text stringlengths 2.13k 184k | source stringlengths 31 108 |
|---|---|
Open-source software (OSS) is computer software that is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software and its source code to anyone and for any purpose. Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative, public manner. Open-sourc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software |
In geometry, the hyperplane separation theorem is a theorem about disjoint convex sets in n-dimensional Euclidean space. There are several rather similar versions. In one version of the theorem, if both these sets are closed and at least one of them is compact, then there is a hyperplane in between them and even two pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane_separation_theorem |
In the mathematical theory of artificial neural networks, universal approximation theorems are theoremsBalázs Csanád Csáji (2001) Approximation with Artificial Neural Networks; Faculty of Sciences; Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary of the following form: Given a family of neural networks, for each function
$$
f
$$
fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_approximation_theorem |
The Rete algorithm ( , , rarely , ) is a pattern matching algorithm for implementing rule-based systems. The algorithm was developed to efficiently apply many rules or patterns to many objects, or facts, in a knowledge base. It is used to determine which of the system's rules should fire based on its data store, its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete_algorithm |
Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs in two isotopes of helium (helium-3 and helium-4) when they are liquefied by cooling ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidity |
A data-flow diagram is a way of representing a flow of data through a process or a system (usually an information system). The DFD also provides information about the outputs and inputs of each entity and the process itself. A data-flow diagram has no control are no decision rules and no loops. Specific operations bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-flow_diagram |
The Morning Glory cloud is a rare meteorological phenomenon consisting of a low-level atmospheric solitary wave and associated cloud, occasionally observed in different locations around the world. The wave often occurs as an amplitude-ordered series of waves forming bands of roll clouds.
The southern part of the Gulf ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Glory_cloud |
Shellsort, also known as Shell sort or Shell's method, is an in-place comparison sort. It can be understood as either a generalization of sorting by exchange (bubble sort) or sorting by insertion (insertion sort). The method starts by sorting pairs of elements far apart from each other, then progressively reducing the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellsort |
+ Selected factorials; values in scientific notation are rounded 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 6 4 24 5 120 6 720 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 25 50 70 100 450 10
In mathematics, the factorial of a non-negative denoted is the product of all positive integ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial |
Matching pennies is a non-cooperative game studied in game theory. It is played between two players, Even and Odd. Each player has a penny and must secretly turn the penny to heads or tails. The players then reveal their choices simultaneously. If the pennies match (both heads or both tails), then Even wins and keep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_pennies |
In mathematics, Liouville's theorem, proved by Joseph Liouville in 1850, is a rigidity theorem about conformal mappings in Euclidean space. It states that every smooth conformal mapping on a domain of R, where n > 2, can be expressed as a composition of translations, similarities, orthogonal transformations and inversi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s_theorem_%28conformal_mappings%29 |
In finance, the Heston model, named after Steven L. Heston, is a mathematical model that describes the evolution of the volatility of an underlying asset. It is a stochastic volatility model: such a model assumes that the volatility of the asset is not constant, nor even deterministic, but follows a random process.
## ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heston_model |
The International System of Units, internationally known by the abbreviation SI (from French ), is the modern form of the metric system and the world's most widely used system of measurement. It is the only system of measurement with official status in nearly every country in the world, employed in science, technology,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units |
In computer science, linear search or sequential search is a method for finding an element within a list. It sequentially checks each element of the list until a match is found or the whole list has been searched.
A linear search runs in linear time in the worst case, and makes at most comparisons, where is the lengt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_search |
In computer programming and software engineering, software brittleness is the increased difficulty in fixing older software that may appear reliable, but instead, fails, when presented with unusual data or data that is altered in a seemingly minor way. The phrase is derived from analogies to brittleness in metalworking... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_brittleness |
An optical disc image (or ISO image, from the ISO 9660 file system used with CD-ROM media) is a disk image that contains everything that would be written to an optical disc, disk sector by disc sector, including the optical disc file system. ISO images contain the binary image of an optical media file system (usually I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_image |
A physical quantity (or simply quantity) is a property of a material or system that can be quantified by measurement. A physical quantity can be expressed as a value, which is the algebraic multiplication of a numerical value and a unit of measurement. For example, the physical quantity mass, symbol m, can be quantifie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_quantity |
In mathematics, the Kolmogorov extension theorem (also known as Kolmogorov existence theorem, the Kolmogorov consistency theorem or the Daniell-Kolmogorov theorem) is a theorem that guarantees that a suitably "consistent" collection of finite-dimensional distributions will define a stochastic process. It is credited to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov_extension_theorem |
A triangular wave or triangle wave is a non-sinusoidal waveform named for its triangular shape. It is a periodic, piecewise linear, continuous real function.
