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[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:194", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:153", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:174", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:177", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:1245", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "\"Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:28", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:355", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon credit:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon credit", "evidence": "The optimal carbon price, or optimal carbon tax, is the market price (or carbon tax) on carbon emissions that balances the incremental costs of reducing carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing climate damages.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon price:117", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon price", "evidence": "Suppose the benefits from that ton range from $1 for the user with the least need for carbon to $100 (in $1 increments) for the user who would benefit most.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon price:188", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon price", "evidence": "How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)?", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon price:191", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon price", "evidence": "So that is sometimes said to be the cost of the policy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:460", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "Carbon emissions have an \"unpriced\" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:119", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Atlantic Ocean:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic Ocean", "evidence": "In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:1285", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "\"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:207", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar regions of Earth:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar regions of Earth", "evidence": "Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:41", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:178", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:200", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:740", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "\"Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Biodiversity:310", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Biodiversity", "evidence": "Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:232", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:245", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:266", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainability:256", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainability", "evidence": "The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Jupiter:106", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jupiter", "evidence": "Brown ovals are warmer and located within the \"normal cloud layer\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jupiter:313", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jupiter", "evidence": "Infrared observation showed a bright spot where the impact took place, meaning the impact warmed up the lower atmosphere in the area near Jupiter's south pole.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mars:214", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mars", "evidence": "Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −143 °C (−225 °F) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mars:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mars", "evidence": "The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30 °C (54 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mars:303", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mars", "evidence": "Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Holocene glacial retreat:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene glacial retreat", "evidence": "The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global deglaciation of glaciers that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Pole:177", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "North Pole", "evidence": "The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:336", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:769", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "\"Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888–2003\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea ice:115", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea ice", "evidence": "A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:125", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "An Inconvenient Truth", "evidence": "Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):78", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:113", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "evidence": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:164", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleoclimatology:148", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paleoclimatology", "evidence": "There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:24", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:52", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:148", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:61", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now 0.8 °C warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the urban heat island effect.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:288", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "In Israel, the year 2010 was the hottest on record, and average temperatures were 2-3 degrees Celsius higher than the average.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Moscow:209", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Moscow", "evidence": "The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:77", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:103", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "Glacials are characterized by cooler and drier climates over most of the earth and large land and sea ice masses extending outward from the poles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:178", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "20th century:366", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "20th century:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "20th century:94", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:218", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:246", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:1532", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:2", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:61", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now 0.8 °C warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the urban heat island effect.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The last time the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16 ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Chicago:153", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Chicago", "evidence": "The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:198", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1868", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"What caused the recent \"Warm Arctic, Cold Continents\" trend pattern in winter temperatures?\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:832", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:511", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:51", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Some of the graphs show a positive trend, e.g., increasing temperature over land and the ocean, and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:252", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming in Antarctica:81", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming in Antarctica", "evidence": "The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:98", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Second law of thermodynamics:283", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Second law of thermodynamics", "evidence": "This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Second law of thermodynamics:374", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Second law of thermodynamics", "evidence": "This law is the basis of temperature.