Paper:
Learning disentangled representations from visual data, where different high-level generative factors are independently encoded, is of importance for many computer vision tasks. Supervised approaches, however, require a significant annotation effort in order to label the factors of interest in a training set. To alleviate the annotation cost, we introduce a learning setting which we refer to as "referencebased disentangling". Given a pool of unlabelled images, the goal is to learn a representation where a set of target factors are disentangled from others. The only supervision comes from an auxiliary "reference set" that contains images where the factors of interest are constant. In order to address this problem, we propose reference-based variational autoencoders, a novel deep generative model designed to exploit the weak supervisory signal provided by the reference set. During training, we use the variational inference framework where adversarial learning is used to minimize the objective function. By addressing tasks such as feature learning, conditional image generation or attribute transfer, we validate the ability of the proposed model to learn disentangled representations from minimal supervision.

Review:
The authors address the problem of representation learning in which data-generative factors of variation are separated, or disentangled, from each other. Pointing out that unsupervised disentangling is hard despite recent breakthroughs, and that supervised disentangling needs a large number of carefully labeled data, they propose a “weakly supervised” approach that does not require explicit factor labels, but instead divides the training data in to two subsets. One set, the “reference set” is known to the learning algorithm to leave a set of generative “target factors” fixed at one specific value per factor, while the other set is known to the learning algorithm to vary across all generative factors. The problem setup posed by the authors is to separate the corresponding two sets of factors into two non-overlapping sets of latents. 
Pros:
To address this problem, the authors propose an architecture that includes a reverse KL-term in the loss, and they show convincingly that this approach is indeed successful in separating the two sets of generative factors from each other. This is demonstrated in two different ways. First, quantitatively on an a modified MNIST dataset, showing that the information about the target factors is indeed (mostly) in the set of latents that are meant to capture them. Second, qualitatively on the modified MNIST and on a further dataset, AffectNet, which has been carefully curated by the authors to improve the quality of the reference set. The qualitative results are impressive and show that this approach can be used to transfer the target factors from one image, onto another image.
Technically, this work combines and extends a set of interesting techniques into a novel framework, applied to a new way of disentangling two sets of factors of variation with a VAE approach. 
Cons:
The problem that this work solves seems somewhat artificial, and the training data, while less burdensome than having explicit labels, is still difficult to obtain in practice. More importantly, though, both the title and the start of the both the abstract and the introduction are somewhat misleading. That’s because this work does not actually address disentangling in the sense of “Learning disentangled representations from visual data, where high-level generative factors correspond to independent dimensions of feature vectors…” What it really addresses is separating two sets of factors into different parts of the representation, within each of which the factors can be, are very likely are, entangled with each other.
Related to the point that this work is not really about disentangling, the quantitative comparisons with completely unsupervised baselines are not really that meaningful, at least not in terms of what this work sets out to do. All it shows is whether information about the target factors is easily (linearly) decodable from the latents, which, while related to disentangling, says little about the quality of it. On the positive side, this kind of quantitative comparison (where the authors approach has to show that the information exists in the correct part of the space) is not pitted unfairly against the unsupervised baselines.
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Update: 
The authors have made a good effort to address the concerns raised, and I believe the paper should be accepted in its current form. I have increased my rating from 6 to 7, accordingly.