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climate_fever

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[ { "evidence_id": "2015 Indian heat wave:15", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2015 Indian heat wave", "evidence": "In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Captain Cold:58", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Captain Cold", "evidence": "After the elder Snart insults him and his mother, calling them weak, Cold punches him, but finds himself unable to kill him, instead getting Heat Wave to do it.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cold wave:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cold wave", "evidence": "Both cold waves and heat waves cause deaths, though different groups of people may be susceptible to different weather events.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cold wave:12", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Cold wave", "evidence": "Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:108", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "Within the United States alone, an average of 1,000 people die each year due to extreme heat.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:1157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Public concern over global warming and support for climate policy-making in the US is low relative to other nations (see Chapter 10, this volume), contributing to inaction by the US government.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:273", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "While the ozone layer and climate change are considered separate problems, the solution to the former has significantly mitigated global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:275", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "It has been argued that the Montreal Protocol, may have done more than any other measure, as of 2017[update], to mitigate climate change as those substances were also powerful greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:296", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "They challenged the scientific evidence, argued that global warming would have benefits, warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism, and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:307", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Litigation is increasingly used as a tool to strengthen climate action, with governments being the biggest target of lawsuits demanding that they become ambitious on climate action or enforce existing laws.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Canada:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in Canada", "evidence": "Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:80", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:23", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:3", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "Effects on weather encompass increased heavy precipitation, reduced amounts of cold days, increase in heat waves and various effects on tropical cyclones.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:72", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:284", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "Some of the greatest increases in average temperatures in the U.S. are expected in the region over the coming decades.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:285", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "Heat is more likely to increase the risk of mortality in cities in the northern part of the country than in the southern regions of the country.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:138", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that it \"is difficult to make valid projections of heat-related illness and death under varying climate change scenarios\" and that \"heat–related deaths are preventable, as evidenced by the decline of all-cause mortality during heat events over the past 35 years\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010, and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:352", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:379", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "The Southwestern United States had near high temperatures from September 26 to October 2, and even hotter than that in some regions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest", "evidence": "It involves cooling the body to temperatures between 20 °C (68 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F), and stopping blood circulation and brain function for up to one hour.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global storm activity of 2009:357", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global storm activity of 2009", "evidence": "Heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures killed at least 290 people across Europe.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:186", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in 2011.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cancer:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cancer", "evidence": "It caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat stroke:17", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat stroke", "evidence": "The risk of death is less than 5% in those with exercise-induced heat stroke and as high as 65% in those with non-exercise induced cases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hyperthermia:149", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hyperthermia", "evidence": "The associated mortality rates of heatstroke is between 40-64%.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Myocardial infarction:279", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Myocardial infarction", "evidence": "The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower-income countries.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cardiovascular disease:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cardiovascular disease", "evidence": "High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Drowning:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Drowning", "evidence": "Of those who die after plunging into freezing seas, around 20% die within 2 minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic), another 50% die within 15 – 30 minutes from cold incapacitation (loss of use and control of limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body 'protectively' shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core), and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning, claiming the rest within a similar time.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hypothermia:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hypothermia", "evidence": "For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body \"protectively\" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Shock (circulatory):42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Shock (circulatory)", "evidence": "This increased pressure reduced blood flow back to the heart, thereby reducing blood flow to the body and resultign in signs and symptoms of shock.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Underwater diving:32", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Underwater diving", "evidence": "The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Florida:321", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Florida", "evidence": "In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jacksonville, Florida:147", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jacksonville, Florida", "evidence": "LaVilla Brooklyn Northbank Southbank Springfield San Marco Southside Eastside and Arlington Ortega Riverside and Avondale According to the Köppen climate classification, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate, with hot humid summers, and warm to mild and drier winters.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Michigan:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Michigan", "evidence": "The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Orlando, Florida:165", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Orlando, Florida", "evidence": "Because the winter season is dry and freezing temperatures usually occur only after cold fronts (and their accompanying precipitation) have passed, snow is exceptionally rare.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Texas:470", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Texas", "evidence": "Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.–Mexico border.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Ocean:106", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean", "evidence": "Plants : including sea grasses, or mangroves Fungi : many marine fungi with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments Animals : most animal phyla have species that inhabit the ocean, including many that are only found in marine environments such as sponges, Cnidaria (such as corals and jellyfish), comb jellies, Brachiopods, and Echinoderms (such as sea urchins and sea stars).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Petroleum:270", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Petroleum", "evidence": "This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:226", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:229", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tide pool:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tide pool", "evidence": "Low tide zone organisms include abalone, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, and sometimes even small vertebrates such as fish.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Biodiversity:310", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Biodiversity", "evidence": "Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fisheries and climate change:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fisheries and climate change", "evidence": "The current level of GHG emissions means that ocean acidity will continue to increase and aquatic ecosystems will continue to degrade and change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fisheries and climate change:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fisheries and climate change", "evidence": "The rising ocean acidity makes it more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, or corals to form their shells – a process known as calcification.