Essential Linux Commands Every DevOps Engineer Should Know – Part 2
Tags: linux, devops, tutorial
Published: 2023-03-05 12:13:39

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<p>Previously, we discussed several <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://nerdleveltech.com/essential-linux-commands-every-devops-engineer-should-know-part-1/">categories of Linux </a>commands, including system information, file and directory management, system maintenance, user and groups management, package management, and network management. In this article, we will continue with a list of additional important Linux commands that are commonly used by DevOps/Linux engineers and other technical professionals.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">Before we proceed with the list of commands, let's address some common questions about Linux and DevOps. Understanding these questions and the answers will provide a better understanding of the topic in general. </p>
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<h2>Do DevOps Engineers use Linux?</h2>
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<p>Yes, <a href="https://nerdleveltech.com/cloud-computing-what-are-its-benefits-and-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DevOps</a> engineers use Linux extensively in their work. Linux is a popular operating system for hosting applications, managing infrastructure, and automating processes, which are all key responsibilities of a DevOps engineer. Linux is also widely used for cloud computing, which is becoming increasingly important in the world of DevOps.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">DevOps engineers use Linux for a variety of tasks, including managing servers and other infrastructure components, configuring network settings, deploying applications, monitoring performance and availability, and automating processes. They also use Linux-based tools for source code management, continuous integration and delivery, and collaboration.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">In addition to Linux, DevOps engineers may also work with other operating systems such as Windows and macOS, depending on the needs of their organization. However, given the popularity of Linux in the DevOps world and its extensive support for various tools and technologies, it's critical for DevOps engineers to have a good understanding of Linux and its commands.</p>
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<h2>What is Shell Scripting?</h2>
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<p>Shell scripting is a way to write <a href="https://nerdleveltech.com/javascript-functions-why-theyre-essential-to-understand-easy-guide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computer programs</a> using commands that you would normally type in a command line or terminal. Think of it like giving your computer a set of instructions to follow, just like you would give a friend a list of things to do.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">For example, imagine you want to create a script to copy all of the photos in a folder to a new folder. Instead of manually copying and pasting each file, you can write a shell script to do it for you.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">Example of what the shell script might look like:</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>#!/bin/bash
mkdir new_folder
cp *.jpg new_folder</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This script first creates a new folder called "new_folder" using the "mkdir" command. Then, it uses the "cp" command to copy all files with the ".jpg" extension from the current folder to the new folder.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">Shell scripting can be really helpful when you have a <a href="https://nerdleveltech.com/how-to-solve-an-algorithm-problem-with-examples/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repetitive task</a> to do or need to automate a process. </p>
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<h2>What are Environment Variables?</h2>
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<p>Environment variables are like secret codes that your computer uses to keep track of important information about your system and the programs you're running. They're like little pieces of information that your computer can remember and use later, so you don't have to keep typing them in over and over again.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">For example, imagine you want to run a program that requires your username and password. Instead of typing them in every time you run the program, you can use environment variables to store them.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">Example of how environment variables might be used:</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>export USERNAME=johndoe
export PASSWORD=MySecurePassword123</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">In this example, we're setting two environment variables - "USERNAME" and "PASSWORD". We're assigning the value "johndoe" to the "USERNAME" variable, and "MySecurePassword123" to the "PASSWORD" variable.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">Now, when we run the program that needs our username and password, we can use these environment variables instead of typing them in each time:</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>./my_program -u $USERNAME -p $PASSWORD</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">The "$" symbol tells the computer to look for the value of the environment variable, instead of treating it like a normal word.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">Environment variables can be really helpful for keeping track of important information, like your username and password, or the location of important files.</p>
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<h2>What is container development?</h2>
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<p>Container development is a process of building, testing, and deploying applications using containerization technology. Containers are lightweight, portable, and self-contained environments that can run anywhere, from developer laptops to production servers.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">In container development, developers package their applications and dependencies into containers, which can then be deployed to various environments, such as development, testing, and production. Containers allow developers to build applications that are isolated from the underlying infrastructure, making it easier to manage dependencies, ensure consistency across different environments, and deploy applications quickly.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">Container development often involves the use of container orchestration platforms, such as Kubernetes and Docker Swarm, which help manage the deployment and scaling of containerized applications. These platforms can automatically provision and manage containers across a cluster of servers, ensuring high availability and scalability.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">Container development has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its many benefits, including faster development and deployment cycles, improved scalability and portability, and better resource utilization. It also helps enable a DevOps approach, as developers and operations teams can work together more closely, using the same tools and processes, to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of containerized applications.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-start"><strong>Now let us dive in with more Linux commands...</strong></p>
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<h2>System Logs</h2>
