Patient description: The patient is a 15 year old girl with the history of recurrent bilateral headache. The attacks come 2 times or more per week and each episode lasts around a day or a half. The pain is pulsating in quality and severe in intensity, causing trouble in her routine physical activity. The attacks are associated with nausea and photophobia. She recently noticed that that there are more attacks around her menstrual period. She is diagnosed with the migraine headache and is under treatment. She is a high-school student and living with her both parents. She is a book worm and spend her free time in a public library near her home. She is also interested in writing stories and has several short stories in English. She rarely does exercise. Her BMI is 21 with the BP of 100/60. There is nothing remarkable in her physical exam.

Clinical trial eligibility criteria: eligible ages (years): 12.0-86.0,  Neuromyelitis Optica for neuromyelitis optica: 1. acute transverse myelitis and optic neuritis occurring within 30 days of each other followed by a second attack of either optic neuritis and/or acute transverse myelitis at least 3 months following the heralding attack OR 2. acute transverse myelitis followed by optic neuritis at least 3 months later OR 3. optic neuritis followed by acute transverse myelitis at least 3 months later 2. for high risk for neuromyelitis optica: 1. recurrent idiopathic recurrent acute transverse myelitis with at least 3 months time between each attack OR 2. recurrent bilateral simultaneous optic neuritis with at least 3 months time between each attack Subjects should also have no clinical evidence of disease outside the optic nerve or spinal cord In addition patients should have one major supportive OR two minor supportive 1. Negative brain MRI at onset (Does not meet for multiple sclerosis (Paty, 1998) 2. Spinal cord MRI with signal abnormality extending over ≥3 vertebral segments 3. CSF pleocytosis of > 50 WBC/mm3 OR > 5 PMNs/mm3 Minor supportive 1. Bilateral optic neuritis 2. Severe optic neuritis with fixed visual acuity worse than 20/200 in at least one eye 3. Severe, fixed, attack-related weakness (MRC ≤2) in one or more limbs Subjects must have exhibited evidence of treatment failure, defined as at least one attack of either acute transverse myelitis or optic neuritis within six months of screening despite treatment within steroids or other immunomodulatory drug for the preceding attack Able and willing to give written informed consent and comply with the requirements of the study protocol Adequate renal function as indicated by normal serum sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen studies Adequate liver function, as indicated by normal bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase, and transaminases (AST and ALT) within 2X upper limit of normal Negative serum pregnancy test (for women of child bearing age) Men and women of reproductive potential must agree to use an acceptable method of birth control during treatment and for twelve months (1 year) after completion of treatment  Treatment with broad-spectrum immunosuppressant medications such as cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, methotrexate, azathioprine, and cladribine, within 60 days of screening. 2. Treatment with any investigational agent within 4 weeks of screening 3. Receipt of a live vaccine within 4 weeks prior to randomization 4. Previous Treatment with Rituximab (MabThera® / Rituxan®) 5. Prior antibody therapy 6. History of exposure to clioquinol 7. History of severe allergic or anaphylactic reactions to humanized or murine monoclonal antibodies 8. History of HIV (positive HIV, HIV conducted during screening if applicable) 9. History of Hepatitis B and/or Hepatitis C (Hep B/C at screening) 10. History of recurrent significant infection or history of recurrent bacterial infections 11. Known active bacterial, viral fungal mycobacterial, or other infection or any major episode of infection requiring hospitalization 12. Ongoing daily steroid use 13. History of drug, alcohol, or chemical abuse within 6 months prior to screening 14. Pregnancy (a negative serum pregnancy test should be performed for all women of childbearing potential within 7 days of treatment) or lactation 15. Concomitant malignancies or previous malignancies within the last five years, with the exception of adequately treated basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or carcinoma in situ of the cervix. 16. History of psychiatric disorder