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[ "Historically noise violations were the responsibility of the party making the noise.", "This changed in 1996 with \"Yokum v. 615 Bourbon Street\".", "The case ruled that the property owner, not the noise-maker is responsible for noise violations.", "A 2010 city ordinance stipulates that no music may be played in the French Quarter between 8 pm and 9 am.", "Enforcement has been inconsistent and critics claim its goals are vague.", "Some even state that is unconstitutional.", "Besides being difficult to enforce, music aficionados claim that noise ordinances threaten the city's music culture.", "Local jazz bands, such as the To Be Continued Brass Band, who play in the streets would be prohibited from doing so under such ordinances.", "Aggressive solicitation bans are a newer issue on Bourbon Street.", "In 2011, an ordinance was passed that banned individuals and groups from \"disseminating any social, political or religious message\" at night.", "The ordinance does not explain the justification for this ban.", "On September 21, 2012, the ACLU of Louisiana won a temporary restraining order against the ban on behalf of Kelsey McCauley, a woman who converted to Christianity through a religious group's activities on Bourbon Street which had several of its members arrested, and some of which were cited, on September 14, 2012 for violating the ordinance.", "A hearing was set for October 1, 2012.", "On July 25, 2013, the New Orleans City Council voted 6-0 to amend the law to remove the Bourbon Street ban, with language that was acceptable to attorneys on all opposing sides." ]

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[ "Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating back to Bismarck's social legislation in 1883.", "He stressed the importance of three key principles; solidarity, the government is responsible to ensure access by those who are in need, subsidiarity, policies are implemented with smallest no political and administrative influence, and corporatism, the government representative bodies in health care professions deems feasible procedures.", "Since then there have been many reforms and provisions to ensure a balanced health care system.", "Currently the population is covered by a fairly comprehensive health insurance plan provided by statute.", "Certain groups of people (lifetime officials, self-employed persons, employees with high income) can opt out of the plan and switch to a private insurance contract.", "Previously, these groups could also choose to do without insurance, but this option was dropped in 2009.", "According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded .", "In 2005, Germany spent 11% of its GDP on health care.", "Germany ranked 20th in the world in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births)., the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 41%, followed by malignant tumours, at 26%., about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).", "This article may incorporate text from this source, which is in the public domain.</ref>According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers." ]

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[ "Production history.", "On , \":The Wall Street Journal\" reported that ABC was pursuing a spin-off of \"Grey's Anatomy\" featuring Kate Walsh's character Addison Montgomery.", "Subsequent reports confirmed the report, stating that an expanded two-hour broadcast of \"Grey's Anatomy\" (which aired ) would serve as a backdoor pilot for the spinoff.", "The backdoor pilot episode features Montgomery on leave from Seattle Grace Hospital, the clinic in Los Angeles is named the Oceanside Wellness Centre.", "The broadcast served as the 22nd and 23rd episodes of the season (out of 25), and was directed by Michael Grossman, according to \"Variety\".", "Gossip columnists Kristin Veitch and Michael Ausiello reported that the spinoff would be set in Los Angeles." ]

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[ "Fruitvale Station is a 2013 American drama film written and directed by Ryan Coogler.", "It is Coogler's first feature-length film and is based on the events leading to the death of Oscar Grant, a young man who was killed by BART police officer Johannes Mehserle at the Fruitvale Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Station in Oakland, California.", "The film stars Michael B. Jordan as Oscar Grant.", "Forest Whitaker is one of the film's producers.", "Kevin Durand and Chad Michael Murray play the two BART police officers involved in Grant's death.", "The names of the officers were changed for the film.", "\"Fruitvale Station\" debuted at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Grand Jury Prize and the Audience Award for U.S. dramatic film.", "It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival where it won the award for Best First Film.", "The film was released in theaters July 12, 2013.", "It received critical acclaim upon its release and earned other awards." ]

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[ "There is also a traditional weapons category, which often includes the following:", "Changsuijian (長穗劍) – Long-Tasseled Sword", "Shuangshoujian (雙手劍) – Two-Handed Sword", "Jiujiebian (九節鞭) – Nine Section Whip", "Sanjiegun (三節棍) – Three Section Staff", "Shengbiao (繩鏢) – Rope Dart", "Dadao (大刀) – Great Sword", "Pudao (撲刀) – Horse Knife", "Emeici (峨嵋刺) – Emei Daggers", "Shuangdao (雙刀) – Double Broadsword", "Shuangjian (雙劍) – Double Straight-Sword", "Shuangbian (雙鞭) – Double Nine Section Whips", "Shuanggou (雙鈎) – Double Hook-sword" ]

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[ "There were multiple causes for the first downturn in 1929.", "These include the structural weaknesses and specific events that turned it into a major depression and the manner in which the downturn spread from country to country.", "In relation to the 1929 downturn, historians emphasize structural factors like major bank failures and the stock market crash.", "In contrast, monetarist economists (such as Barry Eichengreen, Milton Friedman and Peter Temin) point to monetary factors such as actions by the US Federal Reserve that contracted the money supply, as well as Britain's decision to return to the gold standard at pre–World War I parities (US$4.86:£1).", "Recessions and business cycles are thought to be a normal part of living in a world of inexact balances between supply and demand.", "What turns a normal recession or 'ordinary' business cycle into a depression is a subject of much debate and concern.", "Scholars have not agreed on the exact causes and their relative importance.", "The search for causes is closely connected to the issue of avoiding future depressions.", "A related question is whether the Great Depression was primarily a failure on the part of free markets or a failure of government efforts to regulate interest rates, curtail widespread bank failures, and control the money supply.", "Current theories may be broadly classified into two main points of view and several heterodox points of view.", "There are demand-driven theories, most importantly Keynesian economics, but also including those who point to the breakdown of international trade, and Institutional economists who point to underconsumption and over-investment (causing an economic bubble), malfeasance by bankers and industrialists, or incompetence by government officials.", "The consensus among demand-driven theories is that a large-scale loss of confidence led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending.", "Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets.", "Holding money became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand.", "There are the monetarists, who believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but that significant policy mistakes by monetary authorities (especially the Federal Reserve), caused a shrinking of the money supply which greatly exacerbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression.", "Related to this explanation are those who point to debt deflation causing those who borrow to owe ever more in real terms.", "There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists.", "For example, some new classical macroeconomists have argued that various labor market policies imposed at the start caused the length and severity of the Great Depression.", "The Austrian school of economics focuses on the macroeconomic effects of money supply, and how central banking decisions can lead to over-investment (economic bubble)." ]

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[ "Religion in Iran is dominated by the Twelver Shia branch of Islam, which is the official state religion and to which about 90% to 95% of Iranians belong.", "About 4% to 8% of Iranians belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, mainly Kurds and Iran's Balochi Sunni.", "The remaining 2% are non-Muslim religious minorities, including Bahá'ís, Mandeans, Hindus, Yezidis, Yarsanis, Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians.", "The latter three minority religions are officially recognized and protected, and have reserved seats in the Parliament (\"Majlis\") .", "However the Bahá'í Faith, Iran's largest religious minority, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century.", "Since the 1979 revolution the persecution of Bahá'ís has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment.", "The government has not released statistics regarding the irreligious." ]

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[ "Scientific research.", "Medicine in space.", "A variety of large-scale medical studies are being conducted in space by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI).", "Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study, in which astronauts (including former ISS Commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space.", "Usually there is no physician on board the International Space Station, and diagnosis of medical conditions is challenging.", "Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including decompression sickness, barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle, orthostatic intolerance due to volume loss, sleep disturbances, and radiation injury.", "Ultrasound offers a unique opportunity to monitor these conditions in space.", "This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in populations such as medical and high school students.", "It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare." ]

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[ "The release of the \"smoking gun\" tape destroyed Nixon politically.", "The 10 congressmen who voted against all three articles of impeachment in the House Judiciary Committee announced they would all support impeachment when the vote was taken in the full House.", "On the night of August 7, 1974, Senators Barry Goldwater and Hugh Scott and Congressman John Jacob Rhodes met with Nixon in the Oval Office and told him that his support in Congress had all but disappeared.", "Rhodes told Nixon that he would face certain impeachment when the articles came up for vote in the full House.", "Goldwater and Scott told the president that there were not only enough votes in the Senate to convict him, but that no more than 15 Senators were willing to vote for acquittal.", "Realizing that he had no chance of staying in office, Nixon decided to resign.", "In a nationally televised address from the Oval Office on the evening of August 8, 1974, the president said, in part:The morning that his resignation was to take effect, the President, with Mrs. Nixon and their family, said farewell to the White House staff in the East Room.", "A helicopter carried them from the White House to Andrews Air Force base in Maryland.", "Nixon later wrote that he thought, \"As the helicopter moved on to Andrews, I found myself thinking not of the past, but of the future.", "What could I do now?…\" At Andrews, he and his family boarded Air Force One to El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in California, and then were transported to his home in San Clemente." ]

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[ "The German name has largely ousted the original English name \"marchpane\" with the same apparent derivation: \"March bread.\"", "(The word \"marchpane\" occurs in Shakespeare's \"Romeo and Juliet\", Act 1, Scene 5, Line 9.)", "\"Marzapane\" is documented earlier in Italian than in any other language, and the sense \"bread\" for \"pan\" is Romance.", "The origin could be from the Latin term \"martius panis\", which means \"bread of March\".", "However, the ultimate etymology is unclear; for example, the Italian word derives from the Latin words \"Massa\" (itself from Greek Μάζα \"Maza\") meaning pastry and \"Pan\" meaning bread, this can be particularly seen in the Provençal \"massapan\", the Portuguese \"maçapão\" (where 'ç' is an alternative form for the phoneme 'ss') and old Spanish \"mazapán\" - the change from 'ss' to 'z' in Latin words was common in old Spanish and the 'r' appeared later.", "Though, it could also be derived from martis pan, bread of March.", "Among the other possible etymologies set forth in the Oxford English Dictionary, one theory proposes that the word \"marzipan\" may be a corruption of Martaban, a Burmese city famous for its jars.", "The Real Academia Española suggests the idea of the Spanish word mazapán to be derived from the Hispanic Arabic بسمة pičmáṭ, which is derived from the Greek παξαμάδιον.", "Another source could be from Arabic موثابان \"mawthābān\" \"king who sits still.\"", "The Arabic, Latinized as \"matapanus\", was used to describe a Venetian coin depicting an enthroned Christ the King.", "These coins were stored in ornate boxes.", "From about the fifteenth century, when the coins were no longer in circulation, the boxes became decorative containers for storing and serving luxury sweetmeats.", "One such luxury that crept into the box in the sixteenth century is the now-famous almond-flavored marzipan, named (at least proximately) after the box in which it was stored.", "However, if marzipan has its origin in Persia, it is not unlikely that the name may come from Marzban (in Persian: مرزبان, derived from the words Marz مرز meaning \"border\" or \"boundary\" and the suffix -bān بان meaning guardian), a class of margraves or military commanders in charge of border provinces of the Sassanid Empire of Persia (Iran) between 3rd and 7th centuries CE.", "It is also a possibility that the origin of this dessert and the origin of the term come from different geographical places." ]

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[ "Václav Havel Airport in Prague is the main international airport in the country.", "In 2010, it handled 11.6 million passengers, which makes it the busiest airport in Central and Eastern Europe.", "In total, Czech Republic has 46 airports with paved runways, six of which provide international air services in Brno, Karlovy Vary, Mošnov (near Ostrava), Pardubice, Prague and Kunovice (near Uherské Hradiště).České dráhy (the Czech railways) is the main railway operator in the Czech Republic, with about 180 million passengers carried yearly.", "Its cargo division, ČD Cargo, is the fifth largest railway cargo operator in the European Union.", "With of tracks, the Czech Republic has one of the densest railway networks in Europe.", "Of that number, is electrified, are single-line tracks and are double and multiple-line tracks.", "In 2006 the new Italian tilting trains Pendolino ČD Class 680 entered service.", "They have reached a speed of 237 km/h setting a new Czech railway speed record.", "Russia, via pipelines through Ukraine and to a lesser extent, Norway, via pipelines through Germany, supply the Czech Republic with liquid and natural gas.", "The road network in the Czech Republic is long.", "and 738,4 km of motorways and 439,1 km of expressways.", "The speed limit is 50 km/h within towns, 90 km/h outside of towns and 130 km/h on expressways." ]

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[ "Ethnic Russians comprise 81% of the country's population.", "The Russian Federation is also home to several sizeable minorities.", "In all, 160 different other ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within its borders.", "Though Russia's population is comparatively large, its density is low because of the country's enormous size.", "Population is densest in European Russia, near the Ural Mountains, and in southwest Siberia.", "73% of the population lives in urban areas while 27% in rural ones.", "The results of the 2010 Census show a total population of 142,856,536.", "Russia's population peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the dissolution of the Soviet Union.", "It began to experience a rapid decline starting in the mid-1990s.", "The decline has slowed to near stagnation in recent years because of reduced death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration.", "In 2009, Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years, with total growth of 10,500.", "279,906 migrants arrived to the Russian Federation the same year, of which 93% came from CIS countries.", "The number of Russian emigrants steadily declined from 359,000 in 2000 to 32,000 in 2009.", "There are also an estimated 10 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.", "Roughly 116 million ethnic Russians live in Russia and about 20 million more live in other former republics of the Soviet Union, mostly in Ukraine and Kazakhstan.", "The 2010 census recorded 81% of the population as ethnically Russian, and 19% as other ethnicities: 3.7% Tatars; 1.4% Ukrainians; 1.1% Bashkirs; 1% Chuvashes; 11.8% others and unspecified.", "According to the Census, 84.93% of the Russian population belongs to European ethnic groups (Slavic, Germanic, Finnic other than Ugric, Greek, and others).", "This is a decline from the 2002, when they constituted for more than 86% of the population.", "Russia's birth rate is higher than that of most European countries (12.6 births per 1000 people in 2010 compared to the European Union average of 9.90 per 1000), but its death rate is also substantially higher (in 2010, Russia's death rate was 14.3 per 1000 people compared to the EU average of 10.28 per 1000).", "The Russian Ministry of Health and Social Affairs predicted that by 2011 the death rate would equal the birth rate because of increase in fertility and decline in mortality.", "The government is implementing a number of programs designed to increase the birth rate and attract more migrants.", "Monthly government child-assistance payments were doubled to US$55, and a one-time payment of US$9,200 was offered to women who had a second child since 2007.", "In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws and launched a state program \"for providing assistance to voluntary immigration of ethnic Russians from former Soviet republics\".", "In 2009 Russia experienced its highest birth rate since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.", "In 2012, the birth rate increased again.", "Russia recorded 1,896,263 births, the highest number since 1990, and even exceeding annual births during the period 1967–1969, with a TFR of about 1.7, the highest since 1991.", "(Source: Vital statistics table below)In August 2012, as the country saw its first demographic growth since the 1990s, President Putin declared that Russia's population could reach 146 million by 2025, mainly as a result of immigration." ]

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[ "David (Michelangelo)David is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture created between 1501 and 1504, by the Italian artist Michelangelo.", "It is a marble statue of a standing male nude.", "The statue represents the Biblical hero David, a favoured subject in the art of Florence.", "Originally commissioned as one of a series of statues of prophets to be positioned along the roofline of the east end of Florence Cathedral, the statue was placed instead in a public square, outside the Palazzo della Signoria, the seat of civic government in Florence, where it was unveiled on 8 September 1504.", "Because of the nature of the hero that it represented, it soon came to symbolize the defense of civil liberties embodied in the Florentine Republic, an independent city-state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the Medici family.", "The eyes of David, with a warning glare, were turned towards Rome.", "The statue was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence in 1873, and later replaced at the original location by a replica." ]

