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[ { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:43", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "A National Research Council study released in April 2010 likewise concluded that \"the level of acid in the oceans is increasing at an unprecedented rate\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:44", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:52", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "A 2013 study claimed acidity was increasing at a rate 10 times faster than in any of the evolutionary crises in Earth's history.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:53", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent \"dramatic impacts\" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that \"The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:91", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "A study in 2008 examining a sediment core from the North Atlantic found that while the species composition of coccolithophorids has remained unchanged for the industrial period 1780 to 2004, the calcification of coccoliths has increased by up to 40% during the same time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Academic journal:200", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Academic journal", "evidence": "\"Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "MIT Technology Review:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "MIT Technology Review", "evidence": "The historical Technology Review often published articles that were controversial, or critical of certain technologies.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "MIT Technology Review:72", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "MIT Technology Review", "evidence": "Editor-in-chief Pontin said, \"Of the ten stories which were published, only three were entirely accurate.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific journal:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific journal", "evidence": "Some journals, such as Nature, Science, PNAS, and Physical Review Letters, have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Survivalism:132", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Survivalism", "evidence": "In his 2008 book Wealth, War and Wisdom, Biggs has a gloomy outlook for the economic future, and suggests that investors take survivalist measures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:37", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:125", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:146", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "Surface winds below the jet may sway vegetation, but are significantly weaker.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:62", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "If two air masses, one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:66", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Early 2014 North American cold wave:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Early 2014 North American cold wave", "evidence": "According to the UK Met Office, the jet stream deviated[clarification needed] to the south (bringing cold air with it) as a result of unusual contrast between cold air in Canada and mild winter temperatures in the United States.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Early 2014 North American cold wave:136", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Early 2014 North American cold wave", "evidence": "This jet stream instability brings warm air north as well as cold air south.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:138", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "Within the vortex, the cold polar air becomes increasingly cold with neither warmer air from lower latitudes nor energy from the Sun during the polar night.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "The path of the jet typically has a meandering shape, and these meanders themselves propagate eastward, at lower speeds than that of the actual wind within the flow.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:54", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area, but is deflected by the Coriolis effect and flows along the boundary of the two air masses.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arab Spring:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arab Spring", "evidence": "The world watched the events of the Arab Spring unfold, \"gripped by the narrative of a young generation peacefully rising up against oppressive authoritarianism to secure a more democratic political system and a brighter economic future.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of cognitive biases:359", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "List of cognitive biases", "evidence": "\"Interoceptive cues predicting exteroceptive events\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of memory biases:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "List of memory biases", "evidence": "Based on the evidence, memories are not extreme enough.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar particle event:31", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Solar particle event", "evidence": "The effect can be so pronounced that during extreme events, it is not possible to obtain quality images of the Sun or stars.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Variable star:75", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Variable star", "evidence": "The expansion phase of a pulsation is caused by the blocking of the internal energy flow by material with a high opacity, but this must occur at a particular depth of the star to create visible pulsations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global storm activity of 2010:396", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global storm activity of 2010", "evidence": "The El Niño phenomenon was blamed for the unusually high sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean that moved east, thus pulling rainfall along with it.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:100", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "Eric Klinenberg has noted that in the United States, the loss of human life in hot spells in summer exceeds that caused by all other weather events combined, including lightning, rain, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of extreme weather records in Pakistan:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "List of extreme weather records in Pakistan", "evidence": "The most deadly heat wave in the history of Pakistan is the record-breaking heat wave of summer 2010 which occurred in the last ten days of May.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rain:157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rain", "evidence": "The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Year Without a Summer:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Year Without a Summer", "evidence": "Rapid, dramatic temperature swings were common, with temperatures sometimes reverting from normal or above-normal summer temperatures as high as 95 °F (35 °C) to near-freezing within hours.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Adam Scaife:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Adam Scaife", "evidence": "Scaife and his team have made recent advances in long range weather forecasting and have uncovered a signal to noise paradox in climate models that makes them better at predicting the real climate than they are at predicting themselves.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "In response to the incident, 1,700 British scientists signed a joint statement circulated by the UK Met Office declaring their \"utmost confidence in the observational evidence for global warming and the scientific basis for concluding that it is due primarily to human activities\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:180", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: \"In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:186", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement adopted by their council in 2012 concluded: There is unequivocal evidence that Earth's lower atmosphere, ocean, and land surface are warming; sea level is rising; and snow cover, mountain glaciers, and Arctic sea ice are shrinking.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:307", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "Evidence suggest that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Early 2014 North American cold wave:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Early 2014 North American cold wave", "evidence": "Europe also saw the 2013-2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe which has been linked to the cold winter in North America.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:203", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Earth is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) in January, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:206", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extreme weather:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extreme weather", "evidence": "Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing cryosphere to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic:94", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:467", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "\"Global warming will bring fiercer hurricanes\".", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:90", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:107", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:32", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2014–16 El Niño event", "evidence": "During November and December 2015, values within NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index peaked at 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), which surpassed December 1997 value of 2.2 °C (4.0 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:39", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2014–16 El Niño event", "evidence": "As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:53", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2014–16 El Niño event", "evidence": "The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:123", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "Tehuantepecers primarily occur during the cold season months for the region in the wake of cold fronts, between October and February, with a summer maximum in July caused by the westward extension of the Azores High.