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A cylinder () has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes. In elementary geometry, it is considered a prism with a circle as its base.
A cylinder may also be defined as an infinite curvilinear surface in various modern branches of geometry and topology. The sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder |
In computer science, lexicographic breadth-first search or Lex-BFS is a linear time algorithm for ordering the vertices of a graph. The algorithm is different from a breadth-first search, but it produces an ordering that is consistent with breadth-first search.
The lexicographic breadth-first search algorithm is based ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographic_breadth-first_search |
A longitudinal mode of a resonant cavity is a particular standing wave pattern formed by waves confined in the cavity. The longitudinal modes correspond to the wavelengths of the wave which are reinforced by constructive interference after many reflections from the cavity's reflecting surfaces. All other wavelengths ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_mode |
Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena. The term law has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow) across all fields of natural science (physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_law |
The expectiminimax algorithm is a variation of the minimax algorithm, for use in artificial intelligence systems that play two-player zero-sum games, such as backgammon, in which the outcome depends on a combination of the player's skill and chance elements such as dice rolls. In addition to "min" and "max" nodes of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectiminimax |
Space physics, also known as space plasma physics, is the study of naturally occurring plasmas within Earth's upper atmosphere and the rest of the Solar System. It includes the topics of aeronomy, aurorae, planetary ionospheres and magnetospheres, radiation belts, and space weather (collectively known as solar-terrestr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_physics |
In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary random change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as prescribed by Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. They are minute random fluctuations in the values of the fields which represe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation |
In mathematics, a join-semilattice (or upper semilattice) is a partially ordered set that has a join (a least upper bound) for any nonempty finite subset. Dually, a meet-semilattice (or lower semilattice) is a partially ordered set which has a meet (or greatest lower bound) for any nonempty finite subset. Every join-se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilattice |
In probability theory, comonotonicity mainly refers to the perfect positive dependence between the components of a random vector, essentially saying that they can be represented as increasing functions of a single random variable. In two dimensions it is also possible to consider perfect negative dependence, which is c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comonotonicity |
A Euclidean minimum spanning tree of a finite set of points in the Euclidean plane or higher-dimensional Euclidean space connects the points by a system of line segments with the points as endpoints, minimizing the total length of the segments. In it, any two points can reach each other along a path through the line se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_minimum_spanning_tree |
Pneumatics (from Greek 'wind, breath') is the use of gas or pressurized air in mechanical systems.
Pneumatic systems used in industry are commonly powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases. A centrally located and electrically-powered compressor powers cylinders, air motors, pneumatic actuators, and other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatics |
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. Biophysical research shares significant overlap with biochemistry, molecular ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics |
Fermi liquid theory (also known as Landau's Fermi-liquid theory) is a theoretical model of interacting fermions that describes the normal state of the conduction electrons in most metals at sufficiently low temperatures. The theory describes the behavior of many-body systems of particles in which the interactions betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_liquid_theory |
In mathematics, Knuth's up-arrow notation is a method of notation for very large integers, introduced by Donald Knuth in 1976.
In his 1947 paper, R. L. Goodstein introduced the specific sequence of operations that are now called hyperoperations. Goodstein also suggested the Greek names tetration, pentation, etc., for t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth%27s_up-arrow_notation |
In linear algebra, a column vector with elements is an
$$
m \times 1
$$
matrix consisting of a single column of entries, for example,
$$
\boldsymbol{x} = \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ \vdots \\ x_m \end{bmatrix}.
$$
Similarly, a row vector is a
$$
1 \times n
$$
matrix for some , consisting of a single row of ent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_and_column_vectors |
In engineering, applied mathematics, and physics, the Buckingham theorem is a key theorem in dimensional analysis. It is a formalisation of Rayleigh's method of dimensional analysis. Loosely, the theorem states that if there is a physically meaningful equation involving a certain number n physical variables, then the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_%CF%80_theorem |
Metadata (or metainformation) is "data that provides information about other data", but not the content of the data itself, such as the text of a message or the image itself. There are many distinct types of metadata, including:
- Descriptive metadata – the descriptive information about a resource. It is used for disco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata |
In mathematics, Casey's theorem, also known as the generalized Ptolemy's theorem, is a theorem in Euclidean geometry named after the Irish mathematician John Casey.