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[ "John Adams and many other Americans considered tea drinking to be unpatriotic following the Boston Tea Party.", "Tea drinking declined during and after the Revolution, resulting in a lasting American preference for coffee.", "According to historian Alfred Young, the term \"Boston Tea Party\" did not appear in print until 1834.", "Before that time, the event was usually referred to as the \"destruction of the tea\".", "According to Young, American writers were for many years apparently reluctant to celebrate the destruction of property, and so the event was usually ignored in histories of the American Revolution.", "This began to change in the 1830s, however, especially with the publication of biographies of George Robert Twelves Hewes, one of the few still-living participants of the \"tea party\", as it then became known.", "The Boston Tea Party Museum is located on the Congress Street Bridge in Boston.", "It features reenactments, a documentary, and a number of interactive exhibits.", "The museum features two authentically restored ships, the Eleanor and the Beaver.", "Additionally, the museum possesses one of two known tea chests from the original event, part of its permanent collection.", "The issue was never the tax but how the tax was passed without American input; United States Congress taxed tea from 1789 to 1872.", "The Boston Tea Party has often been referenced in other political protests.", "When Mohandas K. Gandhi led a mass burning of Indian registration cards in South Africa in 1908, a British newspaper compared the event to the Boston Tea Party.", "When Gandhi met with the British viceroy in 1930 after the Indian salt protest campaign, Gandhi took some duty-free salt from his shawl and said, with a smile, that the salt was \"to remind us of the famous Boston Tea Party.", "\"American activists from a variety of political viewpoints have invoked the Tea Party as a symbol of protest.", "In 1973, on the 200th anniversary of the Tea Party, a mass meeting at Faneuil Hall called for the impeachment of President Richard Nixon and protested oil companies in the ongoing oil crisis.", "Afterwards, protesters boarded a replica ship in Boston Harbor, hanged Nixon in effigy, and dumped several empty oil drums into the harbor.", "In 1998, two conservative US Congressmen put the federal tax code into a chest marked \"tea\" and dumped it into the harbor.", "In 2006, a libertarian political party called the \"Boston Tea Party\" was founded.", "In 2007, the Ron Paul \"Tea Party\" money bomb, held on the 234th anniversary of the Boston Tea Party, broke the one-day fund-raising record by raising $6.04 million in 24 hours.", "Subsequently, these fund-raising \"Tea parties\" grew into the Tea Party movement, which dominated politics for the next two years, culminating in a voter victory for the Republicans in 2010 who were widely elected to seats in the United States House of Representatives." ]

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[ "Negotiations between the Allied powers started on 18 January in the \"Salle de l'Horloge\" at the French Foreign Ministry, on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris.", "Initially, 70 delegates of 27 nations participated in the negotiations.", "Having been defeated, Germany, Austria, and Hungary were excluded from the negotiations.", "Russia was also excluded because it had negotiated a separate peace with Germany in 1918, in which Germany gained a large fraction of Russia's land and resources.", "The treaty's terms were extremely harsh, as the negotiators at Versailles later pointed out.", "At first a \"Council of Ten\" comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan), met officially to decide the peace terms.", "It became the \"Big Four\" when Japan dropped out and the top person from each of the other four met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions, which were later ratified by the entire assembly.", "Apart from Italian issues, the main conditions were determined at personal meetings among the by the leaders of the \"Big Three\" nations: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, and American President Woodrow Wilson.", "The minor nations attended a weekly \"Plenary Conference\" that discussed issues in a general forum but made no decisions.", "These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations, many of which were incorporated into the final Treaty." ]

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[ "Vincent Willem van Gogh (; 30 March 185329 July 1890) was a post-Impressionist painter of Dutch origin whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art.", "After years of painful anxiety and frequent bouts of mental illness, he died aged 37 from a gunshot wound, generally accepted to be self-inflicted (although no gun was ever found).", "His work was then known to only a handful of people and appreciated by fewer still.", "Van Gogh began to draw as a child, and he continued to draw throughout the years that led up to his decision to become an artist.", "He did not begin painting until his late twenties, completing many of his best-known works during the last two years of his life.", "In just over a decade, he produced more than 2,100 artworks, consisting of 860 oil paintings and more than 1,300 watercolors, drawings, sketches and prints.", "His work included self portraits, landscapes, still lifes, portraits and paintings of cypresses, wheat fields and sunflowers.", "Van Gogh spent his early adulthood working for a firm of art dealers, traveling between The Hague, London and Paris, after which he taught for a time in England at Isleworth and Ramsgate.", "One of his early aspirations was to become a pastor and from 1879 he worked as a missionary in a mining region in Belgium where he began to sketch people from the local community.", "In 1885, he painted his first major work \"The Potato Eaters\".", "His palette at the time consisted mainly of somber earth tones and showed no sign of the vivid coloration that distinguished his later work.", "In March 1886, he moved to Paris and discovered the French Impressionists.", "Later, he moved to the south of France and was influenced by the strong sunlight he found there.", "His work grew brighter in color, and he developed the unique and highly recognizable style that became fully realized during his stay in Arles in 1888.", "The extent to which his mental health affected his painting has been a subject of speculation since his death.", "Despite a widespread tendency to romanticize his ill health, modern critics see an artist deeply frustrated by the inactivity and incoherence brought about by his bouts of illness.", "According to art critic Robert Hughes, Van Gogh's late works show an artist at the height of his ability, completely in control and \"longing for concision and grace.\"" ]

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[ "Matisse was born in Le Cateau-Cambrésis, in the Nord department in northern France, the oldest son of a prosperous grain merchant.", "He grew up in Bohain-en-Vermandois, Picardie, France.", "In 1887 he went to Paris to study law, working as a court administrator in Le Cateau-Cambrésis after gaining his qualification.", "He first started to paint in 1889, after his mother brought him art supplies during a period of convalescence following an attack of appendicitis.", "He discovered \"a kind of paradise\" as he later described it, and decided to become an artist, deeply disappointing his father.", "In 1891, he returned to Paris to study art at the Académie Julian and became a student of William-Adolphe Bouguereau and Gustave Moreau.", "Initially he painted still-lifes and landscapes in a traditional style, at which he achieved reasonable proficiency.", "Matisse was influenced by the works of earlier masters such as Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Nicolas Poussin, and Antoine Watteau, as well as by modern artists such as Édouard Manet, and by Japanese art.", "Chardin was one of the painters Matisse most admired; as an art student he made copies of four of Chardin's paintings in the Louvre.", "In 1896 and 1897, Matisse visited the Australian painter John Peter Russell on the island Belle Île off the coast of Brittany.", "Russell introduced him to Impressionism and to the work of van Gogh, who had been a friend of Russell but was completely unknown at the time.", "Matisse's style changed completely, and he would later say \"Russell was my teacher, and Russell explained colour theory to me.\"", "In 1896 Matisse exhibited five paintings in the salon of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, two of which were purchased by the state.", "With the model Caroline Joblau, he had a daughter, Marguerite, born in 1894.", "In 1898 he married Amélie Noellie Parayre; the two raised Marguerite together and had two sons, Jean (born 1899) and Pierre (born 1900).", "Marguerite and Amélie often served as models for Matisse.", "In 1898, on the advice of Camille Pissarro, he went to London to study the paintings of J. M. W. Turner and then went on a trip to Corsica.", "Upon his return to Paris in February 1899, he worked beside Albert Marquet and met André Derain, Jean Puy, and Jules Flandrin.", "Matisse immersed himself in the work of others and went into debt from buying work from painters he admired.", "The work he hung and displayed in his home included a plaster bust by Rodin, a painting by Gauguin, a drawing by van Gogh, and Cézanne's \"Three Bathers\".", "In Cézanne's sense of pictorial structure and colour, Matisse found his main inspiration.", "Many of Matisse's paintings from 1898 to 1901 make use of a Divisionist technique he adopted after reading Paul Signac's essay, \"D'Eugène Delacroix au Néo-impressionisme\".", "His paintings of 1902–03, a period of material hardship for the artist, are comparatively somber and reveal a preoccupation with form.", "Having made his first attempt at sculpture, a copy after Antoine-Louis Barye, in 1899, he devoted much of his energy to working in clay, completing \"The Slave\" in 1903." ]

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[ "The simplest static black holes have mass but neither electric charge nor angular momentum.", "These black holes are often referred to as Schwarzschild black holes after Karl Schwarzschild who discovered this solution in 1916.", "According to Birkhoff's theorem, it is the only vacuum solution that is spherically symmetric.", "This means that there is no observable difference between the gravitational field of such a black hole and that of any other spherical object of the same mass.", "The popular notion of a black hole \"sucking in everything\" in its surroundings is therefore only correct near a black hole's horizon; far away, the external gravitational field is identical to that of any other body of the same mass.", "Solutions describing more general black holes also exist.", "Charged black holes are described by the Reissner–Nordström metric, while the Kerr metric describes a rotating black hole.", "The most general stationary black hole solution known is the Kerr–Newman metric, which describes a black hole with both charge and angular momentum.", "While the mass of a black hole can take any positive value, the charge and angular momentum are constrained by the mass.", "In Planck units, the total electric charge \"Q\" and the total angular momentum \"J\" are expected to satisfy", "formula_1", "for a black hole of mass \"M\".", "Black holes saturating this inequality are called extremal.", "Solutions of Einstein's equations that violate this inequality exist, but they do not possess an event horizon.", "These solutions have so-called naked singularities that can be observed from the outside, and hence are deemed \"unphysical\".", "The cosmic censorship hypothesis rules out the formation of such singularities, when they are created through the gravitational collapse of realistic matter.", "This is supported by numerical simulations.", "Due to the relatively large strength of the electromagnetic force, black holes forming from the collapse of stars are expected to retain the nearly neutral charge of the star.", "Rotation, however, is expected to be a common feature of compact objects.", "The black-hole candidate binary X-ray source GRS 1915+105 appears to have an angular momentum near the maximum allowed value.", "Black holes are commonly classified according to their mass, independent of angular momentum \"J\" or electric charge \"Q\".", "The size of a black hole, as determined by the radius of the event horizon, or Schwarzschild radius, is roughly proportional to the mass \"M\" through", "formula_2", "where \"r\"sh is the Schwarzschild radius and \"MSun\" is the mass of the Sun.", "This relation is exact only for black holes with zero charge and angular momentum; for more general black holes it can differ up to a factor of 2." ]

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[ "Applied physics is a general term for physics research which is intended for a particular use.", "An applied physics curriculum usually contains a few classes in an applied discipline, like geology or electrical engineering.", "It usually differs from engineering in that an applied physicist may not be designing something in particular, but rather is using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving a problem.", "The approach is similar to that of applied mathematics.", "Applied physicists can also be interested in the use of physics for scientific research.", "For instance, people working on accelerator physics might seek to build better particle detectors for research in theoretical physics.", "Physics is used heavily in engineering.", "For example, statics, a subfield of mechanics, is used in the building of bridges and other static structures.", "The understanding and use of acoustics results in sound control and better concert halls; similarly, the use of optics creates better optical devices.", "An understanding of physics makes for more realistic flight simulators, video games, and movies, and is often critical in forensic investigations.", "With the standard consensus that the laws of physics are universal and do not change with time, physics can be used to study things that would ordinarily be mired in uncertainty.", "For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward and backward in time and so predict prior and future conditions.", "It also allows for simulations in engineering which drastically speed up the development of a new technology.", "But there is also considerable interdisciplinarity in the physicist's methods and so many other important fields are influenced by physics, e.g.", "the fields of econophysics and sociophysics." ]

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[ "\"I Believe I Can Fly\" is a 1996 song by R&B singer R. Kelly.", "The song was written, produced and performed by Kelly and was featured on the soundtrack to the 1996 film \"Space Jam\".", "It was originally released on November 26, 1996, but later appeared in Kelly's 1998 album \"R.\".", "In early 1997, \"I Believe I Can Fly\" reached number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100; it was kept from the No.", "1 spot by Toni Braxton's \"Un-Break My Heart\".", "Despite the fact that two of R. Kelly's songs did reach number one, \"I Believe I Can Fly\" remains the biggest hit of R. Kelly's career.", "The single was number one on the R&B Singles chart (for six nonconsecutive weeks), and also topped the charts in the United Kingdom.", "It has won three Grammy Awards, and was ranked No.", "406 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004.", "The music video was directed by Hype Williams." ]

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[ "A dispute immediately arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana.", "The territory's boundaries had not been defined in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau that ceded it from France to Spain, nor the 1800 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceding it back to France, nor the 1803 Louisiana Purchase agreement ceding it to the United States.", "The United States claimed Louisiana included the entire western portion of the Mississippi River drainage basin to the crest of the Rocky Mountains and land extending southeast to the Rio Grande and West Florida.", "Spain insisted that Louisiana comprised no more than the western bank of the Mississippi River and the cities of New Orleans and St. Louis.", "The dispute was ultimately resolved by the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, with the United States gaining most of what it had claimed in the west.", "The relatively narrow Louisiana of New Spain had been a special province under the jurisdiction of the Captaincy General of Cuba while the vast region to the west was in 1803 still considered part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas.", "Louisiana had never been considered to be one of New Spain's internal provinces.", "If the territory included all the tributaries of the Mississippi on its western bank, the northern reaches of the Purchase extended into the equally ill-defined British possession—Rupert's Land of British North America, now part of Canada.", "The Purchase originally extended just beyond the 50th parallel.", "However, the territory north of the 49th parallel (including the Milk River and Poplar River watersheds) was ceded to the UK in exchange for parts of the Red River Basin south of 49th parallel in the Anglo-American Convention of 1818.", "The eastern boundary of the Louisiana purchase was the Mississippi River, from its source to the 31st parallel, although the source of the Mississippi was, at the time, unknown.", "The eastern boundary below the 31st parallel was unclear; the U.S. claimed the land as far as the Perdido River, and Spain claimed the border of its Florida Colony remained the Mississippi river.", "In early 1804, Congress passed the Mobile Act which recognized West Florida as being part of the United States.", "The Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain (1819) resolved the issue upon ratification in 1821.", "Today, the 31st parallel is the northern boundary of the western half of the Florida Panhandle, and the Perdido is the western boundary of Florida.", "Because the western boundary was contested at the time of the Purchase, President Jefferson immediately began to organize three missions to explore and map the new territory.", "All three started from the Mississippi River.", "The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804) traveled up the Missouri River; the Red River Expedition (1806) explored the Red River basin; the Pike Expedition (1806) also started up the Missouri, but turned south to explore the Arkansas River watershed.", "The maps and journals of the explorers helped to define the boundaries during the negotiations leading to the Adams–Onís Treaty, which set the western boundary as follows: north up the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico to its intersection with the 32nd parallel, due north to the Red River, up the Red River to the 100th meridian, north to the Arkansas River, up the Arkansas River to its headwaters, due north to the 42nd parallel and due west to its previous boundary." ]

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[ "The DVD and Blu-ray Disc of the film was released on December 1, 2009.", "The former contains the theatrical cut of the film with a featurette on the Mototerminators.", "The Blu-ray features both the theatrical cut and the R-rated Director's cut, which is three minutes longer (118 minutes), with bonus material including Maximum Movie Mode, a video commentary in which director McG talks about the film while it plays, featurettes, a video archive, and a digital comic of the first issue of the official film prequel comic.", "Both versions include a digital copy of the theatrical cut for portable media players.", "Target Stores will be the only retailer to carry the Director's Cut on DVD.", "On its first week of retail, \"Terminator Salvation\" debuted at the top spot of the Blu-ray charts, and on second in the DVD charts, behind \"Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian\".", "The film made $29,811,432 in domestic DVD sales bringing its total gross to $401,439,971 " ]

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[ "The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland exercises supreme legislative authority.", "It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes.", "Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's constitutional law committee.", "The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within a number of multi-seat constituencies through open list multi-member districts.", "Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation.", "The speaker is currently Eero Heinäluoma (Social Democrats).", "Since universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party (former Agrarian Union), the National Coalition Party (conservatives), and the Social Democrats.", "These parties have enjoyed approximately equal support, and their combined vote has totalled about 65–80% of all votes.", "Their lowest common total of MPs, 121, was reached in the 2011 elections.", "For a few decades after 1944, the Communists were a strong fourth party.", "Due to the electoral system of proportional representation, and the relative reluctance of voters to switch their support between parties, the relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another.", "However, there have been some long-term trends, such as the rise and fall of the Communists during the Cold War; the steady decline into insignificance of the Liberal party and its predecessors from 1906 to about 1980; and the rise of the Green party and its predecessor since 1983.", "In the 2011 elections, the True Finns achieved exceptional success, increasing its representation from 5 to 39 seats, and thus surpassing the Centre Party.", "The autonomous province of Åland, which forms a federacy with Finland, elects one member to the parliament, who traditionally joins the parliamentary group of the Swedish People's Party of Finland.", "(The province also holds elections for its own permanent regional council, and in the 2011 elections, Åland Centre was the largest party.", ")The Parliament can be dissolved by a recommendation of the Prime minister endorsed by the President.", "This procedure has never been used, although the parliament was dissolved several times under the pre-2000 constitution, when this action was the sole prerogative of the president.", "After the parliamentary elections on 17 April 2011, the seats were divided among eight parties as follows:" ]

