Query: Hanseatic league in Germany in the Netherlands Circle

Relevant passages:
Archbishopric of Bremen <=SEP=> The Archdiocese of Bremen (also Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, German: Erzbistum Bremen, not to be confused with the modern Archdiocese of Hamburg, founded in 1994) was a historical Roman Catholic diocese (787–1566/1648) and formed from 1180 to 1648 an ecclesiastical state (continued under other names until 1823), named Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (German: Erzstift Bremen) within the Holy Roman Empire. The prince-archbishopric consisted of about a third of the diocesan territory.

Arnhem <=SEP=> Arnhem (/ˈɑːnəm/ or /ˈɑːnhɛm/, Dutch: [ˈɑrnɛm] or [ˈɑrnɦɛm], South Guelderish: Èrnem), is a city and municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on both banks of the river Nederrijn as well as on the Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem had a population of 151,356 in 2014 and is one of the larger cities of the Netherlands.

Bocholt, Germany <=SEP=> Bocholt is a city in the north-west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, part of the district Borken. It is situated 4 km south of the border with the Netherlands. Suderwick is part of Bocholt and is situated at the border annex to Dinxperlo.

Bochum <=SEP=> Bochum (German pronunciation: [ˈboːxʊm]; Westphalian: Baukem) is a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and part of the Arnsberg region. It is located in the Ruhr area and is surrounded by the cities  (in clockwise direction) of Herne, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund, Witten, Hattingen, Essen and Gelsenkirchen. With a population of nearly 365,000, it is the 16th most populous city in Germany.

Brakel, Germany <=SEP=> Brakel is a town in the district of Höxter in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Breckerfeld <=SEP=> Breckerfeld is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, (Germany). It is located in the southeastern-most part of the Ruhr area in northern Sauerland. The town is a member of Regionalverband Ruhr (association).

Bremen <=SEP=> The City Municipality of Bremen (German: Stadtgemeinde Bremen, IPA: [ˈbʁeːmən]) is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany.A commercial and industrial city with a major port on the River Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region (2.4 million people). Bremen is the second most populous city in Northern Germany and tenth in Germany.Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub in the northern regions of Germany.

Brick Gothic <=SEP=> Brick Gothic (German: Backsteingotik, Polish: Gotyk ceglany) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northern Europe, especially in Northern Germany and the regions around the Baltic Sea, which do not have natural stone resources.

Bryggen <=SEP=> Bryggen (Norwegian for the Wharf), also known as Tyskebryggen (the German Wharf), is a series of Hanseatic commercial buildings lining the eastern side of the fjord coming into Bergen, Norway. Bryggen has since 1979 been on the UNESCO list for World Cultural Heritage sites.The city of Bergen was founded around 1070 within the original boundaries of Tyskebryggen.

Burgundian Circle <=SEP=> The Burgundian Circle (German: Burgundischer Kreis, Dutch: Bourgondische Kreits, French: Cercle de Bourgogne) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire created in 1512 and significantly enlarged in 1548.

Burgundian Netherlands <=SEP=> In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands (French:  Pays-Bas Bourguignons, Dutch: Bourgondische Nederlanden, Luxembourgish: Burgundeschen Nidderlanden, Walloon: Bas Payis bourguignons) were a number of Imperial and French fiefs ruled in personal union by the House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs in the period from 1384 to 1482. The area comprised large parts of present-day Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as Luxembourg and parts of northern France.

Carta Mercatoria <=SEP=> The Carta Mercatoria, meaning 'the charter of the merchants', was a 1303 charter granted by Edward I to foreign merchants in England.  It guaranteed them freedom to trade, protection under the law, and exemption from tolls on bridges, roads and cities.  It also guaranteed no increase in the duty rates they paid.The charter was revoked by Edward II, owing to complaints by English mechants.

Cologne <=SEP=> Cologne (English pronunciation: /kəˈloʊn/; German Köln [kœln], Colognian: Kölle [ˈkœɫə]), Germany's fourth-largest city (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich), is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants.Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine River, fewer than eighty kilometers from Belgium.

