The Ultimate Selenium Python Cheat Sheet for Test Automation
Tags: selenium, python, cheatsheet, automation
Published: 2022-09-20 14:29:46

Python is one of the most popular programming languages for Selenium web automation since it provides a simplified syntax and lets you perform more with much less code! Thus, Python and Selenium form an ideal combination to perform web automation testing!

For starters, Selenium is an open-source framework that is primarily used for automating interactions on the WebElements in the AUT (Application Under Test). Along with Python, Selenium also supports Java, C#, JavaScript, Ruby, and PHP. However, as per my experience, it would be fair to mention that Python will be my preferred language for [Selenium web automation](https://www.lambdatest.com/selenium-automation?utm_source=devto&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=sep20_rd&utm_term=rd&utm_content=webpage).

Like me, more & more developers are picking up Python, which is rated as the third-most popular language as per the Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2021. Therefore, a Selenium Python cheat sheet could serve the purpose of providing insights into the useful Selenium Python APIs for realizing automation of websites (or web apps).

If you’re new to Selenium and wondering what it is then we recommend checking out our guide — [What is Selenium?](https://www.lambdatest.com/selenium?utm_source=devto&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=sep20_rd&utm_term=rd&utm_content=webpage)

In this blog, we explore the Python package that provides Python bindings for the Selenium WebDriver. For installing the Selenium WebDriver package, we use the Python Package Index (PyPI). Run the following command on the terminal to install Selenium for Python:

    $ pip install selenium

This Python library wraps the Selenium WebDriver and provides methods for automating a range of tasks like filling up the form, logging into a website, clicking on buttons, and more. In addition, you can have a look at the [Selenium Python tutorial](https://www.lambdatest.com/learning-hub/python-tutorial?utm_source=devto&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=sep20_rd&utm_term=rd&utm_content=learning_hub) that deep-dives into the integral aspects of Selenium Python from a web automation testing point of view.

The commands mentioned in this Selenium Python cheat sheet can be used as a handy resource for anyone toying with Selenium and Python to automate web applications. If you need a quick recap of Python with Selenium, check out the tutorial that deep dives into the Selenium WebDriver architecture and highlights integral aspects related to [Selenium WebDriver with Python](https://www.lambdatest.com/blog/selenium-webdriver-with-python/#Python?utm_source=devto&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=sep20_rd&utm_term=rd&utm_content=blog). Let’s kick start our Selenium cheat sheet with Python!

## 1. Import the Selenium library

Before you can use any Selenium Python commands, you need to import the Selenium WebDriver package.

    from selenium import webdriver

## 2. Driver Initialization with Python

After downloading the corresponding browser driver, you need to start the Selenium WebDriver and browser driver (e.g., ChromeDriver for Chrome, GeckoDriver for Firefox, etc.).

* **For Chrome**

    # Initialize Chrome WebDriver
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()

* **For Firefox**

    # Initialize Firefox/Gecko WebDriver
    driver = webdriver.Firefox()

* **For Safari**

    # Initialize Safari WebDriver
    driver = webdriver.Safari()

* **For Internet Explorer**

    # Initialize IE WebDriver
    driver = webdriver.Ie()

In case the location of the browser driver is not added to the PATH variable (or if it is not in the System Path), you need to add the following arguments:

 1. executable_path: Path to your Selenium WebDriver (binary file)

 2. options: Options regarding the web browsers execution

Example:

    driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/usr/bin/chromedriver/", options=chrome_options )

## 3. Setting Options in Selenium WebDriver

The Options class in Selenium Python is commonly used in conjunction with Desired Capabilities to customize Selenium WebDriver.

It helps to perform various operations like opening the browser(Chrome, Firefox, Safari, IE, Edge, etc.) in maximized mode, enabling and disabling browser extensions, disabling GPU mode, disabling pop-ups, and more. Therefore, it is important to be well-versed with this section of the Selenium Python cheat sheet since it will help solve [Python web automation](https://www.lambdatest.com/python-web-automation?utm_source=devto&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=sep20_rd&utm_term=rd&utm_content=webpage)-specific problems that involve changing browser properties that we mentioned earlier.

