Query: electricity source in France

Relevant passages:
Ain <=SEP=> Ain (French pronunciation: ​[ɛ̃]; Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône, the department of Ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation.

Base load power plant <=SEP=> Base load power sources are power stations which can consistently generate the electrical power needed to satisfy minimum demand. That demand is called the base load requirement, it is the minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over 24 hours.Historically, large power grids have used base load power plants exclusively. However, there is no specific technical requirement for this to be so.

Battery (electricity) <=SEP=> An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell has a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. The terminal marked positive is at a higher electrical potential energy than is the terminal marked negative. The terminal marked positive is the source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device.

Belize Electricity Limited <=SEP=> Belize Electricity Limited (BEL) is the primary distributor of electricity in Belize. The company serves a customer base of approximately 77,000 accounts and is regulated by the Public Utilities Commission (PUC).BEL meets the country’s peak demand of about 80.6 megawatts (MW) from multiple sources of energy. These sources include electricity purchases from Belize Electric Company Ltd.

Biomass <=SEP=> Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. In the context of biomass as a resource for making energy, it most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass . As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.

Chinon Nuclear Power Plant <=SEP=> The Chinon Nuclear Power Plant (French: Centrale nucléaire de Chinon) is near the town of Avoine in the French Indre et Loire département, on the Loire river (approximately 10 km from the town of Chinon). The power station has seven reactors, of which three are now closed.The nuclear power station employs approximately 1,350 full-time workers. The operator is the French company Électricité de France (EDF).

Cost of electricity by source <=SEP=> In electrical power generation, the distinct ways of generating electricity incur significantly different costs. Calculations of these costs at the point of connection to a load or to the electricity grid can be made. The cost is typically given per kilowatt-hour or megawatt-hour. It includes the initial capital, discount rate, as well as the costs of continuous operation, fuel, and maintenance.

Current source <=SEP=> A current source is an electronic circuit that delivers or absorbs an electric current which is independent of the voltage across it.A current source is the dual of a voltage source. The term constant-current 'sink' is sometimes used for sources fed from a negative voltage supply. Figure 1 shows the schematic symbol for an ideal current source, driving a resistor load. There are two types - an independent current source (or sink) delivers a constant current.

Demand response <=SEP=> According to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, demand response (DR) is defined as:  “Changes in electric usage by end-use customers from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity over time, or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized.” DR includes all intentional modifications to consumption patterns of electricity of induce customers that are intended to alter the timing, level of instantaneous demand, or the total electricity consumption.

Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources <=SEP=> The Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources is a Directive (European Union) for promoting renewable energy use in electricity generation. It is officially named 2001/77/EC and popularly known as the RES Directive. The directive, which took effect in October 2001, sets national indicative targets for renewable energy production from individual member states. As the name implies, the EU does not strictly enforce these targets.

Dispatchable generation <=SEP=> Dispatchable generation refers to sources of electricity that can be dispatched at the request of power grid operators; that is, generating plants that can be turned on or off, or can adjust their power output on demand. Often Base load power plants such as coal cannot be turned on and off in less than a day. The time periods in which dispatchable generation plant may be turned on or off may vary, and be considered in time frames of minutes or hours.

Dynamic demand (electric power) <=SEP=> Dynamic Demand is the name of a semi-passive technology for adjusting load demands on an electrical power grid.

ERG Renew <=SEP=> ERG Renew is the renewable energy source subsidiary of the Italian multi-energy company ERG Group. It was acquired in  a takeover bid  on 30 June 2010, It operates wind generators in Italy and France, photovoltaics, and water services.

Economics of nuclear power plants <=SEP=> The economics of new nuclear power plants is a controversial subject, since there are diverging views on this topic, and multi-billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source. Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs for construction and for decommissioning as well as the ongoing and future costs of storing nuclear waste.

Economy of France <=SEP=> France has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal figures and the ninth largest economy by PPP figures. It has the third-largest economy in Europe with Germany and the UK in 1st and 2nd. OECD is headquartered in Paris, the nation's financial capital.The chemical industry is a key sector for France, helping to develop other manufacturing activities and contributing to economic growth.

Economy of French Guiana <=SEP=> The economy of French Guiana is tied closely to that of France through subsidies and imports. Besides the French space center at Kourou, fishing and forestry are the most important economic activities. The large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an expanding sawmill industry which provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation of crops is limited to the coastal area, where the population is largely concentrated; rice and manioc are the major crops.

