Go Course: Advanced Concurrency Patterns
Tags: go, tutorial, beginners
Published: 2022-08-01 05:19:54


In this tutorial, we will discuss some advanced concurrency patterns in Go. Often times these patterns are used in combination in the real world.

## Generator

![generator](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karanpratapsingh/portfolio/master/public/static/courses/go/chapter-IV/advanced-concurrency-patterns/generator.png)

Then generator Pattern is used to generate a sequence of values which is used to produce some output.

In our example, we have a `generator` function that simply returns a channel from which we can read the values.

This works on the fact that _sends_ and _receives_ block until both the sender and receiver are ready. This property allowed us to wait until the next value is requested.

```go
package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	ch := generator()

	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
		value := <-ch
		fmt.Println("Value:", value)
	}
}

func generator() <-chan int {
	ch := make(chan int)

	go func() {
		for i := 0; ; i++ {
			ch <- i
		}
	}()

	return ch
}
```

If we run this, we'll notice that we can consume values that were produced on demand.

```bash
$ go run main.go
Value: 0
Value: 1
Value: 2
Value: 3
Value: 4
```

_This is a similar behavior as `yield` in JavaScript and Python._

## Fan-in

![fan-in](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karanpratapsingh/portfolio/master/public/static/courses/go/chapter-IV/advanced-concurrency-patterns/fan-in.png)

The fan-in pattern combines multiple inputs into one single output channel. Basically, we multiplex our inputs.

In our example, we create the inputs `i1` and `i2` using the `generateWork` function. Then we use our [variadic function](/courses/go/functions#variadic-functions) `fanIn` to combine values from these inputs to a single output channel from which we can consume values.

_Note: order of input will not be guaranteed._

```go
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"sync"
)

func main() {
	i1 := generateWork([]int{0, 2, 6, 8})
	i2 := generateWork([]int{1, 3, 5, 7})

	out := fanIn(i1, i2)

	for value := range out {
		fmt.Println("Value:", value)
	}
}

func fanIn(inputs ...<-chan int) <-chan int {
	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	out := make(chan int)

	wg.Add(len(inputs))

	for _, in := range inputs {
		go func(ch <-chan int) {
			for {
				value, ok := <-ch

				if !ok {
					wg.Done()
					break
				}

				out <- value
			}
		}(in)
	}

	go func() {
		wg.Wait()
		close(out)
	}()

	return out
}

func generateWork(work []int) <-chan int {
	ch := make(chan int)

	go func() {
		defer close(ch)

		for _, w := range work {
			ch <- w
		}
	}()

	return ch
}
```

```bash
$ go run main.go
Value: 0
Value: 1
Value: 2
Value: 6
Value: 8
Value: 3
Value: 5
Value: 7
```

## Fan-out

![fan-out](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karanpratapsingh/portfolio/master/public/static/courses/go/chapter-IV/advanced-concurrency-patterns/fan-out.png)

Fan-out patterns allow us to essentially split our single input channel into multiple output channels. This is a useful pattern to distribute work items into multiple uniform actors.

In our example, we break the input channel into 4 different output channels. For a dynamic number of outputs, we can merge outputs into a shared _"aggregate"_ channel and use `select`.

_Note: fan-out pattern is different from pub/sub._

```go
package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	work := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
	in := generateWork(work)

	out1 := fanOut(in)
	out2 := fanOut(in)
	out3 := fanOut(in)
	out4 := fanOut(in)

	for range work {
		select {
		case value := <-out1:
			fmt.Println("Output 1 got:", value)
		case value := <-out2:
			fmt.Println("Output 2 got:", value)
		case value := <-out3:
			fmt.Println("Output 3 got:", value)
		case value := <-out4:
			fmt.Println("Output 4 got:", value)
		}
	}
}

func fanOut(in <-chan int) <-chan int {
	out := make(chan int)

	go func() {
		defer close(out)

		for data := range in {
			out <- data
		}
	}()

	return out
}

func generateWork(work []int) <-chan int {
	ch := make(chan int)

	go func() {
		defer close(ch)

		for _, w := range work {
			ch <- w
		}
	}()

	return ch
}
```

As we can see, our work has been split between multiple goroutines.

```bash
$ go run main.go
Output 1 got: 1
Output 2 got: 3
Output 4 got: 4
Output 1 got: 5
Output 3 got: 2
Output 3 got: 6
Output 3 got: 7
Output 1 got: 8
```

## Pipeline

![pipeline](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karanpratapsingh/portfolio/master/public/static/courses/go/chapter-IV/advanced-concurrency-patterns/pipeline.png)

The pipeline pattern is a series of _stages_ connected by channels, where each stage is a group of goroutines running the same function.

In each stage, the goroutines:

- Receive values from _upstream_ via _inbound_ channels.
- Perform some function on that data, usually producing new values.
- Send values _downstream_ via _outbound_ channels.

Each stage has any number of inbound and outbound channels, except the first and last stages, which have only outbound or inbound channels, respectively. The first stage is sometimes called the _source_ or _producer_; the last stage is the _sink_ or _consumer_.

