Query: Large glaciers island nation Langjokull Hofsjokull Vatnajokull

Relevant passages:
Allison Glacier (Heard Island) <=SEP=> Allison Glacier (53°04′S 73°24′E) is an ice stream on the west side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Allison Glacier flows from Big Ben massif down to the sea to the south of Cape Gazert. To the north of Allison Glacier is Vahsel Glacier, whose terminus is at South West Bay, between Erratic Point and Cape Gazert. Immediately to the north of Vahsel Glacier is Schmidt Glacier, whose terminus is located between Mount Drygalski and North West Cornice.

Antarctic Peninsula <=SEP=> The Antarctic Peninsula is the northernmost part of the mainland of Antarctica, located at the base of the Southern Hemisphere. At the surface, it is the biggest, most prominent peninsula in Antarctica as it extends 1300 km (800 miles) from a line between Cape Adams (Weddell Sea) and a point on the mainland south of Eklund Islands.

Antarctic Specially Protected Area <=SEP=> An Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) is an area on the continent of Antarctica, or on nearby islands, which is protected by scientists and several different international bodies. The protected areas were established in 1961 under the Antarctic Treaty System, which governs all the land and water south of 60 latitude and protects against human development. A permit is required for entry into any ASPA site.

Antarctica <=SEP=> Antarctica (/æntˈɑrktɪkə/ or /æntˈɑrtɪkə/) is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million square kilometres (5.4 million square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia.

Arkís <=SEP=> Arkís is an Icelandic architectural practice based in Reykjavík that has been in operation since 1997.

Artemis Fowl: The Atlantis Complex <=SEP=> Artemis Fowl: The Atlantis Complex (known as Artemis Fowl and the Atlantis Complex in Europe) is the seventh book in the Artemis Fowl series. It was published on 20 July 2010 in the United Kingdom and on 3 August 2010 in North America. It was followed by Artemis Fowl: The Last Guardian, which was confirmed to be the final book in the Artemis Fowl series.

Aurora Glacier (Antarctica) <=SEP=> Aurora Glacier (77°37′S 167°38′E) is a large glacier draining that part of Ross Island between Mount Erebus and Mount Terra Nova, and flowing south into McMurdo Ice Shelf. It was named by A.J. Heine in 1963 after the Aurora, the ship of the Ross Sea Party of the British expedition under Ernest Shackleton, 1914–17.

Austfonna <=SEP=> Austfonna is an ice cap located on Nordaustlandet in the Svalbard archipelago in Norway.

Ball Glacier (James Ross Island) <=SEP=> Ball Glacier is a small glacier separating Redshaw Point from Hamilton Point, flowing north-east to Markham Bay on the south-east side of James Ross Island. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-names Committee in 1995 after H. William Ball (b. 1926), Keeper of Paleontology, British Museum (Natural History), 1966–86, and author of Falklands Islands Dependencies Survey Scientific Report No. 24 on fossils from the James Ross Island area.

Baudissin Glacier <=SEP=> Baudissin Glacier (53°2′S 73°26′E) is a tidewater glacier on the north side of Heard Island. in the southern Indian Ocean. Located 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) west of Challenger Glacier, Baudissin Glacier is 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km) wide and flows into the western part of Corinthian Bay. The terminus of Baudissin Glacier is located at the western side of Corinthian Bay, at Sealers Cove.

Borchgrevink Glacier <=SEP=> Borchgrevink Glacier (73°4′S 168°30′E) is a large glacier in the Victory Mountains, Victoria Land, draining south between Malta Plateau and Daniell Peninsula, and thence projecting into Glacier Strait, Ross Sea, as a floating glacier tongue, the Borchgrevink Glacier Tongue, just south of Cape Jones. It was named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, for Carsten Borchgrevink, leader of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898–1900.

Breiðamerkurjökull <=SEP=> Breiðamerkurjökull (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈpreːiðaˌmɛr̥kʏrˌjœːkʏtl̥]) is an outlet glacier of the larger glacier of Vatnajökull in southeastern Iceland.  Emerging as a tongue of the Vatnajökull, it ends in a small lagoon, known as Jökulsárlón. Over time, it has gradually been breaking down.As the icebergs break away from the tongue of the glacier, they drift slowly to the mouth of the lagoon and eventually join the ocean.

British Columbia Coast <=SEP=> The British Columbia Coast  or BC Coast is Canada's western continental coastline on the Pacific Ocean.

