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Chernoff faces, invented by applied mathematician, statistician, and physicist Herman Chernoff in 1973, display multivariate data in the shape of a human face. The individual parts, such as eyes, ears, mouth, and nose represent values of the variables by their shape, size, placement, and orientation. The idea behind us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernoff_face |
In mathematics, a Moufang loop is a special kind of algebraic structure. It is similar to a group in many ways but need not be associative. Moufang loops were introduced by . Smooth Moufang loops have an associated algebra, the Malcev algebra, similar in some ways to how a Lie group has an associated Lie algebra.
## ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moufang_loop |
In mathematics, Pascal's triangle is an infinite triangular array of the binomial coefficients which play a crucial role in probability theory, combinatorics, and algebra. In much of the Western world, it is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal, although other mathematicians studied it centuries before hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle |
The highest averages, divisor, or divide-and-round methods are a family of apportionment rules, i.e. algorithms for fair division of seats in a legislature between several groups (like political parties or states). More generally, divisor methods are used to round shares of a total to a fraction with a fixed denominato... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_averages_method |
Set packing is a classical NP-complete problem in computational complexity theory and combinatorics, and was one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems. Suppose one has a finite set S and a list of subsets of S. Then, the set packing problem asks if some k subsets in the list are pairwise disjoint (in other words, no two of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_packing |
In mathematics, a rose (also known as a bouquet of n circles) is a topological space obtained by gluing together a collection of circles along a single point. The circles of the rose are called petals. Roses are important in algebraic topology, where they are closely related to free groups.
## Definition
A rose is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_%28topology%29 |
In mathematics, a differential invariant is an invariant for the action of a Lie group on a space that involves the derivatives of graphs of functions in the space. Differential invariants are fundamental in projective differential geometry, and the curvature is often studied from this point of view. Differential invar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_invariant |
The unsprung mass (colloquially unsprung weight) of a vehicle is the mass of the suspension, wheels or tracks (as applicable), and other components directly connected to them. This contrasts with the sprung mass (or weight) supported by the suspension, which includes the body and other components within or attached to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsprung_mass |
In physics, Babinet's principle states that the diffraction pattern from an opaque body is identical to that from an aperture (a hole in a screen) of the same size and shape except for the overall forward beam intensity. It was formulated in the 1800s by French physicist Jacques Babinet.
A quantum version of Babinet's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinet%27s_principle |
A one-way wave equation is a first-order partial differential equation describing one wave traveling in a direction defined by the vector wave velocity. It contrasts with the second-order two-way wave equation describing a standing wavefield resulting from superposition of two waves in opposite directions (using the sq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_wave_equation |
An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip or simply chip, is a set of electronic circuits, consisting of various electronic components (such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors) and their interconnections. These components are etched onto a small, flat piece ("chip") of semiconductor material, usually... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit |
Bionics or biologically inspired engineering is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.
The word bionic, coined by Jack E. Steele in August 1958, is a portmanteau from biology and electronics which was popularized by the 197... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionics |
In probability and statistics, the Dirichlet distribution (after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet), often denoted
$$
\operatorname{Dir}(\boldsymbol\alpha)
$$
, is a family of continuous multivariate probability distributions parameterized by a vector of positive reals. It is a multivariate generalization of the beta di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_distribution |
A mill is a device, often a structure, machine or kitchen appliance, that breaks solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting. Such comminution is an important unit operation in many processes. There are many different types of mills and many types of materials processed in them. Historically, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_%28grinding%29 |
In mathematics, hyperbolic complex space is a Hermitian manifold which is the equivalent of the real hyperbolic space in the context of complex manifolds. The complex hyperbolic space is a Kähler manifold, and it is characterised by being the only simply connected Kähler manifold whose holomorphic sectional curvature i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_hyperbolic_space |
Multi-key quicksort, also known as three-way radix quicksort, is an algorithm for sorting strings. This hybrid of quicksort and radix sort was originally suggested by P. Shackleton, as reported in one of C. A. R. Hoare's seminal papers on quicksort; its modern incarnation was developed by Jon Bentley and Robert Sedgewi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-key_quicksort |