Like a square wave, the triangle wave contains only odd harmonics. However, the higher harmonics roll off much faster than in a square wave (proportional to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_wave |
In geometry, the equal incircles theorem derives from a Japanese Sangaku, and pertains to the following construction: a series of rays are drawn from a given point to a given line such that the inscribed circles of the triangles formed by adjacent rays and the base line are equal. In the illustration the equal blue cir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_incircles_theorem |
In statistics, the multivariate t-distribution (or multivariate Student distribution) is a multivariate probability distribution. It is a generalization to random vectors of the Student's t-distribution, which is a distribution applicable to univariate random variables. While the case of a random matrix could be treate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_t-distribution |
##
Accuracy and precision are two measures of observational error.
Accuracy is how close a given set of measurements (observations or readings) are to their true value.
Precision is how close the measurements are to each other.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines a related measure:
truenes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision |
Medical software is any software item or system used within a medical context. This can include:
- Standalone software used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
- Software used by health care providers to reduce paperwork and offer digital services to patients, e.g., a patient portal.
- Software embedded in a medica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_software |
Rolling is a type of motion that combines rotation (commonly, of an axially symmetric object) and translation of that object with respect to a surface (either one or the other moves), such that, if ideal conditions exist, the two are in contact with each other without sliding.
Rolling where there is no sliding is refer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling |
The D'Hondt method, also called the Jefferson method or the greatest divisors method, is an apportionment method for allocating seats in parliaments among federal states, or in proportional representation among political parties. It belongs to the class of highest-averages methods. Compared to ideal proportional repres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Hondt_method |
In descriptive statistics, the range of a set of data is size of the narrowest interval which contains all the data.
It is calculated as the difference between the largest and smallest values (also known as the sample maximum and minimum).
It is expressed in the same units as the data.
The range provides an indicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_%28statistics%29 |
In computer science, an offset within an array or other data structure object is an integer indicating the distance (displacement) between the beginning of the object and a given element or point, presumably within the same object. The concept of a distance is valid only if all elements of the object are of the same si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_%28computer_science%29 |
In topology, a branch of mathematics, an extension topology is a topology placed on the disjoint union of a topological space and another set. There are various types of extension topology, described in the sections below.
## Extension topology
Let X be a topological space and P a set disjoint from X. Consider in X ∪ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_topology |
Fitness proportionate selection, also known as roulette wheel selection or spinning wheel selection, is a selection technique used in evolutionary algorithms for selecting potentially useful solutions for recombination.
## Method
In fitness proportionate selection, as in all selection methods, the fitness function assi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_proportionate_selection |
In philosophy, the philosophy of physics deals with conceptual and interpretational issues in physics, many of which overlap with research done by certain kinds of theoretical physicists. Historically, philosophers of physics have engaged with questions such as the nature of space, time, matter and the laws that govern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics |
The long and short scales are two powers of ten number naming systems that are consistent with each other for smaller numbers, but are contradictory for larger numbers. Other numbering systems, particularly in East Asia and South Asia, have large number naming that differs from both the long and short scales. Such numb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_and_short_scales |
Statics is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of force and torque acting on a physical system that does not experience an acceleration, but rather is in equilibrium with its environment.
If
$$
\textbf F
$$
is the total of the forces acting on the system,
$$
m
$$
is the mass of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statics |
Self-organization, also called spontaneous order in the social sciences, is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered system. The process can be spontaneous when sufficient energy is available, not needing control by any external agent. It is ofte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organization |
bcrypt is a password-hashing function designed by Niels Provos and David Mazières. It is based on the Blowfish cipher and presented at USENIX in 1999. Besides incorporating a salt to protect against rainbow table attacks, bcrypt is an adaptive function: over time, the iteration count can be increased to make it slower,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt |
Energy development is the field of activities focused on obtaining sources of energy from natural resources. These activities include the production of renewable, nuclear, and fossil fuel derived sources of energy, and for the recovery and reuse of energy that would otherwise be wasted. Energy conservation and efficien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development |
The move-to-front (MTF) transform is an encoding of data (typically a stream of bytes) designed to improve the performance of entropy encoding techniques of compression. When efficiently implemented, it is fast enough that its benefits usually justify including it as an extra step in data compression algorithm.