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:24", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Niño event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) warmer for six consecutive months or longer.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "El Niño:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:30", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "It is thought that there have been at least 30 El Niño events since 1900, with the 1982–83, 1997–98 and 2014–16 events among the strongest on record.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene", "evidence": "The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:82", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The Huronian ice age was caused by the elimination of atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, during the Great Oxygenation Event.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:210", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene", "evidence": "In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene", "evidence": "The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene:99", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene", "evidence": "For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:123", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "Many of the mature breeding adults died in the bleaching events of 2016–17 leading to low coral birth rates.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:94", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science, since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two-thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:242", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral reef:181", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral reef", "evidence": "Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral:149", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral", "evidence": "Under such environmental stresses, corals expel their Symbiodinium; without them coral tissues reveal the white of their skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral:68", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral", "evidence": "Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching because the algae contribute to coral coloration; some colors, however, are due to host coral pigments, such as green fluorescent proteins (GFPs).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2014–16 El Niño event", "evidence": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:419", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "\"Impact of Shifting Patterns of Pacific Ocean Warming on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "La Niña:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "La Niña", "evidence": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:121", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010, which was when the El Niño caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:24", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:40", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:76", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) from 10 August to 14 October.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:1188", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "\"Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:350", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:336", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "\"Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:365", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:249", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Polar Discovery \"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:35", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea ice:120", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea ice", "evidence": "Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:120", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "These groups often point to natural variability, such as sunspots and cosmic rays, to explain the warming trend.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:1", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:233", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted \"the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:281", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:1031", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "\"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:350", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:352", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:363", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:365", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:31", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:28", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea ice:118", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea ice", "evidence": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:0", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:11", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Pole:177", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "North Pole", "evidence": "The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:158", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:36", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:121", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:163", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:93", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:60", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide is colorless.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon monoxide:0", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon monoxide", "evidence": "Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon monoxide:61", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon monoxide", "evidence": "Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Exhaust gas:48", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Exhaust gas", "evidence": "Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:172", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:173", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:2", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Terraforming of Mars:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Terraforming of Mars", "evidence": "Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water:354", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Water", "evidence": "Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:198", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:285", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kyoto Protocol", "evidence": "The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:24", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica’s ice sheets.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Environmental economics:65", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental economics", "evidence": "Increasing the costs of polluting will discourage polluting, and will provide a \"dynamic incentive,\" that is, the disincentive continues to operate even as pollution levels fall.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental economics:66", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Environmental economics", "evidence": "A pollution tax that reduces pollution to the socially \"optimal\" level would be set at such a level that pollution occurs only if the benefits to society (for example, in form of greater production) exceeds the costs.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Market failure:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Market failure", "evidence": "Because there is very low cost but high benefit to individual drivers in using the roads, the roads become congested, decreasing their usefulness to society.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Net metering:37", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Net metering", "evidence": "point out that while distributed solar and other energy efficiency measures do pose a challenge to electric utilities' existing business model, the benefits of distributed generation outweigh the costs, and those benefits are shared by all ratepayers.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United Kingdom enterprise law:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United Kingdom enterprise law", "evidence": "The National Health Service was set up in 1946 to provide everyone free health care, regardless of class or income, paid for by progressive taxation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Economy of the United States:501", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Economy of the United States", "evidence": "Despite the recession, it was still at 2.79% in 2012 and will slide only marginally to 2.73% in 2013, according to provisional data, and should remain at a similar level in 2014.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Economy of the United States:93", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Economy of the United States", "evidence": "It grew 3.0% per year on average in the 1960s, 2.1% in the 1970s, 2.4% in the 1980s, 2.2% in the 1990s, 0.7% in the 2000s, and 0.9% from 2010 to 2017.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Reaganomics:17", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Reaganomics", "evidence": "GDP per employed person increased at an average 1.5% rate during the Reagan administration, compared to an average 0.6% during the preceding eight years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Reaganomics:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Reaganomics", "evidence": "Private sector productivity growth, measured as real output per hour of all persons, increased at an average rate of 1.9% during Reagan's eight years, compared to an average 1.3% during the preceding eight years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Unemployment in the United States:469", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Unemployment in the United States", "evidence": "This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4% in 2013 and 2.5% in 2014.