Query: Which states of Germany are governed by the Social Democratic Party?

Relevant passages:
Andrea Nahles <=SEP=> Andrea Maria Nahles (born 20 June 1970 in Mendig, Rhineland-Palatinate) is a German politician, currently Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs (since 2013), a Bundestag representative for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and former SPD Youth leader.  She is known within the party for criticising Gerhard Schröder's Agenda 2010 and is thus identified with the SPD's left wing.

Annemarie Renger <=SEP=> Annemarie Renger (née Wildung), (7 October 1919 in Leipzig – 3 March 2008 in Remagen-Oberwinter), was a German politician for the “Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands” (Social Democratic Party of Germany - SPD).In 1972 she was the first woman to become President of the Bundestag.

Arthur Crispien <=SEP=> Arthur Crispien (4 November 1875 – 29 November 1946) was a German Social Democratic politician.

August Bebel <=SEP=> Ferdinand August Bebel (22 February 1840 – 13 August 1913) was a German socialist politician, writer, and orator. He is best remembered as one of the founders of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP) in 1869, which in 1875 merged with the General German Workers' Association into the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD).

Baden-Württemberg <=SEP=> Baden-Württemberg (/ˈbaːdən vɜrtəmˌbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈbaːdən ˈvʏʁtəmˌbɛʁk]) is a state of Germany located in the southwest, east of the Upper Rhine. It is Germany’s third largest state in terms of size and population, with an area of 35,742 square kilometres (13,800 sq mi) and 10.7 million inhabitants.

Berlin <=SEP=> Berlin (/bərˈlɪn/, German: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn]) is the capital of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, it is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of Rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about six million residents from over 180 nations.

Berlin state election, 2011 <=SEP=> The last Berlin state election was held on 18 September 2011, to elect members to the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Deputies) of Berlin.  All 141 seats were up for election. Berlin was governed by a coalition between the Social Democratic Party and The Left at the time. Current mayor Klaus Wowereit was the favourite heading into Sunday's election.The SPD won the most seats, 48, despite losing five.  The Left also lost three seats, making a renewal of the two parties' red-red coalition impossible.

Bernard Koenen <=SEP=> Bernard Koenen (born Hamburg 17 February 1889: died Berlin 30 April 1964) was a German politician.Between 1953 and 1958 he served as his country's ambassador to Czechoslovakia.

Brandenburg <=SEP=> Brandenburg (About this sound listen ; Low German: Brannenborg, Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska; Polish: Brandenburgia) is one of the sixteen federated states of Germany. The capital is Potsdam.It lies in the east of the country and is one of the federal states that was re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former West Germany and East Germany.

Brandenburg state election, 2009 <=SEP=> State elections were held in Brandenburg on 27 September 2009, the same day as the German federal elections and the Schleswig-Holstein state elections. The elections determined control of the Landtag of Brandenburg (Brandenburg's legislature).Entering the election, the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Christian Democratic Union (CDU) governed together in a grand coalition headed by Minister-President Matthias Platzeck (SPD). Platzeck once again ran as the top candidate for the SPD.

Bremen (state) <=SEP=> The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (German: Freie Hansestadt Bremen, pronounced [ˈbʁeːmən]) is the smallest of Germany's 16 states. A more informal name, but used in some official contexts, is Land Bremen ('State of Bremen').The state consists of two cities (Bremen and Bremerhaven) in the North of Germany, separated from each other and surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony.

British Columbia New Democratic Party <=SEP=> The New Democratic Party of British Columbia (BC NDP) is a social-democratic provincial political party in British Columbia, Canada, and governed the province from 1972 to 1975, and then again from 1991 to 2001, losing power that year to the BC Liberals. Following the 2013 provincial election in British Columbia, the party remains the official opposition to the governing British Columbia Liberal Party (BC Liberals).The BC NDP is the provincial arm of the federal New Democratic Party (NDP).

Bruno Diekmann <=SEP=> Bruno Diekmann (April 19, 1897 – January 11, 1982) was a German politician (SPD) from Kiel and Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein (1949–1950). From May 5, 1991 – May 11, 1992, Diekmann was the oldest former Minister-President of Germany, preceded by Max Seydewitz. He is still the oldest Minister-President of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), succeeded by Werner Bruschke of the GDR.