Communist Circle of Breda (Marxist–Leninist) <=SEP=> Communist Circle of Breda (marxist-leninist) (in Dutch: Kommunisten Kring Breda (marxistisch-leninistisch)) was a communist group in Breda, the Netherlands.

Confederation of Cologne <=SEP=> The Confederation of Cologne was a medieval military alliance against Denmark signed 1367 by cities of the Hanseatic League on their meeting called Hansetag in Cologne.The hanseatic cities at the southern coast of the Baltic sea had nearly lost the First Danish-Hanseatic War in the Battle of Helsingborg (1362) and made a peace with Denmark at Vordingborg (1365).

Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–35) <=SEP=> The Dano-Hanseatic War from 1426–1435 (also: Kalmar War with the Hanseatic League) was an armed trade conflict between the Danish dominated Kalmar Union (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and the German Hanseatic League (Hansa) led by the Free City of Lübeck.When Danish king Eric opened the Baltic trade routes for Dutch ships and introduced a new toll for all foreign ships passing the Øresund (Sound Dues), six Hanseatic cities (Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Rostock, Stralsund, Wismar) declared war, put a naval blockade on Scandinavian harbours and allied with Eric's enemy Henry IV, count of Holstein.

Deventer <=SEP=> Deventer (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdeːvəntər]) is a municipality and city in the Salland region of the Dutch province of Overijssel. Deventer is largely situated on the east bank of the river IJssel, but also has a small part of its territory on the west bank. In 2005 the municipality of Bathmen (pop. 5,000) was merged with Deventer as part of a national effort to reduce bureaucracy in the country.

Doesburg <=SEP=> Doesburg (Dutch About this sound pronunciation ) is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands in the province of Gelderland.  Doesburg received city rights in 1237 and had a population of 11,447 in 2014.  The city is situated on the right bank of river IJssel, at the confluence of river Oude IJssel. The municipality of Doesburg is part of the Arnhem-Nijmegen agglomeration region.

Dortmund <=SEP=> Dortmund ([ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt]; Low German: Düörpm [ˈdyːœɐ̯pm̩]; Latin: Tremonia) is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the middle part of the state and is considered to be the administrative, commercial and cultural centre of the region. Its population of 575,944 (2013) makes it the 8th largest city in Germany.

Drolshagen <=SEP=> Drolshagen is a town belonging to the district of Olpe in the Regierungsbezirk of Arnsberg in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, lying roughly 5 km west of Olpe.

Duchy of Cleves <=SEP=> The Duchy of Cleves (German: Herzogtum Kleve; Dutch: Hertogdom Kleef) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire emerged from the mediaeval Duisburggau. It was situated in the northern Rhineland on both sides of the Lower Rhine, around its capital Cleves and the towns of Wesel, Kalkar, Xanten, Emmerich, Rees and Duisburg bordering  the lands of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster in the east and the Duchy of Brabant in the west.

Duisburg <=SEP=> Duisburg (German pronunciation: [ˈdyːsbʊɐ̯k]) is a German city in the western part of the Ruhr Area (Ruhrgebiet) in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is an independent metropolitan borough within Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf.

Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II <=SEP=> At the end of World War II, plans were made in the Netherlands to annex German territory as compensation for the damages caused by the war. In October 1945, the Dutch state asked Germany for 25 billion guilders in reparations, but in February 1945 it had already been established at the Yalta Conference that reparations would not be given in monetary form.

Dutch–Hanseatic War <=SEP=> The Dutch–Hanseatic War was a conflict between the Burgundian Netherlands and the Hanseatic League over the latter's control of Baltic shipping.

Electorate of Cologne <=SEP=> The Electorate of Cologne (German: Kurfürstentum Köln), sometimes referred to as Electoral Cologne (German: Kurköln), was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire and existed from the 10th to the early 19th century. It consisted of the temporal possessions of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne  (German: Erzbistum Köln). It was ruled by the Archbishop in his capacity as prince-elector.

Emden <=SEP=> Emden is a town and seaport in Lower Saxony in the northwest of Germany, on the river Ems. It is the main town of the region of East Frisia and, in 2011, had a total population of 51,528.

