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In the context of an operating system, a device driver is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer or automaton. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver |
In the mathematical field of mathematical analysis, Lusin's theorem (or Luzin's theorem, named for Nikolai Luzin) or Lusin's criterion states that an almost-everywhere finite function is measurable if and only if it is a continuous function on nearly all its domain. In the informal formulation of J. E. Littlewood, "eve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusin%27s_theorem |
Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions are particular solutions to the wave equation.
The general solution of the electromagnetic wave equation in homogeneous, linear, time-independent media can be written as a linear superposition of plane-waves of different frequencies and polarizations.
The treatment in this article is cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidal_plane-wave_solutions_of_the_electromagnetic_wave_equation |
In differential geometry, conjugate points or focal points are, roughly, points that can almost be joined by a 1-parameter family of geodesics. For example, on a sphere, the north-pole and south-pole are connected by any meridian. Another viewpoint is that conjugate points tell when the geodesics fail to be length-mini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_points |
In mathematics, the Landweber exact functor theorem, named after Peter Landweber, is a theorem in algebraic topology. It is known that a complex orientation of a homology theory leads to a formal group law. The Landweber exact functor theorem (or LEFT for short) can be seen as a method to reverse this process: it const... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landweber_exact_functor_theorem |
In mathematics, specifically in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be a door space if every subset is open or closed (or both). The term comes from the introductory topology mnemonic that "a subset is not like a door: it can be open, closed, both, or neither".
## Properties and examples
Every door s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door_space |
In mathematics, a Hilbert manifold is a manifold modeled on Hilbert spaces. Thus it is a separable Hausdorff space in which each point has a neighbourhood homeomorphic to an infinite dimensional Hilbert space. The concept of a Hilbert manifold provides a possibility of extending the theory of manifolds to infinite-dime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_manifold |
The Milky Way or Milky Way Galaxy is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars in other arms of the galaxy, which are so far away that they cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way |
The ugly duckling theorem is an argument showing that classification is not really possible without some sort of bias. More particularly, it assumes finitely many properties combinable by logical connectives, and finitely many objects; it asserts that any two different objects share the same number of (extensional) pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_duckling_theorem |
In the mathematical area of graph theory, Kőnig's theorem, proved by , describes an equivalence between the maximum matching problem and the minimum vertex cover problem in bipartite graphs. It was discovered independently, also in 1931, by Jenő Egerváry in the more general case of weighted graphs.
## Setting
A vertex ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91nig%27s_theorem_%28graph_theory%29 |
The Richards equation represents the movement of water in unsaturated soils, and is attributed to Lorenzo A. Richards who published the equation in 1931. It is a quasilinear partial differential equation; its analytical solution is often limited to specific initial and boundary conditions. Proof of the existence and un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richards_equation |
Biodynamic agriculture is a form of alternative agriculture based on pseudoscientific and esoteric concepts initially developed in 1924 by Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925). It was the first of the organic farming movements. It treats soil fertility, plant growth, and livestock care as ecologically interrelated tasks, emphasi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture |
In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a semiautomaton is a deterministic finite automaton having inputs but no output. It consists of a set Q of states, a set Σ called the input alphabet, and a function T: Q × Σ → Q called the transition function.
Associated with any semiautomaton is a monoid called the char... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiautomaton |
In order theory, a branch of mathematics, a linear extension of a partial order is a total order (or linear order) that is compatible with the partial order. As a classic example, the lexicographic order of totally ordered sets is a linear extension of their product order.
## Definitions
### Linear extension of a parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_extension |
A cuckoo filter is a space-efficient probabilistic data structure that is used to test whether an element is a member of a set, like a Bloom filter does. False positive matches are possible, but false negatives are not – in other words, a query returns either "possibly in set" or "definitely not in set". A cuckoo filte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoo_filter |
In computer science, declarative programming is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow.
Many languages that apply this style attempt to minimize or eliminate side effects by describing what... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_programming |
Health informatics combines communications, information technology (IT), and health care to enhance patient care and is at the forefront of the medical technological revolution. It can be viewed as a branch of engineering and applied science.
The health domain provides an extremely wide variety of problems that can be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_informatics |
In physics and chemistry, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus. The number of nucleons in a nucleus defines the atom's mass number.