Christian Democratic Union of Germany <=SEP=> The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (German: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands, CDU; German pronunciation: [ˈkʁɪstlɪç ˌdemoˈkʁaːtɪʃə uˈni̯oːn ˈdɔʏtʃlants]) is a Christian democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany. It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics.

Christian Social Union in Bavaria <=SEP=> The Christian Social Union in Bavaria (About this sound CSU – Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern ) is a Christian democratic and conservative political party in Germany. The CSU operates only in Bavaria, while its larger sister party, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), operates in the other fifteen states of Germany.

Clara Zetkin <=SEP=> Clara Zetkin (née Eissner; 5 July 1857 – 20 June 1933) was a German Marxist theorist, activist, and advocate for women's rights.

Conservatism <=SEP=> Conservatism as a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others, called reactionaries, oppose modernism and seek a return to "the way things were".

Czech Social Democratic Party <=SEP=> The Czech Social Democratic Party (Czech: Česká strana sociálně demokratická, ČSSD) is a social-democratic political party in the Czech Republic. It holds 50 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, making it the largest party. ČSSD leads the governing Cabinet of the Czech Republic since 2013.

Democracy <=SEP=> Democracy, or democratic government, is "a system of government in which all the people of a state or polity ... are involved in making decisions about its affairs, typically by voting to elect representatives to a parliament or similar assembly," as defined by the Oxford English Dictionary.

Democratic Party (United States) <=SEP=> The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party to its right.

Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro <=SEP=> The Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Demokratska Partija Socijalista Crne Gore, Демократска Партија Социјалиста Црне Горе, DPS) is a social-democratic political party in Montenegro. It is one of the major parties in the politics of Montenegro.The party was formed in 1991 as the successor of the League of Communists of Montenegro, which had governed Montenegro within the Yugoslav federation since World War II.

Democratic Party of Virginia <=SEP=> The Democratic Party of Virginia is based in Richmond in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is affiliated with the national Democratic Party of the United States. The organization is governed by a State Party Plan, which guarantees an open and fair candidate selection process.

Democratic socialism <=SEP=> Democratic socialism is a political ideology advocating a democratic political system alongside a socialist economic system, involving a combination of political democracy with social ownership of the means of production. Sometimes used synonymously with "socialism", the adjective "democratic" is added to distinguish itself from the Marxist–Leninist brand of socialism.Democratic socialism is distinguished from both the Soviet model of centralized socialism and social democracy.

Eduard Bernstein <=SEP=> Eduard Bernstein (6 January 1850 – 18 December 1932) was a German social democratic political theorist and politician, a member of the Social Democratic Party (SDP), and the founder of evolutionary socialism, social democracy and revisionism. Bernstein had held close association to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, but he saw flaws in Marxist thinking and began to criticize views held by Marxism when he investigated and challenged the Marxist materialist theory of history.

Emil Barth <=SEP=> Emil Barth (Heidelberg, 23 April 1879 - Berlin, 17 July 1941) was a German Social Democratic metal worker who became a key figure in the German Revolution of 1918. Barth joined the anti-war Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) in 1917, and became leader of the revolutionary shop stewards in January 1918.

Emmy Kaemmerer <=SEP=> Emmy Kaemmerer (born 1890) was a German politician, representative of the Social Democratic Party.Kaemmerer was born on 21 May 1890, her place and date of death are unknown.In 1919 and 20, she was a member of the Hamburg Parliament.

Ernst Niekisch <=SEP=> Ernst Niekisch (23 May 1889 – 23 May 1967) was a German politician. Initially associated with mainstream left-wing politics he later became a prominent exponent of National Bolshevism.

Ernst Thälmann <=SEP=> Ernst Thälmann (16 April 1886 – 18 August 1944) was the leader of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during much of the Weimar Republic. He was arrested by the Gestapo in 1933 and held in solitary confinement for eleven years, before being shot in Buchenwald on Adolf Hitler's orders in 1944. During the Spanish Civil War, several units of German republican volunteers (most notably the Thälmann Battalion of the International Brigades) were named in his honour.