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Thermodynamics:86", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Thermodynamics", "evidence": "The second law is an observation of the fact that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential tend to even out in a physical system that is isolated from the outside world.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Thermodynamics:93", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Thermodynamics", "evidence": "There are many versions of the second law, but they all have the same effect, which is to explain the phenomenon of irreversibility in nature.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water vapor:125", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Water vapor", "evidence": "This greenhouse forcing is directly observable, via distinct spectral features versus water vapor, and observed to be rising with rising CO 2 levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Chaos theory:140", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Chaos theory", "evidence": "Lorenz's discovery, which gave its name to Lorenz attractors, showed that even detailed atmospheric modelling cannot, in general, make precise long-term weather predictions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:65", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts:32", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts", "evidence": "Reanalysis provides a four-dimensional picture of the atmosphere and effectively allows monitoring of the variability and change of global climate, thereby contributing also to the understanding and attribution of climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Met Office:2", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Met Office", "evidence": "The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:137", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:213", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Many of the countries that have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which raises questions about justice and fairness with regard to mitigation and adaptation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:229", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:133", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "Large populations of megaherbivores have the potential to contribute greatly to the atmospheric concentration of methane, which is an important greenhouse gas.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:205", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "However, damage to peatland contributes to 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and 8% of those caused by burning fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Evidence-based medicine:126", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Evidence-based medicine", "evidence": "Large effect: This is when methodologically strong studies show that the observed effect is so large that the probability of it changing completely is less likely.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Evidence-based medicine:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Evidence-based medicine", "evidence": "A 2007 analysis of 1,016 systematic reviews from all 50 Cochrane Collaboration Review Groups found that 44% of the reviews concluded that the intervention was likely to be beneficial, 7% concluded that the intervention was likely to be harmful, and 49% concluded that evidence did not support either benefit or harm.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Evidence:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Evidence", "evidence": "This support may be strong or weak.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:219", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:226", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "One theory is that the climate may reach a \"tipping point\" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:642", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:310", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:3", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:3", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:492", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:647", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:78", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:116", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:306", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "\"Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:452", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "21st century:490", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "21st century", "evidence": "Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:127", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:10", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:266", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:574", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Atmospheric methane", "evidence": "\"Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:84", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Atmospheric methane", "evidence": "With rising global temperatures, the amount of permafrost melting and releasing methane continues to increase.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:130", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:80", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:153", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:163", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "Now measurements are made at many sites globally.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:167", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:179", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Concentrations also vary on a regional basis, most strongly near the ground with much smaller variations aloft.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:127", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Confirmation bias:277", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Confirmation bias", "evidence": "Self-verification is the drive to reinforce the existing self-image and self-enhancement is the drive to seek positive feedback.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Confirmation bias:281", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Confirmation bias", "evidence": "Similar experiments have found a preference for positive feedback, and the people who give it, over negative feedback.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:107", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Positive feedback:186", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Positive feedback", "evidence": "Less water vapor means both low dew point temperatures and more efficient daytime heating, decreasing the chances of humidity in the atmosphere leading to cloud formation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cherry blossom:331", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cherry blossom", "evidence": "23 March 2015.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cherry blossom:377", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cherry blossom", "evidence": "22 January 2008.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cherry blossom:431", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cherry blossom", "evidence": "13 August 2010.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cherry blossom:452", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cherry blossom", "evidence": "26 April 2008.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cherry blossom:83", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cherry blossom", "evidence": "Peak bloom time at Royal Botanical Gardens is normally around the last week of April or the first week of May.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon cycle:127", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon cycle", "evidence": "On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:186", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "evidence": "The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:81", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "evidence": "Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:89", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "evidence": "The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:44", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "This \"decline\" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:278", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:2", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:327", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:330", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, \"Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:337", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:831", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "NOAA, 17 June 2015; IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p. 120: \"Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:156", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:515", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Is the Sun causing global warming?