European Route of Brick Gothic <=SEP=> The European Route of Brick Gothic (EuRoB) is a tourist route connecting cities with Brick Gothic architecture in three countries along the Baltic Sea: Denmark, Germany and Poland.Many of the cities also have a history as Hanseatic League city, and some are related to German Ostsiedlung or the Teutonic Order, consequently the route is managed by the German Association for Housing, Urban and Spatial Development.

Flag of Germany <=SEP=> The flag of Germany is a tricolour consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the national colours of Germany: black, red, and gold.

Free City of Lübeck <=SEP=> The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck was a city-state from 1226 to 1937, in what is now the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Free imperial city <=SEP=> In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term Free and Imperial Cities (German: Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded Free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, Latin: urbs imperialis libera), was used from the 15th century to denote a self-ruling city that enjoyed a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

Frisian languages <=SEP=> The Frisian /ˈfriːʒən/ languages are a closely related group of Germanic languages, spoken by about 500,000 Frisian people, who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark. The Frisian dialects are the closest living languages to English, after Scots. However, modern English and Frisian are unintelligible to each other.

Germany–Netherlands relations <=SEP=> German-Dutch relations refer to interstate relations between Germany and the Netherlands. Relations were established after 1871.During World War I, the German army refrained from attacking the Netherlands, and thus relations between the two states were preserved. At war's end in 1918, the former Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to the Netherlands, where he lived till his death in 1941.

Glossary of Nazi Germany <=SEP=> This is a list of words, terms, concepts and slogans that were specifically used in Nazi Germany.Some words were coined by Adolf Hitler and other Nazi Party members. Other words and concepts were borrowed and appropriated, and other terms were already in use during the Weimar Republic. Finally, some are taken from Germany's cultural tradition.

Goslar <=SEP=> Goslar is a historic town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the administrative centre of the district of Goslar and located on the northwestern slopes of the Harz mountain range. The Old Town of Goslar and the Mines of Rammelsberg are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Greifswald <=SEP=> Greifswald (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʁaɪfsvalt]), officially the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald (in German Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald), is a city in northeastern Germany.It is situated in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, at an equal distance of about 250 kilometres (160 mi) from Germany's two largest cities, Berlin and Hamburg.

Groningen <=SEP=> Groningen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣroːnɪŋə(n)]; Gronings: Grunnen; West Frisian: Grins) is the main municipality as well as the capital city of the eponymous province in the Netherlands. With a population of 197,823 (in 2014), it is the largest city in the north of the Netherlands. An old city, Groningen was the regional power of the northern Netherlands, a semi-independent city-state and member of the German Hanseatic League.

Göttingen <=SEP=> Göttingen (German pronunciation: [ˈɡœtɪŋən]; Low German: Chöttingen) is a university town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Göttingen. The River Leine runs through the town. In 2011 the population was 116,052.

Haltern am See <=SEP=> Haltern am See (Haltern at the lake, before December 2001 only Haltern) is a town and a municipality in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the Lippe and the Wesel–Datteln Canal, approx. 15 kilometres (9 miles) north of Recklinghausen.The town is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Düsseldorf.

Hamburg <=SEP=> Hamburg (/ˈhæmbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊʁk], local pronunciation [ˈhambʊɪ̯ç]; Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg [ˈhambɔːx]), officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg  (Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg), is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is also the thirteenth largest German state.

Hamm <=SEP=> Hamm (German pronunciation: [ˈham], Latin: Hammona) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. As of December 2003 its population was 180,849. The city is situated between the A1 motorway and A2 motorway. Hamm railway station is an important hub for rail transport and renowned for its distinctive station building.

Hanseatic Days of New Time <=SEP=> The Hanseatic Days of New Time or the Hansa Days of New Time (German: Hansetage der Neuzeit) is an annual international festival of member cities of the Hanseatic League of New Time (also known as the New Hansa).The Hanseatic Days are held annually in one of the member cities of the New Hansa since 1980, when it was decided to re-establish the Hanseatic League and the first Hanseatic Days were held in Zwolle, the Netherlands.

