Query: Woodrow Wilson did not live in part of the 20th century.

Relevant passages:
Adamson Act <=SEP=> The Adamson Act was a United States federal law passed in 1916 that established an eight-hour workday , with additional pay for overtime work , for interstate railroad workers .

John J. Pershing <=SEP=> General of the Armies John Joseph `` Black Jack '' Pershing ( September 13 , 1860 -- July 15 , 1948 ) was a senior United States Army officer , most famous as the commander of the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) on the Western Front in World War I , 1917 -- 18 . He rejected British and French demands that American forces be integrated with their armies , and insisted that the AEF would operate as a single unit under his command , although some American divisions fought under British command , and he also allowed all-black units to be integrated with the French army .   American forces first saw serious battle at Cantigny , Chateau-Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Soissons . To speed up the arrival of the doughboys , they embarked for France leaving the heavy equipment behind , and used British and French tanks , artillery , airplanes and other munitions . In September 1918 at St. Mihiel , the First Army was directly under Pershing 's command ; it overwhelmed the salient -- the encroachment into Allied territory -- that the German Army had held for three years . For the Meuse-Argonne Offensive , Pershing shifted roughly 600,000 American soldiers to the heavily defended forests of the Argonne , keeping his divisions engaged in hard fighting for 47 days , alongside the French . The Allied Hundred Days Offensive , which the Argonne fighting was part of , contributed to Germany calling for an armistice . Pershing was of the opinion that the war should continue and that all of Germany should be occupied in an effort to permanently destroy German militarism .   Pershing is the only American to be promoted in his own lifetime to General of the Armies , the highest possible rank in the United States Army ; an act was passed in 1976 retroactively promoting George Washington to the same rank but with higher seniority , ensuring that he would always be considered the senior ranking officer in the United States Army . Allowed to select his own insignia , Pershing chose to use four gold stars to distinguish himself from those officers who held the rank of General . After the creation of the five-star General of the Army rank during World War II , his rank of General of the Armies could unofficially be considered that of a six-star general , but he died before the proposed insignia could be considered and acted on by Congress .   Some of his tactics have been criticized both by other commanders at the time and by modern historians . His reliance on costly frontal assaults , long after other Allied armies had abandoned such tactics , has been blamed for causing unnecessarily high American casualties . In addition to leading the A.E.F. to victory in World War I , Pershing notably served as a mentor to many in the generation of generals who led the United States Army during World War II , including George Marshall , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Omar Bradley , George S. Patton , and Douglas MacArthur .

War Industries Board <=SEP=> The War Industries Board ( WIB ) was a United States government agency established on July 28 , 1917 , during World War I , to coordinate the purchase of war supplies . The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products . The board set production quotas and allocated raw materials . It also conducted psychological testing to help people find the right jobs .   The board was led initially by Frank A. Scott , who had previously been head of the General Munitions Board . He was replaced in November by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad president Daniel Willard . Finally , in January , 1918 , the board was reorganized under the leadership of financier Bernard M. Baruch .   The WIB dealt with labor-management disputes resulting from increased demand for products during World War I . The government could not negotiate prices and could not handle worker strikes , so the War Industries Board regulated the two to decrease tensions by stopping strikes with wage increases to prevent a shortage of supplies going to the war in Europe .   Under the War Industries Board , industrial production in the U.S. increased 20 percent , however the vast majority of the war material was produced too late to do any good . The War Industries Board was decommissioned by an executive order on January 1 , 1919 .   With the war mobilization conducted under the supervision of the War Industries Board unprecedented fortunes fell upon war producers and certain holders of raw materials and patents . Hearings in 1934 by the Nye Committee led by U.S. Senator Gerald Nye were intended to hold war profiteers to account .