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[ "The film received very positive reviews from critics.", "The film earned a rating of 99% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 70 reviews and an average rating of 7.8/10, with the critical consensus saying, \"Beautiful, thoughtful, and engrossing, \"Jiro Dreams of Sushi\" should prove satisfying even for filmgoers who don't care for the cuisine.\"", "It has a score of 77 on Metacritic based on 26 reviews.", "Roger Ebert called it a \"portrait of tunnel vision\" and concluded:\"While watching it, I found myself drawn into the mystery of this man.", "Are there any unrealized wishes in his life?", "Secret diversions?", "Regrets?", "If you find an occupation you love and spend your entire life working at it, is that enough?", "Standing behind his counter, Jiro notices things.", "Some customers are left-handed, some right-handed.", "That helps determine where they are seated at his counter.", "As he serves a perfect piece of sushi, he observes it being eaten.", "He knows the history of that piece of seafood.", "He knows his staff has recently started massaging an octopus for 45 minutes and not half an hour, for example.", "Does he search a customer's eyes for a signal that this change has been an improvement?", "Half an hour of massage was good enough to win three Michelin stars.", "You realize the tragedy of Jiro Ono's life is that there are not, and will never be, four stars.\"" ]

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[ "The Danish education system provides access to primary school, secondary school and higher education.", "All college and university education in Denmark is free of charges; there are no tuition fees to enroll in courses.", "Students in secondary school or higher and aged 18 or above may apply for state educational support grants, known as \"Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU)\" which provides fixed financial support, disbursed monthly.", "The Education Index lists Denmark 16th in 2011 based on mean years of schooling (of adults) and expected years of schooling (of children).", "Primary school is known as the folkeskole.", "Attendance at primary school is not compulsory, but most Danish children go to primary school for 10 years, from the age of 6 to 16.", "Whilst attending a primary school is not compulsory, receiving education at primary school-level is and must be provided for nine years.", "There are no final exams, but pupils in primary schools can choose to go to a test when finishing ninth grade.", "The test is obligatory if further education is to be attended.", "Pupils can alternatively attend a private independent school (), or a private school () – schools that are not under the administration of the municipalities, such as Christian schools or Waldorf schools.", "Following graduation from primary school, there are several educational opportunities; the Gymnasium (STX) attaches importance in teaching a mix of humanities and science, Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX) focuses on scientific subjects and the Higher Commercial Examination Programme emphasizes on subjects in economics.", "Higher Preparatory Examination (HF) is similar to \"Gymnasium (STX)\", but is one year shorter.", "For specific professions, there is the vocational education, training young people for work in specific trades by a combination of teaching and apprenticeship.", "Danish universities and other higher education institutions offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark.", "Many programmes may be taught in the English language, the academic lingua franca, in bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, Ph.D.s and student exchange programmes." ]

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[ " On January 5, 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the \"Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie\".", "The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower.", " On August 9, 1173, the foundations of the Tower were laid.", " Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: \"Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in year 1174 with Bonanno as sculptor, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa.", "\"", " Giorgio Vasari indicates that Tommaso di Andrea Pisano was the designer of the belfry between 1360 and 1370.", " On December 27, 1233, the worker Benenato, son of Gerardo Bottici, oversaw the continuation of the construction of the bell tower.", " On February 23, 1260, Guido Speziale, son of Giovanni, a worker on the cathedral Santa Maria Maggiore, was elected to oversee the building of the Tower.", " On April 12, 1264, the master builder Giovanni di Simone and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble.", "The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale, worker of St. Francesco." ]

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[ "Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket, methods varying with players and situations.", "Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket.", "A player will rest the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above the head, with the other hand supporting the side of the ball.", "The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not always) and extending the shooting arm.", "The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist fully bent, is held stationary for a moment following the release of the ball, known as a \"follow-through\".", "Players often try to put a steady backspin on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim.", "The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial, but generally a proper arc is recommended.", "Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket.", "The two most common shots that use the above described setup are the \"set-shot\" and the \"jump-shot\".", "The set-shot is taken from a standing position, with neither foot leaving the floor, typically used for free throws, and in other circumstances whilst the jump-shot is taken in mid-air, the ball released near the top of the jump.", "This provides much greater power and range, and it also allows the player to elevate over the defender.", "Failure to release the ball before the feet return to the floor is considered a traveling violation.", "Another common shot is called the \"lay-up\".", "This shot requires the player to be in motion toward the basket, and to \"lay\" the ball \"up\" and into the basket, typically off the backboard (the backboard-free, underhand version is called a \"finger roll\").", "The most crowd-pleasing and typically highest-percentage accuracy shot is the \"slam dunk\", in which the player jumps very high and throws the ball downward, through the basket whilst touching it.", "Another shot that is becoming common is the \"circus shot\".", "The circus shot is a low-percentage shot that is flipped, heaved, scooped, or flung toward the hoop while the shooter is off-balance, airborne, falling down, and/or facing away from the basket.", "A back-shot is a shot taken when the player is facing away from the basket, and may be shot with the dominant hand, or both; but there is a very low chance that the shot will be successful.", "A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as an \"air-ball\".", "A particularly bad shot, or one that only hits the backboard, is jocularly called a brick." ]

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[ "", "\"The anatomy lesson of Joan Deyman\" (or \"Jan Deijman\")[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_008.jpg] painted by Rembrandt in 1656, was intended to be displayed in the Anatomical Hall in Amsterdam alongside \"The anatomy lesson of Tulp.", "Deijman was Tulp's immediate successor in the post of praelector chirugic et anatomie.", "The painting was damaged by fire in 1723, and only a central fragment survives.", "Around 1856 Édouard Manet visited The Hague and made a small oil on panel copy of \"The Anatomy Lesson\".", "Broadly painted in a limited palette, Manet gave the painting to his physician, Dr. Siredey.", "A less detailed copy of The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp by an unknown artist hangs in Edinburgh as part of The University of Edinburgh Fine Art Collection\"The Gross Clinic\" of 1875 and \"The Agnew Clinic\" of 1889 are paintings by the American artist Thomas Eakins which treat a similar subject, operations on live patients in the presence of medical students.", "In 2010, Yiull Damaso created a parody of the painting depicting prominent South Africans.", "Nelson Mandela was the cadaver, Nkosi Johnson was the instructor, and the students were Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk, Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, Cyril Ramaphosa, Trevor Manuel, and Helen Zille.", "The African National Congress condemned the work as disrespectful to Mandela, racist, and culturally insensitive to African taboos on depiction of living people as dead.", "The 2011 video game \"\" references the painting in both in-game portraits that can be found on the wall and in a certain cinematic trailer, featuring the main protagonist Adam Jensen as the cadaver as Dr. Nicolaes and his students study his charred and ruined arms, which in the actual story become amputated and replaced with mechanical limbs.", "The painting is discussed by the narrator (a young man) and his mother during a visit to the Met in \"The Goldfinch\", a 2013 novel by Donna Tartt.", "In the 2012 German film Barbara, there is a scene in which Dr. Andre offers his interpretation of the painting to Dr. Barbara when she points out the inaccuracy of Arendt's left hand." ]

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[ "According to Robert Hughes in \"The Fatal Shore\", the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740.", "The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million.", "As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, Britain's population doubled every 50 years.", "Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.", "The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in population and in per capita income." ]

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[ "", "\"Breaking Bad\" creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in an episode of the science fiction television series \"The X-Files\", on which Gilligan worked as a writer.", "Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage.", "Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that \"Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick.", "And it is a trick.", "I have no idea how he does it.\"", "AMC officials, who were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series \"Malcolm in the Middle\", approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.", "When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing his \"X-Files\" episode.", "Cranston contributed a great deal to the Walter White persona.", "When Gilligan left much of Walter's past unexplained during the development of the series, the actor wrote his own backstory for the character.", "At the start of the show, Cranston gained 10 pounds to reflect the character's personal decline and had the natural red highlights of his hair dyed a regular brown.", "He collaborated with costume designer Kathleen Detoro on a wardrobe of mostly neutral green and brown colors to make the character bland and unremarkable, and worked with makeup artist Frieda Valenzuela to create a mustache he described as \"impotent\" and like a \"dead caterpillar\".", "Cranston repeatedly identified elements within certain scripts where he disagreed with how the character was handled, and went so far as to call Gilligan directly when he could not work out disagreements with the episode's screenwriters.", "Cranston has said he was inspired partially by his elderly father for how Walter carries himself physically, which he described as \"a little hunched over, never erect, if the weight of the world is on this man's shoulders\".", "In contrast to his character, Cranston has been described as extremely playful on set, with Aaron Paul describing him as \"a kid trapped in a man's body\".", "Gilligan originally intended for Aaron Paul's character, Jesse Pinkman, to be killed at the end of \"Breaking Bad\" 's first season in a botched drug deal as a plot device to plague Walter White with guilt.", "However, Gilligan said by the second episode of the season, he was so impressed with Paul's performance that \"it became pretty clear early on that would be a huge, colossal mistake, to kill off Jesse\"." ]

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[ "Some universities teach computer science as a theoretical study of computation and algorithmic reasoning.", "These programs often feature the theory of computation, analysis of algorithms, formal methods, concurrency theory, databases, computer graphics, and systems analysis, among others.", "They typically also teach computer programming, but treat it as a vessel for the support of other fields of computer science rather than a central focus of high-level study.", "The ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Curriculum Task Force \"Computing Curriculum 2005\" (and 2008 update) gives a guideline for university curriculum.", "Other colleges and universities, as well as secondary schools and vocational programs that teach computer science, emphasize the practice of advanced programming rather than the theory of algorithms and computation in their computer science curricula.", "Such curricula tend to focus on those skills that are important to workers entering the software industry.", "The process aspects of computer programming are often referred to as software engineering.", "While computer science professions increasingly drive the U.S. economy, computer science education is absent in most American K-12 curricula.", "A report entitled \"Running on Empty: The Failure to Teach K-12 Computer Science in the Digital Age\" was released in October 2010 by Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA), and revealed that only 14 states have adopted significant education standards for high school computer science.", "The report also found that only nine states count high school computer science courses as a core academic subject in their graduation requirements.", "In tandem with \"Running on Empty\", a new non-partisan advocacy coalition - Computing in the Core (CinC) - was founded to influence federal and state policy, such as the Computer Science Education Act, which calls for grants to states to develop plans for improving computer science education and supporting computer science teachers.", "Within the United States a gender gap in computer science education has been observed as well.", "Research conducted by the WGBH Educational Foundation and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) revealed that more than twice as many high school boys considered computer science to be a “very good” or “good” college major than high school girls.", "In addition, the high school Advanced Placement (AP) exam for computer science has displayed a disparity in gender.", "Compared to other AP subjects it has the lowest number of female participants, with a composition of about 15 percent women.", "This gender gap in computer science is further witnessed at the college level, where 31 percent of undergraduate computer science degrees are earned by women and only 8 percent of computer science faculty consists of women.", "According to an article published by the Epistemic Games Group in August 2012, the number of women graduates in the computer science field has declined to 13 percent." ]

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[ "Since its release, \"The Godfather\" has received critical acclaim.", "Rotten Tomatoes reports that all 77 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 9.1/10.", "Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a perfect weighted average score of 100 (out of 100) based on 14 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be \"universal acclaim\".", "Both \"The Godfather\" and \"The Godfather Part II\" were selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1990 and 1993, respectively.", "International critics routinely list these two among cinema's pinnacle achievements, sometimes considering them as one work.", "In the decennial 2002 \"Sight & Sound\" poll of film directors, the pair was ranked as the second best film of all time.", "The critics poll separately voted it fourth.", "The American Film Institute has listed it second in U.S. film history behind \"Citizen Kane\".", "Other polls and publications have it first, as well, among them \"Entertainment Weekly\", and \"Empire\" magazine (November 2008)The soundtrack's main theme by Nino Rota was also critically acclaimed; the main theme (\"Speak Softly Love\") is well-known and widely used (see Score Controversy for more information).", "Director Stanley Kubrick believed that \"The Godfather\" was possibly the greatest movie ever made, and had without question the best cast.", "Previous Mafia movies had looked at the gangs from the perspective of an outraged outsider.", "In contrast, \"The Godfather\" presents the gangster's perspective of the Mafia as a response to corrupt society.", "Although the Corleone family is presented as immensely rich and powerful, no scenes depict prostitution, gambling, loan sharking or other forms of racketeering.", "Some critics argue that the setting of a criminal counterculture allows for unapologetic gender stereotyping, and is an important part of the film's appeal (\"You can act like a man!", "\", Don Vito tells a weepy Johnny Fontane).", "Real-life gangsters responded enthusiastically to the film, with many of them feeling it was a portrayal of how they were supposed to act.", "Salvatore \"Sammy the Bull\" Gravano, the former underboss in the Gambino crime family, stated: \"I left the movie stunned ...", "I mean I floated out of the theater.", "Maybe it was fiction, but for me, then, that was our life.", "It was incredible.", "I remember talking to a multitude of guys, made guys, who felt exactly the same way. \"", "According to Anthony Fiato after seeing the film, Patriarca crime family members Paulie Intiso and Nicky Giso altered their speech patterns closer to that of Vito Corleone's.", "Intiso would frequently swear and use poor grammar; but after the movie came out, he started to articulate and philosophize more.", "Remarking on the 40th anniversary of the film's release, film critic John Podhoretz praised \"The Godfather\" as \"arguably \"the\" great American work of popular art\" and \"the summa of all great moviemaking before it\".", "Two years before, Roger Ebert wrote in his journal that it \"comes closest to being a film everyone agrees... is unquestionably great.\"" ]

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[ "It is evident that Fox either miscounts \"American Dad!\"", "episodes or at least intentionally discounts one episode of the series.", "This was established in Fox advertisements for the episode \"Lost in Space.\"", "The episode was promoted by Fox as \"American Dad!", "\"s 150th episode.", "Subsequently, numerous mainstream media reports also labeled the episode as the 150th.", "In actuality, however, it was the show's 151st episode while the episode \"The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith\" was the 150th episode of the series.", "In addition, Fox has misreported the \"Lost in Space\" episode as the revealing of Roger's birth planet.", "In actuality, the setting of this episode is a spaceship owned by members of Roger's alien race.", "To date, Roger's birth planet has yet to be revealed." ]

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[ "The second season mainly explores the senior year of the characters with the premiere at the Hamptons and primarily focused on the relationship between Blair and Chuck, who were labeled \"the heart of \"GG\"\" by \"People\" magazine.", "At first, both characters negate their feelings for one another, and go through random schemes and manipulations.", "The first half of the season deals with Serena's growing prominence as a socialite which draws the attention of Blair as their friendship is tested when the character of Poppy Lifton (Tamara Feldman) arrives, a socialite who inadvertently drives a wedge between Serena and Blair after inspiring Serena to take her place in the spotlight during the early episodes of the season.", "Nate faces the aftermath of his father's criminal past and pursues a relationship with Vanessa, who becomes further entangled into the world of the Upper East Side.", "Jenny reignites her rebellious nature by pursuing a career as a fashion designer, thereby challenging Rufus' skills as a parent while Dan's friendship with Nate and relationship with Serena slowly transforms him from a social outcast to an insider.", "The show finished its first half during the first week of December, with the shocking death of Bart Bass.", "The second half of the season reveals the impact of Bart's death, causing a significant change of character direction for Chuck that subsequently leads to the growth of Rufus and Lily's relationship, the revelation of the two having a son together, and contributing to the decline of Dan and Serena's relationship.", "John Shea reprised his role as Harold Waldorf during a Thanksgiving episode and becomes entangled in Blair's striving ambition of attending Yale.", "Desmond Harrington entered the series as Chuck's manipulative uncle, Jack Bass.", "Feldman returned to the season with Armie Hammer as Serena's new love interest, Gabriel Edwards.", "Michelle Trachtenberg returned to the role of Georgina Sparks and filmed her scenes during February, also adjoining her character's return to the second season mystery.", "A backdoor pilot for a spin-off premiered in May, but was not picked up by The CW to the limited number of spots available on their fall line-up.", "As the storylines progressed, the role of \"Gossip Girl\" is slightly decreased.", "She continues to run her blog, but she keeps the ultimate information for herself, sending it in the final episode as the last blast, where Serena decides to find out who \"Gossip Girl\" really is, but ultimately fails.", "The season finale ended with a well-received kiss between Blair and Chuck." ]

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[ "Competitive fencing.", "Governing body.", "Fencing is governed by Fédération Internationale d'Escrime or FIE.", "Today, its head office is in Lausanne, Switzerland.", "The FIE is composed of 145 national federations, each of which is recognized by its country's Olympic Committee as the sole representative of Olympic-style fencing in that country." ]