\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:116", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:229", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:29", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:83", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley", "evidence": "Since 2002 Monckton has had several newspaper articles published critical of the IPCC and current scientific consensus on climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "General circulation model:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "General circulation model", "evidence": "The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report F igure 9.3 shows the global mean response of 19 different coupled models to an idealised experiment in which emissions increased at 1% per year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1828", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Radiative forcing:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Radiative forcing", "evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as: \"Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Radiative forcing:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Radiative forcing", "evidence": "While recently a suggests a significant revision of methane IPCC formula.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:138", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "Following Le Chatelier's principle, the chemical equilibrium of the Earth's carbon cycle will shift in response to anthropogenic CO2 emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:317", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:52", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific modelling:20", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific modelling", "evidence": "Models are typically used when it is either impossible or impractical to create experimental conditions in which scientists can directly measure outcomes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:37", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "evidence": "To cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilise levels of CO2e to 450 ppm or lower.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "evidence": "To reduce emissions between 10% to 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 if a global agreement is secured that limits carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) to 450 ppm and temperature increases to 2 °C, effective rules on forestry, and New Zealand having access to international carbon markets.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:368", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "Cost-effective 2 °C scenarios project annual global greenhouse gas emissions to peak before the year 2020, with deep cuts in emissions thereafter, leading to a reduction in 2050 of 41% compared to 1990 levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:531", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "\"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:173", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "To limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:164", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:366", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:27", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:237", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Even in the areas with relatively low levels of air pollution, public health effects can be significant and costly, since a large number of people breathe in such pollutants.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fossil fuel:107", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Fossil fuel", "evidence": "Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their \"efficient prices,\" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fossil fuel:54", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Fossil fuel", "evidence": "Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear power:975", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear power", "evidence": "Today's primary sources of energy are mainly non-renewable: natural gas, oil, coal, peat, and conventional nuclear power.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:100", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:171", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:49", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:51", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "As climate research into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:218", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:6", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:229", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:91", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Judith Curry has said \"This is a completely unconvincing analysis\", whereas Naomi Oreskes said that the paper shows \"the vast majority of working [climate] research scientists are in agreement [on climate change]... Those who don't agree, are, unfortunately—and this is hard to say without sounding elitist—mostly either not actually climate researchers or not very productive researchers.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Richard Lindzen:136", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Richard Lindzen", "evidence": "It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen’s petition doesn’t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Richard Lindzen:83", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Richard Lindzen", "evidence": "This claim was criticized by climatologist Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, who notes the more generally-accepted understanding of the effects of the Iris effect and cites empirical cases where large and relatively rapid changes in the climate such as El Niño events, the Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels to show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Richard Lindzen:91", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Richard Lindzen", "evidence": "Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to PNAS.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Richard Lindzen:94", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Richard Lindzen", "evidence": "Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented \"are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Confirmation bias:177", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Confirmation bias", "evidence": "Wason accepted falsificationism, according to which a scientific test of a hypothesis is a serious attempt to falsify it.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event", "evidence": "Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "\"A scientific hypothesis is tested to absolute destruction, but medicine can't wait.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Type I and type II errors:120", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Type I and type II errors", "evidence": "Mathematics portal Binary classification Detection theory Egon Pearson Ethics in mathematics False positive paradox Family-wise error rate Information retrieval performance measures Neyman–Pearson lemma Null hypothesis Probability of a hypothesis for Bayesian inference Precision and recall Prosecutor's fallacy Prozone phenomenon Receiver operating characteristic Sensitivity and specificity Statisticians' and engineers' cross-reference of statistical terms Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Type III error \"Explorable - Think Outside The Box - Research, Experiments, Psychology, Self-Help\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Type I and type II errors:71", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Type I and type II errors", "evidence": "The results of such testing determine whether a particular set of results agrees reasonably (or does not agree) with the speculated hypothesis.