Query: what languages do they speak in afghanistan

Relevant passages:
Adurgari <=SEP=> Adurgari (ادرغارى) is a secret cant of the nomadic Shaikh Mohammadi tribe of peddlers of Afghanistan, used especially in the presence of outsiders. It is not a native language but is taught to children around age seven; all adults speak it in addition to Persian and Pashto.  It contains a mixture of words, but resembles Kohistani of Pakistan.

Afghan Canadian <=SEP=> Afghan Canadians are Canadians with ancestry from Afghanistan. Their ethnic origin may come from any of the ethnic groups of Afghanistan. In the Canada 2001 Census about 25,230 Canadians were from Afghanistan. The former Minister of Foreign Affairs Bill Graham has recently said there are about 80,000 people from Afghanistan in Canada.

Afghan National Army <=SEP=> The Afghan National Army (ANA) is the main branch of the Afghan Armed Forces, which is being trained and advised by NATO's Resolute Support Mission. The ANA is under the Afghan Ministry of Defense in Kabul, responsible for ground warfare. It is divided into six regional Corps, with the 201st in Kabul followed by the 203rd in Gardez, 205th in Kandahar, 207th in Herat, 209th in Mazar-i-Sharif and the 215th in Lashkar Gah.

Afghan presidential election, 2014 <=SEP=> Presidential elections were held in Afghanistan on 5 April 2014, with a second round held on 14 June. Incumbent President Hamid Karzai was not eligible to run due to term limits. The registration period for presidential nominations was open from 16 September 2013 until 6 October 2013. A total of 27 candidates were confirmed to be running for office. However, on 22 October Afghanistan’s Independent Election Commission disqualified 16 of the candidates, leaving only 11 in the race.

Afghan proverbs <=SEP=> Across Afghanistan, proverbs are a valued part of speaking, both publicly and in conversations. Afghans “use proverbs in their daily conversations far more than Westerners do, and with greater effect” (Edward Zellem 2012b: i).The most extensive proverb collections in Afghan languages are in Dari and Pashto, the two largest languages in Afghanistan. The Dari language is very similar to Persian spoken in Iran and Tajik spoken in nearby Tajikistan.

Afghanistan <=SEP=> Afghanistan /æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Pashto/Dari: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast.

Ahmed Wali Karzai <=SEP=> Ahmed Wali Karzai (Pashto: احمد ولي کرزی‎, Aḥmad Walī Karzay, 1961 – 12 July 2011) was a politician in Afghanistan who served as Chairman of the Kandahar Provincial Council from 2005 until his death. He was the younger paternal half-brother of former Afghan President Hamid Karzai and an elder of the Popalzai tribe. Wali Karzai formerly lived in the United States where he managed a restaurant owned by his family.

Aimaq people <=SEP=> The Aimaq (Persian: ایماق‎‎), also transliterated as Aimak or Aymaq, are a collection of Persian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes. Aimaqs are found mostly throughout Pakistan mostly in the Kyber and Balochistan region and in the West Central highlands of Afghanistan, immediately to the north of Herat, and also to a much lesser amount in the Khorasan Province of Iran.

Baloch people <=SEP=> The Baloch or Baluch (Balochi: بلوچ) are a people who live mainly in the Balochistan region of the southeastern-most edge of the Iranian plateau in Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan.They are an Iranian people who mainly speak the Balochi language, a branch of Northwestern Iranian languages. About 50% of the total Baloch population live in East Balochistan, a western province of Pakistan; 40% Baloch are settled in Sindh; and a significant number of Baloch people in South Punjab of Pakistan.

Battle of Dahaneh <=SEP=> The Battle of Dahaneh was a battle in the town of Dahaneh, Helmand Province, and its surrounding areas as part of the Afghanistan War. It began when U.S. and Afghan troops launched an Operation to capture the town from the Taliban, in the Helmand Province of Southern Afghanistan. Coalition troops met heavy resistance, and believe the Taliban were forewarned of the incoming attack, though they were successful in securing Dahaneh.

Battle of Now Zad <=SEP=> The Battle of Now Zad is an ongoing battle since 2006 between ISAF coalition forces and Taliban insurgents in Nawzad at the center of Nawzad district, in the northern half of Helmand Province, southern Afghanistan.It was considered to be an example of why the U.S.

Bayat (tribe) <=SEP=> The Bayat  tribe (Azerbaijani: Bayat tayfası, Turkish: Bayat boyu) is one of the Oghuz tribes in Turkmenistan, Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria. When Oghuz Turks started to migrate from the Aral steppes to Khorasan in the 11th and 13th centuries, Bayat people spread throughout the region. They are sub-ethnic groups of Turkmens, Turkish and Azerbaijanis.