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[ "The theory of the photoelectric effect must explain the experimental observations of the emission of electrons from an illuminated metal surface.", "For a given metal, there exists a certain minimum frequency of incident radiation below which no photoelectrons are emitted.", "This frequency is called the \"threshold frequency\".", "Increasing the frequency of the incident beam, keeping the number of incident photons fixed (this would result in a proportionate increase in energy) increases the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted.", "Thus the stopping voltage increases.", "The number of electrons also changes because the probability that each photon results in an emitted electron is a function of photon energy.", "If the intensity of the incident radiation is increased, there is no effect on the kinetic energies of the photoelectrons.", "Above the threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron depends on the frequency of the incident light, but is independent of the intensity of the incident light so long as the latter is not too high.", "For a given metal and frequency of incident radiation, the rate at which photoelectrons are ejected is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light.", "Increase in intensity of incident beam (keeping the frequency fixed) increases the magnitude of the photoelectric current, though stopping voltage remains the same.", "The time lag between the incidence of radiation and the emission of a photoelectron is very small, less than 10−9 second.", "The direction of distribution of emitted electrons peaks in the direction of polarization (the direction of the electric field) of the incident light, if it is linearly polarized." ]

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[ "Hollywood Boulevard serves as the park's main entrance and is lined with themed streetscape facades and venues selling Disney merchandise and park services.", "Parades such as the Pixar Block Party Bash travel down Hollywood Boulevard on their route through the park, and live street entertainment can be found here throughout the day.", "Michael Eisner, who had a major part in the park's creation ever since the earliest development, demanded the opening land operate on the same principle as Main Street, U.S.A. but in a style more fitting to the Studios.", "At the far end of Hollywood Boulevard stands the Sorcerer's Hat, the park's landmark icon.", "Behind the structure, resides a replica landmark building of the The Chinese Theater which houses the The Great Movie Ride, a dark ride paying homage to several classic films, including \"Singing in the Rain\", \"The Wizard of Oz\" and \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\".", "Within proximity to Hollywood Boulevard, near the entrance of Animation Courtyard, resides The Hollywood Brown Derby restaurant, a themed replica of the original Brown Derby restaurant in Hollywood, California." ]

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[ "Sequels and spin-offs.", "Between 1995 and 1999, the characters of Timon and Pumbaa received their own animated show, \"The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa\", which ran for three seasons and 85 episodes.", "Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa, while Timon was voiced by Quinton Flynn and Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane himself.", "In 1998, a sequel entitled \"\" was released on VHS.", "The film centers around Simba and Nala's daughter, Kiara, who falls in love with Kovu, a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar's followers, the Outsiders.", "2004 saw the release of another \"Lion King\" film on DVD, \"The Lion King 1½\".", "It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other, and also a parallel in that it also depicts what the characters were retconned to have done during the events of the original movie." ]

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[ "During the Cold War, Western historiography of the October Revolution developed in direct response to the assertions of the Soviet view.", "The Soviet Marxist-Leninist version of the October Revolution conditioned historical interpretations in the United States and the West.", "As a result, these Western historians exposed what they considered flaws in the Soviet view, thereby undermining the Bolshevik’s original legitimacy, as well as the precepts of Marxism.", "Far from being inevitable according the historical laws of Marxism, these Western historians presented the revolution as the result of a chain of contingent accidents.", "Examples of these accidental and contingent factors that precipitated the Revolution include World War I's timing, chance, and the poor leadership of Tsar Nicholas II as well as liberal and moderate socialists.", "According to this historical interpretation, it was not popular support, but rather Bolshevik manipulation of the masses and the organization’s ruthlessness and superior structure which enabled it to survive.", "For these historians, the Bolsheviks’ defeat in the Constituent Assembly elections of November–December 1917 demonstrated popular opposition to the Bolsheviks’ coup, as did the scale and breadth of the Civil War.", "These historians saw the organization of the Bolshevik party as proto-totalitarian.", "Their interpretation of the October Revolution as a violent coup organized by a proto-totalitarian party reinforced the idea that totalitarianism is an inherent part of Soviet history.", "For them, Stalinist totalitarianism developed as a natural progression from Leninism and the Bolshevik party’s tactics and organization." ]

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[ 0 ]

[ "Two economists of the 1920s, Waddill Catchings and William Trufant Foster, popularized a theory that influenced many policy makers, including Herbert Hoover, Henry A. Wallace, Paul Douglas, and Marriner Eccles.", "It held the economy produced more than it consumed, because the consumers did not have enough income.", "Thus the unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920s caused the Great Depression.", "According to this view, the root cause of the Great Depression was a global over-investment in heavy industry capacity compared to wages and earnings from independent businesses, such as farms.", "The solution was the government must pump money into consumers' pockets.", "That is, it must redistribute purchasing power, maintain the industrial base, but re-inflate prices and wages to force as much of the inflationary increase in purchasing power into consumer spending.", "The economy was overbuilt, and new factories were not needed.", "Foster and Catchings recommended federal and state governments start large construction projects, a program followed by Hoover and Roosevelt." ]

[ 2 ]

[ 11 ]

[ "Strained yogurt is yogurt which has been strained through a paper or cloth filter, traditionally made of muslin., to remove the whey, giving a much thicker consistency and a distinctive, slightly tangy taste.", "Strained yogurt is becoming more popular with those who make yogurt at home, especially if using skim milk which results in a thinner consistency.", "Once yogurt is made and refrigerated overnight, it is poured in a muslin or cheesecloth bag and hung in the coolest place in the house, with a tub placed underneath to collect the dripping whey.", "In cold weather a single day (or night) of straining is sufficient.", "In higher ambient temperatures yogurt will spoil rapidly, therefore it had best be actively squeezed or strained until about a third or more of its initial weight has run off.", "The remainder is now strained and is refrigerated again.", "Labneh is a strained yogurt used for sandwiches popular in Arab countries.", "Olive oil, cucumber slices, olives, and various green herbs may be added.", "It can be thickened further and rolled into balls, preserved in olive oil, and fermented for a few more weeks.", "It is sometimes used with onions, meat, and nuts as a stuffing for a variety of pies or kebbeh (كبة) balls.", "Some types of strained yogurts are boiled in open vats first, so that the liquid content is reduced.", "The popular East Indian dessert, a variation of traditional dahi called mishti dahi, offers a thicker, more custard-like consistency, and is usually sweeter than western yogurts.", "Strained yogurt is also enjoyed in Greece and is the main component of \"tzatziki\" (from Turkish \"cacık\"), a well-known accompaniment to gyros and souvlaki pita sandwiches: it is a yogurt sauce or dip made with the addition of grated cucumber, olive oil, salt and, optionally, mashed garlic.", "Srikhand, a popular dessert in India, is made from strained yogurt, saffron, cardamom, nutmeg and sugar and sometimes fruits such as mango or pineapple.", "In North America and Britain, strained yogurt is commonly called \"Greek yogurt\"." ]

[]

[ 8 ]

[ "In tennis, a junior is a player 18 and under who is still legally protected by a parent or guardian.", "Players on the main adult tour who are under 18 must have documents signed by a parent or guardian.", "These players, however, are still eligible to play in junior tournaments.", "The International Tennis Federation (ITF) conducts a junior tour that allows juniors to establish a world ranking and an Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) or Women's Tennis Association (WTA) ranking.", "Most juniors who enter the international circuit do so by progressing through ITF, Satellite, Future, and Challenger tournaments before entering the main circuit.", "The latter three circuits also have adults competing in them.", "Some juniors, however, such as Australian Lleyton Hewitt and Frenchman Gaël Monfils, have catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by dominating the junior scene or by taking advantage of opportunities given to them to participate in professional tournaments.", "In 2004, the ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater participation in doubles, by combining two rankings (singles and doubles) into one combined tally.", "Junior tournaments do not offer prize money except for the Grand Slam tournaments, which are the most prestigious junior events.", "Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating in the Future, Satellite, or Challenger tours.", "Tournaments are broken up into different tiers offering different amounts of ranking points, culminating with Grade A.", "Leading juniors are allowed to participate for their nation in the Junior Fed Cup and Davis Cup competitions.", "To succeed in tennis often means having to begin playing at a young age.", "To facilitate and nurture a junior's growth in tennis, almost all tennis playing nations have developed a junior development system.", "Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on all surfaces, accommodating all different standards of play.", "Talented juniors may also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private institutions." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 11, 5, 14 ]

[ "David Crane and Marta Kauffman began developing three new television pilots that would premiere in 1994 after their sitcom \"Family Album\" was cancelled by CBS in 1993.", "Kauffman and Crane decided to pitch the series about \"six people in their 20s making their way in Manhattan\" to NBC, since they thought it would fit best there.", "Crane and Kauffman presented the idea to their production partner Kevin Bright, who had served as executive producer on their HBO series \"Dream On\".", "The idea for the series was conceived when Crane and Kauffman began thinking about the time when they had finished college and started living by themselves in New York; Kauffman believed they were looking at a time when the future was \"more of a question mark.\"", "They found the concept to be interesting, as they believed \"everybody knows that feeling,\" and because it was also how they felt about their own lives at the time.", "The team titled the series \"Insomnia Cafe\", and pitched the idea as a seven-page treatment to NBC in December 1993.", "At the same time, Warren Littlefield, the then-president of NBC Entertainment, was seeking a comedy involving young people living together and sharing expenses.", "Littlefield wanted the group to share memorable periods of their lives with friends, who had become \"new, surrogate family members\".", "However, Littlefield found difficulty in bringing the concept to life, and found the scripts developed by NBC to be terrible.", "When Kauffman, Crane and Bright pitched \"Insomnia Cafe\", Littlefield was impressed that they knew who their characters were.", "NBC bought the idea as a put pilot, meaning they risked financial penalties if the pilot was not filmed.", "Kauffman and Crane began writing a pilot script for a show now titled \"Friends Like Us\", which took three days to write.", "Littlefield wanted the series to represent Generation X and explore a new kind of tribal bonding, but the trio did not share his vision.", "Crane argued that it was not a series for one generation, and wanted to produce a series that everyone would enjoy watching.", "NBC liked the pilot script and ordered the series under another title, \"Six of One\", mainly due to the similar title it shared with the ABC sitcom \"These Friends of Mine\"." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 13, 14 ]

[ "Georges Seurat spent over two years painting \"A Sunday Afternoon\", focusing meticulously on the landscape of the park.", "He reworked the original as well as completed numerous preliminary drawings and oil sketches.", "He sat in the park, creating numerous sketches of the various figures in order to perfect their form.", "He concentrated on the issues of colour, light, and form.", "The painting is approximately 2 by 3 meters (7 by 10 feet) in size.", "Motivated by study in optical and color theory, Seurat contrasted miniature dots or small brushstrokes of colors that when unified optically in the human eye were perceived as a single shade or hue.", "He believed that this form of painting, called divisionism at the time but now known as pointillism, would make the colors more brilliant and powerful than standard brush strokes.", "The use of dots of almost uniform size came in the second year of his work on the painting, 1885–86.", "To make the experience of the painting even more vivid, he surrounded it with a frame of painted dots, which in turn he enclosed with a pure white, wooden frame, which is how the painting is exhibited today at the Art Institute of Chicago.", "In creating the picture, Seurat employed the then-new pigment zinc yellow (zinc chromate), most visibly for yellow highlights on the lawn in the painting, but also in mixtures with orange and blue pigments.", "In the century and more since the painting's completion, the zinc yellow has darkened to brown — a colour degeneration that was already showing in the painting in Seurat's lifetime.", "The island of la Grande Jatte is located at the very gates of Paris, lying in the Seine between Neuilly and Levallois-Perret, a short distance from where currently stands La Défense business district.", "Although for many years it was an industrial site, it is today the site of a public garden and a housing development.", "When Seurat began the painting in 1884, the island was a bucolic retreat far from the urban center.", "The painting was first exhibited in 1886, dominating the second Salon of the Société des Artistes Indépendants, of which Seurat had been a founder in 1884." ]

[ 2 ]

[ 1, 3, 4 ]

[ "Some have hypothesized that Michelangelo depicted himself in the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew (see below) based on feelings of contempt Michelangelo may have had for being commissioned to paint \"The Last Judgment.\"", "Michelangelo often drew himself in a way where he had lost all his power and might.", "He questioned over thoughts of dying and the Day of Judgement, which is seen as a reference to this work.", "Michelangelo was in his late sixties when he finished this painting, and it has been argued that the peeling of Bartholomew signifies the peeling of the flesh awaiting a new rebirth.", "The bearded figure of St. Bartholomew holding the skin was theorized to depict the satirist and erotic writer Pietro Aretino, who had tried to extort a valuable drawing from Michelangelo; this theory has been conclusively refuted because the conflict between Michelangelo and zed Aretino did not occur until 1545, seven years after the fresco's completion." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 23 ]

[ "The three Slavic allies (Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro) had laid out extensive plans to coordinate their war efforts, in continuation of their secret prewar settlements and under close Russian supervision (Greece was not included).", "Serbia and Montenegro would attack in the theater of Sandjak, Bulgarian and Serbia in Macedonia and Thrace.", "The Ottoman Empire's situation was difficult.", "Its population of about 26 million people provided a massive pool of manpower, but 3/4 of the population and nearly all of the Muslim component lived in the Asian part of the Empire.", "Reinforcements had to come from Asia mainly by sea, which depended on the result of battles between the Turkish and Greek navies in the Aegean.", "With the outbreak of the war, the Ottoman Empire activated three Army HQs: the Thracian HQ in Constantinople, the Western HQ in Salonika, and the Vardar HQ in Skopje, against the Bulgarians, the Greeks and the Serbians respectively.", "Most of their available forces were allocated to these fronts.", "Smaller independent units were allocated elsewhere, mostly around heavily fortified cities.", "Montenegro was the first that declared war on 8 October (25 September O.S.", "Its main thrust was towards Shkodra, with secondary operations in the Novi Pazar area.", "The rest of the Allies, after giving a common ultimatum, declared war a week later.", "Bulgaria attacked towards Eastern Thrace, being stopped only at the outskirts of Constantinople at the Çatalca line and the isthmus of the Gallipoli peninsula, while secondary forces captured Western Thrace and Eastern Macedonia.", "Serbia attacked south towards Skopje and Monastir and then turned west to present-day Albania, reaching the Adriatic, while a second Army captured Kosovo and linked with the Montenegrin forces.", "Greece's main forces attacked from Thessaly into Macedonia through the Sarantaporo strait and after capturing Thessaloniki on 12 November (on 26 October 1912, O.S.)", "expanded its occupied area and linked up with the Serbian army to the northwest, while its main forces turned east towards Kavala, reaching the Bulgarians.", "Another Greek army attacked into Epirus towards Ioannina.", "In the naval front the Ottoman fleet twice exited the Dardanelles and was twice defeated by the Greek Navy, in the battles of Elli and Lemnos.", "Greek dominance on the Aegean Sea made it impossible for the Ottomans to transfer the planned troops from the Middle East to the Thracian (against the Bulgarian) and to the Macedonian (against the Greeks and Serbians) fronts.", "According to the E.J.", "Erickson the Greek Navy also played a crucial, albeit indirect role, in the Thracian campaign by neutralizing no less than three Thracian Corps (see First Balkan War, the Bulgarian theater of operations), a significant portion of the Ottoman Army there, in the all-important opening round of the war.", "After the defeating of the Ottoman fleet the Greek Navy was also free to liberate the islands of the Aegean.", "General Nikola Ivanov identified the activity of the Greek Navy as the chief factor in the general success of the allies.", "In January, after a successful coup by young army officers, the Ottoman Empire decided to continue the war.", "After a failed Ottoman counter-attack in the Western-Thracian front, Bulgarian forces with the help of the Serbian Army managed to conquer Adrianople while Greek forces managed to take Ioannina after defeating the Ottomans in the battle of Bizani.", "In the joint Serbian-Montenegrin theater of operation the Montenegrin army besieged and captured the Shkodra, ending the Ottoman presence in Europe west of the Çatalca line after nearly 500 years.", "The war ended with the Treaty of London on 30(17) May 1913." ]

[ 3 ]

[ 8 ]

[ "In chemistry and physics, the atomic number of a chemical element (also known as its proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus.", "It is conventionally represented by the symbol Z.", "The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element.", "In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.", "The atomic number, \"Z\", should not be confused with the mass number, \"A\", which is the number of nucleons, the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.", "The number of neutrons, \"N\", is known as the neutron number of the atom; thus, \"A\" = \"Z\" + \"N\" (these quantities are always whole numbers).", "Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in unified atomic mass units (making a quantity called the \"relative isotopic mass,\") is roughly (to within 1%) equal to the whole number \"A\".", "Atoms with the same atomic number \"Z\" but different neutron numbers \"N\", and hence different atomic masses, are known as isotopes.", "A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight.", "Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century.", "The conventional symbol \"Z\" comes from the German word meaning number/numeral/figure, which, prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order is approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights.", "Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this \"Z\" number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word (and its English equivalent \"atomic number\") come into common use in this context." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 6 ]