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate engineering:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate engineering", "evidence": "Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:126", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:180", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:182", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Quantifying the exact temperature change for which this tipping point is crossed remains controversial.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:639", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:122", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "They described the intermediate scenario as the most likely, and that real-world greenhouse gas forcing had been closest to this scenario.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:140", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "In 2000 Hansen authored a paper called \"Global warming in the twenty-first century: an alternative scenario\" in which he presented a more optimistic way of dealing with global warming, focusing on non-CO2 gases and black carbon in the short run, giving more time to make reductions in fossil fuel emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:93", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "They described a business-as-usual scenario, which has greenhouse gases growing at approximately 2% per year; and an alternate scenario, in which greenhouse gases concentrations decline.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:99", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "An alternate scenario would keep the warming to below this if climate sensitivity were below 3 °C for doubled CO 2.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scenario planning:180", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scenario planning", "evidence": "How do we know if we have the right scenarios?", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:178", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Michael E. Mann:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Michael E. Mann", "evidence": "This cooling had contributed towards the recent Global warming hiatus in surface temperatures, and would change to enhanced surface warming in the next phase of the oscillation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:343", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear winter", "evidence": "Impact winter Laki, 1783 eruption of an Icelandic volcano which produced continentally localized cooling for 1–2 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Volcano:181", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Volcano", "evidence": "The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the \"Year Without a Summer\" because of the effect on North American and European weather.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:164", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:277", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "\"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,\" Gore said.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "evidence": "The mid-points of the sea level rise estimates are within ±10% of those from the TAR; but the range has narrowed.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Past sea level:41", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Past sea level", "evidence": "The current rise in sea level observed from tide gauges, of about 1.8 mm/yr, is within the estimate range from the combination of factors above, but active research continues in this field.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:155", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Semi-empirical sea level models rely on statistical techniques, using relationships between observed (contributions to) global mean sea level and global mean temperature.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:171", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea-level curve:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea-level curve", "evidence": "Their sea-level curve was based on seismic and biostratigraphic data accumulated during petroleum exploration.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:41", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "This decadal summer temperature reconstruction, together with a separate curve plotting instrumental thermometer data from the 1850s onwards, was featured as Figure 3.20 in the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:270", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:277", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years", "evidence": "This was the basis of a \"schematic diagram\" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:160", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "The Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry reported on 31 March 2010 that it had found that \"the scientific reputation of Professor Jones and CRU remains intact\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:192", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "Describing its report as \"hugely positive\", he stated that \"it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:224", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "The \"rigour and honesty\" of the scientists at the Climatic Research Unit were found not to be in doubt.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:86", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether \"the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rigour:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rigour", "evidence": "Intellectual rigour is a subset of intellectual honesty—a practice of thought in which ones convictions are kept in proportion to valid evidence.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Benny Peiser:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Benny Peiser", "evidence": "One of his main points of criticism is that the vast majority of the abstracts referred to in the study do not mention anthropogenic climate change, and only 13 of the 928 abstracts explicitly endorse what Oreskes called the \"consensus view\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Benny Peiser:59", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Benny Peiser", "evidence": "Peiser later admitted that it was a mistake to include one of the papers in his survey and said that his main criticism of Oreskes' essay its \"claim of a unanimous consensus on anthropogenic global warming (APG) (as opposed to a majority consensus) is tenuous\" and that it still was valid.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Benny Peiser:61", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Benny Peiser", "evidence": "In a 2006, letter to Australia's Media Watch, Peiser explained that he had retracted 97% of his original critique and elaborated on some of his comments: \"I do not think anyone is questioning that we are in a period of global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Benny Peiser:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Benny Peiser", "evidence": "Well when we first contacted him two weeks ago he told us...\" \"Only [a] few abstracts explicitly reject or doubt the AGW (anthropogenic global warming) consensus which is why I have publicly withdrawn this point of my critique.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Naomi Oreskes:43", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Naomi Oreskes", "evidence": "Oreskes' 2004 \"Beyond the Ivory Tower\" essay was challenged by British social anthropologist Benny Peiser, who eventually retracted his challenge, admitting he had only found one paper rejecting anthropogenic climate change, published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (see also Benny Peiser § Objections to Oreskes essay).", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:122", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "evidence": "The ENSO is considered to be a potential tipping element in Earth's climate and, under the global warming, can enhance or alternate regional climate extreme events through a strengthened teleconnection.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:467", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "evidence": "\"Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:98", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kevin E. Trenberth:18", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Kevin E. Trenberth", "evidence": "In an interview, Trenberth said, \"The planet is warming\", but \"the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kevin E. Trenberth:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kevin E. Trenberth", "evidence": "In a 2009 paper, \"An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy\", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcing, including greenhouse gas changes.