Beluch <=SEP=> Beluch or the Baloch of Turkmenistan are a small part of the greater  Baloch people who live primarily in Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan.  They immigrated into the Merv and the Murghab River inland delta from  the areas west and north of Herat, Afghanistan and Iran in the mid 19th century.

Buruuli <=SEP=> Buruuli (Place) is a general term for the area where Baruuli live. They speak a language known as "Luluuli"It is a semi desert area where Lake Kyoga is their main source of food, employment and wealth. The baruuli are Bantu speaking people who live in the district of Nakasongola and some are in Bugerere Kayunga District.

Cangin languages <=SEP=> The Cangin [ˈtʃaŋin] languages are spoken by 200,000 people (as of 2007) in a small area east of Dakar. They are the languages spoken by the Serer people who do not speak the Serer language (Serer-Sine). Because the people are ethnically Serer, the Cangin languages are commonly thought to be dialects of the Serer language.

Central Asian Arabic <=SEP=> Central Asian Arabic is a variety of Arabic spoken in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, and currently facing extinction. It was once spoken among Central Asia's numerous settled and nomadic Arab communities, which inhabited areas in Samarqand, Bukhara, Qashqadarya, Surkhandarya (present-day Uzbekistan), and Khatlon (present-day Tajikistan), as well as Afghanistan.

Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001) <=SEP=> In 1996 the Taliban captured the Afghan capital Kabul and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The Islamic State of Afghanistan government remained the internationally recognized government of Afghanistan. The Taliban's Emirate received recognition only from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates. The defense minister of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Massoud, created the United Front (Northern Alliance) in opposition to the Taliban.

Community of Portuguese Language Countries <=SEP=> The Community of Portuguese Language Countries or Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (Portuguese: Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, pronounced: [kumuniˈðaðɨ ðuʃ pɐˈizɨʒ ðɨ ˈɫĩɡwɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ] (EP), [komuniˈdadʒi dus paˈiziz dʒi ˈlĩɡwɐ poʁtuˈɡezɐ] (BP); abbreviated as CPLP) is the intergovernmental organization for friendship and cooperation among lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) nations, where Portuguese is an official language.

Damages (season 4) <=SEP=> The fourth season of the legal drama series Damages premiered on the Audience Network, an entertainment channel owned by DirecTV, on July 13, 2011 and concluded on September 14, 2011. The season featured 10 episodes, bringing the series total to 49. The fourth season was released on DVD in region 1 on June 26, 2012.The fourth season takes place three years after the Tobin case. Ellen has moved on with her life.

Dardistan <=SEP=> Dardistan (Perso-Arabic: داردستان) is a term coined by Gottlieb William Leitner for the  northern Pakistan, Kashmir  and parts of north-eastern Afghanistan. It is inhabited by Dards speaking Dardic languages.Dardistān,  region inhabited by the so-called Dard peoples in the north of Pakistan and northern Kashmir. It includes Chitrāl, the upper reaches of the Panjkora River, the Kohistān (highland) of Swāt, and the upper portions of the Gilgit Agency.

Dari language <=SEP=> Dari (Persian: دری‎‎ [dæˈɾiː]) or Dari Persian (Persian: فارسی دری‎‎ [fɒːɾsije dæˈɾiː]) is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan. Dari is the term officially recognized and promoted since 1964 by the Afghan government for the Persian language. Hence, it is also known as Afghan Persian in many Western sources.As defined in the Constitution of Afghanistan, it is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan; the other is Pashto.

Delhi Sultanate literature <=SEP=> The rise of Persian speaking people (of  Turkic and Afghan origin) to the throne naturally resulted in the spread of the foreign language they adopted, namely Persian language, in India. It was the official language and soon literary works in the language began to appear. Initially the Persian literature talked about topics foreign to India. Gradually however as more Indians learnt the language, the literary works began to have a more Indian theme.

Demographics of Afghanistan <=SEP=> The population of Afghanistan is around 32 million as of 2015, which includes the 2.7 million Afghans citizens that are residing temporarily in Pakistan and Iran. The nation is composed of a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual society, reflecting its location astride historic trade and invasion routes between Central Asia, Southern Asia, and Western Asia.

Extra Credit <=SEP=> Extra Credit is a 2009 children's novel written by Andrew Clements. The work was first published on June 23, 2009 through Simon and Schuster and follows a young schoolgirl who is given the option of receiving extra credit by writing to an overseas pen pal in a small Afghanistan village. The book won a Christopher Award for Books for Young People in 2010. It isn’t that Abby Carson can’t do her schoolwork, she just doesn’t like doing it, and in February a warning letter arrives at her home.

Farsiwan <=SEP=> Fārsīwān (Pashto: فارسیوان‎; or its regional forms: Pārsīwān or Pārsībān; "Persian-speaker") is a designation for Persian-speakers in Pakistan and Afghanistan. More specifically, it is used to refer to a distinct group of farmers in Afghanistan  and urban dwellers who are a subgroups of the Tajiks of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. The term excludes the Hazāra and Aymāq tribes who also speak dialects of Persian, but are generally believed to be distinct from the Tajiks.