The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the unit of pressure in the International System of Units (SI). It is also used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus, and ultimate tensile strength. The unit, named after Blaise Pascal, is an SI coherent derived unit defined as one newton per square metre (N/m2). It is also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_%28unit%29 |
In gamma-ray astronomy, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are extremely energetic events occurring in distant galaxies which represent the brightest and most powerful class of explosion in the universe. These extreme electromagnetic emissions are second only to the Big Bang as the most energetic and luminous phenomenon ever know... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst |
In mathematics, and especially differential topology and gauge theory, Donaldson's theorem states that a definite intersection form of a compact, oriented, smooth manifold of dimension 4 is diagonalizable. If the intersection form is positive (negative) definite, it can be diagonalized to the identity matrix (negative ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaldson%27s_theorem |
In statistics, additive smoothing, also called Laplace smoothing or Lidstone smoothing, is a technique used to smooth count data, eliminating issues caused by certain values having 0 occurrences. Given a set of observation counts
$$
\mathbf{x} = \langle x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_d \rangle
$$
from a
$$
d
$$
-dimensional mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_smoothing |
Nanoelectromechanical systems (
### NEMS
) are a class of devices integrating electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale. NEMS form the next logical miniaturization step from so-called microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS devices. NEMS typically integrate transistor-like nanoelectronics with mechanical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectromechanical_systems |
The intersection algorithm is an agreement algorithm used to select sources for estimating accurate time from a number of noisy time sources. It forms part of the modern Network Time Protocol. It is a modified form of Marzullo's algorithm.Digital Time Service Functional Specification Version T.1.0.5. Digital
Equipment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_algorithm |
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an agency of the United States Department of Commerce whose mission is to promote American innovation and industrial competitiveness. NIST's activities are organized into physical science laboratory programs that include nanoscale science and technology, engi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology |
In abstract algebra, a partially ordered group is a group (G, +) equipped with a partial order "≤" that is translation-invariant; in other words, "≤" has the property that, for all a, b, and g in G, if a ≤ b then a + g ≤ b + g and g + a ≤ g + b.
An element x of G is called positive if 0 ≤ x. The set of elements 0 ≤ x i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_group |
In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data values. If is a discrete random variable, the mode is the value at which the probability mass function takes its maximum value (i.e., ). In other words, it is the value that is most likely to be sampled.
Like the statistical mean and median... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_%28statistics%29 |
In data processing R*-trees are a variant of R-trees used for indexing spatial information. R*-trees have slightly higher construction cost than standard R-trees, as the data may need to be reinserted; but the resulting tree will usually have a better query performance. Like the standard R-tree, it can store both point... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%2A-tree |
In information theory, Shannon's source coding theorem (or noiseless coding theorem) establishes the statistical limits to possible data compression for data whose source is an independent identically-distributed random variable, and the operational meaning of the Shannon entropy.
Named after Claude Shannon, the source... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%27s_source_coding_theorem |
In geometry, an Hadamard space, named after Jacques Hadamard, is a non-linear generalization of a Hilbert space. In the literature they are also equivalently defined as complete CAT(0) spaces.
A Hadamard space is defined to be a nonempty complete metric space such that, given any points
$$
x
$$
and
$$
y,
$$
there e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard_space |
Division is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic. The other operations are addition, subtraction, and multiplication. What is being divided is called the dividend, which is divided by the divisor, and the result is called the quotient.
At an elementary level the division of two natural numbers is, among othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_%28mathematics%29 |
In probability theory, an interacting particle system (IPS) is a stochastic process
$$
(X(t))_{t \in \mathbb R^+}
$$
on some configuration space
$$
\Omega= S^G
$$
given by a site space, a countably-infinite-order graph
$$
G
$$
and a local state space, a compact metric space
$$
S
$$
. More precisely IPS are conti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacting_particle_system |
Electronic design automation (EDA), also referred to as electronic computer-aided design (ECAD), is a category of software tools for designing electronic systems such as integrated circuits and printed circuit boards. The tools work together in a design flow that chip designers use to design and analyze entire semicond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation |
In computational complexity theory, the potential method is a method used to analyze the amortized time and space complexity of a data structure, a measure of its performance over sequences of operations that smooths out the cost of infrequent but expensive operations.