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge", "evidence": "The Arctic gradually loses snow and ice, bare rock and water absorb more and more of the sun's energy, making the Arctic even warmer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:13", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The primary cause of this phenomenon is ice-albedo feedback, where by melting ice uncovers darker land or ocean beneath, which then absorbs more sunlight, causing more heating.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Lake Superior:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Lake Superior", "evidence": "[citation needed] This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:136", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "The Siple Dome (SD) had a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the Little Ice Age in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:164", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:27", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "This is evident from temperature measurements in boreholes in North America and Europe.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Precipitation:187", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Precipitation", "evidence": "As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:218", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:64", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:244", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:115", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:692", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:136", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:153", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:64", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:218", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:227", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:115", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:77", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:300", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:257", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:259", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:267", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1262", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:180", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "AIRS aboard NASA's Aqua satellite makes global XCO2 measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:181", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "More recent satellites have significantly improved the data density and precision of global measurements.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global dimming:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global dimming", "evidence": "The brightening trend is corroborated by other data, including satellite analyses.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:240", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "CLOUD experiment:29", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "CLOUD experiment", "evidence": "This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it \"rule out a role for cosmic radiation\" in climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "CLOUD experiment:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "CLOUD experiment", "evidence": "Although its design is optimised to address the cosmic ray question, (as posed by Henrik Svensmark and colleagues in 1997) CLOUD allows as well to measure aerosol nucleation and growth under controlled laboratory conditions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "CLOUD experiment:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "CLOUD experiment", "evidence": "Although they observe that a fraction of cloud nuclei is effectively produced by ionisation due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the constituents of Earth atmosphere, this process is insufficient to attribute all of the present climate modifications to the fluctuations of the cosmic rays intensity modulated by changes in the solar activity and Earth magnetosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Venus:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Venus", "evidence": "It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Venus:27", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Venus", "evidence": "Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense atmosphere is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being nitrogen.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Venus:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Venus", "evidence": "The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Venus:91", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Venus", "evidence": "Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "\"Climate change skepticism\" and \"climate change denial\" refer to denial, dismissal or unwarranted doubt of the scientific consensus on the rate and extent of global warming, its significance, or its connection to human behavior, in whole or in part.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:1179", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Although the figure is less than in earlier polls, 39 percent of those asked say there is \"a lot of disagreement among climate scientists\" on the basic question of whether the planet is warming; 42 percent say there is a lot of disagreement that human activities are a major cause of global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:1196", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Among papers expressing a position on AGW, an overwhelming percentage (97.2% based on self-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:94", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:292", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a \"crisis\" or a \"serious problem\", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Kiribati:529", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Kiribati", "evidence": "\"Islands disappear under rising seas\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Maldives:170", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Maldives", "evidence": "The Maldives consists of 1,192 coral islands grouped in a double chain of 26 atolls, along the north-south direction, spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making this one of the world's most dispersed countries.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Maldives:179", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Maldives", "evidence": "More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Micronesia:49", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Micronesia", "evidence": "When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:483", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:72", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:244", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:130", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:511", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:77", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "evidence": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "The 2013 annual report stated that \"While the rate at which surface air temperatures are rising has slowed in recent years, heat continues to be trapped in the Earth system, mostly as increased ocean heat content.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:81", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "Natural climate variability can appear to slow down surface warming over short periods, but does not refute long-term climate change trends.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:42", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Chlorofluorocarbon:121", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Chlorofluorocarbon", "evidence": "Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "For example, nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential (GWP) but is only present in very small quantities.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Montreal Protocol:110", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Montreal Protocol", "evidence": "However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Montreal Protocol:44", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Montreal Protocol", "evidence": "They are, however, greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs and HCFCs.