By using a pipeline, we separate the concerns of each stage, which provides numerous benefits such as:

- Modify stages independent of one another.
- Mix and match how stages are combined independently of modifying the stage.

In our example, we have defined three stages, `filter`, `square`, and `half`.

```go
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

func main() {
	in := generateWork([]int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8})

	out := filter(in) // Filter odd numbers
	out = square(out) // Square the input
	out = half(out)   // Half the input

	for value := range out {
		fmt.Println(value)
	}
}

func filter(in <-chan int) <-chan int {
	out := make(chan int)

	go func() {
		defer close(out)

		for i := range in {
			if i%2 == 0 {
				out <- i
			}
		}
	}()

	return out
}

func square(in <-chan int) <-chan int {
	out := make(chan int)

	go func() {
		defer close(out)

		for i := range in {
			value := math.Pow(float64(i), 2)
			out <- int(value)
		}
	}()

	return out
}

func half(in <-chan int) <-chan int {
	out := make(chan int)

	go func() {
		defer close(out)

		for i := range in {
			value := i / 2
			out <- value
		}
	}()

	return out
}

func generateWork(work []int) <-chan int {
	ch := make(chan int)

	go func() {
		defer close(ch)

		for _, w := range work {
			ch <- w
		}
	}()

	return ch
}
```

Seem like our input was processed correctly by the pipeline in a concurrent manner.

```bash
$ go run main.go
0
2
8
18
32
```

## Worker Pool

![worker-pool](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karanpratapsingh/portfolio/master/public/static/courses/go/chapter-IV/advanced-concurrency-patterns/worker-pool.png)

The worker pool is a really powerful pattern that lets us distributes the work across multiple workers (goroutines) concurrently.

In our example, we have a `jobs` channel to which we will send our jobs and a `results` channel where our workers will send the results once they've finished doing the work.

After that, we can launch our workers concurrently and simply receive the results from the `results` channel.

_Ideally, `totalWorkers` should be set to `runtime.NumCPU()` which gives us the number of logical CPUs usable by the current process._

```go
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"sync"
)

const totalJobs = 4
const totalWorkers = 2

func main() {
	jobs := make(chan int, totalJobs)
	results := make(chan int, totalJobs)

	for w := 1; w <= totalWorkers; w++ {
		go worker(w, jobs, results)
	}

	// Send jobs
	for j := 1; j <= totalJobs; j++ {
		jobs <- j
	}

	close(jobs)

	// Receive results
	for a := 1; a <= totalJobs; a++ {
		<-results
	}

	close(results)
}

func worker(id int, jobs <-chan int, results chan<- int) {
	var wg sync.WaitGroup

	for j := range jobs {
		wg.Add(1)

		go func(job int) {
			defer wg.Done()

			fmt.Printf("Worker %d started job %d\n", id, job)

			// Do work and send result
			result := job * 2
			results <- result

			fmt.Printf("Worker %d finished job %d\n", id, job)
		}(j)
	}

	wg.Wait()
}
```

As expected, our jobs were distributed among our workers.

```bash
$ go run main.go
Worker 2 started job 4
Worker 2 started job 1
Worker 1 started job 3
Worker 2 started job 2
Worker 2 finished job 1
Worker 1 finished job 3
Worker 2 finished job 2
Worker 2 finished job 4
```

## Queuing

![queuing](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karanpratapsingh/portfolio/master/public/static/courses/go/chapter-IV/advanced-concurrency-patterns/queuing.png)

Queuing pattern allows us to process `n` number of items at a time.

In our example, we use a buffered channel to simulate a queue behavior. We simply send an [empty struct](/courses/go/structs#properties) to our `queue` channel and wait for it to be released by the previous process so that we can continue.

This is because _sends_ to a buffered channel block only when the buffer is full and receives block when the buffer is empty.

Here, we have total work of 10 items and we have a limit of 2. This means we can process 2 items at a time.

_Notice how our `queue` channel is of type `struct{}` as an empty struct occupies zero bytes of storage._

```go
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"sync"
	"time"
)

const limit = 2
const work = 10

func main() {
	var wg sync.WaitGroup

	fmt.Println("Queue limit:", limit)
	queue := make(chan struct{}, limit)

	wg.Add(work)

	for w := 1; w <= work; w++ {
		process(w, queue, &wg)
	}

	wg.Wait()

	close(queue)
	fmt.Println("Work complete")
}

func process(work int, queue chan struct{}, wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
	queue <- struct{}{}

	go func() {
		defer wg.Done()

		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
		fmt.Println("Processed:", work)

		<-queue
	}()
}
```

If we run this, we will notice that it briefly pauses when every 2nd item (which is our limit) is processed as our queue waits to be dequeued.

```bash
$ go run main.go
Queue limit: 2
Processed: 1
Processed: 2
Processed: 4
Processed: 3
Processed: 5
Processed: 6
Processed: 8
Processed: 7
Processed: 9
Processed: 10
Work complete
```

## Additional patterns

There are some additional patterns that might be useful to know:

- Tee channel
- Bridge channel
- Ring buffer channel
- Bounded parallelism

---

_This article is part of my open source [Go Course](https://www.karanpratapsingh.com/courses/go) available on Github._

{% github karanpratapsingh/go-course %}