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[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 52-year-old woman presents with decreased exercise tolerance and difficulty breathing on exertion and while sleeping at night. She says that she requires 2 pillows to sleep at night to alleviate her shortness of breath. These symptoms started 6 months ago and are gradually increasing in severity. She does not have any chronic health problems. She has smoked 15 cigarettes per day for the past 20 years and drinks alcohol occasionally. Vital signs include: blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg, temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), and regular pulse 90/min. On physical examination, the first heart sound is loud, and there is a low pitched rumbling murmur best heard at the cardiac apex. This patient is at high risk of developing which of the following complications?? \n{'A': 'Infective endocarditis', 'B': 'Myocarditis', 'C': 'Cardiac arrhythmia', 'D': 'High-output heart failure', 'E': 'Left atrial myxoma'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Cardiac arrhythmia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 64-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of intractable hiccups and shortness of breath on exertion. He also has a 1-month history of left shoulder pain. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 35 years. Physical examination shows decreased breath sounds at the left lung base. An x-ray of the chest shows a 3-cm perihilar mass and elevation of the left hemidiaphragm. This patient's symptoms are most likely caused by injury to a nerve that also innervates which of the following structures?? \n{'A': 'Fibrous pericardium', 'B': 'Serratus anterior muscle', 'C': 'Vocal cords', 'D': 'Ciliary muscle', 'E': 'Visceral pleura'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Fibrous pericardium" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 30-year-old woman, gravida 4, para 3, at 39 weeks' gestation comes to the hospital 20 minutes after the onset of vaginal bleeding. She has not received prenatal care. Her third child was delivered by lower segment transverse cesarean section because of a footling breech presentation. Her other two children were delivered vaginally. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 86/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 132/74 mm Hg. The abdomen is nontender, and no contractions are felt. The fetus is in a vertex presentation. The fetal heart rate is 96/min. Per speculum examination reveals ruptured membranes and severe bleeding from the external os. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Placenta previa', 'B': 'Placenta accreta', 'C': 'Bloody show', 'D': 'Ruptured vasa previa', 'E': 'Threatened abortion'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Ruptured vasa previa" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A male infant is born at 27 weeks following premature rupture of membranes and a precipitous labor to a G4P3 female. Given the speed of delivery steroids are not given. Shortly after delivery he develops respiratory distress and the decision is made to administer surfactant replacement therapy. While the components of the surfactant used in surfactant therapy may vary based on institution, what is the main component of pulmonary surfactant produced by type II pneumocytes?? \n{'A': 'Protein S', 'B': 'Zinc finger protein', 'C': 'Cholesterol', 'D': 'Surfactant-associated proteins', 'E': 'Phospholipids'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Phospholipids" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 66-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She has no history of serious medical illness and takes no medications. A screening DEXA scan shows a T-score of -1.5 at the femur. Which of the following is the strongest predisposing factor for osteopenia?? \n{'A': 'Hypoparathyroidism', 'B': 'NSAID use', 'C': 'Obesity', 'D': 'Smoking', 'E': 'Type 2 diabetes mellitus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Smoking" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 68-year-old man presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath for the past 2 hours. He mentions that he had a cough, cold, and fever for the last 3 days and has taken an over-the-counter cold preparation. He is hypertensive and has had coronary artery disease for the last 7 years. His regular medications include aspirin and ramipril. On physical examination, temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), pulse is 120/min, blood pressure is 118/80 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 24/min. Pulse oximetry shows an oxygen saturation of 99%. Pitting edema is present bilaterally over the ankles and pretibial regions, and the peripheral extremities are warm to touch. On auscultation of the lung fields, pulmonary crackles are heard over the lung bases bilaterally. Auscultation of the precordium reveals a third heart sound. On examination of the abdomen, mild tender hepatomegaly is present. The chest radiograph is not suggestive of consolidation. Which of the following medications is the drug of choice for initial management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Dobutamine', 'B': 'Digoxin', 'C': 'Furosemide', 'D': 'Nitroglycerin', 'E': 'Milrinone'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Furosemide" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 34-year-old gravida 2, para 1 woman at 37+6 weeks of gestation presents for elective cesarean delivery. She says she has been having increased fatigue over the past few weeks. Past medical history includes gestational hypertension for which she has been taking an antihypertensive drug twice daily since week 24. Her vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 120/75 mm Hg, pulse 127/min. Physical examination reveals generalized pallor. Her laboratory results reveal microcytic, hypochromic anemia with anisocytosis, hemoglobin of 9 g/dL, a differential with 14% lymphocytes, an ESR of 22 mm/hr, and a reticulocyte production index of 3.1. A direct antiglobulin test is positive. LFTs, creatinine, ferritin level, vitamin B12 level, coagulation studies, and urinalysis are normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Preeclampsia', 'B': 'Hereditary spherocytosis', 'C': 'HELLP syndrome', 'D': 'Drug-induced immune hemolytic reaction', 'E': 'Normal pregnancy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Drug-induced immune hemolytic reaction" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician for evaluation of his tall stature. His father is 174 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall; his mother is 162 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall. He is at the 99th percentile for height and 88th percentile for BMI. Examination shows pronounced sweat stains below the armpits and broad hands and feet. There is frontal bossing and protrusion of the mandible. His fasting serum glucose is 138 mg/dL. An x-ray of the left hand and wrist shows a bone age of 16 years. Which of the following is most likely involved in the pathogenesis of this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Circulating TSH receptor autoantibodies', 'B': 'Increased serum insulin-like growth factor 1', 'C': 'Tumor of the posterior pituitary gland', 'D': 'Mosaic mutation in G-protein signaling', 'E': 'Mutated growth hormone receptor'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Increased serum insulin-like growth factor 1" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Fifteen years ago, a physician was exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during a medical mission trip to Haiti. A current CT scan of his chest reveals respiratory apical granulomas. The formation of this granuloma helped prevent the spread of the infection to other sites. Which pair of cells contributed to the walling-off of this infection?? \n{'A': 'TH1 cells and macrophages', 'B': 'TH2 cells and macrophages', 'C': 'TH1 cells and neutrophils', 'D': 'TH2 cells and neutrophils', 'E': 'CD8 T cells and NK cells'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: TH1 cells and macrophages" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 63-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of fatigue and shortness of breath. Physical examination shows diminished breath sounds at the right lung base. An x-ray of the chest shows blunting of the right costophrenic angle. Thoracentesis shows clear, yellow-colored fluid with a protein concentration of 1.9 g/dL. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's pleural effusion?? \n{'A': 'Pulmonary tuberculosis', 'B': 'Pulmonary sarcoidosis', 'C': 'Congestive heart failure', 'D': 'Thoracic duct injury', 'E': 'Bacterial pneumonia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Congestive heart failure" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 1-day history of passing small quantities of dark urine. Two weeks ago, he had fever, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea for several days that were treated with oral antibiotics. Physical examination shows pale conjunctivae and scleral icterus. His hemoglobin concentration is 7.5 g/dL, platelet count is 95,000/mm3, and serum creatinine concentration is 1.9 mg/dL. A peripheral blood smear shows irregular red blood cell fragments. Avoiding consumption of which of the following foods would have most likely prevented this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Mushrooms', 'B': 'Shellfish', 'C': 'Raw pork', 'D': 'Undercooked beef', 'E': 'Canned carrots'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Undercooked beef" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old gentleman comes to his primary care physician complaining of redness and foul-smelling discharge from his penis. The patient is not married and denies sexual activity. Upon further questioning, he denies trauma or any associated fevers or chills. After the initial work-up was found to be negative for sexually-transmitted diseases, a biopsy and imaging were ordered. The biopsy shows squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Which of the following is associated with a reduced risk of developing penile SCC?? \n{'A': 'Having frequent intercourse', 'B': 'Testing positive for HPV 16 or 18', 'C': 'Smoking', 'D': 'Circumcision', 'E': 'UV light treatments for psoriasis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Circumcision" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 21-year-old man seeks evaluation at an urgent care clinic because of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain that began 2 hours ago. He attended a picnic this afternoon, where he ate a cheese sandwich and potato salad. He says that a number of his friends who were at the picnic have similar symptoms, so he thinks the symptoms are associated with the food that was served. His medical history is significant for celiac disease, which is well-controlled with a gluten-free diet and an appendectomy was performed last year. His vital signs include a temperature of 37.0°C (98.6°F), respiratory rate of 15/min, pulse of 97/min, and blood pressure of 98/78 mmHg. He is started on intravenous fluids. Which of the following is the most probable cause of this patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'A toxin produced by a gram-positive, catalase-positive bacteria', 'B': 'Antigliadin antibody', 'C': 'Gram-negative bacillus', 'D': 'Gram-positive, catalase-negative bacteria', 'E': 'Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacteria'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: A toxin produced by a gram-positive, catalase-positive bacteria" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 34-year-old woman is brought into the emergency department by emergency medical services after an electrical fire in her apartment. She is coughing with an O2 saturation of 98%, on 2L of nasal cannula. The patient's physical exam is significant for a burn on her right forearm that appears to be dry, white, and leathery in texture. Her pulses and sensations are intact in all extremities. The patient's vitals are HR 110, BP 110/80, T 99.2, RR 20. She has no evidence of soot in her mouth and admits to leaving the room as soon as the fire started. Which is the following is the best treatment for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Bacitracin', 'B': 'Pain relievers', 'C': 'Mafenide acetate', 'D': 'Excision and grafting', 'E': 'Amputation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Excision and grafting" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 44-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of fatigue. She reports a four-month history of increasing fatigue accompanied by occasional constipation. She also reports a 15-pound weight gain over the same time period. She is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. She has never been pregnant. On physical examination, her skin is dry and cracked. Patellar reflexes are 1+ bilaterally. Laboratory analysis reveals an elevated serum TSH and decreased serum and free T4. Her blood is positive for the presence of specific antibodies. A biopsy of this patient’s thyroid gland would most likely reveal which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Large pleomorphic cells with vascular invasion and necrosis', 'B': 'Randomly oriented papillae with pleomorphic cells and dense fibrosis', 'C': 'Spindle cells with stromal amyloid deposition', 'D': 'Lymphocytic infiltrate with germinal center formation', 'E': 'Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of follicular cells'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Lymphocytic infiltrate with germinal center formation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 18-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician reporting that she has not experienced her first menses. She is accompanied by her mother who states that she personally experienced menstruation at age 12 and that the patient's sister started menstruating at the age of 11 years. The patient is not sexually-active and denies taking any medications. On physical examination, the patient appears thin and has fine hair covering her arms. Her height is 62 inches (157.48 cm) and her weight is 85 pounds (38.5 kg). The patient does not make eye contact and only answers in one word responses. The mother is asked to step out of the room and the interview resumes. After establishing some trust, the patient admits that she does not have an appetite. She has had difficulty sleeping and some feels guilty for worrying her mother. She also admits to occasional cocaine use. She switches between binge-eating and vomiting. She is constantly fatigued but she also goes to the gym three times daily, often without her parents’ knowledge. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Anorexia nervosa', 'B': 'Bulimia nervosa', 'C': 'Binge-eating disorder', 'D': 'Illicit substance use', 'E': 'Major depressive disorder'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Anorexia nervosa" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 3-day-old infant presents because the patient’s parents noticed that his skin was becoming yellow. The mother said that the patient eats well, has normal stool and urine color. It’s her first child from first healthy pregnancy. The patient was born on time and delivered via spontaneous vaginal delivery with no complications. Family history is significant for a maternal aunt who died as an infant of unknown causes. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, he is awake, calm, and looks healthy, except for the yellow tone of the skin and scleral icterus. Laboratory findings are significant for elevated unconjugated bilirubin, with a normal complete blood count. Other routine laboratory blood tests are within normal limits. The patient is treated with phototherapy, but his jaundice worsens and his unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia persists well into the second week of life. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Crigler–Najjar syndrome type II', 'B': 'Crigler–Najjar syndrome type I', 'C': 'Hemolytic anemia', 'D': 'Gilbert syndrome', 'E': 'Neonatal jaundice'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Crigler–Najjar syndrome type I" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 29-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0 at 11 weeks' gestation comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of left lower extremity pain and swelling. Her temperature is 37.9°C (100.2°F). Physical examination shows a tender, palpable cord on the lateral aspect of the left lower leg. The overlying skin is erythematous and indurated. Duplex ultrasound shows vascular wall thickening and subcutaneous edema. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Deep vein thrombosis', 'B': 'Erysipelas', 'C': 'Erythema nodosum', 'D': 'Varicose vein', 'E': 'Superficial thrombophlebitis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Superficial thrombophlebitis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 2-year-old, previously healthy female presents to the emergency department complaining of 7 hours of 10/10 intermittent abdominal pain, vomiting, and dark red stools. On exam, there is tenderness to palpation in the right lower quadrant and high-pitched bowel sounds. Technetium-99m pertechnetate scan was performed (Image A). Which of the following is true about this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'It contains all the layers of the GI tract', 'B': 'It typically affects females more than males', 'C': 'It is typically found in the descending colon', 'D': 'It is a remnant of the allantois', 'E': 'It is typically symptomatic'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: It contains all the layers of the GI tract" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 33-year-old woman comes to the physician because of constipation, abdominal pain, and decreased appetite for the past 2 months. She started a new diet and has been exercising 2 hours daily for several months in order to lose weight. She has a history of hypertension and hypothyroidism. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide, a multivitamin, and levothyroxine. She recently started taking over-the-counter supplements with each meal. Her temperature is 36.2°C (97.2°F), pulse is 92/min, and blood pressure is 102/78 mm Hg. Examination shows dry mucous membranes. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Her abdomen is soft; bowel sounds are decreased. Serum studies show:\nCalcium 12.8 mg/dL\nPhosphorus 4.6 mg/dL\nBicarbonate 22 mEq/L\nAlbumin 4 g/dL\nPTH 180 pg/mL\nTSH 9 μU/mL\nFree T4 5 μg/dL\nWhich of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?\"? \n{'A': 'Primary hypothyroidism', 'B': 'Primary hyperparathyroidism', 'C': 'Vitamin A toxicity', 'D': 'Excess calcium carbonate intake', 'E': 'Vitamin D toxicity'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Vitamin D toxicity" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 22-year-old man presents with a painful right arm. He says the pain started several hours ago after he fell on his right shoulder while playing college football. He says that he felt a stinging sensation running down his right arm when he fell. On physical examination, there is a reduced range of motion of the right arm. Plain radiographs of the right shoulder confirm the presence of a shoulder dislocation. A detailed examination yields no evidence of neurovascular problems, and a decision is made to reduce the shoulder using ketamine. Which of the following side effects will be most likely seen in this patient after administering ketamine?? \n{'A': 'Fever', 'B': 'Increased appetite', 'C': 'Diplopia', 'D': 'Renal failure', 'E': 'Cough'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Diplopia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 8-year-old child is brought to the emergency department because of profuse diarrhea and vomiting that have lasted for 2 days. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. Past medical history is noncontributory. The family recently made a trip to India to visit relatives. Today, his heart rate is 100/min, respiratory rate is 22/min, blood pressure is 105/65 mm Hg, and temperature is 37.2ºC (99.0°F). On physical examination, he appears unwell with poor skin turgor and dry oral mucosa. His heart has a regular rate and rhythm and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. His abdomen is sensitive to shallow and deep palpation. A gross examination of the stool reveals a ‘rice water’ appearance. Diagnostic microbiology results are pending. Which of the following is the best screening test to aid the diagnosis of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Mononuclear spot test', 'B': 'String test', 'C': 'Tzanck smear', 'D': 'Urea breath test', 'E': 'Catalase test'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: String test" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 9-year-old boy is brought to the hospital by his mother with complaints of fever and right flank pain for the past 3 days. His mom mentions that he has had these symptoms recurrently for the past 4 years. He was treated with antibiotics in the past and got better, but eventually, these symptoms recurred. On physical examination, he is warm to touch and there is tenderness over his right costovertebral angle. The vital signs include a blood pressure of 100/64 mm Hg, a pulse of 100/min, a temperature of 38.0°C (100.4°F), and a respiratory rate of 14/min. Complete blood count results are as follows:\nHemoglobin 12 g/dL\nRed blood cell 5.1 million cells/µL\nHematocrit 45%\nTotal leukocyte count 8,500 cells/µL\nNeutrophils 71%\nLymphocyte 24%\nMonocytes 4%\nEosinophil 1%\nBasophils 0%\nPlatelets 240,000 cells/µL\nUrinalysis results:\npH 6.2\nColor turbid yellow\nRBC none\nWBC 8–10/HPF\nProtein trace\nCast WBC casts\nGlucose absent\nCrystal none\nKetone absent\nNitrite positive\nA computed tomography scan shows renal scarring and multiple atrophy sites with compensatory hypertrophy of residual normal tissue. There is additional renal cortical thinning. Which of the following would be the most likely microscopic finding if a renal biopsy were to be done?? \n{'A': 'Segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis', 'B': 'Normal glomeruli with accumulated lipid in proximal convoluted tubular cells', 'C': 'Sloughed tubular cells within tubular lumen', 'D': 'Tubules containing eosinophilic casts', 'E': 'Polygonal clear cells with accumulated lipids and carbohydrates'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Tubules containing eosinophilic casts" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 41-year-old woman presents for evaluation of a mild bloody vaginal discharge for the past 4 months. Bleeding increases after sexual intercourse. For the past few weeks, the patient also began to note an unpleasant odor. The patient has a regular 28-day menstrual cycle. Her husband has been her only sexual partner for the past 15 years. She has a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) that was inserted 4 years ago. She does not take oral contraceptives. She has not had a gynecologic evaluation since the IUD was placed. She is a machine operator. Her past medical history is significant for Graves’ disease with thyrotoxicosis that was treated with radioactive iodine ablation. The BMI is 22 kg/m2. The gynecologic examination shows no vulvar or vaginal lesions. The cervix is deformed and a 4-cm exophytic mass with necrotization is noted arising from the posterior lip of the cervix. The uterus is not enlarged. No masses are palpable in the adnexa. What is the most probable cause of the patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'Hyperestrogenemia', 'B': 'Exposure to heavy metals', 'C': 'IUD complication', 'D': 'Human papillomavirus infection', 'E': 'Exposure to radioactive iodine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Human papillomavirus infection" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 6-year-old female from a rural village in Afghanistan presents with her mother to a local health center complaining of leg weakness. Her mother also reports that the patient had a fever, fatigue, and headache a week prior that resolved. The patient has not received any immunizations since being born. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals 1/5 strength in right hip and knee actions and 0/5 strength in left hip and knee actions. Tone is notably decreased in both lower extremities. Sensation to touch, temperature, and vibration is intact. Patellar and Achilles reflexes are absent bilaterally. The most likely cause of this patient’s condition has which of the following characteristics?? \n{'A': 'Non-enveloped (+) ssRNA virus', 'B': 'Enveloped (+) ssRNA virus', 'C': 'Non-enveloped (-) ssRNA virus', 'D': 'Enveloped (-) ssRNA virus', 'E': 'dsRNA virus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Non-enveloped (+) ssRNA virus" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 42-year-old man presents for evaluation of vitamin D deficiency with possible osteomalacia. The patient had a pathologic fracture 3 weeks ago and was found to have dangerously low levels of vitamin D with normal serum calcium levels. Bone density has been drastically affected, leading to the fracture this patient experienced. The lack of what compound is most responsible for the formation of this disease?? \n{'A': 'Calcifediol', 'B': 'Calcitriol', 'C': 'Vitamin D binding protein', 'D': 'PTH', 'E': '25-hydroxycholecalciferol'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Calcitriol" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 49-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of a dry cough and shortness of breath on exertion. She also reports recurrent episodes of pain, stiffness, and swelling in her wrist and her left knee over the past 6 months. She had two miscarriages at age 24 and 28. Physical examination shows pallor, ulcerations on the palate, and annular hyperpigmented plaques on the arms and neck. Fine inspiratory crackles are heard over bilateral lower lung fields on auscultation. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Decreased A-a gradient', 'B': 'Decreased right atrial pressure', 'C': 'Increased airway resistance', 'D': 'Decreased diffusing capacity', 'E': 'Increased lung compliance'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Decreased diffusing capacity" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old man is found in the wilderness behind a ski resort where he was lost for 2 days, and deprived of food and water. He is rushed to the emergency department for medical care. Which of the following parameters best describes his physiologic state when found?? \n{'A': 'Urine volume: decreased; urine osmolarity: increased; free water clearance: increased; antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increased', 'B': 'Urine volume: decreased; urine osmolarity: increased; free water clearance: decreased; antidiuretic hormone (ADH): decreased', 'C': 'Urine volume: increased; urine osmolarity: increased; free water clearance: decreased; antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increased', 'D': 'Urine volume: decreased; urine osmolarity: decreased; free water clearance: decreased; antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increased', 'E': 'Urine volume: decreased; urine osmolarity: increased; free water clearance: decreased; antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increased'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Urine volume: decreased; urine osmolarity: increased; free water clearance: decreased; antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increased" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 72-year-old man presents to the emergency department for a change in his behavior. The patient's wife called 911 and he was brought in by emergency medical services. She noticed that he seemed somnolent and not very responsive. The patient has a past medical history of type II diabetes, obesity, osteoarthritis, and migraine headaches. His current medications include naproxen, insulin, atorvastatin, metformin, ibuprofen, omeprazole, and fish oil. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 170/115 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient is somnolent and has a Glasgow Coma Scale of 11. Cardiac and pulmonary exams are notable for bibasilar crackles and a systolic murmur that radiates to the carotids. Neurological exam is deferred due to the patient's condition. Laboratory values are shown below.\n\nHemoglobin: 12 g/dL\nHematocrit: 36%\nLeukocyte count: 9,500 cells/mm^3 with normal differential\nPlatelet count: 199,000/mm^3\n\nSerum:\nNa+: 144 mEq/L\nCl-: 98 mEq/L\nK+: 4.0 mEq/L\nHCO3-: 16 mEq/L\nBUN: 44 mg/dL\nGlucose: 202 mg/dL\nCreatinine: 2.7 mg/dL\nCa2+: 9.2 mg/dL\nAST: 12 U/L\nALT: 22 U/L\n\nThe patient is started on IV fluids. Which of the following represents the best next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Insulin', 'B': 'Potassium', 'C': 'Bicarbonate', 'D': 'Insulin and potassium', 'E': \"Discontinue the patient's home medications\"}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Discontinue the patient's home medications" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old man seeks evaluation at a medical office for facial swelling and blood in his urine during the last 3 days. He claims that he has had weakness, malaise, and low-grade fevers for the past 3 months. On physical examination, the blood pressure is 160/96 mm Hg and he has periorbital edema bilaterally. The lab testing is significant for leukocytosis, elevated blood urea nitrogen, and elevated serum creatinine. Urinalysis shows gross hematuria, proteinuria, and red blood cell casts. You suspect that this patient has Goodpasture’s disease and decide to order additional tests to confirm the diagnosis. Antibodies to which of the following would most likely be present in this patient if your suspicion is correct?? \n{'A': 'Collagen type III', 'B': 'Collagen type I', 'C': 'Collagen type V', 'D': 'Collagen type II', 'E': 'Collagen type IV'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Collagen type IV" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 64-year-old man is admitted with a history of altered mental status. He was in his usual state of health until a few days ago when he has started to become confused, lethargic, forgetful, and repeating the same questions. Over the last few days, he sometimes appears perfectly normal, and, at other times, he has difficulty recognizing his family members. Yesterday, he was screaming that the room was filled with snakes. Past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, managed medically, and chronic kidney disease, for which he undergoes regular hemodialysis on alternate days. There is no history of smoking, alcohol use, or illicit drug use. His vitals include: blood pressure 129/88 mm Hg, pulse 112/min, temperature 38.2°C (100.8°F), and respiratory rate 20/min. The patient is oriented only to person and place. His mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score is 18/30, where he had difficulty performing basic arithmetic calculations and recalled only 1 out of 3 objects. Nuchal rigidity is absent. Muscle strength is 5/5 bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Delirium', 'B': 'Dementia', 'C': 'Schizophrenia', 'D': 'Transient global amnesia', 'E': 'Wernicke’s aphasia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Delirium" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 43-year-old man presents with a severe, throbbing, left-sided headache for the last 2 hours. He says that the pain has been progressively worsening and is aggravated by movement. The patient says he has had similar episodes in the past and would take acetaminophen and ‘sleep it off’. He also complains that the light in the room is intolerably bright, and he is starting to feel nauseous. No significant past medical history and no current medications. Vital signs include: pulse 110/min, respiratory rate 15/min, and blood pressure 136/86 mm Hg. Physical examination reveals mild conjunctival injection in the left eye. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is normal. The rest of the examination is unremarkable. The patient is given a medication which relieves his symptoms. During discharge, he wants more of this medication to prevent episodes in future but he is told that the medication is only effective in terminating acute attacks but not for prevention. Which of the following receptors does the drug given to this patient bind to?? \n{'A': 'β-adrenergic receptors', 'B': '5-hydroxytryptamine type 1 (5-HT1) receptors', 'C': 'Angiotensin II receptors', 'D': '5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 (5-HT2) receptors', 'E': 'Muscarinic receptors'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: 5-hydroxytryptamine type 1 (5-HT1) receptors" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 27-year-old male with a history of injection drug use has been feeling short of breath and fatigued for the past several weeks. He is having trouble climbing the stairs to his apartment and occasionally feels like his heart is racing out of control. His past medical history is most notable for a previous bout of infective endocarditis after which he was lost to follow-up. On exam, you note that his carotid pulse has rapid rise and fall. Which of the following would you also expect to find?? \n{'A': 'Mid-systolic click', 'B': 'Fixed, split S2', 'C': 'Venous hum', 'D': 'Widened pulse pressure', 'E': 'Systolic murmur that increases with valsalva'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Widened pulse pressure" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Six hours after giving birth to a healthy 3100 g (6 lb 13oz) girl, a 40-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1 suddenly has a tonic-clonic seizure for 2-minutes while on the ward. She had been complaining of headache, blurry vision, and abdominal pain for an hour before the incident. Her pregnancy was complicated by gestational hypertension and iron deficiency anemia. Her medications until birth included labetalol, iron supplements, and a multivitamin. Her temperature is 37°C (98.7°F), pulse is 95/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 152/100 mm Hg. The cranial nerves are intact. Muscle strength is normal. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ with a shortened relaxation phase. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Calcium gluconate', 'B': 'Magnesium sulfate', 'C': 'Valproic acid', 'D': 'Hydralazine', 'E': 'Phenytoin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Magnesium sulfate" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 47-year-old woman comes to the emergency department 4 hours after the onset of abdominal and right shoulder pain. She has nausea and has had 2 episodes of vomiting. The pain began after her last meal, is constant, and she describes it as 7 out of 10 in intensity. She has had multiple similar episodes over the past 4 months that resolved spontaneously. She drinks 2 pints of vodka daily. She appears ill. Her temperature is 38.4°C (101.1°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 165/90 mm Hg. She is alert and fully oriented. Examination shows diaphoresis and multiple telangiectasias over the trunk and back. The abdomen is distended; there is tenderness to palpation in the right upper quadrant. When the patient is asked to inhale with the examiner's hand below the costal margin in the right midclavicular line, the patient winces and her breath catches. Voluntary guarding and shifting dullness are present. The liver is palpated 3 cm below the right costal margin. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 11.5 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 16,300/mm3\nPlatelet count 150,000/mm3\nProthrombin time 20 sec (INR=1.3)\nSerum\nUrea nitrogen 16 mg/dL\nGlucose 185 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.2 mg/dL\nBilirubin (total) 2.1 mg/dL\nAlbumin 3.1 g/dL\nAn abdominal ultrasound shows multiple small stones in the gallbladder and fluid in the gallbladder wall with wall thickening and pericholecystic fluid and stranding. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?\"? \n{'A': 'Oral rifaximin and lactulose', 'B': 'Intravenous vitamin K', 'C': 'Abdominal paracentesis', 'D': 'Laparoscopic cholecystectomy', 'E': 'Open cholecystectomy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Abdominal paracentesis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 22-year-old female presents to your clinic for evaluation of \"skin problems.\" She complains of severe acne and \"spots\" all over her face that have persisted for the last 8 years, despite innumerable creams and lotions. She reports spending several hours every morning using make-up just to go outside. She wishes to learn about cosmetic procedures or surgeries that could solve her problem. While you perceive her concern for her skin to be genuine, upon examination, you note a healthy-appearing, well-nourished female with a normal complexion, minimal acne and sparse freckles on the nasal bridge. You calculate her BMI to be 21. In addition to making a diagnosis, this patient should be screened for which other disorder?? \n{'A': 'Malingering', 'B': \"Munchausen's syndrome\", 'C': 'Anorexia', 'D': 'Trichotillomania', 'E': 'Major depressive disorder'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Major depressive disorder" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Thirty minutes after surgical nasal polyp removal for refractory rhinitis, a 40-year-old man has retrosternal chest tightness and shortness of breath in the post-anesthesia care unit. The surgical course was uncomplicated and the patient was successfully extubated before arrival to the unit. He received 0.5 L of lactated Ringer's solution intraoperatively. The patient was given morphine and ketorolac for postoperative pain. He has a history of obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, hypertension, and sensitivity to aspirin. His daily medications include metoprolol and lisinopril. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years. Pulse oximetry shows an oxygen concentration of 97% with support of 100% oxygen via face mask. Bilateral wheezes are heard in both lungs. Breath sounds are decreased. The patient's face appears flushed. ECG shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Excessive beta-adrenergic blockade', 'B': 'Prinzmetal angina', 'C': 'Alveolar rupture', 'D': 'Pseudoallergic reaction', 'E': 'Bradykinin-induced bronchial irritation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Pseudoallergic reaction" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A healthy 28-year-old woman at 30-weeks gestational age, has gained 35lbs since becoming pregnant. She complains of several weeks of bilateral numbness and tingling of her palms, thumbs, index and middle fingers that is worse at night. She also notes weakness gripping objects at the office. Which nerve is most likely affected?? \n{'A': 'Median nerve', 'B': 'Ulnar nerve', 'C': 'Radial nerve', 'D': 'Axillary nerve', 'E': 'Anterior interosseous nerve'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Median nerve" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 67-year-old man comes to the emergency department complaining of severe abdominal pain for the last several hours. The pain is cramp-like in nature, constant, 8/10, and has worsened over time. It is associated with bilious vomiting. He gives a history of episodic right upper abdominal pain for the past few months, mostly after consuming fatty foods, radiating to the tip of the right scapula. He reports no change in bowel habits, bladder habits, or change in weight. His past medical history includes diabetes and hypertension, and he takes hydrochlorothiazide, metformin, ramipril, and atorvastatin. Temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F), blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, pulse is 102/min, respiratory rate is 20/min, and BMI is 23 kg/m2. On physical examination, his abdomen is distended and diffusely tender.