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:355", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Planetary boundaries:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Planetary boundaries", "evidence": "The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the \"threshold\" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Planetary boundaries:61", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Planetary boundaries", "evidence": "Thresholds and boundaries The threshold, or tipping point, is the value at which a very small increment for the control variable (like CO2) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through feedbacks in the natural Earth System itself.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tipping points in the climate system:90", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tipping points in the climate system", "evidence": "Humans cannot survive if the air is too moist and hot, which would happen for the majority of human populations if global temperatures rise by 11–12 °C, as land masses warm faster than the global average.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:397", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "\"A lower and more constrained estimate of climate sensitivity using updated observations and detailed radiative forcing time series\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "IPCC Fifth Assessment Report", "evidence": "Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Third Assessment Report:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "IPCC Third Assessment Report", "evidence": "The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kyoto Protocol", "evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland:172", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:185", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:200", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:124", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:639", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:147", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate of the Arctic:260", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate of the Arctic", "evidence": "The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:163", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Pole:166", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "North Pole", "evidence": "Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0 °C (32 °F)).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:822", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC First Assessment Report:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "IPCC First Assessment Report", "evidence": "This report had effects not only on the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), but also on the first conference of the parties (COP), held in Berlin in 1995.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:118", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:201", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:83", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:56", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "evidence": "AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural environment:103", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural environment", "evidence": "This is due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleoclimatology:306", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleoclimatology", "evidence": "Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Planetary boundaries:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Planetary boundaries", "evidence": "Positive radiative forcing results in warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "An example of this is the melting of ice sheets, which contributes to sea level rise.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:148", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:354", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:78", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Digital radio:128", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Digital radio", "evidence": "Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Satellite television:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Satellite television", "evidence": "Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Satellite television:222", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Satellite television", "evidence": "The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Satellite television:234", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Satellite television", "evidence": "Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Terrestrial television:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Terrestrial television", "evidence": "Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "El Niño:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:51", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "evidence": "An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "evidence": "An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "La Niña:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "La Niña", "evidence": "This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "La Niña:20", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "La Niña", "evidence": "Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:279", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:158", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is \"very likely\" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:27", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:358", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "\"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:64", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:111", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:116", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:244", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:288", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Occam's razor:102", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Occam's razor", "evidence": "Since it is absurd to have no logical method for settling on one hypothesis amongst an infinite number of equally data-compliant hypotheses, we should choose the simplest theory: \"Either science is irrational [in the way it judges theories and predictions probable] or the principle of simplicity is a fundamental synthetic a priori truth.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Occam's razor:188", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Occam's razor", "evidence": "Thus, complex hypotheses must predict data much better than do simple hypotheses before researchers reject the simple hypotheses.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Occam's razor:281", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Occam's razor", "evidence": "Minimum description length Minimum message length – Formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor Newton's flaming laser sword Philosophical razor – Principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations for a phenomenon Philosophy of science – The philosophical study of the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science Simplicity \"Ockham's razor does not say that the more simple a hypothesis, the better.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Occam's razor:78", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Occam's razor", "evidence": "In the 25 papers with quantitative comparisons, complexity increased forecast errors by an average of 27 percent.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Population genetics:63", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Population genetics", "evidence": "Population genetics must either model this complexity in detail, or capture it by some simpler average rule.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:112", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:172", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:179", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Geothermal energy:153", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Geothermal energy", "evidence": "Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Geothermal energy:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Geothermal energy", "evidence": "A more technical description of the earth’s core energy would be to state that it is vast and enormous in quantity, but calling it unlimited and renewable in nature is a misnomer which might well fit today's current levels of use; but perhaps, just like humanity's impact on weather through global warming, there was a long held belief that human activity such as car emissions were minor, and could not impact weather conditions, but when an expanding number of cars reach a critical point, a global impact resulted.