Query: gallo roman architecture in paris

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Ancient Roman architecture <=SEP=> Ancient Roman architecture developed different aspects of Ancient Greek architecture and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make a new architectural style. Roman architecture flourished throughout the Empire during the Pax Romana.

Architecture of Provence <=SEP=> The Architecture of Provence includes a rich collection of monuments from the Roman Empire; Cistercian monasteries from the Romanesque Period, medieval palaces and churches; fortifications from the time of Louis XIV, as well as numerous hilltop villages and fine churches.

Art in Paris <=SEP=> Art in Paris is an article on the art culture and history in Paris, the capital of France. For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world, arriving in the city to educate themselves and to seek inspiration from its artistic resources and galleries. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art".

Arènes de Lutèce <=SEP=> The Arènes de Lutèce are among the most important remains from the Gallo-Roman era in Paris (known in antiquity as Lutetia, or Lutèce in French), together with the Thermes de Cluny. Lying in what is now the Quartier Latin, this amphitheater could once seat 15,000 people, and was used to present gladiatorial combats.Constructed in the 1st century AD, this amphitheater is considered the longest of its kind constructed by the Romans.

Barbegal aqueduct and mill <=SEP=> The Barbegal aqueduct and mill is a Roman watermill complex located on the territory of the commune of Fontvieille, near the town of Arles, in southern France. The complex has been referred to as "the greatest known concentration of mechanical power in the ancient world". Another similar mill complex existed also on the Janiculum in Rome, and there are suggestions that more such complexes exist at other major Roman sites, such as Amida.

Basilica of St. Michael, Bordeaux <=SEP=> The Basilica of St. Michael, Bordeaux, is a Flamboyant Gothic church in Bordeaux, France, built between the end of 14th century and the 16th century. The pulpit represents Saint Michael slaying the dragon. The stained-glass windows were destroyed during the bombardment of 1940. The separate bell tower, which is 114 meters tall, was built in the 15th century. In 1881 a Gallo-Roman cemetery and catacombs were discovered under the tower, with several naturally mummified bodies.

Basilica of St Denis <=SEP=> The Basilica of Saint Denis (French: known as Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is a large medieval abbey church in the city of Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris. The building is of unique importance historically and architecturally as its choir, completed in 1144, is considered to be the first Gothic church.The site originated as a Gallo-Roman cemetery in late Roman times.

Bern zinc tablet <=SEP=> The Bern zinc tablet (also Gobannus tablet) was found in the 1980s in Bern.

Bernard Zehrfuss <=SEP=> Bernard Louis Zehrfuss (Angers, October 20, 1911 – Neuilly-sur-Seine, July 3, 1996) was a French architect.

Bourges Cathedral <=SEP=> Bourges Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Bourges) is a Roman Catholic cathedral, dedicated to Saint Stephen, located in Bourges, France. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Bourges.

Churchyards in Northwestern France <=SEP=> Main article ChurchyardsChurchyards in northwestern France are often much older than the church itself. The shape and the height are both indicators of age. Churches often sit on sites of great antiquity, long predating Christianity.

City walls of Paris <=SEP=> Several successive city walls surrounded Paris from ancient times through until the twentieth century, except for between 1670 (when Louis XIV ordered the demolition of the Louis XIII Wall) and 1785 (when construction began on the Wall of the Farmers-General). The walls served to defend the town, protect inhabitants, and assess goods sold in Paris. City walls of Paris include: a Gaulish enclosure (location unknown). a Gallo-Roman wall.

Cluny – La Sorbonne (Paris Métro) <=SEP=> Cluny - La Sorbonne is a station on line 10 of the Paris Metro in the 5th arrondissement. It is in the heart of the Latin Quarter and Paris' Left Bank.The station is connected to the St-Michel – Notre-Dame RER-station on RER lines B and C

Cryptoporticus <=SEP=> In Ancient Roman architecture a cryptoporticus (from Latin crypta and porticus) is a covered corridor or passageway. The usual English is "cryptoportico". The cryptoportico is a semi-subterranean gallery whose vaulting supports portico structures aboveground and which is lit from openings at the tops of its arches.