This a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move-to-front_transform |
Thermal conduction is the diffusion of thermal energy (heat) within one material or between materials in contact. The higher temperature object has molecules with more kinetic energy; collisions between molecules distributes this kinetic energy until an object has the same kinetic energy throughout. Thermal conductivit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conduction |
In mathematics, the degree of a polynomial is the highest of the degrees of the polynomial's monomials (individual terms) with non-zero coefficients. The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables that appear in it, and thus is a non-negative integer. For a univariate polynomial, the degree of the po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial |
A tidal bore, often simply given as bore in context, is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travels up a river or narrow bay, reversing the direction of the river or bay's current. It is a strong tide that pushes up the river, against the current.
## D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_bore |
In mathematics, the Riemann zeta function is a function in complex analysis, which is also important in number theory. It is often denoted
$$
\zeta(s)
$$
and is named after the mathematician Bernhard Riemann. When the argument
$$
s
$$
is a real number greater than one, the zeta function satisfies the equation
$$
\z... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particular_values_of_the_Riemann_zeta_function |
In mathematics, a nilmanifold is a differentiable manifold which has a transitive nilpotent group of diffeomorphisms acting on it. As such, a nilmanifold is an example of a homogeneous space and is diffeomorphic to the quotient space
$$
N/H
$$
, the quotient of a nilpotent Lie group N modulo a closed subgroup H. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilmanifold |
The Ekman spiral is an arrangement of ocean currents: the directions of horizontal current appear to twist as the depth changes. The oceanic wind driven Ekman spiral is the result of a force balance created by a shear stress force, Coriolis force and the water drag. This force balance gives a resulting current of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekman_spiral |
Polymer physics is the field of physics that studies polymers, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, as well as the kinetics of reactions involving degradation of polymers and polymerisation of monomers.Pierre Gilles De Gennes, Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS Ithaca and London, 1979Mic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_physics |
An atom laser is a coherent state of propagating atoms. They are created out of a Bose–Einstein condensate of atoms that are output coupled using various techniques. Much like an optical laser, an atom laser is a coherent beam that behaves like a wave. There has been some argument that the term "atom laser" is misleadi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_laser |
In geometry, the angle bisector theorem is concerned with the relative lengths of the two segments that a triangle's side is divided into by a line that bisects the opposite angle. It equates their relative lengths to the relative lengths of the other two sides of the triangle.
## Theorem
Consider a triangle . Let the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_bisector_theorem |
In physics, the acoustic wave equation is a second-order partial differential equation that governs the propagation of acoustic waves through a material medium resp. a standing wavefield. The equation describes the evolution of acoustic pressure or particle velocity as a function of position and time . A simplified... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_wave_equation |
In mathematics and physics, a soliton is a nonlinear, self-reinforcing, localized wave packet that is , in that it preserves its shape while propagating freely, at constant velocity, and recovers it even after collisions with other such localized wave packets. Its remarkable stability can be traced to a balanced cance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliton |
In physics, the optical theorem is a general law of wave scattering theory, which relates the zero-angle scattering amplitude to the total cross section of the scatterer. It is usually written in the form
$$
\sigma=\frac{4\pi}{k}~\mathrm{Im}\,f(0),
$$
where (0) is the scattering amplitude with an angle of zero, that i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_theorem |
## In meteorology
, an undular bore is a wave disturbance in the Earth's atmosphere and can be seen through unique cloud formations. They normally occur within an area of the atmosphere which is stable in the low levels after an outflow boundary or a cold front moves through.