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Neanderthal:437", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Neanderthal", "evidence": "Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleolithic:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paleolithic", "evidence": "[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleolithic:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paleolithic", "evidence": "This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleolithic:28", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paleolithic", "evidence": "Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleolithic:342", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paleolithic", "evidence": "The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme", "evidence": "The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme", "evidence": "There will be a price cap on emissions, that will start at AUD 40 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon offset:165", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon offset", "evidence": "The Australian government's Emissions Reduction Fund provides for purchasing carbon offsets from Australian carbon emissions reduction projects.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "The tax that was to be implemented would be 2,400 yen ($20.85 in 2005 dollars) per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted from fuels.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:170", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "The proposal would have set an emissions price of NZ$15 per tonne of CO2-equivalent.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon offset:89", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon offset", "evidence": "Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:165", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hydrofluorocarbon:2", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hydrofluorocarbon", "evidence": "They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:52", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kyoto Protocol", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the most important anthropogenic GHG.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Montreal Protocol:111", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Montreal Protocol", "evidence": "On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:175", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:206", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:58", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that \"the last decade is the warmest since 1400\", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ted Cruz:1335", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ted Cruz", "evidence": "The satellites that actually measure the temperature showed no significant warming whatsoever.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ted Cruz:284", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ted Cruz", "evidence": "In March 2015, he said that some people are \"global warming alarmists\" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate Change Act 2008:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate Change Act 2008", "evidence": "The opposition Conservative Party supported the concept of a bill, and proposed their own variation ahead of the Government's.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Conservative Party (UK):330", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Conservative Party (UK)", "evidence": "However, there has been much criticism and protest about the 2010 government's actions on the NHS, focussing on budget cuts and privatisation of services.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stephen Harper:1130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Stephen Harper", "evidence": "\"Bill C-30: Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stephen Harper:385", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Stephen Harper", "evidence": "In 2006, Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act was introduced to address air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions; it never became law.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stephen Harper:402", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Stephen Harper", "evidence": "Cuts were also made to many essential programs, some so deep that they had to shut down entirely, including the monitoring of smoke stack emissions, food inspections, oil spills, water quality, and climate change.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre (4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:309", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO 2, which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US$0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US$0.024 per m3).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:363", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:365", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "The tax will increase each year after until 2012, reaching a final price of $30 per tonne (7.2 cents per litre at the pumps).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:133", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:154", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:184", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:229", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:133", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented \"the concept of global warming\" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change policy of the United States:272", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change policy of the United States", "evidence": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that \"climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming conspiracy theory:151", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming conspiracy theory", "evidence": "\"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive\" (Tweet).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming conspiracy theory:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming conspiracy theory", "evidence": "Climate change has also been called the \"greatest scam in history\" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming conspiracy theory:25", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming conspiracy theory", "evidence": "In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that \"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Chernobyl disaster:584", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Chernobyl disaster", "evidence": "The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Chernobyl disaster:626", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Chernobyl disaster", "evidence": "Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "China:196", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "China", "evidence": "There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "China:3189", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "China", "evidence": "\"Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "China:630", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "China", "evidence": "In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):229", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rob Portman:172", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rob Portman", "evidence": "Portman became known for his ability to work in a bipartisan fashion when working to pass a repeal of the excise tax on telephone service.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rob Portman:203", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Rob Portman", "evidence": "Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rob Portman:204", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Rob Portman", "evidence": "In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rob Portman:218", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rob Portman", "evidence": "In March 2016, Portman authored the bipartisan bill the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act, along with Democratic Senator Chris Murphy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Washington:445", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in Washington", "evidence": "This has had cascading effects, especially on grizzly bear populations as pine nuts are an important source of winter time food in periods of large snowpack.