Bulgarian toponyms in Antarctica P <=SEP=> A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z Padala Glacier, Sentinel Range Padesh Ridge, Oscar II Coast Paisiy Peak, Livingston Island   Palakariya Cove, Liège Island  Palilula Glacier, Brabant Island Pamidovo Nunatak, Oscar II Coast  Panagyurishte Nunatak, Greenwich Island   Panega Glacier, Livingston Island   Panicheri Gap, Sentinel Range   Papiya Nunatak, Nordenskjöld Coast   Paprat Peak, Brabant Island Paramun Buttress, Nordenskjöld Coast  Parangalitsa Peak, Sentinel Range  Parchevich Ridge, Greenwich Island   Paril Saddle, Livingston Island   Parlichev Ridge, Oscar II Coast Parvomay Neck, Greenwich Island   Pasarel Island, Aitcho Islands   Pashuk Glacier, Smith Island Paspal Glacier, Oscar II Coast  Passy Peak, Livingston Island   Pastra Glacier, Trinity Island   Pastrogor Peak, Sentinel Range Patleyna Glacier, Sentinel Range  Patmos Peak, Bastien Range  Patresh Rock, Robert Island Pautalia Glacier, Livingston Island   Pavlikeni Point, Greenwich Island  Pazardzhik Point, Snow Island   Pelishat Point, Greenwich Island   Perelik Point, Robert Island  Peristera Peak, Sentinel Range  Perivol Rock, Snow Island Perkos Dome, Danco Coast Pernik Peninsula, Loubet Coast   Perperek Knoll, Livingston Island  Mount Persenk, Nordenskjöld Coast  Perunika Glacier, Livingston Island   Peshev Ridge, Livingston Island   Peshtera Glacier, Livingston Island   Pesyakov Hill, Livingston Island   Peter Peak, Livingston Island   Petko Voyvoda Peak, Livingston Island  Petkov Nunatak, Trinity Peninsula Petrelik Island, Anvers Island   Petrich Peak, Livingston Island   Petroff Point, Brabant Island Petrov Ridge, Danco Coast   Petvar Heights, Sentinel Range  Peychinov Crag, Oscar II Coast  Phanagoria Island, Zed Islands   Pimpirev Beach, Livingston Island  Pimpirev Glacier, Livingston Island   Pirdop Gate, Livingston Island   Pirgos Peak, Oscar II Coast Pirin Glacier, Davis Coast   Pirne Peak, Oscar II Coast Pirogov Glacier, Brabant Island Pisanitsa Island, Greenwich Island  Pishtachev Peak, Danco Coast  Pizos Bay, Nordenskjöld Coast Plakuder Point, Pickwick Island Plana Peak, Livingston Island   Plas Point, Graham Coast  Pleven Saddle, Livingston Island Pleystor Glacier, Liège Island   Pliska Ridge, Livingston Island   Ploski Cove, Tower Island   Plovdiv Peak, Livingston Island Podayva Glacier, Brabant Island Podem Peak, Brabant Island Podgore Saddle, Sentinel Range   Podgumer Col, Trinity Peninsula   Poduene Glacier, Danco Coast   Podvis Col, Davis Coast   Pogledets Island, Livingston Island Poibrene Heights, Oscar II Coast Polezhan Point, Liège Island Pomorie Point, Livingston Island  Ponor Saddle, Sentinel Range  Mount Popov, Foyn Coast Popovo Saddle, Smith Island   Pordim Islands, Robert Island   Porlier Bay, Livingston Island   Povien Peak, Trinity Peninsula   Predel Point, Anvers Island  Preker Point, Trinity Island  Prelez Gap, Trinity Peninsula   Presian Ridge, Livingston Island   Preslav Crag, Livingston Island   Prespa Glacier, Livingston Island   Priboy Rocks, Robert Island   Prilep Knoll, Trinity Peninsula   Príncipe de Asturias Peak, Vinson Massif   Pripek Point, Graham Coast   Prisad Island, Low Island Prisoe Cove, Livingston Island   Probuda Ridge, Sentinel Range Progled Saddle, Sentinel Range Prosechen Island, Livingston Island   Prosenik Peak, Sentinel Range   Provadiya Hook, Greenwich Island   Pulpudeva Glacier, Sentinel Range Purmerul Peak, Loubet Coast