## In hydraulics
, an undular bore is a ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undular_bore |
In mathematics, the membership function of a fuzzy set is a generalization of the indicator function for classical sets. In fuzzy logic, it represents the degree of truth as an extension of valuation. Degrees of truth are often confused with probabilities, although they are conceptually distinct, because fuzzy truth r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_function_%28mathematics%29 |
Solid modeling (or solid modelling) is a consistent set of principles for mathematical and computer modeling of three-dimensional shapes (solids). Solid modeling is distinguished within the broader related areas of geometric modeling and computer graphics, such as 3D modeling, by its emphasis on physical fidelity. Toge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_modeling |
In formal language theory, a context-free grammar, G, is said to be in Chomsky normal form (first described by Noam Chomsky) if all of its production rules are of the form:
A → BC, or
A → a, or
S → ε,
where A, B, and C are nonterminal symbols, the letter a is a terminal symbol (a symbol that represents a constan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_normal_form |
Sporadic E (abbreviated E or SpE) is an uncommon form of radio propagation using a low level of the Earth's ionosphere that normally does not refract radio waves above about 15 MHz.
Sporadic E propagation reflects signals off relatively small ionization patches in the lower E region located at altitudes of about 95–120... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporadic_E_propagation |
In graph theory, a maximal independent set (MIS) or maximal stable set is an independent set that is not a subset of any other independent set. In other words, there is no vertex outside the independent set that may join it because it is maximal with respect to the independent set property.
For example, in the graph , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_independent_set |
Shamir's secret sharing (SSS) is an efficient secret sharing algorithm for distributing private information (the "secret") among a group. The secret cannot be revealed unless a minimum number of the group's members act together to pool their knowledge. To achieve this, the secret is mathematically divided into parts (t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s_secret_sharing |
In computer networking, a routing table, or routing information base (RIB), is a data table stored in a router or a network host that lists the routes to particular network destinations, and in some cases, metrics (distances) associated with those routes. The routing table contains information about the topology of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_table |
The
## Titchmarsh convolution theorem
describes the properties of the support of the convolution of two functions. It was proven by Edward Charles Titchmarsh in 1926.
Titchmarsh convolution theorem
If
$$
\varphi(t)\,
$$
and
$$
\psi(t)
$$
are integrable functions, such that
$$
\varphi * \psi = \int_0^x \varphi(t)\... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titchmarsh_convolution_theorem |
In the branch of mathematics called order theory, a modular lattice is a lattice that satisfies the following self-dual condition,
Modular law implies
where are arbitrary elements in the lattice, ≤ is the partial order, and ∨ and ∧ (called join and meet respectively) are the operations of the lattice. This phra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_lattice |
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a signal modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting messages with a radio wave. In amplitude modulation, the instantaneous amplitude of the wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal, such as an audio signal. This technique contras... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation |
An engineering society is a professional organization for engineers of various disciplines. Some are umbrella type organizations which accept many different disciplines, while others are discipline-specific. Many award professional designations, such as
## Europe
an Engineer, professional engineer, chartered engineer,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_societies |
In mathematics, the Thurston boundary of Teichmüller space of a surface is obtained as the boundary of its closure in the projective space of functionals on simple closed curves on the surface.
### The Thurston boundary
can be interpreted as the space of projective measured foliations on the surface.
The Thurston bou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_boundary |
In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave to a sequence of "samples".
A sample is a value of the signal at a point in time and/or space; this definition differs from the term's usage in statistics, which refe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_%28signal_processing%29 |
In probability theory and statistics, the noncentral chi distribution is a noncentral generalization of the chi distribution. It is also known as the generalized Rayleigh distribution.