Until the 1960s, nucleons were thought to be elementary particles, not made up of smaller parts. Now they are understood as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon |
Phase modulation (PM) is a signal modulation method for conditioning communication signals for transmission. It encodes a message signal as variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. Phase modulation is one of the two principal forms of angle modulation, together with frequency modulation.
In phase modula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_modulation |
Key exchange (also key establishment) is a method in cryptography by which cryptographic keys are exchanged between two parties, allowing use of a cryptographic algorithm.
If the sender and receiver wish to exchange encrypted messages, each must be equipped to encrypt messages to be sent and decrypt messages received. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_exchange |
In Euclidean geometry, Varignon's theorem holds that the midpoints of the sides of an arbitrary quadrilateral form a parallelogram, called the Varignon parallelogram. It is named after Pierre Varignon, whose proof was published posthumously in 1731.
## Theorem
The midpoints of the sides of an arbitrary quadrilateral fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varignon%27s_theorem |
A block-nested loop (BNL) is an algorithm used to join two relations in a relational database.
This algorithm is a variation of the simple nested loop join and joins two relations
$$
R
$$
and
$$
S
$$
(the "outer" and "inner" join operands, respectively). Suppose
$$
|R| < |S|
$$
. In a traditional nested loop join,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_nested_loop |
While working on the mathematical physics of an interacting, relativistic, quantum field theory, Rudolf Haag developed an argument against the existence of the interaction picture, a result now commonly known as Haag's theorem. Haag's original proof relied on the specific form of then-common field theories, but subsequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haag%27s_theorem |
In plasma physics, an ion acoustic wave is one type of longitudinal oscillation of the ions and electrons in a plasma, much like acoustic waves traveling in neutral gas. However, because the waves propagate through positively charged ions, ion acoustic waves can interact with their electromagnetic fields, as well as si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_acoustic_wave |
In physics, a quantum (: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction. The fundamental notion that a property can be "quantized" is referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization". This means that the magnitude of the physical property can take on only discrete va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum |
Castigliano's method, named after Carlo Alberto Castigliano, is a method for determining the displacements of a linear-elastic system based on the partial derivatives of the energy. The basic concept may be easy to understand by recalling that a change in energy is equal to the causing force times the resulting displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castigliano%27s_method |
In real analysis, a branch of mathematics, Cousin's theorem states that:
If for every point of a closed region (in modern terms, "closed and bounded") there is a circle of finite radius (in modern term, a "neighborhood"), then the region can be divided into a finite number of subregions such that each subregion is inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin%27s_theorem |
In differential geometry, a tensor density or relative tensor is a generalization of the tensor field concept. A tensor density transforms as a tensor field when passing from one coordinate system to another (see tensor field), except that it is additionally multiplied or weighted by a power
$$
W
$$
of the Jacobian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_density |
Recurrence period density entropy (RPDE) is a method, in the fields of dynamical systems, stochastic processes, and time series analysis, for determining the periodicity, or repetitiveness of a signal.
## Overview
Recurrence period density entropy is useful for characterising the extent to which a time series repeats t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrence_period_density_entropy |
In physical oceanography, undertow is the undercurrent that moves offshore while waves approach the shore. Undertow is a natural and universal feature for almost any large body of water; it is a return flow compensating for the onshore-directed average transport of water by the waves in the zone above the wave troughs.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undertow_%28water_waves%29 |
In probability theory and statistics, the Dirichlet negative multinomial distribution is a multivariate distribution on the non-negative integers. It is a multivariate extension of the beta negative binomial distribution. It is also a generalization of the negative multinomial distribution (NM(k, p)) allowing for heter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_negative_multinomial_distribution |
Automobile handling and vehicle handling are descriptions of the way a wheeled vehicle responds and reacts to the inputs of a driver, as well as how it moves along a track or road. It is commonly judged by how a vehicle performs particularly during cornering, acceleration, and braking as well as on the vehicle's direct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_handling |
In measure theory Prokhorov's theorem relates tightness of measures to relative compactness (and hence weak convergence) in the space of probability measures. It is credited to the Soviet mathematician Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov, who considered probability measures on complete separable metric spaces. The term "Prokhor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokhorov%27s_theorem |
Ultimate tensile strength (also called UTS, tensile strength, TS, ultimate strength or in notation) is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. In brittle materials, the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point, whereas in ductile materials, the ult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength |
In computer science, a min-conflicts algorithm is a search algorithm or heuristic method to solve constraint satisfaction problems.