Bulgarian toponyms in Antarctica S <=SEP=> A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z Sàbat Hill, Livingston Island   Sabazios Glacier, Sentinel Range Sadala Point, Robert Island  Saedinenie Snowfield, Livingston Island  Sakar Peak, Livingston Island   Salash Nunatak, Greenwich Island  Saldobisa Cove, Trinity Island  Samodiva Glacier, Davis Coast   Samokov Knoll, Livingston Island  Samotino Point, Nordenskjöld Coast  Samuel Point, Livingston Island   San Stefano Peak, Rugged Island   Sandanski Point, Livingston Island   Sandilh Point, Oscar II Coast Saparevo Glacier, Smith Island  Mount Sara Teodora, Oscar II Coast  Mount Sarnegor, Brabant Island Mount Schuyler, Trinity Peninsula   Sea Lion Glacier, Livingston Island   Sea Lion Tarn, Livingston Island   Sekirna Spur, Oscar II Coast Semela Ridge, Loubet Coast Senokos Nunatak, Trinity Peninsula   Serdica Peak, Livingston Island  Sestrimo Glacier, Trinity Peninsula   Sevar Point, Livingston Island   Sevlievski Peak, Smith Island   Sevtopolis Peak, Greenwich Island   Seydol Crag, Trinity Peninsula  Sexaginta Prista Bay, Oscar II Coast  Shabla Knoll, Livingston Island   Sherba Ridge, Loubet Coast Sheynovo Peak, Brabant Island Shipka Saddle, Livingston Island   Shipka Valley, Livingston Island   Shipot Point, Robert Island Shishman Peak, Livingston Island   Shopski Cove, Greenwich Island Shterna Glacier, Liège Island   Shumen Peak, Livingston Island   Sigmen Glacier, Liège Island   Sigritsa Point, Livingston Island Sikera Valley, Sentinel Range   Silistra Knoll, Livingston Island   Silyanov Peak, Sentinel Range Simeon Peak, Livingston Island   Simitli Point, Rugged Island   Sindel Point, Livingston Island   Sinemorets Hill, Livingston Island   Siniger Nunatak, Trinity Peninsula  Sinion Glacier, Nordenskjöld Coast  Sinitovo Gap, Danco Coast Sipey Peak, Sentinel Range   Sirma Glacier, Sentinel Range   Sitalk Peak, Livingston Island  Skafida Peak, Sentinel Range  Skakavitsa Peak, Trinity Peninsula Skaklya Glacier, Sentinel Range   Skamni Saddle, Sentinel Range Skaplizo Glacier, Clarence Island Skaptopara Cove, Greenwich Island   Skomlya Hill, Trinity Peninsula   Skoparnik Bluff, Trinity Peninsula   Škorpil Glacier, Loubet Coast   Skravena Cove, Livingston Island   Skrino Rocks, Robert Island   Sladun Peninsula, Danco Coast Slatina Peak, Smith Island   Slav Point, Oscar II Coast Slaveykov Peak, Smith Island   Slavotin Point, Nelson Island   Sliven Peak, Livingston Island   Slomer Cove, Trinity Peninsula   Smilets Point, Nelson Island Smin Peak, Trinity Peninsula  Smirnenski Point, Robert Island Smith Cove, Clarence Island   Smochevo Cove, Low Island Smokinya Cove, Trinity Peninsula   Smolensk Strait, South Shetland Islands Smolyan Point, Livingston Island  Smyadovo Cove, Rugged Island   Snegotin Ridge, Trinity Peninsula   Soatris Island, Brabant Island Sofia University Mountains, Alexander Island   Solari Bay, Nordenskjöld Coast Solnik Point, Low Island   Solun Glacier, Loubet Coast   Somovit Point, Robert Island  Sonketa Ridge, Danco Coast  Sopot Ice Piedmont, Livingston Island   Sostra Heights, Sentinel Range Soyka Saddle, Clarence Island Sozopol Gap, Livingston Island   Spanish Knoll, Livingston Island   Spanish Point, Livingston Island   Sparadok Point, Livingston Island   Spartacus Peak, Livingston Island   Spoluka Point, Nordenskjöld Coast Sratsimir Hill, Davis Coast   Srebarna Glacier, Livingston Island   Srednogorie Heights, Trinity Peninsula   Sredorek Peak, Davis Coast   Srem Gap, Trinity Peninsula St.

Bárðarbunga <=SEP=> Bárðarbunga ([ˈpaurðarpuŋka]), Bardarbunga (Anglophone spelling), is a stratovolcano located under Vatnajökull, Iceland's most extensive glacier. The second highest mountain in Iceland, 2,009 metres (6,591 ft) above sea level, Bárðarbunga is also part of a volcanic system that is approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) long and 25 kilometres (16 mi) wide.

Challenger Glacier <=SEP=> Challenger Glacier is a tidewater glacier on the north side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Located 1 nautical mile (2 km) east of Baudissin Glacier, Challenger Glacier is 0.8 nautical miles (1.5 km) wide and flows into the eastern side of Corinthian Bay, close west to Saddle Point. To the east of Challenger Glacier is Downes Glacier, whose terminus is located at Mechanics Bay, between Saddle Point and Cape Bidlingmaier.

Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation <=SEP=> The Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation are an Ojibwa (or Anishinaabeg) people located on Georgina Island in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. Of the First Nation's registered population of 666 people, 181 live on their reserve and 485 live outside of it. They are one of a handful of First Nations in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area.

Christensen Glacier (Bouvet Island) <=SEP=> Christensen Glacier is a glacier which flows to the south coast of Bouvet Island (Bouvetøya), 1 nautical mile (2 km) east of Cato Point. It was first charted in 1898 by a German expedition under Karl Chun, and recharted in December 1927 by a Norwegian expedition under Captain Harald Horntvedt. It was named by Horntvedt after Lars Christensen, the sponsor of the expedition.

College Fjord <=SEP=> College Fjord is a fjord located in the northern sector of Prince William Sound in the U.S. state of Alaska. The fjord contains five tidewater glaciers (glaciers that terminate in water), five large valley glaciers, and dozens of smaller glaciers, most named after renowned East Coast colleges (women's colleges for the NW side, and men's colleges for the SE side).  College Fjord was discovered in 1899 during the Harriman Expedition, at which time the glaciers were named.

Comox Glacier <=SEP=> The Comox Glacier is a glacier on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, located 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Courtenay and 1 km (0.62 mi) west of Argus Mountain.The highest elevation of the Comox Glacier, 1,960 m (6,430 ft), refers to a rocky outcrop on the north side of the glacier.  Lacking an official name, it is referred to as the Comox Glacier summit.The Comox Glacier is a member of the Vancouver Island Ranges which in turn form part of the Insular Mountains.

Compton Glacier <=SEP=> Compton Glacier is a glacier, 3 nautical miles (6 km) long, flowing northeast from the lower slopes of the Big Ben massif to the northeast side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Its terminus is located at Compton Lagoon, between Gilchrist Beach and Fairchild Beach. To the northwest of Compton Glacier is Ealey Glacier, whose terminus is located close southeast of Cape Bidlingmaier. To the southeast of Compton Glacier is Brown Glacier, whose terminus is located at Brown Lagoon.

Cook Glacier <=SEP=> The Cook Glacier is a large glacier of approximately 500 km2 (190 sq mi) during 1963 in the Kerguelen Islands in the French Southern Territories of the far southern Indian Ocean.