Foreign relations of Afghanistan <=SEP=> Foreign relations of Afghanistan are handled by the nation's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is headed by Salahuddin Rabbani. He answers to, and receives guidance from, the President of Afghanistan, Ashraf Ghani.The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has close and friendly relations with a number of countries around the world, including: Turkey, United States, Japan, Germany, Spain, South Korea, Italy, India, China, Canada, Russia, United Arab Emirates and many others.

German-speaking Community of Belgium <=SEP=> The German-speaking Community of Belgium (German: Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft Belgiens [ˈdɔʏ̯tʃˌʃpʁaːxɪɡə ɡəˈmaɪ̯nʃaft ˈbɛlɡi̯əns], DG; French: Communauté germanophone de Belgique; Dutch: Duitstalige Gemeenschap België [ˈdœy̯tsˌtaːlɪɣə ɣəˈmeːnˌsxɑp ˈbɛlɣijə]) is one of the three federal communities of Belgium.

Glossary of language education terms <=SEP=> Language teaching, like other educational activities, may employ specialized vocabulary and word use. This list is a glossary for English language learning and teaching using the communicative approach.'== Glossary ==AccuracyProducing language with few errors.Achievement testA test to measure what students have learned or achieved from a program of study; should be part of every language program and be specific to the goals and objectives of a specific language course.

Gulf Arabic <=SEP=> Gulf Arabic (خليجي Khalījī local pronunciation: [χɐˈliːdʒi] or اللهجة الخليجية el-lahja el-Khalijiyya local pronunciation: [elˈlɑhdʒɐ lχɐˈliːdʒɪj.jɐ]) is a variety of the Arabic language spoken in Eastern Arabia around the coasts of the Persian Gulf in Kuwait, Iraq, Bahrain, eastern Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Iran and northern Oman. These dialects are mutually intelligible.Gulf dialects differ in vocabulary, grammar and accent.

Gurjar <=SEP=> Gurjar or Gujjar is a pastoral agricultural ethnic group with populations in India and Pakistan and a small number in northeastern Afghanistan. Alternative spellings include Gurjara, Gojar,  Gūjar, Gurjjara, and Gūrjara. Although they are able to speak the language of the country where they live, Gurjars have their own language, known as Gujari. Religiously, they are Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs.The Gurjars are now classified under the Other Backward Class (OBC) category in some states in India.

Hazaras <=SEP=> The Hazaras (Persian: هزاره) are a Persian-speaking people who mainly live in central Afghanistan and Hazara Town in Balochistan, Pakistan. They are overwhelmingly Twelver Shia Muslims and make up the third largest ethnic group in Afghanistan.The dialect of Persian which they speak is called Hazaragi, which is more precisely a part of the Dari dialect continuum (one of the two main languages of Afghanistan), and is mutually intelligble with Dari.

Hindki <=SEP=> Hindki (Pashto: هندکي‎) is the name given to an ethnic group who inhabit Afghanistan and parts of Pakistan. They are found all over the country. H. W. Bellew, in his Races of Afghanistan, estimated their number at about 300,000. The name Hindki is also loosely used by Pathans on the upper Indus, in Dir and Bajour, to denote the speakers of Punjabi or any of its dialects.

Hindkowans <=SEP=> Hindkowans (Urdu: هِندکوان) are a linguistic group of people native to the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pothohar Plateau and Azad Kashmir regions. Hindkowans have mixed origins and almost all speak Hindko, an Indo-Aryan language. They were originally settled in the northern regions of Pakistan primarily concentrated near the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. At present, Hindkowans mainly inhabit Peshawar,  Nowshera, Swabi, Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur and Attock.

Irish language <=SEP=> Irish (Gaeilge), sometimes referred to as Gaelic or Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is spoken as a first language by a small minority of Irish people, and as a second language by a rather larger group. Irish enjoys constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland, and is an officially recognised minority language in Northern Ireland.

Joanna Harcourt-Smith <=SEP=> Joanna Harcourt-Smith was born in 1946 in Switzerland. She speaks a total of five languages, speaking three very well and two well enough to build relationships. Harcourt-Smith currently resides in Santa Fe, New Mexico.Harcourt-Smith has written two unpublished biographies and many poems She is also the author of Tripping the Bardo with Timothy Leary: My Psychedelic Love Story.

Kalash people <=SEP=> The Kalasha (Kalasha: Kaĺaśa, Nuristani: Kasivo) or Kalash, are a Dardic indigenous people residing in the Chitral District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. They speak the Kalasha language, from the Dardic family of the Indo-Iranian branch, and are considered a unique tribe among the Indo-Iranian peoples of Pakistan.The neighboring Nuristani people of the adjacent Nuristan (historically known as Kafiristan) province of Afghanistan once practiced the same religion as the Kalash.

