Paper:
Policy gradient algorithms in reinforcement learning optimize the policy directly and rely on efficiently sampling an environment. However, while most sampling procedures are based on sampling the agent's policy directly, self-performance measures could be used to improve sampling before each policy update. Following this line of thoughts, we propose SAUNA, a method where transitions are rejected from the gradient updates if they do not meet a particular criterion, and kept otherwise. The criterion, V ex , is the fraction of variance explained by the value function V : a measure of the discrepancy between V and the returns. In this work, V ex is used to estimate the impact transitions will have on learning: it refines sampling by simplifying the underlying state space and improves policy gradient methods. In this paper: (a) We introduce V ex , the criterion used for denoising policy gradient updates. We refer to this procedure as transition dropout and explore its implications on learning. (b) We conduct experiments across a variety of benchmark environments, including continuous control problems. SAUNA clearly improves performance. (c) We investigate how V ex reliably selects samples with most positive impact on learning. (d) We study how this criterion can work as a dynamic tool to adjust the ratio between exploration and exploitation.

Review:
In their post-review revision, the authors have added a much clearer motivation for SAUNA, along with extra experiments that validate and clarify the approach. 
The revision is a significantly better paper than the original, and I am updating my score accordingly.
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This paper introduces 'the fraction of variance explained' V^{ex} as a measure of the ability of the value function to fit the true reward. Given the mean per-timestep reward as a baseline, V^{ex} measures the proportion of the variance in reward that is captured by the value function.
In this paper, the authors introduce a filtering condition aimed to ensure that no single transition excessively reduces the fraction of variance explained. This filtering condition relies on a prediction of the variance explained, which comes from an extra head added to the standard PPO architectures, and its parameters are updated along with all other model parameters at the end of each trajectory.
Intuitively, I can believe that learning will be more stable under the condition that no single transition leads to too great a divergence between the predicted reward and true reward. However, I do not understand the authors' assertion that this filtering procedure removes noisy samples (how can we characterize these samples as noise?). I'm also insufficiently familiar with the related literature to properly gauge the theoretical implications of this modification (see low confidence below).
The paper compares learning accuracy over time of PPO with and without the variance explained filtering. It seems that the filtering does improve learning for the MuJoCo environments, as well as low resource models for a harder task from the Roboschool environment but it is hard to state definitively that the new method is better. I commend the authors on their discussion of non-positive Atari results in the appendix and I agree that it contributes significantly to the paper.
With the caveat that this paper is quite far from the realm of my expertise. I think that the approach is intriguing but, in the absence of any theoretical justification for the approach, I'm not sure that the empirical results are sufficiently convincing for ICLR. I also believe that the paper would be easier to understand with a more thorough investigation of the effect of the filtering on the learning procedure.
Questions for the authors:
- what proportion of samples are rejected
- how does this proportion change over the course of learning
- how was the V^{ex} threshold of 0.3 chosen