Deacock Glacier <=SEP=> Deacock Glacier (53°11′S 73°31′E) is a glacier close west of Lavett Bluff on the south side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Its terminus is between Cape Labuan and Long Beach. To the east of Deacock Glacier is Fiftyone Glacier, whose terminus is located between Lavett Bluff and Lambeth Bluff. To the west of Deacock Glacier is Gotley Glacier, whose terminus is located between Cape Arkona and Cape Labuan.

Debenham (disambiguation) <=SEP=> Debenham can be: Debenham, a large village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk in Eastern England Debenham Islands Debenham baronets Debenham LC F.C. Debenham Glacier Debenham Peak Debenham High School

Downes Glacier <=SEP=> Downes Glacier (53°2′S 73°31′E) is a broad tidewater glacier on the north side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. It flows north on both sides of Cape Bidlingmaier to the north coast of Heard Island. To the east of Downes Glacier is Ealey Glacier, whose terminus is located close southeast of Cape Bidlingmaier. To the west of Downes Glacier is Challenger Glacier, whose terminus is located at the eastern side of Corinthian Bay, close west to Saddle Point.

Ealey Glacier <=SEP=> Ealey Glacier (53°2′S 73°35′E) is a glacier, flowing northeast from the lower slopes of the Big Ben massif to the northeast side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Its terminus is located close southeast of Cape Bidlingmaier, between Melbourne Bluff and North Barrier. The glacier terminates in ice cliffs. To the southeast of Ealey Glacier is Compton Glacier, whose terminus is located at Compton Lagoon, between Gilchrist Beach and Fairchild Beach.

Elephant seal <=SEP=> Elephant seals are large, oceangoing earless seals in the genus Mirounga. The two species, the northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris) and the southern elephant seal (M. leonina), both were hunted to the brink of extinction by the end of the 19th century, but numbers have since recovered.The northern elephant seal, somewhat smaller than its southern relative, ranges over the Pacific coast of the U.S., Canada and Mexico.

Erebus Glacier <=SEP=> Erebus Glacier (77°40′S 167°6′E) is a glacier draining the lower southern slopes of Mount Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica. It flows west to Erebus Bay where it forms the floating Erebus Glacier Tongue. It was named in association with Mount Erebus by the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04, under Robert Falcon Scott.A large calving event took place on March 1, 1990, when a substantial portion of the Erebus glacier tongue was detached from the main glacier.

Fiftyone Glacier <=SEP=> Fiftyone Glacier is a large glacier flowing southwards, on the south side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Its terminus is located between Lavett Bluff and Lambeth Bluff. To the northeast of Fiftyone Glacier is Winston Glacier, whose terminus is located at Winston Lagoon, between Cape Lockyer and Oatt Rocks.  To the west of Fiftyone Glacier is Deacock Glacier, whose terminus is located between Cape Labuan and Long Beach.

First Nations in Ontario <=SEP=> First Nations in Ontario constitute many nations.  Common First Nations ethnicities in the province include the Anishinaabe, Haudenosaunee, and the Cree.  In southern portions of this province, there are reserves of the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca and Tuscarora.

Flandres Bay <=SEP=> Flandres Bay is a large bay lying between Cape Renard and Cape Willems, along the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was explored in 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache, who named it, probably after the historical area of Flandres.

Gain Glacier <=SEP=> Gain Glacier (71°1′S 61°25′W) is a large glacier on the east coast of Palmer Land, Antarctica, flowing northeast from Cat Ridge and entering the Weddell Sea between Imshaug Peninsula and Morency Island. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey in 1974, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Louis Gain, a naturalist on the French Antarctic Expedition, 1908–10, and the author of several of the expedition reports on zoology and botany.

Geography of Colombia <=SEP=> The Republic of Colombia is located in the northwestern region of South America, bordering to the east with Venezuela and Brazil; to the south with Ecuador and Peru; to the North with the Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea; and to the west with Panama and the Pacific Ocean.  Colombia is the 26th largest nation in the world and the fourth-largest country in South America after Brazil, Argentina, and Peru.

Geography of Iceland <=SEP=> The geography of Iceland entails the geographic features of Iceland, an island country at the confluence of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.  Iceland is located east of Greenland and immediately south of the Arctic Circle, atop the constructive boundary of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It lies about 860 km (534 mi) from Scotland and 4,200 km (2,610 mi) from New York City.

Glacial lake outburst flood <=SEP=> A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a type of outburst flood that occurs when the dam containing a glacial lake fails. An event similar to a GLOF, where a body of water contained by a glacier melts or overflows the glacier, is called a Jökulhlaup. The dam can consist of glacier ice or a terminal moraine.

Glacier <=SEP=> A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines.

Glacier Bay Basin <=SEP=> Glacier Bay Basin in southeastern Alaska, in the United States, encompasses the Glacier Bay and surrounding mountains and glaciers, which was first proclaimed a U.S. National Monument on February 25, 1925, and which was later, on December 2, 1980, enlarged and designated as the Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, covering an area of 3,283,000 acres (1,329,000 ha).

Glaciers of New Zealand <=SEP=> New Zealand contains many glaciers, mostly located near the Main Divide of the Southern Alps in the South Island. They are classed as mid-latitude mountain glaciers. There are eighteen small glaciers in the North Island on Mount Ruapehu. An inventory of South Island glaciers during the 1980s indicated there were about 3,155 glaciers with an area of at least one hectare (2.5 acres). Approximately one sixth of these glaciers covered more than 10 hectares.