* **For Chrome**

a. Importing Chrome options

    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options

b. Initialization of Chrome options

    chrome_options = Options()

c. Adding Desired Capabilities

    chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-extensions")

d. Adding Desired Capabilities to a session

    driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=chrome_options)

* **For Firefox**

a. Importing Firefox options

    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options

b. Initialization of Firefox options

    firefox_options = Options()

c. Adding Desired Capabilities

    firefox_options.set_headless()

d. Adding Desired Capabilities to session

    driver = webdriver.Firefox(options=firefox_options)

## 4. Finding an element

[Locators in Selenium](https://www.lambdatest.com/learning-hub/selenium-locators) are majorly used for locating WebElements present in the DOM. Appropriate interactions (or actions) are further performed on the located WebElements. Some popular Selenium web locators are ID, Name, Link Text, Partial Link Text, CSS Selectors, XPath, TagName, etc.

***Test on Latest Safari Desktop and Mobile Browsers for Cross Browser Compatibility. Test on real Mac machines running real [Safari browser online](https://www.lambdatest.com/test-on-safari-browsers?utm_source=devto&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=sep20_rd&utm_term=rd&utm_content=webpage)***

## Locate Elements by the ID attribute

In this method, the element in the DOM is searched using the ID attribute. ID is unique for every element on the page. Thus, an ID can uniquely identify an element. For example, shown below is the use of the ID attribute for locating WebElements on the [LambdaTest login page](https://accounts.lambdatest.com/login):

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2718/1*6rB9uerKifjU5mImBqraCA.png)

Here is how you can use the ID attribute in Selenium Python:

    from selenium import webdriver

    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com](https://www.lambdatest.com)")
    email_form = driver.find_element_by_id("testing_form")

## Locate Elements by CSS Class

Elements in HTML DOM can also be searched by Class Name, which is stored in the Class attribute of an HTML tag. A class can have many instances; it returns the first element with a matching class.

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2000/1*JfgvvCsgJWB_dm8r6kvmtw.png)

Here is how Class Name is used for locating the Email Address element on the LambdaTest page:

    from selenium import webdriver

    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get(“https://www.lambdatest.com")
    first_form_input = driver.find_element_by_class_name(“ form-control “)

## Locate Elements by Name

WebElements like input tag have a Name attribute associated with them. Selenium also provides a method to search for WebElements using the NAME attribute. If there are multiple elements of the same name, the first matched element is returned by the method.

Here is the HTML code that contains an input element of Name — name!

    <input name="name" type="text" value="user name" />

Shown below is the usage of the Selenium Python method for locating the WebElement using the NAME property:

    from selenium import webdriver
     
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com](https://www.lambdatest.com)")
    # for selection input with name attribute "name"
    name_input = driver.find_element_by_name("name")

## Locate Elements by XPath

XPath uses path expressions to select nodes and locate the required WebElement. The find_element_by_xpath() method is used to locate an appropriate element in the document using XPath. You can read the [Selenium XPath tutorial](https://www.lambdatest.com/blog/complete-guide-for-using-xpath-in-selenium-with-examples/?utm_source=devto&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=sep20_rd&utm_term=rd&utm_content=blog) to gain deeper insights into using XPath for locating WebElements for Selenium web automation.

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2718/1*ftKLyjWkHd8QX-luduHE0g.png)

## Here is how the email element is located using the XPath attribute

    from selenium import webdriver
     
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com](https://www.lambdatest.com)")
    email_input = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[[@name](http://twitter.com/name)='email']")

## Locate Element by tag name

This method is used to locate and select WebElements using the HTML tag name. The find_element_by_tag_name() method is used to find tags such as H1, DIV, INPUT, etc. If there are multiple occurrences of the same tag, it returns the first matching tag.

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2732/1*KGWx0B7GqJtR3xBEYGkK1Q.png)

Here is how the email address element is located using the Tag Name:

    from selenium import webdriver
     
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com](https://www.lambdatest.com)")
    email_input = driver.find_element_by_tag_name("input")

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## Locate Element by Link text or Partial Link Text

It selects elements based on the link text (either complete link text or partial link text). Partial link text does not look for an exact match of the string value since it looks for a string subset (in the link text).

Link text locators in Selenium and partial link text locators work only on links of a given web application.