Economy of French Polynesia <=SEP=> Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the region, French Polynesia has changed from a subsistence economy to one in which a high proportion of the work force is either employed by the military or supports the tourist industry. Tourism accounts for about one-fourth of GDP and is a primary source of hard currency earnings. The small manufacturing sector primarily processes agricultural products.

Economy of Guadeloupe <=SEP=> The economy of Guadeloupe depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, and services. It also depends on France for large subsidies and imports.Tourism is a key industry; an increasingly large number of cruise ships visit the islands. The traditional sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by other crops, such as bananas (which now supply about 50% of export earnings), eggplant, and flowers.

Economy of Martinique <=SEP=> The economy of Martinique is based on trade. Agriculture accounts for about 6% of GDP and the small industrial sector for 11%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid from France.

Economy of New Caledonia <=SEP=> New Caledonia is a major source for nickel and contains roughly 10% of the worlds known nickel supply. The islands contain about 7,100,000 tonnes of nickel. With the annual production of about 107,000 tonnes in 2009, New Caledonia was the world's fifth largest producer after Russia (266,000), Indonesia (189,000), Canada (181,000) and Australia (167,000). In recent years, the economy has suffered because of depressed international demand for nickel, due to the ongoing global financial crisis.

Economy of Saint Pierre and Miquelon <=SEP=> The economy of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, due to the islands' location, has been dependent on fishing and servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, due to disputes with Canada over fishing quotas and a decline in the number of ships stopping at the islands.

Electric power <=SEP=> Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by  sources such as electric batteries.   It is generally supplied to businesses and homes by the electric power industry through an electric power grid.

Electric power distribution <=SEP=> An electric power distribution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises.

Electrical grid <=SEP=> An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from suppliers to consumers. It consists of generating stations that produce electrical power, high-voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to demand centers, and distribution lines that connect individual customers.Power stations may be located near a fuel source, at a dam site, or to take advantage of renewable energy sources, and are often located away from heavily populated areas.

Electricity <=SEP=> Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning, static electricity, electromagnetic induction and electric current. In addition, electricity permits the creation and reception of electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves.In electricity, charges produce electromagnetic fields which act on other charges.

Electricity (OMD song) <=SEP=> "Electricity" is the 1979 debut single of the new wave and synthpop group Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, featured on their eponymous debut album the following year. Inspired by Kraftwerk's "Radioactivity", the song addresses society's wasteful usage of energy sources. Frontman Andy McCluskey shares lead vocals with Paul Humphreys, who ordinarily functions as keyboard player and backing vocalist.

Electricity generation <=SEP=> Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from other sources of primary energy.The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet.For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers.

Electricity in Sri Lanka <=SEP=> Electricity generation in Sri Lanka is primarily run by hydro power and thermal heat, with sources such as photovoltaics and wind power in early stages of deployment. Although potential sites are currently being identified, other power sources such as geothermal, nuclear, peat, solar thermal and wave power are not used in the current power generation process for the national grid.

Electricity market <=SEP=> In economic terms, electricity (both power and energy) is a commodity capable of being bought, sold, and traded. An electricity market is a system enabling purchases, through bids to buy;  sales, through offers to sell; and short-term trades, generally in the form of financial or obligation swaps. Bids and offers use supply and demand principles to set the price.

Electricity pricing <=SEP=> Electricity pricing (sometimes referred to as electricity tariff or the price of electricity) varies widely from country to country, and may vary significantly from locality to locality within a particular country. There are many reasons that account for these differences in price. The price of power generation depends largely on the type and market price of the fuel used, government subsidies, government and industry regulation, and even local weather patterns.

Electricity sector in Belgium <=SEP=> The electricity sector in Belgium describes electricity in Belgium. Production by power source in 2009 was 53% nuclear, 40% fossil electricity and 7% renewable electricity. 2% of production was exported in 2009. In 2008 import was 11%. Belgium is highly nuclear dependent country where the share of renewable electricity has been  low. The share of renewable electricity was about 2% in 2005.

Electricity sector in Canada <=SEP=> The electricity sector in Canada has played a significant role in the economic and political life of the country since the late 19th century. The sector is organized along provincial and territorial lines. In a majority of provinces, large government-owned integrated public utilities play a leading role in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity.