Karakalpak language <=SEP=> Karakalpak is a Turkic language mainly spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan), as well as by Bashkirs and Nogay. Ethnic Karakalpaks who live in the viloyatlar of Uzbekistan tend to speak local Uzbek dialects.

Katuic languages <=SEP=> The fifteen Katuic languages form a branch of the Austroasiatic languages spoken by about 1.3 million people in Southeast Asia. People who speak Katuic languages are called the Katuic peoples. Paul Sidwell is the leading specialist on the Katuic languages. He notes that Austroasiatic/Mon–Khmer languages are lexically more similar to Katuic and Bahnaric the closer they are geographically. He says this geographic similarity is independent of which branch of the family each language belongs to.

Khalaj people <=SEP=> The Khalaj people are a Turkic people that speak the Khalaj language, which is thought to be one of the closest languages to Old Turkic.According to Mahmud al-Kashgari, they were mentioned at Divânu "ügati't-Türk:\Twenty twos call them "Kal aç" in Turkish. This means "Stay hungry". Later, they were called "Xalac". Their origins are these.""Oguzs and Kipchaks translate "x" to k". They are a group of "Xalac"s. They say "xızım", whereas Turks say "kızım" (my daughter).

Kho people <=SEP=> The Kho people (Khowar: کھو), also known as Chitralis (چترالي), are the Dardic ethnic group of the people of Northern  Pakistan and Afghanistan. They speak the Khowar language, one of the Dardic languages, also known as Chitrali.

Languages of Afghanistan <=SEP=> Afghanistan is a multilingual country in which two languages – Pashto and Dari – are both official and most widely spoken. Dari is the official name of the Persian language in Afghanistan, it is often referred to as the Afghan Persian. Both Pashto and Persian are Indo-European languages from the Iranian languages sub-family.

Languages of Brazil <=SEP=> Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is spoken by more than 99% of the population. Minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous.

Languages of Colombia <=SEP=> More than 99.2% of Colombians speak the Spanish language; also 65 Amerindian languages, 2 Creole languages and the romani language are spoken in the country. English has official status in the San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands.The overwhelming majority of Colombians speak Spanish (see also Colombian Spanish), but in total 101 languages are listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database.

Languages of Malta <=SEP=> Malta has two official languages: Maltese and English. Maltese is also the national language. Until 1934 Italian was also an official language in Malta.Having been governed by many different countries in the past, the Maltese population carry linguistic imprints from many places. According to the Eurobarometer poll, 98% of Maltese people can speak Maltese, 88% can speak English, 66% can speak Italian, and more than 17% speak French.

Languages of South Africa <=SEP=> There are eleven official languages of South Africa: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu.  Fewer than two percent of South Africans speak a first language other than an official one. Most South Africans can speak more than one language.  Dutch and English were the first official languages of South Africa from 1910 to 1925.

List of Afghan submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film <=SEP=> Afghanistan has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 2002, following the fall of the country's previous Taliban government. The award is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue.

List of territorial entities where German is an official language <=SEP=> The following is a list of the territorial entities where German is an official language. It includes countries, which have German as (one of) their nationwide official language(s), as well as dependent territories with German as a co-official language.

Matanivanua <=SEP=> Matanivanua is the name of a Fijian Mataqali (clan). The Fijian word means "ambassador of the land". This clan are renowned to be eloquent and articulate in the skill of speaking on behalf of the land and their chief. When a chiefly presentation of a sevusevu is performed only they can do it. They speak on behalf of the chief and all in his or her chiefdom.

Maywand District murders <=SEP=> The Maywand District killings was the murder of at least 3 Afghans  perpetrated by a group of rogue U.S. Army soldiers in 2010, during the War in Afghanistan. The soldiers, who referred to themselves as the "Kill Team", were members of the 3rd Platoon, Bravo Company, 2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment 5th Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division.

Mer people <=SEP=> The Mer are a Hindu community belonging to the Saurashtra region of Gujarat an Indian state. They are also called as Maher or Mehar. They speak the Gujarati language. They are based in the Porbandar, Ranavav and Kutiyana talukas of Porbandar district. They are an endogamous group sub-divided into 14 exogamous lineages. The women of this community do not suffer female seclusion norms. They are a predominantly agricultural community.

Mofu <=SEP=> Mofu is a designation for various ethnic groups and languages they speak which are located in northern Cameroon, near the border with Nigeria. The Mofu live in the Mandara Mountains of Cameroon's Far North Province.Some of these groups accept the name “Mofu”, for example the Mofu-Duvangar, Mofu-Durum, Mofu-Wazang, Mofu-Meri and the Mofu-Gudur. Others do not use the appellation “Mofu”. They simply say they are Zulgo, Gemjek, Mbuko, Moloko.