[ "When the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad announced in 1901 that they planned to build a new union terminal, the city had two reasons to celebrate.", "The decision meant that both railroads would soon remove their trackwork and terminals from the National Mall.", "Though changes there appeared only gradually, the consolidation of the depots allowed the creation of the Mall as it appears today.", "Secondly, the plan to bring all the city's railroads under one roof promised that Washington would finally have a station both large enough to handle large crowds and impressive enough to befit the city's role as the federal capital.", "Union Station opened on October 27, 1907, with the arrival of a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad passenger train from Pittsburgh.", "The terminal quickly became the portal to the Capitol.", "At no time was it busier than during World War II, when as many as 200,000 people passed through in a single day.", "For most of its existence, Union Station served as a hub, with service of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad, and Southern Railway.", "The Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad provided a link to Richmond, Virginia, about to the south, where major north-south lines of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Seaboard Air Line Railroad provided service to the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Like many Japanese noodles, udon noodles are served chilled in the summer and hot in the winter.", "Toppings are chosen to reflect the seasons.", "Most toppings are added without much cooking, although some are deep-fried.", "Many of these dishes may also be prepared with soba." ]

[ 2 ]

[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 17, 18 ]

[ "Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)—and two major mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT).", "In most respects these two territories function as states, but the Commonwealth Parliament can override any legislation of their parliaments.", "By contrast, federal legislation overrides state legislation only in areas that are set out in Section 51 of the Australian Constitution; state parliaments retain all residual legislative powers, including those over schools, state police, the state judiciary, roads, public transport and local government, since these do not fall under the provisions listed in Section 51.", "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament—unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland—and bicameral in the other states.", "The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution.", "The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council.", "The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister.", "The Queen is represented in each state by a Governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator.", "In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.", "The federal parliament directly administers the following territories:", " Ashmore and Cartier Islands", " Australian Antarctic Territory", " Christmas Island", " Cocos (Keeling) Islands", " Coral Sea Islands", " Heard Island and McDonald Islands", " Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales", "Norfolk Island is also technically an external territory; however, under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 it has been granted more autonomy and is governed locally by its own legislative assembly.", "The Queen is represented by an Administrator." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 4 ]

[ "Recording", "Recorded at Black Rock Studio Santorini, Santorini, Greece, and Patriot Studios, Denver, Colorado", "Mastered at Sterling Sound, New York", "Personnel", "Songwriting – Ryan Tedder", "Production – Ryan Tedder, Noel Zancanella", "Engineering – Smith Carlson", "Assistant engineering – Matthew Tryba", "Harp – HarpEri", "Backing vocals — Bobbie Gordon, Brent Kutzle, Zach Filkins, David McGlohon", "Mixing – Joe Zook", "Assistant mix engineering – Ryan Lipman", "Mastering – Chris Gehringer, Will Quinnell" ]

[ 3 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "In bioethics, the ethics of cloning' refers to a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning.", "While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well.", "Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in livestock production.", "Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning in order to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants, to avoid the need for immunosuppressive drugs, and to stave off the effects of aging.", "Advocates for reproductive cloning believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology.", "Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe, that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested), and have concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large.", "Religious groups are divided, with some opposing the technology as usurping God's place and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits.", "Cloning of animals is opposed by animal-groups due to the number of cloned animals that suffer from malformations before they die, and while food from cloned animals has been approved by the US FDA, its use is opposed by groups concerned about food safety." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "ABC has partnered with CafePress and Barco Uniforms to provide branded merchandise through an online store.", "The products available include shirts, sweatshirts, kitchen-ware, home-ware, and bags, with the \"Grey's Anatomy\" logo on it.", "Also available are custom unisex scrubs and lab coats in a variety of colors and sizes, designed by Barco.", "The merchandise released by ABC is available for purchase at the \"Grey's Anatomy\" official website, and US$1 from every purchase to Barco's Nightingales Foundation.", "Five volumes of the \"Grey's Anatomy Original Soundtrack\" have been released as of 2011.", "For the first two seasons, the show's main title theme was an excerpt from \"Cosy in the Rocket\", by British duo Psapp; it is featured on the first soundtrack album released via ABC's corporate cousin, Hollywood Records, on September 27, 2005.", "The second soundtrack, featuring songs from the series' second season, was released on September 12, 2006, followed by a third soundtrack with music from the third season.", "Following the seventh season musical episode \"Song Beneath the Song\", \"\"Grey's Anatomy\": The Music Event\" soundtrack was released, with volume four of the soundtrack released subsequently.", "In January 2009, Ubisoft announced that it had signed a licensing agreement with ABC Studios to develop a video game based on \"Grey's Anatomy\".", "Designed for the Wii, Nintendo DS, and PC, \"\" was released on March 10, 2009.", "The game allows the player to assume the role of one of the main characters, making decisions for the character's personal and professional life, and competing in a number of minigames.", "It has been criticized by reviewers because of the simplicity of the mini-games and voice actors who do not play the same characters on the series, with Jason Ocampo of \"IGN\" giving it a 6.0 out of 10 overall rating.", "ABC and Nielsen partnered in 2011 to create a \"Grey Anatomy\" application for Apple's iPad.", "The application was designed to allow viewers to participate in polls and learn trivial facts as they watch a live episode.", "It uses Nielsen's Media-Sync software to listen for the episode and to post features as the episode progresses." ]

[ 3 ]

[ 6 ]

[ "The Reformation led to a series of religious wars that culminated in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which devastated much of Germany, killing between 25 and 40% of its population.", "From 1618 to 1648 the Roman Catholic House of Habsburg and its allies fought against the Protestant princes of Germany, supported at various times by Denmark, Sweden and France.", "The Habsburgs, who ruled Spain, Austria, Slovene Lands, the Spanish Netherlands and much of Germany and Italy, were staunch defenders of the Roman Catholic Church.", "Some historians believe that the era of the Reformation came to a close when Roman Catholic France allied itself, first in secret and later on the battlefields, with Protestant states against the Habsburg dynasty.", "For the first time since the days of Luther, political and national convictions again outweighed religious convictions in Europe.", "The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:", " All parties would now recognise the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism (the principle of \"cuius regio, eius religio\")", " Christians living in principalities where their denomination was \"not\" the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.", "The treaty also effectively ended the papacy's pan-European political power.", "Fully aware of the loss, Pope Innocent X declared the treaty \"null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times.\"", "European sovereigns, Roman Catholic and Protestant alike, ignored his verdict.", "However, this treaty did not mean that the Reformation concluded.", "It would be about another century (ca.", "1750) before the Reformation could truly be considered to have ended.", "Meanwhile, other reform movements continued to spring up, even within the Reformation churches.", "One such movement was Pietism, which impacted the Low Countries (hence the Reformed churches), Germany (hence also Lutheranism), and Great Britain, which led to a split in Lutheranism and which brought about the creation of some new churches (most notably the Moravian Church and Methodism).", "In turn, Pietism would branch out into a \"normative\" form and Radical Pietism.", "The Reformation had a wide-ranging influence on personal life.", "In fashion, for instance, it led to a more sober and dignified, less wasteful esthetics.", "Further impact on the Reformation came from the Age of Enlightenment, and its preponderance of Rationalism.", "This would lead to redefined roles for religion, eventually relegating it to second-class status.", "In \"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism\", Max Weber first suggested that cultural values could affect economic success, arguing that the Protestant Reformation led to values that drove people toward worldly achievements, a hard work ethic, and saving to accumulate wealth for investment.", "The new religions (in particular, Calvinism and other more austere Protestant groups) effectively forbade wastefully using hard earned money and identified the purchase of luxuries a sin." ]

[]

[ 0 ]

[ "In scenes set at Howard's home in which he interacts with his never-seen mother (voiced by Carol Ann Susi), he always does so via shouting conversations between the rooms in his house, and she similarly interacts with other characters in this manner, though she did appear momentarily in the overhead photo of Howard and Bernadette's wedding and from the side in \"The Spoiler Alert Segmentation\" episode, though her face was not shown.", "She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways, such as being overly controlling of Howard's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble.", "She is dependent on Howard, as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning.", "Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him, takes him to the dentist, does his laundry and \"grounds\" him when he returns home after briefly moving out.", "Until Howard's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth season finale, Howard's former living situation led Leonard's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology, and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal.", "Her tendency to communicate with Howard by shouting between rooms has led Bernadette and Raj to do impressions of her, and Bernadette to attempt to communicate with her in one episode by imitating her style of shouting." ]

[ 3 ]

[ 1 ]

[ "By the time the battle ended, 3,057 Japanese had died.", "Casualties aboard the four carriers were:\"Akagi\": 267; \"Kaga\": 811; \"Hiryu\": 392; \"Soryu\": 711; a total of 2,181.", "The heavy cruisers \"Mikuma\" (sunk; 700 casualties) and \"Mogami\" (badly damaged; 92) accounted for another 792 deaths.", "In addition, the destroyers \"Arashio\" (bombed; 35) and \"Asashio\" (strafed by aircraft; 21) were both damaged during the air attacks which sank \"Mikuma\" and caused further damage to \"Mogami\".", "Floatplanes were lost from the cruisers \"Chikuma\" (3) and \"Tone\" (2).", "Dead aboard the destroyers \"Tanikaze\" (11), \"Arashi\" (1), \"Kazagumo\" (1) and the fleet oiler \"Akebono Maru\" (10) made up the remaining 23 casualties." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 1 ]

[ "In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria.", "In 1438 Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund.", "Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception.", "The Habsburgs began also to accumulate lands far from the hereditary lands.", "In 1477 Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Netherlands for the family.", "His son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Mad, the heiress of Castile and Aragon, and thus acquired Spain and its Italian, African and New World appendages for the Habsburgs.", "In 1526 following the Battle of Mohács, Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule.", "Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires, particularly evident in the so-called Long War of 1593 to 1606.", "The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly twenty times; burning, pillaging, and taking thousands ofslaves." ]

[ 3 ]

[ 5 ]

[ "", "\"Nigirizushi\" (, \"hand-pressed sushi\") consists of an oblong mound of \"sushi rice\" that the chef presses into a small rectangular box between the palms of the hands, usually with a bit of \"wasabi\", and a topping (the \"neta\") draped over it.", "\"Neta\" are typically fish such as salmon, tuna or other seafood.", "Certain toppings are typically bound to the rice with a thin strip of \"nori\", most commonly octopus (\"tako\"), freshwater eel (\"unagi\"), sea eel (\"anago\"), squid (\"ika\"), and sweet egg (\"tamago\").", "\"Gunkanmaki\" (, \"warship roll\") is a special type of \"nigirizushi\": an oval, hand-formed clump of sushi rice that has a strip of \"nori\" wrapped around its perimeter to form a vessel that is filled with some soft, loose or fine-chopped ingredient that requires the confinement of \"nori\" such as roe, \"nattō\", oysters, \"uni\" (sea urchin roe), corn with mayonnaise, scallops, and quail eggs.", "\"Gunkan-maki\" was invented at the \"Ginza Kyubey\" restaurant in 1941; its invention significantly expanded the repertoire of soft toppings used in sushi.", "\"Temarizushi\" (, \"ball sushi\") is a ball-shaped sushi made by pressing rice and fish into a ball-shaped form by hand using a plastic wrap." ]

[]

[ 7 ]

[ "Since 1978, output from the Sun has been precisely measured by satellites.", "These measurements indicate that the Sun's output has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be attributed to an increase in solar energy reaching the Earth.", "Climate models have been used to examine the role of the sun in recent climate change.", "Models are unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only take into account variations in solar output and volcanic activity.", "Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.", "Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.", "Models and observations show that greenhouse warming results in warming of the lower atmosphere (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).", "Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants has also resulted in a strong cooling effect in the stratosphere.", "If the sun were responsible for observed warming, warming of both the troposphere and stratosphere would be expected." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 2 ]

[ " Bermuda Conference", " Évian Conference", " International response to the Holocaust", " Patria disaster", " Struma disaster", " Voyage of the Damned" ]

[]

[ 1 ]

[ " tourism.", "Grand Canyon National Park is one of the world’s premier natural attractions, attracting about five million visitors per year.", "Overall, 83% were from the United States: California (12.2%), Arizona (8.9%), Texas (4.8%), Florida (3.4%) and New York (3.2%) represented the top domestic visitors.", "Seventeen percent of visitors were from outside the United States; the most prominently represented nations were the United Kingdom (3.8%), Canada (3.5%), Japan (2.1%), Germany (1.9%) and The Netherlands (1.2%).", "The South Rim is open all year round weather permitting.", "The North Rim is generally open mid-May to mid-October." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 21 ]

[ "In January 2010, it was announced that open auditions would be held for three new roles to be introduced in \"Glee\" second season.", "They were open to amateurs and professionals aged sixteen to twenty-six, and were intended to be the subject of a multi-part television special, set to air in the lead-in to the second season premiere in fall 2010, with the new cast members revealed in the first episode.", "Murphy commented: \"Anybody and everybody now has a chance to be on a show about talented underdogs.", "We want to be the first interactive musical comedy on television.\"", "On June 22, 2010, Josef Adalian of \"New York\" magazine revealed that the reality show would not go ahead, due to Murphy's desire to concentrate on the main series, and fear that the distraction of the reality show may damage \"Glee\".", "Adalian reported that the production team would still choose several winners from the entrants and invite them to appear on \"Glee\" for at least one episode.", "In June 2010, it was announced that Oxygen would host a reality series set to air in June 2011, featuring performers competing for a spot on Glee.", "\"The Glee Project\" started airing on June 12, 2011, and the final episode was broadcast on August 21, 2011.", "The winning prize was a seven-episode guest-starring role in \"Glee\" third season, which was awarded to two contestants, with a two-episode role given to two other finalists.", "On June 7, 2010, UK broadcaster Channel 4 aired \"\" on its E4 station.", "The documentary explored the American show choir phenomenon which inspired \"Glee\".", "Narrated by Nick Grimshaw, it went behind the scenes with real-life glee clubs and detailed celebrity show choir alumni including Lance Bass, Ashton Kutcher, Blake Lively and Anne Hathaway.", "It was selected as recommended viewing by \"The Guardian\", with the comment: \"it's a fascinating look at the real-life New Directions, and it's equally as crackers as its TV champion.\"", "The newspaper's Lucy Mangan reviewed the documentary positively, writing: \"It will, one way or another, fill your heart to bursting\", and commenting that: \"\"Glee\", it turns out, is not a gloriously ridiculous, highly polished piece of escapism.", "It is cinéma vérité.\"", "It was watched by 411,000 viewers, a 2.3% audience share.", "In summer 2010, Channel 5 in the United Kingdom aired \"Don't Stop Believing\", a reality talent show inspired by \"Glee\" success.", "The series featured live shows in which established and new musical performance groups competed against each other, performing well-known songs in new arrangements, with viewers voting on the winner.", "Solo singers were also sought to join a group to represent the United Kingdom on the American glee club circuit.", "Five's controller Richard Woolfe stated: \"There's an explosion in musical performance groups and \"Don't Stop Believing\" will tap into that exciting groundswell.\"", "The show was hosted by Emma Bunton, who told \"The Belfast Telegraph\" that she is a \"huge fan\" of \"Glee\".", "The show's judges were former \"EastEnders\" actress Tamsin Outhwaite, Blue member Duncan James, singer Anastacia and \"High School Musical\" choreographer Charles \"Chucky\" Klapow." ]

[ 3 ]

[ 7 ]

[ "There are four different types of bedrock in Manhattan.", "In Central Park, Manhattan schist and Hartland schist, which are both metamorphosed sedimentary rock, are exposed in various outcroppings.", "The other two types, Fordham gneiss (an older deeper layer) and Inwood marble (metamorphosed limestone which overlays the gneiss), do not surface in the park.", "Fordham gneiss, which consists of metamorphosed igneous rocks, was formed a billion years ago, during what is known as the Grenville orogeny that occurred during the creation of an ancient super-continent.", "It is the oldest rock in the Canadian Shield, the most ancient part of the North American tectonic plate.", "Manhattan schist and Hartland schist were formed in the Iapetus Ocean during the Taconic orogeny in the Paleozoic era, about 450 million years ago.", "During this period the tectonic plates began to move toward each other, which resulted in the creation of the supercontinent, Pangaea.", "Cameron's Line is a fault zone that traverses Central Park on an east-west axis.", "Various glaciers have covered the area of Central Park in the past, with the most recent being the Wisconsin glacier which receded about 12,000 years ago.", "Evidence of past glaciers are visible throughout the park in the form of \"glacial erratics\" (large boulders dropped by the receding glacier) and north-south glacial striations visible on stone outcroppings." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 1 ]