Electricity sector in France <=SEP=> The electricity sector in France is dominated by nuclear power, which accounted for 77% of total production in 2012, while renewables and fossil fuels accounted for 15% and 8%, respectively. France has the largest share of nuclear electricity in the world. The country is also among the world's biggest net exporters of electricity.

Electricity sector in Germany <=SEP=> In 2014, the electricity sector in Germany was composed of 53% fossil, 17% nuclear and 30% renewable energy sources.

Electricity sector in India <=SEP=> The utility electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 275.912 GW as of 31 July 2015. Renewable Power plants constituted 28% of total installed capacity and Non-Renewable Power Plants constituted the remaining 72%. The gross electricity generated by utilities is 1,106 TWh (1,106,000 GWh) and 166 TWh by captive power plants during the 2014–15 fiscal. The gross electricity generation includes auxiliary power consumption of  power generation plants.

Electricity sector in Italy <=SEP=> The electricity sector in Italy describes the production, sale, and use of electrical power in Italy. The country's total electricity consumption was  339 TWh in 2008.According to its national energy plan, Italy plans to increase renewable power generation from all renewable sources to 26% of all electricity produced by 2020.

Electricity sector in New Zealand <=SEP=> The electricity sector in New Zealand uses mainly renewable energy sources such as hydropower, geothermal power and increasingly wind energy. 75% of energy for electricity generation is from renewable sources, making New Zealand one of the lowest carbon dioxide emitting countries in terms of electricity generation. Electricity demand has grown by an average of 2.1% per year from 1974 to 2010 and decreased by 1.2% from 2010 to 2013.

Electricity sector of the United States <=SEP=> The electricity sector of the United States includes a large array of stakeholders that provide services through electricity generation, transmission, distribution and marketing for industrial, commercial, public and residential customers. It also includes many public institutions that regulate the sector.In 1996, there were 3,195 electric utilities in the United States, of which fewer than 1,000 were engaged in power generation.

Energy in Belize <=SEP=> Energy in Belize is based on four main sources: imported fossil fuels, biomass, hydro, and imported electricity.

Energy in France <=SEP=> Energy in France describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in France.

Energy in Gabon <=SEP=> Energy in Gabon is an industry with plenty of potential.

Energy in Italy <=SEP=> Italy consumed about 185 Mtoe of primary energy in 2010. This came mostly from fossil fuels. Among the most used resources are petroleum (mostly used for the transport sector), natural gas (used for electric energy production and heating), coal and renewables.An important share of electricity comes from import, mainly from Switzerland and France.

Energy in Laos <=SEP=> Energy in Laos describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Laos.

Energy in Russia <=SEP=> Energy in Russia describes energy and electricity production, consumption and export from Russia. Energy policy of Russia describes the energy policy in the politics of Russia  more in detail. Electricity sector in Russia is the main article of electricity in Russia.Primary energy use in 2009 in Russia was 7,524 TWh and 53 TWh per million persons.

Energy in Spain <=SEP=> According to The World Factbook, In 2011 Spain produced 276.8 billion kWh of electricity. In the same year, Spain consumed only 249.7 billion kWh of electricity. In recent years, huge investment has been made into Spain's renewable energy industry and aims to be carbon-free well before 2050.

Energy in Syria <=SEP=> Energy in Syria describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Syria. Energy policy of Syria describes the politics of Syria related to energy. The 2011 Syrian uprising is an ongoing internal conflict in Syria.Primary energy use in 2009 in Syria was 262 TWh and 12 TWh per million persons.

Energy in Ukraine <=SEP=> Energy in Ukraine  describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Ukraine.Ukraine's geographic position and proximity to Russia explain its importance as a natural gas and petroleum liquids transit country.Approximately 3.0 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of natural gas flowed through Ukraine in 2013 to Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Turkey.Ukraine depends on Russia for its supplies of natural gas and oil (which are also produced domestically), although being net-exporter of electricity and coal.

Energy in Victoria (Australia) <=SEP=> The primary energy source for the generation of electricity in the State of Victoria is brown coal - one of the largest contributors to Australia's total domestic greenhouse gas emissions and a source of huge controversy for the country. Australia is one the highest polluters of greenhouse gas per capita in the world. Brown coal is used for the generation of approximately 85 percent of Victoria's household, commercial and industrial electricity consumption.

Engie <=SEP=> Engie (known as GDF Suez prior to April 2015) is a French multinational electric utility company, headquartered in La Défense, Courbevoie, which operates in the fields of electricity generation and distribution, natural gas and renewable energy.The company, formed on 22 July 2008 by the merger of Gaz de France and Suez, traces its origins to the Universal Suez Canal Company founded in 1858 to construct the Suez Canal.