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon footprint:170", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon footprint", "evidence": "To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental degradation:33", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental degradation", "evidence": "The amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will rise, and both of these will influence water resources; evaporation depends strongly on temperature and moisture availability which can ultimately affect the amount of water available to replenish groundwater supplies.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:109", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:122", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "the stock of carbon in the atmosphere increases by more than 3 million tonnes per annum (0.04%) compared with the existing stock.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:328", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "\"CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:183", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:43", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Disaster risk reduction:14", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Disaster risk reduction", "evidence": "Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:74", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extreme weather:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extreme weather", "evidence": "Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural disaster:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural disaster", "evidence": "A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Severe weather:185", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Severe weather", "evidence": "Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Droughts in the United States:36", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Droughts in the United States", "evidence": "Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Megadrought:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Megadrought", "evidence": "A megadrought (or mega-drought) is a prolonged drought lasting two decades or longer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Megadrought:15", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Megadrought", "evidence": "The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Megadrought:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Megadrought", "evidence": "Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Megadrought:25", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Megadrought", "evidence": "During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atlantic hurricane:182", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Atlantic hurricane", "evidence": "Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Atlantic hurricane:308", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic hurricane", "evidence": "Millennial-scale variability in catastrophic hurricane landfalls along the Gulf of Mexico coast.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Florida:145", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Florida", "evidence": "Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928, followed by the Great Depression, brought that period to a halt.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Florida:199", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Florida", "evidence": "From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—category 3 and above.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Katrina:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Katrina", "evidence": "The pressure measurement made Katrina the fifth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:163", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:442", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:492", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:85", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans", "evidence": "It was also forecast that the storm surge in Lake Pontchartrain would reach 14–18 feet (4.3–5.5 m), with waves reaching 7 feet (2 m) above the storm surge.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Katrina:123", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Katrina", "evidence": "The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data, although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet (4.3 m) and a 12-foot (3.7 m) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Katrina:134", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Katrina", "evidence": "The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13–16 feet (4.0–4.9 m), not including wave action.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Katrina:81", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Katrina", "evidence": "Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), while the levees offered protection to 23 feet (7.0 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Storm surge:13", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Storm surge", "evidence": "A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Hillary Clinton:839", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Hillary Clinton", "evidence": "Clinton's story was thoroughly investigated by Fact Checker Michelle Ye Hee Lee in the Washington Post.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:192", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:280", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "An example is the extension of the Delta Works in the Netherlands, a country that sits partially below sea level and is subsiding.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:293", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A study conducted between 1982 and 2010 found that some areas of Jakarta have been sinking by as much as 28 cm (11 inches) per year due to ground water drilling and the weight of its buildings, and the problem is now exacerbated by sea level rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:54", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cellulosic ethanol:188", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cellulosic ethanol", "evidence": "\"The production of cellulosic ethanol represents not only a step toward true energy diversity for the country, but a very cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear power debate:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear power debate", "evidence": "The World Nuclear Association argues that: \"Obviously sun, wind, tides and waves cannot be controlled to provide directly either continuous base-load power, or peak-load power when it is needed,...\" \"In practical terms non-hydro renewables are therefore able to supply up to some 15–20% of the capacity of an electricity grid, though they cannot directly be applied as economic substitutes for most coal or nuclear power, however significant they become in particular areas with favourable conditions.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:273", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "According to the International Energy Agency, biofuels have the potential to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:34", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a 20% target of all electricity generated for the European Union by 2020.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:91", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:183", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:99", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Funamanu:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Funamanu", "evidence": "Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of reef islands to sea level rise in the central Pacific.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Geography of Tuvalu:99", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Geography of Tuvalu", "evidence": "Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kiribati:188", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kiribati", "evidence": "Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of atolls and reef islands in the central Pacific.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kiribati:189", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Kiribati", "evidence": "Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati—Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai—increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:473", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1282", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"The rate of sea-level rise\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:13", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:354", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:145", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Humans impact how much water is stored on land.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Barrier island:85", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Barrier island", "evidence": "If sea level changes are too drastic, time will be insufficient for wave action to accumulate sand into a dune, which will eventually become a barrier island through aggradation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Barrier island:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Barrier island", "evidence": "He believed that waves moving into shallow water churned up sand, which was deposited in the form of a submarine bar when the waves broke and lost much of their energy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral reef:112", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral reef", "evidence": "Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for \"unborn\") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral reef:195", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral reef", "evidence": "Waves, grazing fish (such as parrotfish), sea urchins, sponges and other forces and organisms act as bioeroders, breaking down coral skeletons into fragments that settle into spaces in the reef structure or form sandy bottoms in associated reef lagoons.