Far-right politics <=SEP=> Far-right politics are right-wing politics to the right of the mainstream centre right on the traditional left-right spectrum. They often involve a focus on tradition as opposed to policies and customs that are regarded as reflective of modernism. They tend to include disregard or disdain for egalitarianism, if not overt support for social inequality and social hierarchy, elements of social conservatism and opposition to most forms of liberalism and socialism.

Franz Müntefering <=SEP=> Franz Müntefering [fʁants ˈmʏntəˌfeʁɪŋ] (born 16 January 1940) is a German politician and industrial manager. He was Chairman of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) from 2004 to 2005 and again from 18 October 2008 to 13 November 2009. He was Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, as well as Vice-Chancellor, from 2005 to 2007.

Garrelt Duin <=SEP=> Garrelt Duin (born 2 April 1968 in Leer, Lower Saxony) is a German politician.

German federal election, 2009 <=SEP=> German federal elections took place on 27 September 2009 to elect the members of the Bundestag, the federal parliament of Germany.  Preliminary results showed that the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) won the election, and the three parties announced their intention to form a new centre-right government with Angela Merkel as Chancellor.

Hamburg <=SEP=> Hamburg (/ˈhæmbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊʁk], local pronunciation [ˈhambʊɪ̯ç]; Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg [ˈhambɔːx]), officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg  (Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg), is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is also the thirteenth largest German state.

Heinrich Laufenberg <=SEP=> Heinrich Laufenberg (19 January 1872 – 3 February 1932) was a leading German communist and was one of the first to develop the idea of National Bolshevism. Laufenberg was a history academic by profession and was also known by the pseudonym Karl Erler.

History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany <=SEP=> The foundation of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) can be traced back to the 1860s and for much of the 20th and 21st centuries it has represented the centre-left in German politics. The SPD has had several spells in government, first under Friedrich Ebert in 1918. The party was outlawed in Nazi Germany but returned to government, in 1969, with Willy Brandt. Meanwhile, the East German branch of the SPD was merged with the ruling KPD.

Hugo Haase <=SEP=> Hugo Haase (29 September 1863 – 7 November 1919) was a German socialist politician, jurist and pacifist. With Friedrich Ebert he was co-chairman of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten after the German Revolution in 1918.

Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany <=SEP=> The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. The organization was established in 1917 as the result of a split of left wing members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The organization attempted to chart a centrist course between electorally oriented revisionism on the one hand and bolshevism on the other.

Juso-Hochschulgruppen <=SEP=> The Juso-Hochschulgruppen are a part of the Young Socialists in the SPD and represent the student wing of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. They took over the role of the student wing after the party split with the Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund in 1961 and its replacement, the Sozialdemokratischer Hochschulbund (SHB), had become too radical by 1972.

Kurt Beck <=SEP=> Kurt Beck (born 5 February 1949) is a German politician (SPD), serving as the Minister-President of Rhineland-Palatinate from 1994 to 2013 and as President of the Bundesrat in 2000/01. On 14 May 2006 he succeeded Matthias Platzeck as chairman of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD). He resigned from that post on 7 September 2008.On 28 September 2012 he announced  his resignation from the post of minister-president.

Kurt Eisner <=SEP=> Kurt Eisner (14 May 1867 – 21 February 1919) was a German-jewish  journalist, theatre critic, and pacifist.  As a socialist journalist and statesman, he organized the Socialist Revolution that overthrew the Wittelsbach monarchy in Bavaria in November 1918.He is used as an example of charismatic authority by Max Weber. Weber referred to Eisner's "war guilt lie" to oust the democratic republic for a communist dictatorship.  He proclaimed the Free State of Bavaria.

Kurt Schumacher <=SEP=> Kurt Ernst Carl Schumacher (13 October 1895 – 20 August 1952), German social democratic politician, who served as chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany from 1946 and was the first Leader of the Opposition in the West German Bundestag from 1949 until his death. An opponent of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer's government, but an even stronger opponent of the East German Socialist Unity Party and communism in general, he was one of the founding fathers of post-war German democracy.