Hanseatic League <=SEP=> The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa; Low German: Hanse, Dudesche Hanse, Latin: Hansa, Hansa Teutonica or Liga Hanseatica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns.  It dominated Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400-1800) along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c.

Hanseatic People's League <=SEP=> The Hanseatic People's League (German: Hanseatischer Volksbund) was a Weimar era political party in Lübeck, Germany. The party was founded in 1926. The party was formed by middle-class sectors that opposed the Social Democrats, in response to the takeover of the mayoral post of Lübeck by the Social Democrats. The Hanseatic People's League proclaimed itself as a 'gathering point for all non-Marxist, i.e. non-SPD/KPD, voters'.

Hattem <=SEP=> Hattem (About this sound pronunciation ) is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. The municipality had a population of 11,739 in 2014. The municipality includes the hamlet of 't Zand.

Hattingen <=SEP=> Hattingen is a German town located in northern part of the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Heinrich Sudermann <=SEP=> Heinrich Sudermann (31 August 1520 – 7 September 1591) was an official of the Hanseatic League from Cologne. When the post of Syndic was created in 1556, Sudermann was elected as permanent official with legal training who worked to protect and extend the diplomatic agreements of the Hansa member towns.  In 1557 and 1579, revised agreements spelled out the duties of towns and some progress was made.

Herford <=SEP=> Herford (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛɐ̯fɔɐ̯t]) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the lowlands between the hill chains of the Wiehen Hills and the Teutoburg Forest.  It is the capital of the district of Herford.

Holy Roman Empire <=SEP=> The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Sacrum Romanum Imperium, German: Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.

Höxter <=SEP=> Höxter (German pronunciation: [ˈhœkstɐ]) is  a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on the left bank of the river Weser, 52 km north of Kassel in the centre of the Weser Uplands. The main town's population is around 15,000, and with outlying centres, about 30,000. It is the seat of the Höxter district.

Intercursus Magnus <=SEP=> The Intercursus Magnus was a major and long-lasting commercial treaty signed in February 1496 by Henry VII of England and Philip IV, Duke of Burgundy. Other signatories included the commercial powers of Venice, Florence, the Netherlands, and the Hanseatic League.

Iserlohn <=SEP=> Iserlohn (German pronunciation: [iːzɐˈloːn]) is a city in the Märkischer Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany. It is the largest city by population and area within the district and the Sauerland region.

Jürgen Wullenwever <=SEP=> Jürgen Wullenwever (c. 1492 – 29 September 1537) was burgomaster of Lübeck from 1533 to 1535, a period of religious, political and trade turmoil.

Kampen, Overijssel <=SEP=> Kampen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkɑmpən]) is a municipality, a city and an old Hanseatic city at the lower reaches of the river IJssel in the Dutch province of Overijssel.The municipality of Kampen had a population of 51,278 in 2014 and covers an area of 161.79 km2 (62.47 sq mi). Kampen is located in the North West of Overijssel and is the largest city in this region.

Kleve <=SEP=> Cleves (German: Kleve, Cleves Dutch: Kleff, Dutch: Kleef, French: Clèves, Latin: Clivia), is a town in the Lower Rhine region of northwestern Germany near the Dutch border and the River Rhine. From the 11th century onwards, Cleves was capital of a county and later a duchy.  Today, Cleves is the capital of the district of Cleves in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Lemgo <=SEP=> Lemgo (German pronunciation: [ˈlɛmɡoː]) is a university city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with a population of c. 40,800 (2013).

Leo Meyer (producer) <=SEP=> Leo Meyer (1873–1944) was a German film producer. He is sometimes also credited as Leo Meijer. Following the Nazi rise to power Meyer, who was Jewish, went into exile and emigrated to the Netherlands where he continued to produce films.Amongst the films that Meyer worked on in Weimar Germany was the war film Westfront 1918

List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the Hanseatic League <=SEP=> The United Kingdom had a diplomatic representative to the three sovereign Hanseatic cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck until German unification in 1871.  The envoy was usually only a resident, but sometimes he was also minister plenipotentiary to Lower Saxony.  He was usually resident at Hamburg, which had long been an important port for British trade, and the staple port of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London.