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral:121", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral", "evidence": "Over time, corals fragment and die, sand and rubble accumulates between the corals, and the shells of clams and other molluscs decay to form a gradually evolving calcium carbonate structure.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Battle of the Coral Sea:178", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Battle of the Coral Sea", "evidence": "Heavily damaged and without power, Neosho was left drifting and slowly sinking (16°09′S 158°03′E / 16.150°S 158.050°E / -16.150; 158.050).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Bikini Atoll:540", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Bikini Atoll", "evidence": "\"Exiled by nuclear testing, rising seas force Bikinians to flee again\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kiribati:191", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kiribati", "evidence": "Since land height has not changed the vulnerability of the greater part of the land area of each island to submergence due to sea level rise is also unchanged and these low-lying atolls remain immediately and extremely vulnerable to inundation or sea water flooding.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kiribati:436", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Kiribati", "evidence": "\"Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kiribati:529", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kiribati", "evidence": "\"Islands disappear under rising seas\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Hilda Heine:43", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hilda Heine", "evidence": "\"First female President Hilda Hine elected in the Marshall Islands\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hilda Heine:72", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hilda Heine", "evidence": "\"Hilda Heine elected first female Pacific leader as president of Marshall Islands\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Marshall Islands:357", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Marshall Islands", "evidence": "\"A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Marshall Islands:534", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Marshall Islands", "evidence": "\"In The Marshall Islands, Traditional Agriculture And Healthy Eating Are A Climate Change Strategy\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Marshall Islands:94", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Marshall Islands", "evidence": "According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Development communication:122", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Development communication", "evidence": "Communication for development is seen as a two-way process for sharing ideas and knowledge using a range of communication tools and approaches that empower individuals and communities to take actions to improve their lives.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Development communication:364", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Development communication", "evidence": "Its approach is anticipatory which aims to improve policymaking in order to provide as much lead time as necessary in the solution of societal problems.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Development communication:374", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Development communication", "evidence": "Policy sciences are concerned with helping people make better decisions toward fostering human dignity for all.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Development communication:613", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Development communication", "evidence": "Submission of reports provides specific interventions that will guide policy makers in decisions.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Marshall Islands:196", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Marshall Islands", "evidence": "United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Natural gas:247", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural gas", "evidence": "The high pressure water breaks up or \"fracks\" the rock, which releases gas from the rock formation.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural gas:304", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural gas", "evidence": "In April 2008, the wholesale price was $10 per 1000 cubic feet ($10/million BTU).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Shale gas:209", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Shale gas", "evidence": "Shale gas tends to cost more to produce than gas from conventional wells, because of the expense of the massive hydraulic fracturing treatments required to produce shale gas, and of horizontal drilling.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Shale gas:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Shale gas", "evidence": "Natural gas for industrial use has become cheaper by around 30% compared to the rest of the US.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Shale gas:282", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Shale gas", "evidence": "\"Will Natural Gas Stay Cheap Enough To Replace Coal And Lower US Carbon Emissions\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:170", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Barnett and colleagues (2005) say that the observed warming of the oceans \"cannot be explained by natural internal climate variability or solar and volcanic forcing, but is well simulated by two anthropogenically forced climate models,\" concluding that \"it is of human origin, a conclusion robust to observational sampling and model differences\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Models are unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only take into account variations in total solar irradiance and volcanic activity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:199", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Models indicate that solar and volcanic forcings can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between AD 1000 and 1900, but human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:68", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:49", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:13", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:354", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2010 United Kingdom general election:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010 United Kingdom general election", "evidence": "Realising that a deal between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats was imminent, the next day on Tuesday 11 May Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister, marking the end of 13 years of Labour government.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:261", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 2009 several UNFCCC Parties produced the Copenhagen Accord, which has been widely portrayed as disappointing because of its low goals, leading poor nations to reject it.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gordon Brown:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gordon Brown", "evidence": "After initial rises in opinion polls following Brown becoming Prime Minister, Labour's popularity declined with the onset of a recession in 2008, leading to poor results in the local and European elections in 2009.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gordon Brown:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gordon Brown", "evidence": "On 5 June 2007, just three weeks before he was due to take the post of Prime Minister, Brown made a speech promising \"British Jobs for British workers\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gordon Brown:93", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Gordon Brown", "evidence": "Appearances and news coverage leading up to the handover were interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become Prime Minister, in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and global change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:24", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "In economic theory, pollution is considered a negative externality, a negative effect on a third party not directly involved in a transaction, and is a type of market failure.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Externality:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Externality", "evidence": "Externalities can be either positive or negative.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Externality:91", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Externality", "evidence": "A positive externality (also called \"external benefit\" or \"external economy\" or \"beneficial externality\") is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Highway:62", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Highway", "evidence": "The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous climate change is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tax:236", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Tax", "evidence": "Economists describe environmental impacts as negative externalities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon credit:77", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon credit", "evidence": "Nordhaus has suggested, based on the social cost of carbon emissions, that an optimal price of carbon is around $30(US) per ton and will need to increase with inflation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon credit:78", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon credit", "evidence": "The social cost of carbon is the additional damage caused by an additional ton of carbon emissions.