Left-wing political parties <=SEP=> The following is a list of left-wing political parties. It includes parties from the centre-left (social democrats, greens and sometimes social liberals) to the far and ultra left.

Legitimacy (political) <=SEP=> In political science, legitimacy is the popular acceptance of an authority, usually a  governing law or a régime. Whereas "authority" denotes a specific position in an established government, the term "legitimacy" denotes a system of government — wherein "government" denotes "sphere of influence". Political legitimacy is considered a basic condition for governing, without which a government will suffer legislative deadlock(s) and collapse.

Leo Jogiches <=SEP=> Leo(n) Jogiches (17 June 1867 – 10 March 1919), also known by his party name of Leon Tyszka (Tyska, Tyshko, Tyshka) was a Marxist revolutionary active in Lithuania, Poland, and Germany.

Liberal democracy <=SEP=> Liberal democracy is a political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism. It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political freedoms for all people.

Liberalism <=SEP=> Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. The former principle is stressed in classical liberalism while the latter is more evident in social liberalism.

Liberalism by country <=SEP=> This article gives information on liberalism worldwide. It is an overview of parties that adhere to political liberalism and is therefore a list of liberal parties around the world.

List of democratic socialist parties and organizations <=SEP=> This is a list of parties and organizations that are either explicitly democratic socialist or include significant numbers of democratic socialist members (although many do not specifically include the term "Democratic Socialist" in their name).

List of democratic socialist parties which have governed <=SEP=> This is a list of democratic socialist parties which have governed countries, whether as the ruling party or as a member of a governing coalition. Most of these parties were members of the Socialist International.

List of historical political parties in Germany <=SEP=> The list of historical political parties in Germany lists the historical parties in Germany since 1848. For current political parties in Germany, see List of political parties in Germany.

List of liberal theorists <=SEP=> Individual contributors to classical liberalism and political liberalism are associated with philosophers of the Enlightenment. Liberalism as a specifically named ideology begins in the late 18th century as a movement towards self-government and away from aristocracy.

List of political parties in Germany <=SEP=> This is a list of political parties in Germany.The Parliament of Germany, the Bundestag, has a plural multi-party system, with two major parties, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), with its sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU) in the same parliamentary group, also known as CDU/CSU or the Union.Germany also has a number of minor parties, most importantly The Left, and Alliance '90/The Greens.

List of social democratic parties <=SEP=> This is a list of parties in the world that consider themselves to be upholding the principles and values of social democracy. Some of the parties are also members of the Socialist International, Party of European Socialists or the Progressive Alliance. Note that, in some cases, a party's self-described adherence to social democracy may be disputed by its critics.

List of socialist states <=SEP=> The following is a list of self-declared socialist states—that is to say, past and present states that have declared themselves socialist or in the process of building socialism. Self-identification is the only criterion used by the list. Therefore, all countries that claimed to be socialist are included, even if their claims are disputed.

Major party <=SEP=> A major party is a political party that holds substantial influence in a country's politics, standing in contrast to a minor party. It should not be confused with majority party.According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary:Major parties hold a significant percentage of the vote in elections and claim higher membership than minor parties. Typically, major parties have the most donors, best-organized support networks and  excellent funding for elections.

Mathilde Wurm <=SEP=> Mathilde Wurm (30 September 1874 – 1 April 1935) was a German politician, social worker and journalist. She represented the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany in the Reichstag from 1920 to 1933.

Max Maurenbrecher <=SEP=> Max Heinrich Maurenbrecher (17 July 1874 – 30 April 1929) was a German publicist, pastor and  politician. He served as a pastor in the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces until 1907. From 1909 to 1916 he preached for the free religious congregations in Nuremberg and Mannheim. In 1917 he rejoined the evangelical church and became a minister in Dresden.

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern <=SEP=> Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [ˈmeːklənbʊʁk ˈfoːɐ̯pɔmɐn] (also known as Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in English, nicknamed MV or MeckPomm) is a federated state in northern Germany. The capital city is Schwerin.