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:226", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United Nations Ocean Conference:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United Nations Ocean Conference", "evidence": "For instance as oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, biodiversity is becoming reduced and changing currents will cause more frequent storms and droughts.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Acid:214", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Acid", "evidence": "CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO− 3 It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO2 and resupplying the cells with O2.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:204", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:220", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: \"The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "PH:114", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "PH", "evidence": "When an acid is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than 7 (25 °C).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "PH:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "PH", "evidence": "At 25 °C, solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:216", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change and ecosystems:104", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change and ecosystems", "evidence": "Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called \"dead zones.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:51", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "It's yet another reason to be very seriously concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere now and the additional amount we continue to put out.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:53", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent \"dramatic impacts\" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that \"The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Skepticism:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Skepticism", "evidence": "Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:299", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:176", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The main idea in the report according to one of his authors Michael Oppenheimer is that if humanity will drastically reduce Greenhouse gas emission in the next decades the problem will be tough but manageable.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami", "evidence": "The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1 millimeters (0.004 in).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:149", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Even if emission of greenhouse gases stopped overnight, sea level rise will continue for centuries to come.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1282", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"The rate of sea-level rise\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:147", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:204", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This has consequences for Europe and the U.S. East Coast, which received a sea level rise 3–4 times the global average.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:263", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:153", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "A pair of studies in Nature have said that, as of 2017, none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had envisioned and have not met their pledged emission reduction targets, and even if they had, the sum of all member pledges (as of 2016) would not keep global temperature rise \"well below 2 °C\".", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:77", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "At the Paris Conference in 2015 where the Agreement was negotiated, the developed countries reaffirmed the commitment to mobilize $100 billion a year in climate finance by 2020, and agreed to continue mobilizing finance at the level of $100 billion a year until 2025.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:144", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s \"the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:196", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "The text stated that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:457", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards, and found indications that recent warming was exceptional.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick graph:148", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick graph", "evidence": "The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of –0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s \"the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence.\"", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:184", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "The group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911 °C, and their results closely matched those obtained from these earlier studies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:196", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:236", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:241", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Celsius:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Celsius", "evidence": "This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Winter:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Winter", "evidence": "Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Year:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Year", "evidence": "The Gregorian calendar attempts to cause the northward equinox to fall on or shortly before March 21 and hence it follows the northward equinox year, or tropical year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Year:35", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Year", "evidence": "Because 97 out of 400 years are leap years, the mean length of the Gregorian calendar year is 365.2425 days; with a relative error below one ppm (8·10−7) relative to the current length of the mean tropical year (365.24219 days) and even closer to the current March equinox year of 365.242374 days that it aims to match.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "El Niño:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:96", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Niña.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "evidence": "The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "La Niña:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "La Niña", "evidence": "La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "La Niña:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "La Niña", "evidence": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Falsifiability:135", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Falsifiability", "evidence": "Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Falsifiability:189", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Falsifiability", "evidence": "This will be the one which not only has hitherto stood up to the severest tests, but the one which is also testable in the most rigorous way.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Falsifiability:225", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Falsifiability", "evidence": "From a new idea, put up tentatively, and not yet justified in any way—an anticipation, a hypothesis, a theoretical system, or what you will—conclusions are drawn by means of logical deduction.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Falsifiability:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Falsifiability", "evidence": "Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Statistical hypothesis testing:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Statistical hypothesis testing", "evidence": "Hypothesis tests are used when determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Hysterectomy:703", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hysterectomy", "evidence": "\"Hysterectomy Procedures Pacing A Downward Trend\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar cycle:107", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar cycle", "evidence": "Another series based on the ACRIM data is produced by the PMOD group and shows a −0.008%/decade downward trend.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Uptick rule:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Uptick rule", "evidence": "One empirical study found no statistically significant link between the uptick rule and the rates of price decline.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Usage share of operating systems:163", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Usage share of operating systems", "evidence": "Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Usage share of operating systems:35", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Usage share of operating systems", "evidence": "Gartner's own press release said, \"Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016\", which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading \"1.7 percent [point]\" decline.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:2631", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:463", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Years of Living Dangerously:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Years of Living Dangerously", "evidence": "He learns that \"Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases\", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Years of Living Dangerously:65", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Years of Living Dangerously", "evidence": "He tells Friedman that \"you've got to recognize [that global warming] is going to be one of the most significant long-term challenges, if not the most significant long-term challenge, that this country faces and that the planet faces.