Scheduling and Running Recurring Cron Jobs in Node.JS
Tags: javascript, webdev, tutorial, node
Published: 2022-08-01 20:40:00

It's a common requirement in programming to have to set something up to run at certain intervals. For example, you might want to process a database every 30 minutes, or you might want to send an email once a week. The way we typically do this is with **cron jobs**. In Node.JS, we can also set up cron jobs to run at specific intervals. Let's look at how it works.

## How Cron Jobs work in Node.JS
The best way to create a cron job in Node.JS is to use a package called `node-schedule`. Make sure you have Node.JS installed, and then run the following command in your project folder to install it:
```
npm i node-schedule
```

`node-schedule` essentially allows us to set up recurring jobs using the `cron` format of timing. The `cron` format is a set of 6 characters in Javascript, where each represent a different element of time. We can use asterisks as wild cards, as well. The order of the format looks like this:
```
*    *    *    *    *    *
┬    ┬    ┬    ┬    ┬    ┬
│    │    │    │    │    │
│    │    │    │    │    └ day of week (0 - 7) (0 or 7 is Sun)
│    │    │    │    └───── month (1 - 12)
│    │    │    └────────── day of month (1 - 31)
│    │    └─────────────── hour (0 - 23)
│    └──────────────────── minute (0 - 59)
└───────────────────────── second (0 - 59, OPTIONAL)
```

The easiest way to understand the `cron` format is that if we give the most basic format, that being `* * * * *`, it is translated as meaning `every day of the week` of `every month` of `every day of month` of `every hour` of `every minute` of `every second`. So essentially, `* * * * *` runs every second in `node-schedule`.

If we start defining numbers instead of stars, then we can start to limit how often something occurs. For example, `00 30 10 * * 1` will define a job that runs on the **first day of the week** on **every month** on every **day of the month** when the hour is **10** and the minutes are **30**, and the seconds are **00**. 

So essentially this job will run every week, on Monday, at 10:30am.

### Other Symbols used in Cron Jobs
There are also a few other symbols we can use in cron jobs, which can be confusing when you first see them. 
- dash (`-`) - can be used to represent a range, for example `2-5` representing `2,3,4,5`. **Example**: `00 30 10 * * 1-4`.
- question mark (`?`) - can be used in day of week or day of month, if one doesn't matter. For example, if we want something to fire on a specific day of the month, but we don't care what day of the week it is - then we set day of week to `?`. **Example**: `00 30 10 * * ?`.
- forward slash (`/`) - used for defining series. For example, giving `*/5` for the value of the hour represents `0,5,10,15,20`. If you give a number as the first argument, it defines the star.ting number. i.e. `2/5` in the hour field represents `2,7,12,17,22`. **Example**: `00 30 */5 * * 1`.
- comma (`,`) - for a series of numbers, i.e. `2,3,5,7`. **Example**: `00 30 5 * 4,5,6 1`.


## Setting up a cron job in Node.JS
Now that we understand a bit about how to format cron jobs, let's look at how to create one. Let's say we want to use our earlier example, and create a cron job that runs every Monday at 10:30am. The format we will use is `00 30 10 * * 1`. Make a file called `scheduler.js` in your project, and put the following code inside:

```javascript
import schedule from 'node-schedule'
schedule.scheduleJob('00 30 10 * * 1', async function() {
    // This will run every Monday at 10:30;
    console.log('hey!');
});
```

Anything within `function() ...` above will run every Monday at 10:30am. In this case, `console.log('hey!')`. To start the script, you can run it straight from the command line like so:
```
node scheduler.js
```

Now our job will run any time it is Monday, and the time is 10:30am.

### Persistently running cron jobs in Node.JS

This code is fine, but it means you have to keep your `node scheduler.js` session live. If you want to run a cron job like this in the background without having to worry about it, it's better to use `pm2` to keep it running persistently. `pm2` starts up a Node.JS program, and keeps it running so you don't have to worry about it. You can install `pm2` with the following line in terminal:
```
npm install pm2 -g
```

Then, to run your `scheduler.js` file and keep it running persistently, run the following command in terminal:
```
pm2 start scheduler.js
```

Now our `scheduler.js` file is running in the background, and will fire off every Monday at 10:30am - so you don't have to worry about it.

## Conclusion
Cron job requirements come up all the time, so it's really useful to have this functionality within Node.JS. Cron jobs can be used to do so many things, like tidy up file structures, send emails, or process large sets of data at recurring intervals. I hope you've enjoyed this guide. [For more web tips, click here](https://fjolt.com)