Query: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

Relevant passages:
Physics <=SEP=> Physics ( from -LSB- φυσική , phusikḗ ( epistḗmē ) , knowledge of nature -RSB- , from φύσις phúsis `` nature '' ) is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time , along with related concepts such as energy and force . One of the most fundamental scientific disciplines , the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves .   Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines , perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy . Over the last two millennia , physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry , biology , and certain branches of mathematics , but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century , the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right . Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research , such as biophysics and quantum chemistry , and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined . New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy .   Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs . For example , advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society , such as television , computers , domestic appliances , and nuclear weapons ; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization , and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus .   The United Nations named 2005 the World Year of Physics .

Global warming controversy <=SEP=> The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

Machine learning <=SEP=> Machine learning is the subfield of computer science that , according to Arthur Samuel in 1959 , gives `` computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed . '' Evolved from the study of pattern recognition and computational learning theory in artificial intelligence , machine learning explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data -- such algorithms overcome following strictly static program instructions by making data-driven predictions or decisions , through building a model from sample inputs . Machine learning is employed in a range of computing tasks where designing and programming explicit algorithms with good performance is difficult or unfeasible ; example applications include email filtering , detection of network intruders or malicious insiders working towards a data breach , optical character recognition ( OCR ) , learning to rank and computer vision .   Machine learning is closely related to ( and often overlaps with ) computational statistics , which also focuses on prediction-making through the use of computers . It has strong ties to mathematical optimization , which delivers methods , theory and application domains to the field . Machine learning is sometimes conflated with data mining , where the latter subfield focuses more on exploratory data analysis and is known as unsupervised learning . Machine learning can also be unsupervised and be used to learn and establish baseline behavioral profiles for various entities and then used to find meaningful anomalies .   Within the field of data analytics , machine learning is a method used to devise complex models and algorithms that lend themselves to prediction ; in commercial use , this is known as predictive analytics . These analytical models allow researchers , data scientists , engineers , and analysts to `` produce reliable , repeatable decisions and results '' and uncover `` hidden insights '' through learning from historical relationships and trends in the data .   , machine learning is a buzzword , and according to the Gartner hype cycle of 2016 , at its peak of inflated expectations . Because finding patterns is hard , often not enough training data is available , and also because of the high expectations it often fails to deliver .