Query: many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough

Relevant passages:
Seawall <=SEP=> A seawall ( or sea wall ) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea , and associated coastal processes , impact directly upon the landforms of the coast . The purpose of a sea wall is to protect areas of human habitation , conservation and leisure activities from the action of tides , waves , or tsunamis . As a seawall is a static feature it will conflict with the dynamic nature of the coast and impede the exchange of sediment between land and sea .   The coast is generally a high-energy , dynamic environment with spatial variations over a wide range of timescales . The coast is exposed to erosion by rivers and winds as well as the sea , so that a combination of denudational processes will work against a sea wall .  Because of these persistent natural forces , sea walls need to be maintained ( and eventually replaced ) to maintain their effectiveness .   The many types of sea wall in use today reflect both the varying physical forces they are designed to withstand , and location specific aspects , such as local climate , coastal position , wave regime , and value of landform . Sea walls are hard engineering shore-based structures which protect the coast from erosion . But various environmental problems and issues may arise from the construction of a sea wall , including disrupting sediment movement and transport patterns . Combined with a high construction cost , this has led to an increasing use of other soft engineering coastal management options such as beach replenishment .   Sea walls may be constructed from various materials , most commonly reinforced concrete , boulders , steel , or gabions . Other possible construction materials are : vinyl , wood , aluminium , fibreglass composite , and large biodegrable sandbags made of jute and coir . In the UK , sea wall also refers to an earthen bank used to create a polder , or a dike construction .

Lake Worth Beach, Florida <=SEP=> Lake Worth Beach, previously named Lake Worth, is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States, located about 64 miles north of Miami, its name from the body of water along its eastern border known as the Lake Worth Lagoon. The lake itself was named for General William J. Worth, who led U.S. forces during the last part of the Second Seminole War. As of 2010, the population estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau was 34,910. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people in 2015.

Hurricane Donna <=SEP=> Hurricane Donna was the strongest hurricane of the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season , and caused severe damage to the Lesser Antilles , the Greater Antilles , and the East Coast of the United States , especially Florida , in August -- September . The fifth tropical cyclone , third hurricane , and first major hurricane of the season , Donna developed south of Cape Verde on August 29 , spawned by a tropical wave to which 63 deaths from a plane crash in Senegal were attributed . The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Donna by the following day . Donna moved west-northwestward at roughly 20 mph and by September 1 , it reached hurricane status . Donna deepened significantly and reached its peak intensity early on September 4 , with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph ( 230 km/h ) . Thereafter , it weakened slightly as it brushed the Lesser Antilles later that day . On Sint Maarten , the storm left a quarter of the island homeless and killed seven people . An additional five deaths were reported in Anguilla and there were seven other fatalities throughout the Virgin Islands . In Puerto Rico , severe flash flooding led to 107 fatalities , 85 of them in Humacao alone . Donna further weakened to a Category 3 hurricane late on September 5 , but eventually became a Category 4 hurricane again . While passing through The Bahamas , several small island communities in the central regions of the country were leveled , but no damage total or fatalities were reported .   Early on September 10 , Donna made landfall near Marathon , Florida with winds of 130 mph ( 215 km/h ) , hours before another landfall south of Naples at the same intensity . Florida bore the brunt of Hurricane Donna . In the Florida Keys , coastal flooding severely damaged 75 % of buildings , destroyed several subdivisions in Marathon . On the mainland , 5,200 houses were impacted , which does not include the 75 % of homes damaged at Fort Myers Beach ; 50 % of buildings were also destroyed in the city of Everglades . Crop losses were also extensive . A total of 50 % of grapefruit crop was lost , 10 % of the orange and tangerine crop was lost , and the avocado crop was almost destroyed . In the state of Florida alone , there were 13 deaths and $ 300 million in losses . Donna weakened over Florida and was a Category 2 hurricane when it re-emerged into the Atlantic from North Florida . By early on September 12 , the storm made landfall near Topsail Beach , North Carolina as a strong Category 2 hurricane . Donna brought tornadoes and wind gusts up to 100 mph ( 155 km/h ) , damaging or destroying several buildings in Eastern North Carolina , while crops were impacted as far as 50 mi inland . Additionally , storm surge caused significant beach erosion and structural damage at Wilmington and Nags Head . Eight people were killed and there were over 100 injuries . Later on September 12 , Donna reemerged into the Atlantic Ocean and continued to move northeastward . The storm struck Long Island , New York late on September 12 and rapidly weakened inland . On the following day , Donna became extratropical over Maine .

Beach nourishment <=SEP=> Beach nourishment ( also referred to as beach renourishment , beach replenishment , or sand replenishment ) describes a process by which sediment , usually sand , lost through longshore drift or erosion is replaced from other sources . A wider beach can reduce storm damage to coastal structures by dissipating energy across the surf zone , protecting upland structures and infrastructure from storm surges , tsunamis and unusually high tides . Beach nourishment is typically part of a larger coastal defense scheme . Nourishment is typically a repetitive process since it does not remove the physical forces that cause erosion but simply mitigates their effects .   The first nourishment project in the United States was at Coney Island , New York in 1922 and 1923 . It is now a common shore protection measure used by public and private entities .