sonny-dev/inters-qdu huggingface dataset:
Query: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s

Relevant passages:
Great Barrier Reef <=SEP=> The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2300 km over an area of approximately 344400 km2 . The reef is located in the Coral Sea , off the coast of Queensland , Australia .   The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world 's biggest single structure made by living organisms . This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms , known as coral polyps . It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981 . CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world . The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland .   A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , which helps to limit the impact of human use , such as fishing and tourism . Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff , climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching , and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish . According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985 .   The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples , and is an important part of local groups ' cultures and spirituality . The reef is a very popular destination for tourists , especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions . Tourism is an important economic activity for the region , generating over AUD$ 3 billion per year . In November 2014 , Google launched Google Underwater Street View in 3D of the Great Barrier Reef .   A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought , seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures . In October 2016 , Outside published an obituary for the reef ; the article was criticized for being premature and hindering efforts to bolster the resilience of the reef . In March 2017 , the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of a 800-kilometre ( 500 mi ) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures , an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change .
Query: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

Relevant passages:
2014–16 El Niño event <=SEP=> The 2014 -- 16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line . These unusually warm waters influenced the world 's weather in a number of ways , which in turn significantly affected various parts of the world . These included drought conditions in Venezuela , Australia and a number of Pacific islands while significant flooding was also recorded . During the event more tropical cyclones than normal occurred within the Pacific Ocean , while fewer than normal occurred in the Atlantic Ocean .

2006 European heat wave <=SEP=> The 2006 European heat wave was a period of exceptionally hot weather that arrived at the end of June 2006 in certain European countries . The United Kingdom , France , Belgium , the Netherlands , Luxembourg , Italy , Poland , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Germany and western parts of Russia were most affected . Several records were broken . In the Netherlands , Belgium , Germany , Ireland and the United Kingdom , July 2006 was the warmest month since official measurements began .
Query: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

Relevant passages:
Falsifiability <=SEP=> Falsifiability or refutability of a statement , hypothesis , or theory is the inherent possibility that it can be proven false . A statement is called falsifiable if it is possible to conceive of an observation or an argument which negates the statement in question . In this sense , falsify is synonymous with nullify , meaning to invalidate or `` show to be false '' .   For example , by the problem of induction , no number of confirming observations can verify a universal generalization , such as All swans are white , since it is logically possible to falsify it by observing a single black swan . Thus , the term falsifiability is sometimes synonymous to testability . Some statements , such as It will be raining here in one million years , are falsifiable in principle , but not in practice .   The concern with falsifiability gained attention by way of philosopher of science Karl Popper 's scientific epistemology `` falsificationism '' . Popper stresses the problem of demarcation -- distinguishing the scientific from the unscientific -- and makes falsifiability the demarcation criterion , such that what is unfalsifiable is classified as unscientific , and the practice of declaring an unfalsifiable theory to be scientifically true is pseudoscience .

Statistical hypothesis testing <=SEP=> A statistical hypothesis , sometimes called confirmatory data analysis , is a hypothesis that is testable on the basis of observing a process that is modeled via a set of random variables . A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference . Commonly , two statistical data sets are compared , or a data set obtained by sampling is compared against a synthetic data set from an idealized model . A hypothesis is proposed for the statistical relationship between the two data sets , and this is compared as an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis that proposes no relationship between two data sets . The comparison is deemed statistically significant if the relationship between the data sets would be an unlikely realization of the null hypothesis according to a threshold probability -- the significance level . Hypothesis tests are used in determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance . The process of distinguishing between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is aided by identifying two conceptual types of errors ( type 1 & type 2 ) , and by specifying parametric limits on e.g. how much type 1 error will be permitted .   An alternative framework for statistical hypothesis testing is to specify a set of statistical models , one for each candidate hypothesis , and then use model selection techniques to choose the most appropriate model . The most common selection techniques are based on either Akaike information criterion or Bayes factor .   Confirmatory data analysis can be contrasted with exploratory data analysis , which may not have pre-specified hypotheses .
Query: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