Demographics of Paris <=SEP=> The city of Paris (also called the Commune or Department of Paris) had a population of 2,241,346 people within its administrative city limits as of January 1, 2014.  It is surrounded by the Paris unité urbaine, or urban area, the most populous urban area in the European Union.  In 2011 the unité urbaine had a population of 10,516,110. The Paris Region, or Île-de-France covers 12,012 square kilometers (4,638 square miles), and has its own regional council and president.

Denis <=SEP=> According to Christian tradition, Saint Denis (also called Dionysius, Dennis, or Denys) is a Christian martyr and saint. In the third century, he was Bishop of Paris. He was martyred, with his companions Rusticus and Eleutherius, in connection with the Decian persecution of Christians, shortly after 250 AD.

E & J Gallo Winery <=SEP=> E & J Gallo Winery is a winery and distributor headquartered in Modesto, California.  It was founded in 1933 by Ernest Gallo and Julio Gallo, and is the largest exporter of California wines.

Euspicius <=SEP=> Saint Euspicius was a Gallo-Roman saint. The Frankish king Clovis gave him and his nephew Maximinus the domain of Micy, near Orléans at the confluence of the Loire and the Loiret, in order to establish a monastery in 508.  Euspicius became its first abbot and when he died, he was succeeded by his nephew.12px This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:

France in the Middle Ages <=SEP=> The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 5th century to the middle of the 15th century; for the period before Hugh Capet's accession to the throne, see Francia and Carolingian Empire) was marked by the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328); their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions) that had developed following the Viking invasions and through the piecemeal dismantling of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under Philip II Augustus and Louis IX) in the 13th century; the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589) and the protracted dynastic crisis of the Hundred Years' War with the Kingdom of England (1337–1453) compounded by the catastrophic Black Death epidemic (1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the early modern period and the creation of a sense of French identity.Up to the 12th century, the period saw the elaboration and extension of the seigneurial economic system (including the attachment of peasants to the land through serfdom); the extension of the feudal system of rights and obligations between lords and vassals; the so-called "feudal revolution" of the 11th century during which ever smaller lords took control of local lands in many regions; and the appropriation by regional/local seigneurs of various administrative, fiscal and judicial rights for themselves. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages?oldid=682942848> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Owlswick> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Owlswick is a hamlet in Buckinghamshire, England, about 3 miles E of Thame and 4 miles SSE of Aylesbury.  It is part of the civil parish of Longwick-cum-Ilmer and is in the ecclesiastical parish of Monks Risborough.The name appears in a document of about 1200 as Ulveswike, meaning the dairy farm of Ulf, which was a Danish personal name.

Franks <=SEP=> The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) are historically first known as a group of Germanic tribes that roamed the land between the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD, and second as the people of Gaul who merged with the Gallo-Roman populations during succeeding centuries, passing on their name to modern-day France and becoming part of the heritage of the modern day French people. Some Franks raided Roman territory, while other Frankish tribes joined the Roman troops of Gaul.

Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren <=SEP=> The Gallo-Roman Museum (Dutch: Gallo-Romeins Museum, French: Musée Gallo-romain, German: Gallo-Römische Museum) is an archeological museum in Tongeren. It is dedicated to the prehistorical times and Roman age of the region in South West Flanders. The museum was established in 1954 and received its modern building in 1994. In 2011, it was awarded as the European Museum of the Year.The permanent exhibition starts with the first humanoids in the region, the Neanderthals.

Gallo-Roman culture <=SEP=> This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the third century, see Gallic Empire.The term Gallo-Roman describes the Romanized culture of Gaul under the rule of the Roman Empire. This was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of Roman morals and way of life in a uniquely Gaulish context.