Moghol language <=SEP=> Moghol (or Mogholi) is a Mongolic language once spoken in the region of Herat, Afghanistan, in the villages of Kundur and Karez-i-Mulla. The speakers were the Moghol people, who numbered 3,000 members in the 1970s.  They descend from the remnants of Genghis Khan's Mongol army stationed in Afghanistan in the 13th century.In the 1970s, when the German scholar Michael Weiers did fieldwork on the language, few people spoke it, most knew it passively and most were older than 40.

Moghol people <=SEP=> The Moghols (Mogul, Mongul) are descendants of the Mongol Empire's soldiers in Afghanistan.  They live in the Kundur and Karez-i-Mulla villages of Herat province and speak the Mogholi language. The Moghols sometimes call themselves "Shahjahan", because they joined the Shah Jahan king's army of the Mughal Empire.

Mohammad Hassani <=SEP=> The Mohammad Hassani (Urdu: ممسني ،محمدحسنی;کیازئی) (also known as Muhammad Hassani, Kiazai or Mamasanis) are a large Baloch tribe, living in the districts of Chagai, Kharan, Dalbandin, Washuk, Kalat, Awaran, Khuzdar, Quetta, Nushki, Mastung, Panjgur and Makran in Pakistan. There are also reputed to be members of the tribe living in various parts of Afghanistan, and Iraq. They speak several languages including Balochi, Brahui, and Urdu.

Mohammed Daud Daud <=SEP=> Mohammed Daud Daud (Persian: محمد داود داود) (January 1969 – 28 May 2011), also known as General Daud Daud, an ethnic Tajik, was the police chief in northern Afghanistan and the commander of the 303 Pamir Corps. He was an opponent of the Afghan Taliban.Daud studied engineering in college.  After graduating from college in the 1980s he joined the forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

Munji language <=SEP=> The Munji language, also Munjani language, is a Pamir language spoken in Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan. It is similar to the Yidgha language which is spoken in the Upper Lutkuh Valley of Chitral, west of Garam Chishma in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.The Garam Chishma area became important during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan because the Soviets were unable to stop the flow of arms and men back and forth across the Dorah Pass that separates Chitral from Badakshan in Afghanistan.

Nizamani <=SEP=> Nizamani (Balochi:  نظامانی )  is a Baloch  tribe located in Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab in Pakistan. Nizamani tribe migrated from Balochistan to Dera Ghazi Khan then from Multan to Sindh.  Nizamani is a clan of Baloch tribe and are the descendents of Nizam Khan. In addition to being considered a great saint, Nizam Khan was also a mystic sufi poet of his time. Nizam Khan had five sons from whom the Nizamani tribe is descended. His grave is in Dera Ghazi Khan in Southern Punjab, Pakistan.

Nuristanis <=SEP=> The Nuristanis are an Indo-Iranian-speaking ethnic group native to the Nuristan region of eastern Afghanistan and some villages in the Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Odual language <=SEP=> Onu Odual (the Odual language) is a poorly studied Central Delta language spoken by the Odual community in the Abua–Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The Odual community is divided into three major groups, Adibaam, Arughunya and Abureni groups. The Adibaam group comprises Adada, Emelego, Ogboloma and Okolomade; the Arughunya group comprises Ekunuga, Anyu, Emaarikpoko, Obedum and Odau, while the Abureni group comprises Akani, Amuruto and Emago-Kugbo (cf. Gardner et al.

Operation Baawar <=SEP=> Operation Baawar (Pashto for assurance), was a major Afghan-led offensive in Afghanistan west of Kandahar City.  The operation took place primarily in a sector known as the Horn of Panjwaii. The combat operation started on December 5, 2010.  Canadian troops from Task Force Kandahar, including those from the 1st Battalion Royal 22e Régiment Battle Group, worked with the Afghan National Army’s 1st Brigade of the 205th (Hero) Corps as part of the larger Operation Hamkari.

Operation Karez <=SEP=> Operation Karez was a military operation between May 13–23, 2008 involving Norwegian and German ISAF and Afghan  government forces against the Taliban as part of the war in Afghanistan.

Operation Pickaxe-Handle <=SEP=> Operation Lastay Kulang or Pickaxe Handle was a British-led NATO offensive in the southern Helmand province of Afghanistan. (The name of the operation is Pashto for "pickaxe-handle".)Lastay Kulang began on May 30 and ended on June 14, 2007, with 2000 ISAF and Afghan National Army troops taking part.