## Definition of amortized time
In the potential m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_method |
In mathematics, Abelian and
## Tauberian theorems
are theorems giving conditions for two methods of summing divergent series to give the same result, named after Niels Henrik Abel and Alfred Tauber. The original examples are Abel's theorem showing that if a series converges to some limit then its Abel sum is the same... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_and_Tauberian_theorems |
In probability and statistics, memorylessness is a property of probability distributions. It describes situations where previous failures or elapsed time does not affect future trials or further wait time. Only the geometric and exponential distributions are memoryless.
## Definition
A random variable
$$
X
$$
is memo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorylessness |
A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve |
Argon2 is a key derivation function that was selected as the winner of the 2015 Password Hashing Competition. It was designed by Alex Biryukov, Daniel Dinu, and Dmitry Khovratovich from the University of Luxembourg. The reference implementation of Argon2 is released under a Creative Commons CC0 license (i.e. public dom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon2 |
Elias δ code or Elias delta code is a universal code encoding the positive integers developed by Peter Elias.
##
### Encoding
To code a number X ≥ 1:
1. Let N = ⌊log2 X⌋; be the highest power of 2 in X, so 2N ≤ X < 2N+1.
1. Let L = ⌊log2 N+1⌋ be the highest power of 2 in N+1, so 2L ≤ N+1 < 2L+1.
1. Write L zeros, foll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_delta_coding |
Sylvester's law of inertia is a theorem in matrix algebra about certain properties of the coefficient matrix of a real quadratic form that remain invariant under a change of basis. Namely, if
$$
A
$$
is a symmetric matrix, then for any invertible matrix
$$
S
$$
, the number of positive, negative and zero eigenvalues... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%27s_law_of_inertia |
### The
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael (), is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001.
AES is a variant of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgian cryptographers,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard |
An intermediate representation (IR) is the data structure or code used internally by a compiler or virtual machine to represent source code. An IR is designed to be conducive to further processing, such as optimization and translation. A "good" IR must be accurate – capable of representing the source code without loss ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_representation |
Indefinite and fictitious numbers are words, phrases and quantities used to describe an indefinite size, used for comic effect, for exaggeration, as placeholder names, or when precision is unnecessary or undesirable. Other descriptions of this concept include: "non-numerical vague quantifier" and "indefinite hyperbolic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_and_fictitious_numbers |
A monotonic likelihood ratio in distributions and
The ratio of the density functions above is monotone in the parameter so satisfies the monotone likelihood ratio property.
In statistics, the monotone likelihood ratio property is a property of the ratio of two probability density functions (PDFs). Formally, distrib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotone_likelihood_ratio |
The Dalitz plot is a two-dimensional plot often used in particle physics to represent the relative frequency of various (kinematically distinct) manners in which the products of certain (otherwise similar) three-body decays may move apart.
The phase-space of a decay of a pseudoscalar into three spin-0 particles can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalitz_plot |
In applied mathematics, a transcendental equation is an equation over the real (or complex) numbers that is not algebraic, that is, if at least one of its sides describes a transcendental function.
Examples include:
$$
\begin{align}
x &= e^{-x} \\
x &= \cos x \\
2^x &= x^2
\end{align}
$$
A transcendental equation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_equation |
Levenshtein coding is a universal code encoding the non-negative integers developed by Vladimir Levenshtein.
##
### Encoding
The code of zero is "0"; to code a positive number:
1. Initialize the step count variable C to 1.
1. Write the binary representation of the number without the leading "1" to the beginning of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_coding |
In physics, the no-broadcasting theorem is a result of quantum information theory. In the case of pure quantum states, it is a corollary of the no-cloning theorem. The no-cloning theorem for pure states says that it is impossible to create two copies of an unknown state given a single copy of the state. Since quantum ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-broadcasting_theorem |
In engineering, functional decomposition is the process of resolving a functional relationship into its constituent parts in such a way that the original function can be reconstructed (i.e., recomposed) from those parts.