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2718/1*_e3i_A5Euaduyd8OT6vRBA.png)

Here is how you can use the link text locator to locate the desired WebElement on the LambdaTest login page:

    from selenium import webdriver

    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com](https://www.lambdatest.com)")
    email_input = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Start Free Testing')

Here is how you can use the partial link text locator to locate the desired WebElement on the LambdaTest login page:

    from selenium import webdriver

    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com](https://www.lambdatest.com)")
    email_input = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Start Free')

## 5. Misc methods for finding elements

Two private methods might be useful for locating page elements in conjunction with the “By” class for selecting attributes.

It is to be noted that there is no difference between find_element_by_tag method and find_element(By.tag) method. By default, find_element_by_tag calls the find_element(By.tag) method.

* **find_element** — It returns the first instance from multiple web elements with a particular attribute in the DOM. The method throws NoSuchElementException if no web elements are matching the required web locator. Check out our blog on common Selenium exceptions to gather a deeper understanding of when a particular Selenium exception is raised.

* **find_elements** — It returns a list of all the instances of WebElements matching a particular attribute. The list is empty in case there are no matching elements in the DOM.

Here are the attributes available for the By class:

* ID = “id”

* XPATH = “xpath”

* NAME = “name”

* TAG_NAME = “tag name”

* CLASS_NAME = “class name”

* LINK_TEXT = “link text”

* PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT = “partial link text”

Shown below is an example of find_element method that uses the XPath locator to locate the desired WebElement:

    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
    driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[name()="password"]')
    driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//input')

## 6. Opening a URL (or document)

Before performing any operation on the WebElements present on the page, opening the target URL (or test URL) is important. Here are some of the ways to open a URL in Selenium Python:

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## driver.get(URL)

The driver.get() method navigates to the page that is passed as a parameter to the method. Selenium WebDriver will wait until the page has fully loaded, post which it fires an “onload” event before returning control to the test script. You can check out our blog on Selenium Waits in Python to further understand handling waits in Selenium Python.

    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com](https://www.lambdatest.com)")

## 7. Refresh a page

There are scenarios where you would want to refresh the contents on the page. The Refresh method of Selenium WebDriver is used for refreshing a web page.

The driver.refresh() method refreshes the current web page. It does not take any arguments nor returns any value.

    driver.refresh()

## 8. Writing text inside a WebElement

The send_keys() method in Python is used for entering text inside a text element. The text to be entered is passed as an argument to the method. The same method can also be used for simulating key presses on any field (e.g. input fields of a form).

Here is an example usage of the send_keys() method where the email address is passed to the text element on the LambdaTest signup page:

    from selenium import webdriver
      
    # create webdriver object
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
      
    # get lambdatest
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com/](https://www.lambdatest.com/)")
      
    # get element 
    element = driver.find_element_by_id("useremail")
      
    # send keys 
    element.send_keys("[emailid@lambdatest.com](mailto:emailid@lambdatest.com)")

## 9. Clearing text of a WebElement

The element.clear() method in Selenium Python is used to clear text from fields like input fields of a form, etc.

Here is how the clear method is used for clearing contents in the email input box on the LambdaTest home page:

    from selenium import webdriver
      
    # create webdriver object
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
      
    # get lambdatest
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com/](https://www.lambdatest.com/)")
      
    # get element 
    element = driver.find_element_by_id("useremail")
      
    # send keys 
    element.clear()

## 10. Clicking a WebElement

The element.click() method in Selenium Python is used to click on an element like anchor tag, button tag, etc.

Here is how a button present on the LambdaTest home page is clicked using the click() method:

    from selenium import webdriver
      
    # create webdriver object
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
      
    # get lambdatest
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com/](https://www.lambdatest.com/)")
      
    # get element 
    element = driver.find_element_by_id("useremail")
      
    # send keys 
    element.send_keys("[emailid@lambdatest.com](mailto:emailid@lambdatest.com)")
      
    # get element 
    button_element = driver.find_element_by_link_text("Start Free Testing")
      
    # click the element
    button_element.click()

## 11. Dragging and Dropping a WebElement

Dragging & dropping an object is one of the extensively used scenarios in popular apps (or softwares) like Canva, Google Drive, Trello, Asana, etc. The drag_and_drop(element, target) method in Selenium Python helps in automating the functionality of dragging WebElements from the source and dropping them on target area (or element).

Actions class in Selenium has two methods through which you can perform drag & drop operation in browser compatibility testing. Do check out our detailed blog that deep dives into how to perform [drag and drop in Selenium Python](https://www.lambdatest.com/blog/drag-and-drop-in-selenium-python/?utm_source=devto&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=sep20_rd&utm_term=rd&utm_content=blog).