Palula language <=SEP=> Palula (also spelled Phalura, Palola, Phalulo, and also known as Ashreti (Aćharêtâʹ) or Dangarikwar, the name used by Khowar speakers), is a Dardic language spoken by approximately 10,000 people in the valleys of Ashret and Biori, as well as in the village Puri (also Purigal) in the Shishi valley, and at least by a portion of the population in the village Kalkatak, in the Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Parliament of the German-speaking Community <=SEP=> The Parliament of the German-speaking Community (German: Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft or PDG) is the legislative assembly of the German-speaking Community of Belgium based in Eupen. The most important tasks of the Parliament of the German-speaking Community include the election and the supervision of the Government of the German-speaking Community, the adoption of decrees for the German-speaking Community and the preparation and adoption of the annual budget.

Pashayi people <=SEP=> Pashayi or Pashai are a Dardic ethno-linguistic group living primarily in eastern Afghanistan. Their total population is estimated to be 500,000. They are mainly concentrated in the northern parts of Laghman, Nangarhar, Kunar, Kapisa, Kabul,  Baghlan, Nuristan, and also in Ghazni. Some believe the Pashai are descendants of ancient Gāndhārī. Many Pashai consider themselves Pashtuns speaking a special language, and many are bilingual in Pashto.

Pashto <=SEP=> The Pashtun language, Pashto (پښتو Pax̌tō IPA: [ˈpəʂt̪oː, ˈpəçt̪oː, ˈpʊxt̪oː]; alternatively spelled Pakhto), also known in older literature as Afghānī (افغاني) or Paṭhānī, is an Eastern Iranian language, belonging to the Indo-European family. Pashto is the native language of the Pashtun people of South-Central Asia. It is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan and is also the second-largest regional language of Pakistan which is mainly spoken in the west and northwest of the country.

Pashtunistan <=SEP=> Pashtunistan (Pashto: پښتونستان‎, Pax̌tūnistān; also called  Pukhtunistan, or Pathanistan, meaning the "land of Pashtuns") or Greater Pashtunistan is the geographic region inhabited by the indigenous Pashtun people of modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. Alternative names historically used for the region included "Afghānistān" and "Pax̌tūnkhwā" (for present Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province specifically, since at least the 3rd century CE onward).

Pashtuns <=SEP=> The Pashtuns (Pashto: پښتانه‎ Pax̌tānə; sing. masculine: پښتون Pax̌tūn, feminine: پښتنه Pax̌tana; also Pakhtuns), historically known by the exonyms Afghans (Persian: افغان‎‎, Afğān) and Pathans (tr. from Hindustani, Paṭhān), are an ethnic group with populations in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Pashtun people are generally classified as Eastern Iranian who use Pashto language and follow Pashtunwali, which is a traditional set of ethics guiding individual and communal conduct.

Persian-speaking peoples <=SEP=> The Persian-speaking peoples constitute one of the largest Indo-European linguistic groups in the world. Populations are principally concentrated in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Republic of Azerbaijan, and western Chinese province of Xinjiang. Aimaq people Persians Tajiks Hazara Tat people (Caucasus)

Persian language <=SEP=> Persian (/ˈpɜrʒən/ or /ˈpɜrʃən/), also known by its endonym Farsi or Parsi (English: /ˈfɑrsiː/; Persian: فارسی fārsi [fɒːɾˈsiː]), is the predominant modern descendant of Old Persian, a southwestern Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.

Persian people <=SEP=> The Persian people (Persian: پارسیان) are an Iranian people who speak the modern Persian language and closely related Iranian dialects and languages.The term Persian translates to "from Persis" which is a region north of the Persian Gulf located in Pars, Iran.

Pre-Islamic Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan <=SEP=> Before the Islamic conquest of Afghanistan communities of various religious and ethnic background lived in the land. South of the Hindu Kush was ruled by the Zunbil and Kabul Shahi rulers. When the Chinese travellers (Faxian, Song Yun, Xuanzang, Wang-hiuon-tso, Huan-Tchao, and Wou-Kong) visited Afghanistan between 399 and 751 AD, they mentioned that Buddhism was practiced in different areas between the Amu Darya (Oxus River) in the north and the Indus River in the south.

Provincial languages of Pakistan <=SEP=> The provincial languages of Pakistan are a set of languages that are spoken and used in the five Provinces of Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit–Baltistan, and Balochistan). However, provincial languages have no official status in Pakistan, except Sindhi in Sindh, given the fact that Urdu and English are the official languages of the country. Shown below are the main languages of each the provinces: Punjab: The languages of the province of Punjab are Punjabi, English, and Urdu.

Qadria Yazdanparast <=SEP=> Qadria Ibrahim Yazdanparast (in Persian: قدریه یزدان پرست) is an Afghan politician and a commissioner at the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission.

Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan <=SEP=> The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) (Persian:جمعیت انقلابی زنان افغانستان, Jamiyat-e Enqelābi-ye Zanān-e Afghānestān, Pashto:د افغانستان د ښڅو انقلابی جمعیت) is a women's organization based in Quetta, Pakistan, that promotes women's rights and secular democracy. It was founded in 1977 by Meena Keshwar Kamal, an Afghan student activist who was assassinated in February 1987 for her political activities.

Robin Goldwasser <=SEP=> Robin Goldwasser (born August 14 (year unknown)) is an American singer and playwright. She is a graduate of Sarah Lawrence College. She is the co-writer of the musical People Are Wrong! with Julia Greenberg. She has a character in the play, as does the producer, her husband, John Flansburgh of They Might Be Giants and Mono Puff.

Rodini tribe <=SEP=> Rodini (Balochi: بلوچ ) is  a Baloch Tribe  in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan.In Pakistan they are mostly in Balochistan and some areas of Sindh(Nawab Shah, shikar poor, Hyader Abad) .

Saraiki literature <=SEP=> Saraiki literature is the literature of the Saraiki dialect of Western Punjabi Language, which is mostly spoken in central Pakistan.  The main Saraiki-speaking areas are Multan, Bahawalpur, Dera Ghazi Khan, Mianwali and Dera Ismail Khan.

Sasooli <=SEP=> Sasooli is a Brahui tribe in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. They are ethnically Brahui. Baloch living in Balochistan and Sindh Speak Brahui and Balochi.

Shia Family Law <=SEP=> Shia Family Law is a law of Afghanistan that was approved in February 2009 with Afghan President Hamid Karzai's signature. A portion of the law pertaining to sexual relations between husband and wife has made international headlines. The United Nations Development Fund for Women,  NATO, Canada, United States, Germany and other nations have come forward asking for a review of the law as it is felt that it oppresses Shiite women, taking away many of their rights in a marital relationship.

Siege of Sangin <=SEP=> The Siege of Sangin was a British-led military operation that lasted between June 2006 and April 2007, during which time Taliban insurgents besieged the district centre of Sangin District in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, occupied by British ISAF soldiers. During the siege, fighting became intensive, causing General David J. Richards, the NATO commander in Afghanistan, to declare that Helmand province had seen the fiercest fighting involving British troops since the Korean War.

South Asian ethnic groups <=SEP=> The ethno-linguistic composition of the population of South Asia, that is the nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka is highly diverse. The majority of the population fall within two large linguistic groups, Indo-Aryan and Dravidian.

Sport in Afghanistan <=SEP=> The sports in Afghanistan are managed by the Afghan Sports Federation, which promotes cricket, football, basketball, volleyball, golf, handball, boxing, taekwondo, weightlifting, bodybuilding, track and field, skating, bowling, snooker, chess, and other sports. At the moment, cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Afghanistan.

Status of the Irish language <=SEP=> Irish is a main household and/or community language for approximately 1% of the population of the Republic of Ireland (the population of the Republic of Ireland shown to be 4,581,269 in the 2011 census).The 2011 census in Northern Ireland showed that over 10% of people spoke Irish or had "some ability in Irish" (see Irish language in Northern Ireland). At least one in three people (~1.8 million) on the island of Ireland can understand Irish to some extent.

Syed Gulam Farooq Mirranay <=SEP=> Dr. Syed Ghulam Farooq Mirranay was born in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan in 1950.  Dr. Syed Ghulam Farooq Mirranay is a prominent and senior member of the Afghan Social Democratic Party (Afghan Mellat) and an elected member of the House of the People ) from 2005 – 2010.  Dr. Mirranay is the official spokesperson for the Afghan Mellat Party and speaks both official Afghanistan languages, Pashto and Dari, as well as English.Dr.

Tajiks <=SEP=> Tajik (Dari: تاجيک: Tājīk , Tajik: Тоҷик) is a general designation for a wide range of Persian-speaking people of Iranian origin, with traditional homelands in present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. As a self-designation, the term Tajik, which earlier on had been more or less pejorative, has become acceptable only during the last several decades, particularly as a result of Soviet administration in Central Asia.

Taymani <=SEP=> The Taymani are a Persian speaking Aymāq tribe in west central Afghanistan, related to Tajiks and Hazaras. However, some southern groups of Taymani have adopted Kandahari Pashtun language and culture.Taymani usually deny they are Aymaq and feel affinity with Pashtuns, although their Pashtun neighbors identify them as Aymaq.

The Myth of Mars and Venus <=SEP=> The Myth of Mars and Venus: Do men and women really speak different languages? is a 2007 book by Professor Deborah Cameron, published by Oxford University Press.  Dr.

