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[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 60-year-old African-American male with no active medical problems presents to his primary care physician for a general check up. His blood pressure on the previous visit was 145/90, and his blood pressure at this visit is found to be 150/95. He is prescribed hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, to treat his hypertension. The serum level of which of the following is likely to decrease in response to his treatment?? \n{'A': 'Cholesterol', 'B': 'Potassium', 'C': 'Glucose', 'D': 'Uric acid', 'E': 'Calcium'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Potassium" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 36-year-old woman with schizophrenia comes to the office for a follow-up appointment. She has been hospitalized 4 times in the past year, and she has failed to respond to multiple trials of antipsychotic medications. Six weeks ago, she was brought to the emergency department by her husband because of a bizarre behavior, paranoid delusions, and hearing voices that others did not hear. She was started on a new medication, and her symptoms have improved. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 13.8 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 1,200/mm3\nSegmented neutrophils 6%\nEosinophils 0%\nLymphocytes 92%\nMonocytes 2%\nPlatelet count 245,000/mm3\nThis patient was most likely started on which of the following medications?\"? \n{'A': 'Fluphenazine', 'B': 'Quetiapine', 'C': 'Promethazine', 'D': 'Lithium', 'E': 'Clozapine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Clozapine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 27-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with lower back pain. He notes that the pain started over a year ago but has become significantly worse over the past few months. The pain is most severe in the mornings. His past medical history is unremarkable except for a recent episode of right eye pain and blurry vision. Radiographs of the spine and pelvis show bilateral sacroiliitis. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Indomethacin', 'B': 'Methotrexate', 'C': 'Cyclophosphamide', 'D': 'Oral prednisone', 'E': 'Bed rest'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Indomethacin" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old woman presents to an urgent care center following a presumed bee sting while at a picnic with her friends. She immediately developed a skin rash and swelling over her arms and face. She endorses diffuse itching over her torso. She denies any episodes similar to this and has no significant medical history. She does note that her father has an allergy to peanuts. Her blood pressure is 92/54 mm Hg, heart rate, 118/min, respiratory rate 18/min. On physical examination, the patient has severe edema over her face and inspiratory stridor. Of the following options, this patient is likely experiencing which of the following hypersensitivity reactions?? \n{'A': 'Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction', 'B': 'Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction', 'D': 'Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Mixed type 1 and type 3 hypersensitivity reactions'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his fiancée for altered mental status. She states that they got in a fight that morning. She later got a text from him at work that said he was going to kill himself. She rushed back home and found him unconscious on the living room floor surrounded by his prescription pill bottles. The patient is sedated but conscious and states that he thinks he swallowed “a bunch of pills” about 2 hours ago. He also complains of nausea. The patient’s medical history is significant for bipolar disorder and chronic back pain from a motor vehicle accident. He takes lithium and oxycodone. The patient’s temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 130/78 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, and respirations are 17/min with an oxygen saturation of 97% on room air. On physical exam, the patient is drowsy, and his speech is slurred, but he is fully oriented. He has horizontal nystagmus, is diffusely hyperreflexic, and has a mild tremor. His initial electrocardiogram shows sinus tachycardia. Labs are obtained, as shown below:\n\nSerum:\nNa: 143 mEq/L\nK+: 4.3 mEq/L\nCl-: 104 mEq/L\nHCO3-: 24 mEq/L\nBUN: 18 mg/dL\nCreatinine: 1.5 mg/dL\nGlucose: 75 mg/dL\nLithium level: 6.8 mEq/L (normal 0.6 mEq/L – 1.2 mEq/L)\n\nAn intravenous bolus of 1 liter normal saline is given. Which of the following is the next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Activated charcoal', 'B': 'Gastric lavage', 'C': 'Hemodialysis', 'D': 'Naloxone', 'E': 'Sodium bicarbonate'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Hemodialysis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increasing pain in the right hip for 2 months. The pain is intermittent, presenting at the lateral side of the hip and radiating towards the thigh. It is aggravated while climbing stairs or lying on the right side. Two weeks ago, the patient was treated with a course of oral prednisone for exacerbation of asthma. Her current medications include formoterol-budesonide and albuterol inhalers. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows tenderness to palpation over the upper lateral part of the right thigh. There is no swelling. The patient is placed in the left lateral decubitus position. Abducting the extended right leg against the physician's resistance reproduces the pain. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray of the pelvis shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Greater trochanteric pain syndrome', 'B': 'Iliotibial band syndrome', 'C': 'Osteoarthritis of the hip', 'D': 'Lumbosacral radiculopathy', 'E': 'Osteonecrosis of femoral head'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Greater trochanteric pain syndrome" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 7-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because she has been increasingly reluctant to speak at school over the past 4 months. Her teachers complain that she does not answer their questions and it is affecting her academic performance. She was born at 35 weeks' gestation and pregnancy was complicated by preeclampsia. Previous well-child examinations have been normal. Her older brother was diagnosed with a learning disability 4 years ago. She is at 65th percentile for height and weight. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. She follows commands. She avoids answering questions directly and whispers her answers to her mother instead who then mediates between the doctor and her daughter. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Reactive attachment disorder', 'B': 'Autism spectrum disorder', 'C': 'Social anxiety disorder', 'D': 'Selective mutism', 'E': 'Rett syndrome'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Selective mutism" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Two days after emergency treatment for acute decompensated heart failure in the coronary care unit (CCU), a 68-year-old man develops palpitations. He has a history of ischemic heart disease and congestive heart failure for the last 10 years. His current medications include intravenous furosemide and oral medications as follows: carvedilol, aspirin, lisinopril, nitroglycerin, and morphine. He has received no intravenous fluids. The vital signs include: blood pressure 90/70 mm Hg, pulse 98/min, respiratory rate 18/min, and temperature 36.8°C (98.2°F). On physical examination, he appears anxious. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination reveals no change compared to the initial exam, and his peripheral edema has become less significant. There is no edema in the back or sacral area. Urine output is 1.5 L/12h. Serial electrocardiogram (ECG) reveals no dynamic changes. The laboratory test results are as follows:\nLaboratory test\nSerum\nUrea nitrogen 46 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.9 mg/dL\nNa+ 135 mEq/L\nK+ 3.1 mEq/L\nArterial blood gas analysis on room air:\npH 7.50\nPCO2 44 mm Hg\nPO2 88 mm Hg\nHCO3− 30 mEq/L\nWhich of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient’s current condition?? \n{'A': 'Exacerbation of heart failure', 'B': 'Excessive beta-adrenergic blockade', 'C': 'Hospital delirium', 'D': 'Iatrogenic dehydration', 'E': 'Oversedation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Iatrogenic dehydration" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A healthy 37-year-old gravida-3-para-1 (G-3-P-1) who underwent in vitro fertilization delivers a boy vaginally. On examination, he is found to have a ventral urethral meatus inferior to the glans. Which statement is correct?? \n{'A': 'Younger age of the mother is a major risk factor for this condition', 'B': 'It results from failure of the genital swellings to fuse', 'C': 'Hypospadias repair before the age of 3 years is associated with increased incidence of urethrocutaneous fistula', 'D': 'Such anatomy is formed before the 12th week of intrauterine development', 'E': 'It results from failure of the genital folds to fuse'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: It results from failure of the genital folds to fuse" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 71-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician because of a 9-month history of pain and stiffness in the right knee. He reports that the stiffness lasts approximately 10 minutes after waking up and that the pain is worse in the evening. There is no history of trauma. He is 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 102 kg (225 lb); BMI is 33 kg/m2. Examination of the right knee shows tenderness in the anteromedial joint line and crepitus during knee movement. Laboratory studies show an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 15 mm/h and a serum uric acid concentration of 6.9 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely finding on imaging of the right knee?? \n{'A': 'Osteophytes and narrowing of the joint-space', 'B': 'Marginal bony erosions and opacification of periarticular soft tissue', 'C': 'Periarticular osteopenia and pannus formation', 'D': 'Loculated epiphyseal cyst with thinning of the overlying cortex', 'E': 'Bony ankylosis and bone proliferation at the entheses'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Osteophytes and narrowing of the joint-space" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5 year-old-boy with a history of severe allergies and recurrent sinusitis presents with foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea. He is at the 50th percentile for height and weight. The boy's mother reports that he has had several such episodes of diarrhea over the years. He does not have any known history of fungal infections or severe viral infections. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this boy's presentation?? \n{'A': 'Thymic aplasia', 'B': 'Hyper IgE syndrome', 'C': 'Severe combined immune deficiency', 'D': 'Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome', 'E': 'IgA deficiency'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: IgA deficiency" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after loss of consciousness. He is accompanied by his wife. He is started on intravenous fluids, and his vital signs are assessed. His blood pressure is 85/50 mm Hg, pulse 50/min, and respiratory rate 10/min. He has been admitted in the past for a heart condition. His wife is unable to recall the name of the condition, but she does know that the doctor recommended some medications at that time in case his condition worsened. She has brought with her the test reports from previous medical visits over the last few months. She says that she has noticed that he often has difficulty breathing and requires three pillows to sleep at night to avoid being short of breath. He can only walk for a few kilometers before he has to stop and rest. His wife also reports that he has had occasional severe coughing spells with pinkish sputum production. She also mentions that he has been drinking alcohol for the past 30 years. Which of the following medications will improve the prognosis of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Furosemide', 'B': 'Enalapril', 'C': 'Digoxin', 'D': 'Amiodarone', 'E': 'Amlodipine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Enalapril" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 47-year-old male with a medical history significant for hypertension, recurrent urinary tract infections, mitral valve prolapse, and diverticulosis experiences a sudden, severe headache while watching television on his couch. He calls 911 and reports to paramedics that he feels as if \"someone shot me in the back of my head.