The Intersection of 5G & Artificial Intelligence
Tags: ai, 5g, machinelearning
Published: 2022-08-23 05:48:13

Before we delve into the topic, let us first develop a rudimentary understanding of what a 5G network actually is. These are digital cellular networks whose area of service is subdivided into small geographic sections called cells.

5G technology, like 4G, operates on a wide variety of radio spectrum allotments, although it can cover a larger area than existing networks. There are two separate frequency bands in 5G, each of which works in a different way. Sub-6 is the most popular type of 5G; however, there is also mmWave.


![5G Millimeterwave](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/puzdm5hma6wrqa6l1kdn.png)
 
Source: [accton.com](https://www.accton.com/Technology-Brief/the-emergence-of-5g-mmwave/)

**Sub-6**: Encompasses all [5G operations](https://hsc.com/Resources/Blog/How-5G-Is-Enabling-Network-as-a-Service) below 6Ghz. Due to existing 4G LTE networks (which run at lower frequencies), all carriers possess a Sub-6 network in some capacity. The Sub-6 spectrum is critical to the widespread rollout of 5G due to the expansion possibilities without building new cell towers and the ability to travel longer distances and penetrate objects. Essentially, Sub-6 is the component of 5G which allows for better coverage and signal strength.

**mmWave**: Short for millimeter wave, this is the component of 5G offering with supercharged data transfer rates and low latencies through extremely high-frequency radio waves ranging from 24GHz to 100GHz. The caveat with these ultra-short wavelengths is the limited range and inability to pass simple objects. Hence, the idea of these two frequency bands (Sub-6 and mmWave) is to account for the inefficiencies of each other.

(Read: [5G Networks: The evolution and trends today](https://hsc.com/Resources/Blog/5G-Networks-The-evolution-and-trends-today))

## AI Solves the Problem of 5G Spectrum Allocation
Traditionally, the radio spectrum has not been allocated in the most efficient manner possible. The government divides it into mutually incompatible frequency bands, after which the bands are allocated to various commercial and government agencies for exclusive usage. While the procedure helps services avoid interfering with one another, the owner of a piece of spectrum seldom utilizes it entirely all time. As a result, at any one time, a considerable portion of the allocated frequencies is unusable. 

Agencies such as DARPA have sought to solve this spectrum allocation issue through artificial intelligence. The concern behind the initiative was that the increasing application of [wireless technologies ](https://hsc.com/Services/Product-Engineering-Services/Wireless-Engineering/)carries the risk of overcrowded airwaves that our devices require to communicate.

The idea was to create new communication equipment that does not always transmit on the same frequency. The proposed solution was to employ machine-learning techniques to discover the accessible frequencies. They seek to transition from a system controlled by ‘pen and paper’ to one controlled by AI algorithms autonomously.

**How AI can help in spectrum allocation:**

**Precise Cognition**: AI can manage the usage of the spectrum pool and avoid radio frequency interference as it can monitor the situation of all nodes well, even in weak environments.

**Intelligent Scheduling**: Due to multi-system (4G & 5G) coexistence, the changes in network traffic hotspots are harder to predict. Based on the actual traffic demand, the algorithm can adapt the system capacity between 4G and 5G. This allows all equipment to maintain optimal performance intermittently.

**Deployment Efficiency**: To support a wide range of business demands, rapid application development, and gain a quick return on investment from users, it’s critical to assist customers in getting the most out of 5G. This can be done by swiftly launching apps using AI’s efficient deployment capabilities. The top planners, operators, developers, infrastructure suppliers, and other stakeholders can work together to achieve rapid deployment through AI.

## AI-Driven Data Analytics
Using multidimensional correlation across the place, time, context, and state, AI can expose the linkages, dependencies, co-occurrences, and casualties. Thus, reducing alerts to focused, prioritized actions. Some key dimensions to consider are:


- **Space**: Network and service topology that connects infrastructure to user location and experience
- **Time**: Flow metrics, telemetry, and streaming data from passive and active monitoring
- **Context**: metadata such as customer profiles, sentiment, external events such as weather, etc.
- **State**: Status and configuration of traffic policies, network elements, port and flow statistics

AI can correlate events that would otherwise be separated across siloed systems by examining varied data sets across several dimensions. In other words, it has the ability to expose the unseen.

## Other Uses of AI in 5G
By increasing network quality and providing individualized services, AI is already being utilized to improve customer service and increase consumer experience through chatbots and virtual assistants.

The greatest option for recouping the costs of transitioning networks to 5G is to use AI in network design.

AI efforts are also being applied to improve network performance management.

Managing SLAs, product life cycles, networks, and revenue are some areas where cellular decision-makers want to invest in AI.

(Read: [Adopting Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) into 5G Networks](https://hsc.com/Resources/Blog/Adopting-Multi-Access-Edge-Computing-MEC-into-5G-Networks))

## How AI Benefits from 5G
Though AI has widespread adoption, [5G ](https://hsc.com/Resources/Blog/The-Evolution-of-5G-Networks)can still help bring advancements to the field of AI. For instance, [Machine Learning](https://hsc.com/Services/Product-Engineering-Services/Wireless-Engineering/) (ML) models require large data volumes to train, and as these models get more complex and powerful, they will need larger datasets.