Relevant passages:
El Niño <=SEP=> El Niño -LSB- ɛl_ˈniːnjoʊ -RSB- ( -LSB- el ˈniɲo -RSB- ) is the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation ( commonly called ENSO ) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific ( between approximately the International Date Line and 120 ° W ) , including off the Pacific coast of South America . El Niño Southern Oscillation refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperatures , as measured by sea surface temperature , SST , of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean . El Niño is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific . The cool phase of ENSO is called `` La Niña '' with SST in the eastern Pacific below average and air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific . The ENSO cycle , both El Niño and La Niña , cause global changes of both temperatures and rainfall .   Developing countries that are dependent upon agriculture and fishing , particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean , are usually most affected . In American Spanish , the capitalized term `` El Niño '' refers to `` the little boy '' , so named because the pool of warm water in the Pacific near South America is often at its warmest around Christmas . The original name , `` El Niño de Navidad '' , traces its origin centuries back to Peruvian fisherman , who named the weather phenomenon in reference to the newborn Christ . `` La Niña '' , chosen as the ` opposite ' of El Niño , literally translates to `` the little girl '' .

Global storm activity of 2010 <=SEP=> The global storm activity of 2010 includes major meteorological events in the Earth 's atmosphere during the year , including winter storms ( blizzards , ice storms , European windstorms ) , hailstorms , out of season monsoon rain storms , extratropical cyclones , gales , microbursts , flooding , rainstorms , tropical cyclones , and other severe weather events .   The thunderstorm season for the Northern Hemisphere began this time of year , beginning on March 1 , and ending on August 31 .
Query: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

Relevant passages:
North Atlantic oscillation <=SEP=> The North Atlantic Oscillation ( NAO ) is a weather phenomenon in the North Atlantic Ocean of fluctuations in the difference of atmospheric pressure at sea level ( SLP ) between the Icelandic low and the Azores high . Through fluctuations in the strength of the Icelandic low and the Azores high , it controls the strength and direction of westerly winds and location of storm tracks across the North Atlantic . It is part of the Arctic oscillation , and varies over time with no particular periodicity .   The NAO was discovered through several studies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Unlike the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean , the NAO is a largely atmospheric mode . It is one of the most important manifestations of climate fluctuations in the North Atlantic and surrounding humid climates .   The North Atlantic Oscillation is closely related to the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) or Northern Annular Mode ( NAM ) , but should not be confused with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) .

2014–16 El Niño event <=SEP=> The 2014 -- 16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line . These unusually warm waters influenced the world 's weather in a number of ways , which in turn significantly affected various parts of the world . These included drought conditions in Venezuela , Australia and a number of Pacific islands while significant flooding was also recorded . During the event more tropical cyclones than normal occurred within the Pacific Ocean , while fewer than normal occurred in the Atlantic Ocean .

Instrumental temperature record <=SEP=> The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth 's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures . Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations , buoys and ships around the globe . The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series , that starts in 1659 . The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850 . In recent decades more extensive sampling of ocean temperatures at various depths have begun allowing estimates of ocean heat content but these do not form part of the global surface temperature datasets .
Query: It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century

Relevant passages:
Fahrenheit <=SEP=> Fahrenheit is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by Amsterdam-based physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit ( 1686 -- 1736 ) , after whom the scale is named . It uses the degree Fahrenheit ( symbol ° F ) as the unit . Several accounts of how he originally defined his scale exist . The lower defining point , 0 ° F , was established as the temperature of a solution of brine made from equal parts of ice and salt . Further limits were established as the melting point of ice ( 32 ° F ) and his best estimate of the average human body temperature ( 96 ° F , about 2.6 ° F less than the modern value due to a later redefinition of the scale ) . The scale is now usually defined by two fixed points : the temperature at which water freezes into ice is defined as 32 ° F , and the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 ° F , a 180 ° F separation , as defined at sea level and standard atmospheric pressure .   By the end of the 20th century , Fahrenheit was used as the official temperature scale only in the United States ( including its unincorporated territories ) , its freely associated states in the Western Pacific ( Palau , the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands ) , the Bahamas , Belize , and the Cayman Islands . All other countries in the world now use the Celsius scale , defined since 1954 by absolute zero being − 273.15 ° C and the triple point of water being at 0.01 ° C.