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<p>System logs are a crucial tool for diagnosing and troubleshooting issues on a system. Here are three commonly used commands for managing and analyzing system logs:</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>journalctl</strong>: This command is used to query and display logs from the systemd journal, which is a centralized logging system used in many modern Linux distributions. <strong>journalctl</strong> can be used to view logs from all available log sources, or from a specific log source such as the kernel, a service, or a user session. Take a look at this example:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ journalctl -u sshd.service</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will display the logs for the <strong>sshd.service</strong> system service.</p>
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<li><p><strong>dmesg</strong>: This command is used to display kernel ring buffer messages, which contain information about the status of the kernel and the system hardware. <strong>dmesg</strong> can be used to view the most recent kernel messages or all kernel messages since the last boot. Example:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ dmesg | tail</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will display the last few lines of the kernel ring buffer.</p>
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<li><p><strong>tail</strong>: This command is used to show the last few lines of a file. It can be used to monitor log files in real-time, by using the <strong>-f</strong> option to follow the file as new entries are added. Example:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ tail -f /var/log/syslog</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will display the latest entries in the syslog file as they are added.</p>
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<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter"><img src="https://nerdleveltech.com/wp-content/uploads/3ec93212-8c24-4f97-aaf6-adfcfbc01a32.png" alt="gui, interface, internet"/></figure>
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<h2>File Compression and Archiving</h2>
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<p>file compression and archiving are essential tools for managing large amounts of data. Here are a few commonly used commands for file compression and archiving:</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>tar</strong>: This command is used to create and extract tar archives, which are used to bundle files and directories together. <strong>tar</strong> can be used to compress and decompress files using the gzip or bzip2 algorithms. Here are some examples:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ tar -cvzf archive.tar.gz /path/to/directory</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will create a new tar archive called <strong>archive.tar.gz</strong> of the <strong>/path/to/directory</strong> directory, using the gzip compression algorithm.</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ tar -xvzf archive.tar.gz</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will extract the contents of the <strong>archive.tar.gz</strong> archive to the current directory.</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>gzip</strong> and <strong>bzip2</strong>: These commands are used to compress and decompress files using the gzip and bzip2 algorithms, respectively. Here are some examples:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ gzip file.txt</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will compress the <strong>file.txt</strong> file using the gzip algorithm, creating a new file called <strong>file.txt.gz</strong>.</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ gzip -d file.txt.gz</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will decompress the <strong>file.txt.gz</strong> file, creating a new file called <strong>file.txt</strong>.</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ bzip2 file.txt</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will compress the <strong>file.txt</strong> file using the bzip2 algorithm, creating a new file called <strong>file.txt.bz2</strong>.</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ bzip2 -d file.txt.bz2</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will decompress the <strong>file.txt.bz2</strong> file, creating a new file called <strong>file.txt</strong>.</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>zip</strong> and <strong>unzip</strong>: These commands are used to create and extract zip archives, which are a popular file format for compressing and archiving files. Here are some examples:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ zip archive.zip file1.txt file2.txt</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will create a new zip archive called <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://archive.zip"><strong>archive.zip</strong></a> containing the <strong>file1.txt</strong> and <strong>file2.txt</strong> files.</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ unzip archive.zip</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will extract the contents of the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://archive.zip"><strong>archive.zip</strong></a> file to the current directory.</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>7z</strong>: This command is used to create and extract 7z archives, which are another popular file format for compressing and archiving files. Here are some examples:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ 7z a archive.7z /path/to/directory</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will create a new 7z archive called <strong>archive.7z</strong> of the <strong>/path/to/directory</strong> directory.</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ 7z x archive.7z</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will extract the contents of the <strong>archive.7z</strong> archive to the current directory.</p>
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<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter"><img src="https://nerdleveltech.com/wp-content/uploads/609c2089-63f9-47f0-ac56-d45e219b0f57.png" alt="security, protection, antivirus"/></figure>
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<h2>System Security</h2>
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<p>Secure remote access and network security are essential for protecting sensitive data and systems. Here are a few commonly used commands for secure remote access and network security:</p>
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<li><p><strong>ssh</strong>: This command is used to securely connect to a remote system over the network. <strong>ssh</strong> encrypts all traffic between the local and remote systems, providing a secure and private connection. Example:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ ssh user@remote_host</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will securely connect to the <strong>remote_host</strong> system as the <strong>user</strong> user.</p>