## Definition
If
$$
X_i
$$
are k independent, normally distributed random variables with means
$$
\mu_i
$$
and variances
$$
\sigm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncentral_chi_distribution |
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or ) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. This software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design |
The new wave of American heavy metal (also known as NWOAHM and new wave of American metal) was a heavy metal music movement that originated in the United States during the early–mid 1990s and expanded most in the early to mid-2000s. Some of the bands considered part of the movement had formed as early as the late 1980s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_of_American_heavy_metal |
In mathematics, a symmetric tensor is an unmixed tensor that is invariant under a permutation of its vector arguments:
$$
T(v_1,v_2,\ldots,v_r) = T(v_{\sigma 1},v_{\sigma 2},\ldots,v_{\sigma r})
$$
for every permutation σ of the symbols Alternatively, a symmetric tensor of order r represented in coordinates as a quan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_tensor |
In theoretical linguistics and computational linguistics, probabilistic context free grammars (PCFGs) extend context-free grammars, similar to how hidden Markov models extend regular grammars. Each production is assigned a probability. The probability of a derivation (parse) is the product of the probabilities of the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_context-free_grammar |
In computer science, a hashed array tree (HAT) is a dynamic array data-structure published by Edward Sitarski in 1996, maintaining an array of separate memory fragments (or "leaves") to store the data elements, unlike simple dynamic arrays which maintain their data in one contiguous memory area. Its primary objective i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashed_array_tree |
In the mathematical area of game theory and of convex optimization, a minimax theorem is a theorem that claims that
$$
\max_{x\in X} \min_{y\in Y} f(x,y) = \min_{y\in Y} \max_{x\in X}f(x,y)
$$
under certain conditions on the sets
$$
X
$$
and
$$
Y
$$
and on the function
$$
f
$$
. It is always true that the left-han... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax_theorem |
Delta waves are high amplitude neural oscillations with a frequency between 0.5 and 4 hertz. Delta waves, like other brain waves, can be recorded with electroencephalography (EEG) and are usually associated with the deep stage 3 of NREM sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS), and aid in characterizing the depth of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_wave |
In mathematics, the polylogarithm (also known as Jonquière's function, for Alfred Jonquière) is a special function of order and argument . Only for special values of does the polylogarithm reduce to an elementary function such as the natural logarithm or a rational function. In quantum statistics, the polylogarithm ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylogarithm |
In abstract algebra, the focal subgroup theorem describes the fusion of elements in a Sylow subgroup of a finite group. The focal subgroup theorem was introduced in and is the "first major application of the transfer" according to . The focal subgroup theorem relates the ideas of transfer and fusion such as describe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_subgroup_theorem |
Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline, James Keeler, said, astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in spac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics |
A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a significant ejection of plasma mass from the Sun's corona into the heliosphere. CMEs are often associated with solar flares and other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established.
If a CME enters interplaneta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection |
In mathematics, a bilinear form is a bilinear map on a vector space (the elements of which are called vectors) over a field K (the elements of which are called scalars). In other words, a bilinear form is a function that is linear in each argument separately:
- and
- and
The dot product on
$$
\R^n
$$
is an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_form |
In coding theory, the Kraft–McMillan inequality gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a prefix code (in Leon G. Kraft's version) or a uniquely decodable code (in Brockway McMillan's version) for a given set of codeword lengths. Its applications to prefix codes and trees often find use in compu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft%E2%80%93McMillan_inequality |
In differential geometry, Hilbert's theorem (1901) states that there exists no complete regular surface
$$
S
$$
of constant negative gaussian curvature
$$
K
$$
immersed in
$$
\mathbb{R}^{3}
$$
. This theorem answers the question for the negative case of which surfaces in
$$
\mathbb{R}^{3}
$$
can be obtained by i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s_theorem_%28differential_geometry%29 |
The Z notation is a formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems. It is targeted at the clear specification of computer programs and computer-based systems in general.
## History
In 1974, Jean-Raymond Abrial published "Data Semantics". He used a notation that would later be taught ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_notation |
In physics, critical phenomena is the collective name associated with the
physics of critical points. Most of them stem from the divergence of the
correlation length, but also the dynamics slows down. Critical phenomena include scaling relations among different quantities, power-law divergences of some quantities (suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_phenomena |
In mathematics, the transitive closure of a homogeneous binary relation on a set is the smallest relation on that contains and is transitive. For finite sets, "smallest" can be taken in its usual sense, of having the fewest related pairs; for infinite sets is the unique minimal transitive superset of .
For exampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_closure |
In computer science, the Cocke–Younger–Kasami algorithm (alternatively called CYK, or CKY) is a parsing algorithm for context-free grammars published by Itiroo Sakai in 1961.Itiroo Sakai, “Syntax in universal translation”. In Proceedings 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYK_algorithm |
A rolling hash (also known as recursive hashing or rolling checksum) is a hash function where the input is hashed in a window that moves through the input.
A few hash functions allow a rolling hash to be computed very quickly—the new hash value is rapidly calculated given only the old hash value, the old value removed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_hash |
In mathematics, two elements x and y of a set P are said to be comparable with respect to a binary relation ≤ if at least one of x ≤ y or y ≤ x is true. They are called incomparable if they are not comparable.
