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[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 33-year-old G1P0 at 32 weeks gestation presents to her OB/GYN for a prenatal check-up. Her medical history is significant for type II pregestational diabetes mellitus, which has been well-controlled with diet and insulin so far throughout her pregnancy. Which of the following is the recommended future follow-up for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Ultrasound for fetal growth every week starting now until delivery', 'B': 'Monitor fetal kick counts starting now until 40 weeks gestation', 'C': 'Monthly nonstress test strating at 34 weeks gestation until delivery', 'D': 'Monthly biophysical profile now until delivery', 'E': 'Twice weekly nonstress test now until delivery'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Twice weekly nonstress test now until delivery" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 64-year-old Caucasian male presents to the cardiologist complaining of chest pain. He describes the pain as spontaneous and radiating to his back, ears, and neck. He denies dyspnea on exertion. The patient is referred for an upper GI barium swallow, shown in image A. Which of the following would you most expect to find during further workup of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Abnormal electrocardiogram', 'B': 'Abnormal coronary angiogram', 'C': 'Abnormal esophageal biopsy', 'D': 'Abnormal pulmonary function tests', 'E': 'Abnormal esophageal manometry'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Abnormal esophageal manometry" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old African American male presents to his primary care physician with complaints of persistent back pain and fatigue over 12 months. Physical examination reveals a blood pressure of 190/150 mm Hg, and laboratory tests reveal hyperlipidemia and a serum creatinine level of 3.0 mg/dL. 4.5 g of protein are excreted in the urine over 24 hours. Renal biopsy shows eosinophilic, acellular material in the glomerular tuft and capillary walls that display apple green-colored birefringence in polarized light upon Congo red tissue staining. The patient most likely suffers from which of the following:? \n{'A': 'Membranous nephropathy', 'B': 'Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis', 'C': 'Drug-induced acute tubular necrosis', 'D': 'Multiple myeloma', 'E': 'Malignant hypertension'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Multiple myeloma" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 47-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. He feels well. He was diagnosed with hypertension 3 months ago. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years but quit 4 years ago. He occasionally drinks alcohol on the weekends. He walks for 45 minutes daily and eats three meals per day. His current diet consists mostly of canned tuna and cured meats. He started eating whole-wheat bread after he was diagnosed with hypertension. He drinks 1 to 2 cups of coffee daily. His mother has a history of hyperthyroidism. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide and a multivitamin pill every night before sleeping. His wife told him that he sometimes snores at night, but he reports that he usually sleeps well and feels refreshed in the mornings. His pulse is 80/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 148/86 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Add metoprolol', 'B': 'Measure thyroid-stimulating hormone levels', 'C': 'Start a structured exercise program', 'D': 'Counsel on dietary modification', 'E': 'Conduct a sleep study\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Counsel on dietary modification" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An anxious mother brings her daughter into the clinic on her 5th birthday. She was forwarded a recent email by her aunt that stated that the pesticide-coated fruit in school lunches is the number one killer in children in the modern era. You assure her that that pesticides are not the number one killer, nor are they even in the top three killers of children in this age group. What are the top causes of death of American children aged 5-9, in order from most common to least?? \n{'A': 'Heart disease, malignant neoplasms, chronic lower respiratory disease', 'B': 'Unintentional injury, congenital anomalies, homicide', 'C': 'Unintentional injury, malignant neoplasms, congenital anomalies', 'D': 'Malignant neoplasms, heart disease, unintentional injury', 'E': 'Unintentional injury, suicide, malignant neoplasms'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Unintentional injury, malignant neoplasms, congenital anomalies" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 21-year-old college student is brought to the emergency department in a state of confusion. He also had one seizure approx. 45 minutes ago. He was complaining of fever and headache for the past 3 days. There was no history of nausea, vomiting, head trauma, sore throat, skin rash, or abdominal pain. Physical examination reveals: blood pressure 102/78 mm Hg, heart rate 122/min, and temperature 38.4°C (101.2°F). The patient is awake but confused and disoriented. He is sensitive to light and loud noises. Heart rate is elevated with a normal rhythm. Lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. The fundus examination is benign. Brudzinski’s sign is positive. What is the next best step in the management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'CT scan of the brain', 'B': 'Electroencephalography', 'C': 'Intensive care unit referral', 'D': 'Lumbar puncture', 'E': 'MRI of the brain'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: CT scan of the brain" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 72-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine physical examination. He says that he has felt well except for occasional headaches. He has no history of major medical illness. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 155/90 mm Hg. An ultrasound of the kidneys shows a normal right kidney and a left kidney that is 2 cm smaller in length. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Elevated urine metanephrines', 'B': 'Abdominal bruit', 'C': 'Polycythemia', 'D': 'Hematuria', 'E': 'Varicocele'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Abdominal bruit" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician for evaluation of worsening tingling of her feet at night for the last 6 months. Two years ago, she underwent retinal laser photocoagulation in both eyes. She admits to not adhering to her insulin regimen. Her blood pressure is 130/85 mm Hg while sitting and 118/70 mm Hg while standing. Examination shows decreased sense of vibration and proprioception in her toes and ankles bilaterally. Her serum hemoglobin A1C is 11%. Urine dipstick shows 2+ protein. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Dilated pupils', 'B': 'Incomplete bladder emptying', 'C': 'Increased lower esophageal sphincter pressure', 'D': 'Resting bradycardia', 'E': 'Hyperreflexia\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Incomplete bladder emptying" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 67-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of bilateral knee pain for the past year. She reports that the pain is worse with movement and is relieved with rest. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient says her mother takes leflunomide for a “joint condition.” The patient's medications include metformin and a multivitamin. She is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 85 kg (187 lb); BMI is 31.2 kg/m2. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows pain both in complete flexion and extension, crepitus on joint movement, and joint stiffness and restricted range of motion of both knees. X-ray of the knee joints shows irregular joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis, osteophytes, and several subchondral cysts. There is no reddening or swelling. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?? \n{'A': 'Intra-articular glucocorticoid injections', 'B': 'Administration of ibuprofen', 'C': 'Administration of infliximab', 'D': 'Administration of celecoxib', 'E': 'Administration of methotrexate'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Administration of ibuprofen" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old woman has painless abdominal distention 30 hours after an elective repeat cesarean section. She has passed stool once. She has nausea, but no vomiting. Antibiotic prophylaxis was given prior to delivery. She is ambulating without difficulty. Her temperature is 36.7℃ (98.1℉), pulse is 95/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, and blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The abdominal examination shows symmetric distention, a normal surgical scar, absent bowel sounds, and tympanic percussion without tenderness. An abdominal X-ray reveals diffuse bowel distention. The laboratory studies show the following:\nLaboratory test\nHemoglobin 13 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 11500/mm3\nNeutrophils 70%\nLymphocytes 24%\nSerum\nNa+ 137 mEq/L\nK+ 3.2 mEq/L\nCl− 104 mEq/L\nHCO3− 23 mEq/L\nUrea nitrogen 22 mg/dL\nCreatinine 0.8 mg/dL\nWhich of the following is the most appropriate initial management?? \n{'A': 'Broad-spectrum antibiotics', 'B': 'Flexible sigmoidoscopic decompression', 'C': 'Intravenous fluids and electrolytes', 'D': 'Laparoscopic exploration', 'E': 'Laparotomy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Intravenous fluids and electrolytes" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a follow-up of a wound on his ankle. He had a pedestrian accident 3 days ago which caused a skin defect on the dorsal side of his left ankle. The lesion was cleaned, debrided, and observed over the past 3 days. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no signs of local infection. A photograph of the lesion is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate surgical management?? \n{'A': 'Free tissue transfer flap', 'B': 'Full-thickness skin graft', 'C': 'Musculocutaneous flap', 'D': 'Primary closure', 'E': 'Split-thickness skin graft'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Split-thickness skin graft" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 56-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after falling on her outstretched hand. Her wrist is clearly deformed by fracture and is painful to palpation. Her wrist and finger motion is limited due to pain. After treatment and discharge, her final total cost is $2500. Her insurance plan has a $300 copay for emergency medical visits after the annual deductible of $2000 is met and before 20% coinsurance. Previously this year, she had 2 visits to the emergency department for asthma attacks, which cost her $350 and $450. She has had no other medical costs during this period. Given that she has no previous balance due, which of the following must she pay out of pocket for her visit to the emergency department?? \n{'A': '$200', 'B': '$300', 'C': '$800', 'D': '$1200', 'E': '$1700'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: $1700" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 56-year-old man presents seeking treatment for his baldness. He says he has noticed a bald patch in the center of his head which has increased in size over the past year. Physical examination and diagnostic tests show no evidence of an infectious cause. The patient is prescribed a drug be taken daily. After 4 months, the patient returns for follow-up and says that his hair growth has increased significantly. He denies any significant side effects except for a slight decrease in his sex drive. Which of the following is most likely the mechanism of action of the drug this patient was prescribed?? \n{'A': '5α reductase inhibitor', 'B': 'Androgen receptor blocker', 'C': 'GnRH analog', 'D': 'α1 adrenergic antagonist', 'E': 'Androgen receptor activation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: 5α reductase inhibitor" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old African American man presents with nausea and severe abdominal pain. He denies vomiting. He says that, 2 days ago, his divorce was finalized, so he went to a bar and had multiple shots of tequila and vodka. This morning, upon waking, he noticed his urine was red, which lasted throughout the day. The patient denies any history of similar symptoms. Past medical history is significant for low blood counts diagnosed on routine laboratory work 6 months ago, which was not followed up due to the stress of the divorce. A review of systems is significant for erectile dysfunction and chronic fatigue. His temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F), the heart rate is 90/min, the blood pressure is 136/88 mm Hg, and the respiratory rate is 20/min. Physical examination shows scleral icterus. Mucous membranes are pale. Cardiac auscultation reveals a systolic flow murmur loudest along the left sternal border. There is moderate right upper quadrant abdominal tenderness with no rebound or guarding. The remainder of the exam is unremarkable. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:\nHematocrit 27%\nMean corpuscular volume 81 µm3\nLeukocytes 6,000/mm3\nPlatelets 130,000/µL\nHaptoglobin 30 mg/dL (50–150 mg/dL)\nReticulocyte count 3%\n Total bilirubin 7.1 mg/dL\nLDH 766 U/L\nAST 150 U/L\nALT 195 U/L\nHbA1 96%\nHbA2 2%\nHbF 2%\nCD55 50% of expected\nThe peripheral smear is unremarkable. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of mortality given this patient’s likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Infection', 'B': 'Hemorrhage', 'C': 'Cerebral vein thrombosis', 'D': 'High-output cardiac failure', 'E': 'Budd-Chiari syndrome'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Budd-Chiari syndrome" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 59-year-old patient with COPD is admitted with difficulty breathing and increased sputum production. Approx. a week ago, he developed an upper respiratory tract infection. On admission, his blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, the heart rate 92/min, the respiratory rate 24/min, the temperature 37.6°C (99.7°F), and SaO2 on room air 87%. Chest radiograph shows consolidation in the lower lobe of the right lung. Arterial blood gases (ABG) are taken and antibiotics are started. A nasal cannula provides 2L of oxygen to the patient. When the ABG results arrive, the patient’s SaO2 is 93%. The results are as follows:\npH 7.32\nPaO2 63 mm Hg\nPaCO2 57 mm Hg\nHCO3- 24 mEq/L\nWhat is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Increase oxygen to SaO2 > 95%', 'B': 'Re-take the ABG and observe the patient until the results are available', 'C': 'Start non-invasive positive pressure ventilation', 'D': 'Intubate and start invasive ventilation', 'E': 'Administer oral corticosteroids'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Start non-invasive positive pressure ventilation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 6-day-old female newborn is brought to the physician because of yellowish discoloration of her eyes and body, vomiting, and poor feeding for 3 days. She has had diarrhea for the past 2 days. She was born at 38 weeks' gestation and the antenatal period was uncomplicated. She appears lethargic. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows jaundice of the skin and conjunctivae. Bilateral cataracts are present. The abdomen is soft and nontender. The liver is palpated 4-cm below the right costal margin; there is no splenomegaly. Muscle tone is decreased in all extremities. Serum glucose concentration is 37 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation to prevent long-term complications of this illness?? \n{'A': 'Phototherapy', 'B': 'Frequent glucose feeds', 'C': 'Stop milk feeds', 'D': 'Thiamine therapy', 'E': 'Levothyroxine therapy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Stop milk feeds" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An esophageal biopsy sample from a 47-year-old male with chronic heartburn reveals intestinal metaplasia. Which of the following abnormal cell types is likely present in this patient’s esophagus:? \n{'A': 'Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium', 'B': 'Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium', 'C': 'Simple cuboidal epithelium', 'D': 'Goblet cells', 'E': 'Polymorphonuclear leukocytes'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Goblet cells" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 75-year-old woman with a history of stroke 1 year ago was found unconscious on the floor of her home by her son. The patient was brought to the emergency department by ambulance but expired prior to arrival. An autopsy was performed and showed the cause of death to be a massive ischemic stroke. The coroner also examined sections taken from the area of her prior stroke. Which histologic finding would be prominent in the area of her stroke from one year prior?? \n{'A': 'Red neurons', 'B': 'Necrosis and neutrophils', 'C': 'Macrophages', 'D': 'Reactive gliosis and vascular proliferation', 'E': 'Cyst formed by astrocyte processes'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Cyst formed by astrocyte processes" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 73-year-old man with coronary artery disease and hypertension is brought to the emergency department by ambulance 90 minutes after the acute onset of substernal chest pain and dyspnea. He has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 52 years. Shortly after arriving at the hospital, he loses consciousness and is pulseless. Despite attempts at cardiopulmonary resuscitation, he dies. Examination of the heart at autopsy shows complete occlusion of the left anterior descending artery with a red thrombus overlying a necrotic plaque. Which of the following pathophysiologic mechanisms is most likely responsible for this patient's acute coronary condition?? \n{'A': 'Type III collagen deposition', 'B': 'Influx of lipids into the endothelium', 'C': 'Proliferation of smooth muscle cells', 'D': 'Secretion of matrix metalloproteinases', 'E': 'Release of platelet-derived growth factor'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Secretion of matrix metalloproteinases" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 24-year-old man presents to the emergency department with sudden onset of fever for the past few hours as well as pain and swelling in his right knee and left ankle. He denies any recent history of trauma or injury. The patient is otherwise a healthy, active young man. He recently recovered from a case of gastroenteritis which caused significant abdominal pain and bloody stool 4 weeks ago. He believes the infection was related to eating undercooked chicken while camping. His blood pressure is 124/76 mm Hg, his heart rate is 76/min, and his temperature is 36.9 ℃ (98.4 ℉). Physical examination reveals tenderness to palpation of his right knee and left ankle as well as erythematous conjunctiva. Which of the following features would be least likely to develop in patients with this condition?? \n{'A': 'Skin rash', 'B': 'Genital ulcers', 'C': 'Urethritis', 'D': 'DIP joint swelling', 'E': 'Circinate balantis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: DIP joint swelling" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old woman comes to her doctor’s office with abdominal distention, diffuse abdominal pain, and a history of 10–12 bowel movements a day for the last week. She was diagnosed with Crohn’s disease 3 years ago. Today, vitals are normal. Her abdomen is mildly distended and diffusely tender to palpation. A CT scan shows evidence of a fistula and strictures located in the last 30 cm of her ileum. A resection of the affected portion of the bowel is scheduled. What changes in bile metabolism are expected in this patient post-procedure?? \n{'A': 'Absorption of vitamin K will not be impaired', 'B': 'Synthesis of cholesterol in the liver will decrease', 'C': 'The balance of the components in bile will be altered', 'D': 'Enteric bacteria will remain the same in the small intestine', 'E': 'Absorption of 7⍺-dehydroxylated bile will decrease'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: The balance of the components in bile will be altered" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 24-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for breast pain. She states that recently she has experienced bilateral breast fullness and tenderness. She also feels that her breasts feel warm. She gave birth to an infant girl at 40 weeks gestation 2 weeks ago. She reports that her baby has been doing well and that she has been feeding her on formula only successfully. Physical exam is notable for bilateral breast fullness with tenderness upon palpation. The patient's breasts feel warmer than her forehead. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Breast pumping', 'B': 'Breastfeeding', 'C': 'Oxacillin', 'D': 'Ultrasound', 'E': 'Vancomycin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Breastfeeding" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 40 weeks' gestation, presents to the hospital with contractions spaced 2 minutes apart. Her past medical history is significant for diabetes, which she has controlled with insulin during this pregnancy. Her pregnancy has otherwise been unremarkable. A baby boy is born via a spontaneous vaginal delivery. Physical examination shows he weighs 4.5 kg (9 lb), the pulse is 140/min, the respirations are 40/min, and he has good oxygen saturation on room air. His left arm is pronated and medially rotated. He is unable to move it away from his body. The infant’s right arm functions normally and he is able to move his wrists and all 10 digits. Which of the following nerve roots were most likely damaged during delivery?? \n{'A': 'C4 and C5', 'B': 'C5 and C6', 'C': 'C6 and C7', 'D': 'C7 and C8', 'E': 'C8 and T1'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: C5 and C6" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 43-year-old woman presents to a physician with repeated bruising, which she noticed over the last week. Some bruises developed spontaneously, while others were observed following minor trauma. The patient also mentions that she has been experiencing significant fatigue and weakness for the past 4 months and that her appetite has been considerably reduced for a few months. Past medical history is noncontributory. Both of her parents are still alive and healthy. She drinks socially and does not smoke. On physical examination, her temperature is 37.6°C (99.7°F), pulse rate is 88/min, blood pressure is 126/84 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 18/min. Her general examination reveals mild bilateral cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy with multiple petechiae and ecchymoses over the body. Palpation of the abdomen reveals the presence of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Her detailed diagnostic workup, including complete blood counts, coagulation studies, and bone marrow biopsy, confirms the diagnosis of a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia, which is characterized by neoplastic proliferation of promyelocytes and good response to all-trans retinoic acid. The neoplastic cells are myeloperoxidase positive and contain azurophilic crystal rods. Which of the following genetic abnormalities is most likely to be present in this patient?? \n{'A': 't(1;22)(p13;q13)', 'B': 't(8;21)(q22;q22)', 'C': 't(9;11)(p22;q23)', 'D': 't(15;17)(q24;q21)', 'E': 'inv(16)(p13q22)'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: t(15;17)(q24;q21)" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 54-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-hour history of nausea and retrosternal chest pain. She has a 15-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Her current medications include atorvastatin, metformin, and lisinopril. She is diaphoretic. Her serum troponin level is 3.0 ng/mL (N: < 0.04). She undergoes cardiac catheterization. A photograph of coronary angiography performed prior to percutaneous coronary intervention is shown. An acute infarct associated with the finding on angiography is most likely to manifest with ST elevations in which of the following leads on ECG?? \n{'A': 'I, aVR', 'B': 'V3R–V6R', 'C': 'V1–V6', 'D': 'II, III, and aVF', 'E': 'V7–V9'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: V1–V6" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 48-year old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of an 8-month history of fatigue and profuse, watery, odorless diarrhea. He reports that he has had a 10.5-kg (23-lb) weight loss during this time. Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor and poor skin turgor. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 9.8 g/dl\nSerum\nGlucose (fasting) 130 mg/dl\nK+ 2.5 mEq/L\nCa2+ 12 mg/dl\nA CT scan of the abdomen with contrast shows a 3.0 × 3.2 × 4.4 cm, well-defined, enhancing lesion in the pancreatic tail. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?