Gallo-Roman religion <=SEP=> Gallo-Roman religion was a fusion of the traditional religious practices of the Gauls, who were originally Celtic speakers, and the Roman and Hellenistic religions introduced to the region under Roman Imperial rule. It was the result of selective acculturation.

Galon (bishop of Beauvais) <=SEP=> Galon or Gallon (Galo, Gallo, Walo) was a bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Beauvais (c. 1099-1104 and bishop of Paris (1104–1116). He was appointed a papal legate in Poland by Paschal II c. 1103.Born in Beauvais, Galon became a bishop thanks to the papal support of Paschal II. As a legate he supervised the course of Gregorian reform in the Polish church. He summoned a council that deposed two bishops for disobeying the Canons including Cracovian Cazlaus (Czasław), who had married.

Genevieve <=SEP=> Saint Genevieve (French: Sainte Geneviève;Latin: Sancta Genovefa, Genoveva) (Nanterre, c. 419/422 AD – Paris 502/512 AD), from Germanic keno (kin) and wefa (wife), is the patron saint of Paris in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition.  Her feast is kept on 3 January.She was born in Nanterre and moved to Paris after encountering Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes and dedicated herself to a Christian life.

Germain of Paris <=SEP=> Saint Germain (also called Germanus) (c. 496 – 28 May 576) was a bishop of Paris, who was canonized in 754. He is known in his early vita as pater et pastor populi, rendered in modern times as the "Father of the Poor".

Glossary of ancient Roman religion <=SEP=> The vocabulary of ancient Roman religion was highly specialized. Its study affords important information about the religion, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Romans. This legacy is conspicuous in European cultural history in its influence on later juridical and religious vocabulary in Europe, particularly of the Western Church.

Gobannus <=SEP=> Gobannus (or Gobannos, the Gaulish form) was a Gallo-Roman god, whose name, denoting "the smith", is normally taken to identify him as patron of smiths.A number of statues dedicated to him are preserved, found together with a bronze cauldron dedicated to Deus Cobannos, in the late 1980s and illegally exported to the USA, now in the Getty Museum in the Getty Center, in California.

History of Paris <=SEP=> The oldest traces of human occupation  in Paris, discovered near rue Henri-Farman in 2006, are from encampment of hunter-gatherers dating from between 9800 and 7500 BC.

History of architecture <=SEP=> The history of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates. The branches of architecture are civil, sacred, naval, military, and landscape architecture.

Honorina <=SEP=> Saint Honorina (French: Sainte Honorine) is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church.  She is the oldest, most revered virgin martyr in the Normandy area of France. Not much is known of her — a tradition that exists in the diocese of Rouen that Honorina was a member of the Calates, who was martyred during the persecutions of Diocletian. The spot of her martyrdom is said to have been Mélamare between Lillebonne and Harfleur.

Jean Nouvel <=SEP=> Jean Nouvel (French: [ʒɑ̃ nu.vɛl]; born 12 August 1945) is a French architect. Nouvel studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and was a founding member of Mars 1976 and Syndicat de l'Architecture. He has obtained a number of prestigious distinctions over the course of his career, including the Aga Khan Award for Architecture (technically, the prize was awarded for the Institut du Monde Arabe which Nouvel designed), the Wolf Prize in Arts in 2005 and the Pritzker Prize in 2008.

Julia of Corsica <=SEP=> Saint Julia of Corsica (Italian: Santa Giulia da Corsica; French: Sainte Julie), also known as Saint Julia of Carthage,  and more rarely Saint Julia of Nonza, was a virgin martyr who is venerated as a Christian saint. The date of her death is most probably on or after AD 439. She, along with Saint Devota, are the patron saints of Corsica in the Catholic Church. Saint Julia was declared a patroness of Corsica by the Church on August 5, 1809; Saint Devota, on March 14, 1820.