## Formulation of the theorem
Note that in the degenerate case, where all four circles reduce to points, this is exactly Ptolemy's theorem.
$$
\,t_{12} \cd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey%27s_theorem |
In graph theory, a bridge, isthmus, cut-edge, or cut arc is an edge of a graph whose deletion increases the graph's number of connected components. Equivalently, an edge is a bridge if and only if it is not contained in any cycle. For a connected graph, a bridge can uniquely determine a cut. A graph is said to be bridg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_%28graph_theory%29 |
In game theory, the centipede game, first introduced by Robert Rosenthal in 1981, is an extensive form game in which two players take turns choosing either to take a slightly larger share of an increasing pot, or to pass the pot to the other player. The payoffs are arranged so that if one passes the pot to one's oppon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centipede_game |
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a column chart and has been identified as the prototype ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_chart |
In mathematics, a completely metrizable space (metrically topologically complete space) is a topological space (X, T) for which there exists at least one metric d on X such that (X, d) is a complete metric space and d induces the topology T. The term topologically complete space is employed by some authors as a synonym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completely_metrizable_space |
Quantum foundations is a discipline of science that seeks to understand the most counter-intuitive aspects of quantum theory, reformulate it and even propose new generalizations thereof. Contrary to other physical theories, such as general relativity, the defining axioms of quantum theory are quite ad hoc, with no obv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_foundations |
Reverse Polish notation (RPN), also known as reverse Łukasiewicz notation, Polish postfix notation or simply postfix notation, is a mathematical notation in which operators follow their operands, in contrast to prefix or Polish notation (PN), in which operators precede their operands. The notation does not need any par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation |
In Riemannian geometry, a collapsing or collapsed manifold is an n-dimensional manifold M that admits a sequence of Riemannian metrics gi, such that as i goes to infinity the manifold is close to a k-dimensional space, where k < n, in the Gromov–Hausdorff distance sense. Generally there are some restrictions on the se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapsing_manifold |
The World Wireless System was a turn of the 20th century proposed telecommunications and electrical power delivery system designed by inventor Nikola Tesla based on his theories of using Earth and its atmosphere as electrical conductors. He claimed this system would allow for "the transmission of electric energy withou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wireless_System |
In statistics, the mid-range or mid-extreme is a measure of central tendency of a sample defined as the arithmetic mean of the maximum and minimum values of the data set:
$$
M=\frac{\max x + \min x}{2}.
$$
The mid-range is closely related to the range, a measure of statistical dispersion defined as the difference betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-range |
In tensor analysis, a mixed tensor is a tensor which is neither strictly covariant nor strictly contravariant; at least one of the indices of a mixed tensor will be a subscript (covariant) and at least one of the indices will be a superscript (contravariant).
A mixed tensor of type or valence
$$
\binom{M}{N}
$$
, also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_tensor |
A nova ( novae or novas) is a transient astronomical event that causes the sudden appearance of a bright, apparently "new" star (hence the name "nova", Latin for "new") that slowly fades over weeks or months. All observed novae involve white dwarfs in close binary systems, but causes of the dramatic appearance of a nov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova |
In mathematics, in the area of complex analysis, Carlson's theorem is a uniqueness theorem which was discovered by Fritz David Carlson. Informally, it states that two different analytic functions which do not grow very fast at infinity can not coincide at the integers. The theorem may be obtained from the Phragmén–Lind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlson%27s_theorem |
In mathematics, a 4-manifold is a 4-dimensional topological manifold. A smooth 4-manifold is a 4-manifold with a smooth structure. In dimension four, in marked contrast with lower dimensions, topological and smooth manifolds are quite different. There exist some topological 4-manifolds which admit no smooth structure,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-manifold |
In computer science, the shunting yard algorithm is a method for parsing arithmetical or logical expressions, or a combination of both, specified in infix notation. It can produce either a postfix notation string, also known as reverse Polish notation (RPN), or an abstract syntax tree (AST). The algorithm was invented ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunting_yard_algorithm |
Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon (and to a much lesser extent, the Sun) and are also caused by the Earth and Moon orbiting one another.
