Patient description: A 6-month-old male infant has a urine output of less than 0.2 mL/kg/hr shortly after undergoing major surgery. On examination, he has generalized edema. His blood pressure is 115/80 mm Hg, his pulse is 141/min, and his respirations are 18/min. His blood urea nitrogen is 33 mg/dL, and his serum creatinine is 1.3 mg/dL. Initial urinalysis shows specific gravity of 1.017. Microscopic examination of the urine sample reveals 1 WBC per high-power field (HPF), 18 RBCs per HPF, and 5 granular casts per HPF. His fractional excretion of sodium is 3.3%.

Clinical trial eligibility criteria: eligible ages (years): 1.0-17.0,  Purpura, Thrombocytopaenic, Idiopathic Subjects between 1 year and <18 years of age at Day 1 Written informed consent from subject's guardian and accompanying informed assent from subject (for children over 6 years old) Confirmed diagnosis of chronic ITP, according to the American Society of Hematology / British Committee for Standards in Haematology (ASH/BCSH) guidelines [George, 1996; BCSH, 2003]. In addition, a peripheral blood smear or bone marrow examination should support the diagnosis of ITP with no evidence of other causes of thrombocytopenia Subjects who are refractory or have relapsed after at least one prior ITP therapy or are not eligible, for a medical reason, for other treatments Day 1 (or within 48 hours prior) platelet count <30 Gi/L Previous therapy for ITP with immunoglobulins (IVIg and anti-D) must have been completed at least 2 weeks prior to Day 1 or have been clearly ineffective Subjects treated with concomitant ITP medication (e.g. corticosteroids or azathioprine) must be receiving a dose that has been stable for at least 4 weeks prior to Day 1 Previous treatment for ITP with splenectomy, rituximab and cyclophosphamide must have been completed at least 4 weeks prior to Day 1 or have clearly been ineffective Subjects must have prothrombin time (PT/INR) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) within 80 to 120% of the normal range Subjects must have a complete blood count (CBC) not suggestive of another hematological disorder  Any clinically relevant abnormality, other than ITP, identified on the screening examination or any other medical condition or circumstance, which in the opinion of the investigator makes the subject unsuitable for participation in the study or suggests another primary diagnosis (e.g. thrombocytopenia is secondary to another disease) Concurrent or past malignant disease, including myeloproliferative disorder Subjects who are not suitable for continuation of their current therapy for at least 7 additional additional weeks Treatment with an investigational drug within 30 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) preceding Day 1 History of platelet agglutination abnormality that prevents reliable measurement of platelet counts Diagnosis of secondary immune thrombocytopenia, including those with laboratory or clinical evidence of HIV infection, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, chronic hepatitis B infection, hepatitis C virus infection, or any evidence of active hepatitis at the time of subject screening Subject with Evans syndrome (autoimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolysis) Subjects with known inherited thrombocytopenia (e.g. MYH-9 disorders) Subjects treated with drugs that affect platelet function (including but not limited to aspirin, clopidogrel and/or NSAIDs) or anti-coagulants for >3 consecutive days within 2 weeks of Day 1 Subjects who have previously received eltrombopag or any other thrombopoietin receptor agonist