Woodrow Wilson <=SEP=> Thomas Woodrow Wilson ( December 28 , 1856 -- February 3 , 1924 ) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 . A member of the Democratic Party , Wilson served as the President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910 and as Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913 . Wilson 's victory in the 1912 presidential election made him the first Southerner elected to the presidency since Zachary Taylor in 1848 , and Wilson became a leading force in the Progressive Movement . He also led the United States during World War I , establishing an activist foreign policy known as `` Wilsonianism . '' He was a major leader at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 , where he championed the proposed League of Nations . However , he was unable to obtain Senate approval for U.S. membership . He suffered debilitating strokes in September 1919 ; after that his wife and staff handled most of his presidential duties .   Born in Staunton , Virginia , he spent his early years in Augusta , Georgia and Columbia , South Carolina . His father was a leading Presbyterian in the Confederacy during the Civil War , and Wilson was always a devout Presbyterian and a proud Southerner . He took a law degree and then one of the first PhDs in political science awarded by Johns Hopkins University . He served as a professor and scholar at various institutions before being selected as President of Princeton University , a position he held from 1902 to 1910 . Wilson became a notable academic , arguing for the superiority of the parliamentary system . He was associated with Grover Cleveland and the conservative Bourbon Democrats until 1910 , when he moved left . With the help of state Democratic bosses , Wilson won the 1910 Democratic nomination for governor of New Jersey , and was elected as a fresh reformer , holding office from 1911 to 1913 . He overthrew the same bosses and gained a national reputation . He won the 1912 Democratic presidential nomination after forty-six rounds of balloting , with support from William Jennings Bryan . Former President Theodore Roosevelt 's third party candidacy split the Republican Party , which re-nominated incumbent President William Howard Taft . Wilson won the 1912 election with a plurality of the popular vote and a large majority in the electoral college .   Leading the Congress that was now in Democratic hands , he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933 . The Federal Reserve Act , Federal Trade Commission Act , the Clayton Antitrust Act , and the Federal Farm Loan Act were some of these new policies . Having taken office one month after ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment , Wilson called a special session of Congress , whose work culminated in the Revenue Act of 1913 , introducing an income tax and lowering tariffs . Through passage of the Adamson Act that imposed an 8-hour workday for railroads , he averted a railroad strike and an ensuing economic crisis . Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality , while pursuing a more aggressive policy in dealing with Mexico 's civil war . Wilson staffed his government with Southern Democrats who implemented racial segregation at the Treasury , Navy and other Federal offices . In the presidential election of 1916 , Wilson faced former New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes . By a narrow margin , he became the first Democrat since Andrew Jackson elected to two consecutive terms .   In April 1917 , when Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and sent the Zimmermann Telegram , Wilson asked Congress to declare war in order to make `` the world safe for democracy . '' The United States conducted military operations alongside the Allies , although without a formal alliance . During the war , Wilson focused on diplomacy and financial considerations , leaving military strategy to the generals , especially General John J. Pershing . Through the Selective Service Act , conscription sent 10,000 freshly trained soldiers to France per day by the summer of 1918 . On the home front , he raised income taxes , borrowing billions of dollars through the public 's purchase of Liberty Bonds . He set up the War Industries Board , promoted labor union cooperation , regulated agriculture and food production through the Lever Act , and took direct control of the nation 's railroad system . Wilson asked Congress for what became the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 , suppressing anti-draft activists . The crackdown was intensified by his Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to include expulsion of non-citizen radicals during the First Red Scare of 1919 -- 1920 . Early in 1918 , Wilson issued his principles for an end to the war , the Fourteen Points , and in 1919 , following an armistice , he traveled to Paris , promoting the formation of a League of Nations and concluding the Treaty of Versailles . Following his return from Europe , Wilson embarked on a nationwide tour in 1919 to campaign for the treaty , but suffered a severe stroke . The treaty was met with serious concern by Senate Republicans , and the Senate ultimately rejected the treaty . Due to his stroke , Wilson secluded himself in the White House , disability having diminished his power and influence , and he failed in his bid to win re-nomination at the 1920 Democratic National Convention . Wilson retired at the end of his presidency , and he died in 1924 .

Selective Service Act of 1917 <=SEP=> The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act authorized the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through the compulsory enlistment of people . It was envisioned in December 1916 and brought to President Woodrow Wilson 's attention shortly after the break in relations with Germany in February 1917 . The Act itself was drafted by then-Captain ( later Brigadier General ) Hugh S. Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany . The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November , 1918 . The Act was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the Selective Draft Law Cases in 1918 , a decision based partially on Vattel 's The Law of Nations of 1758 .

Allies of World War I <=SEP=> The Allies of World War I , or Entente Powers , were the countries that opposed the Central Powers in the First World War .   The members of the original Triple Entente of 1907 were the French Republic , the British Empire and the Russian Empire . Italy ended its alliance with the Central Powers , arguing that Germany and Austria-Hungary started the war and that the alliance was only defensive in nature ; it entered the war on the side of the Entente in 1915 . Japan was another important member . Belgium , Serbia , Greece , Montenegro , and Romania were affiliated members of the Entente .   The 1920 Treaty of Sèvres defines the Principal Allied Powers as the British Empire , French Republic , Italy and Japan . The Allied Powers comprised , together with the Principal Allied Powers , Armenia , Belgium , Greece , Hejaz , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Serb-Croat-Slovene state and Czechoslovakia .   The U.S. declaration of war on Germany , on 6 April 1917 was on the grounds that Germany had violated its neutrality by attacking international shipping and the Zimmermann Telegram sent to Mexico . It declared war on Austria-Hungary in December 1917 . The U.S. entered the war as an `` associated power '' , rather than as a formal ally of France and the United Kingdom , in order to avoid `` foreign entanglements '' . Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria severed relations with the United States , neither declared war .   The Dominions and Crown Colonies of the British Empire made great contributions to the Allied war effort , but did not have independent foreign policies in World War I with the British War Cabinet exercising operational control of British Empire forces . The Dominion governments did control recruiting , and removed personnel from front-line duties as they saw fit . From early 1917 , the War Cabinet was superseded by the Imperial War Cabinet , which had Dominion representation . The Australian Corps and Canadian Corps were placed under the command of Australian and Canadian Lieutenant Generals John Monash and Arthur Currie , respectively , who reported in turn to British generals . In April 1918 , operational control of all Entente forces on the Western Front passed to the new supreme commander , Ferdinand Foch of France .

Clayton Antitrust Act <=SEP=> The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 ( , codified at , ) , was a part of United States antitrust law with the goal of adding further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime ; the Clayton Act sought to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency . That regime started with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 , the first Federal law outlawing practices considered harmful to consumers ( monopolies , cartels , and trusts ) . The Clayton Act specified particular prohibited conduct , the three-level enforcement scheme , the exemptions , and the remedial measures .   Like the Sherman Act , much of the substance of the Clayton Act has been developed and animated by the U.S. courts , particularly the Supreme Court .