Justus of Beauvais <=SEP=> Saint Justus of Beauvais (c. 278—c. 287) is a semi-legendary saint of the Roman Catholic Church. He may have been a Gallo-Roman martyr, but his legend was confused with that of other saints, such as Justin of Paris.

La Villette, Seine <=SEP=> La Villette was a French commune (municipality) in the Seine département lying immediately north-east of Paris. It was one of four communes  entirely annexed by the city of Paris in 1860. Its territory is now located in the 19th arrondissement, but a neighborhood has retained its name: the quartier de La Villette and the Parc de la Villette.A Gallo-Roman village stood here along the Roman road that led north from Lutetia.

List of Roman amphitheatres <=SEP=> The remains of at least 230 amphitheatres have been found widely scattered around the area of the Roman Empire. These are usually oval, and are not to be confused with the more common "ordinary" theatres, which are semicircular structures. There are, however, a number of buildings that have had a combined use as both theatre and amphitheatre, particularly in western Europe. Following is a list of Roman amphitheatre locations by country.

Litavis <=SEP=> Litavis—also known as Litauis, Litaui, Litauia, and Llydaw—is a goddess in Celtic mythology worshiped by the ancient Gauls. Her name is found in inscriptions found at Aignay-le-Duc and Mâlain of the Côte-d'Or, France, where she is invoked along with the Gallo-Roman god Mars Cicolluis in a context which suggests that she might have been his consort.

Lutetia <=SEP=> Lutetia (also Lutetia Parisiorum in Latin, Lukotekia before, in French Lutèce) was a town in pre-Roman and Roman Gaul. The Gallo-Roman city was a forerunner of the re-established Merovingian town that is the ancestor of present-day Paris.

Maison Carrée <=SEP=> The Maison Carrée (French for "square house") is an ancient building in Nîmes, southern France; it is the best preserved Roman temple façade to be found anywhere in the territory of the former Roman Empire.

Musée national du Moyen Âge <=SEP=> The Musée national du Moyen Âge, formerly Musée de Cluny (French pronunciation: ​[myze də klyni]), officially known as the Musée national du Moyen Âge – Thermes et hôtel de Cluny "\National Museum of the Middle Ages – Cluny thermal baths and mansion"), is a museum in Paris, France.

Notre Dame de Paris <=SEP=> Notre-Dame de Paris (IPA: [nɔtʁə dam də paʁi](French About this sound  ) ; French for "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a historic Catholic cathedral on the eastern half of the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France. The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture, and it is among the largest and most well-known church buildings in the world.

Paul of Narbonne <=SEP=> Saint Paul of Narbonne (3rd century AD) was one of the "apostles to the Gauls" sent out (probably under the direction of Pope Fabian, 236–250) during the consulate of Decius and Gratus (250-251 AD) to Christianize Gaul after the persecutions under Emperor Decius had all but dissolved the small Christian communities.

Petit Pont <=SEP=> The Petit Pont (Little Bridge) is a bridge crossing the River Seine in Paris, built in 1853, although a structure has crossed the river at this point since antiquity. The present bridge is a single stone arch linking the 4th arrondissement and the Île de la Cité, with the 5th arrondissement, between quai de Montebello and quai Saint-Michel. The Petit Pont is notable for having been destroyed, at least thirteen times since its original inception during Gallo-Roman times to the mid-19th century.

Pillar of the Boatmen <=SEP=> The Pillar of the Boatmen (French Pilier des nautes) is a square-section stone bas-relief with depictions of several deities, both Gaulish and Roman. Dating to the first quarter of the 1st century AD, it originally stood in a temple in the Gallo-Roman civitas of Lutetia (modern Paris, France) and is one of the earliest pieces of representational Gaulish art to carry a written inscription (Hatt, 1952). It is displayed in the frigidarium of the Thermes de Cluny.