Glaciers on Mars <=SEP=> Glaciers, loosely defined as patches of currently or recently flowing ice, are thought to be present across large but restricted areas of the modern Martian surface, and are inferred to have been more widely distributed at times in the past. Lobate convex features on the surface known as viscous flow features and lobate debris aprons, which show the characteristics of non-Newtonian flow, are now almost unanimously regarded as true glaciers.

Gotley Glacier <=SEP=> Gotley Glacier is a well-defined glacier, 5 nautical miles (9 km) long, descending from the ice-covered slopes of the Big Ben massif to the southwest side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Its terminus is located between Cape Arkona and Cape Labuan. To the east of Gotley Glacier is Deacock Glacier, whose terminus is located between Cape Labuan and Long Beach. To the northwest of Gotley Glacier is Lied Glacier, whose terminus is located between Cape Arkona and Cape Pillar.

Hans Wilhelmsson Ahlmann <=SEP=> Hans Jakob Konrad Wilhelmsson Ahlmann (14 November 1889 – 10 March 1974) was a Swedish geographer, glaciologist and diplomat.Born in Karlsborg, Sweden Ahlmann grew up in Stockholm. He studied with Professor Gerard De Geer at Stockholm University, and gained his doctorate in 1915 on a doctoral thesis on Sweden's Lake Ragundasjön.

Heard Island glaciers <=SEP=> The Heard Island glaciers covered 79 percent of Heard Island itself, in 1947, covering 288 km2; by 1988, this had decreased by 11 percent to 257 km2.

Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration <=SEP=> The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration was an era beginning at the end of the 19th century and closing with Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, the survivors stepping ashore in Wellington, New Zealand February 9th 1917. Historian Aant Elzinga gives the much later date of 1945, considering World War II to be the turning point in Antarctic research.

Hobbs Glacier (James Ross Island) <=SEP=> Hobbs Glacier is a glacier situated in a steep, rock-walled cirque at the northwest side of Hamilton Point, and flowing southeast into the southern part of Markham Bay on the east coast of James Ross Island, Antarctica. It was first seen and surveyed by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04, under Otto Nordenskiöld, who named it for Professor William H. Hobbs, an American geologist and glaciologist.

Hofsjökull <=SEP=> Hofsjökull (Icelandic: “temple glacier”) is the third largest glacier in Iceland after Vatnajökull and Langjökull and the largest active volcano in the country. It is situated in the west of the Highlands of Iceland and north of the mountain range Kerlingarfjöll, between the two largest glaciers of Iceland. It covers an area of 925 km2, reaching 1,765 m (5,791 ft) at its summit.

Huntress Glacier <=SEP=> Huntress Glacier is a glacier 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long and 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) wide flowing into the head of False Bay, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.

Huron Glacier <=SEP=> Huron Glacier is a 7.7-kilometre (4.8 mi) long and 3.5-kilometre (2.2 mi) wide glacial flow on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica, situated east of Perunika Glacier, southeast of Kaliakra Glacier, south of Struma Glacier, west-northwest of Iskar Glacier and northeast of Huntress Glacier.

Ice calving <=SEP=> Ice calving, also known as glacier calving or iceberg calving, is the breaking off of chunks of ice at the edge of a glacier. It is a form of ice ablation or ice disruption. It is the sudden release and breaking away of a mass of ice from a glacier, iceberg, ice front, ice shelf, or crevasse.

Juneau Icefield <=SEP=> The Juneau Icefield is an ice field located just north of Juneau, Alaska and continues north through the border with British Columbia and is the fifth-largest ice field in the Western Hemisphere, extending through an area of 3,900 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi) in the Coast Range ranging 140 km (87 mi) north to south and 75 km (47 mi) east to west. The icefield is the source of many glaciers including the Mendenhall Glacier and the Taku Glacier.

Jökulsárgljúfur National Park <=SEP=> Jökulsárgljúfur National Park is a former national park situated in the north of Iceland around the river Jökulsá á Fjöllum. It lies to the north of the Dettifoss waterfall. On 7 June 2008, it became a part of the larger Vatnajökull National Park.The area is of interest because of its chaotic canyon and volcanic mountains. Eight thousand years ago, a volcano erupted directly underneath the river and glacial ice. This caused explosions and chaotic flooding.

Jökulsárlón <=SEP=> Jökulsárlón (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈjœːkʏlsˌaurˌloun̥]; literally "glacial river lagoon") is a large glacial lake in southeast Iceland, on the edge of Vatnajökull National Park. Situated at the head of the Breiðamerkurjökull glacier, it developed into a lake after the glacier started receding from the edge of the Atlantic Ocean. The lake has grown since then at varying rates because of melting of the glaciers.

Kamchiya Glacier <=SEP=> Kamchiya Glacier (Lednik Kamchiya \\'led-nik 'kam-chi-ya\\) is located on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated south of the glacial divide between the Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait, and south of Tundzha Glacier, west-southwest of Pimpirev Glacier and east of Verila Glacier.