\nLaboratory test\nComplete blood count\nHemoglobin 13 g/dL\nWBC 16,000/mm3\nPlatelets 150,000/mm3\nBasic metabolic panel\nSerum Na+ 148 mEq/L\nSerum K+ 3.3 mEq/L\nSerum Cl- 89 mEq/L\nAn abdominal CT scan is shown. What is the most likely underlying cause of this patient’s current presentation?? \n{'A': 'Cholelithiasis', 'B': 'Pancreatitis', 'C': 'Peptic ulcer disease', 'D': 'Intestinal adhesion', 'E': 'Ileal stricture'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Cholelithiasis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 30-year-old woman comes to the physician because of severe headaches and lightheadedness for 2 months. She has also been hearing a 'swoosh' sound in her left ear for the past month. She has allergic rhinitis and acne. Her sister is being treated for thyroid cancer. Current medications include levocetirizine, topical clindamycin, and azelastine-fluticasone nasal spray. She appears anxious. She is 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) tall and weighs 77 kg (170 lb); BMI is 32 kg/m2. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 96/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 168/96 mm Hg. Examination shows cystic acne over the face and back. The pupils are equal and reactive. There is a bruit on the left side of the neck. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows no murmurs, rubs, or gallops. The abdomen is soft and nontender. There is an abdominal bruit on the left side. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Increased 24-hour urine cortisol', 'B': 'Abnormal breathing pattern at night', 'C': 'Adrenal adenoma', 'D': 'Parathyroid adenoma', 'E': 'Elevated renin level'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Elevated renin level" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 76-year-old man presents with progressive fatigue, shortness of breath, and brownish discoloration of the urine for the past 5 weeks. Past medical history is significant for aortic valve replacement surgery 2 years ago. His vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 130/85 mm Hg, pulse 87/min. Physical examination reveals generalized pallor. Skin appears jaundiced. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:\nHemoglobin 9.7 g/dL\nReticulocyte count 8%\nIndirect bilirubin 4 mg/dL\nLactate dehydrogenase 250 U/L\nDirect antiglobulin test Negative\nWhich of the following would most likely be found on a peripheral blood smear in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Schistocytes', 'B': 'Spherocytes', 'C': 'Ringed sideroblasts', 'D': 'Elliptocytes', 'E': 'Target cells'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Schistocytes" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old woman comes to a fertility clinic because she has been trying to conceive for over a year without success. She has never been pregnant, but her husband has 2 children from a previous marriage. She broke a collarbone during a skiing accident but has otherwise been healthy with no chronic conditions. On physical exam, she is found to have minimal pubic hair and suprapubic masses. Speculum examination reveals a small vagina with no cervical canal visible. The most likely cause of this patient's infertility has which of the following modes of inheritance?? \n{'A': 'Autosomal recessive', 'B': 'Extra chromosome', 'C': 'Missing chromosome', 'D': 'Multiple genetic loci', 'E': 'X-linked recessive'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: X-linked recessive" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-year-old girl is brought to the physician for recurrent episodes of shortness of breath, nonproductive cough, and chest tightness for 3 months. These episodes occur especially while playing sports and resolve spontaneously with rest. She appears healthy. Her pulse is 63/min, respirations are 15/min, and blood pressure is 102/70 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 98%. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. Spirometry shows a FEV1:FVC ratio of 85% and a FEV1of 85% of predicted. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'CT scan of the chest', 'B': 'Albuterol before exercise', 'C': 'Prednisone therapy', 'D': 'Genetic testing', 'E': 'Echocardiography'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Albuterol before exercise" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 34-year-old woman with HIV comes to the emergency department because of a 2-week history of diarrhea and abdominal cramping. She has had up to 10 watery stools per day. She also has anorexia and nausea. She returned from a trip to Mexico 4 weeks ago where she went on two hiking trips and often drank from spring water. She was diagnosed with HIV 12 years ago. She says that she has been noncompliant with her therapy. Her last CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was 85/mm3. She appears thin. She is 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 50 kg (110 lb); BMI is 16.3 kg/m2. Her temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F), pulse is 115/min, and blood pressure is 85/65 mm Hg. Examination shows dry mucous membranes. The abdomen is soft, and there is diffuse tenderness to palpation with no guarding or rebound. Bowel sounds are hyperactive. Microscopy of a modified acid-fast stain on a stool sample reveals oocysts. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?? \n{'A': 'Cytomegalovirus', 'B': 'Rotavirus', 'C': 'Entamoeba histolytica', 'D': 'Giardia lamblia', 'E': 'Cryptosporidium parvum'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Cryptosporidium parvum" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 7-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because of a 2-week history of generalized fatigue, intermittent fever, and progressively worsening shortness of breath. Physical examination shows pallor, jugular venous distention, and nontender cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy. Inspiratory stridor is heard on auscultation of the chest. The liver is palpated 3 cm below the right costal margin. Her hemoglobin concentration is 9.5 g/dL, leukocyte count is 66,000 mm3, and platelet count is 102,000 mm3. An x-ray of the chest shows a mediastinal mass. A bone marrow aspirate predominantly shows leukocytes and presence of 35% lymphoblasts. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient?? \n{'A': 't(8;14) translocation', 'B': 'Positive myeloperoxidase staining', 'C': 't(9;22) translocation', 'D': 'Reed-Sternberg cells', 'E': 'Positive CD3/CD7 staining'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Positive CD3/CD7 staining" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 67-year-old man is brought to the emergency room after being involved in a traffic accident. He currently complains of bilateral hip pain. His vital signs are within the normal range, and he is hemodynamically stable. The pelvic compression test is positive. External genitalia appears normal, except there is blood at the urethral meatus and a contusion at the base of the scrotum. Digital rectal examination (DRE) shows a high-riding ballotable prostate. An X-ray reveals the presence of a pelvic fracture. Which of the following initial actions is the most appropriate for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Obtain a retrograde urethrogram (RUG), including a pre-injection kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) film', 'B': 'Insert a Foley catheter', 'C': 'Perform a suprapubic cystostomy', 'D': 'Obtain a urinalysis to detect microscopic hematuria', 'E': 'Take the patient emergently to the operating room and check for a urethral injury with IV indigo carmine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Obtain a retrograde urethrogram (RUG), including a pre-injection kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) film" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 73-year-old woman visits an urgent care clinic with a complaint of fever for the past 48 hours. She has been having frequent chills and increasing abdominal pain since her fever spiked to 39.4°C (103.0°F) at home. She states that abdominal pain is constant, non-radiating, and rates the pain as a 4/10. She also complains of malaise and fatigue. The past medical history is insignificant. The vital signs include: heart rate 110/min, respiratory rate 15/min, temperature 39.2°C (102.5°F), and blood pressure 120/86 mm Hg. On physical examination, she is icteric and there is severe tenderness on palpation of the right hypochondrium. The ultrasound of the abdomen shows a dilated bile duct and calculus in the bile duct. The blood cultures are pending, and the antibiotic therapy is started. What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Ascending cholangitis', 'B': 'Liver abscess', 'C': 'Cholecystitis', 'D': 'Appendicitis', 'E': 'Pancreatitis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Ascending cholangitis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 52-year-old man visits his primary care provider for a routine check-up. He reports he has always had trouble sleeping, but falling asleep and staying asleep have become more difficult over the past few months. He experiences daytime fatigue and sleepiness but does not have time to nap. He drinks one cup of coffee in the morning and drinks 3 alcoholic beverages nightly. His medical history is positive for essential hypertension for which he takes lisinopril. Vital signs include a temperature of 36.9°C (98.4°F), blood pressure of 132/83 mm Hg, and heart rate of 82/min. Physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following best describes the effect of alcohol use at night on the sleep cycle?? \n{'A': 'Inhibits stage N1', 'B': 'Increases stage N1', 'C': 'REM (rapid eye movement) rebound', 'D': 'Inhibits REM', 'E': 'Increases total REM sleep'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Inhibits REM" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 15-year-old African-American male with a BMI of 22 is brought to his physician by his mother to address concerns about a change in his dietary habits. The patient's mother notes that he is constantly hungry and thirsty, despite his eating and drinking water in excess. She also reports an increase in his use of the bathroom. The physician begins explaining that her son's symptoms are likely due to which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Insulitis', 'B': 'Amyloid deposition in pancreatic islets', 'C': 'Pancreatic islet hyperplasia and hypertrophy', 'D': \"The patient's weight\", 'E': 'Insensitivity to insulin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Insulitis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 10-month-old boy is brought to his pediatrician because of a 3-day history of fever and lethargy. He has previously had more infections than expected since birth but otherwise appears to be developing normally. On exam, the boy is found to have a purulent, erythematous bump on his left upper extremity. This lesion is cultured and found to have a catalase-positive, coagulase-positive, gram-positive organism, which is the same organism that caused his previous infections. Based on clinical suspicion, an incubated leukocyte test is obtained that confirms the diagnosis. The substrate of the protein that is most likely defective in this patient is produced by which of the following metabolic pathways?? \n{'A': 'Beta oxidation', 'B': 'Citric acid cycle', 'C': 'Gluconeogenesis', 'D': 'HMP shunt', 'E': 'Urea cycle'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: HMP shunt" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 24-hour history of severe lower abdominal pain. She has had two episodes of nonbloody vomiting today and has been unable to keep down food or fluids. She has not had a bowel movement since the day before. She has hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and osteoarthritis. She had a cholecystectomy 5 years ago. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the last 20 years. Current medications include chlorthalidone, atorvastatin, and naproxen. Her temperature is 38.8°C (101.8­°F), pulse is 102/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 118/78 mm Hg. She is 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) tall and weighs 94.3 kg (207.9 lbs); BMI is 33.4 kg/m2. Abdominal examination shows a soft abdomen with hypoactive bowel sounds. There is moderate left lower quadrant tenderness. A tender mass is palpable on digital rectal examination. There is no guarding or rebound tenderness. Laboratory studies show:\nLeukocyte count 17,000/mm3\nHemoglobin 13.3 g/dl\nHematocrit 40%\nPlatelet count 188,000/mm3\nSerum\nNa+ 138 mEq/L\nK+ 4.1 mEq/L\nCl- 101 mEq/L\nHCO3- 22 mEq/L\nUrea Nitrogen 18.1 mg/dl\nCreatinine 1.1 mg/dl\nWhich of the following is most appropriate to confirm the diagnosis?