This process of decomposition may be undertaken to gain insight into the identity of the constituen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_decomposition |
A normal mode of a dynamical system is a pattern of motion in which all parts of the system move sinusoidally with the same frequency and with a fixed phase relation. The free motion described by the normal modes takes place at fixed frequencies. These fixed frequencies of the normal modes of a system are known as it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_mode |
In computer programming, a reference is a value that enables a program to indirectly access a particular datum, such as a variable's value or a record, in the computer's memory or in some other storage device. The reference is said to refer to the datum, and accessing the datum is called dereferencing the reference. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_%28computer_science%29 |
In cryptography, scrypt (pronounced "ess crypt") is a password-based key derivation function created by Colin Percival in March 2009, originally for the Tarsnap online backup service. The algorithm was specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale custom hardware attacks by requiring large amounts of m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt |
In mathematics, a constant function is a function whose (output) value is the same for every input value.
## Basic properties
As a real-valued function of a real-valued argument, a constant function has the general form or just For example, the function is the specific constant function where the output value is . T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_function |
Reliability engineering is a sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes the ability of equipment to function without failure. Reliability is defined as the probability that a product, system, or service will perform its intended function adequately for a specified period of time, OR will operate in a defined... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_engineering |
Pitch shifting is a sound recording technique in which the original pitch of a sound is raised or lowered. Effects units that raise or lower pitch by a pre-designated musical interval (transposition) are known as pitch shifters.
## Pitch and time shifting
The simplest methods are used to increase pitch and reduce durat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_shifting |
In physics and electrical engineering the reflection coefficient is a parameter that describes how much of a wave is reflected by an impedance discontinuity in the transmission medium. It is equal to the ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the incident wave, with each expressed as phasors. For example, it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_coefficient |
In mathematics and logic, a vacuous truth is a conditional or universal statement (a universal statement that can be converted to a conditional statement) that is true because the antecedent cannot be satisfied.
It is sometimes said that a statement is vacuously true because it does not really say anything. For exampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuous_truth |
In mathematics, a smooth structure on a manifold allows for an unambiguous notion of smooth function. In particular, a smooth structure allows mathematical analysis to be performed on the manifold.
## Definition
A smooth structure on a manifold
$$
M
$$
is a collection of smoothly equivalent smooth atlases. Here, a sm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_structure |
In engineering, physics, and chemistry, the study of transport phenomena concerns the exchange of mass, energy, charge, momentum and angular momentum between observed and studied systems. While it draws from fields as diverse as continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, it places a heavy emphasis on the commonalities bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_phenomena |
In modern physics, antimatter is defined as matter composed of the antiparticles (or "partners") of the corresponding particles in "ordinary" matter, and can be thought of as matter with reversed charge and parity, or going backward in time (see CPT symmetry). Antimatter occurs in natural processes like cosmic ray coll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter |
Earliest deadline first (EDF) or least time to go is a dynamic priority scheduling algorithm used in real-time operating systems to place processes in a priority queue. Whenever a scheduling event occurs (task finishes, new task released, etc.) the queue will be searched for the process closest to its deadline. This pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_deadline_first_scheduling |
In geometric group theory, Gromov's theorem on groups of polynomial growth, first proved by Mikhail Gromov, characterizes finitely generated groups of polynomial growth, as those groups which have nilpotent subgroups of finite index.
## Statement
The growth rate of a group is a well-defined notion from asymptotic analy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromov%27s_theorem_on_groups_of_polynomial_growth |
A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolution... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram |
Application software is any computer program that is intended for end-user use not operating, administering or programming the computer. An application (app, application program, software application) is any program that can be categorized as application software. Common types of applications include word processor, m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software |
A join clause in the Structured Query Language (SQL) combines columns from one or more tables into a new table. The operation corresponds to a join operation in relational algebra. Informally, a join stitches two tables and puts on the same row records with matching fields : `INNER`, `LEFT OUTER`, `RIGHT OUTER`, `FULL ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_%28SQL%29 |
In color science, the dominant wavelength is a method of approximating a color's hue. Along with purity, it makes up one half of the
### Helmholtz coordinates
. The dominant wavelength of a given color is defined to be the wavelength of monochromatic spectral light that lies on the straight line passing through the wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_wavelength |
In thermodynamics, the thermodynamic free energy is one of the state functions of a thermodynamic system. The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy |
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is one of the four known fundamental interactions. It confines quarks into protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles, and also binds neutrons and protons to create atomic nuclei, where it is called... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction |
In materials science and continuum mechanics, viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist both shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelasticity |
Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a branch of biophysics.
