Coding your own AI in 2023 with fastai
Tags: python, deeplearning, ai, beginners
Published: 2023-02-27 11:18:58

Recently I've started the course [Practical Deep Learning for Coders](https://course.fast.ai/). This course is great and I'd recommend it if you'd like to get deeper into the topic. But it's also quite time consuming as every lesson in this course is an 1h+ long video.

This is why I've decided to create this guide, which focuses on the critical parts of the course. I'll cover how to

*   Set up the ecosystem for developing an AI
*   Create and train an AI model with [fastai](https://docs.fast.ai/)
*   Deploy the model and use it in your project

## Create a Jupyter Notebook

To create the AI we will use [fastai](https://docs.fast.ai/). This is a python library, which is build on top of [pytorch](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/). No worries, you don't need to know how to code python. We will learn how this stuff works along the way :)

You could install and set up all the libraries yourself to run the code in a python file. But usually AIs will be coded in things called [Jupyter Notebooks](https://docs.jupyter.org/en/latest/).

There are two options for using a Jupyter Notebook.

1.  Use a free hosted service like [Kaggle](https://www.kaggle.com/)
2.  Run a notebook locally. You can find a guide on how to set up Jupyter on their [documentation](https://docs.jupyter.org/en/latest/)

Jupyter Notebooks have cells of either python code or markdown. You can run the code directly in your browser by pressing the "Run" button in the top navigation or next to the cell. It will give you the output of your code underneath the code cell.

![screenshot of a demo notebook](https://wweb.dev/blog/ai-guide/01-jupyter-screenshot.png)

Now let's jump right into the code. The rest of this guide will also be available in this Kaggle notebook:  
[https://www.kaggle.com/vincentwill/fastai-tutorial](https://www.kaggle.com/vincentwill/fastai-tutorial)

On Kaggle, for the code to work you must activate the "Internet" switch in the sidebar menu first. To open the sidebar, click the small arrow on the bottom right. The Internet switch is only available if you've verified your phone number.

## Preparing the data to train the AI

In this tutorial we will write an AI that will be able to recognize what's in a picture.

For that we need some pictures to train the AI with first.

The following function is a helper to quickly download pictures from duckduckgo. I won't go into detail here, because it's not crucial for training our AI. You could also download the pictures manually or use any other scraper to get the data.
```python
# import libraries | imports will be available in all following cells as well
from fastcore.all import *
from fastai.vision.all import *
import time
import json

def search_images(term, max_images=100): # define search_images function
    url = 'https://duckduckgo.com/'
    res = urlread(url,data={'q':term})
    time.sleep(2)
    searchObj = re.search(r'vqd=([d-]+)&', res)
    requestUrl = url + 'i.js' # the duckduck go api url
    params = dict(l='us-en', o='json', q=term, vqd=searchObj.group(1), f=',,,', p='1', v7exp='a')
    headers = dict( referer='https://duckduckgo.com/' )
    urls,data = set(),{'next':1}
    # loop through pages until we have enough images
    while len(urls)<max_images and 'next' in data:
        res = urlread(requestUrl, data=params, headers=headers)
        data = json.loads(res) if res else {}
        urls.update(L(data['results']).itemgot('image'))
        requestUrl = url + data['next']
        time.sleep(4)
    return L(urls)[:max_images]`
```
I'd recommend to follow this guide first and then trying to train the AI with different images. We will start by testing our `search_images` function. The output will show a link.

For this tutorial, I will create an AI that recognizes different types of dinosaurs.

```python
# "search_images" depends on duckduckgo.com, which doesn't always return correct responses.
#  If you get a JSON error, just try running it again (it may take a couple of tries).
urls = search_images('t-rex', max_images=1)
urls[0] # 'https://preview.redd.it/dwthh8wdl9k21.jpg?auto=webp&s=e0af431550ed710c2ffb11eae6ca325806c9f46b'`
```

Now that we verified that the function is working correctly, we can use it to download and display the pictures.

```python
from fastdownload import download_url
dest = 't-rex.jpg'
download_url(urls[0], dest, show_progress=False)

im = Image.open(dest) # open the downloaded image
im.to_thumb(256,256) # display the image in a 256x256 thumbnail
```

Now we need to fetch pictures of something different to let the AI know what's not a t-rex. We'll use the same function to fetch an image of a triceratops.

```python
download_url(search_images('triceratops', max_images=1)[0], 'triceratops.jpg', show_progress=False)
Image.open('triceratops.jpg').to_thumb(256,256)
```

Now that we ensured that the search and save are working properly we can use them to download our dataset. The next function will loop through our categories and download 100 pictures of each.

```python
searches = 't-rex','triceratops' # define search terms
path = Path('images')

for o in searches:
    dest = (path/o)
    dest.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True) # create folder for categories
    download_images(dest, urls=search_images(f'{o}'))
    time.sleep(5)
    resize_images(path/o, max_size=400, dest=path/o) # resize to save time training the AI

It might happen that downloads fail. That's why we need to verify the images and delete the invalid ones.

failed = verify_images(get_image_files(path))
failed.map(Path.unlink)
len(failed)
```