Kodiak Archipelago <=SEP=> The Kodiak Archipelago is an archipelago, or group of islands, south of main land mass of the state of Alaska (United States), about 405 km (252 mi) by air south of Anchorage in the Gulf of Alaska.  The largest island in the archipelago is Kodiak Island, the second largest island in the United States.  The archipelago is about 285 km (177 mi) long and 108 km (67 mi) across, from the Barren Islands on the north to Chirikof Island and the Semidi Islands group on the south.

Kvitøyjøkulen <=SEP=> Kvitøyjøkulen is a large icecap on the island of Kvitøya in the Svalbard archipelago. The icecap covers most of the island, which has an area between 600 and 700 square kilometers.

Lake of the Woods <=SEP=> Lake of the Woods (French: lac des Bois) is a lake occupying parts of the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba and the U.S. state of Minnesota.  It separates a small land area of Minnesota from the rest of the United States.  The Northwest Angle and the town of Angle Township can only be reached from the rest of Minnesota by crossing the lake or by traveling through Canada.  The Northwest Angle is the northernmost part of the contiguous United States.

Langjökull <=SEP=> Langjökull (Icelandic for "long glacier") is the second largest ice cap in Iceland (953 km2), after Vatnajökull. It is situated in the west of the Icelandic interior or Highlands of Iceland and can be seen clearly from Haukadalur.The glacier is located at 64°45′N 19°59′W.Its volume is 195 km³ and the ice is up to 580 m (1,900 ft) thick.

Laubeuf Fjord <=SEP=> Laubeuf Fjord is a sound in Antarctica, 25 miles (40 km) long in a north-south direction and averaging 10 miles (16 km) wide, lying between the east-central portion of Adelaide Island and the southern part of Arrowsmith Peninsula, Graham Land. It connects Hanusse Bay to the north with Marguerite Bay to the south.

Laurentide ice sheet <=SEP=> The Laurentide Ice Sheet was a massive sheet of ice that covered millions of square miles, including most of Canada and a large portion of the northern United States, multiple times during Quaternary glacial epochs. It last covered most of northern North America between c. 95,000 and c. 20,000 years before the present day.

Lava <=SEP=> Lava is the molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption and the resulting rock after solidification and cooling. This molten rock is formed in the interior of some planets, including Earth, and some of their satellites. The source of the heat that liquefies the rock within the earth is geothermal energy. When first erupted from a volcanic vent, lava is a liquid at temperatures from 700 to 1,200 °C (1,292 to 2,192 °F).

List of Indian reserves in British Columbia <=SEP=> This is a list of Indian reserves in British Columbia.  Former Indian reserves that have been extinguished by treaty or other means are also included.

List of Indian reserves in Canada <=SEP=> The following is a partial  list of Indian reserves in Canada by province and territory, which were mostly established by the Indian Act of 1876 and have been variously expanded and reduced by royal commissions since.  They are sometimes incorrectly called by the American term \reservations\"."

List of Indian reserves in Canada by population <=SEP=> This is a list of indian reserves in Canada which have over 500 people, listed in order of population from data collected during the 2006 Census of Canada. Approximately 40% of First Nations people live on federally recognized Indian reserves.

List of glaciers <=SEP=> A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ GLAY-shər) or (UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features.

List of glaciers in Europe <=SEP=> This is a list of glaciers in Europe.

List of glaciers in the Antarctic <=SEP=> There are many glaciers in the Antarctic. This set of lists does not include ice sheets, ice caps or ice fields, such as the Antarctic ice sheet, but includes glacial features that are defined by their flow, rather than general bodies of ice. The lists include outlet glaciers, valley glaciers, cirque glaciers, tidewater glaciers and ice streams. Ice streams are a type of glacier and many of them have "glacier" in their name, e.g. Pine Island Glacier.

List of glaciers of Iceland <=SEP=> The glaciers and ice caps of Iceland cover 11.1% of the land area of the country (about 11,400 km² out of the total area of 103,125 km²) and have a considerable impact on its landscape and meteorology. An ice cap is a mass of glacial ice that covers less than 50,000 km² of land area covering a highland area and they feed outlet glaciers.

McLeod Glacier (South Orkney Islands) <=SEP=> McLeod Glacier is a glacier 1 nautical mile (2 km) long, flowing in a southeasterly direction into Clowes Bay on the south side of Signy Island, in the South Orkney Islands off Antarctica. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1954 for Michael McLeod, following a survey by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1947.

Murgash Glacier <=SEP=> Murgash Glacier (Lednik Murgash \\'led-nik mur-'gash\\)is the 3.4 km long and 3.2 km wide glacier on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated southeast of Yakoruda Glacier, south of Teteven Glacier, southwest of Traub Glacier and west-northwest of Bravo Glacier.

Nioghalvfjerdsbrae <=SEP=> Nioghalvfjerdsbrae (79°00′N 025°00′W), sometimes referred to as "79 N Glacier", is a large glacier located in northeast Greenland. It drains an area of 103,314 km2 (39,890 sq mi) of the Greenland Ice Sheet with a flux (quantity of ice moved from the land to the sea) of 14.3 km3 (3.4 cu mi) per year, as measured for 1996.The glacier has had an 80 km long and 20 km wide floating tongue, widening toward the terminus.

Nordenskjöld Glacier <=SEP=> For Nordenskiöldbreen, a glacier on Spitsbergen, see NordenskiöldbreenNordenskjold Glacier (54°22′S 36°22′W) is a large glacier flowing north to the head of Cumberland East Bay, on the north coast of South Georgia. It was charted by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition and named for Otto Nordenskiöld, leader of the expedition.

