Develop a Motivational QOTD with Courier and GPT2
Tags: ai, python, huggingface, webdev
Published: 2022-12-07 03:47:50

## Background

Motivational quotes were rage back in the day with MMS & email forwards were a thing. I remember my parents forwarding me one every morning so that I can start my day with one. Fast forward to today, if you are lucky, you are part of some forward group on your messaging app of choice (Whatsapp, Telegram etc.). 

Inspired by the same idea, today we are going to build a service that sends our friends and family an AI generated motivational quote of the day. Rather than hardcoding a list of motivational quotes, we are going to use a machine learning model to generate a quote on demand. That way we know that we'll never run out of quotes to share!

![what we will build](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/prakhar1989/qotd/main/samples/email.png)

## Instructions

### Part 1: Using AI to generate motivational quotes

#### OpenGPT2 and Language Models
OpenAI GPT-2 model was proposed in Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners by Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei and Ilya Sutskever. It’s a causal transformer pretrained using language modeling on a very large corpus of ~40 GB of text data.

To simpify this a bit, at a high level OpenAI GPT2 is a large language model that has been trained on massive amounts of data. This model can be used to predict the next token in a given sequence. 

If that sounds too complicated, don't worry, you don't need to know any Machine Learning or AI to follow along with this project. Libraries such as [HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co) make using this models in our app very easy.

#### HuggingFace

In this project, we'll use the [HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/) library to load and serve the ML model that will generate the quotes for us. HuggingFace makes it very easy to use transformer models (of which GPT2 is a type) in our projects without any knowledge of ML or AI. As mentioned earlier, GPT2 is a general purpose language model which means that is has is good at predicting generic text given an input sequence. In our case, we need a model more suited for generating quotes. To do that, we have two options

1) We can fine-tune the GPT2 model by using our own text for which we'll need a good dataset of quotes.
2) Or we can find an *already* existing model which has been fine-tuned with some quotes.

Luckily, in our case there exists a fine-tuned model that has been trained on the 500k quotes dataset - https://huggingface.co/nandinib1999/quote-generator

With HuggingFace, using this model is as easy as as creating a tokenizer

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelWithLMHead, pipeline

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("nandinib1999/quote-generator")
```

then, constructing a model from the pretrained model

```python
model = AutoModelWithLMHead.from_pretrained("nandinib1999/quote-generator")
```

and finally, constructing the generator which we can use to generate the quote

```python
generator = pipeline("text-generation", model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer)

# use a starting prompt
generator("Keep an open mind and")
[{'generated_text': 'Keep an open mind and a deep love for others'}]
```

#### Building an API to serve the model

Now that we have a way to generate quotes for us, we have to think about how we can use this in our app. There are multiple ways to go about building this.

1. Load the model everytime we want to run the script to send the script.
2. Create an API or service that serves this GPT2 model to generate quotes for us on demand. 

A key plus point of the second option is that once the model is loaded the API can respond to us quickly and can be used in other applications as well. FWIW, the first option is a totally valid approach as well.

We can use [FastAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/) to build a quick serving API. Here's what that looks like

```python

# in file api.py

from pydantic import BaseModel
from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelWithLMHead, pipeline

## create the pipeline
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("nandinib1999/quote-generator")
model = AutoModelWithLMHead.from_pretrained("nandinib1999/quote-generator")
generator = pipeline("text-generation", model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer)

app = FastAPI()

class QuoteRequest(BaseModel):
    text: str

class QuoteResponse(BaseModel):
    text: str

### Serves the Model API to generate quote
@app.post("/generate", response_model=QuoteResponse)
async def generate(request: QuoteRequest):
    resp = generator(request.text)
    if not resp[0] and not resp[0]["generated_text"]:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail='Error in generation')
    return QuoteResponse(text=resp[0]["generated_text"])
```

Lets test it out

```sh
$ uvicorn api:app

INFO:     Started server process [40767]
INFO:     Waiting for application startup.
INFO:     Application startup complete.
INFO:     Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
```

Now we can start sending requests to the `/generate` endpoint that will generate a quote for us.

![fastapi](https://i.imgur.com/YLZH1Dk.png)


### Part 2: Building the Quote Generator

Now that we have a way to generate quotes on demand, we can stop here and start working on sending this via courier. But who are we kidding, no one reads text anymore! We can make this interesting by using a nice image and placing our quote on it to make it look like a poster.


#### Generate quote

Given our API, we can now do the following to generate a quote