\" He is rushed to the emergency room. On exam, he shows no focal neurological deficits but has significant nuchal rigidity and photophobia. Of the options below, what is the most likely etiology of this man's headache?? \n{'A': 'Migraine', 'B': 'Brain Tumor', 'C': 'Temporal Arteritis', 'D': 'Subarachnoid Hemorrhage', 'E': 'Carotid Dissection'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old G0P0 woman presents to a gynecologist for evaluation of a breast mass. She has never seen a gynecologist before but says she noticed the mass herself while showering yesterday. She also reports a neck ache following a minor car accident last week in which she was a restrained driver. She otherwise feels well and has no personal or family history of major illness. Her last menstrual period was 3 weeks ago. Physical exam reveals a hard, round, nontender, 2-cm mass of the inferomedial quadrant of the left breast with trace bruising. Regional lymph nodes are not palpable. Which of the following is the next best step in management?? \n{'A': 'Breast ultrasound', 'B': 'Incision and drainage', 'C': 'Mammogram', 'D': 'Mastectomy', 'E': 'Reassurance'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Breast ultrasound" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old construction worker falls off a 2-story scaffolding and injures his back. His coworkers bring him to the urgent care clinic within 30 minutes of the fall. He complains of left lower-limb weakness and loss of sensation in the right lower limb. He does not have any past medical history. His vital signs are stable. A neurologic examination reveals a total loss of motor function when testing left knee extension, along with the left-sided loss of light touch sensation from the mid-thigh and below. There is a right-sided loss of pin-prick sensation of the lateral leg and entire foot. At this time of acute injury, what other finding is most likely to be found in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Left-sided numbness at the level of the lesion', 'B': 'Intact voluntary anal contraction', 'C': 'Left-sided extensor plantar response', 'D': 'Right-sided loss of proprioception and vibration sensation', 'E': 'Left-sided spastic paralysis below the lesion'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Left-sided numbness at the level of the lesion" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-day history of lower extremity numbness, weakness, and urinary incontinence. She has not had any trauma. Neurologic examination shows bilateral lower extremity weakness. Stroking the lateral side of the sole of the foot from the heel to the base of the small toe and medially to the base of the big toe elicits dorsiflexion of the big toe and fanning of the other toes. Further examination of this patient is most likely to show which of the following additional findings?? \n{'A': 'Spasticity', 'B': 'Palmar grasp reflex', 'C': 'Hyporeflexia', 'D': 'Fasciculation', 'E': 'Atrophy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Spasticity" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old woman gravida 1, para 1, comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of a right breast lump and a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss. She has not had any breast pain or nipple discharge. She had right breast mastitis 10 years ago while breastfeeding but has no other history of serious illness. Palpation of the right breast shows a 3-cm firm mass with well-defined margins lateral to the right nipple . There is dimpling of the overlying skin but no rash. The left breast is normal. A mammogram shows a density with calcifications in a star-shaped formation in the same location of the mass. Histological examination of a biopsy specimen from the breast mass is most likely to show which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Dilated ducts lined with neoplastic cells and necrotic centers', 'B': 'Disorganized nests of glandular cells with surrounding fibrosis', 'C': 'Large, pink-staining cells in the epidermis', 'D': 'Orderly rows of monomorphic cells that do not stain with E-cadherin', 'E': 'Infiltration of ductal cells blocking the dermal lymphatics'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Disorganized nests of glandular cells with surrounding fibrosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of insomnia, diarrhea, anxiety, thinning hair, and diffuse muscle weakness. She has a family history of type 1 diabetes mellitus and thyroid cancer. She drinks 1–2 glasses of wine weekly. Her vital signs are unremarkable. On examination, you notice that she also has bilateral exophthalmos. Which of the following results would you expect to see on a thyroid panel?? \n{'A': 'Low TSH, high T4, high T3', 'B': 'Low TSH, low T4, low T3', 'C': 'High TSH, low T4, low T3', 'D': 'High TSH, high T4, high T3', 'E': 'Low TSH, high T4, low T3'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Low TSH, high T4, high T3" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 20-year-old male military recruit comes to the office with complaints of a fever and a non-productive cough that started 5 days ago. He also states having pain during swallowing. He has a mild headache and pain in his left ear. He does not have any relevant past medical history. His vitals include the following: blood pressure of 120/78 mm Hg, pulse of 100/min, temperature 37.8°C (100°F), respiratory rate 14/min. Physical exam reveals a congested left tympanic membrane and rhonchi on auscultation of the right lung base. The blood test results are given below:\nHemoglobin: 15 mg/dL\nHematocrit: 50%\nLeukocyte count: 7,500/mm3\nNeutrophils: 67%\nBands: 5%\nEosinophils: 1%\nBasophils: 0%\nLymphocytes: 28%\nMonocytes: 5%\nPlatelet count: 265,000/mm3\nLow titers of cold agglutinins are detected. His chest radiograph shows poorly defined nodular opacities in the right lower lung zone. Which of the following is the most likely organism responsible for this patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'Staphylococcus aureus', 'B': 'Mycoplasma pneumonia', 'C': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'D': 'Haemophilus influenzae', 'E': 'Chlamydia psittaci'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Mycoplasma pneumonia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 68-year-old man is referred to the cardiology department with complaints of shortness of breath on exertion that has been progressive for the last 6 months. He has a history of diabetes mellitus type II which is controlled with diet alone. He has a temperature of 37.1℃ (98.8℉), the pulse is 76/min, and the blood pressure is 132/86 mm Hg. Physical examination is notable for a systolic murmur heard best at the right upper sternal border with radiation to the carotid arteries. ECG shows left ventricular hypertrophy and absent Q waves. Transthoracic echocardiogram shows an elevated aortic pressure gradient with severe leaflet calcification and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Which of the following has a survival benefit for this patient’s cardiac problem?? \n{'A': 'A combination of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide', 'B': 'Atorvastatin', 'C': 'Serial clinical and echocardiographic follow-up', 'D': 'Transcatheter aortic valve replacement', 'E': 'Sodium nitroprusside'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 68-year-old man presents with urinary retention for the past week. He says his symptoms onset gradually almost immediately after being prescribed a new medication for his depression. He states that he has increased his fluid intake to try to help the issue, but this has been ineffective. He also mentions that he has been having problems with constipation and dry mouth. His past medical history is significant for major depressive disorder, diagnosed 6 months ago. The patient denies any history of smoking, alcohol consumption, or recreational drug use. He is afebrile, and his vital signs are within normal limits. A physical examination is unremarkable. A urinalysis is normal. Which of the following medications was this patient most likely prescribed for his depression?? \n{'A': 'Phenelzine', 'B': 'Mirtazapine', 'C': 'Citalopram', 'D': 'Amitriptyline', 'E': 'Venlafaxine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Amitriptyline" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:You are trying to design a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of metoprolol in patients with heart failure. In preparing for the statistical analysis, you review some common types of statistical errors. Which of the following is true regarding a type 1 error in a clinical study?? \n{'A': 'A type 1 error means the study is not significantly powered to detect a true difference between study groups.', 'B': 'A type 1 error occurs when the null hypothesis is true but is rejected in error.', 'C': 'A type 1 error occurs when the null hypothesis is false, yet is accepted in error.', 'D': 'A type 1 error is a beta (β) error and is usually 0.1 or 0.2.', 'E': 'A type 1 error is dependent on the confidence interval of a study.'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: A type 1 error occurs when the null hypothesis is true but is rejected in error." } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for a 1-week history of worsening shortness of breath. The symptoms occur when he climbs the stairs to his apartment on the 3rd floor and when he goes to bed. He gained 2.3 kg (5 lbs) in the past 5 days. He has a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, alcoholic steatosis, and osteoarthritis. He received surgical repair of a ventricular septal defect when he was 4 months old. He started taking ibuprofen for his osteoarthritis and simvastatin for his hyperlipidemia one week ago. He drinks 2–3 beers daily after work. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), his pulse is 114/min, and his blood pressure is 130/90 mmHg. Physical examination reveals jugular venous distention and 2+ pitting edema in his lower legs. On cardiac auscultation, an additional, late-diastolic heart sound is heard. Bilateral crackles are heard over the lung bases. Echocardiography shows concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Alcoholic cardiomyopathy', 'B': 'Pericardial effusion', 'C': 'Recent use of simvastatin', 'D': 'Arterial hypertension', 'E': 'Flow reversal of ventricular shunt'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Arterial hypertension" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 8-day-old male infant presents to the pediatrician with a high-grade fever and poor feeding pattern with regurgitation of milk after each feeding. On examination the infant showed abnormal movements, hypertonia, and exaggerated DTRs. The mother explains that during her pregnancy, she has tried to eat only unprocessed foods and unpasterized dairy so that her baby would not be exposed to any preservatives or unhealthy chemicals. Which of the following characteristics describes the causative agent that caused this illness in the infant?? \n{'A': 'Gram-positive, facultative intracellular, motile bacilli', 'B': 'Gram-positive, catalase-negative, beta hemolytic, bacitracin resistant cocci', 'C': 'Gram-negative, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic bacilli', 'D': 'Gram-positive, catalase-negative, alpha hemolytic, optochin sensitive cocci', 'E': 'Gram-negative, maltose fermenting diplococci'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Gram-positive, facultative intracellular, motile bacilli" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband after she lost consciousness 30 minutes ago. The patient’s husband says that she has been in a bad mood lately and getting upset over small things. He also says she has been crying a lot and staying up late at night. Her husband mentions that her mother died earlier this year, and she hasn’t been coping well with this loss. He says that he came home an hour ago and found her lying on the floor next to a bottle of pills. The patient’s husband knows that they were a bottle of her migraine pills but cannot remember the name of the medication. On examination, the patient’s blood pressure is 75/50 mm Hg, the pulse is 50/min, and the respiratory rate is 12/min. Which of the following is the best course of treatment for this patient?\n ? \n{'A': 'Insulin', 'B': 'Beta-agonist', 'C': 'Sodium bicarbonate', 'D': 'N-Acetylcysteine', 'E': 'Glucagon'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Glucagon" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 68-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of a lump in his left axilla that he first noticed 1 year ago. He reports that the size of the mass has varied over time and that there have been similar masses in his neck and groin. He has not had fever, weight loss, or night sweats. Physical examination shows a nontender, rubbery mass in the left axilla and a similar, smaller mass in the right groin. His spleen is palpable 3 cm below the left costal margin. Laboratory studies, including complete blood count, are within reference ranges. Genetic analysis obtained on resection of the axillary mass shows a t(14;18) translocation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Hodgkin lymphoma', 'B': 'Follicular lymphoma', 'C': 'Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma', 'D': 'Burkitt lymphoma', 'E': 'Marginal zone lymphoma'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Follicular lymphoma" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 40-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-week history of generalized weakness. He also reports increased urination and thirst. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. His only medication is metformin. Serum studies show:\nNa+ 134 mEq/L\nCl- 110 mEq/L\nK+ 5.6 mEq/L\nHCO3- 19 mEq/L\nGlucose 135 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.6 mg/dL\nUrine pH is 5.1. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?\"? \n{'A': 'Impaired HCO3- reabsorption in the proximal tubule', 'B': 'Decreased serum aldosterone levels', 'C': 'Impaired H+ secretion in the distal tubule', 'D': 'Increased serum lactate levels', 'E': 'Decreased serum cortisol levels'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Decreased serum aldosterone levels" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old female presents to clinic with recurrent episodes of abdominal discomfort and pain for the past month. She reports that the pain occurs 2-3 hours after meals, usually at midnight, and rates it as moderate to severe in intensity when it occurs. She also complains of being fatigued all the time. Past medical history is insignificant. She is an office secretary and says that the job has been very stressful recently. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), respiratory rate is 15/min, pulse is 67/min, and blood pressure is 122/98 mm Hg. Her BMI is 34. A physical examination reveals conjunctival pallor and mild tenderness over her epigastric region. Blood tests show:\nHb%: 10 gm/dL\nTotal count (WBC): 11,000 /mm3\nDifferential count:\nNeutrophils: 70%\nLymphocytes: 25%\nMonocytes: 5%\nESR: 10 mm/hr\nWhich of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Acute cholecystitis', 'B': 'Choledocholithiasis', 'C': 'Pancreatitis', 'D': 'Duodenal peptic ulcer', 'E': 'Gallbladder cancer'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Duodenal peptic ulcer" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 21-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of yellow discoloration of his skin, right upper abdominal pain, and fatigue. Two years ago, he underwent right-sided pleurodesis for recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. Pulmonary examination shows mild bibasilar crackles and expiratory wheezing. Laboratory studies show an elevation of serum transaminases. Histopathological examination of a tissue specimen obtained on liver biopsy shows PAS-positive globules within periportal hepatocytes. Genetic analysis shows substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 342 of a gene located on chromosome 14 that encodes for a protease inhibitor (Pi). This patient most likely has which of the following Pi genotypes?? \n{'A': 'PiZZ', 'B': 'PiSS', 'C': 'PiMS', 'D': 'PiSZ', 'E': 'PiMZ'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: PiZZ" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 23-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance. The patient was found unconscious in his bedroom after a suicide attempt. The patient had cut his wrists using a kitchen knife. The patient is unresponsive and pale. His temperature is 96°F (35.6°C), blood pressure is 70/35 mmHg, pulse is 190/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 92% on room air. Pressure is applied to his bilateral wrist lacerations. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is 7. A full trauma assessment is performed and reveals no other injuries. IV fluids are started as well as a rapid transfusion sequence. Norepinephrine is administered. Repeat vitals demonstrate that his blood pressure is 100/65 mmHg and pulse is 100/min. The patient is responsive and seems mildly confused. Resuscitation is continued and the patient's GCS improves to 15. Thirty minutes later, the patient's GCS is 11. His temperature is 103°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg, pulse is 122/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. The patient complains of flank pain. Laboratory values are ordered and demonstrate the following:\n\nHemoglobin: 9 g/dL\nHematocrit: 27%\nLeukocyte count: 10,500 cells/mm^3 with normal differential\nHaptoglobin: 11 mg/dL\nPlatelet count: 198,000/mm^3\n\nSerum:\nNa+: 139 mEq/L\nCl-: 101 mEq/L\nK+: 4.4 mEq/L\nHCO3-: 23 mEq/L\nBUN: 27 mg/dL\nGlucose: 99 mg/dL\nCreatinine: 1.5 mg/dL\nCa2+: 10.0 mg/dL\nBilirubin: 3.2 mg/dL\nAST: 22 U/L\nALT: 15 U/L\n\nWhich of the following describes the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Non-cardiogenic acute lung injury', 'B': 'Decreased IgA levels', 'C': 'Major blood group incompatibility', 'D': 'Minor blood group incompatibility', 'E': 'Recipient antibody reaction against foreign leukocytes'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Major blood group incompatibility" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old primigravida presents to the office with complaints of heartburn while lying flat on the bed at night and mild constipation that started a couple of weeks ago. She is 10 weeks pregnant, as determined by her last menstrual period. Her first menstruation was at 13 years of age and she has always had regular 28-day cycles. Her past medical history is insignificant. She does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol and does not take any medications. Her father died of colon cancer at 70 years of age, while her mother has diabetes and hypertension. Her vital signs include: temperature 36.9℃ (98.4℉), blood pressure 98/52 mm Hg, pulse 113/minute, oxygen saturation 99%, and respiratory rate 12 /minute. The physical examination was unremarkable, except for a diastolic murmur heard over the apex. Which of the following is considered abnormal in this woman?? \n{'A': 'Decreased vascular resistance', 'B': 'Increased cardiac output', 'C': 'Diastolic murmur', 'D': 'Low blood pressure', 'E': 'Tachycardia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Diastolic murmur" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old male patient presents to a medical office requesting screening for colorectal cancer. He currently has no symptoms and his main concern is that his father was diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 55 years of age. What screening strategy would be the most appropriate?? \n{'A': 'Perform a colonoscopy now and repeat every 10 years', 'B': 'Perform a colonoscopy at the age of 40 and repeat every 5 years', 'C': 'Perform a colonoscopy at the age of 40 and repeat every 3 years', 'D': 'Perform a colonoscopy at the age of 50 and repeat every 5 years', 'E': 'Perform a colonoscopy at the age of 50 and repeat every 10 years'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Perform a colonoscopy at the age of 40 and repeat every 5 years" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old woman presents to the emergency department due to severe, intractable headaches, and bilateral ocular pain. Her symptoms began approximately 2 weeks prior to presentation and have progressively worsened. She initially had right-sided headaches that were sharp, interfered with sleep, and were unresponsive to pain medications. The headache was around her right eye and cheek, and she noticed diplopia with right lateral gaze. Her symptoms were accompanied by fatigue, fever, and edema around the right eye. Approximately 2 days after these symptoms, she developed swelling around the left eye. Medical history is significant for a recent rhinosinusitis infection. Her temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 133/72 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. On physical exam, there is ptosis, proptosis, chemosis, and periorbital swelling of both eyes. There is hyperesthesia in the bilateral ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Fundoscopic exam demonstrates bilateral papilledema. There is mydriasis and eye muscle weakness in all directions. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Acute angle-closure glaucoma', 'B': 'Bacterial endophthalmitis', 'C': 'Cavernous sinus thrombosis', 'D': 'Orbital cellulitis', 'E': 'Preseptal cellulitis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Cavernous sinus thrombosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-year-old boy comes to the physician because of a painful lesion on the sole of his right foot for 1 month. It has become progressively larger and more painful, making it difficult for him to walk. He does not have any personal or family history of serious illness. Three years ago he was hospitalized for an ankle fracture that required open reduction and internal fixation. He has moderate facial acne for which he is not receiving any treatment right now. His immunizations are up-to-date. Examination shows a 1-cm lesion on the sole of his foot. The remainder of the examination is unremarkable. A photograph of his sole is shown below. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the lesion?? \n{'A': 'Trauma', 'B': 'Poxvirus', 'C': 'Human papilloma virus', 'D': 'Malignant transformation', 'E': 'Benign growth'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Human papilloma virus" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 51-year-old man presents to his primary care physician's office for a 6-week history of fatigue and diarrhea. He says that the diarrhea is frequent, small volume, and contains gross blood. Review of systems is significant for subjective fever and an unintentional 5-pound weight loss. He denies recent travel outside of the United States. His past medical history is significant for IV drug abuse, HIV infection with non-compliance, and osteoarthritis. His family history is significant for Crohn disease in his mother. His temperature is 100.7°F (38.2°C), pulse is 90/min, blood pressure is 129/72 mmHg, and respirations are 16/min. His abdominal exam shows mild right and left lower quadrant tenderness with no rebound or guarding. Laboratory results are significant for a CD4 count of 42/mm^3. Colonoscopy with tissue biopsy will most likely reveal which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions', 'B': 'Flask-shaped amebic ulcers', 'C': 'Loosely adherent inflammatory exudates', 'D': 'Lymphocytic mucosal infiltrates', 'E': 'Non-caseating granulomas'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 18-year-old primigravid woman comes to the physician for her first prenatal visit at 20 weeks' gestation. There is no family history of serious illness. She appears healthy and well-nourished. The uterus is palpated up to the level of the umbilicus. Laboratory studies show a maternal serum α-fetoprotein concentration of 8.2 MoM (N = 0.5–2.0). Ultrasonography shows a defect in the fetal abdominal wall to the right of the umbilical cord. A part of the fetus' bowels herniates through the abdominal defect and is suspended freely in the amniotic fluid. This fetus's condition is most likely associated with which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Chromosomal trisomy', 'B': 'Spina bifida', 'C': 'Intestinal dysmotility', 'D': 'Bladder exstrophy', 'E': 'Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Intestinal dysmotility" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A preterm neonate, born at 28 weeks of gestation, is in the neonatal intensive care unit as he developed respiratory distress during the 4th hour after birth. On the 2nd day of life, he required ventilator support. Today, on the 5th day of life, he developed generalized purpura and a hemorrhagic aspirate from the stomach. His laboratory workup is suggestive of thrombocytopenia, prolonged prothrombin time, and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the coagulation system of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Serum levels of fibrinogen in a preterm infant born at 32 weeks of gestation are typically normal, as compared to an adult.', 'B': 'A transient increase in serum levels of factor VII is seen in almost all neonates, which returns to normal levels by the 7th–10th day of life.', 'C': 'An extremely premature infant has markedly elevated levels of protein C, as compared to an adult.', 'D': 'There is a physiologic increase in levels of antithrombin III in neonates.', 'E': 'Administration of vitamin K to the mother during labor results in a reduction in the incidence of widespread subcutaneous ecchymosis that may be seen immediately after birth in otherwise normal premature infants.'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Serum levels of fibrinogen in a preterm infant born at 32 weeks of gestation are typically normal, as compared to an adult." } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination. He has lactose intolerance. His family emigrated from Somalia 6 months ago. He is at the 30th percentile for height and 15th percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows pale conjunctivae, an erythematous throat, and swollen tongue. There is inflammation of the perioral and labial mucosa, and peeling and cracking of the skin at the corners of the mouth. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. His hemoglobin concentration is 9.8 g/dL and mean corpuscular volume is 87 μm3. If left untreated, this child is also most likely to develop which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Hypersegmented neutrophils', 'B': 'Keratomalacia', 'C': 'Ataxia', 'D': 'Dilated cardiomyopathy', 'E': 'Seborrheic dermatitis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Seborrheic dermatitis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 27-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for evaluation of involuntary weight loss and recurrent abdominal pain. She noticed blood in her stool several times. The medical history is significant for the polycystic ovarian syndrome. The vital signs are as follows: temperature, 38.0°C (100.4°F); heart rate, 78/min; respiratory rate, 14/min; and blood pressure, 110/80 mm Hg. The family history is notable for paternal colon cancer. A colonoscopy is performed and is presented in the picture. What other findings are expected?? \n{'A': 'Non-caseating granulomas', 'B': 'Crypt abscess', 'C': 'Aphthous stomatitis', 'D': 'Blunting of villi and crypt hyperplasia', 'E': 'Dermatitis herpetiformis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Crypt abscess" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 20-year-old woman comes to the physician for contraceptive counseling. She has recently become sexually active with her boyfriend and expresses concerns because approximately 10 days ago the condom broke during intercourse. Her medical history is significant for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Urine pregnancy test is negative. After discussing different contraceptive options, the patient says, “I'd like to try the most effective method that works without hormones and would allow me to become pregnant at a later time.” The contraceptive method that best meets the patient's wishes has which of the following mechanisms?? \n{'A': 'Avoiding sex during fertile period', 'B': 'Inducing endometrial inflammation', 'C': 'Closing off the fallopian tubes', 'D': 'Thickening of cervical mucus', 'E': 'Preventing ovulation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Inducing endometrial inflammation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 39-year-old female with a long history of major depressive disorder presents to the emergency room with altered mental status. Her husband found her on the floor unconscious and rushed her to the emergency room. He reports that she has been in a severe depressive episode over the past several weeks. Vital signs are temperature 38.1 degrees Celsius, heart rate 105 beats per minute, blood pressure 110/70, respiratory rate 28, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. Serum sodium is 139, chloride is 100, and bicarbonate is 13. Arterial blood gas reveals a pH of 7.44 with a pO2 of 100 mmHg and a pCO2 of 23 mmHg. Which of the following correctly identifies the acid base disorder in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Mixed respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis', 'B': 'Mixed respiratory alkalosis and anion gap metabolic acidosis', 'C': 'Pure respiratory alkalosis', 'D': 'Pure non-gap metabolic acidosis', 'E': 'Mixed respiratory alkalosis and non-gap metabolic acidosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Mixed respiratory alkalosis and anion gap metabolic acidosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 24-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with a longstanding history of diarrhea. She reports recurrent, foul-smelling, loose stools and a 35 lb weight loss over the past 3 years. She also states that two months ago, she developed an \"itchy, bumpy\" rash on her elbows and forearms which has since resolved. She denies recent camping trips or travel outside of the country. On physical exam she appears thin, her conjunctiva and skin appear pale, and her abdomen is mildly distended. Which of the following tests would confirm this patient's diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Stool guaiac test', 'B': 'Stool test for ova and parasites', 'C': 'Small bowel endoscopy and biopsy', 'D': 'Serum anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody assay', 'E': 'Stool culture'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Small bowel endoscopy and biopsy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 30-year-old woman presents to clinic for for a routine checkup. She reports that she is in good health but that she felt short of breath on her hiking and skiing trip to Colorado the week prior. She explains that this was the first time she has gone that high into the mountains and was slightly concerned for the first few days because she felt chronically short of breath. She reports a history of childhood asthma, but this experience did not feel the same. She was on the verge of seeking medical attention, but it resolved three days later, and she has felt fine ever since. What other listed physiological change results in a physiologic alteration similar to that which occurred in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Increase in partial pressure of water in air', 'B': 'Increase in blood pH', 'C': 'Increase in concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in blood', 'D': 'Decreased concentration of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in blood', 'E': 'Decreased body temperature'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Increase in concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in blood" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-year-old girl presents with multiple manic and hypomanic episodes. The patient says that these episodes started last year and have progressively worsened. She is anxious to start treatment, so this will not impact her school or social life. The patient has prescribed an anticonvulsant drug that is also used to treat her condition. Which of the following is the drug most likely prescribed to this patient?? \n{'A': 'Lithium', 'B': 'Diazepam', 'C': 'Clonazepam', 'D': 'Phenobarbital', 'E': 'Valproic acid'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Valproic acid" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 36-year-old woman, gravida 4, para 3, at 35 weeks' gestation is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of a sudden, painless, bright red vaginal bleeding for the last hour. She has had no prenatal care. Her third child was delivered by lower segment transverse cesarean section because of a preterm breech presentation; her first two children were delivered vaginally. The patient's pulse is 100/min, respirations are 15/min, and blood pressure is 105/70 mm Hg. Examination shows a soft, nontender abdomen; no contractions are felt. There is blood on the vulva, the introitus, and on the medial aspect both thighs bilaterally. The fetus is in a cephalic presentation. The fetal heart rate is 140/min. One hour later, the bleeding stops. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Uterine atony', 'B': 'Abruptio placentae', 'C': 'Latent phase of labor', 'D': 'Placenta previa', 'E': 'Uterine rupture'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Placenta previa" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Eighteen hours after the vaginal delivery of a 2788-g (6-lb 2-oz) newborn, a 22-year-old woman has weakness and numbness of her right foot. She is unable to walk without dragging and shuffling the foot. The delivery was complicated by prolonged labor and had received epidural analgesia. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 118/70 mm Hg. Examination shows a high-stepping gait. There is weakness of right foot dorsiflexion and right ankle eversion. Sensation is decreased over the dorsum of the right foot and the anterolateral aspect of the right lower extremity below the knee. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'L2-L4 radiculopathy', 'B': 'Effect of epidural anesthesia', 'C': 'Postpartum angiopathy', 'D': 'Compression of the common peroneal nerve', 'E': 'Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Compression of the common peroneal nerve" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old woman first presented to your clinic due to morning stiffness, symmetrical arthralgia in her wrist joints, and fatigue. She had a blood pressure of 132/74 mm Hg and heart rate of 84/min. Physical examination revealed tenderness to palpation of both wrists but full range of motion. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies were positive and ESR was above normal ranges. She was started on methotrexate therapy. She returns for follow up 2 months later and is found to have megaloblastic anemia. What is the mechanism of action of methotrexate?? \n{'A': 'Elevates tetrahydrofolate levels', 'B': 'Elevates methylmalonic acid levels', 'C': 'Intercalates into strands of DNA', 'D': 'Inhibits vitamin B12 activation', 'E': 'Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 39-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of increasing shortness of breath over the past 3 months. He has been unable to climb the 3 flights of stairs to his apartment. Six years ago, he was diagnosed with HIV. He is currently receiving triple antiretroviral therapy, but he says that he often misses doses. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6° F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 160/70 mm Hg. There is a grade 4/6 holodiastolic murmur heard best at the right sternal border. The pupils are 4 mm, round, and not reactive to light. When a pen tip is advanced closer to the face, the pupils constrict. Extraocular movements are intact. When asked to stand, hold his arms in front of him, and close his eyes, he loses his balance and takes a step backward. An x-ray of the chest shows widening of the mediastinum. Which of the following is most likely to confirm the diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Anti-nuclear antibodies', 'B': 'Antistreptolysin O titer', 'C': 'Blood culture', 'D': 'Frataxin level', 'E': 'Treponemal test\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Treponemal test\n\"" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of a painless skin lesion on his neck. The lesion has gradually become darker in color. Sometimes it is itchy. He also noticed one similar lesion on his lower back. He is a retired gardener. He has smoked half a pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years. His temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 72/min, and blood pressure is 123/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows a 0.8-cm hyperpigmented papule on his neck and a 0.6-cm hyperpigmented papule on his lower back, both of which have a greasy and wax-like appearance. A photograph of the neck is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Actinic keratosis', 'B': 'Lentigo maligna', 'C': 'Basal cell carcinoma', 'D': 'Seborrheic keratosis', 'E': 'Dermatofibroma\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Seborrheic keratosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Laboratory studies are conducted. Her hematocrit is 32%, leukocyte count is 9,400/mm3, and platelet count is 96,000/mm3; serum studies show an aspartate aminotransferase of 94 U/L and an Alanine aminotransferase of 92 U/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Embolism of amniotic fluid into maternal circulation', 'B': 'Overactivation of the coagulation pathway', 'C': 'Viral reactivation and replication', 'D': 'Thrombotic obstruction of hepatic veins', 'E': 'Sequestration of platelets in the spleen\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Overactivation of the coagulation pathway" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 73-year-old female is hospitalized following a pelvic fracture. She undergoes surgical repair without complication. Four days into her hospital stay, she develops acute dyspnea and chest pain accompanied by oxyhemoglobin desaturation. Which of the following arterial blood gas values is the patient most likely to have? (normal values: pH 7.35 - 7.45, PaO2 80 - 100 mm Hg, PaCO2 35-45 mm Hg, HCO3 22-26)? \n{'A': 'pH 7.5, PaO2 60, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22', 'B': 'pH 7.3, PaO2 60, PaCO2 30, HCO3 20', 'C': 'pH 7.5, PaO2 60, PaCO2 50, HCO3 28', 'D': 'pH 7.3, PaO2 60, PaCO2 50, HCO3 24', 'E': 'pH 7.4, PaO2 60, PaCO2 40, HCO3 24'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: pH 7.5, PaO2 60, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old woman comes to the physician 10 days after noticing a mass in her left breast while bathing. She is concerned that it is breast cancer because her sister was diagnosed with breast cancer 3 years ago at 61 years of age. Menopause occurred 6 months ago. She has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 30 years. She took an oral contraceptive for 20 years. Current medications include hormone replacement therapy and a calcium supplement. Examination shows a 2.5-cm, palpable, hard, nontender, mass in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast; there is tethering of the skin over the lump. Examination of the right breast and axillae shows no abnormalities. Mammography shows an irregular mass with microcalcifications and oil cysts. A core biopsy shows foam cells and multinucleated giant cells. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Neoadjuvant chemotherapy', 'B': 'Reassurance', 'C': 'Lumpectomy with axillary staging', 'D': 'Modified radical mastectomy', 'E': 'Wide excision of the lump'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Reassurance" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 22-year-old college student comes to the physician because of depressed mood and fatigue for the past 5 weeks. He has been feeling sad and unmotivated to attend his college classes. He finds it particularly difficult to get out of bed in the morning. He has difficulty concentrating during lectures and often feels that he is less intelligent compared to his classmates. In elementary school, he was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and treated with methylphenidate; he stopped taking this medication 4 years ago because his symptoms had improved during high school. He has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 8 years; he feels guilty that he has been unable to quit despite numerous attempts. During his last attempt 3 weeks ago, he experienced increased appetite and subsequently gained 3 kg (6 lb 10 oz) in a week. Mental status examination shows psychomotor retardation and restricted affect. There is no evidence of suicidal ideation. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?? \n{'A': 'Amitriptyline', 'B': 'Lithium carbonate', 'C': 'Bupropion', 'D': 'Fluoxetine', 'E': 'Valproic acid'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Bupropion" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 7-month-old boy presents to the emergency room with three episodes of vomiting and severe abdominal pain that comes and goes for the past two hours. The patient's most recent vomit in the hospital appears bilious, and the patient had one stool that appears bloody and full of mucous. The mother explains that one stool at home appear to be \"jelly-like.\" On physical exam, a palpable mass is felt in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. What is the next best diagnostic test for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Peripheral blood culture', 'B': 'Kidney, ureter, bladder radiograph', 'C': 'Complete blood count with differential', 'D': 'Abdominal ultrasound', 'E': 'Exploratory laparotomy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Abdominal ultrasound" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Please refer to the summary above to answer this question\nA 63-year-old HIV-positive man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. Four years ago, he was diagnosed with HIV and was started on cART therapy. He tells the physician that he has been having difficulty adhering to his medication regimen. He has been unemployed for the past couple of years and relies on unemployment benefits to cover the costs of daily living. His father died of lymphoma at the age of 60 years. He had recently heard about the results of the study featured in the abstract and wants more information about his risk of developing DLBCL. Based on the study, which of the following is the greatest risk factor for the development of DLBCL in HIV-positive patients?\"? \n{'A': 'Positive family history of cancer', 'B': 'Male sex', 'C': 'Poor adherence to cART', 'D': 'Income below $30,000 per year', 'E': 'Age over 55 years\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Poor adherence to cART" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Twelve days after undergoing total pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis, a 62-year-old woman notices oozing from her abdominal wound. She first noticed fluid draining 8 hours ago. Her postoperative course has been complicated by persistent hypotension requiring intravenous fluids and decreased ability to tolerate food. She has type 1 diabetes mellitus and glaucoma. The patient smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years, but quit 2 years ago. She drank a pint of vodka every day starting at age 20 and quit when she was 35 years old. Her current medications include subcutaneous insulin and timolol eye drops. She appears comfortable. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 95/min, and blood pressure is 104/78 mm Hg. The abdomen is soft and mildly tender to palpation. There is a 12-cm vertical wound beginning in the epigastrium and extending caudally. 25 mL of a viscous, dark green substance is draining from the middle of the wound. There is a small amount of dried fluid on the patient's hospital gown. The wound edges are nonerythematous. There is no pus draining from the wound. Laboratory studies show:\nHematocrit 38%\nLeukocyte count 8,000/mm3\nSerum\nNa+ 135 mEq/L\nCl- 100 mEq/L\nK+ 3.4 mEq/L\nHCO3- 23 mEq/L\nUrea nitrogen 13 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.1 mg/dL\nGlucose 190 mg/dL\nWhich of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?\"? \n{'A': 'Intravenous antibiotic therapy', 'B': 'Surgical exploration of the abdomen', 'C': 'Oral food intake and intravenous fluid administration', 'D': 'Total parenteral nutrition and ostomy pouch', 'E': 'Wound debridement and irrigation\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Total parenteral nutrition and ostomy pouch" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 7-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of a 3-day history of vomiting and poor feeding. The vomit is non-bloody. He transitioned to pureed vegetables 10 days ago. Over the past 2 weeks, he has become increasingly irritable and within the past day has taken more daytime naps and appears much less responsive and interactive. His mother denies any history of fever or trauma at home. He has not received any vaccinations as his parents believe he is already healthy and does not need them. He spends most of the day with a babysitter while both parents are at work. He appears lethargic. His temperature is 37.8°C (100.1°F), pulse is 140/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 90/55 mm Hg. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Auscultation of the heart and lungs shows no abnormalities. The anterior fontanelle is tense and bulging. Fundoscopic exam shows bilateral retinal hemorrhage. A complete blood count shows a leukocyte count of 10,000/mm3. An x-ray of the chest shows healing fractures of the 2nd and 3rd right ribs. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?? \n{'A': 'Mass in the posterior fossa', 'B': 'Vitamin deficiency', 'C': 'Bacterial infection', 'D': 'Diffuse axonal damage', 'E': 'Type I collagen synthesis defect'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Diffuse axonal damage" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 47-year-old woman presents with weakness, shortness of breath, and lightheadedness. She says her symptoms onset gradually 4 months ago and have progressively worsened. Past medical history is significant for a long history of menorrhagia secondary to uterine fibroids. Her vital signs include: temperature 36.9°C (98.4°F), blood pressure 135/82 mm Hg, and pulse 97/min. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory test results are shown below:\nHemoglobin 9.2 g/dL\nMean corpuscular volume (MCV) 74 μm3\nMean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 21 pg/cell\nReticulocyte count 0.4 %\nSerum ferritin 10 ng/mL\nWhich of the following is a specific feature of this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Loss of proprioception', 'B': 'Bone deformities', 'C': 'Leg ulcers', 'D': 'Restless leg syndrome', 'E': 'Jaundice'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Restless leg syndrome" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 8-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother with nausea, vomiting, and decreased frequency of urination. He has acute lymphoblastic leukemia for which he received the 1st dose of chemotherapy 5 days ago. His leukocyte count was 60,000/mm3 before starting chemotherapy. The vital signs include: pulse 110/min, temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), and blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg. The physical examination shows bilateral pedal edema. Which of the following serum studies and urinalysis findings will be helpful in confirming the diagnosis of this condition? ? \n{'A': 'Hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and extremely elevated creatine kinase (MM)', 'B': 'Hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hyperuricemia, urine supernatant pink, and positive for heme', 'C': 'Hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, lactic acidosis, and urate crystals in the urine', 'D': 'Hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and urinary monoclonal spike', 'E': 'Hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, lactic acidosis, and oxalate crystals'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, lactic acidosis, and urate crystals in the urine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 17-year-old male is brought to the emergency department following a motor vehicle accident. He has suffered several wounds and is minimally responsive. There is a large laceration on his forehead as well as a fracture of his nasal bridge. He appears to be coughing and spitting blood. He is already wearing a soft collar. Vitals are as follows: T 36.4C, BP 102/70 mmHg, HR 126 bpm, and RR 18 rpm, and SpO2 is 88% on RA. He has 2 peripheral IVs and received 2L of IV normal saline on route to the hospital. There is frank blood in the oropharynx. Breath sounds are present bilaterally. Abdomen is distended and tender. Pulses are 1+. Which of the following should be the first step in management?? \n{'A': 'Blood transfusion with unmatched blood', 'B': 'Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan', 'C': 'Orotracheal intubation', 'D': 'Type and screen for matched blood transfusion', 'E': 'Cricothyroidotomy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Cricothyroidotomy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the clinic and presents with complaints of flu-like symptoms and chest pain for a 3-day duration. The mother states that he felt warm to the touch and developed his chest and muscle pain within the past week, but she was hesitant to administer any medications. She confirms that all pediatric vaccinations were given at the appropriate times. The current temperature is 38.8°C (102.0°F), the heart rate is 90/min, the blood pressure is 102/64 mm Hg, and the respiratory rate is 26/min. Biopsy of the heart demonstrates the image. In which subclass is the offending virus most likely found?? \n{'A': 'Herpesvirus', 'B': 'Parvovirus', 'C': 'Enterovirus', 'D': 'Togavirus', 'E': 'Flavivirus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Enterovirus" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 63-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of redness, swelling, and pain of the right leg. He also has fever, chills, and nausea. He has noticed liquid oozing from the affected area on his right leg. He has a history of hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Three months ago, he was hospitalized for treatment of a hip fracture. His current medications include metoprolol, enalapril, and omeprazole. His temperature is 38.7°C (101.7°F), pulse is 106/min, and blood pressure is 142/94 mm Hg. Examination of the right lower leg shows a large area of erythema with poorly-demarcated borders and purulent drainage. The area is nonfluctuant, warm, and tender to touch. Examination of the right groin shows several enlarged, tender lymph nodes. There is mild edema of the ankles bilaterally. Blood and wound cultures are collected. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Prednisone therapy', 'B': 'Incision and drainage', 'C': 'Vancomycin therapy', 'D': 'Surgical debridement', 'E': 'Dicloxacillin therapy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Vancomycin therapy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 26-year-old man presents to the behavioral health clinic for assistance overcoming his fear of public speaking. He has always hated public speaking. Two weeks ago, he was supposed to present a research project at school but had to leave the podium before the presentation. He recalled that his heart was racing, his palms were sweating, and that he could not breathe. These symptoms resolved on their own after several minutes, but he felt too embarrassed to return to college the next day. This had also happened in high school where, before a presentation, he started sweating and felt palpitations and nausea that also resolved on their own. He is scheduled for another presentation next month and is terrified. He states that this only happens in front of large groups and that he has no problems communicating at small gatherings. Other than his fear of public speaking, he has a normal social life and many friends. He enjoys his classes and a part-time job. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Social anxiety disorder, performance only', 'B': 'Social anxiety disorder, generalized', 'C': 'Panic disorder', 'D': 'Panic disorder with agoraphobia', 'E': 'Normal human behavior'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Social anxiety disorder, performance only" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 41-year-old woman arrives to her primary care physician with abnormal labs. She states that 1 week ago she had laboratory work done as part of her company’s health initiative. During the past month, she has been walking 3 miles a day and has increased the amount of fruits and vegetables in her diet. Her medical history is significant for obesity, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea. She takes hydrochlorothiazide and wears a continuous positive airway pressure machine at night. Her recent labs are shown below:\n\nSerum:\nNa+: 140 mEq/L\nK+: 4.1 mEq/L\nCl-: 101 mEq/L\nBUN: 16 mg/dL\nGlucose: 95 mg/dL\nCreatinine: 0.9 mg/dL\n\nTotal cholesterol: 255 mg/dL (normal < 200 mg/dL)\nLow-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol: 115 mg/dL (normal < 100 mg/dL)\nHigh-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol: 40 (normal > 50 mg/dL)\nTriglycerides: 163 mg/dL (normal < 150 mg/dL)\n\nThe patient is started on atorvastatin. Which of the following is the most common adverse effect of the patient’s new medication?? \n{'A': 'Cholesterol gallstones', 'B': 'Elevated liver enzymes', 'C': 'Flushing', 'D': 'Lactic acidosis', 'E': 'Rhabdomyolysis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Elevated liver enzymes" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-month-old girl presents for a routine examination. The patient’s mother says that the child is craving ice and often gasps for breath while walking or playing. Family history is unremarkable. The patient is afebrile, and vital signs are within normal limits. Her weight is at the 20th percentile and height is at the 35th percentile for age and sex. Conjunctival pallor is noted on physical examination. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:\nHemoglobin 9.2 g/dL\nMean corpuscular volume 72 μm3\nMean corpuscular hemoglobin 21 pg/cell\nSerum ferritin 9 ng/mL\nRed cell distribution width 16% (ref: 11.5–14.5%)\nWhich of the following additional laboratory findings would most likely be found in this patient?? \n{'A': '↑ transferrin saturation', 'B': '↑ total iron binding capacity (TIBC)', 'C': '↑ reticulocyte count', 'D': 'Bone marrow biopsy showing ringed sideroblasts', 'E': '↑ hemoglobin A2'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: ↑ total iron binding capacity (TIBC)" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 53-year-old man is brought in by EMS to the emergency room. He was an unrestrained driver in a motor vehicle crash. Upon arrival to the trauma bay, the patient's Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is 13. He appears disoriented and is unable to follow commands. Vital signs are: temperature 98.9 F, heart rate 142 bpm, blood pressure 90/45 mmHg, respirations 20 per minute, shallow with breath sounds bilaterally and SpO2 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a midline trachea, prominent jugular venous distention, and distant heart sounds on cardiac auscultation. A large ecchymosis is found overlying the sternum. Which of the following best explains the underlying physiology of this patient's hypotension?? \n{'A': 'Hypovolemia due to hemorrhage resulting in decreased preload', 'B': 'Hypovolemia due to distributive shock and pooling of intravascular volume in capacitance vessels', 'C': 'Impaired left ventricular filling resulting in decreased left ventricular stroke volume', 'D': 'Increased peripheral vascular resistance, resulting in increased afterload', 'E': 'Acute valvular dysfunction resulting in a hyperdynamic left ventrical'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Impaired left ventricular filling resulting in decreased left ventricular stroke volume" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A new antihypertensive medication is studied in 3,000 Caucasian men with coronary heart disease who are over age 65. The results show benefits in terms of improved morbidity and mortality as well as a decreased rate of acute coronary events with minimal side effects. After hearing about this new medication and supporting study at a recent continuing education course, a family physician elects to prescribe this medication to a 39-year-old Hispanic female who presents with primary hypertension. After a one month trial and appropriate adjustments in the dosing, the patient's blood pressure is not well controlled by this medication. Which of the following statistical concepts could explain this patient's poor response to the medication?? \n{'A': 'Confounding', 'B': 'Selection bias', 'C': 'Effect modification', 'D': 'Generalizability', 'E': 'Observer bias'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Generalizability" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 2-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department because of bilateral hand pain and swelling. Her parents say the pain began 1 week ago and has gotten progressively worse. Two weeks ago, the patient had a low-grade fever and lace-like rash on her arms and trunk for several days. The patient appears to be in distress. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.4°F), pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 25/min. The dorsum of her hands and fingers are erythematous, swollen, warm, and tender to palpation. Her hemoglobin concentration is 9.1 g/dL and leukocyte count is 8,000/mm3. A peripheral blood smear is shown. Which of the following interventions is most appropriate to prevent a recurrence of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Blood transfusions', 'B': 'Hydroxyurea', 'C': 'Regular red cell exchange transfusions', 'D': 'Prophylactic penicillin', 'E': 'IV cefazolin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Hydroxyurea" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss that started after a recent backpacking trip in Southeast Asia. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. His leukocyte count is 7,500/mm3 (61% segmented neutrophils, 13% eosinophils, and 26% lymphocytes). Stool microscopy shows rhabditiform larvae. This patient is most likely to develop which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Hematuria', 'B': 'Perianal serpiginous rash', 'C': 'Rectal prolapse', 'D': 'Peripheral lymphedema', 'E': 'Muscle tenderness'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Perianal serpiginous rash" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 41-year-old woman comes to the physician because of an 8-hour history of colicky abdominal pain and nausea. The pain worsened after she ate a sandwich, and she has vomited once. She has no history of serious medical illness. Her temperature is 37.2°C (99.1°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 134/83 mm Hg. Physical examination shows scleral icterus and diffuse tenderness in the upper abdomen. Serum studies show:\nTotal bilirubin 2.7 mg/dL\nAST 35 U/L\nALT 38 U/L\nAlkaline phosphatase 180 U/L\nγ-Glutamyltransferase 90 U/L (N = 5–50)\nUltrasonography is most likely to show a stone located in which of the following structures?\"? \n{'A': 'Common bile duct', 'B': 'Common hepatic duct', 'C': 'Cystic duct', 'D': 'Gallbladder neck', 'E': 'Gallbladder fundus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Common bile duct" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A primigravid 28-year-old woman delivers a 38-week-old male infant via spontaneous vaginal delivery. She had no prenatal care during her pregnancy. At birth the infant has underdeveloped hands and radiograph reveals missing phalanges in the thumbs. Examination of the buttocks reveals a missing anus. Further work-up reveals flow between the two ventricles on echocardiography and a single kidney on preliminary abdominal ultrasound. The infant also has difficulty feeding that results in coughing and apnea. Which of the following tissues was most likely affected during embryologic development?? \n{'A': 'Surface ectoderm', 'B': 'Neuroectoderm', 'C': 'Neural crest', 'D': 'Mesoderm', 'E': 'Endoderm'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Mesoderm" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 58-year-old female presents with a two-month history of intermittent non-bloody diarrhea. She reports that she has been following a raw food diet for six months to help her lose weight. The patient’s medical history is significant for anxiety, treated with fluvoxamine, and osteopenia. She reports her mother has lactose intolerance and has recently been diagnosed with osteoporosis. The patient denies any tobacco or alcohol use. When asked about recent travel, she reports she returned three months ago from a mission trip in Uganda. The patient’s temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 130/78 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 14/min with an oxygen saturation of 98% O2 on room air. On physical exam, a new-onset systolic ejection murmur is noted and is heard loudest at the left second intercostal space. Which of the following may develop in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Low platelet count', 'B': 'Positive hydrogen breath test', 'C': 'Decreased levels of chromogranin A', 'D': 'Vitamin D deficiency', 'E': 'Niacin deficiency'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Niacin deficiency" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother for abdominal pain. She states that he has refused to eat and keeps clutching his stomach saying “ow.” She reports that he has not had any vomiting or diarrhea. She says that he has not had a bowel movement in 3 days. The family recently moved from Namibia and has not established care. He has no known medical conditions and takes no medications. The mother says there is a family history of a “blood illness.” On physical examination, there is mild distension with tenderness in the bilateral lower quadrants without organomegaly. An ultrasound of the abdomen reveals 2 gallstones without gallbladder wall thickening or ductal dilation and a negative Murphy sign. An abdominal radiograph shows moderate stool burden in the large bowel and rectum. Labs are obtained, as below:\n\nHemoglobin: 9 g/dL\nPlatelet count: 300,000/mm^3\nMean corpuscular volume (MCV): 85 µm^3\nReticulocyte count: 5%\nLactate dehydrogenase (LDH): 532 U/L\nLeukocyte count: 11/mm^3\nSerum iron: 140 mcg/dL\nTransferrin saturation: 31% (normal range 20-50%)\nTotal iron binding capacity (TIBC): 400 mcg/dL (normal range 240 to 450 mcg/dL)\n\nA hemoglobin electrophoresis shows hemoglobin S, increased levels of hemoglobin F, and no hemoglobin A. The results are discussed with the patient’s mother including recommendations for increasing fiber in the patient’s diet and starting hydroxyurea. Which of the following should also be part of management for the patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'Folate after age 5', 'B': 'Iron supplementation', 'C': 'Penicillin until age 5', 'D': 'Ursodeoxycholic acid', 'E': 'Vaccination for parvovirus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Penicillin until age 5" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 64-year-old man presents to the outpatient clinic because of abdominal pain. He reports that for the last few months, he has had postprandial pain that is worsened by spicy foods. He states that the pain is often located in the right upper portion of his abdomen and feels like it's traveling to his shoulder blade. These episodes are sporadic and unpredictable. He denies any fevers. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Abdominal ultrasound is shown. Which of the following is the best treatment for this condition?? \n{'A': 'Cholecystectomy', 'B': 'Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)', 'C': 'Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)', 'D': 'Ketorolac', 'E': 'Ursodeoxycholic acid'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Cholecystectomy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old male comes into the trauma bay by EMS transport with a known history of gross contamination of an unknown dry/powder chemical from a research laboratory accident. Currently his vital signs are stable but he is in obvious discomfort with diffuse skin irritation. What should be done for this patient during the primary survey?? \n{'A': 'Take a sample of the unknown substance and send it to the lab for stat identification', 'B': 'Sedate and intubate the patient for concern of poor airway protection', 'C': 'Dilute the unknown substance load by washing the patient off in a chemical burn shower', 'D': \"Brush off the gross amount of unknown chemical and then remove all of the patient's clothes\", 'E': \"Cover the patient's skin burns with topical mineral oil\"}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Brush off the gross amount of unknown chemical and then remove all of the patient's clothes" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 6-year-old male is brought to the pediatrician by his mother because she is concerned about his breathing. She states that every once in a while he seems to have bouts of coughing but doesn't have any significant difficulty breathing. She demands that the pediatrician begin treatment with albuterol as she is convinced that her child has asthma. The pediatrician, not fully convinced, states that he will run a test that will help to rule out asthma as a diagnosis. To which of the following tests is the pediatrician referring?? \n{'A': 'Pulmonary function tests', 'B': 'Methacholine challenge test', 'C': 'CT scan', 'D': 'Chest ragiograph', 'E': 'Allergy testing'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Methacholine challenge test" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 57-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of intermittent dyspnea and dizziness. She has a history of mitral valve stenosis. Her pulse is 125/min and irregularly irregular, and blood pressure is 102/66 mm Hg. A transthoracic echocardiogram shows doming of the anterior mitral valve leaflet during systole. Which of the following elements is most likely to be absent from this patient's jugular venous pressure waveform?? \n{'A': 'Area 1', 'B': 'Area 2', 'C': 'Area 3', 'D': 'Area 4', 'E': 'Area 5'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Area 1" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and asthma comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of intermittent dry, hacking cough. He does not have fever, chest pain, or shortness of breath. He does not smoke cigarettes. Current medications include simvastatin, metformin, albuterol, and ramipril. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 87/min, and blood pressure is 142/88 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Start dextromethorphan and increase frequency of albuterol', 'B': 'Stop simvastatin and start atorvastatin', 'C': 'Stop ramipril and start candesartan', 'D': 'Stop ramipril and start lisinopril', 'E': 'Stop albuterol and start salmeterol\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Stop ramipril and start candesartan" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 86-year-old male with a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia is sent to the hospital from the skilled nursing facility due to fever, confusion, and decreased urine output. Urinalysis shows 12-18 WBC/hpf with occasional lymphocytes. Urine and blood cultures grow out gram-negative, motile, urease positive rods. What component in the identified bacteria is primarily responsible for causing the innate immune response seen in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Teichoic acid in the cell wall', 'B': 'Outer membrane', 'C': 'Polyribosylribitol phosphate', 'D': 'Secreted toxin', 'E': 'Nucleic acid'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Outer membrane" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 62-year-old man goes to the emergency room (ER) for an intense lower abdominal pain associated with inability to urinate. Physical examination shows tenderness of the lower abdomen bilaterally. Rectal examination reveals an enlarged, smooth, and symmetrical prostate. The ER team fails to pass a Foley catheter through the urethra, and the urology team decides to place a suprapubic catheter to drain the urine and relieve the patient’s symptoms. An ultrasound shows dilation of the collecting system in both kidneys. Laboratory studies show an elevated serum creatinine of 1.6 mg/dL for an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 50 ml/min/1.73 m2. The patient visits the urology team for a follow-up visit 3 weeks after the acute event, in which he claims to have close to normal urination. However, his serum creatinine stays elevated at 1.5 mg/dL. What renal gross findings correlate with this patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'Thin cortical rim', 'B': 'Ureteropelvic junction narrowing', 'C': 'Enlarged kidneys with bosselated surface', 'D': 'Pale cortical deposits', 'E': 'Granular surface'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Thin cortical rim" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old woman gravida 2, para 1, at 35 weeks' gestation is admitted to the hospital 1 hour after spontaneous rupture of membranes. She has had mild abdominal discomfort and nausea for a day. Her pregnancy has been complicated by gestational diabetes, which is controlled with a strict diet. Her first child was delivered by lower segment transverse cesarean section because of placental abruption. Current medications include iron and vitamin supplements. Her immunizations are up-to-date. Her temperature is 38.6°C (101.5°F), pulse is 122/min, and blood pressure is 110/78 mm Hg. Abdominal examination shows severe, diffuse tenderness throughout the lower quadrants. Speculum examination confirms rupture of membranes with drainage of malodorous, blood-tinged fluid. Ultrasonography shows the fetus in a cephalic presentation. The fetal heart rate is 175/min and reactive with no decelerations. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 11.1 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 13,100/mm3\nSerum\nNa+ 136 mEq/L\nCl- 101 mEq/L\nK+ 3.9 mEq/L\nGlucose 108 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.1 mg/dL\nUrine\nProtein Negative\nGlucose 1+\nBlood Negative\nWBC 3–4/hpf\nRBC Negative\nNitrites Negative\nWhich of the following is the most likely diagnosis?\"? \n{'A': 'Influenza', 'B': 'Chorioamnionitis', 'C': 'Acute appendicitis', 'D': 'Acute pyelonephritis', 'E': 'Uterine rupture\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Chorioamnionitis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 48-year-old woman presents with severe chest pain for 2 hours. An episode of severe retching and bloody vomiting preceded the onset of chest pain. She says she had an episode of binge drinking last night. Past medical history includes a gastric ulcer 5 years ago, status post-surgical repair. Her blood pressure is 110/68 mm Hg, pulse is 90/min, respiratory rate is 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 90% on room air. ECG is unremarkable. Her cardiovascular examination is normal. Crepitus is heard over the left lower lobe of the lung. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Linear laceration at the gastroesophageal junction', 'B': 'Horizontal partition in the tunica media of the aorta', 'C': 'Rupture of the esophagus due to increased intraluminal pressure', 'D': 'Helicobacter pylori infection', 'E': 'Infarction of the myocardium'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Rupture of the esophagus due to increased intraluminal pressure" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 43-year-old man comes to the physician because of a swelling at the back of his left knee that he first noticed 2 months ago. The swelling is not painful, but he occasionally experiences pain at the back of his knee when he is standing for prolonged periods. He also reports mild stiffness of the knee when he wakes up in the morning that disappears after a few minutes of waking up and moving about. Examination shows no local calf tenderness, but forced dorsiflexion of the foot aggravates his knee pain. There is a 3-cm, mildly tender, fixed mass at the medial side of the left popliteal fossa. The mass is more prominent on extension and disappears upon flexion of the left knee. Which of the following is the strongest predisposing risk factor for this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Purine-rich diet', 'B': 'Varicose veins', 'C': 'Mutation of coagulation factor V gene', 'D': 'Family history of multiple lipomatosis', 'E': 'History of meniscal tear'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: History of meniscal tear" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 56-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of difficulty swallowing food. Initially, only solid food was problematic, but liquids have also become more difficult to swallow over the last 2 months. She also reports occasional regurgitation of food when she lies down. The patient is an avid birdwatcher and returned from a 3-week trip to the Amazon rainforest 3 months ago. She has had a 3.5-kg (7.7-lb) weight loss over the past 6 months. She has not had abdominal pain, blood in her stools, or fever. She underwent an abdominal hysterectomy for fibroid uterus 6 years ago. She has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 25 years. Current medications include metformin and sitagliptin. The examination shows no abnormalities. Her hemoglobin concentration is 12.2 g/dL. A barium esophagram is shown. Esophageal manometry monitoring shows the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax during swallowing. Which of the following is the next best step in management?? \n{'A': 'Nifedipine', 'B': 'Gastroesophageal endoscopy', 'C': 'Giemsa stain of blood smear', 'D': 'Myotomy with fundoplication', 'E': 'CT scan of the chest and abdomen'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Gastroesophageal endoscopy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 57-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with complaints of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and bloating that have increased in severity over the past several months. She reports that she occasionally vomits after eating. She states that the emesis contains undigested food particles. Additionally, the patient states that she often is satiated after only a few bites of food at meals. Her medical history is significant for hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus. Initial laboratory values are notable only for a hemoglobin A1c of 14%. Which of the following is the best initial treatment for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Dietary modification', 'B': 'Erythromycin', 'C': 'Metoclopramide', 'D': 'Myotomy', 'E': 'Surgical resection'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Dietary modification" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle collision. He was an unrestrained driver in a head on collision. The patient has a Glasgow coma scale of 9 and is responding to questions inappropriately. His temperature is 96.0°F (35.6°C), blood pressure is 64/44 mmHg, pulse is 192/min, respirations are 32/min, and oxygen saturation is 94% on room air. Which of the following interventions is the best treatment for this patient’s hypotension?? \n{'A': 'Dobutamine', 'B': 'Norepinephrine', 'C': 'Normal saline', 'D': 'Steroids and neurosurgical intervention', 'E': 'Whole blood'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Whole blood" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 36-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room for altered mental status and rapid twitching of her left hand 3 hours ago. The patient is a poor historian given her current mental status, and her husband provided most of the history. He reports that the patient started demonstrating bizarre behavior about 2 weeks ago. She would be up until late into the night working on a “genius project” she had and had elaborate plans to double their joint investments. This morning, she began having speech difficulties, and her left hand jerked uncontrollably for the 10 minutes. He denies loss of consciousness, urinary incontinence, vision changes, or sick contacts. Her past medical history is significant for an adequately treated syphilis infection 10 years ago. Her temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 118/70 mmHg, pulse is 103/min, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. A physical examination demonstrates a lethargic individual with neck stiffness. A computed tomography of the head is unremarkable, and a cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) study is shown below.\n\nCell count: 760/mm3\nCell type: Lymphocytes\nGlucose: 60 mg/dL\nPressure: 100 mmH2O\nProteins: 35 mg/dL\nErythrocytes: 130/mm^3\n\nWhat is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Brain abscess', 'B': 'Infection with herpes simplex virus', 'C': 'Infection with Streptococcal pneumoniae', 'D': 'Neurosyphilis', 'E': 'Undiagnosed bipolar disorder'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Infection with herpes simplex virus" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-year-old teenager is brought to the pediatrician’s office by her mother. The mother expresses concerns about her daughter’s health because she has not achieved menarche. The daughter confirms this and upon further questioning, denies any significant weight loss, changes in mood, or changes in her appetite. She denies being sexually active. She is a good student who works hard and enjoys competing in sports. She was born via spontaneous vaginal delivery at 39 weeks. There some discussion about mild birth defects, but her mother never followed up and can not recall the specifics. Her vaccines are up to date and she has met all developmental milestones. Past medical history and family history are benign. She has a heart rate of 90/min, respiratory rate of 17/min, blood pressure of 110/65 mm Hg, and temperature of 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical examination, the patient is short in stature at the 33rd percentile in height. Additionally, she has some excessive skin in the neck and has a broad chest with widely spaced nipples. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following genetic abnormalities is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?? \n{'A': '45,X0', 'B': '45,XX, t(14;21)', 'C': 'Trisomy 21', 'D': '47,XXY', 'E': '21-hydroxylase deficiency'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: 45,X0" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 14-year-old girl presents to the pediatrician because she has not experienced the onset of menstruation. Her mother reports that her pubic hair developed at the age of 9 years. Her mother also informs that she has been experiencing recurrent serous otitis media since early childhood. The temperature is 36.8°C (98.4°F), pulse is 88/min, blood pressure is 128/78 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 14/min. The physical examination shows hypoplastic nails, along with short 4th and 5th metacarpals, and cubitus valgus bilaterally. In addition, the examination of her chest shows lack of breast development with widely spaced nipples. The auscultation of the chest reveals normal heart sounds with no murmur noted. The examination of the head and neck region shows a high arched palate, dental malocclusion, and a low hairline. Which of the following signs is most likely to be present on examination of her skin?? \n{'A': 'Acanthosis nigricans', 'B': 'Cutaneous angiomas', 'C': 'Elastosis perforans serpiginosa', 'D': 'Increased number of benign nevi', 'E': 'Xerosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Increased number of benign nevi" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician for a 3-month history of bloody discharge from the right nipple. Her mother died of breast cancer at the age of 69 years. Mammography 6 months ago did not show any abnormalities. Examination of the breast shows expression of a small amount of serosanguinous fluid from the right nipple; there are no palpable breast masses or axillary lymphadenopathy. Ultrasonography of the right breast shows a single dilated duct. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Breast lipoma', 'B': 'Invasive ductal carcinoma', 'C': 'Phyllodes tumor', 'D': 'Paget disease of the breast', 'E': 'Intraductal papilloma'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Intraductal papilloma" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 7-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department because she has had abdominal pain and vomiting for the past day. The pain is intermittent, diffuse in nature, and worse after meals. She does not have loose or bloody stools. She has had a nonpruritic rash on her legs and swelling of her ankles for 6 days. She was treated with oral amoxicillin for a sore throat 2 weeks ago. Her immunizations are up-to-date. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the lower extremities shows non-blanching, raised erythematous papules. The left ankle joint is swollen and warm, and its range of motion is limited by pain. Abdominal examination shows tenderness to palpation in the left lower quadrant without guarding or rebound. Bowel sounds are normal. Test of the stool for occult blood is positive. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 10.1 g/dL\nLeukocyte count\n11,800/mm3\nPlatelet count 431,000/mm3\nErythrocyte sedimentation rate 45 mm/h\nSerum\nGlucose 72 mg/dL\nCreatinine 0.9 mg/dL\nWhich of the following is the most likely diagnosis?\"? \n{'A': 'Familial mediterranean fever', 'B': 'Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome', 'C': 'Immune thrombocytopenic purpura', 'D': 'Juvenile idiopathic arthritis', 'E': 'Leukocytoclastic vasculitis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A study seeks to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of treating asymptomatic subclinical hypothyroidism in preventing symptoms of hypothyroidism. The investigators found 300 asymptomatic patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, defined as serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of 5 to 10 μU/mL with normal serum thyroxine (T4) levels. The patients were randomized to either thyroxine 75 μg daily or placebo. Both investigators and study subjects were blinded. Baseline patient characteristics were distributed similarly in the treatment and control group (p > 0.05). Participants' serum T4 and TSH levels and subjective quality of life were evaluated at a 3-week follow-up. No difference was found between the treatment and placebo groups. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the results of this study?? \n{'A': 'Lead-time bias', 'B': 'Latency period', 'C': 'Confounding bias', 'D': 'Berkson bias', 'E': 'Observer effect'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Latency period" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A researcher is studying the mammalian immune response with an unknown virus. A group of mice are inoculated with the virus, and blood is subsequently drawn from these animals at various intervals to check immunoglobulin levels. Which of the following is a critical step in the endogenous pathway of antigen presentation for the virus model presented above?? \n{'A': 'Degradation of the antigen by the proteases in the phagolysosome', 'B': 'Translocation of the antigen into endosome after phagocytosis', 'C': 'Translocation of the antigen into the endoplasmic reticulum via TAP proteins', 'D': 'Binding of the peptide to MHC class II', 'E': 'Interaction of the MHC class II complex with its target CD4+ T cell'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Translocation of the antigen into the endoplasmic reticulum via TAP proteins" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 5-minute episode of repetitive, involuntary, twitching movements of his left arm that occurred 1 hour ago. His symptoms began while playing with some toys. His parents say that he began to stand with support at 18 months and has recently started to walk with support. He speaks in bisyllables. He is at the 70th percentile for length and 80th percentile for weight. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a purple-pink patch over the right cheek that extends to the right eyelid. The right eyeball is firm. Neurologic examination shows left arm hypotonia and absent bicep reflex on the left side. Fundoscopy shows cupping of the right optic disc. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Ataxia telangiectasia', 'B': 'Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia', 'C': 'Sturge-Weber syndrome', 'D': 'Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome', 'E': 'Neurofibromatosis type 1'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Sturge-Weber syndrome" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-month-old neonate girl is brought to the pediatrician because of feeding problems and recurrent infections. She has a blood pressure of 104/65 mm Hg and heart rate of 91/min. On physical examination, she has a cleft palate, malformed jaw, structural cardiac abnormalities, and diminished cell-mediated responses. Laboratory investigations reveal hypocalcemia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)', 'B': 'Wiskott-Aidrich syndrome', 'C': 'Chediak-Higashi syndrome', 'D': 'DiGeorge syndrome', 'E': 'Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: DiGeorge syndrome" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 3-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department after his mother found him to be extremely lethargic. He was born at home with no prenatal care and has no documented medical history. On presentation, he is found to have shorter stature and increased weight compared to normal infants as well as coarse facial features. Physical exam reveals a large protruding tongue and an umbilical hernia. The patient otherwise appears normal. Laboratory tests confirm the diagnosis, and the patient is started on appropriate treatment. The physician counsels the parents that despite initiation of treatment, the boy may have lasting mental retardation. Which of the following is most likely associated with the cause of this patient's disorder?? \n{'A': 'Chromosomal trisomy', 'B': 'Congenital infection', 'C': 'Genetic microdeletion', 'D': 'Iodine deficiency', 'E': 'Lysosomal defect'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Iodine deficiency" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 34-year-old man presents to the emergency department with leg weakness that significantly impairs and slows down his walking ability. He has noticed that he has been getting progressively weaker over the past 3 months. He has also experienced spontaneous twitching in his arms and thighs that is becoming more frequent. On physical examination, the patient appears to have decreased muscle tone and moderate atrophy of his arm and thigh muscles. Significant thenar atrophy is noted bilaterally, and deep tendon reflexes are increased. His lower limbs have resistance to movement and feel rigid. Pupillary light and accommodation reflexes are both normal. The patient can maintain his balance upon closing his eyes. Considering this case presentation, which of the following is the likely site of the lesion?? \n{'A': 'Nucleus of Onuf', 'B': 'Medullary lateral fasciculus', 'C': 'Ventral horn', 'D': 'Ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus', 'E': 'Fasciculus gracilis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Ventral horn" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old man is admitted to the hospital with acute onset dyspnea, chest pain, and fainting. The medical history is significant for infective endocarditis at the age of 17 years, and intravenous drugs abuse prior to the disease. He reports a history of mild dyspnea on exertion. Currently, his only medication is duloxetine, which the patient takes for his depression. The vital signs include: blood pressure 160/100 mm Hg, heart rate 103/min, respiratory rate 21/min, temperature 38.1℃ (100.9℉), and the oxygen saturation is 91% on room air. On physical examination, the patient is dyspneic, restless, confused, and anxious. His pupils are dilated, symmetrical, and reactive to light. The patient’s skin is pale with acrocyanosis and clear without signs of injection. There is a bilateral jugular venous distention. On lung auscultation, there are bilateral crackles at the lower lobes. Cardiac auscultation shows decreased heart sounds at S3, an accentuated S2 best heard at the tricuspid and pulmonary areas, and a pansystolic grade 2/6 murmur over the tricuspid area. Abdominal examination is significant for enlarged liver palpated 3 cm below the costal margin. The complete blood count is only significant for decreased hemoglobin. His rapid HIV test is negative. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the condition of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Acute viral hepatitis', 'B': 'Sepsis', 'C': 'Duloxetine overdose', 'D': 'Cocaine toxicity', 'E': 'Coronary atherosclerosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Cocaine toxicity" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-month-old boy with a history of multiple infections presents with muscle stiffness. On physical exam, he is found to have carpopedal spasm as well as a heart murmur. Based on your clinical suspicion you decide to obtain a chest X-ray which shows a diminished shadow in the mediastinum. A mutation in which of the following chromosomes is the most likely cause of this patient's presentation?? \n{'A': 'Chromosome 5', 'B': 'Chromosome 7', 'C': 'Chromosome 17', 'D': 'Chromosome 22', 'E': 'Chromosome X'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Chromosome 22" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old man and his 9-year-old son are brought to the emergency department following a high-speed motor vehicle collision. The father was the restrained driver. He is conscious. His pulse is 135/min and blood pressure is 76/55 mm Hg. His hemoglobin concentration is 5.9 g/dL. His son sustained multiple body contusions and loss of consciousness. He remains unresponsive in the emergency department. A focused assessment of the boy with sonography is concerning for multiple organ lacerations and internal bleeding. The physician decides to move the man's son to the operating room for emergency surgical exploration. The father says that he and his son are Jehovah's witnesses and do not want blood transfusions. The physician calls the boy's biological mother who confirms this religious belief. She also asks the physician to wait for her arrival before any other medical decisions are undertaken. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step for the physician?? \n{'A': 'Transfuse packed red blood cells to son but not to father', 'B': 'Seek court order for medical treatment of the son', 'C': 'Transfuse packed red blood cells to both son and father', 'D': \"Wait for the son's mother before providing further treatment\", 'E': 'Procede to surgery of the son without transfusion'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Transfuse packed red blood cells to son but not to father" } ]