## Train the AI

To train the AI we first need a [Data block](https://docs.fast.ai/data.block.html). It is like a blueprint on how to assemble your data. With this DataBlock we can then create a [Data loader](https://docs.fast.ai/data.core.html#dataloaders) by calling its `.dataloader` function. I'll explain the different parameters in the code below. You can find a more detailed explanation of everything [here](https://docs.fast.ai/data.transforms.html).

```python
dls = DataBlock(
    blocks=(ImageBlock, CategoryBlock), # input = images, output = categories
    get_items=get_image_files, # Get image files in path recursive
    splitter=RandomSplitter(valid_pct=0.2, seed=42), # split data into training / validation set randomly
    get_y=parent_label, # label the items - in this case take the parent (folder) as label
    item_tfms=[Resize(192, method='squish')] # method to transform the items - in this case resize
).dataloaders(path, bs=32) # bs = size of batch

# show an example batch of the items we loaded
dls.show_batch(max_n=6)
```

Now we're already ready to train our AI with this data. First, we load a pre-trained model. In this case, the pre-trained model was trained to recognize photos. Afterward, we fine-tune this model on our dataset. We pass our Data Loader to the vision learner and then the pre-trained model, which we will use. In this case, it's `resnet18`.

```python
learn = vision_learner(dls, resnet18, metrics=error_rate)
learn.fine_tune(3)
```

## Test and deploy the AI

Now our AI is ready to be tested. For that, we can use the photos we downloaded initially to test our download function.

```python
prediction,_,probs = learn.predict('t-rex.jpg') # run a prediction
print(f"This is a: {prediction}.")
print(f"Probability it's a t-rex: {probs[0]:.4f}")
print(f"Probability it's a triceratops: {probs[1]:.4f}")
```

If we're happy with the result and the accuracy we can deploy the model. We do that by simply calling the `export` function of the learner.

```python
learn.export('model.pkl')
```

You are now able to load and use the exported model. That means you can import it into any python application and use the `.predict` function.

```python
path = Path()
path.ls(file_exts='.pkl') # double check if model exists

learn_inf = load_learner('model.pkl')
learn_inf.predict('t-rex.jpg')
```

But there is an even easier way to use your model than to implement your own Python API. We can use [Gradio](https://gradio.app/) and [Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/spaces) to easily create an API and use our model. For that, we need to write a function that will tell Gradio how to use our model.

```python
labels = learn.dls.vocab # read labels from Data Loader
def predict(img):
    pred,pred_idx,probs = learn.predict(img) # use passed image for prediction
    return {labels[i]: float(probs[i]) for i in range(len(labels))} # return all results
```

Now we need to install gradio. Then we can already launch it by defining an Interface. To this interface, we pass our predict function and the input and output definitions. Then we can call the launch function, which will launch an interface to interact with our model.

```python
!pip install -Uqq gradio

import gradio as gr
gradio_interface = gr.Interface(fn=predict, inputs=gr.inputs.Image(shape=(512, 512)), outputs=gr.outputs.Label(num_top_classes=3))
gradio_interface.launch(share=True)
```

This will create a UI to easily interact with our model

![screenshot of a gradio UI](https://wweb.dev/blog/ai-guide/02-gradio-screenshot.png)

At the bottom, you can see the text Use via API.  
If you click that, it will show you how to interact with your AI via API. You can create your own python microservice with Gradio. But the easiest way to host it is by using Hugging Face. So head over there and create an account. After confirming your email you are able to create a "Space".

Click on the top right menu and then on "New Space". Enter the name of your project and select Gradio as SDK. Then choose a License and keep the other options as they are. Now you can create the Space.

![screenshot of a hugging face new space creation](https://wweb.dev/blog/ai-guide/03-hugging-face-screenshot.png)

Afterward, we need to add our model and our code to the Hugging Face repository. If you are running your notebook locally you should have the exported model in your working directory. If you are on Kaggle, you have to click the small arrow on the bottom right. There you should see a "Data" tab with your exported model.pkl file.

Now clone the repository of your Hugging Face Space. Then add the model.pkl file to the repository and create a file `app.py`. There we add the code we already used above to load the model and create a gradio interface.

```python
import gradio as gr
import skimage
from fastai.vision.all import *

path = Path()
learn = load_learner('model.pkl')

labels = learn.dls.vocab # read labels from Data Loader
def predict(img):
    pred,pred_idx,probs = learn.predict(img) # use passed image for prediction
    return {labels[i]: float(probs[i]) for i in range(len(labels))} # return all results

gradio_interface = gr.Interface(fn=predict, inputs=gr.inputs.Image(shape=(512, 512)), outputs=gr.outputs.Label(num_top_classes=3))
gradio_interface.launch()
```

And lastly add a requirements.txt file to provide the libraries needed to run our model.

    fastai
    scikit-image

Before commit we need to install [git-lfs](https://git-lfs.github.com/) first, because our model.pkl file is too big. Follow the link and the instructions to install it for your operating system.  
Now we are able to use git-lfs for our model.pkl:

    git lfs install
    git lfs track "*.pkl"

Afterward, we are ready to commit and deploy our model.

    git add .
    git commit -m "initial commit"
    git push

If you head back to your Hugging Face Space, you should see that your application is building. After a while, you should be able to see the same interface as in your jupyter notebook.

Congrats! You successfully created and deployed your AI. You are now able to use the API of your Hugging Face Space in your applications.

## Whats's next?

*   First I'd recommend to you to alternate the code in the jupyter notebook. Play around to get a better understanding how this stuff works.
*   Check the docs of fastai to understand how to:
    *   [load .csv files and create an AI that analyses text](https://docs.fast.ai/tutorial.text.html)
    *   [train an AI with tabluar training for categorization](https://docs.fast.ai/tutorial.tabular.html)
*   Let me know how you liked this guide and how I can improve it on [Twitter](twitter.com/wweb_dev) or via Email: [info@wweb.dev](mailto:info@wweb.dev)