## Etymology
The word "biomechanics" (1899) and the related "b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics |
In the thermodynamics of equilibrium, a state function, function of state, or point function for a thermodynamic system is a mathematical function relating several state variables or state quantities (that describe equilibrium states of a system) that depend only on the current equilibrium thermodynamic state of the sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_function |
In computer science, random-access machine (RAM or RA-machine) is a model of computation that describes an abstract machine in the general class of register machines. The RA-machine is very similar to the counter machine but with the added capability of 'indirect addressing' of its registers. The 'registers' are intuit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_machine |
In computer programming, a rope, or cord, is a data structure composed of smaller strings that is used to efficiently store and manipulate longer strings or entire texts. For example, a text editing program may use a rope to represent the text being edited, so that operations such as insertion, deletion, and random acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_%28data_structure%29 |
The Clausius theorem, also known as the Clausius inequality, states that for a thermodynamic system (e.g. heat engine or heat pump) exchanging heat with external thermal reservoirs and undergoing a thermodynamic cycle, the following inequality holds.
$$
-\oint dS_\text{Res} = \oint \frac{\delta Q}{T_{\text{surr}}} \leq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius_theorem |
In computer science, the prefix sum, cumulative sum, inclusive scan, or simply scan of a sequence of numbers is a second sequence of numbers , the sums of prefixes (running totals) of the input sequence:
...
For instance, the prefix sums of the natural numbers are the triangular numbers:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!input... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_sum |
In kinematics, Chasles' theorem, or Mozzi–Chasles' theorem, says that the most general rigid body displacement can be produced by a screw displacement. A direct Euclidean isometry in three dimensions involves a translation and a rotation. The screw displacement representation of the isometry decomposes the translation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasles%27_theorem_%28kinematics%29 |
In statistics, Cochran's theorem, devised by William G. Cochran, is a theorem used to justify results relating to the probability distributions of statistics that are used in the analysis of variance.
## Examples
### Sample mean and sample variance
If X1, ..., Xn are independent normally distributed random variables wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochran%27s_theorem |
Leadership, is defined as the ability of an individual, group, or organization to "", influence, or guide other individuals, teams, or organizations.
"Leadership" is a contested term. Specialist literature debates various viewpoints on the concept, sometimes contrasting Eastern and Western approaches to leadership, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership |
In radiometry, irradiance is the radiant flux received by a surface per unit area. The SI unit of irradiance is the watt per square metre (symbol W⋅m−2 or W/m2). The CGS unit erg per square centimetre per second (erg⋅cm−2⋅s−1) is often used in astronomy.
### Irradiance
is often called intensity, but this term is avo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
In computer science, threaded code is a programming technique where the code has a form that essentially consists entirely of calls to subroutines. It is often used in compilers, which may generate code in that form or be implemented in that form themselves. The code may be processed by an interpreter or it may simply ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threaded_code |
Micromachines are mechanical objects that are fabricated in the same general manner as integrated circuits. They are generally considered to be between 100 nanometres to 100 micrometres in size, although that is debatable. The applications of micromachines include accelerometers that detect when a car has hit an object... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromachinery |
Positional notation, also known as place-value notation, positional numeral system, or simply place value, usually denotes the extension to any base of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system (or decimal system). More generally, a positional system is a numeral system in which the contribution of a digit to the value of a numb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation |
In the theory of partial differential equations, elliptic operators are differential operators that generalize the Laplace operator. They are defined by the condition that the coefficients of the highest-order derivatives be positive, which implies the key property that the principal symbol is invertible, or equivale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_operator |
The k shortest path routing problem is a generalization of the shortest path routing problem in a given network. It asks not only about a shortest path but also about next k−1 shortest paths (which may be longer than the shortest path). A variation of the problem is the loopless k shortest paths.