Outline of New Zealand <=SEP=> The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to New Zealand:New Zealand – sovereign island nation located in the western South Pacific Ocean comprising two large islands, the North Island and the South Island, and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands.  The indigenous Māori named New Zealand Aotearoa, which is commonly translated into English as The Land of the Long White Cloud.

Pemberton Icefield <=SEP=> The Pemberton Icefield or Pemberton Icecap, is the southernmost of the series of very large icefields studding the Pacific Ranges of the southern Coast Mountains in British Columbia, Canada.

Petermann Glacier <=SEP=> Petermann Glacier is a large glacier located in North-West Greenland to the east of Nares Strait. It connects the Greenland ice sheet to the Arctic Ocean near 81 degrees north latitude. The tidewater glacier consists of a 70 km (43 mi) long and 15 km (9.3 mi) wide floating ice tongue whose thickness changes from about 600 m (2,000 ft) at its grounding line to about 30–80 metres (98–262 ft) at its front.

Pine Island Glacier <=SEP=> Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream glacier, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss. The glacier ice streams flow west-northwest along the south side of the Hudson Mountains into Pine Island Bay, Amundsen Sea, Antarctica.

Polar Record Glacier <=SEP=> Polar Record Glacier (69°45′S 75°30′E) is a large glacier flowing between Meknattane Nunataks and Dodd Island to the central part of Publications Ice Shelf. Delineated in 1952 by John H. Roscoe from aerial photographs taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946-47.

Posadowsky Glacier (Bouvet Island) <=SEP=> Posadowsky Glacier is a glacier which flows to the north coast of Bouvetøya, 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) eastward of Cape Circoncision.

Prestahnúkur <=SEP=> The volcano Prestahnúkur  is in the west of the Highlands of Iceland to the west of Langjökull glacier, or to be more specific, to the west of Geitlandsjökull glacier, a part of the Langjökull.

Retreat of glaciers since 1850 <=SEP=> The retreat of glaciers since 1850 affects the availability of fresh water for irrigation and domestic use, mountain recreation, animals and plants that depend on glacier-melt, and, in the longer term, the level of the oceans.  Studied by glaciologists, the temporal coincidence of glacier retreat with the measured increase of atmospheric greenhouse gasses is often cited as an evidentiary underpinning of global warming.

Riesco Island <=SEP=> Riesco Island (Spanish: Isla Riesco) lies at west of the Brunswick Peninsula, Chile. It is one of the largest islands in Chile, with an area of 5,110 square kilometres (1,970 sq mi). Its highest point is Mount Atalaya at 1,830 metres (6,000 ft). The island is bordered by two large piedmont embayments: Otway Sound and Skyring Sound. The narrow Fitzroy Channel connects both bodies of water and separates the island from mainland Patagonia.

Robertson Bay <=SEP=> Robertson Bay (71°25′S 170°0′E) is a large, roughly triangular bay that indents the north coast of Victoria Land between Cape Barrow and Cape Adare. Discovered in 1841 by Captain James Clark Ross, Royal Navy, who named it for Dr. John Robertson, Surgeon on the HMS Terror.

Schmidt Glacier <=SEP=> Schmidt Glacier (53°3′S 73°24′E) is a glacier, 0.7 nautical miles (1.3 km) long, flowing west from Baudissin Glacier between Mount Drygalski and North West Cornice, on the west side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. To the north of Schmidt Glacier is Baudissin Glacier, whose terminus is located at the western side of Corinthian Bay, near Sealers Cove. Kildalkey Head is west of Schmidt Glacier.

Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research <=SEP=> The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) is an interdisciplinary body of the International Council for Science (ICSU). It was established in February 1958 to continue the international coordination of Antarctic scientific activities that had begun during the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58. SCAR is charged with the initiating, developing and coordinating scientific research in the Antarctic region.

Seabird Island First Nation <=SEP=> The Seabird Island First Nation, or Seabird Island Band, is a band government of the Sto:lo people located on Sea Bird Island in the Upper Fraser Valley region, 3 km east of Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada.  They are a member government of the Stó:lō Tribal Council.The Seabird Island Band is a multi-faceted First Nations Band that includes government, business, service and non-profit services.

Severny Island ice cap <=SEP=> Severny Island ice cap is a glacier on Severny Island, northern island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago in Russia. It covers 40% of Severny Island (which is the 30th largest island in the world) at total area of about 20,500 km2 (7,900 sq mi) which makes it the largest glacier by area in Europe (if counted as part of it) easily beating second ranking Austfonna at 8,105 km2 (3,129 sq mi) and third ranking Vatnajökull at 8,100 km2 (3,100 sq mi).

Skaftafell <=SEP=> Skaftafell (About this sound [listen] ) is a preservation area in Öræfi, southeast Iceland. It used to be a manor farm and a national park, but has been a part of Vatnajökull National Park since its establishment in 2008.

Skagit County, Washington <=SEP=> Skagit County /ˈskædʒɨt/ is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2010 census, the population was 116,901. The county seat and largest city is Mount Vernon. The county was formed in 1883 from Whatcom County and is named for  the Skagit Indian tribe that has lived in the area since long before European-American settlement.Skagit County comprises the Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is included in the Seattle-Tacoma, WA Combined Statistical Area.

South Constituency <=SEP=> South Constituency is one of the six constituencies of Iceland. Its major town is Keflavík.

