Query: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

Relevant passages:
Joseph Stiglitz <=SEP=> Joseph Eugene Stiglitz ( born February 9 , 1943 ) is an American economist and a professor at Columbia University . He is a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( 2001 ) and the John Bates Clark Medal ( 1979 ) . He is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank and is a former member and chairman of the ( US president 's ) Council of Economic Advisers . He is known for his support of Georgist public finance theory and for his critical view of the management of globalization , of laissez-faire economists ( whom he calls `` free market fundamentalists '' ) , and of international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank .   In 2000 , Stiglitz founded the Initiative for Policy Dialogue ( IPD ) , a think tank on international development based at Columbia University . He has been a member of the Columbia faculty since 2001 , and received that university 's highest academic rank ( university professor ) in 2003 . He was the founding chair of the university 's Committee on Global Thought . He also chairs the University of Manchester 's Brooks World Poverty Institute . He is a member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences . In 2009 , the President of the United Nations General Assembly Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann , appointed Stiglitz as the chairman of the U.N. Commission on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System , where he oversaw suggested proposals and commissioned a report on reforming the international monetary and financial system . He served as chair of the international Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress , appointed by President Sarkozy of France , which issued its report in 2010 , Mismeasuring our Lives : Why GDP does n't add up , and currently serves as co-chair of its successor , the High Level Expert Group on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress . From 2011 to 2014 , Stiglitz was president of the International Economic Association ( IEA ) . He presided over the organization of the IEA triennial world congress held near the Dead Sea in Jordan in June 2014 .   Stiglitz has received more than 40 honorary degrees , including from Harvard , Oxford , and Cambridge Universities and been decorated by several governments including Korea , Colombia , Ecuador , and most recently France , where he was appointed a member of the Legion of Honor , order Officer .   Based on academic citations , Stiglitz is the 4th most influential economist in the world today , and in 2011 he was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world . Stiglitz 's work focuses on income distribution from a Georgist perspective , asset risk management , corporate governance , and international trade . He is the author of several books , the latest being The Great Divide : Unequal Societies and What We Can Do About Them ( 2015 ) , Rewriting the Rules of the American Economy : An Agenda for Growth and Shared Prosperity ( 2015 ) , and Creating a Learning Society : A New Approach to Growth Development and Social Progress ( 2014 ) .

William Nordhaus <=SEP=> William Dawbney `` Bill '' Nordhaus ( born May 31 , 1941 ) is an economist and Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University , best known for his work in economic modeling and climate change .

Leonid Hurwicz <=SEP=> Leonid `` Leo '' Hurwicz ( August 21 , 1917 -- June 24 , 2008 ) was a Polish American economist and mathematician . He originated incentive compatibility and mechanism design , which show how desired outcomes are achieved in economics , social science and political science . Hurwicz shared the 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( with Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson ) for work on mechanism design . To date , Leonid Hurwicz is the oldest Nobel Laureate , having received the prize at the age of 90 .   Hurwicz was educated and grew up in Poland , and became a refugee in the United States after Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 . In 1941 , Hurwicz worked as a research assistant for Paul Samuelson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Oskar Lange at the University of Chicago . He was a research associate for the Cowles Commission between 1942 and 1946 . In 1946 he became an associate professor of economics at Iowa State College . Hurwicz joined the University of Minnesota in 1951 , becoming Curtis L. Carlson Regents Professor of Economics in 1989 . He was Regents ' Professor of Economics ( Emeritus ) at the University of Minnesota when he died in 2008 .   Hurwicz was among the first economists to recognize the value of game theory and was a pioneer in its application . Interactions of individuals and institutions , markets and trade are analyzed and understood today using the models Hurwicz developed .

Paul Samuelson <=SEP=> Paul Anthony Samuelson ( May 15 , 1915 -- December 13 , 2009 ) was an American economist and the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . The Swedish Royal Academies stated , when awarding the prize in 1970 , that he `` has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory '' . Economic historian Randall E. Parker calls him the `` Father of Modern Economics '' , and The New York Times considered him to be the `` foremost academic economist of the 20th century '' .   Samuelson was likely the most influential economist of the later 20th century . In 1996 , when he was awarded the National Medal of Science , considered America 's top science honor , President Bill Clinton commended Samuelson for his `` fundamental contributions to economic science '' for over 60 years . Samuelson considered Mathematics to be the natural language for economists and contributed significantly to the mathematical foundations of economics with his book Foundations of Economic Analysis . He was author of the best-selling economics textbook of all time : Economics : An Introductory Analysis , first published in 1948 . It was the second American textbook to explain the principles of Keynesian economics and how to think about economics , and the first one to be successful , and is now in its 19th edition , having sold nearly 4 million copies in 40 languages , including Russian , French , Greek , Slovak , Chinese , Portuguese , German , Spanish , Polish , Japanese , Czech , Vietnamese , Hungarian , Indonesian , Swedish , Croatian , Dutch , Turkish , Hebrew , Italian , and Arabic . James Poterba , former head of MIT 's Department of Economics , noted that by his book , Samuelson `` leaves an immense legacy , as a researcher and a teacher , as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands '' .   He entered the University of Chicago at age 16 , during the depths of the Great Depression , and received his PhD in economics from Harvard . After graduating , he became an assistant professor of economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) when he was 25 years of age and a full professor at age 32 . In 1966 , he was named Institute Professor , MIT 's highest faculty honor . He spent his career at MIT where he was instrumental in turning its Department of Economics into a world-renowned institution by attracting other noted economists to join the faculty , including Robert M. Solow , Franco Modigliani , Robert C. Merton , Joseph E. Stiglitz , and Paul Krugman , all of whom went on to win Nobel Prizes .   He served as an advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson , and was a consultant to the United States Treasury , the Bureau of the Budget and the President 's Council of Economic Advisers . Samuelson wrote a weekly column for Newsweek magazine along with Chicago School economist Milton Friedman , where they represented opposing sides : Samuelson , as a self described `` Cafeteria Keynesian '' , took the Keynesian perspective but adapted it accepting what he felt was good . By contrast Friedman represented the monetarist perspective . Samuelson died on December 13 , 2009 , at the age of 94 .