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:30", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that \"2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:4", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the \"5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing\", noting \"that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:43", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "Under the heading \"Global Warming Standstill\" they \"noted that the 'standstill' temperature is at a much higher level than existed at any year in the prior decade except for the single year 1998, which had the strongest El Nino of the century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of heat waves:175", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "List of heat waves", "evidence": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Eocene:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:44", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "At around 41.5 million years ago, stable isotopic analysis of samples from Southern Ocean drilling sites indicated a warming event for 600 thousand years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Supercontinent:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Supercontinent", "evidence": "The Jurassic is thought to have been approximately 10 degrees Celsius warmer along 90 degrees East paleolongitude compared to the present temperature of today's central Eurasia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "El Niño:102", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:54", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global storm activity of 2010:2207", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global storm activity of 2010", "evidence": "\"Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global storm activity of 2010:391", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global storm activity of 2010", "evidence": "[citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global storm activity of 2010:848", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global storm activity of 2010", "evidence": "[citation needed] On July 12, France and Belgium also saw record temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:30", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2014–16 El Niño event", "evidence": "In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño \"could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:35", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2014–16 El Niño event", "evidence": "The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Niña event taking place during 2016 started to be made.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:30", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Atlantic oscillation:67", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "North Atlantic oscillation", "evidence": "Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:48", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:507", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:719", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:1031", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "\"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:76", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eemian:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eemian", "evidence": "The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71°10′21″N 25°47′40″E / 71.17250°N 25.79444°E / 71.17250; 25.79444.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fahrenheit:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fahrenheit", "evidence": "A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC):1332", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)", "evidence": "Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate of India:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate of India", "evidence": "During the Mesozoic, the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:206", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sun:306", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sun", "evidence": "However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2015 South Indian floods:434", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2015 South Indian floods", "evidence": "So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change].\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate of India:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate of India", "evidence": "As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be wildly unstable: epochal droughts, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on humans:268", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on humans", "evidence": "Gross increases are mostly attributed to increased population and property values in vulnerable coastal areas; though there was also an increase in frequency of weather-related events like heavy rainfalls since the 1950s.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental issues in the Philippines:61", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Environmental issues in the Philippines", "evidence": "Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:302", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:321", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "In January 2008 British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists, led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica's ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glaciology:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glaciology", "evidence": "Glaciology (from Latin: glacies, \"frost, ice\", and Ancient Greek: λόγος, logos, \"subject matter\"; literally \"study of ice\") is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming in Antarctica:21", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming in Antarctica", "evidence": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice shelf:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice shelf", "evidence": "A study by NASA and university researchers, published in the June 14, 2013 issue of Science, found however that ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent's ice shelf mass loss.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Fahrenheit:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fahrenheit", "evidence": "A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pavel Banya:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Pavel Banya", "evidence": "Pavel Banya enjoys warm summers, with an average of 22 degrees (72 degrees Fahrenheit) Celsius in July, and colder winters, with an average of 1 degree Celsius (34 degrees Fahrenheit) in January.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Planck temperature:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Planck temperature", "evidence": "In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417×1032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55×1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sadovo:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sadovo", "evidence": "Officially, the highest record for Sadovo is 41.2 degrees Celsius (106.16 degrees Fahrenheit), while the lowest is -30.7 degrees Celsius (-23.26 degrees Fahreheit).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sadovo:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sadovo", "evidence": "During 1916, the highest absolute temperature (45.2 degrees Celsius or 113.36 degrees Fahrenheit) was recorded from the Sadovo weather station.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Agriculture:158", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Agriculture", "evidence": "It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:186", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "While CO 2 is expected to be good for crop productivity at lower temperatures, it does reduce the nutritional values of crops, with for instance wheat having less protein and some minerals.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:83", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Politics of global warming:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Politics of global warming", "evidence": "It is the first comprehensive contribution to the global warming debate by an economist and its conclusions lead to the promise of urgent action by the UK government to further curb Europe's CO 2 emissions and engage other countries to do so.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Richard Tol:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Richard Tol", "evidence": "In 2009, Tol published an influential paper that combined data from several earlier studies, concluding that at least some amount of global warming could lead to economic gains.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:249", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "A study from 2014 investigated the most common climate engineering methods and concluded that they are either ineffective or have potentially severe side effects and cannot be stopped without causing rapid climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:278", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:327", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:328", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: \"a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of wind power:114", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of wind power", "evidence": "His meta-analysis concluded that in 2012 in the United States, wind turbines resulted in the deaths of 888,000 bats and 573,000 birds, including 83,000 birds of prey.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of wind power:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of wind power", "evidence": "An estimated 1 to 9 million birds are killed every year by tall buildings in Toronto, Ontario, Canada alone, according to the wildlife conservation organization Fatal Light Awareness Program.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of wind power:161", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of wind power", "evidence": "A 2013 study produced an estimate that wind turbines killed more than 600,000 bats in the U.S. the previous year, with the greatest mortality occurring in the Appalachian Mountains.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of wind power:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of wind power", "evidence": "Some earlier studies had produced estimates of between 33,000 and 888,000 bat deaths per year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of wind power:702", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of wind power", "evidence": "600,000 bats killed at wind energy facilities in 2012, study says, LA Times, November 8, 2013.