Lübeck <=SEP=> The Hanseatic City of Lübeck (pronounced [ˈlyːbɛk], Low German [ˈlyːbɛːk]) is the second-largest city in Schleswig-Holstein, in northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany.  Situated on the river Trave, it was for several centuries the leading city of the Hanseatic League "\Queen of the Hanse"). Because of its extensive Brick Gothic architecture, it is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Lübeck Cougars <=SEP=> The Lübeck Cougars are an American football team from Lübeck, Germany.Th club had its greatest success in 2012 when it played in the German Football League for a season.

Lüneburg <=SEP=> Lüneburg (officially the Hanseatic Town of Lüneburg, German: Hansestadt Lüneburg, pronounced [ˈhan.zə.ʃtat ˈlyː.nə.bʊɐk], Low German Lümborg, Polabian Glain), also called Lunenburg in English, is a town in the German state of Lower Saxony. It is located about 45 km (28 mi) southeast of another Hanseatic city, Hamburg. It is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. The capital of the district of Lüneburg, its population is around 72,000 people.

Magdeburg <=SEP=> Magdeburg (German pronunciation: [ˈmakdəbʊrk]; Low Saxon: Meideborg, [ˈmaˑɪdebɔɐx]) is the capital city of the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Magdeburg is situated on the Elbe River and was one of the most important medieval cities of Europe.Emperor Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor, founder of the archbishopric of Magdeburg, was buried in the town's cathedral after his death. Magdeburg's version of German town law, known as Magdeburg rights, spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe.

Maritime Circle Line <=SEP=> The Maritime Circle Line (MCL) is a private harbor cruise line and operator in the Port of Hamburg, Germany, established by Gregor Mogi in 2007. The ferry service is operated on a scheduled timetable, connecting a number of Hamburg's maritime visitor attractions in the eastern port area.

Middle Low German <=SEP=> Middle Low German or Middle Saxon (ISO 639-3 code gml) is a language that is the descendant of Old Saxon and the ancestor of modern Low German. It served as the international lingua franca of the Hanseatic League. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1600.

Minden <=SEP=> Minden is a town of about 83,000 inhabitants in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The town extends along both sides of the River Weser. It is the capital of the district (Kreis) of Minden-Lübbecke, which is part of the region of Detmold. Minden is the historic political centre of the cultural region of Minden Land. It is widely known as the intersection of the Mittelland Canal and the River Weser.

Münster <=SEP=> Münster (German pronunciation: [ˈmʏnstɐ]; Low German: Mönster; Latin: Monasterium, from the Greek μοναστήριον monastērion, "monastery") is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region. It is also capital of the local government region Münsterland.

Neuss <=SEP=> Neuss (German pronunciation: [ˈnɔʏs]; spelled Neuß until 1968; Limburgish: Nüss; Latin: Novaesium) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the west bank of the Rhine opposite Düsseldorf. Neuss is the largest city within the Rhein-Kreis Neuss district and owes its prosperity to its location at the crossing of historic and modern trade routes. It is primarily known for its historic Roman sites, as well as the annual Neusser Bürger-Schützenfest.

Nijmegen <=SEP=> Nijmegen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈnɛi̯meːɣə(n)]; Nijmeegs: Nimwegen [ˈnɪmβ̞ɛːxə]), historically anglicized as Nimeguen, is a municipality and a city in the Dutch province of Gelderland.

Nine Circles <=SEP=> Nine Circles is a Dutch-German minimal electronic band. The name originates from the "Nine Circles of Hell" from Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy".

Northern Germany <=SEP=> Northern Germany (German: Norddeutschland) is the region in the north of Germany. Its exact area is not precisely or consistently defined but varies depending on whether one is taking a linguistic, geographic, socio-cultural or historic standpoint.

Oldenzaal <=SEP=> Oldenzaal (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɔldə(n)ˌzaːl]) is a municipality and a city in the eastern province of Overijssel in the Netherlands. It is part of the region of Twente and is close to the German border.It received city rights in 1249. Historically, the city was part of the Hanseatic League as a subsidiary city of the fellow Hanseatic city of Deventer.Located on the A1 motorway from Amsterdam to Germany, Oldenzaal also has a rail connection to Hengelo.