Neues Deutschland <=SEP=> Neues Deutschland (ND) (English: New Germany) is a national German daily newspaper. It was the official party newspaper of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), which governed the German Democratic Republic (GDR - East Germany), and as such served as one of the party's most important organs.

North Rhine-Westphalia <=SEP=> North Rhine-Westphalia (German: Nordrhein-Westfalen) [ˈnɔʁtʁaɪ̯n vɛstˈfaːlən]) is the most populous state of Germany, as well as the fourth largest by area. North Rhine-Westphalia was formed in 1946 as a merger of the northern Rhineland and Westphalia, both formerly parts of Prussia. Its capital is Düsseldorf; the biggest city is Cologne. Four of Germany's ten biggest cities—Cologne, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, and Essen—are located in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Olaf Scholz <=SEP=> Olaf Scholz (German pronunciation: [ˈoːlɐf ˈʃɔlts]; born (1958-06-14)14 June 1958, in Osnabrück) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Mayor of Hamburg since 7 March 2011.

Old Social Democratic Party of Germany <=SEP=> The Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Alte Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands), known as the Old Social Democratic Party of Saxony (German: Alte Sozialdemokratische Partei Sachsens) until 1927, was a political party in Germany. The party was a splinter group of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in Saxony, and had nationalistic tendencies.

Olof Palme <=SEP=> Sven Olof Joachim Palme (Swedish: Olof Palme; pronounced [ˈʊlɔf palˈmɛ]; 30 January 1927 – 28 February 1986) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician, statesman and prime minister. A longtime protégé of Prime Minister Tage Erlander, Palme led the Swedish Social Democratic Party SAP from 1969 until his assassination in 1986, and was a two-term Prime Minister of Sweden, heading a Privy Council Government from 1969 to 1976 and a cabinet government from 1982 until his death.

Otto Grotewohl <=SEP=> Otto Grotewohl (German pronunciation: [ˈɔtoː ˈɡʁoːtəvoːl]; 11 March 1894 – 23 September 1964) was a German politician and the first prime minister of the German Democratic Republic from 1949 until his death in 1964.

Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) <=SEP=> The Party of Democratic Socialism (German: Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus, PDS) was a democratic socialist political party in Germany active between 1989 and 2007. It was the legal successor to the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), which ruled the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) as a one-party state until 1990. From 1990 through to 2005, the PDS had been seen as the left-wing "party of the East".

Party of European Socialists <=SEP=> The Party of European Socialists (PES) is a social-democratic European political party. The PES comprises national-level political parties primarily from member states of the European Union (EU) and other nations of the European continent. The PES member parties are themselves members of the Socialist International. The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) is the political group in the European Parliament of the PES.

Paul Levi <=SEP=> Paul Levi (March 11, 1883 – February 9, 1930) was a German Communist and Social Democratic political leader. He was the head of the Communist Party of Germany following the assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht in 1919. After being expelled for publicly criticising Communist Party tactics during the March Action, he formed the Communist Working Organisation (KAG / Kommunistische Arbeitsgemeinschaft) which in 1922 merged with the Independent Social Democratic Party.

Peter Münstermann <=SEP=> Peter Münstermann (born 3 August 1956) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) party. He is an elected member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Political party <=SEP=> A political party is an organization of people which seeks to achieve goals common to its members through the acquisition and exercise of political power.While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded.

Politics of Bavaria <=SEP=> The Politics of Bavaria takes place within a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, where the Federal Government of Germany exercises sovereign rights with certain powers reserved to the states of Germany including Bavaria.

Politics of Lower Saxony <=SEP=> The Politics of Lower Saxony takes place within a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, where the Federal Government of Germany exercises sovereign rights with certain powers reserved to the states of Germany including Lower Saxony. Since 1948 politics in the state has been dominated by the rightist Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the leftist Social Democratic Party.

Politics of Saarland <=SEP=> The Politics of Saarland takes place within a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, where the Federal Government of Germany exercises sovereign rights with certain powers reserved to the states of Germany including Saarland.