Environmental impact of electricity generation <=SEP=> The environmental impact of electricity generation is significant because modern society uses large amounts of electrical power. This power is normally generated at power plants that convert some other kind of energy into electrical power. Each system has advantages and disadvantages, but many of them pose environmental concerns.

Eugene Green Energy Standard <=SEP=> The Eugene Green Energy Standard was an international standard to which national or international green electricity labelling schemes could be accredited to confirm that they provide genuine environmental benefits. It was designed to encourage the generation and use of additional renewable energy sources for electricity generation, although the limited use of additional natural gas-fired cogeneration plant was also supported.

Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant <=SEP=> The Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant is located at Flamanville, Manche, France on the Cotentin Peninsula.It houses two pressurized water reactors (PWRs) that produce 1.3 GWe each and came into service in 1986 and 1987, respectively. It produced 18.9 TWh in 2005, which amounted to 4% of the electricity production in France.

Fossil-fuel phase-out <=SEP=> Fossil fuel phase out is the proposed energy transition beyond fossil fuels through multiple means, including transport electrification, decommissioning of operating fossil fuel-fired power plants and prevention of the construction of new fossil-fuel-fired power stations. Its purpose is to reduce air pollution, mining tragedies, and greenhouse gas emissions which cause climate change. A move to the many forms of renewable energy is involved in shifting away from fossil fuels.

Fossil fuel <=SEP=> Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum and natural gas.  Other more commonly used derivatives of fossil fuels include kerosene and propane.

Geothermal electricity <=SEP=> Geothermal electricity  is electricity generated by geothermal energy. Technologies in use include dry steam power stations, flash steam power stations and binary cycle power stations. Geothermal electricity generation is currently used in 24 countries, while geothermal heating is in use in 70 countries.As of 2015, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounts to 12.8 gigawatts (GW), of which 28 percent or 3,548 megawatts are installed in the United States.

Guarantee of origin <=SEP=> The Guarantee of Origin (GO) is an instrument defined in European legislation, that labels electricity from renewable sources to provide information to electricity customers on the source of their energy. Guarantees of origin in the meaning of Directive 2009/28/EC are the only precisely defined instruments evidencing the origin of electricity generated from renewable energy sources .

Hinkley Point C nuclear power station <=SEP=> Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MWe nuclear power station with two European Pressurised Reactors in Somerset, England. The site is one of eight announced by the British government in 2010, and on 26 November 2012 a nuclear site licence was granted. In October 2014, the European Commission adjusted the "gain-share mechanism" so that the project does not break state-aid rules. Financing for the project is not yet in place.

Hydroelectricity <=SEP=> Hydroelectricity  is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.

Intermittent energy source <=SEP=> An intermittent energy source is any source of energy that is not continuously available due to some factor outside direct control. The intermittent source may be quite predictable, for example, tidal power, but cannot be dispatched to meet the demand of a power system.

Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources <=SEP=> Comparisons of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions or global warming potential is an attempt to calculate the global-warming potential of electrical energy sources by doing a life-cycle assessment of each energy source and presenting the findings of the assessment in units of global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated by that source; which uses the global warming potential unit, the Carbon dioxide equivalent(CO2e) and the unit of electrical energy, the kilowatt hour(kWh).

List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources <=SEP=> The information used to calculate values is from the Electric Power Monthly, February 2015 and 2014 published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Renewable generation does not include amounts for 'rooftop solar'. Only utility scale generation from solar sources is included.

List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources <=SEP=> This article is a list of countries by electricity generation from renewable sources every year.  Note that most countries import and/or export  electricity, so the percentage figures do not reflect the percentage of consumption that is renewable based.

List of electricity sectors <=SEP=> This is a list of electric power industry sectors in every country or region around the world.

Low-carbon power <=SEP=> Low-carbon power comes from processes or technologies that, produce power with substantially lower amounts of carbon dioxide emissions than is emitted from conventional fossil fuel power generation. It includes low carbon power generation sources such as wind power, solar power, hydropower and, including fuel preparation and decommissioning, nuclear power.

Mandatory renewable energy target <=SEP=> A mandatory renewable energy target is a government legislated requirement on electricity retailers to source specific proportions of total electricity sales from renewable energy sources according to a fixed time frame. If this results in an additional cost of electricity, the additional cost is distributed across most customers by increases in other tariffs.