Tide tables can be used for any given locale to find the predicted times and amplitude (or "tida... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide |
Creative problem-solving (CPS) is the mental process of searching for an original and previously unknown solution to a problem. To qualify, the solution must be novel and reached independently. The creative problem-solving process was originally developed by Alex Osborn and Sid Parnes. Creative problem solving (CPS) is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_problem-solving |
In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that distant simultaneity – whether two spatially separated events occur at the same time – is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. This possibility was raised by mathematician Henri Poincaré in 1900, and thereafter became a central idea ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity |
In fluid dynamics, a Stokes wave is a nonlinear and periodic surface wave on an inviscid fluid layer of constant mean depth.
This type of modelling has its origins in the mid 19th century when Sir George Stokes – using a perturbation series approach, now known as the
## Stokes expansion
– obtained approximate solutio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_wave |
Convection is single or multiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously through the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy). When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection |
In probability theory, the multinomial distribution is a generalization of the binomial distribution. For example, it models the probability of counts for each side of a k-sided die rolled n times. For n independent trials each of which leads to a success for exactly one of k categories, with each category having a giv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_distribution |
In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic particles. In everyday as well as scientific usage, matter generally includes atoms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter |
In computer graphics, the midpoint circle algorithm is an algorithm used to determine the points needed for rasterizing a circle. It is a generalization of Bresenham's line algorithm. The algorithm can be further generalized to conic sections.Pitteway, M.L.V., "
## Algorithm
for Drawing Ellipses or Hyperbolae with a D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midpoint_circle_algorithm |
AdaBoost (short for Adaptive Boosting) is a statistical classification meta-algorithm formulated by Yoav Freund and Robert Schapire in 1995, who won the 2003 Gödel Prize for their work. It can be used in conjunction with many types of learning algorithm to improve performance. The output of multiple weak learners is co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdaBoost |
In mathematics a Lie coalgebra is the dual structure to a Lie algebra.
In finite dimensions, these are dual objects: the dual vector space to a Lie algebra naturally has the structure of a Lie coalgebra, and conversely.
## Definition
Let be a vector space over a field equipped with a linear mapping
$$
d\colon E \to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_coalgebra |
In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system (or a non-linear system) is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input. Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and many other scientists since most systems are inherently nonli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_system |
In probability theory and logic, a set of events is jointly or collectively exhaustive if at least one of the events must occur. For example, when rolling a six-sided die, the events 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are collectively exhaustive, because they encompass the entire range of possible outcomes.
Another way to describe ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectively_exhaustive_events |
In electrocardiography, the T wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles. The interval from the beginning of the QRS complex to the apex of the T wave is referred to as the absolute refractory period. The last half of the T wave is referred to as the relative refractory period or vulnerable period. The T wave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_wave |
Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide. It is the gradual deterioration of materials (usually a metal) by chemical or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Corrosion engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and preventing corrosion.
In the mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion |
In computer science, the Earley parser is an algorithm for parsing strings that belong to a given context-free language, though (depending on the variant) it may suffer problems with certain nullable grammars.
## The algorithm
, named after its inventor Jay Earley, is a chart parser that uses dynamic programming; it i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earley_parser |
The reverse-delete algorithm is an algorithm in graph theory used to obtain a minimum spanning tree from a given connected, edge-weighted graph. It first appeared in , but it should not be confused with Kruskal's algorithm which appears in the same paper. If the graph is disconnected, this algorithm will find a minimu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse-delete_algorithm |
In geometry, the Peano curve is the first example of a space-filling curve to be discovered, by Giuseppe Peano in 1890. Peano's curve is a surjective, continuous function from the unit interval onto the unit square, however it is not injective. Peano was motivated by an earlier result of Georg Cantor that these two set... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peano_curve |
A pantograph (, from their original use for copying writing) is a mechanical linkage connected in a manner based on parallelograms so that the movement of one pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movements in a second pen. If a line drawing is traced by the first point, an identical, enlarged, or miniaturized c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph |
The Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), also known as Berkeley Unix or BSD Unix, is a discontinued Unix operating system developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley, beginning in 1978. It began as an improved derivative of AT&T's original Unix that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution |
Helly's theorem is a basic result in discrete geometry on the intersection of convex sets. It was discovered by Eduard Helly in 1913, but not published by him until 1923, by which time alternative proofs by and had already appeared. Helly's theorem gave rise to the notion of a Helly family.