Here is a simple example that shows the sample usage of drag_and_drop() method:

    element = driver.find_element_by_name("source")
    target = driver.find_element_by_name("target")

    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    action_chains = ActionChains(driver)
    action_chains.drag_and_drop(element, target).perform()

## 12. Selecting an option

Select(element) provides useful methods for interacting with drop-downs, selecting elements, and more.

Here is an example of how an element is selected using its index:

    from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
    select = Select(driver.find_element_by_id('city'))
    select.select_by_index(index)
    select.select_by_visible_text("text")
    select.select_by_value(value)

Here are some of the various ways in which desired element is selected using the select_by_*() method:

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2718/1*_e3i_A5Euaduyd8OT6vRBA.png)

## 13. Navigating between windows

If there are multiple windows, you might need to switch to the right window before performing actions on the WebElements present in the DOM.

## driver.switch_to_window(“window_name”)

The switch_to_window() method of Selenium WebDriver lets you switch to the desired window. The window handle is passed as an argument to the switch_to_window() method.

    driver.switch_to_window("window_handle")

All the subsequent calls of the WebDriver are now applicable to the window under focus (or the newly switched window).

## driver.window_handles

Window_handles property of the WebDriver returns handles of the windows. You can now use the switch_to_window() method to navigate to each window available in the list of window_handles.

    for handle in driver.window_handles:
        driver.switch_to_window(handle)

## driver.current_window_handle

The current_window_handle() method returns the handle of the current window (or window currently under focus)

    handler = driver.current_window_handle

## 14. Switching to iFrames

Selenium WebDriver can not access or locate the web elements inside an iFrame in the context of the main web page. Hence, you need to switch to an iFrame before accessing the WebElements inside the iframe.

## driver.switch_to_frame(“frame_name”)

The switch_to_frame() method in Selenium Python lets you switch the context of WebDriver from the context of the main page. We can also access subframes by separating the path and index with a dot.

    driver.switch_to_frame("frame_name.0.child")

## driver.switch_to_default_content()

This method allows you to switch back to the context of the main page.

    driver.switch_to_default_content()

## 15. Handling pop-ups and alerts

There are three main types of popups & alerts that are commonly used in web applications:

* Simple Alert

* Confirmation Alert

* Prompt Alert

You have the option to switch to the alert, dismiss the alert, or accept the alert. You can check out our detailed tutorial on handling alerts and pop-ups in Selenium. Though the language used is C#, the fundamentals of alerts and pop-ups remain the same!

## driver.switch_to.alert

The switch_to.alert property of WebDriver returns the currently open alert object. You can use the object to accept, dismiss, read its contents, or type into the prompt.

    alert_obj = driver.switch_to.alert

## alert_obj.accept()

Once you have the handle of the alert window (e.g. alert_obj), the accept() method is used to accept the Alert popup.

    alert_obj = driver.switch_to.alert 
    alert_obj.accept()

## alert_obj.dismiss()

Once you have switched to the alert window (e.g. alert_obj), you can use the dismiss() method to cancel the Alert popup.

    alert_obj = driver.switch_to.alert 
    alert_obj.accept()

## alert_obj.text()

This method is used to retrieve the message included in the Alert popup.

    alert_obj = driver.switch_to.alert 
    msg = alert_obj.text()
    print(msg)

## 16. Getting Page Source

The page_source() method in Selenium WebDriver is used to get the target document’s page source (or test page).

    page_source = driver.page_source

## 17. Navigating browser history

Selenium WebDriver in Python provides some functionalities to move backward and forward in the web browser’s history

## driver.forward()

This method allows scripts to navigate one step forward in history.

    driver.forward()

## driver.back()

This method allows scripts to navigate one step backward in history.

    driver.back()

## 18. Handling Cookies in Selenium

Handling cookies in Selenium WebDriver is one of the common scenarios that you might have to deal with in Selenium web automation. You can perform various operations like add, remove, get cookie name, and more.

## driver.add_cookie()

This method helps to set a cookie to a Selenium session. It accepts values in the key-value pair.

    # Go to the domain
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com/](https://www.lambdatest.com/)")

    # Now set the cookie. 
    cookie = {'name' : 'user', 'value' : 'vinayak'}
    driver.add_cookie(cookie)

## driver.get_cookies()

This method outputs all the available cookies for the current Selenium session.