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon price:161", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon price", "evidence": "So again we have the right outcome — provided the carbon price equals the social cost.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:416", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "Several administrative advisers have stated that the social cost should be reduced to zero (currently at $36 per ton of carbon dioxide).", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:460", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "Carbon emissions have an \"unpriced\" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Political positions of Paul Ryan:102", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Political positions of Paul Ryan", "evidence": "He suggested using discussions about raising the federal debt ceiling as \"leverage\" to reduce federal spending.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Political positions of Paul Ryan:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Political positions of Paul Ryan", "evidence": "He helped bring the issues of the national debt and the national deficit into the national policy debate.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Political positions of Paul Ryan:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Political positions of Paul Ryan", "evidence": "His positions on fiscal policy have included tax cuts, cuts to entitlement programs, freezes on discretionary spending, the elimination of automatic inflation increases in calculating budget baselines, deregulation, and the privatization of social security, Medicare, Medicaid, and education.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States federal budget:432", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "United States federal budget", "evidence": "Prior to the 2008-2009 U.S. recession, experts argued for steps to be put in place immediately to address an unsustainable trajectory of federal deficits.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States federal budget:538", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States federal budget", "evidence": "\"Ignoring the Debt Problem\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "When the meltwater seeps down through cracks in the sheet, it accelerates the melting and, in some areas, allows the ice to slide more easily over the bedrock below, speeding its movement to the sea.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:3", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Shutdown of thermohaline circulation:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Shutdown of thermohaline circulation", "evidence": "Global warming could lead to an increase in freshwater in the northern oceans, by melting glaciers in Greenland, and by increasing precipitation, especially through Siberian rivers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:43", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:46", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:6", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:172", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice sheet:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice sheet", "evidence": "The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2013 in science:559", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2013 in science", "evidence": "Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Future of Earth:203", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Future of Earth", "evidence": "However, the long-term trend is for the plant life on land to die off altogether as most of the remaining carbon in the atmosphere becomes sequestered in the Earth.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:396", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "A 2019 study showed that Antarctica is losing ice six times faster than it was 40 years ago.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:187", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Gulf Coast of the United States:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gulf Coast of the United States", "evidence": "The area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gulf Coast of the United States:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gulf Coast of the United States", "evidence": "In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mississippi:114", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mississippi", "evidence": "The French called the greater territory \"New France\"; the Spanish continued to claim part of the Gulf coast area (east of Mobile Bay) of present-day southern Alabama, in addition to the entire area of present-day Florida.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New Orleans:223", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "New Orleans", "evidence": "As the hurricane passed through the Gulf Coast region, the city's federal flood protection system failed, resulting in the worst civil engineering disaster in American history.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:257", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast, both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "River Parrett:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "River Parrett", "evidence": "The area is prone to winter floods of fresh water and occasional salt water inundations, the worst of which in recorded history was the Bristol Channel floods of 1607, which resulted in the drowning of an estimated 2,000 or more people, with houses and villages swept away, an estimated 200 square miles (520 km2) of farmland inundated and livestock destroyed.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "River Thames:229", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "River Thames", "evidence": "Wells with water tables that mixed with tributaries (or the non-tidal Thames) faced such pollution with the widespread installation of the flush toilet in the 1850s.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Salt marsh:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Salt marsh", "evidence": "Coastal salt marshes can be distinguished from terrestrial habitats by the daily tidal flow that occurs and continuously floods the area.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Salt pannes and pools:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Salt pannes and pools", "evidence": "High salt marsh Arrow-grass (forb) panne Briefly flooded, very shallow with a moderate amount of vegetation usually dominated by Arrow grass (Triglochin maritimum), with the deeper sections possibly remaining unvegetated.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wetland:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wetland", "evidence": "A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "California:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "California", "evidence": "The state's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Oregon:76", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Oregon", "evidence": "The state's southwestern portion, particularly the Rogue Valley, has a Mediterranean climate with drier and sunnier winters and hotter summers, similar to Northern California.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:267", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Western United States:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Western United States", "evidence": "Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which, while not approaching the scale of the Rocky Mountains, are formidable nevertheless.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Western United States:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Western United States", "evidence": "Annual rainfall is greater in the eastern portions, gradually tapering off until reaching the Pacific Coast where it increases again.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:393", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "Sea levels drop due to the removal of large volumes of water above sea level in the icecaps.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:172", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:250", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level dropped by about 110 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land-bridges between land-masses for animals to migrate.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Quaternary glaciation:31", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Quaternary glaciation", "evidence": "Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Beringia:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Beringia", "evidence": "The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the \"Ice Age\", spanned 125,000–14,500 YBP and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Beringia:30", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Beringia", "evidence": "The Ice Age reached its peak during the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets began advancing from 33,000 YBP and reached their maximum limits 26,500 YBP.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:86", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The Andean-Saharan occurred from 460 to 420 million years ago, during the Late Ordovician and the Silurian period.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Last Glacial Period:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Last Glacial Period", "evidence": "The Last Glacial Period (LGP) occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Weichselian glaciation:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Weichselian glaciation", "evidence": "The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Human:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Human", "evidence": "Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human", "evidence": "Humans began to exhibit evidence of behavioral modernity at least by about 100-70,000 years ago and (according to recent evidence) as far back as around 300,000 years ago, in the Middle Stone Age, (with some features of behavioral modernity possibly beginning earlier, and possibly in parallel with evolutionary brain globularization in H. sapiens).