The low latency and high speed of 5G will allow analysts to swiftly gather, clean, and analyze enormous amounts of data. This will prompt the development of new analytics technologies in the near future.

For example, driverless automobiles were previously limited and a pipedream due to the significant latency supplied by 2G, 3G, and even 4G networks. However, 5G networks will provide minimal latency and improved information processing in real-time. In fact, more broadly, the biggest impact that 5G will have on analytics is real-time data exchange and insights.

Other AI applications such as automation, smart devices, AR, VR, and many others which form the basis of Industry 4.0 will be transformed with the help of 5G.

## 5G Network Architecture and URLLC
The 5G architecture is comprised of 3 key service areas:

**Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC)**: This component supports large numbers of simultaneously connected devices and hence will help transform industries such as IoT (Internet-of-Things) and Smart Cities. 
**Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)**: This component supports high bandwidth demands and can transform industries such as AR, VR, and streaming.
**Ultra-reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC)**: This component will enable low latency and guaranteed connections.

URLLC offers use cases that need high network dependability (above 99.999%) and extremely low data transfer latency (less than 1 millisecond). As safety requirements demand ultra-reliable connections, data would have to be shared in real-time with minimal delay. Because of the considerable danger involved, autonomous driving, for example, would necessitate such a connection.

Autonomous driving has numerous advantages, ranging from time savings to increased safety due to the elimination of human mistakes. However, all vehicles would need to be connected vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure, such as traffic light systems, emergency services, and road maintenance programs.

**Smart factories and Industry 4.0** have comparable requirements, requiring real-time interaction between machinery and robotics. They may also need real-time data from other sensors located throughout the manufacturing facility. Low-latency solutions enable these machine-operated systems to improve manufacturing lines in a safe and effective manner.

Other possible use-cases are remote and augmented reality healthcare, such as remote surgery, smart electricity distribution, and cloud-based gaming and entertainment.

(Read: [An Introduction to OpenRAN (ORAN)](https://hsc.com/Resources/Blog/An-Introduction-To-OpenRAN-ORAN))


![LTE-5G](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/m3fd6ppzxyc6gi6uf0oc.png)
 
Source:[ ericsson.com](https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/ericsson-technology-review/articles/evolving-lte-to-fit-the-5g-future)

## Network Slicing
Network slicing (also known as [software-defined networking](https://hsc.com/Services/Product-Engineering-Services/Network-Infrastructure-Engineering-Services/SDN) or SDN) will be another important 5G application. In addition to its low latency, it allows telecommunication companies to run several virtual networks on a single physical link. Providers will be able to ‘slice’ the network with 5G, meaning different networks and virtual layers will bring value to the business. Through data monetization, [network slicing](https://hsc.com/Resources/Blog/Network-Slicing-in-5G-A-Move-For-Better-Performance) will enable the creation of new business models.

Each slice functions as its own network, with its own provisioning, security, and service quality needs. As a result, mMTC, which has low security and bandwidth requirements, is isolated from URLLC, which has strong security and reliability requirements. Despite this, all these slices are connected by the same physical network architecture. 

(Read: [RAN Slicing: Efficiency, Performance, Assurance](https://hsc.com/Resources/Blog/RAN-Slicing-Efficiency-Performance-Assurance))


![5G Network Slicing](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/hu1obcf0x9f7oq4x1o6n.png)
 
Source: [vanillaplus.com](https://www.vanillaplus.com/2017/01/31/24983-network-slicing-unleashes-5g-opportunities-service-quality-can-assured-part-2/)

## Future Concerns with Increased Connectivity and Way Ahead
As 5G networks adopt AI and thus increase reliance on software, the potential cybersecurity risks related to design flaws (from poor development processes) will begin to matter more. We can already see cases where entities must perform their due diligence to secure their networks. The best example is the ban imposed by many governments on Huawei as a 5G equipment supplier.

Network equipment such as base stations and management functions are becoming more vulnerable to attacks. The dependence of mobile network operators on suppliers means an increase in the possible modes of attack. As a result, suppliers with low-risk profiles will be preferred. 

The consequence is that 5G security companies will need to expand to tackle the multidimensional security problem that comes with the next-generation technology. Simply banning a single provider would not be enough.

It will take years to implement fully functioning 5G networks because the connectivity standards have yet to be established, and some aspects of the network have yet to be tested. Some businesses will gradually integrate it into their systems, while other industries, such as Data Analytics, will be quick to embrace 5G. Because it already deals with the challenge of managing petabytes of data that comes with present connectivity, the data analytics business may be the sector where 5 G’s promise will be fully realized. However, with 5 G’s promise of quick and real-time data analyses, the analytics and complex technologies derived from it will bring more potential for improvement.