One such algorithm is min-conflicts hill-climbing. Given an initial assignment of values to all the variables of a constraint satisfaction problem (with one or more constraints not satisfi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min-conflicts_algorithm |
Truncated binary encoding is an entropy encoding typically used for uniform probability distributions with a finite alphabet. It is parameterized by an alphabet with total size of number n. It is a slightly more general form of binary encoding when n is not a power of two.
If n is a power of two, then the coded value f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_binary_encoding |
Medoids are representative objects of a data set or a cluster within a data set whose sum of dissimilarities to all the objects in the cluster is minimal. Medoids are similar in concept to means or centroids, but medoids are always restricted to be members of the data set. Medoids are most commonly used on data when a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medoid |
Poly1305 is a universal hash family designed by Daniel J. Bernstein in 2002 for use in cryptography.
As with any universal hash family, Poly1305 can be used as a one-time message authentication code to authenticate a single message using a secret key shared between sender and recipient,
similar to the way that a one-ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly1305 |
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (; ; 17September 182620July 1866) was a German mathematician who made profound contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry. In the field of real analysis, he is mostly known for the first rigorous formulation of the integral, the Riemann integral, and his work on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann |
In mathematical physics, Gleason's theorem shows that the rule one uses to calculate probabilities in quantum physics, the Born rule, can be derived from the usual mathematical representation of measurements in quantum physics together with the assumption of non-contextuality. Andrew M. Gleason first proved the theorem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleason%27s_theorem |
Comb sort is a relatively simple sorting algorithm originally designed by Włodzimierz Dobosiewicz and Artur Borowy in 1980, later rediscovered (and given the name "Combsort") by Stephen Lacey and Richard Box in 1991. Comb sort improves on bubble sort in the same way that Shellsort improves on insertion sort, in that th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb_sort |
In electrical engineering and computer science, Lloyd's algorithm, also known as Voronoi iteration or relaxation, is an algorithm named after Stuart P. Lloyd for finding evenly spaced sets of points in subsets of Euclidean spaces and partitions of these subsets into well-shaped and uniformly sized convex cells. Like t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_algorithm |
The chakravala method () is a cyclic algorithm to solve indeterminate quadratic equations, including Pell's equation. It is commonly attributed to Bhāskara II, (c. 1114 – 1185 CE)Kumar, page 23 although some attribute it to Jayadeva (c. 950 ~ 1000 CE). Jayadeva pointed out that Brahmagupta's approach to solving equati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakravala_method |
In computer science, the Fibonacci search technique is a method of searching a sorted array using a divide and conquer algorithm that narrows down possible locations with the aid of Fibonacci numbers. Compared to binary search where the sorted array is divided into two equal-sized parts, one of which is examined furthe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_search_technique |
A phonon is a collective excitation in a periodic, elastic arrangement of atoms or molecules in condensed matter, specifically in solids and some liquids. In the context of optically trapped objects, the quantized vibration mode can be defined as phonons as long as the modal wavelength of the oscillation is smaller tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon |
The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) describes the statistical behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium; it was devised by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872.
The classic example of such a system is a fluid with temperature gradients in space causing heat to flow from hotter regio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_equation |
In mathematics, an asymmetric relation is a binary relation
$$
R
$$
on a set
$$
X
$$
where for all
$$
a, b \in X,
$$
if
$$
a
$$
is related to
$$
b
$$
then
$$
b
$$
is not related to
$$
a.
$$
## Formal definition
### Preliminaries
A binary relation on
$$
X
$$
is any subset
$$
R
$$
of
$$
X \times X.
$$
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_relation |
In control theory and stability theory, the Nyquist stability criterion or Strecker–Nyquist stability criterion, independently discovered by the German electrical engineer at Siemens in 1930 and the Swedish-American electrical engineer Harry Nyquist at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1932, is a graphical technique for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_stability_criterion |
In the mathematical field of topology, a section (or cross section) of a fiber bundle
$$
E
$$
is a continuous right inverse of the projection function
$$
\pi
$$
. In other words, if
$$
E
$$
is a fiber bundle over a base space,
$$
B
$$
:
$$
\pi \colon E \to B
$$
then a section of that fiber bundle is a continuous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_%28fiber_bundle%29 |
## Multisets
I see that a permutation is an ordered selection with out repetition (injective) and a combination is an unordered selection with out repetition (injective). What is an unordered selection with repetition (non-injective) called? Is there an article for that? WilliamKF 15:48, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
It's a m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ATwelvefold_way |
Theta (, ) uppercase Θ or ; lowercase θ or ; thē̂ta ; Modern: thī́ta ) is the eighth letter of the
## Greek
alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth 𐤈. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9.