Ommen <=SEP=> Ommen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɔmən]) is a municipality and a Hanseatic city in the Vecht valley of the Salland region, which is at the heart of the province of Overijssel in the eastern Netherlands. Historical records first name Ommen in the early 12th century and it was officially founded as a city in 1248. The municipality had a population of 17,333 in 2014 and covers an area of 182.01 km2 (70.27 sq mi).

Osnabrück <=SEP=> Osnabrück (German pronunciation: [ɔsnaˈbʁʏk]; Westphalian: Ossenbrügge; archaic English: Osnaburg) is a city in the federal state Lower-Saxony in northwestern Germany. It lies in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest. A population of 154.513 makes Osnabrück the fourth-largest city in Lower Saxony.

Outline of Germany <=SEP=> The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Germany:Germany – federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe consisting of 16 constituent states, which retain limited sovereignty. Its capital and largest city is Berlin. With more than 80 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in the European Union.

Paderborn <=SEP=> Paderborn (German pronunciation: [paːdɐˈbɔʁn])  is a city in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the Paderborn district. The name of the city derives from the river Pader and 'born', an old German term for the source of a river. The river Pader originates in more than 200 springs near Paderborn Cathedral, where St. Liborius is buried.

Paul Reckzeh <=SEP=> Paul Reckzeh (November 4, 1913 in Berlin – March 31, 1996 in Hamburg) was a physician and Gestapo spy who, at the end of 1943, betrayed the members of the Solf Circle, which he had joined while claiming to be a Swiss doctor.  His betrayal lead to the  imprisonment and death of many Solf Circle members. In 1950, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison and later lived as a doctor in the GDR.

Peace of Westphalia <=SEP=> The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede) was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster.

Recklinghausen <=SEP=> Recklinghausen (German pronunciation: [ʁɛklɪŋˈhaʊzən]) is the northernmost city in the Ruhr-Area and the capital of the Recklinghausen district.  It borders the rural Münsterland and is characterized by large fields and farms in the north and industry in the south.  Recklinghausen is the 60th-largest city in Germany and the 22nd-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Roermond <=SEP=> Roermond (Dutch pronunciation: [ruːrˈmɔnt]; Limburgish: Remunj) is a city, a municipality, and a diocese in the southeastern part of the Netherlands.The city of Roermond is a historically important town, on the lower Roer at the east bank of the Meuse river. It received city rights in 1231.

Rostock <=SEP=> Rostock (German pronunciation: [ˈʁɔstɔk]), is the largest city in the north German state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Rostock is on the Warnow river; the quarter of Warnemünde 12 kilometres (7 miles) north of the city centre is directly at the coast of the Baltic Sea.Rostock is home to one of the oldest universities in the world, the University of Rostock, founded in 1419.The city territory of Rostock stretches for about 20 km (12 mi) along the Warnow to the Baltic Sea.

Schiffskinder <=SEP=> Schiffskinder, literally meaning ship-boys (in German), were the crews of the ships of the Hanseatic League during the late Middle Ages. Schiffskinder and passengers swore allegiance to each other before leaving the harbour. They often fought both on land and at the sea.

Siege of Deventer (1456) <=SEP=> The Siege of Deventer was a siege of Deventer (then a major Hanseatic city) in 1456 during a struggle between Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy and the church, the nobility and cities of the Oversticht (Overijssel).Over the 15th century the Dukes of Burgundy became more and more influential in the Netherlands, striving for a stronger and more centralised grip on the country.

Simon of Utrecht <=SEP=> Simon of Utrecht (Simon van Utrecht, died 14 October 1437) was a warship captain of the Hanseatic League during the Middle Ages. He was probably born in Flanders, but emigrated to Hamburg, Germany, where he received citizenship in 1400. He became famous for capturing the pirate Klaus Störtebeker in 1401.Based on his popularity stemming from his battle against the Likedeelers at Heligoland, he was voted into Hamburg's city council in 1425.