## Statement
Let be a fin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helly%27s_theorem |
Game programming, a subset of game development, is the software development of video games. Game programming requires substantial skill in software engineering and computer programming in a given language, as well as specialization in one or more of the following areas: simulation, computer graphics, artificial intell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_programming |
Zero Defects (or ZD) was a management-led program to eliminate defects in industrial production that enjoyed brief popularity in American industry from 1964 to the early 1970s. Quality expert Philip Crosby later incorporated it into his "
### Absolutes of Quality Management
" and it enjoyed a renaissance in the Americ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Defects |
In algebraic geometry, Cramer's theorem on algebraic curves gives the necessary and sufficient number of points in the real plane falling on an algebraic curve to uniquely determine the curve in non-degenerate cases. This number is
$$
\frac {n(n+3)} 2,
$$
where is the degree of the curve. The theorem is due to Gabrie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramer%27s_theorem_%28algebraic_curves%29 |
The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall envelope shape of the wave's amplitudes—known as the modulation or envelope of the wave—propagates through space.
For example, if a stone is thrown into the middle of a very still pond, a circular pattern of waves with a quiescent center appears in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_velocity |
Path loss, or path attenuation, is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system.
This term is commonly used in wireless communications and signal propagat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_loss |
In fluid dynamics, a cnoidal wave is a nonlinear and exact periodic wave solution of the
### Korteweg–de Vries equation
. These solutions are in terms of the Jacobi elliptic function cn, which is why they are coined cnoidal waves. They are used to describe surface gravity waves of fairly long wavelength, as compared t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnoidal_wave |
TinyOS is an embedded, component-based operating system and platform for low-power wireless devices, such as those used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), smartdust, ubiquitous computing, personal area networks, building automation, and smart meters. It is written in the programming language nesC, as a set of cooperat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyOS |
A disassembler is a computer program that translates machine language into assembly language—the inverse operation to that of an assembler. The output of disassembly is typically formatted for human-readability rather than for input to an assembler, making disassemblers primarily a reverse-engineering tool. Common uses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disassembler |
Maekawa's algorithm is an algorithm for mutual exclusion on a distributed system. The basis of this algorithm is a quorum-like approach where any one site needs only to seek permissions from a subset of other sites.
##
### Algorithm
### Terminology
- A site is any computing device which runs the Maekawa's algorithm
- ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maekawa%27s_algorithm |
In logic, extensionality, or extensional equality, refers to principles that judge objects to be equal if they have the same external properties. It stands in contrast to the concept of intensionality, which is concerned with whether the internal definitions of objects are the same.
## In mathematics
The extensional de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensionality |
In computer science, a record (also called a structure, struct, or compound data type) is a composite data structure a collection of fields, possibly of different data types, typically fixed in number and sequence.
For example, a date could be stored as a record containing a numeric year field, a month field represen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_%28computer_science%29 |
Complexity characterizes the behavior of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, leading to non-linearity, randomness, collective dynamics, hierarchy, and emergence.
The term is generally used to characterize something with many parts where those parts interact with each oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity |
Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is a process level improvement training and appraisal program. Administered by the CMMI Institute, a subsidiary of ISACA, it was developed at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). It is required by many U.S. Government contracts, especially in software development. CMU claims CM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration |
In electrical engineering and control theory, a Bode plot is a graph of the frequency response of a system. It is usually a combination of a Bode magnitude plot, expressing the magnitude (usually in decibels) of the frequency response, and a Bode phase plot, expressing the phase shift.