Porte de la Villette (Paris Métro) <=SEP=> Porte de la Villette is a station of the Paris Métro. The origin of the commune of the Villette was a Gallo-Roman village, which grew up on the Roman road that led to east Flanders. About 1198, it became Ville Neuve Saint-Ladre and by 1426 it was called Villette-Saint-Miser-lez-Paris. The commune became a part of Paris in 1860.

Reims <=SEP=> Reims (/ˈriːmz/; also spelt Rheims; French: [ʁɛ̃s]), a city in the Champagne-Ardenne region of France, lies 129 km (80 mi) east-northeast of Paris. Founded by the Gauls, it became a major city during the period of the Roman Empire.Reims played a prominent ceremonial role in French monarchical history as the traditional site of the crowning of the kings of France.

Roman-Gaul Baths of Entrammes <=SEP=> The Roman-Gaul Baths of Entrammes (Thermes gallo-romains d'Entrammes in French) is a group of Gallo-Roman thermal baths in Entrammes, Mayenne, France. It was discovered in 1987.

Roman Empire <=SEP=> The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Rōmānum; Classical Latin: [ɪmˈpɛ.ri.ũː roːˈmaː.nũː] Ancient and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn) was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.

Roman Gaul <=SEP=> Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern-day France, southern Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, western Switzerland and western Germany. Roman control of the area lasted for more than approximately 500 years. The Roman Republic began its takeover of Celtic Gaul in 121 BC, when it conquered and annexed the southern reaches of the area.  Julius Caesar completed the task by defeating the Celtic tribes in the Gallic Wars of 58-51 BC.

Roman theatre (structure) <=SEP=> Roman theaters derive from and are part of the overall evolution of earlier Greek theaters. Indeed, much of the architectural influence on the Romans came from the Greeks, and theatre structural design was no different from other buildings. However, Roman theatres have specific differences, such as being built upon their own foundations instead of earthen works or a hillside and being completely enclosed on all sides.

Roman villa <=SEP=> Roman villa is a term used to describe a Roman country house built for the upper class during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire.

Roman villas in northwestern Gaul <=SEP=> Roman villas in northwestern Gaul (modern France) functioned as colonial economic centers. Most villas did not resemble the luxurious, aristocratic country retreats of the Mediterranean region. Their owners were absentee investors (or the emperor himself), managed by local Gauls whose families were rewarded after the Gallo-Roman wars.It is difficult for archeologists to define a villa; the recovered residences varied in size and style (often determined by economic function).

Römermuseum Schwarzenacker <=SEP=> Römermuseum Schwarzenacker (Schwarzenacker Roman Museum) is an archaeological open-air museum in Schwarzenacker, a district of Homburg, Saarland, Germany. The museum was constructed by archaeologist Alfonso Kolling, who also led the archaeological excavations at the site. Current director is Klaus Kell.

Sacré-Cœur, Paris <=SEP=> The Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paris, commonly known as Sacré-Cœur Basilica and often simply Sacré-Cœur (French: Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, pronounced [sakʁe kœʁ]), is a Roman Catholic church and minor basilica, dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, in Paris, France. A popular landmark, the basilica is located at the summit of the butte Montmartre, the highest point in the city.

Saint-Denys de la Chapelle <=SEP=> The Church of Saint-Denys de la Chapelle is a church of the 18th arrondissement of Paris. It is located in the Quartier de la Chapelle along one of the oldest roads in Paris.

Saint-Maur-des-Fossés <=SEP=> Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃.moʁ.dɛ.fɔ.se]) is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.7 kilometres (7.3 miles) from the center of Paris.

Saint-Merri <=SEP=> The Church of Saint-Merri (French: Église Saint-Merri) is a small church in Paris, located on the busy street Rue Saint Martin, on the Right Bank. It is dedicated to the 8th-century abbot of Autun Abbey, Medericus, who went to Paris on pilgrimage and later died there. In 884 Medericus, also known as 'Merry' was acclaimed patron saint of the right bank.