\"? \n{'A': 'Abdominal ultrasound', 'B': 'Exploratory laparotomy', 'C': 'Flexible sigmoidoscopy', 'D': 'CT scan of the abdomen with contrast', 'E': 'Abdominal x-ray'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: CT scan of the abdomen with contrast" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 70-year-old man without recent travel history presents a 2-week history of gradually worsening abdominal pruritus. He is unsure if his skin has yellowed, and carries an identification card without a photograph for comparison. On physical examination, the liver morphology is normal. A basic chemistry panel reveal sodium 139 mmol/L, potassium 3.8 mmol/L, chloride 110 mmol/L, carbon dioxide 27, blood urea nitrogen 26 mg/dL, creatinine 0.84 mg/dL, and glucose 108 mg/dL. Which of the following is the least compatible with the patients provided history?? \n{'A': 'Portal vein thrombosis', 'B': 'Postherpetic neuralgia', 'C': 'Scabies', 'D': 'Polycythemia vera', 'E': 'Lichen planus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Portal vein thrombosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5-year-old girl presents for a routine checkup. The patient’s parents say she has been looking pale and tired lately. Her family history is unremarkable. Upon physical examination, several bruises are seen, as well as petechial bleeding on her limbs. A complete blood count shows leukocytosis with severe anemia and thrombocytopenia. A peripheral blood smear shows 35% blasts. Ultrasonography of the abdomen shows hepatosplenomegaly and a chest radiograph reveals a mediastinal mass. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Acute lymphoblastic leukemia', 'B': 'Acute myeloid leukemia', 'C': 'Chronic lymphocytic leukemia', 'D': 'Aplastic anemia', 'E': 'Chronic myeloid leukemia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 44-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of increasing confusion for 3 days. Her husband states that he noticed a yellowish discoloration of her eyes for the past 6 days. She has osteoarthritis. Current medications include acetaminophen and a vitamin supplement. She does not drink alcohol. She uses intravenous cocaine occasionally. She appears ill. Her temperature is 37.2 °C (99.0 °F), pulse is 102/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 128/82 mm Hg. She is confused and oriented only to person. Examination shows scleral icterus and jaundice of her skin. Flapping tremors of the hand when the wrist is extended are present. The liver edge is palpated 4 cm below the right costal margin and is tender; there is no splenomegaly.\nHemoglobin 12.4 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 13,500/mm3\nPlatelet count 100,000/mm3\nProthrombin time 68 sec (INR=4.58)\nSerum\nNa+ 133 mEq/L\nCl- 103 mEq/L\nK+ 3.6 mEq/L\nUrea nitrogen 37 mg/dL\nGlucose 109 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.2 mg/dL\nTotal bilirubin 19.6 mg/dL\nAST 1356 U/L\nALT 1853 U/L\nHepatitis B surface antigen positive\nHepatitis B surface antibody negative\nHepatitis C antibody negative\nAnti-hepatitis A virus IgM negative\nAcetaminophen level 12 mcg/mL (N < 20 mcg/mL)\nThe patient is transferred to the intensive care unit and treatment with tenofovir is begun. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?\"? \n{'A': 'Pegylated interferon therapy', 'B': 'Oral rifaximin therapy', 'C': 'Liver transplant', 'D': 'N-acetylcysteine therapy', 'E': 'Intravenous glucocorticoids therapy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: N-acetylcysteine therapy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old obese man presents to the office complaining of chronic heartburn and nausea for the past 6 months. These symptoms are relieved when he takes 20 mg of omeprazole twice a day. The patient was prompted to come to the doctor when he recently experienced difficulty breathing and shortness of breath, symptoms which he believes underlies a serious health condition. The patient has no cardiac history but is concerned because his father recently died of a heart attack. Imaging of the patient’s chest and abdomen would most likely reveal which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Protrusion of fundus of the stomach through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity', 'B': 'Lung hypoplasia due to a defect in the diaphragm', 'C': 'Widened mediastinum with evidence of esophageal rupture', 'D': '\"Hourglass stomach\" due to upward displacement of the gastroesophageal junction', 'E': 'Cardiomegaly with pulmonary effusion'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Protrusion of fundus of the stomach through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 39-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 5-day history of pain and stiffness in her hands and wrists and a nonpruritic generalized rash. The stiffness is worst in the morning and improves after 15–20 minutes of activity. She had fever and a runny nose 10 days ago that resolved without treatment. She is sexually active with a male partner and uses condoms inconsistently. She works as an elementary school teacher. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 78/min, and blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg. Examination shows swelling, tenderness, and decreased range of motion of the wrists as well as the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. There is a lacy macular rash over the trunk and extremities. Laboratory studies, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate and anti-nuclear antibody and anti-dsDNA serology, show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus', 'B': 'Psoriatic arthritis', 'C': 'Parvovirus arthritis', 'D': 'Disseminated gonococcal disease', 'E': 'Rheumatoid arthritis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Parvovirus arthritis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An investigator is studying physiological changes in the autonomic nervous system in response to different stimuli. 40 μg of epinephrine is infused in a healthy volunteer over a period of 5 minutes, and phenoxybenzamine is subsequently administered. Which of the following effects is most likely to be observed in this volunteer?? \n{'A': 'Decreased breakdown of muscle glycogen', 'B': 'Decreased secretion of aqueous humor', 'C': 'Increased peripheral vascular resistance', 'D': 'Increased secretion of insulin', 'E': 'Increased pressure inside the bladder'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Increased secretion of insulin" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 43-year-old female presents to her endocrinologist for a new patient appointment. She initially presented three months ago as a referral for a new diagnosis of type II diabetes mellitus. At that time, her HbA1c was found to be 8.8%, and she was started on metformin. Her metformin was quickly uptitrated to the maximum recommended dose. At the same visit, her body mass index (BMI) was 31 kg/m^2, and the patient was counseled on the importance of diet and exercise for achieving better glycemic control. Today, the patient reports complete adherence to metformin as well as her other home medications of atorvastatin and lisinopril. She also started a daily walking routine and has lost two pounds. Her HbA1c today is 7.6%, and her BMI is stable from her last visit. The patient is discouraged by her slow weight loss, and she would like to lose an additional 5-10 pounds.\n\nWhich of the following would be the best choice as a second agent in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Exenatide', 'B': 'Glipizide', 'C': 'Repaglinide', 'D': 'Pioglitazone', 'E': 'Sitagliptin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Exenatide" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A mother brings her 8-month-old child to your pediatric clinic with concerns of a rash. Physical exam reveals an erythematous, weeping rash involving bilateral cheeks and scalp. You prescribe a topical agent that is considered the first-line pharmacological treatment for this condition. What is a common concern that the mother should be alerted to regarding long-term use of this topical agent?? \n{'A': 'Hyperpigmentation', 'B': 'Skin atrophy', 'C': 'Paresthesia', 'D': 'Increased risk of melanoma', 'E': 'Hypoglycemia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Skin atrophy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of increasing weakness and numbness of her legs for 3 days. She noticed that the weakness was more severe after she had a hot shower that morning. A year ago, she had an episode of partial vision loss in her left eye that resolved within 3 weeks. She is sexually active with 3 male partners and uses condoms inconsistently. She appears anxious. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 108/77 mm Hg. Examination shows spasticity and decreased muscle strength in bilateral lower extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are 4+ bilaterally. Plantar reflex shows an extensor response bilaterally. The abdominal reflex is absent. Sensation to vibration and position over the lower extremities shows no abnormalities. Tandem gait is impaired. MRI of the brain and spine is inconclusive. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Positive rapid plasma reagin test', 'B': 'Demyelination on nerve biopsy', 'C': 'Slow nerve conduction velocity', 'D': 'Elevated intrinsic factor antibody level', 'E': 'Oligoclonal bands in cerebral spinal fluid'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Oligoclonal bands in cerebral spinal fluid" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 33-year-old man comes to the physician 1 hour after he slipped in the shower and fell on his back. Since the event, he has had severe neck pain. He rates the pain as an 8–9 out of 10. On questioning, he has had lower back pain for the past 2 years that radiates to the buttocks bilaterally. He reports that the pain sometimes awakens him at night and that it is worse in the morning or when he has been resting for a while. His back is very stiff in the morning and he is able to move normally only after taking a hot shower. His temperature is 36.3°C (97.3°F), pulse is 94/min, and blood pressure is 145/98 mm Hg. Range of motion of the neck is limited due to pain; the lumbar spine has a decreased range of motion. There is tenderness over the sacroiliac joints. Neurologic examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray of the cervical spine shows decreased bone density of the vertebrae. An MRI shows a C2 vertebral fracture as well as erosions and sclerosis of the sacroiliac joints bilaterally. The patient's condition is most likely associated with which of the following findings?? \n{'A': 'Foot drop and difficulty heel walking', 'B': 'Urinary and fecal incontinence', 'C': 'Recent episode of urethritis', 'D': 'Recurring eye redness and pain', 'E': 'Constipation and muscle weakness'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Recurring eye redness and pain" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 66-year-old man is brought to the clinic with a history of recurrent falls. He has been slow in his movements and walks clumsily. He denies fever, vision problems, limb weakness, numbness, abnormal sensation in his limbs, trauma, or inability to pass urine. The past medical history is unremarkable, and he only takes calcium and vitamin D supplements. The vital signs include: blood pressure 128/72 mm Hg, heart rate 85/min, respiratory rate 16/min, and temperature 36.9°C (98.4°F). He is awake, alert, and oriented to time, place, and person. His eye movements are normal. There is a tremor in his hands bilaterally, more in the left-hand which decreases with voluntary movements. The muscle tone in all 4 limbs is increased with normal deep tendon reflexes. He walks with a stooped posture and takes small steps with decreased arm swinging movements. During walking, he has difficulty in taking the first few steps and also in changing directions. The speech is slow and monotonous. His mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score is 26/30. What is the most likely pathophysiology of the patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'Cerebellar atrophy', 'B': 'Demyelination of the white matter', 'C': 'Dilated ventricles with increased CSF volume', 'D': 'Generalized brain atrophy', 'E': 'Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 46-year-old man is admitted to the hospital with a 3-day history of productive cough with purulent sputum and fever with chills. On the second day of admission, he develops bloody vomiting, altered mental status, and multiple red spots all over the body. He is oriented only to self. His temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 26/min, and blood pressure is 86/50 mm Hg. Physical examination shows ecchymoses on both lower extremities. Crackles are heard at the right lung base. Laboratory studies show a platelet count of 45,000/mm3, with a prothrombin time of 44 sec and partial thromboplastin time of 62 sec. D-dimer concentrations are elevated. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's ecchymoses?? \n{'A': 'Disseminated intravascular coagulation', 'B': 'Immune thrombocytopenic purpura', 'C': 'Severe hepatic dysfunction', 'D': 'Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'E': 'Hemolytic uremic syndrome\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Disseminated intravascular coagulation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old woman undergoes endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for evaluation of suspected biliary strictures. The ERCP identifies 2 ducts in the pancreas (a small ventral duct and a larger dorsal duct). A diagnosis of a congenital pancreatic anomaly is made. Which of the following statements best describes this anomaly?? \n{'A': 'Most of the patients with this condition present in early childhood with abdominal symptoms', 'B': 'It is a rare congenital anomaly of the pancreas', 'C': 'Patients with recurrent episodes of pancreatitis due to this condition do not require any intervention', 'D': 'Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) scanning of the abdomen is the most sensitive non-invasive diagnostic technique for this condition', 'E': \"Endoscopic ultrasonography reveals a 'stack sign' in patients with this condition\"}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) scanning of the abdomen is the most sensitive non-invasive diagnostic technique for this condition" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 70-year-old man is admitted with fever, chills, and rigor which have lasted for 4 days. He also complains of associated recent-onset fatigue. Past medical history is insignificant. He drinks a can of beer every night. His temperature is 39.0°C (102.2°F), pulse is 120/min, blood pressure is 122/80 mm Hg, and respirations are 14/min. Physical examination reveals splinter hemorrhages in the fingernails, and a 2/6 apical pansystolic murmur is heard which was not present during his last visit a month ago. A transoesophageal echocardiogram shows evidence of vegetations over the mitral valve. Blood cultures are taken from 3 different sites, which reveal the growth of Streptococcus gallolyticus. The patient is started on the appropriate antibiotic therapy which results in rapid clinical improvement. Which of the following would be the best next step in management in this patient after he is discharged?? \n{'A': 'Prepare and schedule valve replacement surgery', 'B': 'Repeat the transesophageal echocardiography', 'C': 'Perform a transthoracic echocardiogram', 'D': 'Refer for an outpatient upper GI endoscopy', 'E': 'Refer for an outpatient colonoscopy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Refer for an outpatient colonoscopy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 36-year-old primigravid woman at 15 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a routine prenatal visit. She has not been taking prenatal vitamins and admits to consuming alcohol regularly. Pelvic examination shows a uterus consistent in size with a 15-week gestation. A quadruple screening test shows markedly elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein. Maternal serum concentrations of β-human chorionic gonadotropin, estriol, and inhibin A are normal. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these findings?? \n{'A': 'Fetal alcohol syndrome', 'B': 'Trisomy 21', 'C': 'Holoprosencephaly', 'D': 'Spina bifida cystica', 'E': 'Trisomy 18'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Spina bifida cystica" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 71-year-old male with worsening memory, behavior changes, and disorientation over the span of several years was admitted to the hospital for signs of severe pneumonia. He passes away after failed antibiotic therapy. Which of the following findings would most likely be identified on autopsy?? \n{'A': 'Lewy bodies', 'B': 'Degeneration of the caudate nucleus', 'C': 'Pick bodies', 'D': 'Extracellular amyloid forming parenchymal plaques', 'E': 'A spongiform cortex with large intracellular vacuoles'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Extracellular amyloid forming parenchymal plaques" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 56-year-old woman presents to her physician for a routine health maintenance examination. Recently, she has felt weak, and she has dyspnea when she performs her daily exercise routine. She has no significant past medical history. She has not had any menstrual bleeding for more than 6 years. She has smoked half a pack of cigarettes for more than 20 years, and she occasionally drinks a beer or a glass of wine. She takes ibuprofen for occasional headaches, which she has had for many years. Her blood pressure is 115/60 mm Hg, pulse is 68/min, respirations are 14/min, and temperature is 36.8℃ (98.2℉). The physical examination shows no abnormalities except for conjunctival pallor. The laboratory test results are as follows:\nHemoglobin 7.5 g/dL\nMean corpuscular volume 75 μm3\nLeukocyte count 5500/mm3 (with a normal differential)\nPlatelet 520,000/mm3\nReticulocyte count 9%\nSerum iron 30 μg/dL (50–170 μg/dL)\nFerritin 4 μg/L (12–150 μg/L)\nTotal iron-binding capacity 450 μg/dL\nThe peripheral blood smear shows polychromatophilic macrocytes. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in evaluation?? \n{'A': 'Bone marrow aspiration', 'B': 'Gastrointestinal endoscopy', 'C': 'Hemoglobin electrophoresis', 'D': 'JAK2 mutation', 'E': 'No further testing is indicated'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Gastrointestinal endoscopy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 69-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of severe right hip pain. The pain is worse at night. He has chronic headaches and back pain for which he takes vitamin D, calcium supplements, and ibuprofen. Examination shows hip tenderness and mild sensorineural hearing loss. X-ray of the hip shows a radiolucent lesion in the ilium with a moth-eaten appearance, wide transition zone, and an aggressive periosteal reaction. Wide excision of the lesion is performed. A photomicrograph of a section of the lesion is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Multiple myeloma', 'B': 'Chondrosarcoma', 'C': 'Osteosarcoma', 'D': 'Ewing sarcoma', 'E': 'Giant cell tumor'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Osteosarcoma" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 44-year-old with a past medical history significant for human immunodeficiency virus infection presents to the emergency department after he was found to be experiencing worsening confusion. The patient was noted to be disoriented by residents and staff at the homeless shelter where he resides. On presentation he reports headache and muscle aches but is unable to provide more information. His temperature is 102.2°F (39°C), blood pressure is 112/71 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 24/min. Knee extension with hips flexed produces significant resistance and pain. A lumbar puncture is performed with the following results:\n\nOpening pressure: Normal\nFluid color: Clear\nCell count: Increased lymphocytes\nProtein: Slightly elevated\n\nWhich of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Cryptococcus', 'B': 'Group B streptococcus', 'C': 'Herpes simplex virus', 'D': 'Neisseria meningitidis', 'E': 'Tuberculosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Herpes simplex virus" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of intermittent right lateral hip pain that radiates to the thigh. Climbing stairs and lying on his right side aggravates the pain. Examination shows tenderness to palpation over the upper lateral part of the right thigh. There is no swelling. When the patient is asked to resist passive abduction of the right leg, tenderness is noted. An x-ray of the pelvis shows no abnormalities. Which of the following structures is the most likely source of this patient's pain?? \n{'A': 'Iliotibial band', 'B': 'Acetabulum', 'C': 'Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve', 'D': 'Femoral head', 'E': 'Greater trochanter\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Greater trochanter\n\"" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 23-year-old primigravid woman comes to the physician for an initial prenatal visit at 13 weeks' gestation. She has had episodic headaches over the past month. She has no history of serious illness. Her immunizations are up-to-date. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F) and pulse is 90/min. Repeated measurements show a blood pressure of 138/95 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows a uterus consistent in size with a 13-week gestation. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Urinalysis is within normal limits. Serum creatinine is 0.8 mg/dL, serum ALT is 19 U/L, and platelet count is 210,000/mm3. Which of the following is the most likely condition in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Gestational hypertension', 'B': 'Eclampsia', 'C': 'High normal blood pressure', 'D': 'Preeclampsia', 'E': 'Chronic hypertension'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Chronic hypertension" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 56-year-old man presents to his family physician for a routine check-up but also states he has been feeling less energetic than usual. He mentions that he has recently been promoted to a nurse manager position at a regional medical center. His medical history is significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia, for which he takes enalapril and atorvastatin. The patient has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the last 30 years. His vital signs include the following: the heart rate is 80/min, the respiratory rate is 18/min, the temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), and the blood pressure is 140/84 mm Hg. He appears well-nourished, alert, and interactive. Coarse breath sounds are auscultated in the lung bases bilaterally. A low-dose computerized tomography (CT) scan is scheduled. A tuberculin skin injection is administered and read 2 days later; the induration has a diameter of 12 mm. A Ziehl-Neelsen stain of the sputum sample is negative. The chest radiograph is pictured. Which of the following is recommended at this time?? \n{'A': 'Isoniazid and rifampin', 'B': 'Isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide', 'C': 'Isoniazid and ethambutol', 'D': 'Levofloxacin and ethambutol', 'E': 'Repeat sputum culture and smear'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 40-year-old man comes to the physician because of lower back pain that has become progressively worse over the past 2 months. The pain is also present at night and does not improve if he changes his position. He has stiffness for at least 1 hour each morning that improves throughout the day. Over the past 3 months, he has had 3 episodes of acute gout and was started on allopurinol. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows reduced lumbar flexion and tenderness over the sacroiliac joints. Passive flexion of the hip with the knee extended does not elicit pain on either side. Muscle strength and sensation to pinprick and light touch are normal. A pelvic x-ray confirms the diagnosis. The patient is started on indomethacin and an exercise program. Six weeks later, the patient reports no improvement in symptoms. Before initiating further pharmacotherapy, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Pulmonary function test', 'B': 'Discontinue allopurinol', 'C': 'Creatinine measurement', 'D': 'PPD skin test', 'E': 'Liver function test'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: PPD skin test" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought into your office by his parents who state that the boy has been noncompliant with his toilet training and passes stools every 4 days. They describe his stool as hard pellets. They deny any problems during pregnancy and state that he was born at a weight of 7 lbs and 10 oz. They state that he remained in the hospital for one day after his delivery. Since then, he has not had any problems and was exclusively breast fed for the first six months of his life. On physical exam, there is a shallow tear in the posterior verge of his anus. Which of the following is the best treatment?? \n{'A': 'Colonoscopy', 'B': 'Proctoscopy', 'C': 'Fiber supplementation', 'D': 'Laxatives and stool softeners', 'E': 'Sigmoidoscopy and biopsy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Laxatives and stool softeners" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 44-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Ten months ago, he was diagnosed with HIV infection and appropriate antiretroviral therapy was initiated. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show increased viral load despite ongoing treatment. His pharmacotherapy is switched to a new combination drug regimen including an agent that binds to glycoprotein 41. The expected effect of this drug is most likely due to inhibition of which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Viral particle assembly', 'B': 'Viral docking and attachment to host cells', 'C': 'Viral genome transcription', 'D': 'Viral genome integration into host cells', 'E': 'Viral fusion and entry into host cells'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Viral fusion and entry into host cells" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 38-year-old man presents with pruritus and jaundice. Past medical history is significant for ulcerative colitis diagnosed 2 years ago, well managed medically. He is vaccinated against hepatitis A and B and denies any recent travel abroad. On physical examination, prominent hepatosplenomegaly is noted. Which of the following would confirm the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)', 'B': 'Contrast CT of the abdomen', 'C': 'Ultrasound of the abdomen', 'D': 'Percutaneous liver biopsy', 'E': 'Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with a sore throat and trouble breathing. His mother states that his symptoms started last night and have rapidly been worsening. The patient is typically healthy, has received all his childhood immunizations, and currently takes a daily multivitamin. His temperature is 103°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 100/64 mmHg, pulse is 155/min, respirations are 29/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an ill-appearing child who is drooling and is leaning forward to breathe. He does not answer questions and appears very uncomfortable. He will not comply with physical exam to open his mouth for inspection of the oropharynx. Which of the following is the most likely infectious etiology of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Candidia albicans', 'B': 'Epstein-Barr virus', 'C': 'Haemophilus influenzae', 'D': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'E': 'Streptococcus viridans'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Streptococcus pneumoniae" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of progressive swelling of his legs over the past 2 months. During this period, the patient has had an unintentional 5-kg (11-lb) weight gain. He also reports frequent numbness of the tips of his fingers and cramping in his back and leg muscles. He has a history of HIV infection treated with combined antiretroviral therapy. The patient immigrated to the US from Nigeria 3 years ago. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure 150/90 mm Hg. Physical examination shows 3+ periorbital and lower extremity edema bilaterally. Sensation to pinprick and light touch is decreased around the mouth and along the fingers. Laboratory studies show:\nSerum\nAlbumin 2.5 g/dL\nTotal cholesterol 270 mg/dL\nHIV antibody positive\nUrine\nBlood negative\nProtein +4\nRBC 1-2/hpf\nRBC casts negative\nA kidney biopsy is most likely to show which of the following findings under light microscopy?\"? \n{'A': 'Thickened glomerular capillary loops', 'B': 'Segmental sclerosis', 'C': 'Crescent formation, monocytes, and macrophages', 'D': 'Mesangial proliferation', 'E': 'No changes'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Segmental sclerosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 43-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 10 minutes after the sudden onset of shortness of breath, dry cough, nausea, and an itchy rash. The symptoms started 15 minutes after she had dinner with her husband and her two sons at a local seafood restaurant. The patient has a 2-year history of hypertension treated with enalapril. She also uses an albuterol inhaler as needed for exercise-induced asthma. Empiric treatment with her inhaler has not notably improved her current symptoms. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the last 20 years. She drinks one to two glasses of wine every other day. She has never used illicit drugs. She appears uncomfortable and anxious. Her pulse is 124/min, respirations are 22/min and slightly labored, and blood pressure is 82/68 mm Hg. Examination of the skin shows erythematous patches and wheals over her trunk, back, upper arms, and thighs. Her lips appear slightly swollen. Expiratory wheezing is heard throughout both lung fields. The remainder of the physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Intramuscular epinephrine administration', 'B': 'Intravenous methylprednisolone administration', 'C': 'Nebulized albuterol administration', 'D': 'Endotracheal intubation', 'E': 'Intravenous diphenhydramine and ranitidine administration'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Intramuscular epinephrine administration" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 60-year-old man, who was a coal miner for more than 15 years presents with complaints of a cough and shortness of breath. His cough started 6 years ago and is dry and persistent. The shortness of breath started 4 months ago and is exacerbated by physical activity. When interviewed, his physician discovers that he doesn’t take any safety measures when working in the mines. Vital signs include: heart rate 85/min, respiratory rate 32/min, and blood pressure 125/90 mm Hg. On physical examination, there are diminished respiratory sounds on both sides. In his chest X-ray, interstitial fibrosis with reticulonodular infiltrate with honeycombing is found on both sides. What is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': \"Coal worker' s pneumoconiosis\", 'B': 'Caplan syndrome', 'C': 'Talcosis', 'D': 'Asbestosis', 'E': 'Bronchogenic carcinoma'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Coal worker' s pneumoconiosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An investigator studying new drug delivery systems administers an aerosol containing 6.7-μm sized particles to a healthy subject via a nonrebreather mask. Which of the following is the most likely route of clearance of the particulate matter in this subject?? \n{'A': 'Trapping by nasal vibrissae', 'B': 'Swallowing of nasopharyngeal mucus', 'C': 'Expulsion by the mucociliary escalator', 'D': 'Phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages', 'E': 'Diffusion into pulmonary capillaries'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Expulsion by the mucociliary escalator" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 56-year-old man suffered seizure-like activity followed by a loss of consciousness within minutes after surfacing from a recreational 55-foot dive with some friends. His friends laid him on his side and called emergency services. Past medical history is significant for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation status post failed catheter ablation. Current medications are low-dose metoprolol, a daily baby aspirin, and a daily multivitamin. When the emergency response team arrived, they found the patient with altered mental status. His blood pressure was 92/54 mm Hg and heart rate was 115/min. On physical examination, his skin appears mottled and his breath sounds are shallow. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Give a loading dose of phenytoin followed by 12-hour infusion.', 'B': 'Insert 2 large bore IVs and start high volume fluid resuscitation.', 'C': 'Secure the patient’s airway and administer 100% oxygen and rapid transport for recompression in a hyperbaric chamber.', 'D': 'Obtain a noncontrast head CT and administer tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).', 'E': 'Obtain an electrocardiogram and bolus amiodarone.'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Secure the patient’s airway and administer 100% oxygen and rapid transport for recompression in a hyperbaric chamber." } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Twelve hours after delivery a 2700-g (5-lb 15-oz) male newborn has 3 episodes of bilious vomiting. He was born at 36 weeks' gestation to a 27-year-old woman. Pregnancy was complicated by polyhydramnios. The mother has smoked one half-pack of cigarettes daily and has a history of intravenous cocaine use. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a distended upper abdomen. Bowel sounds are hypoactive. An x-ray of the abdomen shows 3 gas shadows in the upper abdomen with a gasless distal abdomen. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Malrotation with volvulus', 'B': 'Jejunal atresia', 'C': 'Hirschsprung disease', 'D': 'Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis', 'E': 'Meconium ileus\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Jejunal atresia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 26-year-old woman with a history of asthma presents to the emergency room with persistent gnawing left lower quadrant abdominal pain. She first noticed the pain several hours ago and gets mild relief with ibuprofen. She has not traveled recently, tried any new foods or medications, or been exposed to sick contacts. She is sexually active with her boyfriend and admits that she has had multiple partners in the last year. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure 77/45 mmHg, pulse is 121/min, and respirations are 14/min. On exam, she appears uncomfortable and diaphoretic. She has left lower quadrant tenderness to palpation, and her genitourinary exam is normal. Her urinalysis is negative and her pregnancy test is positive. Which of the following would be the appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis', 'B': 'Transvaginal ultrasound', 'C': 'Administer levonorgestrel', 'D': 'Abdominal plain films', 'E': 'Exploratory laporoscopy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Exploratory laporoscopy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:You are a sleep physician comparing the results of several hypnograms taken in the sleep lab the prior night. You examine one chart which shows decreased REM sleep, less total time sleeping, and more frequent nocturnal awakenings. Which of these patients most likely exhibits this pattern?? \n{'A': 'A healthy 3-year-old male', 'B': 'A healthy 9-month-old female', 'C': 'A healthy 40 year-old male', 'D': 'A healthy 20-year-old female', 'E': 'A healthy 75-year-old male'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: A healthy 75-year-old male" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 27-year-old woman seeks evaluation by her general physician with complaints of an odorous yellow vaginal discharge and vaginal irritation for the past 3 days. She also complains of itching and soreness. The medical history is unremarkable. She is not diabetic. She has been sexually active with a single partner for the last 3 years. A vaginal swab is sent to the lab for microscopic evaluation, the results of which are shown in the exhibit, and the culture yields heavy growth of protozoa. A pregnancy test was negative. What is the most appropriate treatment for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Metronidazole', 'B': 'Nystatin', 'C': 'Ampicillin', 'D': 'Fluconazole', 'E': 'Acyclovir'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Metronidazole" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 1-year-old child who was born outside of the United States is brought to a pediatrician for the first time because she is not gaining weight. Upon questioning, the pediatrician learns that the child has had frequent pulmonary infections since birth, and on exam the pediatrician appreciates several nasal polyps. Genetic testing is subsequently ordered to confirm the suspected diagnosis. Testing is most likely to show absence of which of the following amino acids from the protein involved in this child's condition?? \n{'A': 'Histidine', 'B': 'Leucine', 'C': 'Lysine', 'D': 'Valine', 'E': 'Phenylalanine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Phenylalanine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 61-year-old man presents to the office with a past medical history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus type II, hypercholesterolemia, and asthma. Recently, he describes increasing difficulty with breathing, particularly when performing manual labor. He also endorses a new cough, which occurs both indoors and out. He denies any recent tobacco use, despite a 40-pack-year history. He mentions that his symptoms are particularly stressful for him since he has been working in the construction industry for the past 30 years. The vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 74/min, and respiratory rate 14/min. On physical examination you notice clubbing of his digits, wheezing on auscultation, and normal heart sounds. A chest radiograph demonstrates linear opacities at the bilateral lung bases and multiple calcified pleural plaques. What is his most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Asbestosis', 'B': 'Coal miner’s disease', 'C': 'Silicosis', 'D': 'Berylliosis', 'E': 'Hypersensitivity pneumonitis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Asbestosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 40-year-old man presents with substernal chest pain for the past hour. He describes the chest pain as severe, squeezing in nature, diffusely localized to the substernal area and radiating down his left arm. He also has associated nausea, dizziness, and diaphoresis. He denies any recent history of fever, chest trauma, palpitations, or syncope. Past medical history is significant for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), managed medically with a proton pump inhibitor for the last 3 months. He also has uncontrolled diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypercholesterolemia diagnosed 10 years ago. His last HbA1c was 8.0. The vital signs include: blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg, pulse 100/min, respiratory rate 20/min, temperature 36.8°C (98.3°F) and oxygen saturation 98% on room air. He is administered sublingual nitroglycerin which lessens his chest pain. Chest radiograph seems normal. Electrocardiogram (ECG) shows ST-segment elevation in anterolateral leads. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Acute coronary syndrome', 'B': 'GERD', 'C': 'Diffuse esophageal spasm', 'D': 'Pulmonary embolism', 'E': 'Pneumothorax'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Acute coronary syndrome" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:А 55-уеаr-old mаn рrеѕеntѕ to thе offісе wіth a сomрlаіnt of generalized pain particularly in the back. This pain is also present in his knees, elbows, and shoulders bilaterally. Не has stage 4 chronіс kіdnеу dіѕеаѕе and is on weekly hemodialysis; he is wаіtіng for a renal trаnѕрlаnt. Оn physical ехаmіnаtіon, thеrе іѕ реrірhеrаl ріttіng еdеmа аnd ѕсrаtсh mаrkѕ ovеr thе forеаrms and trunk. The vіtаl ѕіgnѕ include: blood рrеѕѕurе 146/88 mm Нg, рulѕе 84/mіn, tеmреrаturе 36.6°C (97.9°F), аnd rеѕріrаtorу rаtе 9/mіn.\nComplete blood count results are as follows:\nHemoglobin 11 g/dL\nRBC 4.5 million cells/µL\nHematocrit 40%\nTotal leukocyte count 6,500 cells/µL\nNeutrophil 71%\nLymphocyte 34%\nMonocyte 4%\nEosinophil 1%\nBasophil 0%\nPlatelet 240,000 cells/µL\nRenal function test shows:\nSodium 136 mEq/L\nPotassium 5.9 mEq/L\nChloride 101 mEq/L\nBicarbonate 21 mEq/L\nAlbumin 2.8 mg/dL\nUrea nitrogen 31 mg/dL\nCreatinine 2.9 mg/dL\nUric Acid 6.8 mg/dL\nGlucose 111 mg/dL\nWhich of the following sets of findings would be expected in this patient in his current visit?? \n{'A': 'PTH ↑, Ca ↑, phosphate ↓, calcitriol ↓', 'B': 'PTH no change, Ca no change, phosphate no change, calcitriol no change', 'C': 'PTH ↑, Ca ↓, phosphate ↑, calcitriol ↓', 'D': 'PTH ↓, Ca ↑, phosphate ↑, calcitriol ↑', 'E': 'PTH ↓, Ca ↓, phosphate ↑, calcitriol ↓'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: PTH ↑, Ca ↓, phosphate ↑, calcitriol ↓" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 60-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with her husband. He is concerned that she has had abnormal behavior and involuntary movements of her body for the last 3 weeks. She now has difficulty remembering names, dates, and events. She even fails to recognize pictures of her children. She was in her normal state of health 3 weeks ago. There is no history of fever, headache, head trauma, drug abuse, or change in medications. Past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus. She takes metformin and a multivitamin. Family history is negative for psychiatric illness. Her blood pressure is 134/87 mm Hg, the heart rate is 70/min, and the temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F). The exam is occasionally disrupted by sudden episodic jerking of her limbs. She is drowsy but arousable to voice, and is disoriented and confused. Extraocular movements are normal. Cranial nerves are intact. There is no neck stiffness. Her laboratory results are significant for:\nHemoglobin 14.3 g/dL\nWhite blood cells 6,900/mm3\nPlatelets 347,000/mm3\nCreatinine 1.0 mg/dL\nSodium 146 mmol/L\nPotassium 4.1 mEq/L\nCalcium 9.1 mg/dL\nGlucose (random) 132 mg/dL\nTSH 2.5 mU/L\nShe is admitted to the neurology service. A head MRI, lumbar puncture, and EEG are performed. The MRI is nondiagnostic. Electroencephalography (EEG) reveals periodic spike and slow waves at an interval of 1 second. Cerebrospinal fluid is positive for protein 14-3-3. What is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis', 'B': 'Autoimmune encephalitis', 'C': 'Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease', 'D': 'Hashimoto thyroiditis', 'E': 'Herpes viral encephalitis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 10-year-old boy is brought in to the emergency room by his parents after he complained of being very weak during a soccer match the same day. The parents noticed that yesterday, the patient seemed somewhat clumsy during soccer practice and was tripping over himself. Today, the patient fell early in his game and complained that he could not get back up. The patient is up-to-date on his vaccinations and has no previous history of illness. The parents do report that the patient had abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea the previous week, but the illness resolved without antibiotics or medical attention. The patient’s temperature is 100.9°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 110/68 mmHg, pulse is 84/min, and respirations are 14/min. On exam, the patient complains of tingling sensations that seem reduced in his feet. He has no changes in vibration or proprioception. Achilles and patellar reflexes are 1+ bilaterally. On strength testing, foot dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are 3/5 and knee extension and knee flexion are 4-/5. Hip flexion, hip extension, and upper extremity strength are intact. Based on this clinical history and physical exam, what pathogenic agent could have been responsible for the patient’s illness?? \n{'A': 'Gram-positive bacillus', 'B': 'Gram-negative, oxidase-positive bacillus', 'C': 'Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, comma-shaped bacteria', 'D': 'Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, bacillus with hydrogen sulfide gas production', 'E': 'Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, bacillus without hydrogen sulfide gas production'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, comma-shaped bacteria" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-year-old woman with no known past medical history and non-significant social and family histories presents to the outpatient clinic for an annual wellness checkup. She has no complaints, and her review of systems is negative. She is up to date on her childhood and adolescent vaccinations. The patient's blood pressure is 120/78 mm Hg, pulse is 82/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On further questioning, she discloses that she has recently become sexual active and enquires about any necessary screening tests for cervical cancer. What is the appropriate recommendation regarding cervical cancer screening in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Begin 2-year interval cervical cancer screening via Pap smear today', 'B': 'Begin 2-year interval cervical cancer screening via Pap smear at 19 years of age', 'C': 'Begin 3-year interval cervical cancer screening via Pap smear at age 21', 'D': 'Begin 5-year interval cervical cancer screening via Pap smear at age 21', 'E': 'Offer to administer the HPV vaccine so that Pap smears can be avoided'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Begin 3-year interval cervical cancer screening via Pap smear at age 21" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 40 weeks of gestation is admitted to the hospital in active labor. The patient has attended many prenatal appointments and followed her physician's advice about screening for diseases, laboratory testing, diet, and exercise. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated. She has no history of a serious illness. Her first child was delivered via normal vaginal delivery. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Cervical examination shows 80% effacement, 5 cm dilation and softening without visible fetal parts or prolapsed umbilical cord. A cardiotocograph is shown. Which of the following options is the most appropriate initial step in management?? \n{'A': 'Administration of beta-agonists', 'B': 'Amnioinfusion', 'C': 'Operative vaginal delivery', 'D': 'Repositioning', 'E': 'Urgent Cesarean delivery'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Repositioning" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A father calls the pediatrician because his 7-year-old son began wetting the bed days after the birth of his new born sister. He punished his son for bedwetting but it only made the situation worse. The pediatrician advised him to talk with his son about how he feels, refrain from drinking water near bedtime, and praise his son when he keeps the bed dry. Which of the following best describes the reappearance of bedwetting?? \n{'A': 'Regression', 'B': 'Repression', 'C': 'Isolation of affect', 'D': 'Identification', 'E': 'Rationalization'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Regression" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 30-year-old woman was brought in by ambulance after being struck by a truck while crossing the street. She has lost a large volume of blood, and a transfusion of packed RBCs is indicated. The patient’s blood type is confirmed to be AB+. She is to be given two units of packed red blood cells (RBCs). Which of the following type(s) of packed RBCs would be safe to transfuse into this patient?? \n{'A': 'A-, B-, O-', 'B': 'A+, B+, AB+, O+', 'C': 'A+, B+', 'D': 'AB+, O+', 'E': 'A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 61-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with bloody vomiting for the last hour. She had been vomiting for several hours. Additionally, she states she felt a sudden onset of chest and epigastric pain when she noted blood in her vomit. In the emergency room, she endorses feeling lightheaded and denies difficulty breathing or coughing, and the pain is not worse with swallowing. On review of systems, she notes that she has been bruising more easily than usual over the last 3 months. The patient has a long history of alcoholism with recent progression of liver disease to cirrhosis. She has known esophageal varices and is on propranolol for prophylaxis. In the emergency room, the patient’s temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 94/60 mmHg, pulse is 103/min, and respirations are 16/min. On exam, she is in moderate distress, and there is frank blood in her emesis basin. Cardiovascular and lung exams are unremarkable, and there is pain on palpation of her epigastrium and chest without crepitus. Initial labs are shown below:\n\nHemoglobin: 13.1 g/dL\nLeukocyte count: 6,200/mm^3\nPlatelet count: 220,000/mm^3\nCreatinine: 0.9 mg/dL\n\nThe patient is started on IV isotonic saline, pantoprazole, ceftriaxone, and octreotide. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Administer fresh frozen plasma (FFP)', 'B': 'Perform transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)', 'C': 'Perform fluoroscopic esophagography', 'D': 'Administer a non-selective ß-blocker', 'E': 'Perform endoscopy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Perform endoscopy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 31-year-old G2P2002 delivers a male child at 40 weeks gestation after an uncomplicated spontaneous vaginal delivery. The newborn is vigorous at birth with Apgar scores of 7 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The mother has a first-degree laceration that is hemostatically repaired, and the two are transferred to the postpartum unit for routine care. The mother has a past medical history of chronic hepatitis C from intravenous drug use, for which she attended inpatient rehabilitation several times. She last used drugs three years ago. During her prenatal care, her HIV test was negative. She has no other past medical history, and her family history is notable only for hypertension and colorectal cancer. Her partner has a history of recurrent cold sores and no significant family history. Which of the following is the best feeding method for this newborn?? \n{'A': 'Goat’s milk', 'B': 'Breastfeeding', 'C': 'Cow’s milk', 'D': 'Soy formula', 'E': 'Donated breast milk'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Breastfeeding" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old man presented with gradually progressive gait disturbances since 10 years of age. His gait was clumsy and slow, and it was very difficult for him to perform brisk walking and running. After a few years, he developed tremors involving both upper limbs along with progressively increasing fatigability. Over the last several months, his friends have noticed that his speech has become slow, slurred, and sometimes incomprehensible. He has also developed difficulty in swallowing recently. On physical examination, he is vitally stable with normal sensorium and normal higher mental functions. The neurological examination reveals absent deep tendon reflexes in the lower extremities and the extensor plantar response bilaterally. Muscle tone is normal in different muscle groups with significant distal muscle wasting in the extremities. There is a marked loss of vibration and position senses. His gait is ataxic and nystagmus is present. His speech is explosive and dysarthric. The neurologist suspected a specific condition and asked for genetic testing, which identified 2 GAA trinucleotide repeat expansions. Which of the following is a correct statement related to the diagnosis of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Vertical nystagmus is characteristically seen in patients with this condition', 'B': 'Restrictive cardiomyopathy is seen in approximately 50% of the patients', 'C': 'Gait ataxia in this condition is a pure sensory ataxia', 'D': 'The gene locus which is mutated in this condition is on chromosome 9', 'E': 'The condition is inherited as autosomal dominant condition'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: The gene locus which is mutated in this condition is on chromosome 9" } ]