As originally conceived by Hendr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_plot |
In linear algebra, a sublinear function (or functional as is more often used in functional analysis), also called a quasi-seminorm or a Banach functional, on a vector space
$$
X
$$
is a real-valued function with only some of the properties of a seminorm. Unlike seminorms, a sublinear function does not have to be nonn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublinear_function |
Ekman transport is part of Ekman motion theory, first investigated in 1902 by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Winds are the main source of energy for ocean circulation, and Ekman transport is a component of wind-driven ocean current. Ekman transport occurs when ocean surface waters are influenced by the friction force acting on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekman_transport |
In physics, a standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that oscillates in time but whose peak amplitude profile does not move in space. The peak amplitude of the wave oscillations at any point in space is constant with respect to time, and the oscillations at different points throughout the wave are i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave |
Carnot's theorem, also called Carnot's rule or Carnot's law, is a principle of thermodynamics developed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824 that specifies limits on the maximum efficiency that any heat engine can obtain.
Carnot's theorem states that all heat engines operating between the same two thermal or heat res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot%27s_theorem_%28thermodynamics%29 |
In probability theory and statistics, the modified half-normal distribution (MHN) PPR533225. is a three-parameter family of continuous probability distributions supported on the positive part of the real line. It can be viewed as a generalization of multiple families, including the half-normal distribution, truncated n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_half-normal_distribution |
In quantum mechanics, Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment concerning quantum superposition. In the thought experiment, a hypothetical cat in a closed box may be considered to be simultaneously both alive and dead while it is unobserved, as a result of its fate being linked to a random subatomic event that may or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat |
The microwave auditory effect, also known as the microwave hearing effect or the Frey effect, consists of the human perception of sounds induced by pulsed or modulated radio frequencies. The perceived sounds are generated directly inside the human head without the need of any receiving electronic device. The effect was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_auditory_effect |
Neurophysics (or neurobiophysics) is the branch of biophysics dealing with the development and use of physical methods to gain information about the nervous system. Neurophysics is an interdisciplinary science using physics and combining it with other neurosciences to better understand neural processes.
The methods use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysics |
In mathematics, the Clebsch diagonal cubic surface, or Klein's icosahedral cubic surface, is a non-singular cubic surface, studied by and , all of whose 27 exceptional lines can be defined over the real numbers. The term Klein's icosahedral surface can refer to either this surface or its blowup at the 10 Eckardt point... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clebsch_surface |
A Gantt chart is a bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. It was designed and popularized by Henry Gantt around the years 1910–1915. Modern Gantt charts also show the dependency relationships between activities and the current schedule status.
## Definition
A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantt_chart |
In mathematics, The fundamental theorem of topos theory states that the slice
$$
\mathbf{E} / X
$$
of a topos
$$
\mathbf{E}
$$
over any one of its objects
$$
X
$$
is itself a topos. Moreover, if there is a morphism
$$
f : A \rightarrow B
$$
in
$$
\mathbf{E}
$$
then there is a functor
$$
f^*: \mathbf{E} / B \... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_topos_theory |
Henri Paul Cartan (; 8 July 1904 – 13 August 2008) was a French mathematician who made substantial contributions to algebraic topology.
He was the son of the mathematician Élie Cartan, nephew of mathematician Anna Cartan, oldest brother of composer , physicist and mathematician , and the son-in-law of physicist Pierre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Cartan |
A backward wave oscillator (
## BWO
), also called carcinotron or backward wave tube, is a vacuum tube that is used to generate microwaves up to the terahertz range. Belonging to the traveling-wave tube family, it is an oscillator with a wide electronic tuning range.
An electron gun generates an electron beam that inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator |
A vibration in a string is a wave. Resonance causes a vibrating string to produce a sound with constant frequency, i.e. constant pitch. If the length or tension of the string is correctly adjusted, the sound produced is a musical tone. Vibrating strings are the basis of string instruments such as guitars, cellos, and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_vibration |
MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) is the technology of microscopic devices incorporating both electronic and moving parts. MEMS are made up of components between 1 and 100 micrometres in size (i.e., 0.001 to 0.1 mm), and MEMS devices generally range in size from 20 micrometres to a millimetre (i.e., 0.02 to 1.0 mm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMS |
In power engineering, a single-line diagram (SLD), also sometimes called one-line diagram, is a simplest symbolic representation of an electric power system. A single line in the diagram typically corresponds to more than one physical conductor: in a direct current system the line includes the supply and return paths, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-line_diagram |
In mathematics, the lowest common denominator or least common denominator (abbreviated LCD) is the lowest common multiple of the denominators of a set of fractions. It simplifies adding, subtracting, and comparing fractions.