Sainte-Chapelle <=SEP=> The Sainte-Chapelle (French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃t ʃapɛl], Holy Chapel) is a royal medieval Gothic chapel, located near the Palais de la Cité, on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France.Begun some time after 1239 and consecrated on 26 April 1248, the Sainte-Chapelle is considered among the highest achievements of the Rayonnant period of Gothic architecture.

Salvatore Gallo (sculptor) <=SEP=> Salvatore Gallo – Sculptor-Artist 1928-1996Salvatore Gallo was born in 1928 in Vittoria in Sicily He studied in Turin with Carlo Carra from 1946-49. He then went to study in Mexico with the Mexican artist David Siqueiros fom 1955 -1957.Gallo moved to New York USA in 1958 where he had his first major show at the Chiser Gallery. And began a collaboration with his cousin Frank Gallo Professor of Art at Boston University. Upon, completing several major commissions together.

Thermae <=SEP=> In ancient Rome, thermae (from Greek θερμός thermos, "hot") and balneae (from Greek βαλανεῖον balaneion) were facilities for bathing. Thermae usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while balneae were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.Most Roman cities had at least one, if not many, such buildings, which were centres not only for bathing, but socializing.

Thermes de Cluny <=SEP=> The Thermes de Cluny are the ruins of Gallo-Roman thermal baths lying in the heart of Paris' 5th arrondissement, and which are partly subsumed into the Musée national du Moyen Âge - Thermes et hôtel de Cluny.The present bath ruins constitute about one-third of a massive bath complex that is believed to have been constructed around the beginning of the 3rd century.

Thiais <=SEP=> Thiais is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.3 km (6.4 mi) from the center of Paris.The name Thiais comes from Medieval Latin Theodasium or Theodaxium, meaning "estate of Theodasius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.The Austrian writer Joseph Roth, exiled due to his opposition to the Nazi regime, lived at Thiais at the end of the 1930s and is buried at the local cemetery. The tomb of Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin is also there.

Trophimus of Arles <=SEP=> According to Catholic lore, Saint Trophimus of Arles (also called Trophime) was the first bishop of Arles, in today's southern France.

Vestiges of the Gallo-Roman wall, Grenoble <=SEP=> The Vestiges (traces) of the Gallo-Roman wall are the remains of a fortification, constructed in Grenoble, France  (formerly called Cularo) at the end of the 3rd century, under the reign of the Emperors Diocletian and Maximian. The status of Civitas marked the city of Cularo as an administrative capital of the Roman Empire. The Gallo-Roman wall was 1,150 meters in length, and had 39 semi-circular watchtowers which were 7.5 meters in diameter.

Vesunna Gallo-Roman Museum <=SEP=> The Vesunna Gallo-Roman Museum is a museum of Gallo-Roman art and archaeology in the town of Périgueux, located in the French department of the Dordogne. The Gallo-Roman ruins covered by a glass museum was constructed to protect a historical monument of France.

Victricius <=SEP=> Saint Victricius (French: Victrice; Italian: Vittricio) also known as Victricius of Rouen (c. 330 – c. 407 AD) was a bishop of Rouen (393–407), missionary, and author.  His feast day is August 7.   Victricius was the son of a Roman legionnaire, and was in the army himself.  However, when he became a Christian, he refused to remain in the army. He was flogged and sentenced for execution, but managed to avoid being executed.

Villa <=SEP=> A villa was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably.  After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became small farming compounds, which were increasingly fortified in Late Antiquity, sometimes transferred to the Church for reuse as a monastery. Then they gradually re-evolved through the Middle Ages, into elegant upper-class country homes.

Walter Horn <=SEP=> Walter W. Horn (18 January 1908 – 26 December 1995) was a medievalist scholar noted for his work on the timber vernacular architecture of the Middle Ages. He was born in Germany, but fled Nazism and spent most of his academic career at the University of California, Berkeley, where he became the university system's first art historian and co-founded the History of Art department. A naturalized citizen of the United States, Horn served in the U.S.