Soest, Germany <=SEP=> Soest (German pronunciation: [ˈzoːst], as if it were 'Sohst') is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the capital of the Soest district. After Lippstadt, a neighbouring town, Soest is the second biggest town in its district.

Stadtarchiv Stralsund <=SEP=> The Stadtarchiv Stralsund (City Archives of Stralsund) is the historical Archive of the Hanseatic City of Stralsund and an important municipal archive in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The Stadtarchiv Stralsund ranks among the important communal archives in Europe, as it covers the city's role in the Hanseatic League and the history of Swedish Pomerania.

Stralsund <=SEP=> Stralsund (German pronunciation: [ˈʃtʁaːlzʊnt]), is a Hanseatic city in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is located at the Southern coast of the Strelasund (a sound of the Baltic Sea separating the island of Rugia from the mainland).The Strelasund Crossing with its two bridges and several ferry services connect Stralsund with Rugia.

Thorn Abbey <=SEP=> Thorn Abbey or Imperial Abbey of Thorn was an imperial abbey of the Holy Roman Empire in what is now the Netherlands.  The capital was Thorn.  It was founded in the 10th century; independence ended in 1794, when it was occupied by French troops.  The abbey was reichsunmittelbar and belonged to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle.The territory covered about 1.5 square kilometers with 3400 inhabitants in 1790.

Treaty of Copenhagen (1441) <=SEP=> The Treaty of Copenhagen (or the Peace of Copenhagen) was signed in 1441 between the Hanseatic League and the Netherlands, ending the Dutch-Hanseatic War.The accord was developed after Christopher of Bavaria crushed a great peasant uprising in Northern Jutland. The treaty broke the attempted monopoly of Baltic trading routes by the Hanseatic League.

Treaty of Stralsund (1370) <=SEP=> The Treaty of Stralsund (24 May 1370) ended the war between the Hanseatic League and the kingdom of Denmark. The Hanseatic League reached the peak of its power by the conditions of this treaty.The war began in 1361, when Danish king Valdemar Atterdag conquered Scania, Öland, and Gotland with the major Hanseatic town Visby.

Treaty of Utrecht (1474) <=SEP=> The Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1474 after the Anglo-Hanseatic War between England and the Hanseatic League.This naval war had begun in 1470 using the naval strategy of commerce raiding in the North sea and the Channel. One of the most successful Man of war was the Peter von Danzig.

Unna <=SEP=> Unna is a town of around 67,000 people in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the seat of the Unna district.

Warburg <=SEP=> Warburg is a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia on the river Diemel near the three-state point shared by Hessen, Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia. It is in Höxter district and Detmold region. Warburg is the midpoint in the Warburger Börde.

Werl <=SEP=> Werl is a town located in the district of Soest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Wesel <=SEP=> Wesel (German pronunciation: [ˈveːzəl]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the capital of the Wesel district.

Wilhelm II, German Emperor <=SEP=> Wilhelm II or William II (German: Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht von Preußen; Frederick William Victor Albert of Prussia; 27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.

Winterberg <=SEP=> Winterberg is a town in the Hochsauerland district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and a major winter sport resort of the Wintersport Arena Sauerland.

Wismar <=SEP=> Wismar (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪsmaʁ]) is a port and hanseatic city in Northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It is located about 45 km (28 mi) east of Lübeck, 30 km (19 mi) north of Schwerin, and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Its natural harbour, located in the Bay of Wismar, is well-protected by a promontory. The population was 42,219 in 2013.

Yoomiii <=SEP=> Yoomiii was a  three-member girl group, with two members from Germany and one from the Netherlands.

Zutphen <=SEP=> Zutphen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈzʏtfə(n)]) is a town in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. It lies some 30 km north-east of Arnhem, on the Eastern bank of the river IJssel at the point where it is joined by the Berkel. The name Zutphen (first mentioned in the eleventh century) appears to mean 'zuid-veen', or in English, south-fen.In 2005, the municipality of Zutphen was merged with the municipality of Warnsveld, retaining its name.

Zwolle <=SEP=> Zwolle (Dutch: [ˈzʋɔlə]) is a municipality and the capital city of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands. It has a population around 125,000.