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands <=SEP=> South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) is a British overseas territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of South Georgia and a chain of smaller islands known as the South Sandwich Islands.  South Georgia is 165 kilometres (103 mi) long and 1 to 35 km (1 to 22 miles) wide and is by far the largest island in the territory. The South Sandwich Islands lie about 700 kilometres (430 mi) southeast of South Georgia.

South Island <=SEP=> The South Island or Te Waipounamu is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, and to the south and east by the Pacific Ocean.

South Tahoma Glacier <=SEP=> The South Tahoma Glacier is a glacier located on the southwest flank of Mount Rainier in State of Washington. It covers 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2) and contains 4.6 billion ft3 (130 million m3) of ice. Starting from an elevation of around 10,600 feet (3,200 m) at the base of a steep cliff, the glacier flows down southwest with the larger, adjacent Tahoma Glacier lying to the north. The smaller South Tahoma is connected to the Tahoma at an ice patch located in midway down the South Tahoma.

Stancomb-Wills Glacier <=SEP=> Stancomb-Wills Glacier is a large glacier that debouches into eastern Weddell Sea southward of Lyddan Island. The glacier was discovered in the course of the U.S. Navy LC-130 plane flight over the coast on November 5, 1967, and was plotted by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from photographs obtained at that time.

Stikine Icecap <=SEP=> The Stikine Icecap (sometimes referred to as the Stikine Icefield) is a large icefield straddled on the Alaska–British Columbia boundary in the Alaska Panhandle region. It lies in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains.

Subantarctic <=SEP=> The Subantarctic is a region in the southern hemisphere, located immediately north of the Antarctic region. This translates roughly to a latitude of between 46° – 60° south of the Equator. The subantarctic region includes many islands in the southern parts of the Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean, especially those situated north of the Antarctic Convergence. Subantarctic glaciers are, by definition, located on islands within the subantarctic region.

Teteven Glacier <=SEP=> Teteven Glacier (Lednik Teteven \\'led-nik 'te-te-ven\\) is a glacier on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated east of Yakoruda Glacier, west of Quito Glacier, northwest of Traub Glacier and north of Murgash Glacier.

Thordarhyrna <=SEP=> Þórðarhyrna (also known as Thordarhyrna) is one of seven  subglacial volcanos beneath the Vatnajokull glacier Iceland.

Thórsmörk <=SEP=> Thórsmörk (Icelandic: Þórsmörk, About this sound [listen] ) is a mountain ridge in Iceland that was named after the Norse god Thor (Þórr). It is situated in the south of Iceland between the glaciers Tindfjallajökull and Eyjafjallajökull. The name "Thórsmörk" properly refers only to the mountain ridge between the rivers Krossá, Þröngá and Markarfljót, but is sometimes used informally to describe a wider area that includes the region between Thórsmörk and Eyjafjallajökull.

Vahsel Glacier <=SEP=> Vahsel Glacier (53°04′S 73°23′E) is a glacier on the northwestern side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. It flows west into South West Bay, between Erratic Point and Cape Gazert. Immediately to the north of Vahsel Glacier is Schmidt Glacier, whose terminus is located between Mount Drygalski and North West Cornice. To the south of Vahsel Glacier is Allison Glacier, whose terminus is located south of Cape Gazert, which separates Allison Glacier from Vahsel Glacier.

Vatnajökull <=SEP=> Vatnajökull (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈvaʰtnaˌjœːkʏtl̥]), also known as the Vatna Glacier, is the largest and most voluminous ice cap in Iceland, and one of the largest in area in Europe. It is located in the south-east of the island, covering more than 8 percent of the country.

Vatnajökull National Park <=SEP=> Vatnajökull National Park is one of three national parks in Iceland. It encompasses all of Vatnajökull glacier and extensive surrounding areas. These include the national parks previously existing at Skaftafell in the southwest and Jökulsárgljúfur in the north.In general, national parks are protected areas which are considered unique because of their nature or cultural heritage.

Vincennes Bay <=SEP=> Vincennes Bay is a large V-shaped bay, 105 km (65 mi) wide at its entrance between Cape Nutt and Cape Folger in Antarctica, marked by several large, steep glaciers near its head, lying along Knox and Budd Coasts. Photographed from the air by USN OpHjp, 1946-47. The bay was entered in January 1948 by US Navy OpWml icebreakers Burton Island and stations in the Windmill Islands in the NE portion of the bay.

Volcanology of Canada <=SEP=> Volcanology of Canada includes lava flows, lava plateaus, lava domes, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, submarine volcanoes, calderas, diatremes, and maars, along with examples of more less common volcanic forms such as tuyas and subglacial mounds.

Wasauksing First Nation <=SEP=> Wasauksing First Nation (formerly named as Parry Island First Nation) is an Ojibway, Odawa and Pottawatomi First Nation band government whose reserve is located near Parry Sound in Ontario, Canada.Their reserve constitutes the Parry Island in Georgian Bay. The island is about 19,000 acres (77 km2) with 78 miles (126 km) of lakeshore, making it one of the larger islands in the Great Lakes.

Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve <=SEP=> Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve is a United States national park and national preserve managed by the National Park Service in south central Alaska. The park and preserve was established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. This protected area is included in an International Biosphere Reserve and is part of the Kluane/Wrangell-St. Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek UNESCO World Heritage Site.