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:156", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "One piece of their evidence is that in summer 2003, during Europe's big heat wave, there were 70,000 recorded deaths related to the heat.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on humans:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on humans", "evidence": "In addition, climatic changes are estimated to cause over 150,000 deaths annually.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:208", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Air pollution, wildfires, and heat waves caused by global warming have significantly affected human health, and in 2007, the World Health Organization estimated 150,000 people were being killed by climate-change-related issues every year.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:215", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Even so, climate change was projected to cause an additional 250 000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:349", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Wouldn't you think it makes sense to make sure we're as robust and wealthy as possible?", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:205", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:99", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "By 2014, another report revealed that, due to the change in climatic patterns, the heat waves were found to be increasingly more frequent and severe, with an earlier start to the season and longer duration.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:156", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "East Coast of the United States:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "East Coast of the United States", "evidence": "The area from southern Rhode Island, Connecticut and New York City south to central Florida has a temperate climate, with long, hot summers and cold winters with occasional snow in the northern portions, and milder winters in the southern portions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lyme disease:168", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Lyme disease", "evidence": "In the U.S., Lyme is most common in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but it is expanding into other areas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lyme disease:402", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Lyme disease", "evidence": "Lyme disease occurs regularly in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperate climate:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperate climate", "evidence": "These are the climates that are typically found at southernmost portion of the temperate zone between 23.5° and 35° north or south, and thus are far more influenced by the tropics than any other tepid climate type, usually having warmer temperatures over the year, longer summers and mild, short winters.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperate climate:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperate climate", "evidence": "In these the temperatures remain relatively cool through most of the year as opposed to mild and warm in the subtropics and cold in the subpoles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Mountain pine beetle:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mountain pine beetle", "evidence": "The US Forest Service results show colloidal chitosan elicited a 40% increase in pine resin (P<0.05) in southern pine trees.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mountain pine beetle:8", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Mountain pine beetle", "evidence": "However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mountain pine beetle:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mountain pine beetle", "evidence": "It may be the largest forest insect blight ever seen in North America., monocultural replanting, and a century of forest fire suppression have contributed to the size and severity of the outbreak, and the outbreak itself may, with similar infestations, have significant effects on the capability of northern forests to remove greenhouse gas (CO2) from the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mountain pine beetle:92", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Mountain pine beetle", "evidence": "As of May 2013, the Pine Beetle is aggressively devastating forests in all 19 Western States and Canada, destroying approximately 88 million acres of timber at a 70–90% kill rate.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mountain pine beetle:96", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mountain pine beetle", "evidence": "A lodgepole pine tree with a pitch tube A lodgepole pine tree infested by the mountain pine beetle, with visible pitch tubes Invaded pine tree forest on the slopes of Chancellor Peak in Yoho National Park, Canada A pine tree forest north of Breckenridge, CO shows infestation in 2008.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:294", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "For example, the heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003 cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on humans:136", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on humans", "evidence": "Increased extreme weather means more water falls on hardened ground unable to absorb it, leading to flash floods instead of a replenishment of soil moisture or groundwater levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Flood:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Flood", "evidence": "Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Severe weather:189", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Severe weather", "evidence": "In economic terms, they can cost many billions of dollars: a drought in the United States in 1988 caused over $40 billion in losses, exceeding the economic totals of Hurricane Andrew, the Great Flood of 1993, and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Weather:96", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Weather", "evidence": "Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Biodiversity:171", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Biodiversity", "evidence": "Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:148", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "[clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:556", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "\"Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health; Physicians are noticing an influx of patients whose illnesses are directly or indirectly related to global warming\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "This in combination with extreme weather events, leads to negative effects on human health.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Beaufort Sea:161", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Beaufort Sea", "evidence": "Arctic sea ice extent averaged for September 2012 was 3.61 million square kilometers (1.39 million square miles).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:33", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "It continued to fall, bottoming out on 16 September 2012 at 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles), or 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous low set on 18 September 2007 and 50% below the 1979–2000 average.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:35", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:374", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "\"Arctic sea ice volume now one-fifth its 1979 level\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:43", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though \"the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then\" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:73", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "\"During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:366", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Quaternary glaciation:124", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Quaternary glaciation", "evidence": "Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Quaternary glaciation:126", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Quaternary glaciation", "evidence": "It is possible that the current cooling trend may be interrupted by an interstadial in about 60,000 years, with the next glacial maximum reached only in about 100,000 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cambrian:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cambrian", "evidence": "There were likely polar ice caps and a series of glaciations, as the planet was still recovering from an earlier Snowball Earth.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "In the terminology of glaciology, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:89", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar ice cap:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar ice cap", "evidence": "Both 2008 and 2009 had a minimum Arctic sea ice extent somewhat above that of 2007.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar ice cap:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar ice cap", "evidence": "The single-day maximum extent in 2014 was reached on 20 Sep, according to NSIDC data, when the sea ice covered 7.78 million square miles (20.14 million square kilometers).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:249", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Polar Discovery \"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:172", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "Ice cover decreased to 297 km2 (115 sq mi) by 1987–1988 and to 245 km2 (95 sq mi) by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:327", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:44", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The Trift Glacier had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350 m (1,150 ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "This long-term average was markedly surpassed in recent years with the glacier receding 30 m (98 ft) per year during the period between 1999–2005.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:270", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "There are, however, some positive possible aspects to climate change as well.