Patient description: The patient is a 25-year-old man with type 1 diabetes confirmed with molecular analysis 7 years ago. He presents to the clinic with shortness of breath and fatigue during activities. He claims mild dyspnea after climbing 3 floors, no dyspnea at rest and no angina (New York Heart Association class 2). He is diagnosed with cardiomyopathy that will be treated with ACE inhibitors and Beta blockers. His takes 70/30 Insulin and vitamin D supplements. His past medical history is not significant for any other medical issues. His family history is positive for DM type 1 in his uncle and his grandfather. His lab study is as bellow: FBS: 100 mg/dl HbA1c: 6.5% Cholesterol: 190 mg/dl TG: 140 mg/dl LDL: 125 mg/dl HDL: 40 mg/dl

Clinical trial eligibility criteria: eligible ages (years): 21.0-60.0,  Insulin Resistance Diabetes (young control group): 1. Adults older than 21 years and less than 40 years. 2. Insulin sensitivity with a fasting glucose less than 100 mg/dl and a 2-hour post oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose less than 140 mg/dl. 3. Subject understands protocol and provides written, informed consent. (young insulin-resistant group): 1. Adults older than 21 years and less than 40 years. 2. Insulin resistance as defined by a fasting blood sugar of greater than or equal to 100mg/dl but less than 125 mg/dl and/or a 2-hour post oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose greater than 140 mg/dl and less than 200 mg/dl. 3. Subject understands protocol and provides written, informed consent. (middle age control group): 1. Adults greater than or equal to 40 years and less than or equal to 60 years. 2. Insulin sensitivity with a fasting blood glucose less than 100 mg/dl and a 2-hour post oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose less than 140 mg/dl. 3. Subject understands protocol and provides written, informed consent. (middle age insulin-resistant group): 1. Adults greater than or equal to 40 years and less than or equal to 60 years. 2. Insulin resistance as defined by a fasting blood sugar of greater than or equal to 100mg/dl but less than 125 mg/dl and/or a 2-hour post oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose greater than 140 mg/dl and less than 200 mg/dl. 3. Subject understands protocol and provides written, informed consent. (middle age type II diabetes group): 1. Adults greater than or equal to 40 years and less than or equal to 60 years. 2. Type II diabetes as defined by a fasting blood sugar of greater than 125 mg/dl and/or a 2-hour post oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose greater than 200 mg/dl if untreated and/or if subjects are on oral hypoglycemic agent therapy where the HbA1c is greater than 6.7 percent. 3. Subject understands protocol and provides written, informed consent  (all study subjects) : 1. Uncontrolled hypertension, heart failure, unstable coronary artery disease or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease requiring changes in medication or medical intervention in the preceding 3 months. 2. Insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus or current use of thiazolidinediones. 3. Women of childbearing age unless recent pregnancy test is negative and are not breast feeding. 4. Serum creatinine greater than 2.5 mg/dl. 5. Liver transaminase levels greater than 2.5 times upper limit of normal. 6. History of cancer treated with chemotherapy or irradiation in the last 5 years. 7. Active inflammatory disease, or infection, or abnormal white blood cell differential. 8. Enrollment in any drug studies within the last 30 days. 9. BMI greater than 35 for the middle age groups and greater than 30 for the younger subjects. 10. Age greater than 60 years. 11. Another member of a potential study subject's immediate family has been recruited/participated in this study. 12. The use of anticoagulation therapy, thiazide diuretics, corticosteroids, or some psychiatric drugs that cannot be stopped for medical reasons for a few days for study participation