Fun With Next.js 13 Server Components
Tags: nextjs, react, fullstack, webdev
Published: 2022-11-25 00:31:42

Next.js 13 has landed in a somewhat confusing way. Many remarkable things have been added; however, a good part is still Beta. Nevertheless, the Beta features give us important signals on how the future of Next.js will be shaped, so there are good reasons to keep a close eye on them, even if you're going to wait to adopt them.

This article is part of a series of experiences about the Beta features. Let's play with **Server Components** today.

---

Making server components the default option is arguably the boldest change made in Next.js 13. The goal of server component is to reduce the size of JS shipped to the client by keeping component code only on the server side. I.e., the rendering happens and only happens on the server side, even if the loading of the component is triggered on the client side (via client-side routing). It's quite a big paradigm shift.

I first got to know React Server Components over a year ago from this video (watch later, it's pretty long 😄):
{% embed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQQPAU21ZUw&t=1947s %}

It feels quite "reasearch-y" by then, so I was shocked when seeing that Next.js is already betting its future on it now. Time flies and the fantastic engineers from React must have done some really great work, so I created a shiny new Next.js 13 project to play with it.

```bash
npx create-next-app@latest --experimental-app --ts --eslint next13-server-components
```

Let's have some fun playing with the project. You can find the full project code [here](https://stackblitz.com/edit/nextjs-8mmekk).

## Server Component

The first difference noticed is that a new `app` folder now sits along with our old friend `pages`. I'll save the routing changes to another article, but what's worth mentioning for now is that every component under the `app` folder is, by default, a server component, meaning that it's rendered on the server side, and its code stays on the server side.

Let's create our very first server component now:
```tsx
// app/server/page.tsx

export default function Server() {
    console.log('Server page rendering: this should only be printed on the server');
    return (
        <div>
            <h1>Server Page</h1>
            <p>My secret key: {process.env.MY_SECRET_ENV}</p>
        </div>
    );
}

```

If you access the `/server` route, whether by a fresh browser load or client-side routing, you'll only see the line of log printed in your server console but never in the browser console. The environment variable value is fetched from the server side as well.

Looking at network traffic in the browser, you'll see the content of the Server component is loaded via a remote call which returns an octet stream of JSON data of the render result:

![Image network traffic](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/x51jxqlw9uosrk33fhme.png)

```json
{
    ...
    "childProp": {
        "current": [
            [
                "$",
                "div",
                null,
                {
                    "children": [
                        ["$", "h1", null, { "children": "Server Page" }],
                        [
                            "$",
                            "p",
                            null,
                            {
                                "children": ["My secret key: ", "abc123"]
                            }
                        ]
                    ]
                }
            ]
        ]
    }
}
```

Rendering a server component is literally an API call to get serialized virtual DOM and then materialize it in the browser.

The most important thing to remember is that server components are for rendering non-interactive content, so there are no event handlers, no React hooks, and no browser-only APIs.

The most significant benefit is you can freely access any backend resource and secrets in server components. It's safer (data don't leak) and faster (code doesn't leak).

## Client Component

To make a client component, you'll need to mark it so explicitly with `use client`:
```tsx
// app/client/page.tsx

'use client';

import { useEffect } from 'react';

export default function Client() {
    console.log(
        'Client page rendering: this should only be printed on the server during ssr, and client when routing'
    );

    useEffect(() => {
        console.log('Client component rendered');
    });

    return (
        <div>
            <h1>Client Page</h1>
            {/* Uncommenting this will result in an error complaining about inconsistent
            rendering between client and server, which is very true */}
            {/* <p>My secret env: {process.env.MY_SECRET_ENV}</p> */}
        </div>
    );
}
```

As you may already anticipate, this gives you a similar behavior to the previous Next.js versions. When the page is first loaded, it's rendered by SSR, so you should see the first log in the server console; during client-side routing, both log messages will appear in the browser console.

## Mix and Match
One of the biggest differences between server component and SSR is that SSR is at page level, while Server Component, as its name says, is at component level. This means you can mix and match server and client components in a render tree as you wish.

```tsx
// A server page containing client component and nested server component

// app/mixmatch/page.tsx
import Client from './client';
import NestedServer from './nested-server';

export default function MixMatchPage() {
    console.log('MixMatchPage rendering');
    return (
        <div>
            <h1>Server Page</h1>
            <div className="box">
                <Client message="A message from server">
                    <NestedServer />
                </Client>
            </div>
        </div>
    );
}
```

```tsx
// app/mixmatch/client.tsx
'use client';

import { useEffect } from 'react';

export default function Client({
    message,
    children,
}: {
    message: string;
    children: React.ReactNode;
}) {
    console.log('Client component rendering');

    return (
        <div>
            <h2>Client Child</h2>
            <p>Message from parent: {message}</p>
            <div className="box-red">{children}</div>
        </div>
    );
}
```

```tsx
// app/mixmatch/nested-server.tsx

export default function NestedServer() {
    console.log('Nested server component rendering');
    return (
        <div>
            <h3>Nested Server</h3>
            <p>Nested server content</p>
        </div>
    );
}
```

![Image mixing client and server components](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/4pre0a3lxhv32a8veg7l.png)

In a mixed scenario like this, server and client components get rendered independently, and the results are assembled by React runtime. Props passed from server components to client ones are serialized across the network (and need to be serializable).

## Server Components Can Degenerate

One caution you need to take is that if a server component is directly imported into a client one, it silently degenerates into a client component.

Let's revise the previous example slightly to observe it:

```tsx
// app/degenerate/page.tsx

import Client from './client';

export default function DegeneratePage() {
    console.log('Degenerated page rendering');
    return (
        <div>
            <h1>Degenerated Page</h1>
            <div className="box-blue">
                <Client message="A message from server" />
            </div>
        </div>
    );
}
```

```tsx
// app/degenerate/client.tsx

'use client';

import NestedServer from './nested-server';

export default function Client({ message }: { message: string }) {
    console.log('Client component rendering');

    return (
        <div>
            <h2>Client Child</h2>
            <p>Message from parent: {message}</p>
            <div className="box-blue">
                <NestedServer />
            </div>
        </div>
    );
}
```

```tsx
// app/degenerated/nested-server.tsx

export default function NestedServer() {
    console.log('Nested server component rendering');
    return (
        <div>
            <h3>Degenerated Server</h3>
            <p>Degenerated server content</p>
        </div>
    );
}
```

If you check out the log, you'll see `NestedServer` has "degenerated" and is now rendered by the browser.

## Is It a Better Future?

Next.js is trying everything it can to move things to the server side, exactly how people did web development two decades ago 😄. So now we're completing a full circle, but with greatly improved development experiences and end-user experiences.

For the end users, it's a clear win since computing on the server side is faster and more reliable. The result will be a much more rapid first content paint.

For developers, the paradigm shift will be mentally challenging, mixed with confusion, bugs, and anti-patterns. It will be a hell of a journey.

## In the End

Thank you for your time reading to the end :heart:.

This is the first article of a series about the Beta features of Next.js 13. You can find the entire series [here](https://dev.to/ymc9/series/20755). If you like our posts, remember to follow us for updates at the first opportunity. 

---

P.S. We're building [ZenStack](https://zenstack.dev?utm_campaign=devto&utm_medium=organic&utm_content=nextjs_server_components) — a toolkit for building secure CRUD apps with Next.js + Typescript. Our goal is to let you save time writing boilerplate code and focus on building what matters — the user experience.