Repository: flutter
Issue: [url_launcher] `Uri` APIs should throw `ArgumentError` when `hasScheme` is false
Labels: p: url_launcher,package,team-ecosystem,P2,p: requires breaking change,triaged-ecosystem

### Steps to reproduce

```
var url = Uri.parse("https://www.google.co.il");  <<< ---- With schema
var result = await canLaunchUrl(url);
print(result); //   <<< ---- TRUE

var url = Uri.parse("www.google.co.il");   <<< ---- Without schema
var result = await canLaunchUrl(url);
print(result); //    <<< ---- FALSE

```

### Expected results

To return true like it does with .com

```
var url = Uri.parse("www.google.com");  <<< ---- Without schema
var result = await canLaunchUrl(url);
print(result); //     <<< ---- TRUE

```

### Actual results

Returning false

### Code sample

Already provided

### Screenshots or Video

<details open>
<summary>Screenshots / Video demonstration</summary>

[Upload media here]

</details>


### Logs

_No response_

### Flutter Doctor output

[✓] Flutter (Channel stable, 3.22.0, on macOS 14.3 23D56 darwin-arm64, locale en-IL)
    • Flutter version 3.22.0 on channel stable at /Users/mosheyamini/fvm/versions/3.22.0
    • Upstream repository https://github.com/flutter/flutter.git
    • Framework revision 5dcb86f68f (7 weeks ago), 2024-05-09 07:39:20 -0500
    • Engine revision f6344b75dc
    • Dart version 3.4.0
    • DevTools version 2.34.3

[!] Android toolchain - develop for Android devices (Android SDK version 34.0.0)
    • Android SDK at /Users/mosheyamini/Library/Android/sdk
    ✗ cmdline-tools component is missing
      Run `path/to/sdkmanager --install "cmdline-tools;latest"`
      See https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line for more details.
    ✗ Android license status unknown.
      Run `flutter doctor --android-licenses` to accept the SDK licenses.
      See https://flutter.dev/docs/get-started/install/macos#android-setup for more details.

[✗] Xcode - develop for iOS and macOS
    ✗ Xcode installation is incomplete; a full installation is necessary for iOS and macOS development.
      Download at: https://developer.apple.com/xcode/
      Or install Xcode via the App Store.
      Once installed, run:
        sudo xcode-select --switch /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer
        sudo xcodebuild -runFirstLaunch
    ✗ CocoaPods not installed.
        CocoaPods is used to retrieve the iOS and macOS platform side's plugin code that responds to your plugin usage on the Dart side.
        Without CocoaPods, plugins will not work on iOS or macOS.
        For more info, see https://flutter.dev/platform-plugins
      To install see https://guides.cocoapods.org/using/getting-started.html#installation for instructions.

[✓] Chrome - develop for the web
    • Chrome at /Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome

[✓] Android Studio (version 2023.3)
    • Android Studio at /Applications/Android Studio.app/Contents
    • Flutter plugin can be installed from:
      🔨 https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/9212-flutter
    • Dart plugin can be installed from:
      🔨 https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/6351-dart
    • Java version OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 17.0.10+0-17.0.10b1087.21-11572160)

[✓] VS Code (version 1.90.2)
    • VS Code at /Applications/Visual Studio Code.app/Contents
    • Flutter extension can be installed from:
      🔨 https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=Dart-Code.flutter

[✓] Connected device (3 available)
    • SM G980F (mobile) • RF8N616504M • android-arm64  • Android 13 (API 33)
    • macOS (desktop)   • macos       • darwin-arm64   • macOS 14.3 23D56 darwin-arm64
    • Chrome (web)      • chrome      • web-javascript • Google Chrome 126.0.6478.127

[✓] Network resources
    • All expected network resources are available.

! Doctor found issues in 2 categories.