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:297", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:397", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:437", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "These melting glaciers have many social and ecological consequences that directly or indirectly impact the health and well-being of humans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "City:292", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "City", "evidence": "The temperature in New York City exceeds nearby rural temperatures by an average of 2–3 °C and at times 5–10 °C differences have been recorded.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:44", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "They concluded that global mean temperatures can be determined even though meteorological stations are typically in the Northern hemisphere and confined to continental regions.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mars:211", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mars", "evidence": "In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "NASA Deep Space Network:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "NASA Deep Space Network", "evidence": "Deep space missions are visible for long periods of time from a large portion of the Earth's surface, and so require few stations (the DSN has only three main sites).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "NASA Deep Space Network:83", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "NASA Deep Space Network", "evidence": "Three were located at Goldstone, and one each at Canberra and Madrid.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Storm:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Storm", "evidence": "Lately, the temperature criterion has fallen out of the definition across the United States Bomb cyclone – A rapid deepening of a mid-latitude cyclonic low-pressure area, typically occurring over the ocean, but can occur over land.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperature:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperature", "evidence": "Nevertheless, a thermodynamic temperature does in fact have a definite numerical value that has been arbitrarily chosen by tradition and is dependent on the property of a particular materials; it is simply less arbitrary than relative \"degrees\" scales such as Celsius and Fahrenheit.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperature:199", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperature", "evidence": "It has the symbol K. For everyday applications, it is often convenient to use the Celsius scale, in which 0 °C corresponds very closely to the freezing point of water and 100 °C is its boiling point at sea level.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperature:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperature", "evidence": "The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade), denoted °C, the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K), the latter of which is predominantly used for scientific purposes by conventions of the International System of Units (SI).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical cyclone:100", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tropical cyclone", "evidence": "This upper bound is called the \"maximum potential intensity\", v p {\\displaystyle v_{p}} , and is given by v p 2 = C k C d T s − T o T o Δ k {\\displaystyle v_{p}^{2}={\\frac {C_{k}}{C_{d}}}{\\frac {T_{s}-T_{o}}{T_{o}}}\\Delta k} where T s {\\displaystyle T_{s}} is the temperature of the sea surface, T o {\\displaystyle T_{o}} is the temperature of the outflow ([K]), Δ k {\\displaystyle \\Delta k} is the enthalpy difference between the surface and the overlying air ([J/kg]), and C k {\\displaystyle C_{k}} and C d {\\displaystyle C_{d}} are the surface exchange coefficients (dimensionless) of enthalpy and momentum, respectively.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Density:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Density", "evidence": "The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Density:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Density", "evidence": "The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , {\\displaystyle \\rho ={\\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Population density:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Population density", "evidence": "Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Thermodynamic temperature:330", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Thermodynamic temperature", "evidence": "Averaged across any bulk quantity of a gas, the internal thermal motions of molecules have zero net effect upon the temperature, pressure, or volume of a gas.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Viscosity:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Viscosity", "evidence": "An elementary calculation for a dilute gas at temperature T {\\displaystyle T} and density ρ {\\displaystyle \\rho } gives μ = α ρ λ 2 k B T π m , {\\displaystyle \\mu =\\alpha \\rho \\lambda {\\sqrt {\\frac {2k_{\\text{B}}T}{\\pi m}}},} where k B {\\displaystyle k_{\\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, m {\\displaystyle m} the molecular mass, and α {\\displaystyle \\alpha } a numerical constant on the order of 1 {\\displaystyle 1} .", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "City:234", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "City", "evidence": "Cities are responsible for a substantial portion of the emissions responsible for global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Figure of the Earth:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Figure of the Earth", "evidence": "The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Figure of the Earth:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Figure of the Earth", "evidence": "While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Figure of the Earth:62", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Figure of the Earth", "evidence": "The latter is particularly important because optical instruments containing gravity-reference leveling devices are commonly used to make geodetic measurements.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Figure of the Earth:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Figure of the Earth", "evidence": "However, a more accurate figure is needed for measuring distances and areas on the scale beyond the purely local.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Canals and rivers in Great Britain and the Netherlands were frequently frozen deeply enough to support ice skating and winter festivals.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "River Thames:210", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "River Thames", "evidence": "During a series of cold winters the Thames froze over above London Bridge: in the first Frost Fair in 1607, a tent city was set up on the river, along with a number of amusements, including ice bowling.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "River Thames:217", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "River Thames", "evidence": "After temperatures began to rise again, starting in 1814, the river stopped freezing over.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Winter:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Winter", "evidence": "In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Winter:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Winter", "evidence": "The Thames remained frozen over for about 8 weeks.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:29", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:362", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:172", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The resultant molecular oxygen (O 2) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer (O 3) in the upper atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone:168", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ozone", "evidence": "Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:714", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "These human activities have significantly increased the concentration of \"greenhouse gases\" in the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sulfur dioxide:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sulfur dioxide", "evidence": "There, it condenses to form clouds, and is a key component of chemical reactions in the planet's atmosphere and contributes to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:3", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "Potential methane releases from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates, may occur.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glacier:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glacier", "evidence": "Within high-altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Thaumasia quadrangle:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Thaumasia quadrangle", "evidence": "On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Extinction:15", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Extinction", "evidence": "According to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES, the biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82%, natural ecosystems have lost about half their area and a million species are at risk of extinction—all largely as a result of human actions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extinction:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Extinction", "evidence": "Twenty-five percent of plant and animal species are threatened with extinction.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extinction:17", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Extinction", "evidence": "In June 2019, one million species of plants and animals were at risk of extinction.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:167", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Human overpopulation", "evidence": "Worst of all, we have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the 21st century.