National Grid (Great Britain) <=SEP=> The National Grid is the high-voltage electric power transmission network in Great Britain, connecting power stations and major substations and ensuring that electricity generated anywhere in England, Scotland and Wales can be used to satisfy demand elsewhere.

National Grid Reserve Service <=SEP=> In order to balance the supply and demand of electricity on short timescales, the UK National Grid has contracts in place with generators and large energy users to provide temporary extra power, or reduction in demand. These reserve services are needed if a power station fails for example, or if forecast demand differs from actual demand.

Nogent Nuclear Power Plant <=SEP=> The Nogent Nuclear Power Plant is located in the French commune of Nogent-sur-Seine, on the right bank of the Seine, in the west of the Aube department. It is located 60 kilometres (37 mi) to the west of Troyes and 120 kilometres (75 mi) south-east of Paris.The plant houses two reactors each of 1300 MWe and the site has a total area of 100 hectares.

Nuclear energy policy <=SEP=> Nuclear energy policy is a national and international policy concerning some or all aspects of nuclear energy, such as mining for nuclear fuel, extraction and processing of nuclear fuel from the ore, generating electricity by nuclear power, enriching and storing spent nuclear fuel and nuclear fuel reprocessing.Nuclear energy policies often include the regulation of energy use and standards relating to the nuclear fuel cycle.

Nuclear power <=SEP=> Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power station. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion.

Nuclear power by country <=SEP=> Nuclear power stations operate in 31 countries. China has 28 new reactors under construction, and there are also a considerable number of new reactors being built in South Korea, India, and Russia. At the same time, at least 100 older and smaller reactors will "most probably be closed over the next 10-15 years".

Nuclear power in France <=SEP=> Nuclear energy, in the form of fission, is the primary source of energy in France. In 2004, fission energy made up the largest share of France's energy consumption at 39%.

Nuclear power in India <=SEP=> Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity.

Nuclear power in the European Union <=SEP=> Nuclear power in the European Union accounted for approximately 15% of total energy consumption in 2005. The energy policies of the European Union (EU) member countries vary significantly. As of January 2010, 14 out of 27 countries have nuclear reactors. The countries with reactors are: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

Paluel Nuclear Power Plant <=SEP=> The Nuclear power station Paluel (French: Centrale nucléaire de Paluel) lies within the French town Paluel in  Normandy in the Département Seine-Maritime.  The nuclear power station, which consists of four 1330 MWe class pressurized water reactors, is about 40 kilometers far away from the city of Dieppe and employs approx. 1,250 full-time workers.  The operator is the French company EDF.  Water from the English Channel is used for cooling.

Photovoltaics <=SEP=> Photovoltaics (PV) is the name of a method of converting solar energy into direct current electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon commonly studied in physics, photochemistry and electrochemistry. A photovoltaic system employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells to supply usable solar power.

Power station <=SEP=> A power station (also referred to as a generating station, power plant, powerhouse, or generating plant) is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Most power stations contain one or more generators, a rotating machine that converts mechanical power into electrical power. The relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor creates an electrical current. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely.

Renewable electricity in New Zealand <=SEP=> Renewable electricity in New Zealand is primarily from hydropower. In 2010, 74% of the electricity generated in New Zealand came from renewable sources, a ratio that has been falling for decades while load growth has been met primarily by natural gas-fired power stations.

Renewable energy <=SEP=> Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

Renewable energy in Germany <=SEP=> Germany's renewable energy sector is among the most innovative and successful worldwide. Net-generation from renewable energy sources in the German electricity sector has increased from 6.3% in 2000 to about 30% in 2014. For the first time ever, wind, biogas, and solar combined accounted for a larger portion of net electricity production than brown coal.

Renewable energy in Russia <=SEP=> Renewable energy in Russia mainly consists of hydroelectric energy. The country is the fifth largest producer of renewable energy in the world, although it is 56th when hydroelectric energy is not taken into account. Some 179 TWh of Russia's energy production comes from renewable energy sources, out of a total economically feasible potential of 1823 TWh. 16% of Russia's electricity is generated from hydropower, and less than 1% is generated from all other renewable energy sources combined.

Renewable energy in the European Union <=SEP=> The countries of the European Union are the number two global leaders in the development and application of renewable energy. Promoting the use of renewable energy sources is important both to the reduction of the EU's dependence on foreign energy imports, and in meeting targets to combat global warming.

