Repository: pytorch
Issue: torch.cuda adds support for the changing `CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES`
Labels: module: cuda,low priority,triaged,module: third_party,actionable,needs design

### 🐛 Describe the bug

Currently, torch.cuda doesn't support changing `CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES` on the fly, a demo:

```python
import os
import torch

os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = ""
print(f"torch.cuda.is_available(): {torch.cuda.is_available()}")

os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = "0,1,2,3"
print(f"torch.cuda.is_available(): {torch.cuda.is_available()}")
print(f"torch.cuda.device_count(): {torch.cuda.set_device('cuda:0')}")
```

Output:
```log
torch.cuda.is_available(): False
torch.cuda.is_available(): False
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 74, in <module>
    print(f"torch.cuda.device_count(): {torch.cuda.set_device('cuda:0')}")
                                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/torch/cuda/__init__.py", line 478, in set_device
    torch._C._cuda_setDevice(device)
  File "venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/torch/cuda/__init__.py", line 319, in _lazy_init
    torch._C._cuda_init()
RuntimeError: No CUDA GPUs are available
```

While this is actually supported by the CUDA python binding when I directly use the cuda-python:

```python
import os
os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = ""
import cuda.bindings.runtime
cuda.bindings.runtime.cudaGetDeviceCount()
os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = "0,1,2,3"
cuda.bindings.runtime.cudaGetDeviceCount()
```

```output
(<cudaError_t.cudaErrorNoDevice: 100>, 0)
(<cudaError_t.cudaSuccess: 0>, 4)
```

It would be appreciated if this can be fixed, a practical use case: https://github.com/OpenRLHF/OpenRLHF/pull/524#issuecomment-2501505023

### Versions

Collecting environment information...
PyTorch version: 2.5.1+cu124
Is debug build: False
CUDA used to build PyTorch: 12.4
ROCM used to build PyTorch: N/A

OS: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.4 (Plow) (x86_64)
GCC version: (Spack GCC) 12.3.0
Clang version: Could not collect
CMake version: version 3.27.7
Libc version: glibc-2.34

Python version: 3.11.6 (main, Apr 26 2024, 22:51:01) [GCC 12.3.0] (64-bit runtime)
Python platform: Linux-5.14.0-427.42.1.el9_4.x86_64-x86_64-with-glibc2.34
Is CUDA available: True
CUDA runtime version: 12.2.128
CUDA_MODULE_LOADING set to: LAZY
GPU models and configuration: 
GPU 0: NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3
GPU 1: NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3
GPU 2: NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3
GPU 3: NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3

Nvidia driver version: 560.35.03
cuDNN version: Could not collect
HIP runtime version: N/A
MIOpen runtime version: N/A
Is XNNPACK available: True

CPU:
Architecture:                         x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):                       32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes:                        46 bits physical, 57 bits virtual
Byte Order:                           Little Endian
CPU(s):                               192
On-line CPU(s) list:                  0-191
Vendor ID:                            GenuineIntel
Model name:                           Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8468
CPU family:                           6
Model:                                143
Thread(s) per core:                   2
Core(s) per socket:                   48
Socket(s):                            2
Stepping:                             8
CPU(s) scaling MHz:                   100%
CPU max MHz:                          3800.0000
CPU min MHz:                          800.0000
BogoMIPS:                             4200.00
Flags:                                fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc art arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl smx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault epb cat_l3 cat_l2 cdp_l3 cdp_l2 ssbd mba ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid cqm rdt_a avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap avx512ifma clflushopt clwb intel_pt avx512cd sha_ni avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves cqm_llc cqm_occup_llc cqm_mbm_total cqm_mbm_local split_lock_detect avx_vnni avx512_bf16 wbnoinvd dtherm ida arat pln pts avx512vbmi umip pku ospke waitpkg avx512_vbmi2 gfni vaes vpclmulqdq avx512_vnni avx512_bitalg tme avx512_vpopcntdq la57 rdpid bus_lock_detect cldemote movdiri movdir64b enqcmd fsrm md_clear serialize tsxldtrk pconfig arch_lbr ibt amx_bf16 avx512_fp16 amx_tile amx_int8 flush_l1d arch_capabilities
L1d cache:                            4.5 MiB (96 instances)
L1i cache:                            3 MiB (96 instances)
L2 cache:                             192 MiB (96 instances)
L3 cache:                             210 MiB (2 instances)
NUMA node(s):                         2
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                    0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66,68,70,72,74,76,78,80,82,84,86,88,90,92,94,96,98,100,102,104,106,108,110,112,114,116,118,120,122,124,126,128,130,132,134,136,138,140,142,144,146,148,150,152,154,156,158,160,162,164,166,168,170,172,174,176,178,180,182,184,186,188,190
NUMA node1 CPU(s):                    1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43,45,47,49,51,53,55,57,59,61,63,65,67,69,71,73,75,77,79,81,83,85,87,89,91,93,95,97,99,101,103,105,107,109,111,113,115,117,119,121,123,125,127,129,131,133,135,137,139,141,143,145,147,149,151,153,155,157,159,161,163,165,167,169,171,173,175,177,179,181,183,185,187,189,191
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:   Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:          Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                   Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                    Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:               Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:        Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling: Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:               Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:   Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:      Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:             Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:             Mitigation; Enhanced / Automatic IBRS; IBPB conditional; RSB filling; PBRSB-eIBRS SW sequence; BHI BHI_DIS_S
Vulnerability Srbds:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:        Not affected

Versions of relevant libraries:
[pip3] numpy==1.26.4
[pip3] nvidia-cublas-cu12==12.4.5.8
[pip3] nvidia-cuda-cupti-cu12==12.4.127
[pip3] nvidia-cuda-nvrtc-cu12==12.4.127
[pip3] nvidia-cuda-runtime-cu12==12.4.127
[pip3] nvidia-cudnn-cu12==9.1.0.70
[pip3] nvidia-cufft-cu12==11.2.1.3
[pip3] nvidia-curand-cu12==10.3.5.147
[pip3] nvidia-cusolver-cu12==11.6.1.9
[pip3] nvidia-cusparse-cu12==12.3.1.170
[pip3] nvidia-nccl-cu12==2.21.5
[pip3] nvidia-nvjitlink-cu12==12.4.127
[pip3] nvidia-nvtx-cu12==12.4.127
[pip3] torch==2.5.1
[pip3] torchmetrics==1.6.0
[pip3] torchvision==0.20.1
[pip3] triton==3.1.0
[conda] No relevant package

cc @ptrblck @msaroufim @eqy