Politics of Schleswig-Holstein <=SEP=> The Politics of Schleswig-Holstein takes place within a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, where the Federal Government of Germany exercises sovereign rights with certain powers reserved to the states of Germany including Schleswig-Holstein. The state has a multi-party system where the two main parties are the rightist Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the leftist Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Progressive Alliance <=SEP=> The Progressive Alliance is an international alliance of social-democratic political parties, the majority of which are current or former members of the Socialist International, founded on 22 May 2013.

Red–red coalition <=SEP=> In politics, a red–red coalition is a coalition government composed of social-democratic parties allying themselves with more radical democratic socialist or socialist parties, a coalition that spans the centre-left to the left or far left.A specific example of a red-red coalition comes from the politics of Germany, formed from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and The Left party or its predecessor, the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS).

Reinhard Höppner <=SEP=> Reinhard Höppner (December 2, 1948 – June 9, 2014) was a German politician (SPD). and writer.In 1990, in the first (and last) free election in the assembly's history, he was elected a member of the East German People's Chamber (Volkskammer), becoming the assembly's vice president.He became Minister-President of Saxony-Anhalt in July 1994 when, his SPD (party) having failed to secure an outright majority, entered into a minority governing coalition with the Green party.

Republicanism <=SEP=> Republicanism is one possible ideology of governing a society or state as a republic. The key point is that the people hold popular sovereignty, rather than the people being subjects of a king.  Many countries are republics, but only those which adhere to the ideology of "republicanism" are covered here.

Rhineland-Palatinate <=SEP=> Rhineland-Palatinate (German: Rheinland-Pfalz, pronounced [ˈʁaɪ̯nlant ˈp͡falt͡s]; French: Rhénanie-Palatinat) is one of the 16 states (German: Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany. It has an area of 19,846 square kilometres (7,663 sq mi) and about four million inhabitants. The city of Mainz functions as the state capital.

Right-wing politics <=SEP=> Right-wing politics are political positions or activities that view some forms of social stratification or social inequality as either inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically defending this position on the basis of natural law, economics or tradition.

Rosa Luxemburg <=SEP=> Rosa Luxemburg (also Rozalia Luxenburg; Polish: Róża Luksemburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist and revolutionary socialist of Polish-Jewish descent who became a naturalized German citizen.

Rudolf Hilferding <=SEP=> Rudolf Hilferding (10 August 1877 – 11 February 1941) was an Austrian-born Marxist economist, leading socialist theorist, politician and chief theoretician for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) during the Weimar Republic, almost universally recognized as the SPD's foremost theoretician of his century, and a physician.He was born in Vienna, where he received a doctorate having studied medicine.

Saxon People's Party <=SEP=> The Saxon People's Party (German: Sächsische Volkspartei) was a left-liberal and radical democratic party in Germany, which existed from its founding by Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel in 1866 in Chemnitz until being integrated into the then founded Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) in 1869. It was an alliance between liberal, anti-Prussian bourgeois and socialist workers' organizations in Saxony. It is considered one of the precursors to the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

Saxony-Anhalt <=SEP=> Saxony-Anhalt (German: Sachsen-Anhalt, pronounced [ˌzaksn̩ ˈanhalt]) is a landlocked federal state of Germany surrounded by the federal states of Lower Saxony, Brandenburg, Saxony and Thuringia.Its capital is Magdeburg. Saxony-Anhalt covers an area of 20,447.7 square kilometres (7,894.9 sq mi) and has a population of 2.34 million.Saxony-Anhalt should not be confused with Saxony or Lower Saxony, also German states.

Self-determination <=SEP=> The right of nations to self-determination (from German: Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Völker) is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter’s norms.

Sigmar Gabriel <=SEP=> Sigmar Gabriel (born 12 September 1959) is a German politician who has served as Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy and Vice Chancellor of Germany since 2013. Since 2009 he has been chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was Minister of the Environment from 2005 to 2009.

Social Democratic League of America <=SEP=> The Social Democratic League of America (SDL) was a short-lived American political party established in 1917 by electorally-oriented socialists who favored the participation of the United States in World War I.