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:178", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Human overpopulation", "evidence": "Present extinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost per year due to human activity, such as slash-and-burn techniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations, which have reduced habitat in tropical forests.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral reef:237", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral reef", "evidence": "Tropical waters contain few nutrients yet a coral reef can flourish like an \"oasis in the desert\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral reef:328", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral reef", "evidence": "For example, Midway Atoll in Hawaii supports nearly three million seabirds, including two-thirds (1.5 million) of the global population of Laysan albatross, and one-third of the global population of black-footed albatross.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral", "evidence": "Approximately 10% of the world's coral reefs are dead.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral:226", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral", "evidence": "Aquaculture is showing promise as a potentially effective tool for restoring coral reefs, which have been declining around the world.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Marine habitats:189", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Marine habitats", "evidence": "This can rapidly result in transitions to barren landscapes where relatively few species persist.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:133", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2006 European heat wave", "evidence": "The autumn of 2006 was the warmest in recorded history.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Constanța:43", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Constanța", "evidence": "Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Constanța:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Constanța", "evidence": "Four of the warmest 7 years since 1889 occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:41", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:65", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:120", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:234", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:45", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:2", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:198", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:228", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Amazon rainforest:123", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Amazon rainforest", "evidence": "Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Forest:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Forest", "evidence": "Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mangrove:52", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mangrove", "evidence": "Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mire:76", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mire", "evidence": "Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth’s terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks and are mostly located in low-income countries.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Seagrass:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Seagrass", "evidence": "Per hectare, it holds twice as much carbon dioxide as rain forests and can sequester about 27.4 million tons of CO2 annually.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:49", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ecology:433", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ecology", "evidence": "For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500 ppm.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Marine pollution:245", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Marine pollution", "evidence": "\"special protection and perservation of peat bogs, wetlands, marshlands and mangrove swamps to ensure carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:207", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urbanization:127", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Urbanization", "evidence": "Furthermore, as algal blooms die, CO2 is produced, causing a more acidic environment, a process known as acidification.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "evidence": "The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "evidence": "On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "evidence": "On 22 April 2016 (Earth Day), 174 countries signed the agreement in New York, and began adopting it within their own legal systems (through ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:263", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change:43", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "evidence": "In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human overpopulation", "evidence": "Since 1980, the global economy has grown by 380 percent, but the number of people living on less than 5 US dollars a day increased by more than 1.1 billion.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainability:170", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainability", "evidence": "This included the following seventeen goals: Poverty – End poverty in all its forms everywhere Food – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Health – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Education – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Women – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Water – Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Energy – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Economy – Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Infrastructure – Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Inequality – Reduce inequality within and among countries Habitation – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Consumption – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Climate – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, ensuring that both mitigation and adaptation strategies are in place Marine-ecosystems – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Ecosystems – Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Institutions – Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Sustainability – Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development As of August 2015[update], there were 169 proposed targets for these goals and 304 proposed indicators to show compliance.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainable Development Goals:348", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainable Development Goals", "evidence": "The Economist estimated that alleviating poverty and achieving the other sustainable development goals will require about US$2–3 trillion per year for the next 15 years which they called \"pure fantasy\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainable Development Goals:349", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainable Development Goals", "evidence": "Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Electricity sector in Argentina:195", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Electricity sector in Argentina", "evidence": "In 2011, according to the International Energy Agency, the actual CO2 emissions from electricity generation were 67.32 million metric tons, a share of 36.7% of the countries' total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:13", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gasoline:457", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gasoline", "evidence": "The U.S. EIA estimates that U.S. motor gasoline and diesel (distillate) fuel consumption for transportation in 2015 resulted in the emission of about 1,105 million metric tons of CO2 and 440 million metric tons of CO2, respectively, for a total of 1,545 million metric tons of CO2.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States", "evidence": "The United States produced 5.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2018, the second largest in the world after China and among the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Airline:324", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Airline", "evidence": "Currently, the aviation sector, including US domestic and global international travel, make approximately 1.6 percent of global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:17", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 1999 the contribution of civil aircraft-in-flight to global CO2 emissions was estimated to be around two percent.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:47", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 2018, the US airlines had a fuel consumption of 58 mpg‑US (4.06 L/100 km) per revenue passenger for domestic flights, or 32.5 g of fuel per km, generating 102 g CO₂ / RPK of emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom", "evidence": "Air transport in the UK accounted for 6.3 per cent of all UK carbon emissions in 2006.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Germany:321", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Germany", "evidence": "Nevertheless, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions were the highest in the EU in 2017[update].", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:242", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; other OECD countries, 5%; Japan, 4%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:271", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004, and on a per-capita consumption basis, the top-5 emitting countries were found to be (in tCO 2 per person, per year): Luxembourg (34.7), the US (22.0), Singapore (20.2), Australia (16.7), and Canada (16.6).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Aircraft lease:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Aircraft lease", "evidence": "At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turboprop regional airliners, 792 regional jets, 5,612 narrowbody and 1,253 widebody airliners.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Airliner:186", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Airliner", "evidence": "Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "Today, turboprop aircraft – probably in part because of their lower cruising speeds and altitudes (similar to the earlier piston-powered airliners) compared to jet airliners – play an obvious role in the overall fuel efficiency of major airlines that have regional carrier subsidiaries.