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human", "evidence": "[citation needed] By the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period (50,000 BP), and likely significantly earlier by 100-70,000 years ago or possibly by about 300,000 years ago behavioral modernity, including language, music and other cultural universals had developed.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human:89", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human", "evidence": "Agriculture and sedentary lifestyle led to the emergence of early civilizations (the development of urban development, complex society, social stratification and writing) from about 5,000 years ago (the Bronze Age), first beginning in Mesopotamia.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:52", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "Over the years, more and more evidence has advanced the idea of \"pre-Clovis\" cultures including tools dating back about 15,550 years ago.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Circle:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Circle", "evidence": "The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:317", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "\"Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic's central basins\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:86", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "As temperatures cool dramatically in the winter, ice forms and intense vertical convection allows the water to become dense enough to sink below the warm saline water below.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "North America:139", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "North America", "evidence": "Greenland, along with the Canadian Shield, is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 °C (50 to 68 °F), but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic:99", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:145", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "They include effects on the oceans, ice, and weather and may occur gradually or rapidly.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Murmansk:85", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Murmansk", "evidence": "The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to the warm North Atlantic Current and is an important fishing and shipping destination.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:962", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "\"Extreme melt onCanada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:355", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "It covers almost 14 million km2 and some 30 million km3 of ice.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea ice:102", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea ice", "evidence": "In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea ice:119", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea ice", "evidence": "Predictions of when the first \"ice free\" Arctic summer might occur vary.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:32", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic ice pack", "evidence": "\"Nonetheless, the extreme loss of this summer’s sea ice cover and the slow onset of freeze-up portends lower than normal ice extent throughout autumn and winter, and the ice that grows back is likely to be fairly thin\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:164", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:164", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:242", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "\"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:277", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "\"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,\" Gore said.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1935", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Clathrate gun hypothesis:50", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Clathrate gun hypothesis", "evidence": "(2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Methane:122", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Methane", "evidence": "Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost carbon cycle:50", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Permafrost carbon cycle", "evidence": "Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a \"potential abundant source of energy\" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permian–Triassic extinction event:1069", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Permian–Triassic extinction event", "evidence": "\"The potential volume of oceanic methane hydrates with variable external conditions\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:147", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:160", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:310", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost 67 km3 (16 cu mi) of ice, mainly through thinning.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:315", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The 66 km2 (25 sq mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:164", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:208", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "\"Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:242", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "\"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:124", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "(Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Pole:175", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "North Pole", "evidence": "Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:244", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Atmospheric methane", "evidence": "This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:68", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water vapor:113", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Water vapor", "evidence": "The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water:354", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Water", "evidence": "Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "California:461", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "California", "evidence": "Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "San Joaquin Valley:20", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "San Joaquin Valley", "evidence": "The valley experienced a severe drought from 2011 to 2017.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "San Joaquin Valley:45", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "San Joaquin Valley", "evidence": "By August 2014, a three-year drought was prompting changes to the agriculture industry in the valley.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Western United States:77", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Western United States", "evidence": "However, parts of the West get extremely high amounts of rain or snow, and still other parts are true desert and get less than 5 inches (130 mm) of rain per year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Western United States:86", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Western United States", "evidence": "Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Morocco:257", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Morocco", "evidence": "Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical monsoon climate:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tropical monsoon climate", "evidence": "In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical monsoon climate:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tropical monsoon climate", "evidence": "Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical savanna climate:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tropical savanna climate", "evidence": "There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates: Distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tundra:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tundra", "evidence": "Despite the potential diversity of climates in the ET category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2007 United Kingdom floods:28", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2007 United Kingdom floods", "evidence": "Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2015 South Indian floods:439", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2015 South Indian floods", "evidence": "Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:62", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "To the public, this was related to climate change and the possibility of effective action, but news interest faded.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:63", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Public attention was renewed amidst summer droughts and heat waves when James Hansen testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988, stating with high confidence that long term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:2", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:225", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Near- and long-term trends in the global energy system are inconsistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C relative to pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:226", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0 °C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "World Bank:124", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "World Bank", "evidence": "The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:3", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:4", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:56", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level:63", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level", "evidence": "Most of this rise can be attributed to the increase in temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres (1,640 feet) of sea water.