    # Go to the domain
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com/](https://www.lambdatest.com/)")

    driver.get_cookies()

## driver.delete_cookie()

There is an option to delete a specific cookie or all the cookies associated with the current Selenium session.

    # delete one cookie
    driver.delete_cookie(cookie)
    # delete all cookies
    driver.delete_all_cookies()

Watch this video to understand how you can handle Cookies and perform different operations like deleting, getting the parameter values, and adding them to Selenium WebDriver using Java.

{% youtube WaNO9RTfEQw&t=2s %}

## 19. Setting Window Size

The set_window_size() method is used to set the browser window’s size to desired dimensions (in height and width).

    # Setting the window size to 1200 * 800
    driver.set_window_size(1200, 800)

## 20. Configuring TimeOuts in Selenium WebDriver

When the browser loads a page, the WebElements inside the page may load at various time intervals. This might create complications when interacting with the dynamic elements present on the page.

If an element is not present in the DOM of the web page, the locate method will raise an exception. [Waits in Selenium](https://www.lambdatest.com/blog/types-of-waits-in-selenium/?utm_source=devto&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=sep20_rd&utm_term=rd&utm_content=blog) lets you add delays (in ms or seconds) between the actions performed between loading the page and locating the required WebElement.

Implicit wait and Explicit wait are the two major ways you can add delays in Selenium Python code for handling dynamic WebElements on the page.

## Implicit Wait in Selenium Python

An implicit wait informs the Selenium WebDriver to examine the DOM for a particular amount of time when trying to find the WebElement that is not immediately available for access.

By default, implicit wait is set as zero. However, once we define implicit wait, it is set for the lifetime of the WebDriver object. Check out our detailed tutorial that demonstrates the usage of Implicit wait in Selenium Python in greater detail.

    from selenium import webdriver

    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.implicitly_wait(10) # in seconds
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com/](https://www.lambdatest.com/)")
    element = driver.find_element_by_id("testing_form")

## Explicit Wait in Selenium Python

Explicit wait in Selenium Python is used when we want to wait for a particular condition to happen before proceeding further in the code.

There are some convenient methods provided by the Selenium WebDriver that let you wait until a particular condition is satisfied. For example, explicit waits can be achieved using the webdriverWait class combined with Expected Conditions in Selenium.

Here are some of the Expected Conditions that can be used in conjunction with Explicit wait in Selenium Python:

* presence_of_all_elements_located

* text_to_be_present_in_element

* text_to_be_present_in_element_value

* frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it

* invisibility_of_element_located

* title_is

* title_contains

* presence_of_element_located

* visibility_of_element_located

* visibility_of

* element_located_selection_state_to_be

* alert_is_present

* element_to_be_clickable

* staleness_of

* element_to_be_selected

* element_located_to_be_selected

* Element_selection_state_to_be

Shown below is an example that demonstrates the usage of explicit wait where a non-blocking wait of 10 seconds is performed until the required WebElement is located (using its ID attribute):

    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
    from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("[https://www.lambdatest.com/](https://www.lambdatest.com/)")
    try:
        element = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "testing_form"))
        )
    except:
        print(“some error happen !!”)

## 21. Capturing Screenshots

During the process of Selenium web automation, you might want to capture the screenshot of the entire page or screenshot of a particular WebElement.

This is specifically used in scenarios where you want to check what went wrong in the test execution. Capture screenshots of WebElement using Selenium Python when you want to check which particular WebElement has created issues in the test execution process.

The save_screenshot() method of Selenium WebDriver is used for capturing screenshots of a web page in Python.

    capture_path = 'C:/capture/your_desired_filename.png'
    driver.save_screenshot(capture_path)

## Conclusion

Get started with Selenium Python testing & that too free!!! Python is one of the most popular languages, and there is no denial that you can run complex Selenium operations with a few lines of code. In this Selenium Python cheat sheet, we covered some of the widely used Selenium Python commands primarily used for cross browser compatibility testing.

This Selenium cheat sheet can be used as a guide (or reference) for quickly referring to the commands that might be of interest for your test code. I hope that you find this Selenium Python cheat sheet useful, do let me know if you come across any Selenium Python command that should be a part of the sheet.

Happy Automation Testing With Python!