Patient description: The patient is a 3-day-old female infant with jaundice that started one day ago. She was born at 34w of gestation and kept in an incubator due to her gestational age. Vital signs were reported as: axillary temperature: 36.3°C, heart rate: 154 beats/min, respiratory rate: 37 breaths/min, and blood pressure: 65/33 mm Hg. Her weight is 2.1 kg, length is 45 cm, and head circumference 32 cm. She presents with yellow sclera and icteric body. Her liver and spleen are normal to palpation. Laboratory results are as follows: Serum total bilirubin: 21.02 mg/dL Direct bilirubin of 2.04 mg/dL AST: 37 U/L ALT: 20 U/L GGT: 745 U/L Alkaline phosphatase: 531 U/L Creatinine: 0.3 mg/dL Urea: 29 mg/dL Na: 147 mEq/L K: 4.5 mEq/L CRP: 3 mg/L Complete blood cell count within the normal range. She is diagnosed with neonatal jaundice that may require phototherapy.

Clinical trial eligibility criteria: eligible ages (years): 0.0-1.0,  Hemorrhage Premature Infants Newborn Hydrocephalus GM-IVH group: for GM-IVH group: born at gestational age (GA) 24-32 weeks; < 3 months old corrected-GA (cGA) at first measure or eligible for measurement within 12 weeks after the infant reaches 40 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA). Grade I-III IVH diagnosed by clinical cranial ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  for GM-IVH group: chromosomal abnormalities known at the time of enrollment; known or suspected metabolic disorder or neoplasm; critical congenital heart disease; congenital hydrocephalus; brain lesions that affect cerebral brain metabolism, other than GMH-IVH; central nervous system (CNS) infection. 2. PHH group: for PHH group: born at gestational age (GA) 24-37 weeks < 3 months old cGA at first measure or eligible for measurement within 12 weeks after the infant reaches 40 weeks age (PMA). PHH diagnosed by clinical cranial ultrasound or MRI for PHH group: chromosomal abnormalities known at the time of enrollment; known or suspected metabolic disorder or neoplasm; critical congenital heart disease; congenital hydrocephalus; brain lesions that affect cerebral brain metabolism, other than IVH-PHH; CNS infection. Implanted devices or other devices that preclude the use of MRI. 3. HC group: for HC group: born at gestational age (GA) 24-32 weeks; < 3 months old cGA at first measure or eligible for measurement within 12 weeks after the infant reaches 40 weeks age (PMA); Apgar >7 at 5 min for HC group: any clinical indication of brain injury or congenital brain malformation; chromosomal abnormality known at the time of enrollment; known or suspected metabolic disorder or neoplasm; critical congenital heart disease; CNS infection. 4. VC group: for VC group: < 12 months old cGA at first measure or eligible for measurement within 1 year after the infant reaches 40 weeks age (PMA). Symptomatic hydrocephalus of any etiology or at high risk of developing hydrocephalus of any etiology, except post-hemorrhagic etiology; characterized by abnormal rate of head growth and full anterior fontanelle. Ventricular enlargement diagnosed by ultrasonography or MRI; no signs of IVH for VC group: known or suspected metabolic disorder or neoplasm; critical congenital heart disease; CNS infection. Implanted devices or other devices that preclude the use of MRI