, when everyone was supposed to be in her large living room. Bibliography The Faraway Music by Svetlana Allilueva (also known as Distant Music.) Edition: 1st. New Delhi: Lancer International, 1984. The Fellowship: The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Taliesin Fellowship by Roger Friedland and Harold Zellman, 2006, includes especially extensive and strong documentation on Olgivanna, her relationship with Wright, including "the strong influence the occultist

Olgivanna Lloyd Wright