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:187", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:203", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:211", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:215", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "NOAA states in their May 2008 \"State of the science fact sheet for ocean acidification\" that: \"The oceans have absorbed about 50% of the carbon dioxide (CO 2) released from the burning of fossil fuels, resulting in chemical reactions that lower ocean pH.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:226", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:141", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "It was estimated that in the year 2007 Greenland ice sheet melting was higher than ever, 592 km3 (142.0 cu mi).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:35", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:36", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "The area of the sheet that experiences melting has been argued to have increased by about 16% between 1979 (when measurements started) and 2002 (most recent data).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:37", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "The area of melting in 2002 broke all previous records.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:39", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "In 2006, estimated monthly changes in the mass of Greenland's ice sheet suggest that it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometers (57 cu mi) per year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:43", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:46", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:6", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:172", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice sheet:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice sheet", "evidence": "The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Drought:102", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Drought", "evidence": "According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Drought:110", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Drought", "evidence": "Recurring droughts leading to desertification in East Africa have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in 1984–85, 2006 and 2011.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ethiopia:177", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ethiopia", "evidence": "The ensuing government suffered several coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and a huge refugee problem.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ethiopia:337", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ethiopia", "evidence": "A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively impacted Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Famine:131", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Famine", "evidence": "A primary cause of the famine (one of the largest seen in the country) is that Ethiopia (and the surrounding Horn) was still recovering from the droughts which occurred in the mid-late 1970s.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:101", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "For example, when climate model simulations of the last century include all of the major influences on climate, both human-induced and natural, they can reproduce many important features of observed climate change patterns.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:103", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:193", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:76", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:99", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Therefore, climate models are used to study how individual factors affect climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:361", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "NASA's Climate Change website indicates a compatible overall trend of greater than 100 gigatonnes of ice loss per year since 2002.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:172", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:378", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:362", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hubble Space Telescope:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hubble Space Telescope", "evidence": "It has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images, allowing a deep view into space.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:130", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pollution:115", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Pollution", "evidence": "Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:139", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:692", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Alaska North Slope:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Alaska North Slope", "evidence": "The source rock for the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field and neighboring reserves is also a potential source for tight oil and shale gas – possibly containing \"up to 2 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil and up to 80 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, according to a 2012 U.S. Geological Survey report.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic methane emissions:72", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic methane emissions", "evidence": "reported permafrost was thawing quicker than predicted, and was happening even to thousands years old soil; They estimated that abrupt permafrost thawing could release between 60 and 100 gigatonnes of carbon by 2300, they mentioned gaps in the research and that abrupt permafrost thawing should have priority research and urgency.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:52", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:54", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "A new study used field observations, radiocarbon dating, and remote sensing to account for thermokarst lakes, the authors concluded that, \"..methane and carbon dioxide emissions from abrupt thaw beneath thermokarst lakes will more than double radiative forcing from circumpolar permafrost-soil carbon fluxes this century.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:226", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "One theory is that the climate may reach a \"tipping point\" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2015 United Kingdom general election:224", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2015 United Kingdom general election", "evidence": "Less attention was given to policy areas that might have been problematic for the Conservatives, like the NHS or housing (policy topics favoured by Labour) or immigration (favoured by UKIP).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2017 United Kingdom general election:180", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2017 United Kingdom general election", "evidence": "In a speech in Tynemouth the next day, May said Labour had \"deserted\" working-class voters, criticised Labour's policy proposals and said Britain's future depended on making a success of Brexit.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2019 United Kingdom general election:123", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2019 United Kingdom general election", "evidence": "The Labour Party proposed a renegotiation of the withdrawal agreement (towards a closer post-withdrawal relationship with the EU) and would then put this forward as an option in a referendum alongside the option of remaining in the EU.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2019 United Kingdom general election:201", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2019 United Kingdom general election", "evidence": "The Liberal Democrats, the Greens, the SNP and Labour all support a ban on fracking, whilst the Conservatives propose approving fracking on a case-by-case basis.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Conservative Party (UK):348", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Conservative Party (UK)", "evidence": "Both Cameron and Theresa May have aimed at helping families achieve a work-home balance and have previously proposed to offer all parents 12 months parental leave, to be shared by parents as they choose.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:269", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "(2001) concluded that world GDP would change by plus or minus a few percent for a small increase in global mean temperature (up to around 2 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:277", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1262", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Fertilizer:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fertilizer", "evidence": "A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fertilizer:238", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fertilizer", "evidence": "Ammonia is produced from natural gas and air.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fertilizer:241", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fertilizer", "evidence": "The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fertilizer:41", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fertilizer", "evidence": "Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fertilizer:90", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fertilizer", "evidence": "This ammonia is used as a feedstock for all other nitrogen fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:76", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sahara:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sahara", "evidence": "The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sahara:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sahara", "evidence": "At present (2000 AD), we are in a dry period, but it is expected that the Sahara will become green again in 15000 years (17000 AD).