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<li><p><strong>scp</strong>: This command is used to securely copy files to or from a remote system over the network. <strong>scp</strong> uses the same encryption as <strong>ssh</strong> to protect the data in transit. Example:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ scp file.txt user@remote_host:/path/to/destination/</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will securely copy the <strong>file.txt</strong> file to the <strong>remote_host</strong> system at the <strong>/path/to/destination/</strong> directory.</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>openssl</strong>: This command is a versatile cryptographic library that can be used for a wide range of security tasks, such as SSL/TLS connections, certificate management, and more. Here are some examples:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will establish an SSL/TLS connection to the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://example.com"><strong>example.com</strong></a> web server on port 443, and display the server's SSL/TLS certificate.</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -text</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will display the details of the SSL/TLS certificate stored in the <strong>cert.pem</strong> file.</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>iptables</strong>: This command-line tool is used to configure the Linux kernel's firewall, providing network security by controlling the incoming and outgoing network traffic. Example:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will allow incoming TCP traffic on port 22 (the default SSH port) through the firewall.</p>
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<h2>Process Management</h2>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">Process management is essential for controlling system resources and optimizing system performance. Here are a few commonly used commands for process management:</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>pgrep</strong>: This command is used to search for processes by name or other attributes. <strong>pgrep</strong> returns the process ID (PID) of matching processes, which can be used with other commands such as <strong>kill</strong> or <strong>renice</strong>. Example:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ pgrep -u user_name -f process_name</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will search for processes with the name <strong>process_name</strong> that are being run by the <strong>user_name</strong> user.</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>pkill</strong>: This command is used to send a signal to one or more processes to terminate them. <strong>pkill</strong> can be used with the same search criteria as <strong>pgrep</strong> to select which processes to terminate. Example:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ pkill -u user_name -f process_name</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will terminate all processes with the name <strong>process_name</strong> that are being run by the <strong>user_name</strong> user.</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>nice</strong>: This command is used to set the priority of a process. The priority value ranges from -20 (highest priority) to 19 (lowest priority), with 0 being the default priority. Example:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ nice -n 10 command</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will run the <strong>command</strong> with a lower priority (higher nice value) than the default priority.</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>renice</strong>: This command is used to change the priority of a running process. The command takes the PID of the process as an argument, as well as the new priority value. Example:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ renice -n 10 1234</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will change the priority of the process with PID 1234 to a lower priority (higher nice value) than the current priority.</p>
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<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>screen</strong>: This command is a terminal multiplexer that allows you to run multiple terminal sessions within a single screen session. This is particularly useful when working with remote systems, as it allows you to detach and re-attach to the terminal sessions as needed. Example:</p></li>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ screen</code></pre>
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<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will start a new screen session. To detach from the session, press <strong>Ctrl-A</strong>, then <strong>d</strong>. To re-attach to the session, use the <strong>screen -r</strong> command.</p>
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<h2>System Monitoring</h2>
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<p>system monitoring is essential for managing system resources and optimizing system performance. Here are a few commonly used commands for system monitoring:</p>
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<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>htop</strong>: This command is an interactive process viewer that shows CPU and memory usage, and allows you to manage processes. <strong>htop</strong> provides a real-time view of the system's process usage and system resources, making it a powerful tool for managing system performance. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ htop</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will start the <strong>htop</strong> process viewer.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>nmon</strong>: This command is a system performance monitor that shows CPU, memory, disk, and network usage in real time. <strong>nmon</strong> provides a detailed view of the system's performance, allowing you to identify performance bottlenecks and optimize system performance. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ nmon</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will start the <strong>nmon</strong> performance monitor.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list {"ordered":true} -->
<ol><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>iostat</strong>: This command is used to display CPU, disk, and network I/O statistics. <strong>iostat</strong> provides a detailed view of the system's I/O usage, allowing you to identify I/O bottlenecks and optimize system performance. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ol>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ iostat -d -x 1</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will display the disk I/O statistics every second.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>vmstat</strong>: This command is used to display virtual memory statistics. <strong>vmstat</strong> provides a detailed view of the system's memory usage, allowing you to identify memory bottlenecks and optimize system performance. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ vmstat 1</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will display the memory statistics every second.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>free</strong>: This command is used to display memory usage statistics. <strong>free</strong> provides a simple view of the system's memory usage, allowing you to identify memory usage trends and optimize system performance. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ free -h</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will display the memory usage statistics in a human-readable format.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>perf</strong>: This command is a profiling tool for Linux that can be used to analyze system performance. <strong>perf</strong> can be used to identify performance bottlenecks, analyze system call and interrupt activity, and optimize program behavior. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ perf record ./myprogram</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will record performance data for <strong>myprogram</strong> and generate a report using <strong>perf report</strong>.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:spacer -->
<div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>
<!-- /wp:spacer -->