[ "Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas.", "Switzerland has gone from a largely rural country to an urban one in just 70 years.", "Since 1935 urban development has claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the previous 2,000 years.", "This urban sprawl does not only affect the plateau but also the Jura and the Alpine foothills and there are growing concerns about land use.", "However from the beginning of the 21st century, the population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.", "Switzerland has a dense network of cities, where large, medium and small cities are complementary.", "The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape continually shows signs of man's presence.", "The weight of the largest metropolitan areas, which are Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern tend to increase.", "In international comparison the importance of these urban areas is stronger than their number of inhabitants suggests.", "In addition the two main centers of Zürich and Geneva are recognized for their particularly great quality of life." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 13 ]

[ "Civil war (1967-1970).", "The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led in 1966 to several back-to-back military coups.", "The first was in January and led by a collection of young leftists under Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu.", "It was partially successful; the coup plotters murdered Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region.", "Despite this, they could not set up a central government.", "President Nwafor Orizu was then pressured to hand over government to the Nigeria Army, under the command of General JTU Aguyi-Ironsi.", "The coup was counter-acted by another successful plot, supported primarily by Northern military officers and Northerners who favoured the NPC, it was engineered by Northern officers, which allowed Lt Colonel Yakubu Gowon to become head of state.", "This sequence of events led to an increase in ethnic tension and violence.", "The Northern coup, motivated by ethnic and religious reasons, resulted in the deaths of many military officers and civilians, especially those of Igbo descent.", "The violence against the Igbo increased their desire for autonomy.", "By May 1967, the Eastern Region voted to declare independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt Colonel Emeka Ojukwu.", "The Nigerian Civil War began as the Nigerian (Western and Northern) side attacked Biafra (South-eastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem.", "The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970.", "Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war .", "France, Egypt, Soviet Union, Britain and others were deeply involved in the civil war behind the scenes.", "Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government while France and others helped the Biafrans.", "Nigeria also used Egyptian pilots for their air force." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 8, 4 ]

[ "", "\"Toy Story\" has spawned two sequels: \"Toy Story 2\" (1999) and \"Toy Story 3\" (2010).", "Initially, the first sequel to \"Toy Story\" was going to be a direct-to-video release, with development beginning in 1996.", "However, after the cast from \"Toy Story\" returned and the story was considered to be better than that of a direct-to-video release, it was announced in 1998 that the sequel would see a theatrical release.", "The sequel saw the return of the majority of the voice cast from \"Toy Story\", and the film focuses on rescuing Woody after he is stolen at a yard sale.", "The film was equally well received by critics, earning a rare 100% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 125 reviews.", "At Metacritic, the film earned a favorable rating of 88/100 based on 34 reviews.", "The film's widest release was 3,257 theaters and it grossed $485,015,179 worldwide, becoming the second-most successful animated film after \"The Lion King\" at the time of its release.", "\"Toy Story 3\" centers on the toys being accidentally donated to a day-care center when their owner Andy is preparing to go to college.", "Again, the majority of the cast from the prior two films returned.", "It was the first film in the franchise to be released in 3-D for its first run, though the first two films, which were originally released in 2-D, were re-released in 3-D in 2009 as a double feature.", "Like its predecessors, \"Toy Story 3\" received enormous critical acclaim, earning a 99% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes.", "It also grossed more than $1 billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing animated film to date.", "In November 1996, the Disney on Ice: Toy Story ice show opened which featured the cast's voices as well as Randy Newman's music.", "In April 2008, the \"Disney Wonder\" cruise ship launched \"\" shows on its cruises.", "\"Toy Story\" also led to a spin-off direct-to-video animated film, \"\", as well as the animated television series \"Buzz Lightyear of Star Command\".", "The film and series followed Buzz Lightyear and his friends at Star Command as they uphold justice across the galaxy.", "Although the film was criticized for not using the same animation as in \"Toy Story\" and \"Toy Story 2\", it sold three million VHS and DVDs in its first week of release.", "The series ran for 65 episodes.", "Following the release of \"Toy Story 3\", a series of \"Toy Story\" short films have been shown in theaters in front of other Disney features: \"Hawaiian Vacation\" (shown before \"Cars 2\"), centering around Barbie and Ken on vacation in Bonnie's room, \"Small Fry\" (shown before \"The Muppets\"), centering on Buzz being left in a fast-food restaurant, and \"Partysaurus Rex\" (shown before \"Finding Nemo 3D\"), centering on Rex partying with Bonnie's bath toys.", "In January 2013, a fan-made live-action version of the film was posted on YouTube.", "In October 2013, ABC aired \"Toy Story of TERROR!", "\", promoting it as Pixar's first television special." ]

[ 1 ]

[ 10 ]

[ "The music video for \"Blow Me (One Last Kiss)\" premiered on July 26, 2012 at 7:50pm EDT on MTV and VEVO and was directed by Pink's longtime collaborator Dave Meyers, who directed the videos for almost all of her lead singles and many of her hits.", "The official colored version of the video was leaked online on August 31, and was officially posted on VEVO on September 5, 2012.", "The video is entirely in black and white, with splashes of color, features opening titles in French.", "The video begins with Pink having a picnic with her love interest (Sebastian de la Forza).", "The two lean in for a kiss, which is interrupted by him taking a phone call.", "Pink splashes him with red wine, and walks away through the trees.", "She meets another man on his motorbike (Alexander Ercheverria) and goes home with him.", "He draws a portrait of her.", "Pink watches through the window as many female guests arrive for a party the man has organised.", "During the party, she dances with one of the women until she is interrupted by the man who brought her home.", "Pink wears a black suit with her hair pushed back and dances with the woman (Mosh).", "The man gets down on one knee and proposes.", "Pink accepts by giving him her hand but is disappointed to find out the proposal was meant for her dance partner.", "During their wedding ceremony, Pink is dressed completely in black, as if she is attending a funeral.", "A flying bike appears above the guests (Andreas-Holm Hansen), which is carrying a heart-shaped balloon.", "The balloon pops, and red liquid covers the guests as Pink sings and dances cheerfully.", "She joins the driver of the flying bike, and they fly away together at the end of this video clip across the countryside, into the sunset, under a bridge, over trees and up close to a big hill on the high flying bicycle with eagle wings.", "A colored version was also released.", "MTV's James Montgomery assured Pink's fans that she hasn't changed, while crediting the video for its angry and funny nature, saying \"While your heroine might be saying she's a changed woman, the 'Blow Me' video proves that she's not.", "It's just as angry as her previous clips, and nearly as funny too.\"" ]

[ 0 ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ " Bermuda Conference", " Évian Conference", " International response to the Holocaust", " Patria disaster", " Struma disaster", " Voyage of the Damned" ]

[ 0 ]

[ 3 ]

[ "It is often convenient to study a thermodynamic process in which a single variable, such as temperature, pressure, or volume, etc., is held fixed.", "Furthermore, it is useful to group these processes into pairs, in which each variable held constant is one member of a conjugate pair.", "Several commonly studied thermodynamic processes are:", "Isobaric process: occurs at constant pressure", "Isochoric process: occurs at constant volume (also called isometric/isovolumetric)", "Isothermal process: occurs at a constant temperature", "Adiabatic process: occurs without loss or gain of energy as heat", "Isentropic process: a reversible adiabatic process occurs at a constant entropy, but is a fictional idealization.", "Conceptually it is possible to actually physically conduct a process that keeps the entropy of the system constant, allowing systematically controlled removal of heat, by conduction to a cooler body, to compensate for entropy produced within the system by irreversible work done on the system.", "Such isentropic conduct of a process seems called for when the entropy of the system is considered as an independent variable, as for example when the internal energy is considered as a function of the entropy and volume of the system, the natural variables of the internal energy as studied by Gibbs.", "Isenthalpic process: occurs at a constant enthalpy", "Isolated process: no matter or energy (neither as work nor as heat) is transferred into or out of the system", "It is sometimes of interest to study a process in which several variables are controlled, subject to some specified constraint.", "In a system in which a chemical reaction can occur, for example, in which the pressure and temperature can affect the equilibrium composition, a process might occur in which temperature is held constant but pressure is slowly altered, just so that chemical equilibrium is maintained all the way.", "There is a corresponding process at constant temperature in which the final pressure is the same but is reached by a rapid jump.", "Then it can be shown that the volume change resulting from the rapid jump process is smaller than that from the slow equilibrium process.", "The work transferred differs between the two processes." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 3 ]

[ "Bicycle Touring.", "Bicycles are used for recreation at all ages.", "Bicycle touring, also known as cyclotourism, involves touring and exploration or sightseeing by bicycle for leisure.", "A brevet or randonnée is an organized long-distance ride.", "One popular Dutch pleasure is the enjoyment of relaxed cycling in the countryside of the Netherlands.", "The land is very flat and full of public bicycle trails where cyclists are not bothered by cars and other traffic, which makes it ideal for cycling recreation.", "Many Dutch people subscribe every year to an event called \"fietsvierdaagse\" — four days of organised cycling through the local environment.", "Paris–Brest–Paris (PBP), which began in 1891, is the oldest bicycling event still run on a regular basis on the open road, covers over and imposes a 90-hour time limit.", "Similar if smaller institutions exist in many countries." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 1 ]

[ "Controversy between Great Britain and the colonies arose in the 1760s when Parliament sought, for the first time, to impose a direct tax on the colonies for the purpose of raising revenue.", "Some colonists, known in the colonies as Whigs, objected to the new tax program, arguing that it was a violation of the British Constitution.", "Britons and British Americans agreed that, according to the constitution, British subjects could not be taxed without the consent of their elected representatives.", "In Great Britain, this meant that taxes could only be levied by Parliament.", "Colonists, however, did not elect members of Parliament, and so American Whigs argued that the colonies could not be taxed by that body.", "According to Whigs, colonists could only be taxed by their own colonial assemblies.", "Colonial protests resulted in the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1765, but in the 1766 Declaratory Act, Parliament continued to insist that it had the right to legislate for the colonies \"in all cases whatsoever\".", "When new taxes were levied in the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, Whig colonists again responded with protests and boycotts.", "Merchants organized a non-importation agreement, and many colonists pledged to abstain from drinking British tea, with activists in New England promoting alternatives, such as domestic Labrador tea.", "Smuggling continued apace, especially in New York and Philadelphia, where tea smuggling had always been more extensive than in Boston.", "Dutied British tea continued to be imported into Boston, however, especially by Richard Clarke and the sons of Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson, until pressure from Massachusetts Whigs compelled them to abide by the non-importation agreement.", "Parliament finally responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770, except for the tea duty, which Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert \"the right of taxing the Americans\".", "This partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement by October 1770.", "From 1771 to 1773, British tea was once again imported into the colonies in significant amounts, with merchants paying the Townshend duty of three pence per pound.", "Boston was the largest colonial importer of legal tea; smugglers still dominated the market in New York and Philadelphia." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 5 ]

[ "Scholarship and legacies (1875–1900).", "The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new British Museum of Natural History, now the Natural History Museum, in 1887.", "With the departure and the completion of the new White Wing (fronting Montague Street) in 1884, more space was available for antiquities and ethnography and the library could further expand.", "This was a time of innovation as electric lighting was introduced in the Reading Room and exhibition galleries.", "In 1882 the Museum was involved in the establishment of the independent Egypt Exploration Fund (now Society) the first British body to carry out research in Egypt.", "A bequest from Miss Emma Turner in 1892 financed excavations in Cyprus.", "In 1897 the death of the great collector and curator, A.W.", "Franks, was followed by an immense bequest of 3,300 finger rings, 153 drinking vessels, 512 pieces of continental porcelain, 1,500 netsuke, 850 inro, over 30,000 bookplates and miscellaneous items of jewellery and plate, among them the Oxus Treasure.", "In 1898 Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bequeathed the glittering contents from his New Smoking Room at Waddesdon Manor as the Waddesdon Bequest.", "This consisted of almost 300 pieces of \"objets d'art et de vertu\" which included exquisite examples of jewellery, plate, enamel, carvings, glass and maiolica, among them the Holy Thorn Reliquary, probably created in the 1390s in Paris for John, Duke of Berry.", "The collection was in the tradition of a schatzkammer or treasure house such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe.", "Baron Ferdinand's will was most specific, and failure to observe the terms would make it void, the collection should be" ]

[ 3 ]

[ 1 ]

[ "In 2012, the union workers of the Space Needle started working without a contract when the current contract expired.", "The workers, working with the union, Unite Here Local 8, have entered into contract negotiations with the owners.", "The owners have made it clear that they don't want to extend a contract with the workers or the union because of terminology used in the contract.", "The Space Needle believes it offered employees enough security under past contracts without explicitly promising no subcontracting, which is what the workers want in the new contract.", "This would likely limit the company's ability to hire workers on a needed basis such as peak seasons or special events.", "But instead of striking this item from the contract, Unite Here has pushed for picketing outside of the Space Needle on a weekly basis until such contract terms are accepted.", "In 2013, federal mediation was set to begin between workers and the owners of the Space Needle." ]

[]

[ 3 ]

[ "Orion Pictures did not have faith in \"The Terminator\" performing well at the box office and feared a negative critical reception.", "At an early screening of the film, the actors' agents insisted to the producers that the film should be screened for critics.", "Orion only held one press screening for the film.", "The film was premiered on October 26, 1984.", "On its opening week, \"The Terminator\" played at 1,005 theaters and grossed $4,020,663 making it number one in the box office.", "The film remained at number one in its second week.", "It lost its number one spot in the third week to \"Oh, God!", "You Devil\".", "Cameron noted that \"The Terminator\" was a hit \"relative to its market, which is between the summer and the Christmas blockbusters.", "But it's better to be a big fish in a small pond than the other way around.", "\"Writer Harlan Ellison stated that he \"loved the movie, was just blown away by it\", but believed that the screenplay was based on an episode of \"The Outer Limits\" he had written, titled \"Soldier\".", "Orion gave Ellison an undisclosed amount of money and an acknowledgment credit in later prints of the film.", "Some accounts of the settlement state that \"Demon with a Glass Hand\", another \"Outer Limits\" episode written by Ellison, was also claimed to have been plagiarized by the film, but Ellison has explicitly stated that \"The Terminator\" \"was a ripoff\" of \"Soldier\" rather than \"Demon with a Glass Hand\".", "Cameron was against Orion's decision and was told that if he did not agree with the settlement, they would have Cameron pay for any damages if Orion lost Ellison's suit.", "Cameron replied that he \"had no choice but to agree with the settlement.", "Of course there was a gag order as well, so I couldn't tell this story, but now I frankly don't care.", "It's the truth.", "Harlan Ellison is a parasite who can kiss my ass.\"" ]

[]

[ 3 ]

[ "Over the course of millions of years, the motion of tectonic plates reconfigures global land and ocean areas and generates topography.", "This can affect both global and local patterns of climate and atmosphere-ocean circulation.", "The position of the continents determines the geometry of the oceans and therefore influences patterns of ocean circulation.", "The locations of the seas are important in controlling the transfer of heat and moisture across the globe, and therefore, in determining global climate.", "A recent example of tectonic control on ocean circulation is the formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 5 million years ago, which shut off direct mixing between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.", "This strongly affected the ocean dynamics of what is now the Gulf Stream and may have led to Northern Hemisphere ice cover.", "During the Carboniferous period, about 300 to 360 million years ago, plate tectonics may have triggered large-scale storage of carbon and increased glaciation.", "Geologic evidence points to a \"megamonsoonal\" circulation pattern during the time of the supercontinent Pangaea, and climate modeling suggests that the existence of the supercontinent was conducive to the establishment of monsoons.", "The size of continents is also important.", "Because of the stabilizing effect of the oceans on temperature, yearly temperature variations are generally lower in coastal areas than they are inland.", "A larger supercontinent will therefore have more area in which climate is strongly seasonal than will several smaller continents or islands." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 9 ]