Greek
In Ancient Greek, θ represented the aspirated voiceless dental plosive , but in Modern Greek ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta |
Two-terminal components and electrical networks can be connected in series or parallel. The resulting electrical network will have two terminals, and itself can participate in a series or parallel topology. Whether a two-terminal "object" is an electrical component (e.g. a resistor) or an electrical network (e.g. resis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
In probability theory, a beta negative binomial distribution is the probability distribution of a discrete random variable
$$
X
$$
equal to the number of failures needed to get
$$
r
$$
successes in a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials. The probability
$$
p
$$
of success on each trial stays constant within a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_negative_binomial_distribution |
In the physical sciences, the wavenumber (or wave number), also known as repetency, is the spatial frequency of a wave. Ordinary wavenumber is defined as the number of wave cycles divided by length; it is a physical quantity with dimension of reciprocal length, expressed in SI units of cycles per metre or reciprocal me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavenumber |
In combinatorial mathematics, cyclic sieving is a phenomenon in which an integer polynomial evaluated at certain roots of unity counts the rotational symmetries of a finite set. Given a family of cyclic sieving phenomena, the polynomials give a q-analogue for the enumeration of the sets, and often arise from an underl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_sieving |
A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In contrast to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. memory manage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_language |
Measurement is the quantification of attributes of an object or event, which can be used to compare with other objects or events.
In other words, measurement is a process of determining how large or small a physical quantity is as compared to a basic reference quantity of the same kind.
The scope and application of mea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement |
The Hobbesian trap (or Schelling's dilemma) is a theory that explains why preemptive strikes occur between two groups, out of bilateral fear of an imminent attack. Without outside influences, this situation will lead to a fear spiral (catch-22, vicious circle, Nash equilibrium) in which fear will lead to an arms race w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbesian_trap |
Region growing is a simple region-based image segmentation method. It is also classified as a pixel-based image segmentation method since it involves the selection of initial seed points.
This approach to segmentation examines neighboring pixels of initial seed points and determines whether the pixel neighbors should b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_growing |
In plasma physics, waves in plasmas are an interconnected set of particles and fields which propagate in a periodically repeating fashion. A plasma is a quasineutral, electrically conductive fluid. In the simplest case, it is composed of electrons and a single species of positive ions, but it may also contain multiple ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waves_in_plasmas |
Young's modulus (or the Young modulus) is a mechanical property of solid materials that measures the tensile or compressive stiffness when the force is applied lengthwise. It is the modulus of elasticity for tension or axial compression. Young's modulus is defined as the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) applie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s_modulus |
New wave is a music genre that encompasses pop-oriented styles from the
### 1970s
through the
###
### 1980s
. It is considered a lighter and more melodic "broadening of punk culture". It was originally used as a catch-all for the various styles of music that emerged after punk rock. Later, critical consensus favore... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music |
Samplesort is a sorting algorithm that is a divide and conquer algorithm often used in parallel processing systems. Conventional divide and conquer sorting algorithms partitions the array into sub-intervals or buckets. The buckets are then sorted individually and then concatenated together. However, if the array is non... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samplesort |
In computing, Deflate (stylized as DEFLATE, and also called Flate) is a lossless data compression file format that uses a combination of LZ77 and Huffman coding. It was designed by Phil Katz, for version 2 of his PKZIP archiving tool. Deflate was later specified in Request for Comments (RFC) 1951 (1996).
Katz also desi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflate |
In continuum mechanics, wave turbulence is a set of nonlinear waves deviated far from thermal equilibrium. Such a state is usually accompanied by dissipation. It is either decaying turbulence or requires an external source of energy to sustain it. Examples are waves on a fluid surface excited by winds or ships, and wav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_turbulence |
In meteorology, an anemometer () is a device that measures wind speed and direction. It is a common instrument used in weather stations. The earliest known description of an anemometer was by Italian architect and author Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) in 1450.