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wide-body aircraft:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wide-body aircraft", "evidence": "A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:210", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fahrenheit:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fahrenheit", "evidence": "A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2000s (decade):2036", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2000s (decade)", "evidence": "This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2000s (decade):629", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2000s (decade)", "evidence": "In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:290", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "The temperature was the hottest measured in 68 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:366", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "January:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "January", "evidence": "It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kansas City, Missouri:159", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kansas City, Missouri", "evidence": "The coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31 °F (−0.6 °C).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Month:87", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Month", "evidence": "It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed \"winter months\" and \"summer months\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "New York City:239", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "New York City", "evidence": "The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Portland, Oregon:107", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Portland, Oregon", "evidence": "The months of June, July, August and September account for a combined 4.49 inches (114 mm) of total rainfall – only 12% of the 36.03 in (915 mm) of the precipitation that falls throughout the year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on oceans:6", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming on oceans", "evidence": "In another study, results estimate the heat content of the ocean in the upper 700 meters has increased significantly from 1955–2010.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:417", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Indian Ocean:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Indian Ocean", "evidence": "Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 1.2 °C (34.2 °F) (compared to 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) for the warm pool region) during 1901–2012.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:75", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Heat gets transported into deeper parts of the ocean by winds and currents, and some of it reaches depths of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft).", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:10", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "Also snowfall was unusually low, which led to unprecedented negative −65 km3 (−15.6 cu mi) Surface Mass Balance.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:146", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice sheet:26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice sheet", "evidence": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:1187", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Glacier:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glacier", "evidence": "Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Argentina, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glacier:152", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glacier", "evidence": "Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, Scandinavian mountains, and the Alps.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glacier:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glacier", "evidence": "Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glacier:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Glacier", "evidence": "Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:172", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:49", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:122", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic ice pack", "evidence": "The September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:17", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:20", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:33", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:106", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:73", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New York City:237", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "New York City", "evidence": "The warmest month on record is July 1999, with a mean temperature of 81.4 °F (27.4 °C).", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New York City:239", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "New York City", "evidence": "The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "Global surface temperatures in 2016 had increased about 1.0 °C since the 1901.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Irma:1109", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Irma", "evidence": "\"Extensive flooding, damage in Turks and Caicos\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Irma:315", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Irma", "evidence": "Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Irma:333", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Irma", "evidence": "Heavy precipitation – and storm surge, in some instances – overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing in significant flooding, particularly along the St. Johns River and its tributaries.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Irma:353", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Irma", "evidence": "Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Irma:478", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Irma", "evidence": "In the days after the hurricane, due to the heavy rainfall, numerous rivers had flooded, including residential areas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:216", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human impact on marine life:59", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Human impact on marine life", "evidence": "Ocean acidification has increased 26% since the beginning of the industrial era.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "In the 15-year period 1995–2010 alone, acidity has increased 6 percent in the upper 100 meters of the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to Alaska.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History", "evidence": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, we have seen increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at an alarming rate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:203", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:204", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:121", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:48", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:226", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:185", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:203", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:204", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Oceanic carbon cycle:121", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Oceanic carbon cycle", "evidence": "Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Oceanic carbon cycle:71", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Oceanic carbon cycle", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires", "evidence": "The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2019–20 Australian bushfire season:2211", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2019–20 Australian bushfire season", "evidence": "\"Climate change is one factor affecting how fires in Australia burn, regardless of whether arsonists or lightning started them\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Bushfires in Australia:101", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Bushfires in Australia", "evidence": "Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Bushfires in Australia:102", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Bushfires in Australia", "evidence": "Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Bushfires in Australia:17", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Bushfires in Australia", "evidence": "The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:152", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum", "evidence": "Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permian–Triassic extinction event:1171", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Permian–Triassic extinction event", "evidence": "\"Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permian–Triassic extinction event:177", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Permian–Triassic extinction event", "evidence": "The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permian–Triassic extinction event:256", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Permian–Triassic extinction event", "evidence": "The resultant global warming may have caused perhaps the most severe anoxic event in the oceans' history: according to this theory, the oceans became so anoxic, anaerobic sulfur-reducing organisms dominated the chemistry of the oceans and caused massive emissions of toxic hydrogen sulfide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:137", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:109", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:165", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:169", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The pharmaceutical industry emitted 52 megatonnes of Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2015.