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees different from the near-surface air temperature, precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers (or other bodies of water) to provide excessive thermal pollution.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on humans:194", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on humans", "evidence": "(2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:258", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Nevertheless, one recent study has found that potential global economic gains if countries implement mitigation strategies to comply with the 2°C target set at the Paris Agreement are in the vicinity of US$17,000 billion per year up to 2100 compared to a very high emission scenario.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:271", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "(2001) projected losses in world GDP for a medium increase in global mean temperature (above 2–3 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level), with increasing losses for greater temperature increases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:277", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1262", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:258", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "For example, many models are running simulations based on doubled carbon dioxide projections, temperatures raise ranging from 1 °C up to 5 °C, and with rainfall levels an increase or decrease of 20%.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:72", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Although increased rainful will not occur everywhere, models suggest most of the world will have a 16-24% increase in heavy precipitation intensity by 2100.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:141", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "This large-scale pattern of change is a robust feature present in nearly all of the simulations conducted by the world's climate modeling groups for the 4th Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and is also evident in observed 20th century precipitation trends.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:591", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Changes in the climate system that are confidently predicted in response to increases in greenhouse gases include increases in mean surface air temperature, increases in global mean rates of precipitation and evaporation, rising sea level, and changes in the biosphere.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:148", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global catastrophic risk:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global catastrophic risk", "evidence": "It is a global good, so even if a large nation decreases it, that nation will only enjoy a small fraction of the benefit of doing so.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:170", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:243", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "The New York Times:357", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The New York Times", "evidence": "Former The New York Times executive editor Bill Keller decided not to report the piece after being pressured by the Bush administration and being advised not to do so by The New York Times Washington bureau chief Philip Taubman.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The New York Times:377", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The New York Times", "evidence": "During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the \"negative processes\" of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Washington Times:114", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Washington Times", "evidence": "During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial \"these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Washington Times:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Washington Times", "evidence": "In 1993, the Times published articles purporting to debunk climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Washington Times:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Washington Times", "evidence": "It has also published many columns which reject the scientific consensuses on climate change, on ozone depletion, and on the harmful effects of second-hand smoke.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:36", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "Large coral colonies such as Porites are able to withstand extreme temperature shocks, while fragile branching corals such Acropora are far more susceptible to stress following a temperature change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:103", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:14", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:16", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:180", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:250", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:77", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:17", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a \"huge natural selection event unfolding\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "The last report was published in 2019.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:499", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "\"Great Barrier Reef has 'lost half its coral since 1985'\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:636", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "\"The Reef 2050 Plan\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:648", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "\"Great Barrier Reef 2050 plan no longer achievable due to climate change, experts say\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:139", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2006 European heat wave", "evidence": "April 2007 was also the warmest month in history, the average temperature being 5 °C warmer than normal.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:163", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2006 European heat wave", "evidence": "December, January and February also brought extremely mild weather making the winter of 2006/2007 the warmest in recorded history.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:201", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2006 European heat wave", "evidence": "December 2006 and January 2007 were the warmest months in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan and other cities of European Russia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:250", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2006 European heat wave", "evidence": "Every winter month (December, January, February) had a CET above 5 °C (41 °F), only the second time this has happened since 1900 (after 1988/89, although November 1988 was colder than any month of 2006/07) and only the sixth since 1659 (1685–86, 1833–34, 1833–34, and 1868/69 also).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:283", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2014–16 El Niño event", "evidence": "\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Orlando, Florida:153", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Orlando, Florida", "evidence": "The area's warm and humid climate is caused primarily by its low elevation, its position relatively close to the Tropic of Cancer, and its location in the center of a peninsula.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Orlando, Florida:157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Orlando, Florida", "evidence": "The area's humidity acts as a buffer, usually preventing actual temperatures from exceeding 100 °F (38 °C), but also pushing the heat index to over 110 °F (43 °C).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "St. Louis:184", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "St. Louis", "evidence": "The city experiences hot, humid summers, and chilly to cold winters.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "St. Louis:185", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "St. Louis", "evidence": "It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "St. Louis:186", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "St. Louis", "evidence": "The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:50", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:513", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "\"Coral Bleaching Has Ravaged Half of Hawaii's Coral Reefs\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:52", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:8", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:104", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures, affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "1990s:41", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "1990s", "evidence": "Over the course of approximately 100 days, at least 500,000 people were killed.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "July 1966:76", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "July 1966", "evidence": "A heat wave began across much of the midwestern United States, killing hundreds of people over a six-day period where temperatures remained above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Philippines:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Philippines", "evidence": "The war, as well as the ensuing cholera epidemic, resulted in the deaths of thousands of combatants as well as tens of thousands of civilians.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:234", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Each year, about 800,000 people die from causes attributable to urban air pollution, 1.8 million from diarrhoea resulting from lack of access to clean water supply, sanitation, and poor hygiene, 3.5 million from malnutrition and approximately 60,000 in natural disasters.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Unit 731:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Unit 731", "evidence": "This military aerial spraying killed tens of thousands of people with bubonic plague epidemics.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]