<!-- wp:image {"align":"center"} -->
<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter"><img src="https://nerdleveltech.com/wp-content/uploads/7e39502a-f5a9-49b5-82e7-290f78a357db.png" alt="background, texture, a book"/></figure>
<!-- /wp:image -->

<!-- wp:heading -->
<h2>Text Processing</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->

<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p>text processing is an essential task that involves manipulating text data in various ways. Here are a few commonly used commands for text processing:</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>grep</strong>: This command is used to search for a pattern in a file or input stream. <strong>grep</strong> can be used with regular expressions to search for complex patterns in text data. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ grep 'pattern' file.txt</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will search for lines in <strong>file.txt</strong> that contain the word <strong>pattern</strong>.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>sed</strong>: This command is a stream editor that can perform various text transformations on an input stream. <strong>sed</strong> can be used to find and replace text, insert or delete lines, and perform other text transformations. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ sed 's/pattern/replacement/g' file.txt</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will replace all occurrences of <strong>pattern</strong> with <strong>replacement</strong> in <strong>file.txt</strong>.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>awk</strong>: This command is a powerful programming language for text processing. <strong>awk</strong> can be used to manipulate text data in many ways, such as selecting columns, performing calculations, and formatting output. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ awk '{ print $1, $3 }' file.txt</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will print the first and third columns of <strong>file.txt</strong>.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>cut</strong>: This command is used to select portions of each line of a file. <strong>cut</strong> can be used to extract specific columns or ranges of characters from text data. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ cut -d ',' -f 1,3 file.csv</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will extract the first and third columns of <strong>file.csv</strong>, assuming the columns are delimited by commas.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>tr</strong>: This command is used to translate or delete characters in a stream of text. <strong>tr</strong> can be used to convert uppercase characters to lowercase, remove whitespace, or perform other character transformations. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ tr '&#91;:upper:]' '&#91;:lower:]' &lt; file.txt</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will convert all uppercase characters in <strong>file.txt</strong> to lowercase.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>sort</strong>: This command is used to sort the lines of a file or input stream. <strong>sort</strong> can be used to sort text data in various ways, such as numerically, alphabetically, or based on field positions. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ sort file.txt</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will sort the lines of <strong>file.txt</strong> in alphabetical order.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>uniq</strong>: This command is used to remove duplicate lines from a file or input stream. <strong>uniq</strong> can be used to remove consecutive or non-consecutive duplicate lines. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ uniq file.txt</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will remove all consecutive duplicate lines from <strong>file.txt</strong>.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>wc</strong>: This command is used to count the number of lines, words, and characters in a file or input stream. <strong>wc</strong> can be used to generate word counts and perform other text statistics. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ wc file.txt</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will display the line, word, and character count of <strong>file.txt</strong>.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:spacer -->
<div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>
<!-- /wp:spacer -->