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Snowball Earth:157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Snowball Earth", "evidence": "The carbon dioxide levels necessary to thaw Earth have been estimated as being 350 times what they are today, about 13% of the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:135", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:269", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainability:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainability", "evidence": "The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainability:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainability", "evidence": "It was signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, what made it the letter with the most signatures of scientists in history In November 2019, more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries published a letter in which they warn about big threats to sustainability from climate change if big changes in policies will not happen.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "\"The overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and magnitude of climate change\" Without new policies to mitigate climate change, projections suggest an increase in global mean temperature in 2100 of 3.7 to 4.8 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels (median values; the range is 2.5 to 7.8 °C including climate uncertainty).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:23", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:507", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:719", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tipping points in the climate system:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tipping points in the climate system", "evidence": "The tipping point is difficult to predict, but is estimated to be between 3–4 °C of global temperature rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:78", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:139", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:283", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:543", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "7–10 \"There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:692", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:1532", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extinction event:100", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extinction event", "evidence": "As a result, they are likely to cause the climate to oscillate between cooling and warming, but with an overall trend towards warming as the carbon dioxide they emit can stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Volcano:175", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Volcano", "evidence": "The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:114", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "At the conclusion of COP 21 (the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which guides the Conference), on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus by all of the 195 UNFCCC participating member states and the European Union to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:118", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:134", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:174", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:176", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Low-carbon economy:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Low-carbon economy", "evidence": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar activity and climate:103", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar activity and climate", "evidence": "In 2000, Lassen and Thejll updated their 1991 research and concluded that while the solar cycle accounted for about half the temperature rise since 1900, it failed to explain a rise of 0.4 °C since 1980.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar activity and climate:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar activity and climate", "evidence": "Under this scenario, they claimed the Sun might have contributed 50% of the observed global warming since 1900.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar activity and climate:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar activity and climate", "evidence": "estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar activity and climate:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar activity and climate", "evidence": "Their reported relationship appeared to account for nearly 80 per cent of measured temperature changes over this period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:17", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:167", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "Regarding the draft conclusion that the 20th Century was the warmest in the last 1000 years, he said \"We don't accept this.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:457", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:506", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "2013 used seafloor and lake bed sediment proxies to reconstruct global temperatures over the past 11,300 years, the last 1,000 years of which confirmed the original MBH99 hockey stick graph.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "However, the annual mean temperature of the current interglacial period for the last 10,000 years is no higher than that of previous interglacial periods, yet some of the same megafauna survived similar temperature increases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "\"Robust findings\" of the Synthesis report include: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:160", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "\"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:293", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "On the eve of the publication of IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 another study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during IPCC's 2001 Third Assessment Report.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:295", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Over the six years studied, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:296", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:226", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0 °C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:396", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:150", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Patrick Michaels:30", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Patrick Michaels", "evidence": "In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, \"probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:459", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1459", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "International Space Station:564", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "International Space Station", "evidence": "During various station activities and crew rest times, the lights in the ISS can be dimmed, switched off, and color temperatures adjusted.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "NASA:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "NASA", "evidence": "On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published \"A National Research Program for Space Technology\" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "NASA:1227", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "NASA", "evidence": "\"\"2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster", "evidence": "Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Car:182", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Car", "evidence": "As of 2018[update] the average diesel car has a worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline car But both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.While there are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel, and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019[update].", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Car:448", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Car", "evidence": "\"EEA report confirms: electric cars are better for climate and air quality\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Electric vehicle:225", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Electric vehicle", "evidence": "A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows the potential air pollution benefits of EVs.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Electric vehicle:251", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Electric vehicle", "evidence": "However, looking at the well-to-wheel efficiency of EVs, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to an efficient gasoline or diesel in most countries where electricity generation relies on fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Electric vehicle:255", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Electric vehicle", "evidence": "The lifecycle analysis of EVs shows that even when powered by the most carbon intensive electricity in Europe, they emit less greenhouse gases than a conventional diesel vehicle.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:23", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high \"for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:24", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "About 34 million years ago, the time of the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event and when the Antarctic ice sheet started to take its current form, CO 2 was about 760 ppm, and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 million years ago.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:182", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kiribati:181", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Kiribati", "evidence": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:175", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "In September 2019 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published a report about the impact of climate change on the oceans including sea level rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:739", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"The Oceans We Know Won't Survive Climate Change\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:224", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:193", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fossil fuel:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fossil fuel", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:54", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]