Tomorrow's Pioneers <=SEP=> Tomorrow's Pioneers (Arabic: رواد الغد‎; also The Pioneers of Tomorrow) is a children's program, last broadcast on October 16, 2009 on the Palestinian Hamas-affiliated television station, Al-Aqsa TV (Arabic: مرئية الأقصى قناة الأقصى‎). The show features young host Saraa Barhoum and her co-host, a large costumed animal as they perform skits (or "scenes") and discuss life in Palestine in a talk show fashion with call-ins from children (typically of age 9-13 with some as young as 3).

Tornasi people <=SEP=> Tornasi is an ethnic group in Northern Sudan. They speak Kelo, a Nilo-Saharan language. The population of this group likely does not exceed 1,000. Most or all members of this ethnic group are Muslims.

Tregami language <=SEP=> Tregami (Trigami), or Katar Gambiri, is a language spoken in the villages of Gambir, Kaṭâr, and Devoz in the Tregâm Valley off the lower Pech River in the Watapur District of Kunar Province in Afghanistan. The area is in the Hindu Kush along the border with Pakistan. Tregami belongs to the Nuristani group of the Indo-Iranian language family. It is spoken by approximately 3,500 people (2011).

Tsimshianic languages <=SEP=> The Tsimshianic languages are a family of languages spoken in northwestern British Columbia and in Southeast Alaska on Annette Island and Ketchikan. About 2,170 people of the ethnic Tsimshian /ˈsɪmʃiən/ population in Canada still speak a Tsimshian language; about 50 of the 1,300 Tsimshian people living in Alaska still speak Coast Tsimshian.

Turkic peoples <=SEP=> The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in northern, eastern, central, and western Asia, northwestern China, and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds.

Turkmens <=SEP=> The Turkmens or Turkomans (Turkmen: Türkmen/Түркмен, plural Türkmenler/Түркменлер) are a Turkic people located primarily in Central Asia, in the states of Turkmenistan, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Afghanistan, Northern Pakistan, and in the North Caucasus (Stavropol Krai). They speak the Turkmen language, which is classified as a part of the Western (Oghuz) branch of the Turkic languages family together with Turkish, Azerbaijani, Qashqai, Gagauz and Salar.

Tz’utujil language <=SEP=> Tz'utujil /ˈᵗsuːtəhiːl/ is a Mayan language spoken by the Tz'utujil people in the region to the south of Lake Atitlán in Guatemala.  Tz'utujil is closely related to its larger neighbors, Kaqchikel and K'iche'.  The 2002 census found 60,000 people speak Tz'utujil as their mother tongue. The two Tz'utijil dialects are Eastern and Western.The majority of the Tz'utujil people have Spanish as their second language, although many of the older people, or those in more remote locations do not.

Wakhi people <=SEP=> The Wakhi people, or Khik (called Guhjali in upper Hunza, Pakistan), are an ethnic group in the Wakhan of today's Badakhshan region located in northeastern Afghanistan and southeastern Tajikistan.  They also live in adjacent areas of Tajikistan, Xinjiang and in Pakistan, both in the Chitral District and in Gojal).  They speak the Wakhi language.

Xionites <=SEP=> Xionites, Chionites, or Chionitae (Middle Persian: Xiyon; Avestan: Xiiaona; Sogdian: Xwn; Pahlavi: Huna), or Hunni, Yun or Xūn (獯), were an Iranian-speaking people who were prominent in Transoxania and Bactria.  The Xionites (Chionitae) are first mentioned with Kushans (Cuseni) by Ammianus Marcellinus who spent the winter of 356-57 CE in their Balkh territory. They arrived with the wave of immigration from Central Asia into Iran in late antiquity.

Yunus Qanuni <=SEP=> Yunus Qanuni (Persian: یونس قانونی, born 1957) is an Afghan politician who was Vice President of Afghanistan. An ethnic Tajik from the Panjshir Valley in Afghanistan, Qanuni is the leader of the Afghanistan e Naween (New Afghanistan) political party and former Speaker of the House of the People (the lower house of parliament or Wolesi Jirga).

Zebak, Afghanistan <=SEP=> Zebak (Persian: زيباك or زیباک‎‎) (also Zibak or Zebok) is the capital of the Zebak District in the Badakhshan province of Afghanistan. The city is based in the delta of the Sanglich river.  It lies at the foot of the Daliz Pass on one of the natural routes that connects it with Tajikistan approximately 35 kilometers to the north, and with Pakistan which is just 20 kilometers to the south.

Ziruk District <=SEP=> Ziruk District (Pashto: زيړوک ولسوالۍ‎, Persian: ولسوالی زیروک‎‎), alternately spelled "Zerok", is a district of Paktika Province that once was a part of Paktia, Afghanistan.Zeruk is a remote district of Paktika province bordered to the East by Spera District of Khost province, to the South-West by Nika District, to the West by Urgon District and to the North by Waziristan. The district has a population of roughly 43,190.The people speak Pashto but with a Zadran accent.