[ "In the first half of the 16th century, the enormous Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a country of many creeds, but Roman Catholic Church remained the dominating religion.", "Reformation reached Poland in the 1520s, and quickly gained popularity among mostly German-speaking inhabitants of such major cities, as Gdańsk, Toruń and Elbląg.", "In Koenigsberg, in 1530, Polish-language edition of Luther's Small Catechism was published.", "The Duchy of Prussia, which was a Polish fief, emerged as key center of the movement, with numerous publishing houses issuing not only Bibles, but also catechisms, in German, Polish and Lithuanian.", "Lutheranism gained popularity in northern part of the country, while Calvinism caught the interest of szlachta, mainly in Lesser Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.", "Several publishing houses were opened in Lesser Poland in mid-16th century, in such locations, as Słomniki and Raków.", "At that time, Mennonites and Czech Brothers came to Poland, with the latter ones settling mostly in Greater Poland, around Leszno.", "In 1565, Polish Brethren appeared as yet another reformation movement.", "The 16th century Commonwealth was unique in Europe, because of widespread tolerance, confirmed by the Warsaw Confederation.", "In 1563, the Brest Bible was published (see also Bible translations into Polish).", "The period of tolerance ended during the reign of King Sigismund III Vasa, who was under strong influence of Piotr Skarga and other Jesuits.", "After the Deluge, and other wars of the mid-17th century, in which all enemies of Poland were either Protestant or Orthodox Christians, the attitude of Poles changed.", "Counter-Reformation prevailed, in 1658 Polish Brethren were forced to leave the country, and in 1666, the Sejm banned apostasy from Catholicism to any other religion, under punishment of death.", "Finally, in 1717, the Silent Sejm banned non-Catholics from becoming deputies of the Parliament.", "Among most important Protestants of the Commonwealth, there are such names, as Mikołaj Rej, Marcin Czechowic, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski and Symon Budny." ]

[ 2 ]

[ 6 ]

[ "King was booked in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, owned by businessman Walter Bailey (and named after his wife).", "King's close friend and colleague Reverend Ralph David Abernathy, who was King's roommate in the motel room the day of the assassination, told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that King and his entourage stayed in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel so often that it was known as the \"King-Abernathy Suite.", "\"According to biographer Taylor Branch, King's last words were to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was going to attend: \"Ben, make sure you play 'Take My Hand, Precious Lord' in the meeting tonight.", "Play it real pretty.", "\"[[File:Lorraine Motel 04 15 Mar 2012.jpg|thumb|260px|The Lorraine Motel, where Dr. King was assassinated, is nowthe site of the National Civil Rights Museum.", "The wreath marks the approximate place Dr. King was standing at the time.", "]]At 6:01 p.m. on Thursday, April 4, 1968, while he was standing on the motel's second floor balcony, King was struck by a single .30-06 bullet fired from a Remington 760 Gamemaster.", "The bullet entered through his right cheek, breaking his jaw, neck and several vertebrae as it traveled down his spinal cord, severing the jugular vein and major arteries in the process before lodging in his shoulder.", "By the force of the blast, King's necktie was ripped completely off his shirt.", "He fell violently backwards onto the balcony unconscious.", "Shortly after the shot was fired, witnesses saw James Earl Ray fleeing from a rooming house across the street from the Lorraine Motel where he was renting a room.", "A package was dumped close to the site that included a rifle and binoculars with Ray's fingerprints on them.", "The rifle had been purchased by Ray under an alias six days before.", "A worldwide manhunt was triggered that culminated in the arrest of Ray at London Heathrow Airport two months later.", "Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor.", "King was bleeding profusely from the wound in his cheek.", "His SCLC colleague Andrew Young believed he was dead, though King still had a pulse.", "King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where doctors opened his chest and performed Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "He never regained consciousness and was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m.", "According to Taylor Branch, King's autopsy revealed that though he was only 39 years old, he had the heart of a 60-year-old man which Branch attributed to the stress of 13 years in the civil rights movement." ]

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[ 26 ]

[ "Another acclaimed aviator, Glenn Curtiss, had agreed to participate.", "Curtiss had recently set the world flight speed record in France, and the Wrights had just filed suit against him for patent infringement of their control systems.", "The public's anticipation was fueled by news of the patent disputes.", "These flights would be a showdown between the two fliers.", "They were both scheduled to make a series of flights from Governors Island in New York harbor.", "On September 29, Wilbur took off at 9:15 AM in windy conditions.", "Curtiss felt his airplane could not handle the winds and he declined to fly.", "When Curtiss admitted defeat to the wind, Wilbur is supposed to have said to him, 'It looks pretty good.", "I think I will take a little spin in a few minutes.'", "He flew for about two miles, which took a little longer than seven minutes.", "Later that day Wilbur took off again, at 10:18 AM.", "He flew over the ocean-liner RMS Lusitania and a flotilla of other watercraft on hand for the Hudson-Fulton celebration, many blowing their horns and tooting their whistles when the Flyer appeared overhead.", "As Wilbur flew toward the Statue of Liberty, many onlookers feared he would crash into it, but he skillfully circled the statue as planned.", "This flight caused a sensation in the press and became an iconic event, despite lasting less than five minutes.", "Still unable to fly in the gusty weather, Curtiss had to depart for St. Louis due to a prior agreement.", "He was supposed to have flown up the Hudson River for several miles and returned to Governors Island.", "On Monday, October 4, Wilbur took off at 9:53 AM.", "He flew north over the Hudson along the west shore of Manhattan, passing Grant's Tomb, then returned by the same route, finishing the 21 mile, 33-minute flight with a safe landing on Governor's Island.", "As many as a million people witnessed the flight.", "This was the exact flight that Curtiss had been unable to make.", "Before the flight, Wilbur attached a red canoe to the bottom of the airplane as a safety precaution in case of an emergency landing in the water.", "He reasoned that he could use the canoe to float himself to safety.", "A blown engine cylinder that afternoon prevented any more flights.", "This series of flights marked Wilbur's last flying before a public audience.", "After Wilbur's death in 1912, Orville put the canoe in Hawthorn Hill, his estate in Oakwood, Ohio, as a memento.", "This first airborne canoe was later moved to Carillon Historical Park in Ohio and exhibited in a room adjacent to the Wright Flyer III in Wright Hall.", "The flight around the Statue of Liberty was duplicated on May 26, 2003 by the Dayton 'Wright B Flyer, Inc.' group, with a replica of the Wright airplane as a part of the celebrations of the anniversary of the Wright brothers' first flight." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 2, 3 ]

[ "Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the Soviet Union under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of the \"Unen\" (\"Truth\") newspaper similar to the Soviet \"Pravda\".", "Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media was allowed.", "The dissolution of the Soviet Union had a significant impact on Mongolia, where the one-party state grew into a multi-party democracy, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront.", "A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international NGOs on August 28, 1998 and enacted on January 1, 1999, paved the way for media reforms.", "The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets.", "Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the government debating a new Freedom of Information Act, and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government.", "Market reforms have led to an increasing number of people working in the media year on year, along with students at journalism schools.", "In its 2013 World Press Freedom Index report, Reporters Without Borders classified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 19 ]

[ "Finnish politicians have often emulated other Nordics and the Nordic model.", "Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new.", "The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.", "Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas.", "Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and 9th in Europe.", "While the manufacturing sector is thriving, the OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements.", "The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive.", "The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the 6th most competitive.", "In both indicators, Finland's performance was next to Germany, and significantly higher than most European countries.", "In the Business competitiveness index 2007–2008 Finland ranked third in the world.", "Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets.", "According to the OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated financial markets (Denmark).", "Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe.", "The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.", "Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.", "Finland is rated the least corrupted country in the world in the Corruption Perceptions Index and 13th in the Ease of Doing Business Index.", "This indicates exceptional ease in cross-border trading (5th), contract enforcement (7th), business closure (5th), tax payment (83rd) and low worker hardship (127th).", "Finnish law forces all workers to obey the national contracts that are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level.", "The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union.", "The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (AKAVA—80%).", "A lack of a national agreement in an industry is considered an exception." ]

[]

[ 4 ]

[ "The fourth season of \"30 Rock\" premiered on October 15, 2009.", "Like the previous season 3, it also consisted of 22 episodes.", "A recurring story arc early in the season revolved around Jack's request that Liz cast a new actor for \"TGS\", and Liz's subsequent search for the perfect comedian, much to the dismay of Jenna and Tracy, who fear losing their spotlight.", "The later half of the season focused on two complementary story arcs: Jack's inability to choose between his two girlfriends, and Liz's inability to find a boyfriend to live up to her expectations and Jenna's relationship with a Jenna Maroney impersonator.", "The season has also featured such guest stars as Julianne Moore, Jon Bon Jovi, Cheyenne Jackson, Sherri Shepherd, Will Forte, Elizabeth Banks, Michael Sheen, Matt Damon, and James Franco." ]

[ 3 ]

[ 26 ]

[ "Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets.", "The 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 \"Enola Gay\", piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan.", "The \"Enola Gay\" (named after Tibbets' mother) was accompanied by two other B-29s.", "\"The Great Artiste\", commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called \"Necessary Evil\", commanded by Captain George Marquardt, served as the photography aircraft.", "After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05:55 at , and set course for Japan.", "The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at .", "Parsons, who was in command of the mission, armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff.", "He had witnessed four B-29s crash and burn at takeoff, and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B-29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board.", "His assistant, Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson, removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area.", "During the night of August 5–6, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan.", "Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga, 102 bound for Maebashi, 261 en route to Nishinomiya, 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari.", "An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima.", "The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05.", "About an hour before the bombing, the air raid alert was sounded again, as \"Straight Flush\" flew over the city.", "It broadcast a short message which was picked up by \"Enola Gay\".", "It read: \"Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes.", "Advice: bomb primary.\"", "The all-clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07:09.", "At 08:09 Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee.", "The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about to a detonation height of about above the city.", "\"Enola Gay\" traveled before it felt the shock waves from the blast.", "Due to crosswind, the bomb missed the aiming point, the Aioi Bridge, by approximately and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic at .", "It created a blast equivalent to , ± 2 kt.", "The weapon was considered very inefficient, with only 1.7% of its material fissioning.", "The radius of total destruction was about , with resulting fires across .", "People on the ground reported seeing a \"pika\" or brilliant flash of light followed by a \"don\", a loud booming sound.", "Some 70,000–80,000 people, of whom 20,000 were soldiers, or around 30% of the population of Hiroshima, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm.", "and another 70,000 injured." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 2 ]

[ "In 1907, when Picasso began to work on \"Les Demoiselles\", one of the old master painters he greatly admired was El Greco (1541–1614).", "At the time El Greco was largely obscure and under-appreciated.", "Picasso's friend Ignacio Zuloaga (1870–1945) acquired El Greco's masterpiece, the \"Opening of the Fifth Seal\", in 1897 for 1000 pesetas.", "While Picasso was working on , he visited his friend Ignacio Zuloaga in his studio in Paris and studied El Greco's \"Opening of the Fifth Seal.\"", "The relation between and the \"Opening of the Fifth Seal\" was pinpointed in the early 1980s, when the stylistic similarities and the relationship between the motifs and visually identifying qualities of both works were analysed.", "El Greco's painting which Picasso studied over and over in Zuloaga's house inspired not only the size, format, and composition of \"Les Demoiselles d'Avignon\" but it inspired its apocalyptic power.", "Later, speaking of the work to Dor de la Souchère in Antibes, Picasso said: \"In any case, only the execution counts.", "From this point of view, it is correct to say that Cubism has a Spanish origin and that I invented Cubism.", "We must look for the Spanish influence in Cézanne.", "Things themselves necessitate it, the influence of El Greco, a Venetian painter, on him.", "But his structure is Cubist.", "\"The relationship of the painting to other group portraits in the Western tradition, such as \"Diana and Callisto\" by Titian (1488–1576), and the same subject by Rubens (1577–1640), in the Prado, has also been discussed." ]

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[ 4 ]

[ "Producer Ross Bell met with actor Russell Crowe to discuss his candidacy for the role of Tyler Durden.", "Producer Art Linson, who joined the project late, met with another candidate, Brad Pitt.", "Linson was the senior producer of the two, so the studio sought to cast Pitt instead of Crowe.", "Pitt was looking for a new film after the failure of his 1998 film \"Meet Joe Black\", and the studio believed \"Fight Club\" would be more commercially successful with a major star.", "The studio signed Pitt and offered him a $17.5 million salary.", "For the role of the unnamed narrator, the studio desired a \"sexier marquee name\" like Matt Damon to increase the film's commercial prospects; it also considered Sean Penn.", "Fincher instead considered Edward Norton a candidate for the role, based on the actor's performance in the 1996 film \"The People vs. Larry Flynt\".", "Other studios were approaching Norton for leading roles in developing films like \"The Talented Mr. Ripley\" and \"Man on the Moon\".", "The actor was cast in \"Runaway Jury\", but the film did not reach production.", "20th Century Fox offered Norton a $2.5 million salary to attract him to \"Fight Club\".", "Norton could not accept the offer immediately since he still owed Paramount Pictures a film; he had signed a contractual obligation with Paramount to appear in one of the studio's future films for a smaller salary (Norton later satisfied the obligation with his role in the 2003 film \"The Italian Job\").", "In January 1998, 20th Century Fox announced that Brad Pitt and Edward Norton were cast in the film.", "The actors prepared for their roles by taking lessons in boxing, taekwondo, grappling, and soapmaking.", "Pitt voluntarily visited a dentist to have pieces of his front teeth chipped off so his character would not have perfect teeth.", "The pieces were restored after filming concluded.", "Fincher's first choice for the role of Marla Singer was Janeane Garofalo, who objected to the film's sexual content.", "The filmmakers considered Courtney Love and Winona Ryder as candidates early on.", "The studio wanted to cast Reese Witherspoon, but Fincher objected that she was too young for the role.", "He chose to cast Helena Bonham Carter based on her performance in the 1997 film \"The Wings of the Dove\"." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 2 ]

[ "Turkey has the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the US Armed Forces, with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces, according to a 2011 NATO estimate.", "Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.", "A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO.", "The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Force.", "The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions.", "The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Prime Minister.", "The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country.", "However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament.", "The actual Commander of the Armed Forces is the Chief of the General Staff General Necdet Özel since 4 August 2011.", "Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to a year, dependent on education and job location.", "Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 2 ]

[ "Over 1,700 species of trees and other vascular plants are native to the park.", "Another 170 species are considered to be exotic species and are non-native.", "Of the eight conifer tree species documented, Lodgepole Pine forests cover 80% of the total forested areas.", "Other conifers, such as Subalpine Fir, Engelmann Spruce, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir and Whitebark Pine, are found in scattered groves throughout the park.", "As of 2007, the whitebark pine is threatened by a fungus known as white pine blister rust; however, this is mostly confined to forests well to the north and west.", "In Yellowstone, about seven percent of the whitebark pine species have been impacted with the fungus, compared to nearly complete infestations in northwestern Montana.", "Quaking Aspen and willows are the most common species of deciduous trees.", "The aspen forests have declined significantly since the early 20th century, but scientists at Oregon State University attribute recent recovery of the aspen to the reintroduction of wolves which has changed the grazing habits of local elk.", "There are dozens of species of flowering plants that have been identified, most of which bloom between the months of May and September.", "The Yellowstone Sand Verbena is a rare flowering plant found only in Yellowstone.", "It is closely related to species usually found in much warmer climates, making the sand verbena an enigma.", "The estimated 8,000 examples of this rare flowering plant all make their home in the sandy soils on the shores of Yellowstone Lake, well above the waterline.", "In Yellowstone's hot waters, bacteria form mats of bizarre shapes consisting of trillions of individuals.", "These bacteria are some of the most primitive life forms on earth.", "Flies and other arthropods live on the mats, even in the middle of the bitterly cold winters.", "Initially, scientists thought that microbes there gained sustenance only from sulfur.", "In 2005 researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder discovered that the sustenance for at least some of the diverse hyperthermophilic species is molecular hydrogen.", "\"Thermus aquaticus\" is a bacterium found in the Yellowstone hot springs that produces an important enzyme (Taq polymerase) that is easily replicated in the lab and is useful in replicating DNA as part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process.", "The retrieval of these bacteria can be achieved with no impact to the ecosystem.", "Other bacteria in the Yellowstone hot springs may also prove useful to scientists who are searching for cures for various diseases.", "Non-native plants sometimes threaten native species by using up nutrient resources.", "Though exotic species are most commonly found in areas with the greatest human visitation, such as near roads and at major tourist areas, they have also spread into the backcountry.", "Generally, most exotic species are controlled by pulling the plants out of the soil or by spraying, both of which are time consuming and expensive." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 2 ]

[ "\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" (also known as \"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town\") is a Christmas song.", "It was written by John Frederick Coots and Haven Gillespie and was first sung on Eddie Cantor's radio show in November 1934.", "It became an instant hit with orders for 100,000 copies of sheet music the next day and more than 400,000 copies sold by Christmas." ]

[ 5 ]

[ 1 ]