## History
The anemometer has changed little since its d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemometer |
The q-exponential distribution is a probability distribution arising from the maximization of the Tsallis entropy under appropriate constraints, including constraining the domain to be positive. It is one example of a Tsallis distribution. The q-exponential is a generalization of the exponential distribution in the sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-exponential_distribution |
The vorticity equation of fluid dynamics describes the evolution of the vorticity of a particle of a fluid as it moves with its flow; that is, the local rotation of the fluid (in terms of vector calculus this is the curl of the flow velocity). The governing equation is:where is the material derivative operator, is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticity_equation |
Imprecise probability generalizes probability theory to allow for partial probability specifications, and is applicable when information is scarce, vague, or conflicting, in which case a unique probability distribution may be hard to identify. Thereby, the theory aims to represent the available knowledge more accuratel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprecise_probability |
A Condorcet method (; ) is an election method that elects the candidate who wins a majority of the vote in every head-to-head election against each of the other candidates, whenever there is such a candidate. A candidate with this property, the pairwise champion or beats-all winner, is formally called the Condorcet win... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorcet_method |
In systems engineering and software engineering, requirements analysis focuses on the tasks that determine the needs or conditions to meet the new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating, and managing software... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_analysis |
The ultimatum game is a popular experimental economics game in which two players interact to decide how to divide a sum of money, first described by Nobel laureate John Harsanyi in 1961. The first player, the proposer, proposes a division of the sum with the second player, the responder. The responder can either accept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimatum_game |
In electrodynamics, elliptical polarization is the polarization of electromagnetic radiation such that the tip of the electric field vector describes an ellipse in any fixed plane intersecting, and normal to, the direction of propagation. An elliptically polarized wave may be resolved into two linearly polarized waves ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptical_polarization |
In common usage, the mass of an object is often referred to as its weight, though these are in fact different concepts and quantities. Nevertheless, one object will always weigh more than another with less mass if both are subject to the same gravity (i.e. the same gravitational field strength).
In scientific contexts,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_versus_weight |
In software engineering and computer science, abstraction is the process of generalizing concrete details, such as attributes, away from the study of objects and systems to focus attention on details of greater importance. Abstraction is a fundamental concept in computer science and software engineering, especially wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_%28computer_science%29 |
In probability theory, the Landau distribution is a probability distribution named after Lev Landau.
Because of the distribution's "fat" tail, the moments of the distribution, such as mean or variance, are undefined. The distribution is a particular case of stable distribution.
## Definition
The probability density fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau_distribution |
Fair cake-cutting is a kind of fair division problem. The problem involves a heterogeneous resource, such as a cake with different toppings, that is assumed to be divisible – it is possible to cut arbitrarily small pieces of it without destroying their value. The resource has to be divided among several partners who ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_cake-cutting |
Convection (or convective heat transfer) is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_%28heat_transfer%29 |
The V-model is a graphical representation of a systems development lifecycle. It is used to produce rigorous development lifecycle models and project management models. The V-model falls into three broad categories, the German
### V-Modell
, a general testing model, and the
### US government standard
.
The V-model su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-model |
In computational number theory, the Lucas test is a primality test for a natural number n; it requires that the prime factors of n − 1 be already known. It is the basis of the Pratt certificate that gives a concise verification that n is prime.
## Concepts
Let n be a positive integer. If there exists an integer a, 1 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_primality_test |
Kawasaki's theorem or Kawasaki–Justin theorem is a theorem in the mathematics of paper folding that describes the crease patterns with a single vertex that may be folded to form a flat figure. It states that the pattern is flat-foldable if and only if alternatingly adding and subtracting the angles of consecutive folds... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki%27s_theorem |
The chase is a simple fixed-point algorithm testing and enforcing implication of data dependencies in database systems. It plays important roles in database theory as well as in practice.