\"? \n{'A': 'Achlorhydria', 'B': 'Cholelithiasis', 'C': 'Hyperinsulinemia', 'D': 'Deep vein thrombosis', 'E': 'Episodic hypertension'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Achlorhydria" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 83-year-old woman with a past medical history of poorly controlled diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and recurrent urinary tract infections is brought to the emergency room by her husband due to confusion, generalized malaise and weakness, nausea, and mild lower abdominal pain. Her medications include metformin and glyburide, atorvastatin, lisinopril, and hydrochlorothiazide. At presentation, her oral temperature is 38.9°C (102.2°F), the pulse is 122/min, blood pressure is 93/40 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation is 96% on room air. On physical examination, she is breathing rapid shallow breaths but does not have any rales or crackles on pulmonary auscultation. No murmurs are heard on cardiac auscultation and femoral pulses are bounding. Her skin is warm, flushed, and dry to touch. There is trace bilateral pedal edema present. Her abdomen is soft and non-distended, but she has some involuntary guarding on palpation of the suprapubic region. ECG shows normal amplitude sinus tachycardia without evidence of ST-segment changes or T-wave inversions. Which of the following would most likely be the relative pulmonary artery catheterization measurements of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), mixed venous oxygen saturation (SaO2), calculated cardiac output (CO), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Decreased PCWP; normal SaO2; decreased CO; and decreased SVR', 'B': 'Decreased PCWP; decreased SaO2; decreased CO; increased SVR', 'C': 'Normal PCWP; normal SaO2; increased CO; decreased SVR', 'D': 'Decreased PCWP; slightly increased SaO2; increased CO; decreased SVR', 'E': 'Increased PCWP; decreased SaO2; decreased CO; increased SVR'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Decreased PCWP; slightly increased SaO2; increased CO; decreased SVR" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 19-year-old woman comes to the physician because of pelvic pain and vaginal discharge that began 2 days ago. She has no history of serious medical illness and takes no medications. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). Pelvic examination shows pain with movement of the cervix and mucopurulent cervical discharge. A Gram stain of the discharge does not show any organisms. A Giemsa stain shows intracytoplasmic inclusions. The patient's current condition puts her at increased risk for which of the following complications?? \n{'A': 'Cervical cancer', 'B': 'Endometriosis', 'C': 'Aortic root dilatation', 'D': 'Purulent arthritis', 'E': 'Ectopic pregnancy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Ectopic pregnancy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 43-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with skin changes on his leg as shown in the image that manifested over the past 24 hours. He accidentally stabbed himself in the leg 4 days earlier with a knife that was in his pocket. He has a 10-year history of diabetes mellitus. His medications include metformin. He appears confused. His blood pressure is 90/70 mm Hg, the pulse is 115/min, the respirations are 21/min, and his temperature is 39.5℃ (103.1℉). The cardiopulmonary examination shows no other abnormalities. The serum creatinine level is 2.5 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most appropriate step in establishing a definitive diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Computed tomography (CT) scan', 'B': 'Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)', 'C': 'Open surgery', 'D': 'Response to empirical antibiotics', 'E': 'No further testing is indicated'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Open surgery" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 72-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a change in his behavior. The patient is brought in by his family who state that he is not acting normally and that his responses to their questions do not make sense. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes and Alzheimer dementia. His temperature is 103°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 157/98 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals a systolic murmur heard along the right upper sternal border. HEENT exam reveals a normal range of motion of the neck in all 4 directions and no lymphadenopathy. A mental status exam reveals a confused patient who is unable to answer questions. Laboratory values are ordered and a lumbar puncture is performed which demonstrates elevated white blood cells with a lymphocytic predominance, a normal glucose, and an elevated protein. The patient is started on IV fluids and ibuprofen. Which of the following is the next best step in management?? \n{'A': 'Acyclovir', 'B': 'Ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and ampicillin', 'C': 'CSF culture', 'D': 'CSF polymerase chain reaction', 'E': 'MRI'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Acyclovir" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of concerns about his behavior at school over the past year. He often leaves his seat and runs around the classroom, and has a hard time waiting for his turn. His teacher is also concerned. His behavior is a little better at home, but he frequently acts out inappropriately. The boy was born at 39 weeks' gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. He has never had a serious illness and takes no medications. At the physician’s office, the boy wanders around the exam room during the examination. He does not seem to listen to directions and talks incessantly. Which of the following elements in the boy's history is most consistent with the likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Firm belief that he can fly', 'B': 'Episodes of severe elevation in mood', 'C': 'Excessive talking', 'D': 'Hearing a voice telling him what to do', 'E': 'Thinking about killing himself'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Excessive talking" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 57-year-old man presents with episodic left periorbital pain that radiates to the left frontotemporal side of his head for the last 2 weeks. The episodes are severe and are usually present for 1–2 hours before bedtime. During these episodes, he has also noticed lacrimation on the left side and a runny nose. He has tried over-the-counter analgesics with no relief. He currently has a headache. He denies any cough, seizure, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, or visual disturbances. His past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction 1 year ago, with residual angina with exertion. The patient has a 10 pack-year history of smoking, but no alcohol or recreational drug use. His vital signs include: blood pressure 155/90 mm Hg, pulse 90/min, and respiratory rate 15/min. Physical examination is significant for a left-sided Horner’s syndrome. Which of the following is the next best step in the acute management of this patient’s most likely condition?? \n{'A': 'Ergotamine', 'B': 'Sumatriptan', 'C': 'Verapamil', 'D': '100% oxygen', 'E': 'Ibuprofen'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: 100% oxygen" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A mother brings her newborn baby to the pediatrician after noting that his skin looks yellow. The patient's lactate dehydrogenase is elevated and haptoglobin is decreased. A smear of the child's blood is shown below. The patient is ultimately found to have decreased ability to process phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. Which of the following metabolic changes is most likely to occur in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Left shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve', 'B': 'Right shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve', 'C': 'Broadening of the oxyhemoglobin curve', 'D': 'Narrowing of the oxyhemoglobin curve', 'E': 'Increased ATP availability'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Right shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A previously healthy 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 36-hour history of fever and profuse, watery diarrhea. Several children at the child's daycare center have developed similar symptoms over the past few days. The patient has not received any routine childhood vaccines because his parents were afraid of associated side effects. He appears lethargic. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 115/min, respirations are 25/min, and blood pressure is 90/58 mm Hg. Examination shows sunken eyes and dry mucous membranes. Capillary refill time is 3 seconds. Laboratory studies show:\nHematocrit 52%\nLeukocyte count 9000/mm3\nPlatelet count 280,000/mm3\nSerum\nNa+ 151 mEq/L\nK+ 3.2 mEq/L\nHCO3- 19 mEq/L\nUrea nitrogen 56 mEq/L\nCreatinine 1.0 mEq/L\nGlucose 90 mg/dL\nWhich of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management?\"? \n{'A': 'Administer intravenous 0.9% saline solution', 'B': 'Perform stool PCR for rotavirus antigen', 'C': 'Administer intravenous 0.45% saline solution', 'D': 'Administer intravenous 5% albumin', 'E': 'Administer intravenous 5% dextrose in water'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Administer intravenous 0.9% saline solution" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-week-old newborn is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He was born at 40 weeks' gestation and weighed 3300 g (7 lb 4 oz). He now weighs 4300 g (9 lbs 1 oz). There is no family history of serious illness. He is at the 50th percentile for height and 50th percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a grade 3/6 harsh holosystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border and a soft mid-diastolic murmur over the cardiac apex. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's physical findings?? \n{'A': 'Communication between the pulmonary artery and the thoracic aorta', 'B': 'Right-to-left shunt through the atrial septum', 'C': 'Left-to-right shunt through the ventricular septum', 'D': 'Right ventricular outflow obstruction', 'E': 'Right-to-left shunt through the ventricular septum'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Left-to-right shunt through the ventricular septum" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 68-year-old woman in a wheelchair presents with her husband. She has a 12-month history of progressive difficulty in walking and maintaining balance. Her husband reports that she walks slowly, has difficulty turning, and her feet seem ‘glued to the ground’. She also has problems recalling names and details of recent events. She has no tremors, delusions, hallucinations, sleep disturbances, or head trauma. Past medical history is significant for essential hypertension treated with losartan and urinary incontinence, for which she takes oxybutynin. On physical examination, her vital signs include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 130/70 mm Hg, and pulse 80/min. On neurologic examination, her gait is slow, with short steps and poor foot clearance. A head CT is shown. The patient undergoes a lumbar puncture to remove 50 ml of cerebrospinal fluid, which transiently improves her gait for the next 3 days. What is the next step in the management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Acetazolamide', 'B': 'Endoscopic third ventriculostomy', 'C': 'Epidural blood patch', 'D': 'Extended lumbar drainage', 'E': 'Ventriculoperitoneal shunt'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 44-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of progressive pain while swallowing. She has the feeling that food gets stuck in her throat and is harder to swallow than usual. She has a history of high-grade cervical dysplasia which was treated with conization 12 years ago. Four months ago, she was diagnosed with Graves' disease and started on antithyroid therapy. Her last menstrual period was 3 weeks ago. She has had 8 lifetime sexual partners and uses condoms inconsistently. Her father died of stomach cancer. She has never smoked and drinks one glass of wine daily. She uses cocaine occasionally. Her current medications include methimazole and a vitamin supplement. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg. Examination of the oral cavity shows several white plaques that can be scraped off easily. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 11.9 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 12,200/mm3\nPlatelet count 290,000/mm3\nProthrombin time 12 seconds\nPartial thromboplastin time (activated) 38 seconds\nSerum\npH 7.33\nNa+ 135 mEq/L\nCl- 104 mEq/L\nK+ 4.9 mEq/L\nHCO3- 24 mEq/L\nBlood urea nitrogen 13 mg/dL\nGlucose 110 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.1 mg/dL\nHIV test positive\nIn addition to starting antiretroviral therapy, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?