Social Democratic Party (Andorra) <=SEP=> The Social Democratic Party (Catalan: Partit Socialdemòcrata, PS) is a social-democratic political party in Andorra.

Social Democratic Party (Romania) <=SEP=> The Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) is the major social-democratic political party in Romania. The largest party in Parliament with initially 63 seats in the Senate and 158 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, it also has the largest number of mayors, local and county councilors and county presidents thus being the biggest and most influential political force in the country.

Social Democratic Party in the GDR <=SEP=> The Social Democratic Party in the GDR (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei in der DDR) was a Social Democratic Party existing during the last phase of the East German state. It eventually merged with the West German Social Democratic Party of Germany.

Social Democratic Party of Austria <=SEP=> The Social Democratic Party of Austria (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, SPÖ) is a social-democratic political party in Austria. The oldest extant political party in Austria, the SPÖ is a member of the Socialist International, Progressive Alliance and Party of European Socialists.

Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina <=SEP=> The Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian: Socijaldemokratska Partija Bosne i Hercegovine, SDP BiH) is a self-declared multi-ethnic, but largely Bosniak, social-democratic political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina.The SDP was formed in 1991 as the successor of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina, BiH branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, which had governed Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Yugoslav federation since World War II.

Social Democratic Party of Croatia <=SEP=> The Social Democratic Party of Croatia (Croatian: Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske or SDP) is a social-democratic political party and the largest party of the Croatian centre-left.

Social Democratic Party of Georgia <=SEP=> The Social Democratic Party of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს სოციალ-დემოკრატიული პარტია, sakartvelos sotsial-demok'rat'iuli p'art'ia), also known as the Georgian Menshevik Party, was Georgian Marxist, and later, a social democratic political party. It was founded in the 1890s by Nikolay Chkheidze, Silibistro Jibladze, Egnate Ninoshvili, Noe Zhordania and others. It became the Georgian branch of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.

Social Democratic Party of Germany <=SEP=> The Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) is a social-democratic political party in Germany.

Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany <=SEP=> The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (German: Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, abbreviated as SDAP) was a Marxist socialist political party in the North German Confederation during the period of unification. Founded in Eisenach in 1869, the SDAP endured through the early years of the German Empire. Often termed the Eisenachers, the SDAP was one of the first political organizations established among the nascent German labor unions of the nineteenth century.

Social conservatism <=SEP=> Social conservatism is a group of political ideologies centred around preserving traditional beliefs, attitudes and philosophy, in the face of social progressivism. The aims of social conservatism vary from organisation to organisation, and from country to country. Thus, there are really no policies or positions that could be considered universal among social conservatives. There are, however, a number of general principles to which at least a majority of social conservatives adhere.

Social corporatism <=SEP=> Social corporatism (also called Social democratic corporatism) is a form of economic tripartite corporatism based upon a social partnership between the interests of capital and labour, involving collective bargaining between representatives of employers and of labor mediated by the government at the national level.

Social liberalism <=SEP=> Social liberalism is a political ideology that seeks to find a balance between individual liberty and social justice. Like classical liberalism, social liberalism endorses a market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights and liberties, but differs in that it believes the legitimate role of the government includes addressing economic and social issues such as poverty, health care, and education.

Socialism <=SEP=> Socialism is a social and economic system characterised by social ownership and/or social control of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy, as well as a political theory and movement that aims at the establishment of such a system. "Social ownership" may refer to cooperative enterprises, common ownership, state ownership (achieved by nationalization), citizen ownership of equity, or any combination of these.

Socialist International <=SEP=> The Socialist International (SI) is a worldwide association of political parties, most of which seek to establish democratic socialism. It consists mostly of democratic socialist, social-democratic and labour political parties and other organisations.Although formed in 1951 as a successor to the Labour and Socialist International, it has antecedents to the late nineteenth century.

Socialist Party of America <=SEP=> The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist  political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization in 1899.In the first decades of the 20th century, it drew significant support from many different groups, including trade unionists, progressive social reformers, populist farmers, and immigrant communities.