<!-- wp:image {"align":"center"} -->
<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter"><img src="https://nerdleveltech.com/wp-content/uploads/bc97a2aa-a8ca-4c01-9b91-cc9b8517d1a5.png" alt="scan, system, bug"/></figure>
<!-- /wp:image -->

<!-- wp:heading -->
<h2>Debugging Tools</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->

<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p>Debugging is an important part of software development, and Linux provides a variety of powerful debugging tools for developers. Here are a few commonly used commands for debugging in Linux:</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>strace</strong>: This command is used to trace system calls and signals of a process. <strong>strace</strong> can be used to identify system call errors, diagnose application problems, and analyze system performance. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ strace ./myprogram
</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p>$ strace ./myprogram</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will trace the system calls and signals of <strong>myprogram</strong>.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>ltrace</strong>: This command is used to trace library calls of a process. <strong>ltrace</strong> can be used to identify library call errors, diagnose application problems, and analyze system performance. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ ltrace ./myprogram
</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p>$ ltrace ./myprogram</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will trace the library calls of <strong>myprogram</strong>.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>gdb</strong>: This command is the GNU Debugger, used to debug and analyze C/C++ programs. <strong>gdb</strong> can be used to identify errors, analyze program flow, and modify program behavior. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ gdb ./myprogram
</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p>$ gdb ./myprogram</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will start the GNU Debugger for <strong>myprogram</strong>.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>valgrind</strong>: This command is a tool for memory debugging, memory leak detection, and profiling. <strong>valgrind</strong> can be used to identify memory errors, diagnose application problems, and analyze system performance. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ valgrind ./myprogram
</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p>$ valgrind ./myprogram</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will run <strong>myprogram</strong> under <strong>valgrind</strong> to detect memory errors.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:spacer -->
<div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>
<!-- /wp:spacer -->

<!-- wp:image {"align":"center"} -->
<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter"><img src="https://nerdleveltech.com/wp-content/uploads/e70bddde-6c2c-453f-a1b6-63d82473776f.png" alt="camera, iphone, macbook pro"/></figure>
<!-- /wp:image -->