Pavel Banya <=SEP=> Pavel Banya is a small town in Stara Zagora Province , South-central Bulgaria , located between the towns of Kalofer and Kazanlak . It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Pavel Banya Municipality . As of December 2009 , the town has a population of 2,918 inhabitants . The place is famous for its mineral springs .

Sadovo <=SEP=> Sadovo is a small town in Sadovo Municipality , Plovdiv Province , central Bulgaria , and the administrative center of Plovdiv . The population is 2,600 .   The mayor of Sadovo is Dimitar Zdravkov .

Planck temperature <=SEP=> Planck temperature , denoted by TP , is the unit of temperature in the system of natural units known as Planck units .   It serves as the defining unit of the Planck temperature scale . In this scale the magnitude of the Planck temperature is equal to 1 , while that of absolute zero is 0 .  Other temperatures can be converted to Planck temperature units . For example , 0 ° C = 273.15 K = 1.9279 × 10 − 30TP .   In SI units , the Planck temperature is about 1.417 × 1032 kelvin ( equivalently , degrees Celsius , since the difference is trivially small at this scale ) , or 2.55 × 1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine .
Query: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

Relevant passages:
Environmental impact of wind power <=SEP=> The environmental impact of wind power when compared to the environmental impacts of fossil fuels , is relatively minor . Compared with other low carbon power sources , wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated . According to the IPCC , in assessments of the life-cycle global warming potential of energy sources , wind turbines have a median value of between 15 and 11 ( geq/kWh ) depending on whether off - or onshore turbines are being assessed .   While wind turbine installations may cover a large area , they are compatible with many land uses such as farming and grazing , as only small areas of turbine foundations and infrastructure are made unavailable for use .   Wind turbines generate some noise . At a residential distance of 300 m this may be around 45 dB , which is slightly louder than a refrigerator . At 1.5 km distance most wind turbines become inaudible .  From a fundamental biological point of view , it is known that loud noise increases stress and stress causes diseases .  Peer-reviewed research has generally supported the view that when properly sited wind turbines do not affect human health from noise . However , when improperly sited , data from the monitoring of two groups of growing geese revealed substantially lower body weights and higher concentrations of a stress hormone in the blood of the first group of geese who were situated 50 meters away compared to a second group which was at a distance of 500 meters from the turbine .   Aesthetic aspects of wind turbines and resulting changes of the visual landscape can be significant . Conflicts arise especially in scenic and heritage protected landscapes . Siting restrictions ( such as setbacks ) have often been implemented to limit any intrusive environmental impacts .   There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures . The scale of the ecological impact may or may not be significant , depending on specific circumstances . Prevention and mitigation of wildlife fatalities , and protection of peat bogs , affect the siting and operation of wind turbines .
Query: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