Socialist state <=SEP=> The term socialist state or socialist republic usually refers to any state that is constitutionally dedicated to the construction of a socialist society. It is closely related to the political ideology of state socialism, the view that socialism can be established through the existing state or by government policies.

Social–liberal coalition <=SEP=> Social–liberal coalition (German: Sozialliberale Koalition) in the politics of Germany refers to a governmental coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Free Democratic Party (FDP).The term stems from social democracy of the SPD and the liberalism of the FDP.

Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund <=SEP=> The Sozialistische Deutsche Studentenbund — the Socialist German Student Union or Socialist German Student League — was founded in 1946 in Hamburg, Germany, as the collegiate branch of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD; the "Social Democratic Party of Germany"). In the 1950s tensions between the SDS and the main party surfaced, particularly over the party's support of Germany's rearming, until in 1961 the SPD excluded all members of the SDS from the party.

Table of political parties in Europe by pancontinental organisation <=SEP=> The majority of major political parties in Europe have aligned themselves into one of the pan-European political organisations listed below. 13 of these organisations have been legally recognized by the European Union as political parties at the European level:The Nordic Green Left Alliance is a transnational federation of parties, not a pan-European political party per se, but it articulates a broadly uniform ideology and its membership is exclusive to it.

The Left (Germany) <=SEP=> The Left (German: Die Linke), also commonly referred to as the Left Party (German: Linkspartei), is a democratic socialist political party in Germany.

Thuringia <=SEP=> The Free State of Thuringia (English /θəˈrɪndʒiə/; German: Freistaat Thüringen, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈtyːʁɪŋən]) is a federal state of Germany, located in the central part of the country. It has an area of 16,171 square kilometres (6,244 sq mi) and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area  and the fifth smallest by population  of Germany's sixteen states. Most of Thuringia is within the watershed of the Saale, a left tributary of the Elbe.

Till Backhaus <=SEP=> Till Backhaus (born Neuhaus 13 March 1959) is a German politician.   As the German Democratic Republic approached its end as a standalone state, Backhaus was one of those who in December 1989 (re-)founded the Social Democratic Party, more than four decades after its suppression.More recently, in 1998 he was appointed regional Minister for Agriculture in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, a post he retains, making him the longest serving regional minister currently (2014) in office in Germany.

Udo Bullmann <=SEP=> Dr. Udo Bullmann is a German social democratic politician. Since 1999 he has been a representative of the Party of European Socialists (PES) in the European Parliament, where he represents constituency Hessen.

Ulla Schmidt <=SEP=> Ursula "Ulla" Schmidt (born June 13, 1949) is a German politician who currently serves as Vice-President of the German Bundestag. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Walter Riester <=SEP=> Walter Riester (born 27 September 1943 in Kaufbeuren) is a German politician of the SPD and former Minister of Labour and Social Affairs.Walter Riester joined the SPD in 1966 and since 1998 he has been a member of the party's federal executive board. From 1993 to 1998 he was deputy chairman of the IG Metall. From 1998 to 2002 Riester was Minister of Labour and Social Affairs in the cabinet of the then chancellor Gerhard Schröder.

Weimar Coalition <=SEP=> The Weimar Coalition (German: Weimarer Koalition) is the name given to the centre-left coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the social liberal German Democratic Party (DDP) and the Christian democratic Centre Party, who together had a large majority of the delegates to the Constituent Assembly that met at Weimar in 1919, and were the principal groups that designed the constitution of Germany's Weimar Republic.

Wenzel Jaksch <=SEP=> Wenzel Jaksch (25 September 1896 – 27 November 1966) was a Sudeten German Socialdemocrat politician and the President of the Federation of Expellees in 1964-66.

Wilhelm Buck <=SEP=> Wilhelm Buck (12 November 1869, Bautzen, Kingdom of Saxony – 2 December 1945, Radebeul) was a German politician and representative of the Social Democratic Party and the splinter party, Old Social Democratic Party of Germany. From 5 May 1920 to 21 March 1923 he was minister-president of the Free State of Saxony.

Willy Brandt <=SEP=> Willy Brandt (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪli ˈbʁant]; born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German statesman and politician, leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1969 to 1974.