## Description
The lowest common denominator of a set of fractions is the lowest number that is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest_common_denominator |
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter possessing an electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
In topology and other branches of mathematics, a topological space X is
locally connected if every point admits a neighbourhood basis consisting of open connected sets.
As a stronger notion, the space X is locally path connected if every point admits a neighbourhood basis consisting of open path connected sets.
## Back... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_connected_space |
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (American English), carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (Commonwealth English), carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, carbon-fiber reinforced-thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP), also known as carbon fiber, carbon composite, or just carbon, are extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced plastic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-fiber_reinforced_polymer |
Adhesive, also known as glue, cement, mucilage, or paste, is any non-metallic substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that binds them together and resists their separation.
The use of adhesives offers certain advantages over other binding techniques such as sewing, mechanical fastenings, and wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive |
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) also known as computer-aided modeling or computer-aided machining is the use of software to control machine tools in the manufacturing of work pieces. This is not the only definition for CAM, but it is the most common. It may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing |
Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. (Cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles and surfaces to cling to one another.)
The forces that cause adhesion and cohesion can be divided into several types. The intermolecular forces responsible for the fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion |
In multilinear algebra, a tensor contraction is an operation on a tensor that arises from the canonical pairing of a vector space and its dual. In components, it is expressed as a sum of products of scalar components of the tensor(s) caused by applying the summation convention to a pair of dummy indices that are bound ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_contraction |
Equatorial waves are oceanic and atmospheric waves trapped close to the equator, meaning that they decay rapidly away from the equator, but can propagate in the longitudinal and vertical directions. Wave trapping is the result of the Earth's rotation and its spherical shape which combine to cause the magnitude of the C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_wave |
A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic—specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, Boolean functions, and propositional calculus—which sets out the functional values of logical expressions on each of their functional arguments, that is, for each combination of values taken by their logical variables. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table |
In geometry, the four-vertex theorem states that the curvature along a simple, closed, smooth plane curve has at least four local extrema (specifically, at least two local maxima and at least two local minima). The name of the theorem derives from the convention of calling an extreme point of the curvature function a v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-vertex_theorem |
In computing and telecommunications, a
## char
acter is the internal representation of a character (symbol) used within a computer or system.
Examples of characters include letters, numerical digits, punctuation marks (such as "." or "-"), and whitespace. The concept also includes control characters, which do not corr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_%28computing%29 |
In phylogenetics and computational phylogenetics, maximum parsimony is an optimality criterion under which the phylogenetic tree that minimizes the total number of character-state changes (or minimizes the cost of differentially weighted character-state changes). Under the maximum-parsimony criterion, the optimal tree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_parsimony_%28phylogenetics%29 |
A sonic boom is a sound associated with shock waves created when an object travels through the air faster than the speed of sound. Sonic booms generate enormous amounts of sound energy, sounding similar to an explosion or a thunderclap to the human ear.
The crack of a supersonic bullet passing overhead or the crack of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom |
The generalized Hough transform (GHT), introduced by Dana H. Ballard in 1981, is the modification of the Hough transform using the principle of template matching. The Hough transform was initially developed to detect analytically defined shapes (e.g., line, circle, ellipse etc.). In these cases, we have knowledge of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised_Hough_transform |
In computer science and operations research, a memetic algorithm (MA) is an extension of an evolutionary algorithm (EA) that aims to accelerate the evolutionary search for the optimum. An EA is a metaheuristic that reproduces the basic principles of biological evolution as a computer algorithm in order to solve challen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetic_algorithm |
In mathematics, Fredholm's theorems are a set of celebrated results of Ivar Fredholm in the Fredholm theory of integral equations. There are several closely related theorems, which may be stated in terms of integral equations, in terms of linear algebra, or in terms of the Fredholm operator on Banach spaces.
The Fredho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm%27s_theorem |
Cauchy's theorem is a theorem in geometry, named after Augustin Cauchy. It states that
convex polytopes in three dimensions with congruent corresponding faces must be congruent to each other. That is, any polyhedral net formed by unfolding the faces of the polyhedron onto a flat surface, together with gluing instructi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s_theorem_%28geometry%29 |
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