Patient description: The patient is a 24-year-old man who has had type 1 diabetes for 11 years. He presents to the emergency room with hyperglycemia and concern for possible diabetic ketoacidosis after not taking his insulin for 3 days. The patient reports that he is currently homeless and has lost his supply of insulin, syringes, glucometer, and glucose testing supplies. The patient states that at the time of his initial diagnosis with type 1 diabetes he was hospitalized with a glucose value >1000 mg/dL. At the time, he was experiencing polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. He reports that he has been on insulin since the time of his diagnosis, and he has never been prescribed oral agents for diabetes management. Most recently, he has been using insulin glargine 55 units once daily, and insulin aspart sliding scale 3 times daily. The patient has had previous episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis, for which he was hospitalized. With this episode of hyperglycemia, he is not experiencing any nausea, vomiting, or abdominal discomfort, and he appears well. His lab studies showed: A1c: 11.3% Creatinine: 0.9 mg/dL with eGFR >60 mL/min Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 17 U/L Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 14 U/L Beta-hydroxybutyrate: 0.1 mmol/L Bicarbonate: 25 mEq/L Anion

Clinical trial eligibility criteria: eligible ages (years): 1.0-30.0,  Down Syndrome Recurrent B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients must be >= 1 and < 31 years at time of enrollment Patients must have first relapse of CD19+ B-ALL (relapse blasts must express CD19) in one of the following categories Isolated bone marrow relapse Isolated central nervous system (CNS) (excluding known optic nerve/retinal and CNS chloromas) and/or testicular relapse Combined bone marrow with extramedullary relapse in the CNS (excluding known optic nerve/retinal and CNS chloromas) and/or testes Patients with Down syndrome (DS) are eligible in the following categories Isolated bone marrow relapse Combined bone marrow with CNS (excluding known optic nerve/retinal and CNS chloromas) and/or testicular relapse Patients must have a performance status corresponding to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores of 0, 1 or 2. Use Karnofsky for patients > 16 years of age and Lansky for patients =< 16 years of age Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy prior to entering this study  Patients with B-lymphoblastic lymphoma (B-LLy) Patients with Burkitt leukemia/lymphoma or mature B-cell leukemia Patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) B-ALL Patients with mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) Patients with known Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Patients with known MYC translocation associated with mature (Burkitt) B-cell ALL, regardless of blast immunophenotype Patients with active, uncontrolled infection defined as Positive bacterial blood culture within 48 hours of study enrollment Receiving IV or PO antibiotics for an infection with continued signs or symptoms. Note: Patients may be receiving IV or oral antibiotics to complete a course of therapy for a prior documented infection as long as cultures have been negative for at least 48 hours and signs or symptoms of active infection have resolved. For patients with clostridium (C.) difficile diarrhea, at least 72 hours of antibacterial therapy must have elapsed and stools must have normalized to baseline Fever above 38.2 degrees Celsius (C) within 48 hours of study enrollment with clinical signs of infection. Fever without clinical signs of infection that is attributed to tumor burden is allowed as long as blood cultures are negative for > 48 hours