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Isis:107", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Isis", "evidence": "Sirius's heliacal rising, just before the start of the Nile flood, gave Sopdet a close connection with the flood and the resulting growth of plants.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tipping points in the climate system:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tipping points in the climate system", "evidence": "Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Trophic cascade:239", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Trophic cascade", "evidence": "\"Field evidence for a rapidly cascading underground food web\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Joe Barton:396", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Joe Barton", "evidence": "Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind", "evidence": "The westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, which slows the winds down.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind", "evidence": "As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it by conduction.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind:199", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind", "evidence": "The furnaces were constructed on the path of the monsoon winds to exploit the wind power, to bring the temperatures inside up to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind:320", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind", "evidence": "The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed with the passage of time.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Koch Industries:155", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Koch Industries", "evidence": "Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have \"implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Valero Energy:134", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Valero Energy", "evidence": "\"(PERI) THE TOXIC 100: Top Corporate Air Polluters in the United State\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal mining:192", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coal mining", "evidence": "Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coal", "evidence": "Coal liquefaction emits more carbon dioxide than liquid fuel production from crude oil.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal:223", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coal", "evidence": "The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal:30", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coal", "evidence": "Then over millions of years the heat and pressure of deep burial causes the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide and an increase in the proportion of carbon.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Al Gore:133", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Al Gore", "evidence": "During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Joe Lieberman:240", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Joe Lieberman", "evidence": "On June 19, 2010, Lieberman introduced a bill called \"Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010\", which he co-wrote with Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) and Senator Thomas Carper (D-DE).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John Kerry:220", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "John Kerry", "evidence": "A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John McCain:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "John McCain", "evidence": "He and Democratic senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lindsey Graham:231", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Lindsey Graham", "evidence": "On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with then Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Koko (gorilla):35", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Koko (gorilla)", "evidence": "Patterson reported that Koko's use of signs indicated that she mastered the use of sign language.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Koko (gorilla):41", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Koko (gorilla)", "evidence": "Koko was reported to use meta-language, being able to use language reflexively to speak about language itself, signing \"good sign\" to another gorilla who successfully used signing.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Koko (gorilla):49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Koko (gorilla)", "evidence": "Another concern that has been raised about Koko's ability to express coherent thoughts through signs is that interpretation of the gorilla's conversation was left to the handler, who may have seen improbable concatenations of signs as meaningful.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Koko (gorilla):5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Koko (gorilla)", "evidence": "Her instructor and caregiver, Francine Patterson, reported that Koko had an active vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs of what Patterson calls \"Gorilla Sign Language\" (GSL).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:228", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "September 11 attacks:168", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "September 11 attacks", "evidence": "Play media At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "September 11 attacks:236", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "September 11 attacks", "evidence": "As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "September 11 attacks:379", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "September 11 attacks", "evidence": "North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "September 11 attacks:385", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "September 11 attacks", "evidence": "The action begins at \"9 am., Tuesday, 9/11/2001\" and continues for a harrowing week as her uncle attempts to silence her, applying precepts of Sharia law.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "September 11 attacks:451", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "September 11 attacks", "evidence": "The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Mark Begich:102", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Mark Begich", "evidence": "In 2010, he signed a letter advocating the establishment of a 'price' for greenhouse gas emissions as part of national energy policy.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mark Begich:103", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Mark Begich", "evidence": "Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mark Begich:261", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mark Begich", "evidence": "\"Democratic Senator Introduces Bill To Lift Social Security's Tax Cap, Extend Its Solvency For Decades\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mark Begich:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mark Begich", "evidence": "\"AK Dem Sen. Begich Won't Say If He Wants Obama To Campaign For Him\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mark Begich:63", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mark Begich", "evidence": "According to the Washington Post, \"Begich is one of a small but growing group of Democratic lawmakers who support the idea of lifting or changing the payroll tax cap, so higher earners pay more, while adopting a new measure for inflation that would increase benefits for all seniors.\"", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Australia:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Australia", "evidence": "Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Australia:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Australia", "evidence": "Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:156", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Snowball Earth:132", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Snowball Earth", "evidence": "Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Snowball Earth:155", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Snowball Earth", "evidence": "This low temperature was maintained by the high albedo of the ice sheets, which reflected most incoming solar energy into space.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]