Renewable energy in the United Kingdom <=SEP=> Renewable energy can be divided into generation of renewable electricity and the generation of renewable heat.From the mid-1990s renewable energy began to contribute to the electricity generated in the United Kingdom, adding to a small hydroelectricity generating capacity. The total of all renewable electricity sources provided for 14.9% of the electricity generated in the United Kingdom in 2013, reaching 53.7 TWh of electricity generated.

Renewable portfolio standard <=SEP=> A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a regulation that requires the increased production of energy from renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal. Other common names for the same concept include Renewable Electricity Standard (RES) at the United States federal level and Renewables Obligation in the UK.The RPS mechanism generally places an obligation on electricity supply companies to produce a specified fraction of their electricity from renewable energy sources.

Renewables Obligation <=SEP=> The Renewables Obligation (RO) is designed to encourage generation of electricity from eligible renewable sources in the United Kingdom.

Solar power <=SEP=> Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.

Sustainable energy <=SEP=> Sustainable energy is the form of energy obtained from non-exhaustible resources, such that the provision of this form of energy serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, bioenergy, tidal power and also technologies designed to improve energy efficiency.

Tidal power <=SEP=> Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity.Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power.

Tricastin Nuclear Power Plant <=SEP=> The Tricastin Nuclear Power Plant (Centrale Nucléaire de Tricastin) is a nuclear power plant consisting of 4 pressurized water reactors (PWRs) of CP1 type with 915 MW electrical power output each.

Voltage source <=SEP=> A voltage source is a two terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage. An ideal voltage source can maintain the fixed voltage independent of the load resistance or the output current. However, a real-world voltage source cannot supply unlimited current. A voltage source is the dual of a current source.

Wind power <=SEP=> Wind power is extracted from air flow using wind turbines or sails to produce mechanical or electrical power. Windmills are used for their mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping, and sails to propel ships. Wind power as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, and uses little land.

Wind power in France <=SEP=> France has the third largest wind resources in Europe after Germany and the United Kingdom. Électricité de France, the main French electricity generator and supplier in France plans to increase its capacity to 10 GW in the year 2010.The French government plans to produce 21% of its electricity consumption with renewable energy in 2010 to comply with European directive 2001/77/CE of 27 September 2001.

Wind power in New Zealand <=SEP=> Wind power in New Zealand generates a small but rapidly growing proportion of the country's electricity.  Having only become an established generation source in the late 1990s, as of 2012, wind power accounts for 622 MW of installed capacity and nearly 5 percent of electricity generated in the country.New Zealand is in the path of the Roaring Forties, creating an excellent resource for wind generation.

Wind power in Spain <=SEP=> Spain is the world's fourth biggest producer of wind power. In 2014, the year-end installed capacity was 23 GW and the annual production was 51,439 GWh, a share of total electricity consumption of 21.1%.In 2009, for the first time in the annual calculation, wind overtook coal that produced 33,844 GWh.In 2010, 43,692 GWh of wind electricity was produced in Spain, with an end of year installed capacity of over 20 GW, representing 20% of capacity, and 16% of production.

Wind power in the European Union <=SEP=> As of December 2014, installed capacity of wind power in the European Union totaled 128,751 megawatts (MW). The EU wind industry has had a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10% between the years 2000 and 2013. In 2014, a total of 11,791 MW of wind power was installed, representing 32% of all new power capacity.

Wind power in the United Kingdom <=SEP=> The UK is one of the best locations for wind power in the world, and is considered to be the best in Europe. Wind power delivers a growing percentage of the energy in the United Kingdom and at the beginning of August 2015, wind power in the United Kingdom consisted of 6,546 wind turbines with a total installed capacity of just over 13 gigawatts: 8,258 megawatts of onshore capacity and 5,054 megawatts of offshore capacity.

World energy consumption <=SEP=> World energy consumption refers to the total energy used by all of human civilization. Typically measured per year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards humanity's endeavors across every single industrial and technological sector, across every country.

Électricité de France <=SEP=> Électricité de France S.A. (EDF; Electricity of France) is a French electric utility company, largely owned by the French state. Headquartered in Paris, France, with €65.2 billion in revenues in 2010, EDF operates a diverse portfolio of 120+ gigawatts of generation capacity in Europe, South America, North America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa.EDF is the world's largest producer of electricity.