\"? \n{'A': 'Therapy with nystatin mouthwash', 'B': 'Therapy with oral azithromycin', 'C': 'Therapy with IV ganciclovir', 'D': 'Esophagogastroduodenoscopy', 'E': 'Therapy with oral fluconazole'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Therapy with oral fluconazole" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A healthy 47-year-old woman presents to the women’s center for a routine pap smear. She has a past medical history of hypothyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis. She is taking levothyroxine, methotrexate, and adalimumab. The vital signs are within normal limits during her visit today. Her physical examination is grossly normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?? \n{'A': 'Mammography', 'B': 'Breast self-examination', 'C': 'Mammography in 3 years', 'D': 'Colposcopy', 'E': 'Colonoscopy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Mammography in 3 years" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 46-year-old overweight male presents to his primary care physician for an annual checkup. He has a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with biopsy confirming Barrett's esophagus on therapy with omeprazole. Review of systems is unremarkable, and the patient is otherwise doing well. Vitals are within normal limits and stable. The patient asks about the need for continuing his omeprazole therapy. You recommend he continue his medication because of which of the following most probable long-term sequelae associated with Barrett's esophagus?? \n{'A': 'Adenocarcinoma', 'B': 'Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)', 'C': 'Transitional cell carcinoma', 'D': 'Gastro-intestinal stromal tumor (GIST)', 'E': 'MALT lymphoma'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Adenocarcinoma" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 59-year-old man presents with intense, sharp pain in his toe for the past hour. He reports similar symptoms in the past and this is his 2nd visit to the emergency department this year with the same complaint. The patient is afebrile and the vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, there is significant erythema, swelling, warmth, and moderate pain on palpation of the right 1st toe. The remainder of the examination is unremarkable. A plain radiograph of the right foot reveals no abnormalities. Joint arthrocentesis of the inflamed toe reveals urate crystals. Laboratory studies show:\nSerum glucose (random) 170 mg/dL\nSodium 140 mEq/L\nPotassium 4.1 mEq/L\nChloride 100 mEq/L\nUric acid 7.2 mg/dL\nSerum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL\nBlood urea nitrogen 9 mg/dL\nCholesterol, total 170 mg/dL\nHDL-cholesterol 43 mg/dL\nLDL-cholesterol 73 mg/dL\nTriglycerides 135 mg/dL\nHDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein\nIbuprofen is prescribed for the acute treatment of this patient's symptoms. He is also put on chronic therapy to prevent the recurrence of future attacks. Which of the following drugs is 1st-line for chronic therapy of gout?? \n{'A': 'Methotrexate', 'B': 'Colchicine', 'C': 'Allopurinol', 'D': 'Indomethacin', 'E': 'Probenecid'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Allopurinol" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 67-year-old man refers to his physician for a follow-up examination. During his last visit 1 month ago, splenomegaly was detected. He has had night sweats for the past several months and has lost 5 kg (11 lb) unintentionally during this period. He has no history of severe illness and takes no medications. The vital signs are within normal limits. The examination shows no abnormalities other than splenomegaly. The laboratory studies show the following:\nHemoglobin 9 g/dL\nMean corpuscular volume 95 μm3\nLeukocyte count 12,000/mm3\nPlatelet count 260,000/mm3\nUltrasound shows a spleen size of 15 cm and mild hepatomegaly. A peripheral blood smear shows teardrop-shaped and nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and immature myeloid cells. The marrow is very difficult to aspirate but reveals hyperplasia of all 3 lineages. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) test is negative. Clonal marrow plasma cells are not seen. JAK-2 is positive. The cytogenetic analysis is negative for translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Chronic myeloid leukemia', 'B': 'Hodgkin’s lymphoma', 'C': 'Multiple myeloma', 'D': 'Polycythemia vera', 'E': 'Primary myelofibrosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Primary myelofibrosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5-year-old African immigrant girl is brought to the office by her mother because she has had a fever and cough for the past month. They moved from Africa to the United States about 8 months ago. She denies any sore throat, rhinorrhea, diarrhea, or changes in appetite. Her mother says she has lost weight since her last visit 6 months ago for immunizations and a well-child visit. Previously, her weight was in the 36th percentile, but now she is in the 19th percentile. Her vital signs include: heart rate 75/min, respiratory rate 15/min, temperature 38.2°C (100.7°F), and blood pressure 110/76 mm Hg. Physical examination shows that the patient is breathing normally and has no nasal discharge. She has moderate non-tender cervical lymphadenopathy, bilaterally. On auscultation, there are diminished breath sounds from a right hemithorax. After the chest X-ray is ordered, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Bartonella serology', 'B': 'Lymph node biopsy', 'C': 'Rapid strep throat strep', 'D': 'Tuberculin skin test', 'E': 'Viral nasal swab'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Tuberculin skin test" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician in June for a routine check-up. She has chronic back pain and underwent an appendectomy at the age of 27. She is married and has two kids. The patient recently got back from a cruise to Mexico where she celebrated her 40th wedding anniversary. Her last mammogram was 6 months ago and showed no abnormalities. Her last Pap smear was 2 years ago and unremarkable. A colonoscopy 5 years ago was normal. Her mother died of breast cancer last year and her father has arterial hypertension. Her immunization records show that she has never received a pneumococcal or a shingles vaccine, her last tetanus booster was 6 years ago, and her last influenza vaccine was 2 years ago. She drinks 1– 2 alcoholic beverages every weekend. She takes a multivitamin daily and uses topical steroids. She regularly attends water aerobic classes and physical therapy for her back pain. She is 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall and weighs 72 kg (160 lb); BMI is 26 kg/m2. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 84/min, and blood pressure is 124/70 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation at this time?? \n{'A': 'Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry screening', 'B': 'Colonoscopy', 'C': 'Influenza vaccine', 'D': 'Tetanus vaccine', 'E': 'Shingles vaccine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Shingles vaccine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 68-year-old man presents with blisters on the flexor surfaces of his arms and legs. He notes that the lesions appeared 2 days ago and have not improved. He says that he has had similar blisters in the past but has not sought medical attention until now. The man has no significant past medical history. He is afebrile and his vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, there are tense bullae present on the flexor surfaces of his arms and legs. Biopsy of a lesion and histopathologic examination reveal a subepidermal blister with a polymorphous but predominantly eosinophilic infiltrate. Which of the following is the best next diagnostic step in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Direct immunofluorescence study', 'B': 'Indirect immunofluorescence study', 'C': 'Swab and culture of the blister', 'D': 'Potassium hydroxide preparation (KOH prep) of the blister', 'E': 'Bacteriological examination of fluid trained from the blister'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Direct immunofluorescence study" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of fever, malaise, and severe right knee joint pain and swelling for 3 days. He had also had episodes of abdominal pain and epistaxis during this period. Five days ago, he had swelling and pain in his left ankle joint which has since resolved. He reports having a sore throat 3 weeks ago while he was camping in the woods, for which he received symptomatic treatment. His immunizations are up-to-date. His temperature is 38.7°C (101.6°F), pulse is 119/min, and blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg. Examination shows a swollen, tender right knee; range of motion is limited. There are painless 3- to 4-mm nodules over the elbow. Cardiopulmonary examination is normal. His hemoglobin concentration is 12.3 g/dL, leukocyte count is 11,800/mm3, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 58 mm/h. Arthrocentesis of the right knee joint yields clear, straw-colored fluid; no organisms are identified on Gram stain. Analysis of the synovial fluid shows a leukocyte count of 1,350/mm3 with 17% neutrophils. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Acute rheumatic fever', 'B': 'Infective endocarditis', 'C': 'Lyme disease', 'D': 'Kawasaki disease', 'E': 'Juvenile idiopathic arthritis\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Acute rheumatic fever" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:One week after being involved in a bicycling accident, a 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of intermittent double vision. She reports worsening of symptoms when she tries to type on her computer or while buttoning her shirts. Physical examination shows a slight right-sided head tilt. Her left eye is deviated laterally and upwards, which becomes even more prominent when she attempts left eye adduction. This patient's symptoms are most likely due to impaired innervation to which of the following muscles?? \n{'A': 'Superior oblique', 'B': 'Superior rectus', 'C': 'Lateral rectus', 'D': 'Inferior oblique', 'E': 'Inferior rectus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Superior oblique" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 44-year-old woman comes to the emergency department after waking up with facial swelling and with difficulties speaking and swallowing. She states that she does not have allergies or recently had insect bites. She has a 4-year history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus controlled with medication. Her pulse is 110/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 97%. On physical exam, she appears uncomfortable, with notable swelling of the lips and tongue. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Serum C4 levels are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction', 'B': 'IgE-mediated histamine release', 'C': 'Anaphylactoid reaction', 'D': 'Immune-complex deposition', 'E': 'Impaired bradykinin metabolism'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Impaired bradykinin metabolism" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 76-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increasing muscle pain and stiffness, weakness of her shoulders and legs, and generalized fatigue for the past 4 months. She has been having great difficulty getting out of bed in the morning. On two occasions her son had to come over and help her stand up. She has had a 4-kg (9-lb) weight loss and has not been sleeping well during this period. She has had multiple episodes of left-sided headaches and pain in her jaw while chewing over the past 2 months. She had a fall and hit her head on the staircase banister 3 months ago. Her temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 101/min, and blood pressure is 128/88 mm Hg. Examination shows conjunctival pallor. Range of motion of the shoulder and hip is mildly limited by pain. Muscle strength in bilateral upper and lower extremities is normal. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. On mental status examination, she admits her mood 'is not that great'. Her erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 59 mm/h and serum creatine kinase is 38 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's headache?? \n{'A': 'Chronic subdural hematoma', 'B': 'Tension headache', 'C': 'Giant cell arteritis', 'D': 'Migraine', 'E': 'Temporomandibular joint dysfunction\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Giant cell arteritis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 50-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife with acute onset confusion, disorientation, and agitation. The patient's wife reports that he has diabetic gastroparesis for which he takes domperidone in 3 divided doses every day. He also takes insulin glargine and insulin lispro for management of type 1 diabetes mellitus and telmisartan for control of hypertension. Today, she says the patient forgot to take his morning dose of domperidone to work and instead took 4 tablets of scopolamine provided to him by a coworker. Upon returning home after 4 hours, he complained of dizziness and became increasingly drowsy and confused. His temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F), pulse rate is 112 /min, blood pressure is 140/96 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 20/min. On physical examination, the skin is dry. Pupils are dilated. There are myoclonic jerks of the jaw present. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Scopolamine overdose', 'B': 'Domperidone overdose', 'C': 'Heatstroke', 'D': 'Diabetic ketoacidosis', 'E': 'Hypoglycemia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Scopolamine overdose" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 6-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician for multiple swellings on his scalp. His mother reports that she first noticed 3 softened and swollen areas over the child's scalp 2 months ago that have grown in size. The child is also urinating more frequently than usual. He was born by cesarean section at 39 weeks gestation. The mother had appropriate prenatal care. She has a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease for which she takes omeprazole. Her family history is unknown as she was adopted at a young age. The boy's temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, he has 3 areas of soft tissue swelling on his skull that are tender to palpation. Moderate asymmetric exophthalmos is noted. A water deprivation test is performed which demonstrates a urine specific gravity of 1.005. The urine specific gravity rises with desmopression administration. A head computerized tomography (CT) scan is performed which demonstrates multifocal lytic calvarial lesions. A biopsy of one of the lesions is performed. Analysis of the biopsy would most likely reveal which of the following findings?? \n{'A': 'Atypical lymphocytes with cerebriform nuclei', 'B': 'B cells with hair-like cytoplasmic projections', 'C': 'Cytoplasmic azurophilic granules forming needle-like structures', 'D': 'Proliferative monoclonal plasma cells', 'E': 'Rod-shaped granules with a latticed matrix'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Rod-shaped granules with a latticed matrix" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 36-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1, has back pain and numbness in her lower extremities after an emergency cesarean delivery of a healthy 3856-g (8-lb, 8-oz) newborn male. She had a placental abruption and lost approximately 2000 ml of blood. During the procedure, she received two units of packed red blood cells and intravenous fluids. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. She is sexually active with one male partner, and they use condoms inconsistently. She is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. Her temperature is 37.2°C (98.9°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 15/min, and blood pressure is 94/58 mm Hg. Examination shows decreased sensation to temperature and pinprick below her waist and 0/5 muscle strength in her lower extremities. She feels the vibrations of a tuning fork placed on both of her great toes. Deep tendon reflexes are absent in the lower extremities and 2+ in the upper extremities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Tabes dorsalis', 'B': 'Anterior spinal artery syndrome', 'C': 'Guillain-Barré Syndrome', 'D': 'Brown-Séquard syndrome', 'E': 'Posterior spinal artery syndrome'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Anterior spinal artery syndrome" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 14-year-old girl presents in with her mother to a physician’s office. They are both concerned with the amount of hair growing on the girl's upper lip and cheeks. There are also sparse hairs on her chest. The mother reports that her daughter has not started menstruating either. The girl was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. She is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. On examination, the patient is in the 55th percentile for her height. Her blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 15/min. There is thin dark hair on her upper lip and on her cheeks. She also has pustular acne on her face and shoulders. Her breasts are in the initial stages of development and she speaks with a deep voice describing her concerns to the physician. Based on her clinical history, which of the following enzymes are most likely deficient?? \n{'A': '11-β-hydroxylase', 'B': '17-α-hydroxylase', 'C': 'Aromatase', 'D': '21-hydroxylase', 'E': '5-α-reductase'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: 21-hydroxylase" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A researcher is investigating the relationship between inflammatory mediators and omega-3 fatty acids, namely docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in post-MI patients. IL-1ß is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in fibrosis and arrhythmias in the post-MI period. Research indicates that it causes loss of function in the gap junction connexin 43 (Cx43), resulting in an arrhythmogenic state. They perform an experiment investigating the cardioprotective effect of DHA on patients after a recent MI. Their results are shown in a Western blot analysis. Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion from these results?? \n{'A': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the carboxy-terminus are cardioprotective against the effects of IL-1β in post-MI cells.', 'B': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the terminal carbon are cardioprotective against the effects of IL-1β in post-MI cells.', 'C': 'Fatty acids with 3 cis-double bonds provide minimal benefits against arrhythmias after myocardial infarctions.', 'D': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the carboxy-terminus provide minimal benefits against arrhythmias after myocardial infarctions.', 'E': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the terminal carbon provide minimal benefits against arrhythmias after myocardial infarctions.'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the terminal carbon are cardioprotective against the effects of IL-1β in post-MI cells." } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old woman with a history of alcoholic hepatitis returns to clinic for follow-up after being diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and started on NSAIDs. She complains of continued joint effusions and increasing morning stiffness. Given this patient's presentation and history, which of the following drugs presents the greatest risk when started for the management of her condition?? \n{'A': 'Cyclosporine', 'B': 'Corticosteroids', 'C': 'Methotrexate', 'D': 'Hydroxychloroquine', 'E': 'Etanercept'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Methotrexate" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with a chief complaint of easy bruising and bleeding over the last 6 months. She has also noticed that she has been having fatty, foul smelling stools. Past history is significant for cholecystectomy a year ago to treat a long history of symptomatic gallstones. Based on clinical suspicion a coagulation panel was obtained showing a prothrombin time (PT) of 18 seconds (normal range 9-11 seconds), a partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of 45 seconds (normal 20-35 seconds), with a normal ristocetin cofactor assay (modern equivalent of bleeding time). Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's bleeding?? \n{'A': 'Hemophilia', 'B': 'Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)', 'C': 'Rat poison ingestion', 'D': 'Vitamin K deficiency', 'E': 'Von Willebrand disease'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Vitamin K deficiency" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 54-year-old man comes to the physician for an annual health maintenance examination. He reports that he feels well. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 22 years and drinks three 12-oz bottles of beer each night. He works as an accountant and says he does not have time to exercise regularly. He is 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 98 kg (216 lb); BMI is 31 kg/m2. His blood pressure is 146/90 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. His serum cholesterol concentration is 232 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1C is 6.9%. Which of the following preventative measures is likely to have the greatest impact on this patient's all-cause mortality risk?? \n{'A': 'Increased physical activity', 'B': 'Antidiabetic medication', 'C': 'Reduced alcohol intake', 'D': 'Blood pressure reduction', 'E': 'Smoking cessation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Smoking cessation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician with fever, malaise, and bilateral facial pain and swelling that began 2 days ago. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. He was born in India, and his mother received no prenatal care. She is unsure of his childhood vaccination history. He returned from a trip to India 3 weeks ago, where he was visiting his family. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F). There is erythema, edema, and tenderness of the right and left parotid glands. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:\nLeukocyte count 13,000/mm3\nHemoglobin 13.0 g/dL\nHematocrit 38%\nPlatelet count 180,000/mm3\nThis patient is at greatest risk for which of the following complications?\"? \n{'A': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'B': 'Glomerulonephritis', 'C': 'Facial nerve palsy', 'D': 'Osteomyelitis of facial bone', 'E': 'Impaired fertility'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Impaired fertility" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician for follow-up examination 5 days after sustaining a forehead laceration. Examination shows a linear, well-approximated laceration over the right temple. The wound is clean and dry with no exudate. There is a small amount of pink granulation tissue present. Microscopic examination of the wound is most likely to show which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Angiogenesis with type III collagen deposition', 'B': 'Macrophage infiltration and fibrin clot degradation', 'C': 'Capillary dilation with neutrophilic migration', 'D': 'Acellular tissue with type I collagen deposition', 'E': 'Fibroblast hyperplasia with disorganized collagen deposition'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Angiogenesis with type III collagen deposition" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 68-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her husband for the evaluation of confusion and memory deficits for the last month. During this period, she has also had mild weakness in her left leg. She has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Her current medications include enalapril and atorvastatin. She has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for the last 45 years. She drinks a glass of wine every day. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg. She is oriented only to person. She recalls 2 out of 3 objects immediately and none after 5 minutes. The patient is unable to lift her eyebrows or to smile. Muscle strength is decreased in the left lower extremity. A T2-weighted MRI scan of the head shows several hyperintense round lesions in the frontal and temporal lobe at the border of the gray and white matter. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy', 'B': 'Glioblastoma multiforme', 'C': 'Multiple sclerosis', 'D': 'Colorectal cancer', 'E': 'Lung cancer'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Lung cancer" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 86-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her niece because the patient felt like she was spinning and about to topple over. This occurred around 4 hours ago, and although symptoms have improved, she still feels like she is being pulled to the right side. The vital signs include: blood pressure 116/75 mm Hg, pulse 90/min, and SpO2 99% on room air. Physical examination reveals right-sided limb ataxia along with hypoalgesia and decreased temperature sensation on the right side of the face and left side of the body. An urgent non-contrast CT scan of the head shows no evidence of hemorrhage. What other finding is most likely to be present in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Hemiparesis', 'B': 'Deviated tongue', 'C': 'Hemianopia', 'D': 'Intact cough reflex', 'E': 'Absent gag reflex'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Absent gag reflex" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 67-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department complaining of weakness and fatigue. She says she caught a “stomach bug” and has not been able to eat anything without vomiting for three days. Past medical history is significant for hyperlipidemia. She takes atorvastatin and a multivitamin daily, except for the last two days due to nausea. Today her heart rate is 106/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, temperature is 37.6°C (99.7°F) and blood pressure of 110/70 mm Hg. On physical examination, her oral mucosa is dry and she looks pale and uncomfortable. She is admitted for care and administered ondansetron. An intravenous infusion of normal saline is also initiated. An arterial blood gas is collected. Which of the following results is expected to be seen in this patient?? \n{'A': 'pH: 7.36, pCO2: 42 mm Hg, HCO3-: 22 mEq/L', 'B': 'pH: 7.30, pCO2: 36 mm Hg, HCO3-: 17 mEq/L', 'C': 'pH: 7.31, pCO2: 62 mm Hg, HCO3-: 27 mEq/L', 'D': 'pH: 7.48, pCO2: 44 mm Hg, HCO3-: 29 mEq/L', 'E': 'pH: 7.49, pCO2: 33 mm Hg, HCO3-: 18 mEq/L'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: pH: 7.48, pCO2: 44 mm Hg, HCO3-: 29 mEq/L" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A scientist wants to determine if a specific fragment is contained within genome X. She uses a restriction enzyme to digest the genome into smaller fragments to run on an agarose gel, with the goal of separating the resulting fragments. A nitrocellulose blotting paper is then used to transfer the fragments from the agarose gel. A radiolabeled probe containing a complementary sequence to the fragment she is searching for is incubated with the blotting paper. Which of the following is the RNA equivalent of this technique?? \n{'A': 'Southern blot', 'B': 'Northern blot', 'C': 'Western blot', 'D': 'qPCR', 'E': 'RT-PCR'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Northern blot" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 57-year-old woman presents to the hospital complaining of 4 months of persistent abdominal pain and early satiety that has recently gotten worse. The patient says that she was prompted to come to the emergency department because she had several episodes of hematemesis. Her last menstrual period was approximately 8 years ago. The patient is sexually active with her husband and notes that she has recently had pain with intercourse as well as 'spotting' after intercourse. The patient states that she has also been experiencing nausea and weight loss associated with abdominal pain. Her blood pressure is 125/84 mm Hg, respiratory rate is 15/min, and heart rate is 76/min. Which of the following would be pathognomonic of this patient’s most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'PAS-positive macrophages', 'B': 'Signet ring cells', 'C': 'Ectopic thyroid tissue', 'D': 'Hyperplasia of gastric mucosa', 'E': 'Intestinal metaplasia in the stomach'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Signet ring cells" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 49-year-old woman with a long-standing history of a seizure disorder presents with fatigue, weight gain, and hair loss. The patient reports that the symptoms have gradually worsened over the past month and have not improved. Past medical history is significant for a seizure disorder diagnosed 10 years ago, for which she recently switched medications. She currently takes phenytoin 300 mg orally daily and a multivitamin. Review of systems is significant for decreased appetite, recent constipation, and cold intolerance. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the blood pressure is 100/80 mm Hg, the pulse is 60/min, the respiratory rate is 16/min, and the oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient is slow to respond but cooperative. Cardiac exam is normal. Lungs are clear to auscultation. Skin is coarse and dry. Mild to moderate hair loss is present over the entire body, and the remaining hair is brittle. Which of the following additional findings would you expect to see in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Hyperreflexia', 'B': 'Decreased vibration sense and proprioception', 'C': 'Spasticity', 'D': 'Impaired memory', 'E': 'Tardive dyskinesia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Impaired memory" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Twenty-four hours after delivery, a 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) newborn develops respiratory distress. She was born at 38 weeks gestation. The vital signs include: pulse 136/min, respiratory rate 60/min, and blood pressure 60/30 mm Hg. Examination shows a scaphoid abdomen. The heart sounds are heard in the right hemithorax, and the lung sounds are absent on the left side. The umbilical artery blood gas analysis on 60% oxygen shows:\npH 7.30\npCO2 48 mm Hg\npO2 52 mmHg\nA nasogastric tube is inserted. A chest X-ray is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Bochdalek hernia', 'B': 'Kartagener’s syndrome', 'C': 'Midgut volvulus', 'D': 'Pneumothorax', 'E': 'Situs inversus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Bochdalek hernia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 81-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of left-sided visual loss that started 1 hour ago. He describes initially seeing jagged edges, which was followed by abrupt, complete loss of central vision in the left eye. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Blood pressure is 145/89 mm Hg. Neurologic examination shows no abnormalities. A photograph of the fundoscopic findings is shown. Which of the following tests is most likely to confirm this patient's underlying condition?? \n{'A': 'Glycated hemoglobin concentration', 'B': 'Carotid artery duplex ultrasonography', 'C': 'Erythrocyte sedimentation rate', 'D': 'CD4+ T-cell count', 'E': 'Optic tonometer'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Carotid artery duplex ultrasonography" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 33-year-old woman presents to the urgent care center with 4 days of abdominal pain and increasingly frequent bloody diarrhea. She states that she is currently having 6 episodes of moderate volume diarrhea per day with streaks of blood mixed in. She says she recently returned from a long camping trip with her friends where they cooked all of their own food and drank water from nearby streams. Physical examination is negative for acute tenderness, rebound tenderness, or abnormal bowel sounds. Her vital signs include temperature 38.0°C (100.4°F), blood pressure 106/74 mm Hg, heart rate 94/min, and respiratory rate 14/min. Given the following options, which is the most likely pathogen responsible for her presentation?? \n{'A': 'Clostridium difficile', 'B': 'Campylobacter', 'C': 'E. coli 0157:H7', 'D': 'Salmonella', 'E': 'Shigella'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Campylobacter" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his girlfriend. The patient is a seasonal farm worker and was found laying down and minimally responsive under a tree. The patient was immediately brought to the emergency department. The patient has a past medical history of IV drug use, marijuana use, and alcohol use. His current medications include ibuprofen. His temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 100/55 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient's extremities are twitching, and his clothes are soaked in urine and partially removed. The patient is also drooling and coughs regularly. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Atropine', 'B': 'Electroencephalography', 'C': 'Lorazepam', 'D': 'Supportive therapy and monitoring', 'E': 'Urine toxicology'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Atropine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 63-year-old woman with a previous diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren syndrome was referred for a second opinion. She has had a known chronic idiopathic pericardial effusion for about a year and has dealt with intermittent chest pain ever since. She underwent 2 diagnostic pericardiocenteses, but the fluid returned each time. She also has used empiric anti-inflammatory therapies with NSAIDs and colchicine without significant changes in the size of the pericardial effusion. The etiological testing was negative. At this visit, she is still complaining of pain in her chest but has no evidence of distended neck veins. An ECG shows sinus rhythm with low QRS voltages. What will be the procedure of choice that would be both therapeutic and diagnostic?? \n{'A': 'Pericardial window', 'B': 'Repeated pericardiocentesis', 'C': 'Pericardiectomy', 'D': 'Non-surgical management', 'E': 'Pericardiodesis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Pericardial window" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 64-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a fall. The patient states that he has felt abnormally clumsy lately and has noticed himself tripping and bumping into things. He states he otherwise is healthy but admits to having unprotected sex with multiple people recently. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mm Hg, pulse is 100/min, respiratory rate is 24/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below.\n\nHemoglobin: 9 g/dL\nHematocrit: 30%\nMean corpuscular volume: 110 fL\nLeukocyte count: 6,500/mm^3 with normal differential\nPlatelet count: 197,000/mm^3\nAST: 15 U/L\nALT: 22 U/L\nGGT: 10 U/L\n\nPhysical exam is notable for a broad-based and unstable gait. Which of the following conditions is the most likely etiology of this patient's presentation?? \n{'A': 'Chronic alcoholism', 'B': 'Chronic gastritis', 'C': 'Colon cancer', 'D': 'Tertiary syphilis', 'E': 'Vegetarian diet'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Chronic gastritis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 75-year-old man with a seizure disorder is brought to the emergency department by a friend because of progressive confusion over the past two weeks. He is unable to provide any history. His vital signs are within normal limits. He appears lethargic and is only oriented to person. Oral mucosa is moist. There is no jugular venous distention. A basic metabolic panel shows a serum sodium concentration of 115 mEq/L but is otherwise normal. Serum osmolality is low and antidiuretic hormone level is elevated. X-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s hyponatremia?? \n{'A': 'Low cardiac output', 'B': 'Insulin deficiency', 'C': 'Aldosterone deficiency', 'D': 'Medication effect', 'E': 'Excess cortisol'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Medication effect" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 9-year-old girl is being evaluated for suspected Bartter’s syndrome, a renal disorder caused by defective Cl- reabsorption by the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter. In normal individuals, the segment of the nephron that houses this transporter is also characterized by which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Secretion of calcium', 'B': 'Impermeability to water', 'C': 'Site of action of ADH', 'D': 'Site of action of thiazide diuretics', 'E': 'Concentration of urine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Impermeability to water" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 44-year-old obese woman presents with abdominal pain. She says the pain started while she was having lunch at a fast-food restaurant with her children. The pain began shortly after eating and has persisted for 6 hours. She has vomited once. Her vital signs are as follows: HR 88, BP 110/70 mmHg, T 38.5°C (101.3°F). On physical exam, she is tender to palpation in the right upper quadrant of her abdomen. Her skin appears normal. Her liver function tests, amylase, and lipase levels are normal. A right upper quadrant abdominal ultrasound is challenged by her body habitus and is not able to visualize any gallstones. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her presentation?? \n{'A': 'Acalculous cholecystitis', 'B': 'Cancer of the biliary tree', 'C': 'Gallstone disease', 'D': 'Pancreatic inflammation', 'E': 'Cholangitis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Gallstone disease" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 29-year-old man develops dysphagia after sustaining a stroke secondary to a patent foramen ovale. He is only able to swallow thin liquids. He has lost 10 pounds because of limited caloric intake. The medical team recommends the placement of a feeding tube, but the patient declines. The patient also has a history of major depressive disorder with psychotic features, for which he has been treated with fluoxetine. He is alert and oriented to person, place, time and situation. He denies any visual or auditory hallucinations, suicidal ideation, guilt, or sadness. He can articulate to the team the risks of not placing a feeding tube, including aspiration, malnutrition, and even death, after discussion with his medical team. The medical team wishes to place the feeding tube because the patient lacks capacity given his history of major depressive disorder with psychotic features. Which of the following is true regarding this situation?? \n{'A': 'The patient lacks capacity and the feeding tube should be placed', 'B': 'The patient lacks capacity and his healthcare proxy should be contacted regarding placement of a feeding tube', 'C': 'The patient lacks capacity and the state should determine whether to place the feeding tube', 'D': 'The patient has capacity and may deny placement of the feeding tube', 'E': 'The hospital ethics committee should determine whether to place the feeding tube'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: The patient has capacity and may deny placement of the feeding tube" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A family who recently moved from Nebraska to Texas visits the pediatrician. They have a 3-year-old child that had been developing normally before this change in location. The child became lethargic, fatigued, pale, and constipated 3 months after moving to the new house. Also, the blood smear of the patient demonstrates the finding of sideroblasts. Analyze the scheme presented below. Which of the following enzymes labeled as no. 1 is impaired in this patient and causing his symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Ribonuclease', 'B': 'Ferrochelatase', 'C': 'ALA oxidase', 'D': 'Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase', 'E': 'Uroporphyrin 1'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Ferrochelatase" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old male is found to be infected with an HIV strain resistant to saquinavir and zidovudine. Which of the following best explains the drug resistance observed in this patient?? \n{'A': 'HIV evasion of host response', 'B': 'pol mutation', 'C': 'env mutation', 'D': 'CCR5 mutation', 'E': 'HBV co-infection'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: pol mutation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 29-year-old man comes to the physician for worsening restlessness over the past several days. Three weeks ago, he was started on trifluoperazine for the treatment of schizophrenia. He reports that, since then, he has often felt compelled to pace around his house and is unable to sit or stand still. He is switched to an alternative antipsychotic medication. Four weeks later, the patient reports improvement of his symptoms but says that he has developed increased drowsiness, blurred vision, and dry mouth. The patient was most likely switched to which of the following drugs?? \n{'A': 'Metoclopramide', 'B': 'Chlorpromazine', 'C': 'Trimipramine', 'D': 'Fluphenazine', 'E': 'Haloperidol'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Chlorpromazine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 34-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of fatigue. Over the last three months she has experienced decreased energy and gained 7 pounds. Review of systems is negative for symptoms of depression but is positive for constipation, myalgias, and cold intolerance. Physical exam is notable for delayed deep tendon reflex relaxation. Vital signs are as follows: T 37.1 C, HR 61, BP 132/88, RR 16, and SpO2 100%. Which of the following is the best initial screening test for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Level of anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies', 'B': 'Morning cortisol and plasma ACTH', 'C': 'Serum Free T4', 'D': 'Serum TSH', 'E': 'Hemoglobin and hematocrit'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Serum TSH" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-year-old man presents to the clinic accompanied by his father, with the complaints of high fever, sore throat, and bloody diarrhea for 4 days. He adds that he is also nauseous and vomited several times in the past 2 days. He denies any recent travel or eating outside. He recently started a dog-walking business. The father relates that two of the dogs had been unwell. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), respiratory rate is 16/min, pulse is 77/min, and blood pressure is 100/88 mm Hg. A physical examination is performed and is within normal limits including the abdominal exam. Blood test results are given below:\nHb%: 14 gm/dL\nTotal count (WBC): 13,100/mm3\nDifferential count:\nNeutrophils: 80%\nLymphocytes: 15%\nMonocytes: 5%\nWhat is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Yersiniosis', 'B': 'C. difficile colitis', 'C': 'Bacillus cereus infection', 'D': 'Norovirus infection', 'E': 'Rotavirus infection'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Yersiniosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 22-year-old man with no significant past medical, surgical, social, or family history presents to the clinic with an itchy rash. His review of systems is otherwise negative. The patient’s blood pressure is 119/80 mm Hg, the pulse is 83/min, the respiratory rate is 15/min, and the temperature is 36.8°C (98.4°F). Physical examination reveals crusting vesicular clusters on his upper back with a base of erythema and surrounding edema. What additional features would be most helpful to confirm the diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Peanut allergy', 'B': 'Hyperparathyroidism', 'C': 'Type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'D': 'Iron deficiency anemia', 'E': 'Visible hematuria'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Iron deficiency anemia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-month-old boy is brought to the physician by his father because of a progressively worsening rash on his buttocks for the last week. He cries during diaper changes and is more fussy than usual. Physical examination of the boy shows erythematous papules and plaques in the bilateral inguinal creases, on the scrotum, and in the gluteal cleft. Small areas of maceration are also present. A diagnosis is made, and treatment with topical clotrimazole is initiated. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings from this patient's rash is most likely to show which of the following findings?? \n{'A': 'Narrow budding, encapsulated yeast', 'B': 'Oval, budding yeast with pseudohyphae', 'C': 'Fruiting bodies with septate, acute-angle hyphae', 'D': 'Round yeast surrounded by budding yeast cells', 'E': 'Broad-based budding yeast\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Oval, budding yeast with pseudohyphae" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Four days after undergoing a Whipple procedure for newly-diagnosed pancreatic cancer, a 65-year-old man has shortness of breath. His surgery was complicated by bleeding for which he required intraoperative transfusion with 4 units of packed red blood cells and 1 unit of platelets. His temperature is 38.8°C (101.8°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 26/min, and blood pressure is 95/55 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 85%. Cardiac examination shows normal heart sounds and no jugular venous distention. Auscultation of the lungs shows diffuse crackles bilaterally. The extremities are warm and there is no edema. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 17,000/mm3 and hemoglobin concentration of 9.8 g/dL. Arterial blood gas on room air shows:\npH 7.35\nPaO2 41 mm Hg\nPaCO2 38 mm Hg\nHCO3- 25 mEq/L\nThe patient is intubated and mechanical ventilation is initiated. An x-ray of the chest is shown. Transthoracic echocardiography shows a normally contracting left ventricle. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's current condition?\"? \n{'A': 'Acute occlusion of a pulmonary artery', 'B': 'Decreased chest wall compliance', 'C': 'Formation of anti-leukocyte antibodies', 'D': 'Diffuse inflammatory alveolar damage', 'E': 'Increased left atrial pressures'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Diffuse inflammatory alveolar damage" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought to the pediatric emergency department after having an accident at school. According to his parents, he punched a student in the mouth, which caused a deep laceration to his hand. The child’s past medical history is unremarkable and all of his vaccines are current. A physical examination is significant for stable vital signs and lacerations over the 3rd and 4th metacarpophalangeal joints of his dominant hand. Which of the following antibiotic regimens is best for this type of injury?? \n{'A': 'Dicloxacillin', 'B': 'Clindamycin', 'C': 'Metronidazole', 'D': 'Amoxicillin-clavulanate', 'E': 'Cephalexin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Amoxicillin-clavulanate" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 38-year-old male presents for counseling by a psychologist mandated by the court. The patient explains that he does not mean to hit his wife when they are arguing, but something just comes over him that he cannot control. Upon further discussion, the patient reveals that his father was incarcerated several times for physically abusing his mother. Which of the following best describes the behavior seen in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Acting out', 'B': 'Dissociation', 'C': 'Identification', 'D': 'Reaction formation', 'E': 'Splitting'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Identification" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 13-year-old girl presents to her pediatrician with vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. The patient states that this has happened sporadically over the past 4 months. She is currently experiencing these symptoms and has soaked through 1 pad today. She denies being sexually active or using any illicit substances. Her vitals are within normal limits, and physical exam is notable for a healthy young girl with a non-focal abdominal and pelvic exam. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Administer azithromycin and ceftriaxone', 'B': 'Order a coagulation profile', 'C': 'Perform a CT scan of the abdomen', 'D': 'Perform hysteroscopy and biopsy', 'E': 'Reassurance and discharge'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Reassurance and discharge" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 40-year-old man is physically and verbally abusive towards his wife and two children. When he was a child, he and his mother were similarly abused by his father. Which of the following psychological defense mechanisms is this man demonstrating?? \n{'A': 'Identification', 'B': 'Distortion', 'C': 'Regression', 'D': 'Projection', 'E': 'Splitting'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Identification" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 50-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of smelling abnormal odors on several occasions. He says that he smells burnt rubber even though there is nothing burning and no one around him can smell what he does. This symptom has been intermittently bothering him for the past 6 months. Also during this period, he had occasional nosebleeds. He works as a high school teacher. Although his work gets a little stressful around the exam season, he says he is able to cope well. Family history is unremarkable. He does not smoke or drink alcohol and denies the use of any medication. Physical examination reveals unilateral nasal obstruction with some dried blood in the nasal passage. What is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Psychomotor epilepsy', 'B': 'Neuroblastoma', 'C': 'Hypnagogic hallucination', 'D': 'Substance abuse', 'E': 'Schizophrenia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Neuroblastoma" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old man presents to the emergency department with back pain. He states that it started yesterday and has been gradually getting worse. He states that the pain is worsened with moving and lifting and is relieved with rest and ibuprofen. He has a past medical history of smoking and IV drug abuse and states he last used IV drugs 2 days ago. He thinks his symptoms may be related to lifting a heavy box. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 122/88 mmHg, pulse is 77/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for focal back pain lateral to the patient’s spine on the left. There is no midline tenderness and the rest of the patient’s exam is unremarkable. There are scars in the antecubital fossae bilaterally. Laboratory values including a C-reactive protein are unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Compression fracture', 'B': 'Epidural abscess', 'C': 'Epidural hematoma', 'D': 'Herniated nucleus pulposus', 'E': 'Muscle strain'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Muscle strain" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 37-year-old nulliparous woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of heavy, prolonged bleeding with menstruation, dyspareunia, and cyclical abdominal pain. Menses previously occurred at regular 28-day intervals and lasted 4 days with normal flow. Pelvic examination shows an asymmetrically enlarged, nodular uterus consistent in size with a 10-week gestation. A urine pregnancy test is negative. A photomicrograph of a section of an endometrial biopsy specimen is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Endometrial hyperplasia', 'B': 'Endometriosis', 'C': 'Leiomyoma', 'D': 'Adenomyosis', 'E': 'Endometrial carcinoma'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Leiomyoma" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 2-year-old girl presents with a rash on her body. Patient’s mother says she noticed the rash onset about 5 hours ago. For the previous 3 days, she says the patient has had a high fever of 39.0°C (102.2°F). Today the fever abruptly subsided but the rash appeared. Vitals are temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 95/55 mm Hg, pulse 110/min, respiratory rate 30/min, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. Physical examination reveals a maculopapular, non-confluent, blanchable rash on her back, abdomen, and chest extending superiorly towards the nape of the patient’s neck. Which of the following is this patient’s most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Measles', 'B': 'Rubella', 'C': 'Roseola', 'D': 'Varicella', 'E': 'Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Roseola" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:On a Sunday afternoon, a surgical oncologist and his family attend a football game in the city where he practices. While at the game, he runs into a physician colleague that works at the same institution. After some casual small talk, his colleague inquires, \"Are you taking care of Mr. Clarke, my personal trainer? I heard through the grapevine that he has melanoma, and I didn't know if you have started him on any chemotherapy or performed any surgical intervention yet. Hopefully you'll be able to take very good care of him.\" In this situation, the surgical oncologist may confirm which of the following?? \n{'A': \"The patient's name\", 'B': \"The patient's diagnosis\", 'C': \"The patient's treatment plan\", 'D': 'No information at all', 'E': 'Only that Mr. Clarke is his patient'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: No information at all" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 60-year-old Caucasian man comes to the physician because of progressive fatigue, shortness of breath, and leg swelling for the past 4 months. He has to pause several times when climbing one flight of stairs. For the past 10 years, he has had joint pain in his hands, wrists, and knees. He has diabetes mellitus and hypertension controlled with daily insulin injections and a strict low-calorie, low-sodium diet. He takes ibuprofen as needed for his joint pain. His wife says that he snores at night. He drinks two to three beers daily. He has smoked half a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 40 years. He went camping in northern New York one week ago. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows jugular venous distention, pitting edema around the ankles, and tanned skin. Crackles are heard at both lung bases. An S3 is heard at the apex. The liver is palpated 2 to 3 cm below the right costal margin. His skin appears dark brown. An ECG shows a left bundle branch block. Echocardiography shows left atrial and ventricular enlargement, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and mild mitral regurgitation. Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Smoking cessation', 'B': 'Nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure therapy', 'C': 'Surgical valve repair', 'D': 'Regular phlebotomy', 'E': 'Protective clothing'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Regular phlebotomy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 83-year-old male presents to the emergency department with altered mental status. The patient’s vitals signs are as follows: temperature is 100.7 deg F (38.2 deg C), blood pressure is 143/68 mmHg, heart rate is 102/min, and respirations are 22/min. The caretaker states that the patient is usually incontinent of urine, but she has not seen any soiled adult diapers in the past 48 hours. A foley catheter is placed with immediate return of a large volume of cloudy, pink urine. Which of the following correctly explains the expected findings from this patient’s dipstick urinalysis?? \n{'A': 'Detection of an enzyme produced by red blood cells', 'B': 'Direct detection of white blood cell surface proteins', 'C': 'Detection of urinary nitrate conversion by gram-negative pathogens', 'D': 'Detection of urinary nitrate conversion by gram-positive pathogens', 'E': 'Detection of an enzyme produced by gram-negative pathogens'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Detection of urinary nitrate conversion by gram-negative pathogens" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 53-year-old woman presents to the clinic with a 1-month history of a ‘pounding’ in her head and neck and swelling of her feet. She has frequent episodes of diffuse wheezing that occur sporadically without known triggers and last for 1–2 hours. She was recently prescribed albuterol by an external physician but it did not improve her symptoms. She previously walked 2–3 blocks per day for exercise but now complains of dizziness, fatigue, and trouble breathing after walking only 1 block. On review of systems, she confirms a recent history of watery, nonbloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps. She eats a well-balanced diet of meat, dairy, eggs, fish, vegetables, and cereal grains. She has never used alcohol, tobacco, or other recreational drugs. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the blood pressure is 146/88 mm Hg, the heart rate is 89/min, the respiratory rate is 20/min. Abdominal exam reveals minor, diffuse tenderness to palpation without guarding or rebound. She has jugular venous distention and bilateral pedal edema. There are a few telangiectasias over her chest and abdomen. Lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac auscultation along the left sternal border in the 3rd–4th intercostal space reveals the following sound. At the end of the physical examination, her face suddenly becomes erythematous and warm and she begins wheezing. Which of the following is the most likely side effect of the first-line medication used to manage her condition?? \n{'A': 'Thromboembolism', 'B': 'Pancreatitis', 'C': 'Visual and/or auditory hallucinations', 'D': 'Cholelithiasis', 'E': 'Hypoglycemia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Cholelithiasis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 8-year old boy with no past medical history presents to the emergency room with 24-hours of severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and non-bloody diarrhea. His mom states that he has barely eaten in the past 24 hours and has been clutching his abdomen, first near his belly button and now near his right hip. His temperature is 101.4°F (38.5°C), blood pressure is 101/63 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 22/min. On physical exam, the patient is lying very still. There is abdominal tenderness and rigidity upon palpation of the right lower quadrant. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s clinical presentation?? \n{'A': 'Granulomatous inflammation of the appendix', 'B': 'Diverticulum in the terminal ileum', 'C': 'Appendiceal lymphoid hyperplasia', 'D': 'Structural abnormality of the appendix', 'E': 'Twisting of the spermatic cord'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Appendiceal lymphoid hyperplasia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 57-year-old man with diabetes mellitus type 2 presents for a routine follow-up. His blood glucose levels have been inconsistently controlled with metformin and lifestyle modifications since his diagnosis 3 years ago. He is currently is on metformin and diet control with exercise. The vital signs are as follows a blood pressure of 122/82 mm Hg, a pulse of 83/min, a temperature of 36.3°C (97.4°F), and a respiratory rate of 10/min. At this current visit, the urinalysis results are as follows:\npH 6.2\nColor light yellow\nRBC none\nWBC none\nProtein 4+\nCast RBC casts\nGlucose absent\nCrystal none\nKetone absent\nNitrite absent\n24-h urine protein excretion 3.7 g\nThe urine albumin loss mapping shows:\nUrine albumin loss/24h current: 215 mg\nUrine albumin loss/24h 3 months ago: 28 mg\nThe blood sugar analysis shows:\nFasting blood sugar 153 mg/dL\nPost-prandial blood sugar 225 mg/dL\nHbA1c 7.4%\nWhich of the following best describes the expected microscopic finding on renal biopsy?? \n{'A': 'Normal kidney biopsy; no pathological finding is evident at this time', 'B': 'Glomerular hypertrophy with slight glomerular basement membrane thickening', 'C': 'Significant global glomerulosclerosis', 'D': 'Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules and tubulointerstitial fibrosis', 'E': 'Glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial expansion'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial expansion" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 30-year-old primigravida schedules an appointment with her obstetrician for a regular check-up. She says that everything is fine, although she reports that her baby has stopped moving as much as previously. She is 22 weeks gestation. She denies any pain or vaginal bleeding. The obstetrician performs an ultrasound and also orders routine blood and urine tests. On ultrasound, there is no fetal cardiac activity or movement. The patient is asked to wait for 1 hour, after which the scan is to be repeated. The second scan shows the same findings. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Missed abortion', 'B': 'Fetal demise', 'C': 'Incomplete abortion', 'D': 'Complete abortion', 'E': 'Ectopic pregnancy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Fetal demise" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 67-year-old man presents to the physician because of low-back pain for 6 months. The pain is more localized to the left lower back and sacral area. It is constant without any radiation to the leg. He has no significant past medical history. He takes ibuprofen for pain control. His father developed a bone disease at 60 years of age and subsequently had a fracture in the spine and another in the lower leg. The patient’s vital signs are within normal limits. The neurologic examination shows no focal findings. He has mild tenderness on deep palpation of the left pelvis. The physical examination of the lower extremities shows no abnormalities other than bowed legs. A radiograph of the pelvis is shown in the image. Which of the following serum tests is the most important initial diagnostic study?? \n{'A': 'Alkaline phosphatase', 'B': 'Calcium', 'C': 'Osteocalcin', 'D': 'Parathyroid hormone', 'E': 'Phosphorus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Alkaline phosphatase" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 33-year-old man is admitted to hospital with a 1-week history of productive bloody cough, weight loss, and nocturnal sweats. He is of a lower socioeconomic status and has a history of alcohol and drug abuse. On physical examination his vital signs are as follows: blood pressure is 130/70 mm Hg, heart rate is 89/min, respiratory rate is 18/min, and temperature is 37.9℃ (100.2℉). Physical examination is remarkable for a unilateral left-sided focus of diminished vesicular respiration and rales. X-ray shows a focus of infiltration in the upper portion of the left lung that is 2 cm in diameter with signs of cavitation. A nucleic acid amplification test is positive for M. tuberculosis. The patient is prescribed an anti-tuberculosis (TB) regimen that includes rifampin. Which target will be inhibited by rifampin, and which process will be disrupted?? \n{'A': 'DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, transcription', 'B': 'DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, translation', 'C': 'DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, transcription', 'D': 'DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, translation', 'E': 'DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, splicing'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, transcription" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of intermittent dysuria, pain with ejaculation, mild lower abdominal pain, and difficulty voiding for the last four months. There is no weight loss or change in stools. He has no known family history of cancer. His past medical history is notable for irritable bowel syndrome and hypertension. On examination, he is well-appearing but mildly uncomfortable. There are no abdominal or rectal masses appreciated; the prostate is mildly tender to palpation, but with normal size, texture, and contour. Urinalysis reveals trace leukocyte esterase and negative nitrite, negative blood, and no bacteria on microscopy. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?? \n{'A': 'Tamsulosin', 'B': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'C': 'Tamsulosin and ciprofloxacin', 'D': 'Finasteride', 'E': 'Duloxetine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Tamsulosin and ciprofloxacin" } ]