## Rigorous definition
A binary relation on a set
$$
P
$$
is by definition any subset
$$
R
$$
of
$$
P \... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparability |
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, Buzen's algorithm (or convolution algorithm) is an algorithm for calculating the normalization constant G(N) in the Gordon–Newell theorem. This method was first proposed by Jeffrey P. Buzen in his 1971 PhD dissertation and subsequently pub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzen%27s_algorithm |
Quantum statistical mechanics is statistical mechanics applied to quantum mechanical systems.
## Expectation
In quantum mechanics a statistical ensemble (probability distribution over possible quantum states) is described by a density operator S, which is a non-negative, self-adjoint, trace-class operator of trace 1 o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics |
In computing, multitasking is the concurrent execution of multiple tasks (also known as processes) over a certain period of time. New tasks can interrupt already started ones before they finish, instead of waiting for them to end. As a result, a computer executes segments of multiple tasks in an interleaved manner, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking |
Branching, in version control and software configuration management, is the duplication of an object under version control (such as a source code file or a directory tree). Each object can thereafter be modified separately and in parallel so that the objects become different. In this context the objects are called bran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_%28version_control%29 |
Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.
## Paradigm summaries
A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.
- Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages |
In mathematics, Diophantine geometry is the study of Diophantine equations by means of powerful methods in algebraic geometry. By the 20th century it became clear for some mathematicians that methods of algebraic geometry are ideal tools to study these equations. Diophantine geometry is part of the broader field of ari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine_geometry |
In computer science and operations research, the bees algorithm is a population-based search algorithm which was developed by Pham, Ghanbarzadeh et al. in 2005. It mimics the food foraging behaviour of honey bee colonies. In its basic version the algorithm performs a kind of neighbourhood search combined with global se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bees_algorithm |
In software engineering, coupling is the degree of interdependence between software modules, a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are, and the strength of the relationships between modules. Coupling is not binary but multi-dimensional.
Coupling is usually contrasted with cohesion. Low coupling of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_%28computer_programming%29 |
A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity. The word is derived from the Greek (), literally 'milky', a reference to the
### Milky Way
galaxy that contains the Solar System. Galaxies, averaging an estimated 100 million stars, range in size from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy |
Timsort is a hybrid, stable sorting algorithm, derived from merge sort and insertion sort, designed to perform well on many kinds of real-world data. It was implemented by Tim Peters in 2002 for use in the Python programming language. The algorithm finds subsequences of the data that are already ordered (runs) and uses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsort |
A spacecraft is a vehicle that is designed to fly and operate in outer space. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. All spacecraft except single-stage-to-orbi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft |
Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. Suspension systems must support both road holding/handling and ride quality, which are at odds with each other. The tuning of suspensions involves finding ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_suspension |
Distance is a numerical or occasionally qualitative measurement of how far apart objects, points, people, or ideas are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length or an estimation based on other criteria (e.g. "two counties over"). The term is also frequently used metaphorically to mean a me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance |
Carathéodory's theorem is a theorem in convex geometry. It states that if a point
$$
x
$$
lies in the convex hull
$$
\mathrm{Conv}(P)
$$
of a set
$$
P\subset \R^d
$$
, then
$$
x
$$
lies in some -dimensional simplex with vertices in
$$
P
$$
. Equivalently,
$$
x
$$
can be written as the convex combination of
$... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%27s_theorem_%28convex_hull%29 |
In elementary geometry, the pizza theorem states the equality of two areas that arise when one partitions a disk in a certain way.
The theorem is so called because it mimics a traditional pizza slicing technique. It shows that if two people share a pizza sliced into 8 pieces (or any multiple of 4 greater than 8), and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_theorem |
The New Wave (, ), also called the French New Wave, is a French art film movement that emerged in the late 1950s. The movement was characterized by its rejection of traditional filmmaking conventions in favor of experimentation and a spirit of iconoclasm. New Wave filmmakers explored new approaches to editing, visual s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_New_Wave |
In physics, a trojan wave packet is a wave packet that is nonstationary and nonspreading. It is part of an artificially created system that consists of a nucleus and one or more electron wave packets, and that is highly excited under a continuous electromagnetic field. Its discovery as one of significant contributions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_wave_packet |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.