<!-- wp:heading -->
<h2>Miscellaneous</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>find</strong>: This command is used to search for files in a directory hierarchy. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ find /home/user/Documents -name "*.txt"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will search for all files with the extension <strong>.txt</strong> in the <strong>Documents</strong> directory of the user <strong>user</strong>.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>cron</strong>: This command is a tool for scheduling periodic tasks. It can be used to schedule commands to run at specific intervals, such as daily, weekly, or monthly. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ crontab -e</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will open the user's crontab file in an editor, where they can add entries to schedule commands to run at specific times.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>watch</strong>: This command is used to execute a command periodically and display the output. It can be used to monitor the output of a command in real-time. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ watch -n 1 "ls -l"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will run the <strong>ls -l</strong> command every 1 second and display the output in the terminal.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>history</strong>: This command is used to display a list of recently executed commands. It can be used to recall previous commands and to repeat them. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ history</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will display a list of the user's recently executed commands.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>sudo</strong>: This command is used to execute a command with superuser privileges. It can be used to perform tasks that require root-level access, such as installing packages or modifying system files. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ sudo apt-get update</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will update the package list using the <strong>apt-get</strong> command with root-level access.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>diff</strong>: This command is used to compare two files or directories and display the differences between them. It can be used to identify changes, additions, and deletions between two versions of a file or directory. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ diff file1.txt file2.txt</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will compare the contents of <strong>file1.txt</strong> and <strong>file2.txt</strong> and display the differences between them.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>rsync</strong>: This command is used to synchronize files and directories between two locations, such as a local machine and a remote server. It can be used to transfer files securely and efficiently and to perform incremental backups. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ rsync -avz /path/to/local/dir user@remote:/path/to/remote/dir</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will synchronize the contents of the local directory <strong>/path/to/local/dir</strong> with the remote directory <strong>/path/to/remote/dir</strong> on the server <strong>remote</strong>, using the <strong>rsync</strong> protocol.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>curl</strong>: This command is used to transfer data from or to a server, using various protocols (such as HTTP, FTP, or SMTP). <strong>curl</strong> can be used to test API endpoints, download files, and perform other network-related tasks. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ curl http://example.com</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will fetch the contents of <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://example.com"><strong>http://example.com</strong></a> and display them in the terminal.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>wget</strong>: This command is used to download files from the Internet. <strong>wget</strong> can be used to download files in the background, resume interrupted downloads and mirror entire websites. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ wget http://example.com/file.zip</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will download <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://file.zip"><strong>file.zip</strong></a> from <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://example.com"><strong>http://example.com</strong></a>.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list -->
<ul><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p><strong>ssh-keygen</strong>: This command is used to generate SSH key pairs for secure authentication. <strong>ssh-keygen</strong> can be used to create new keys, import or export keys, and manage key authentication settings. Here's an example:</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ul>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:code -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ ssh-keygen -t rsa</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">This command will generate a new RSA key pair for SSH authentication.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:spacer -->
<div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>
<!-- /wp:spacer -->

<!-- wp:image {"align":"center"} -->
<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter"><img src="https://nerdleveltech.com/wp-content/uploads/5896d499-6782-4149-a644-06085339b2e5.png" alt="to learn, future, a notice"/></figure>
<!-- /wp:image -->

<!-- wp:heading -->
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->

<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p>DevOps engineers are responsible for the development, deployment, and management of software applications and systems. They need to be proficient in a wide range of tools and technologies, including various Linux commands, to be successful in their role. Here are some reasons why it's critical for DevOps engineers to be aware of all these commands :</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->

<!-- wp:list {"ordered":true} -->
<ol><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p>Streamline workflows: By mastering these Linux commands, DevOps engineers can streamline their workflows, automate repetitive tasks, and become more efficient in their daily work.</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item -->

<!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p>Improve productivity: Knowing these commands can help DevOps engineers troubleshoot issues faster, perform tasks with greater accuracy, and respond to incidents more quickly, ultimately improving productivity.</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item -->

<!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p>Manage infrastructure: DevOps engineers need to be able to manage servers, containers, and other infrastructure components, and many of these commands are essential for that.</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item -->

<!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><p>Troubleshoot issues: When issues arise in production, DevOps engineers need to be able to quickly diagnose and fix the problem. Knowing these Linux commands can help them identify the root cause of issues and resolve them quickly.</p></li>
<!-- /wp:list-item --></ol>
<!-- /wp:list -->

<!-- wp:paragraph {"align":"start","className":"has-text-align-start"} -->
<p class="has-text-align-start">Hers is a good assignment for you to practice more with the commands above and what's in<a href="https://nerdleveltech.com/essential-linux-commands-every-devops-engineer-should-know-part-1/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> part 1 </a>as well. Creating a cheatsheet of these Linux commands can help you as a DevOps engineer to quickly access and reference these tools when needed. It can also serve as a reference for new team members or as a reminder for infrequently used commands. By being proficient in these commands, DevOps engineers can be more effective in their roles, ultimately contributing to the success of the organization.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->