[ "Corruption in Venezuela is high by world standards, and was so for much of the 20th century.", "The discovery of oil had worsened political corruption, and by the late 1970s, Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso's description of oil as \"the Devil's excrement\" had become a common expression in Venezuela.", "Venezuela has been ranked one of the most corrupt countries on the Corruption Perceptions Index since the survey started in 1995.", "The 2010 ranking placed Venezuela at number 164, out of 178 ranked countries.", "This corruption is shown with Venezuela's significant involvement in drug trafficking, with Colombian cocaine and other drugs transiting Venezuela towards the United States and Europe.", "Venezuela ranks fourth in the world for cocaine seizures, behind Colombia, the United States, and Panama.", "In 2006 the government's agency for combating the Illegal drug trade in Venezuela, \"ONA\", was incorporated into the office of the Vice-President of the country.", "However, many major government and military officials have been known for their involvement with drug trafficking; especially with the October 2013 incident of men from the Venezuelan National Guard placing 1.3 tons of cocaine on a Paris flight knowing they will not face charges.", "Venezuela is among the most violent places on Earth.", "In Venezuela, a person is murdered every 21 minutes.", "Violent crimes have been so prevalent in Venezuela that the government no longer produces the crime data.", "In 2013, the homicide rate was approximately 79 per 100,000, one of the world’s highest, having quadrupled in the past 15 years with over 200,000 people murdered.", "The country's body count of the previous decade mimics that of the Iraq War and in some instances had more civilian deaths even though the country is at peacetime.", "The capital Caracas has one of the greatest homicide rates of any large city in the world, with 122 homicides per 100,000 residents.", "In 2008, polls indicated that crime was the number one concern of voters.", "Venezuela is especially dangerous toward foreign travelers and investors who are visiting.", "This is due to the nation's class struggle and poor economy that is devoid of needed foreign currency.", "The United States State Department and Government of Canada has warned foreign visitors that they may be subjected to robbery, kidnapping for a ransom or sale to terrorist organizations and murder, and that their own diplomatic travelers are required to travel in armored vehicles.", "The United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office has advised against all travel to Venezuela.", "Visitors have been murdered during robberies and criminals do not discriminate against their victims.", "Recently, former Miss Venezuela 2004 winner Monica Spear and her husband were murdered with her 5 year old daughter being shot while visiting, and an elderly German tourist was murdered only a few weeks later.", "There are approximately 33 prisons holding about 50,000 inmates.", "They include; El Rodeo outside of Caracas, Yare Prison in the northern state of Miranda, and several others.", "Venezuela's prison system is heavily overcrowded; its facilities have capacity for only 14,000 prisoners." ]

[ 2 ]

[ 1, 3 ]

[ "A few sweet, doughnut-style pastries are regional in nature.", "Cantonese cuisine features an oval-shaped pastry called \"ngàuhleisōu\" (牛脷酥, lit.", "\"ox-tongue pastry\" due to its tongue-like shape).", "A spherical food called\" saa1 jung\" (沙翁) which is also similar to cream puff, but denser in texture (doughnut-like texture) with sugar sprinkled on top, is normally available in Cantonese restaurants in the dim sum style.", "An oilier Beijing variant of this called 高力豆沙, \"gaoli dousha\", is filled with red bean paste; originally, it was made with egg white instead of dough.", "Many Chinese cultures make a chewy doughnut known as \"shuangbaotai\" (雙包胎), which consists of two conjoined balls of dough.", "Chinese restaurants in the US sometimes serve small fried pastries similar to doughnut holes, served with condensed milk as a sauce.", "Chinese cuisine features long, deep-fried doughnut sticks that are often quite oily, hence their name in Mandarin, \"yóutiáo\" (油條, lit.", "oil strips.", "); in Cantonese, this doughnut-style pastry is called \"yàuhjagwái\" (油炸鬼, \"ghosts fried in oil\").", "These pastries are not sweet and are often served with congee, a traditional rice porridge." ]

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[ 6 ]

[ "In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant, the commanding general of all the Union's armies, decided to suspend the exchange of prisoners-of-war.", "As harsh as it may have been on the prisoners of both sides, Grant realized the exchange was prolonging the war by returning soldiers to the outnumbered and manpower-starved South.", "John Wilkes Booth, a Southerner and outspoken Confederate sympathizer, conceived a plan to kidnap President Lincoln and deliver him to the Confederate Army, to be held hostage until the North agreed to resume exchanging prisoners.", "Booth recruited Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Michael O'Laughlen, Lewis Powell (also known as \"Lewis Paine\"), and John Surratt to help him.", "Surratt's mother, Mary Surratt, left her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland, and moved to a house in Washington, D.C., where Booth became a frequent visitor.", "In late 1860, Booth had been initiated in the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle in Baltimore.", "He attended Lincoln's second inauguration on March 4, 1865, as the invited guest of his secret fiancée Lucy Hale, daughter of John P. Hale, soon to become United States Ambassador to Spain.", "Booth afterwards wrote in his diary, \"What an excellent chance I had, if I wished, to kill the President on Inauguration day!", "\"On March 17, 1865, Booth informed his conspirators that Lincoln would be attending a play, \"Still Waters Run Deep\", at Campbell Military Hospital.", "He assembled his men in a restaurant at the edge of town, intending that they should soon join him on a nearby stretch of road in order to capture the President on his way back from the hospital.", "But Booth found out that Lincoln had not gone to the play after all.", "Instead, he had attended a ceremony at the National Hotel in which officers of the 142nd Indiana Infantry presented Governor Oliver Morton with a captured Confederate battle flag.", "Booth was living at the National Hotel at the time and could have had an opportunity to kill Lincoln had Booth not been at the hospital.", "Meanwhile, the Confederacy was falling apart.", "On April 3, Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, fell to the Union army.", "On April 9, the Army of Northern Virginia, the main army of the Confederacy, surrendered to the Army of the Potomac at Appomattox Court House.", "Confederate President Jefferson Davis and the rest of his government were in full flight.", "Despite many Southerners giving up hope, Booth continued to believe in his cause.", "On April 11, 1865, two days after Lee's army surrendered to Grant, Booth attended a speech at the White House in which Lincoln supported the idea of enfranchising the former slaves.", "Furiously provoked, Booth decided on assassination and is quoted as saying:That means " ]

[ 2 ]

[ 1, 2 ]

[ "Several hypotheses have been put forward about the meaning of \"The Creation of Adam\"'s highly original composition, many of them taking Michelangelo's well-documented expertise in human anatomy as their starting point.", "In 1990, an Anderson, Indiana physician named Frank Lynn Meshberger, M.D.", "noted in the medical publication the \"Journal of the American Medical Association\" that the background figures and shapes portrayed behind the figure of God appeared to be an anatomically accurate picture of the human brain.", "Dr. Meshberger's interpretation has been discussed by Dr. Mark Lee Appler.", "On close examination, borders in the painting correlate with major sulci of the cerebrum in the inner and outer surface of the brain, the brain stem, the frontal lobe, the basilar artery, the pituitary gland and the optic chiasm.", "Alternatively, it has been observed that the red cloth around God has the shape of a human uterus (one art historian has called it a \"uterine mantle\"), and that the scarf hanging out, coloured green, could be a newly cut umbilical cord.", "\"This is an interesting hypothesis that presents the Creation scene as an idealised representation of the physical birth of man.", "It explains the navel that appears on Adam, which is at first perplexing because he was created, not born of a woman.\"" ]

[ 0 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones, but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion.", "Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones, but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away.", "English Heritage does, however, permit access during the summer and winter solstice, and the spring and autumn equinox.", "Additionally, visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year.", "The access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism, highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey.", "In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites, 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations, declaring it to be \"in moderate trouble\".", "As motorised traffic increased, the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side – the A344 to Shrewton on the north side, and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south.", "Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site.", "However, the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads has led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions.", "On 6 December 2007, it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors' centre had been cancelled.", "On 13 May 2009, the government gave approval for a £25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors' centre and close the A344, although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent.", "On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available, supported by a £10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.", "On 23 June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and grassing it over.", "The centre, designed by Denton Corker Marshall, opened to the public on 18 December 2013." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 10 ]

[ "UN forces cross partition line (September – October 1950).", "On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if \"at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily...\" On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee.", "On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: \"We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel.\"", "During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951.", "On 30 September, Zhou Enlai warned the U.S. that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the U.S. crossed the 38th parallel.", "Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s, but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively.", "Bruce Cumings argues, however, the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.", "By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea.", "MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender.", "Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards.", "The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces.", "The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950.", "The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team (\"Rakkasans\") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon.", "The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war.", "At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war.", "Taking advantage of the UN Command's strategic momentum against the communists, General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort.", "President Truman disagreed, and ordered caution at the Sino-Korean border." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 1 ]

[ "Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets.", "The 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 \"Enola Gay\", piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan.", "The \"Enola Gay\" (named after Tibbets' mother) was accompanied by two other B-29s.", "\"The Great Artiste\", commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called \"Necessary Evil\", commanded by Captain George Marquardt, served as the photography aircraft.", "After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05:55 at , and set course for Japan.", "The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at .", "Parsons, who was in command of the mission, armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff.", "He had witnessed four B-29s crash and burn at takeoff, and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B-29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board.", "His assistant, Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson, removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area.", "During the night of August 5–6, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan.", "Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga, 102 bound for Maebashi, 261 en route to Nishinomiya, 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari.", "An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima.", "The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05.", "About an hour before the bombing, the air raid alert was sounded again, as \"Straight Flush\" flew over the city.", "It broadcast a short message which was picked up by \"Enola Gay\".", "It read: \"Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes.", "Advice: bomb primary.\"", "The all-clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07:09.", "At 08:09 Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee.", "The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about to a detonation height of about above the city.", "\"Enola Gay\" traveled before it felt the shock waves from the blast.", "Due to crosswind, the bomb missed the aiming point, the Aioi Bridge, by approximately and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic at .", "It created a blast equivalent to , ± 2 kt.", "The weapon was considered very inefficient, with only 1.7% of its material fissioning.", "The radius of total destruction was about , with resulting fires across .", "People on the ground reported seeing a \"pika\" or brilliant flash of light followed by a \"don\", a loud booming sound.", "Some 70,000–80,000 people, of whom 20,000 were soldiers, or around 30% of the population of Hiroshima, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm.", "and another 70,000 injured." ]

[ 0 ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Protons are spin-½ fermions and are composed of three valence quarks, making them baryons (a sub-type of hadrons).", "The two up quarks and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong force, mediated by gluons.", "A modern perspective has the proton composed of the valence quarks (up, up, down), the gluons, and transitory pairs of sea quarks.", "The proton has an approximately exponentially decaying positive charge distribution with a mean square radius of about 0.8 fm.", "Protons and neutrons are both nucleons, which may be bound together by the nuclear force to form atomic nuclei.", "The nucleus of the most common isotope of the hydrogen atom (with the chemical symbol \"H\") is a lone proton.", "The nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium contain one proton bound to one and two neutrons, respectively.", "All other types of atomic nuclei are composed of two or more protons and various numbers of neutrons." ]

[]

[ 1 ]

[ "Swans Reflecting Elephants (1937) is a painting by the Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí.", "This painting is from Dalí's Paranoiac-critical period.", "Painted using oil on canvas, it contains one of Dalí's famous double images.", "The double images were a major part of Dalí's \"paranoia-critical method,\" which he put forward in his 1935 essay \"The Conquest of the Irrational.\"", "He explained his process as a \"spontaneous method of irrational understanding based upon the interpretative critical association of delirious phenomena.\"", "Dalí used this method to bring forth the hallucinatory forms, double images and visual illusions that filled his paintings during the Thirties.", "As with earlier \"Metamorphosis of Narcissus\", \"Swans Reflecting Elephants\" uses the reflection in a lake to create the double image seen in the painting.", "In \"Metamorphosis\", the reflection of Narcissus is used to mirror the shape of the hand on the right of the picture.", "Here, the three swans in front of bleak, leafless trees are reflected in the lake so that the swans' heads become the elephants' heads and the trees become the bodies of the elephants.", "In the background of the painting is a Catalonian landscape depicted in fiery fall colors, the brushwork creating swirls in the cliffs that surround the lake, to contrast with the stillness of the water " ]

[ 0 ]

[ 3, 4 ]

[ "A \"bound\" salad can be composed (arranged) or tossed (put in a bowl and mixed with a thick dressing).", "They are assembled with thick sauces such as mayonnaise.", "One portion of a true bound salad will hold its shape when placed on a plate with an ice-cream scoop.", "Examples of bound salad include tuna salad, pasta salad, chicken salad, egg salad, and potato salad.", "Bound salads are often used as sandwich fillings.", "They are popular at picnics and barbecues, because they can be made ahead of time and refrigerated." ]

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[ "Persuaded by his publishers, he started \"a new Hobbit\" in December 1937.", "After several false starts, the story of the One Ring emerged.", "The idea for the first chapter (\"A Long-Expected Party\") arrived fully formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo's disappearance, the significance of the Ring, and the title \"The Lord of the Rings\" did not arrive until the spring of 1938.", "Originally, he planned to write a story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however, he remembered the Ring and its powers and thought that would be a better focus for the new work.", "As the story progressed, he also brought in elements from 'The Silmarillion' mythology.", "Writing was slow, because Tolkien had a full-time academic position, and needed to earn further money as a university examiner.", "Tolkien abandoned \"The Lord of the Rings\" during most of 1943 and only re-started it in April 1944, as a serial for his son Christopher Tolkien, who was sent chapters as they were written while he was serving in South Africa with the Royal Air Force.", "Tolkien made another concerted effort in 1946, and showed the manuscript to his publishers in 1947.", "The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not complete the revision of earlier parts of the work until 1949.", "The original manuscripts, which total 9,250 pages, now reside in the J.R.R.", "Tolkien Collection at Marquette University." ]

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[ "The first season of \"Parks and Recreation\" was released on DVD in region 1 on September 8, 2009.", "The DVD included all six episodes, as well as an \"Extended Producer's Cut\" of the season finale, \"Rock Show\".", "The disc also included cast and crew commentary tracks for each episode, as well as about 30 minutes of deleted scenes.", "The second season was released in a four-disc set in region 1 on November 30, 2010.", "They included extended episodes for \"The Master Plan\" and \"Freddy Spaghetti\", as well as two-and-a-half hours of deleted scenes, a third season preview and additional video clips.", "Audio commentaries were recorded for the episodes \"Sister City\", \"Ron and Tammy\", \"Hunting Trip\", \"Woman of the Year\", \"The Master Plan\" and \"Freddy Spaghetti\".", "\"Parks and Recreation\" can be viewed on the streaming video service Hulu, as well as the \"Instant Watch\" streaming feature of Netflix and Amazon Prime.", "Individual episodes can also be purchased on the Apple Inc. digital media iTunes Store and viewed on an NBC mobile browser on the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad." ]

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[ "Auroras are occasionally seen in temperate latitudes, when a magnetic storm temporarily enlarges the auroral oval.", "Large magnetic storms are most common during the peak of the eleven-year sunspot cycle or during the three years after that peak.", "Within the auroral zone the likelihood of an aurora occurring depends mostly on the slant of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines (the slant is known as Bz), however, being greater with southward slants.", "Geomagnetic storms that ignite auroras actually happen more often during the months around the equinoxes.", "It is not well understood why geomagnetic storms are tied to Earth's seasons while polar activity is not.", "But it is known that during spring and autumn, the interplanetary magnetic field and that of Earth link up.", "At the magnetopause, Earth's magnetic field points north.", "When Bz becomes large and negative (i.e., the IMF tilts south), it can partially cancel Earth's magnetic field at the point of contact.", "South-pointing Bzs open a door through which energy from the solar wind reaches Earth's inner magnetosphere.", "The peaking of Bz during this time is a result of geometry.", "The IMF comes from the Sun and is carried outward with the solar wind.", "The rotation of the Sun causes the IMF to have a spiral shape called the Parker spiral.", "The southward (and northward) excursions of Bz are greatest during April and October, when Earth's magnetic dipole axis is most closely aligned with the Parker spiral.", "Bz is not the only influence on geomagnetic activity, however, the Sun's rotation axis is tilted 8 degrees with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit.", "The solar wind blows more rapidly from the Sun's poles than from its equator, thus the average speed of particles buffeting Earth's magnetosphere waxes and wanes every six months.", "The solar wind speed is greatest – by about 50 km/s, on average – around 5 September and 5 March when Earth lies at its highest heliographic latitude.", "Still, neither Bz nor the solar wind can fully explain the seasonal behavior of geomagnetic storms.", "Those factors together contribute only about one-third of the observed semiannual variations." ]

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