It is used, directly or indirectly, on an everyday basis by people who design databases, and it is used in commercial systems to rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_%28algorithm%29 |
As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as – often simply Computus – or as paschalion particularly in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon (a mathematical approximation of the first astronomical full moo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_of_Easter |
In geometry and linear algebra, a principal axis is a certain line in a Euclidean space associated with a ellipsoid or hyperboloid, generalizing the major and minor axes of an ellipse or hyperbola. The principal axis theorem states that the principal axes are perpendicular, and gives a constructive procedure for findin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_axis_theorem |
Cold is the presence of low temperature, especially in the atmosphere. In common usage, cold is often a subjective perception. A lower bound to temperature is absolute zero, defined as 0.00K on the Kelvin scale, an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. This corresponds to on the Celsius scale, on the Fahrenheit s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold |
In mathematics, a commutation theorem for traces explicitly identifies the commutant of a specific von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space in the presence of a trace.
The first such result was proved by Francis Joseph Murray and John von Neumann in the 1930s and applies to the von Neumann algebra generated by a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation_theorem_for_traces |
In mathematics, the binomial coefficients are the positive integers that occur as coefficients in the binomial theorem. Commonly, a binomial coefficient is indexed by a pair of integers and is written
$$
\tbinom{n}{k}.
$$
It is the coefficient of the term in the polynomial expansion of the binomial power ; this coe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient |
In mathematics, real algebraic geometry is the sub-branch of algebraic geometry studying real algebraic sets, i.e. real-number solutions to algebraic equations with real-number coefficients, and mappings between them (in particular real polynomial mappings).
Semialgebraic geometry is the study of semialgebraic sets, i.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_algebraic_geometry |
In materials science Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) may be characterized by the variation in composition and structure gradually over volume, resulting in corresponding changes in the properties of the material. The materials can be designed for specific function and applications. Various approaches based on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionally_graded_material |
In topology, a branch of mathematics, the loop space ΩX of a pointed topological space X is the space of (based) loops in X, i.e. continuous pointed maps from the pointed circle S1 to X, equipped with the compact-open topology. Two loops can be multiplied by concatenation. With this operation, the loop space is an A∞-s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_space |
## Volt
age, also known as (electrical) potential difference, electric pressure, or electric tension, is the difference in electric potential between two points. In a static electric field, it corresponds to the work needed per unit of charge to move a positive test charge from the first point to the second point. In t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
A heat map (or heatmap) is a 2-dimensional data visualization technique that represents the magnitude of individual values within a dataset as a color. The variation in color may be by hue or intensity.
In some applications such as crime analytics or website click-tracking, color is used to represent the density of dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_map |
Privacy engineering is an emerging field of engineering which aims to provide methodologies, tools, and techniques to ensure systems provide acceptable levels of privacy. Its focus lies in organizing and assessing methods to identify and tackle privacy concerns within the engineering of information systems.
In the US, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_engineering |
Diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) is the process whereby particles undergoing a random walk due to Brownian motion cluster together to form aggregates of such particles. This theory, proposed by T.A. Witten Jr. and L.M. Sander in 1981, is applicable to aggregation in any system where diffusion is the primary means o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion-limited_aggregation |
In the mathematical theory of games, in particular the study of zero-sum continuous games, not every game has a minimax value. This is the expected value to one of the players when both play a perfect strategy (which is to choose from a particular PDF).
This article gives an example of a zero-sum game that has no valu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_without_a_value |
In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress–strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_%28engineering%29 |
The Packrat parser is a type of parser that shares similarities with the recursive descent parser in its construction. However, it differs because it takes parsing expression grammars (PEGs) as input rather than LL grammars.
In 1970, Alexander Birman laid the groundwork for packrat parsing by introducing the "TMG recog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packrat_parser |
In social choice theory, May's theorem, also called the general possibility theorem, says that majority vote is the unique ranked social choice function between two candidates that satisfies the following criteria:
- Anonymity – each voter is treated identically,
- Neutrality – each candidate is treated identically,
-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%27s_theorem |
A sibling is a relative that shares at least one parent with the other person. A male sibling is a brother, and a female sibling is a sister. A person with no siblings is an only child.
While some circumstances can cause siblings to be raised separately (such as foster care or adoption), most societies have siblings gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibling |
Autowaves are self-supporting non-linear waves in active media (i.e. those that provide distributed energy sources). The term is generally used in processes where the waves carry relatively low energy, which is necessary for synchronization or switching the active medium.
## Introduction
### Relevance and significanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autowave |
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