Relevant passages:
Mountain pine beetle <=SEP=> The mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae , is a species of bark beetle native to the forests of western North America from Mexico to central British Columbia . It has a hard black exoskeleton , and measures approximately 5 mm , about the size of a grain of rice .   In western North America , the current outbreak of the mountain pine beetle and its microbial associates has destroyed wide areas of lodgepole pine forest , including more than 16 million of the 55 million hectares of forest in British Columbia . The current outbreak in the Rocky Mountain National Park began in 1996 and has caused the destruction of millions of acres of ponderosa and lodgepole pine trees . According to an annual assessment by the state 's forest service , 264,000 acres of trees in Colorado were infested by the mountain pine beetle at the beginning of 2013 . This was much smaller than the 1.15 million acres that were affected in 2008 because the beetle has already killed off most of the vulnerable trees ( Ward ) .   Mountain pine beetles inhabit ponderosa , whitebark , lodgepole , Scotch , jack pine , and limber pine trees . Normally , these insects play an important role in the life of a forest , attacking old or weakened trees , and speeding development of a younger forest . However , unusually hot , dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years , along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine , have led to an unprecedented epidemic .   It may be the largest forest insect blight ever seen in North America . Climate change , monocultural replanting , and a century of forest fire suppresion have contributed to the size and severity of the outbreak , and the outbreak itself may , with similar infestations , have significant effects on the capability of northern forests to remove greenhouse gas ( CO2 ) from the atmosphere .   Because of its impact on forestry , the transcriptome and the genome have been sequenced . This is only the second beetle genome to be sequenced as of 2013 .
Query: Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.

Relevant passages:
Climate change in the Arctic <=SEP=> The effects of global warming in the Arctic , or climate change in the Arctic include rising temperatures , loss of sea ice , and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly , observed in recent years . Potential methane release from the region , especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates , is also a concern . The Arctic warms twice as fast compared to the rest of the world . The pronounced warming signal , the amplified response of the Arctic to global warming , it is often seen as a leading indicator of global warming . The melting of Greenland 's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification . According to a study published in 2016 , about 0.5 ◦ C of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980 .

Beaufort Sea <=SEP=> The Beaufort Sea ( mer de Beaufort ) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean , located north of the Northwest Territories , the Yukon , and Alaska , west of Canada 's Arctic islands . The sea is named after hydrographer Sir Francis Beaufort . The major Mackenzie River empties into the Canadian part of the sea , west of Tuktoyaktuk , which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores .   The sea , characterized by severe climate , is frozen over most of the year . Historically , only a narrow pass up to 100 km opened in August -- September near its shores , but recently due to climate change in the Arctic the ice-free area in late summer has greatly enlarged . Claims that the seacoast was populated about 30,000 years ago have been largely discredited ( see below ) ; present population density is very low . The sea contains significant resources of petroleum and natural gas under its shelf , such as the Amauligak field . They were discovered in the period between the 1950s and 1980s , and their exploration became the major human activity in the area since the 1980s . The traditional occupations of fishery and whale and seal hunting are practiced only locally , and have no commercial significance . As a result , the sea hosts one of the largest colonies of beluga whales , and there is no sign of overfishing . To prevent overfishing in its waters , the US adopted precautionary commercial fisheries management plan in August 2009 . In April 2011 the Canadian government signed a memorandum of understanding with the Inuvialuit as a first step in developing a larger ocean management plan . The Canadian government announced in October 2014 that no new commercial fisheries in the Beaufort Sea will be considered until research has shown sustainable stocks that would be made available to Inuvialuit first .   The Canadian government has set a new block of the Beaufort Sea off the Parry Peninsula in the Amundsen as a Marine Protected Area ( MPA ) . The protected area is set to protect species and habits for the Inuvialuit community .
Query: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

Relevant passages:
City <=SEP=> A city is a large and permanent human settlement . Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town in general English language meanings , many cities have special administrative , legal , or historical status based on local law .   Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation , utilities , land usage , housing , and transportation . The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses , sometimes benefiting both parties in the process , but it also presents challenges to managing urban growth .   A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs . Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas , creating numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment . Once a city expands far enough to reach another city , this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis . Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world . In terms of population , the largest city proper is Shanghai , while the fastest-growing is Dubai .

Figure of the Earth <=SEP=> The expression figure of the Earth has various meanings in geodesy according to the way it is used and the precision with which the Earth 's size and shape is to be defined . While the sphere is a close approximation of the true figure of the Earth and satisfactory for many purposes , geodesists have developed several models that more closely approximate the shape of the Earth so that coordinate systems can serve the precise needs of navigation , surveying , cadastre , land use , and diverse other concerns .