```py
from random import choice
# feel free to add more starting prompts for more variety
canned_seeds = ["Always remember to", "Start today with", "It is okay to"]
seed = choice(canned_seeds)
resp = requests.post('http://127.0.0.1:8000/generate', data=json.dumps({"text": seed}))
return resp.json()["text"]
```

#### Downloading the background image

The first of the challenge is getting a beautiful background image for our quote. For that, we'll use the unplash API that provides a nice endpoint to return a random image matching a query. Opening https://source.unsplash.com/random/800×800/?nature in our browser returns a nice nature image. 

To keep things interesting, we can use different query terms such as stars, etc. Here's the how the code for downloading our background image looks like - 

```py
from random import choice
image_backgdrops = ['nature', 'stars', 'mountains', 'landscape']
backdrop = choice(image_backdrops)
response = requests.get("https://source.unsplash.com/random/800×800/?"+ backdrop, stream=True)
# write the output the img.png on our filesystem
with open('img.png', 'wb') as out_file:
    shutil.copyfileobj(response.raw, out_file)
del response
```

#### Creating the image with the quote

Ok, now we have our background image and a quote which means we can work on assembling the final image that will be sent to the recipients. At a high level we want to place some text on an image but even this simple task can be challenging. For starters, there are a number of questions for us to answer

1. How will be put the text on the image?
2. What about wrapping the text?
3. What color should the text be so that it is visible on the background image?
4. How do we do this for images with varying widths and heights?

Answer to some of these questions are more complicated than others. To keep it simple, we'll put the text in the center, and do some wrapping so that it looks good. Finally, we'll use a light color text for now. For all image manipulation, we'll use Python Image Library (PIL) to make this easy for us.

```py
# use the image we downloaded in the above step
img = Image.open("img.png")
width, height = img.size
image_editable = ImageDraw.Draw(img)

# wrap text
lines = textwrap.wrap(text, width=40)

# get the line count and generate a starting offset on y-axis
line_count = len(lines)
y_offset = height/2 - (line_count/2 * title_font.getbbox(lines[0])[3])

# for each line of text, we generate a (x,y) to calculate the poisitioning
for line in lines:
    (_, _, line_w, line_h) = title_font.getbbox(line)
    x = (width - line_w)/2
    image_editable.text((x,y_offset), line, (237, 230, 211), font=title_font)
    y_offset += line_h
img.save("result.jpg")
print("generated " + filename)
return filename
```

This generates the final image called `result.jpg`

#### Uploading the image

For the penultimate step, we need to upload the image so that we can use that with Courier. In this case, I'm using Firebase Storage but you can feel free to use whatever you like.

```py
import firebase_admin
from firebase_admin import credentials
from firebase_admin import storage

cred = credentials.Certificate('serviceaccount.json')
firebase_admin.initialize_app(cred, {...})

bucket = storage.bucket()
blob = bucket.blob(filename)
blob.upload_from_filename(filename)
blob.make_public()
return blob.public_url
```

## Step 3: Integrating with Courier

Finally, we have everything we need to start sending our awesome quotes to our friends and family. We can use Courier to create a good looking email template.

### Creating the template on courier

![img](https://i.imgur.com/0Ktbw0E.png)

### Sending the message

Sending a message with Courier is as easy it gets. While courier has its own SDKs that can make integration easy, I prefer using their API endpoint to keep things simple. With my `AUTH_TOKEN` and `TEMPLATE_ID` in hand, we can use the following piece of code to send our image

```py
import requests

headers = {
    "Accept": "application/json",
    "Content-Type": "application/json",
    "Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(os.environ['COURIER_AUTH_TOKEN'])
}
message={
    "to": { "email": os.environ["COURIER_RECIPIENT"] },
    "data": {
        "date": datetime.today().strftime("%B %d, %Y"),
        "img": image_url ## this is image url we generated earlier
    },
    "routing": {
        "method": "single",
        "channels": [
            "email"
        ]
    },
    "template": os.environ["COURIER_TEMPLATE"]
}
requests.post("https://api.courier.com/send", json={"message": message}, headers=headers)
```

And that's it!

## Conclusions

This tutorial demonstrated how easy it is to get started with machine learning & Courier.

If you want to go ahead and improve this project, here are some interesting ideas to try

- Better background image: Use a term from the generated quote to search for an image?
- Better background colour for the text: Use better colors for the text. One cool idea is to use the complimentary color from the image's main color. You can use k-means clustering to find that out.
- Adding more channels : Extends this to messages on messaging clients and sms!

## About the Author

[Prakhar](https://prakhar.me) is a senior software engineer at Google where he works on building developer tools. He's a passionate open-source developer and loves playing the guitar in his free time.

## Quick Links

🔗 [huggingface](huggingface.co)

🔗 [fastapi](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/)

🔗 [unsplash](https://unsplash.com/)