Finding k shortest pat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_shortest_path_routing |
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word laser originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Labo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser |
A wave-cut platform, shore platform, coastal bench, or wave-cut cliff is the narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay, or sea that was created by erosion. Wave-cut platforms are often most obvious at low tide when they become visible as huge areas of flat rock. Some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave-cut_platform |
An atomic clock is a clock that measures time by monitoring the resonant frequency of atoms. It is based on atoms having different energy levels. Electron states in an atom are associated with different energy levels, and in transitions between such states they interact with a very specific frequency of electromagnetic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock |
Geohash is a public domain geocode system invented in 2008 by Gustavo Niemeyer which encodes a geographic location into a short string of letters and digits. Similar ideas were introduced by G.M. Morton in 1966. It is a hierarchical spatial data structure which subdivides space into buckets of grid shape, which is one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geohash |
In order theory, a field of mathematics, an incidence algebra is an associative algebra, defined for every locally finite partially ordered set
and commutative ring with unity. Subalgebras called reduced incidence algebras give a natural construction of various types of generating functions used in combinatorics and nu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_algebra |
Information technology (IT) is a set of related fields within information and communications technology (ICT), that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages, data and information processing, and storage. Information technology is an application of computer science and computer engineering.
The term i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology |
C++ (, pronounced "C plus plus" and sometimes abbreviated as CPP or CXX) is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup. First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language, adding object-oriented (OOP) features, it has since expanded signif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B |
In mathematics, specifically in commutative algebra, the elementary symmetric polynomials are one type of basic building block for symmetric polynomials, in the sense that any symmetric polynomial can be expressed as a polynomial in elementary symmetric polynomials. That is, any symmetric polynomial is given by an ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_symmetric_polynomial |
The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to electrons making a transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state. The photon energy of the emitted photons is equal to the energy difference between the two states. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrum |
In mathematics, Schilder's theorem is a generalization of the Laplace method from integrals on
$$
\mathbb{R}^n
$$
to functional Wiener integration. The theorem is used in the large deviations theory of stochastic processes. Roughly speaking, out of Schilder's theorem one gets an estimate for the probability that a (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilder%27s_theorem |
Applied mechanics is the branch of science concerned with the motion of any substance that can be experienced or perceived by humans without the help of instruments. In short, when mechanics concepts surpass being theoretical and are applied and executed, general mechanics becomes applied mechanics. It is this stark di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mechanics |
In symbolic computation, the Risch algorithm is a method of indefinite integration used in some computer algebra systems to find antiderivatives. It is named after the American mathematician Robert Henry Risch, a specialist in computer algebra who developed it in 1968.
The algorithm transforms the problem of integratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risch_algorithm |
In mathematics, an autonomous convergence theorem is one of a family of related theorems which specify conditions guaranteeing global asymptotic stability of a continuous autonomous dynamical system.
## History
The Markus–Yamabe conjecture was formulated as an attempt to give conditions for global stability of continuo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_convergence_theorem |
The cosmos (, ; ) is an alternative name for the universe or its nature or order. Usage of the word cosmos implies viewing the universe as a complex and orderly system or entity.
The cosmos is studied in cosmologya broad discipline covering scientific, religious or philosophical aspects of the cosmos and its nature. Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos |
Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford, the eighth governor of and then-incumbent senator from California, and his wife, Jane, in memory of their o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University |
Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry that studies the behavior of photons (individual quanta of light). It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons and their interaction with, for instance, atoms and molecules. Photons have been used to test man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_optics |
Kuhn poker is a simplified form of poker developed by Harold W. Kuhn as a simple model zero-sum two-player imperfect-information game, amenable to a complete game-theoretic analysis. In Kuhn poker, the deck includes only three playing cards, for example, a King, Queen, and Jack. One card is dealt to each player, which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhn_poker |
The Coriolis frequency ƒ, also called the Coriolis parameter or Coriolis coefficient, is equal to twice the rotation rate Ω of the Earth multiplied by the sine of the latitude
$$
\varphi
$$
.
$$
f = 2 \Omega \sin \varphi.\,
$$
The rotation rate of the Earth (Ω = 7.2921 × 10−5 rad/s) can be calculated as 2π / T radians... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_frequency |
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