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In mathematics, the Euler numbers are a sequence En of integers defined by the Taylor series expansion
$$
\frac{1}{\cosh t} = \frac{2}{e^{t} + e^ {-t} } = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{E_n}{n!} \cdot t^n
$$
,
where
$$
\cosh (t)
$$
is the hyperbolic cosine function. The Euler numbers are related to a special value of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_numbers |
In computer science, a suffix array is a sorted array of all suffixes of a string. It is a data structure used in, among others, full-text indices, data-compression algorithms, and the field of bibliometrics.
Suffix arrays were introduced by as a simple, space efficient alternative to suffix trees. They had independen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix_array |
In complex analysis, the monodromy theorem is an important result about analytic continuation of a complex-analytic function to a larger set. The idea is that one can extend a complex-analytic function (from here on called simply analytic function) along curves starting in the original domain of the function and endin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodromy_theorem |
The marginal value theorem (MVT) is an optimality model that usually describes the behavior of an optimally foraging individual in a system where resources (often food) are located in discrete patches separated by areas with no resources. Due to the resource-free space, animals must spend time traveling between patches... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_value_theorem |
Some programming languages provide a complex data type for complex number storage and arithmetic as a built-in (primitive) data type.
## Complex-number arithmetic
A complex variable or value is usually represented as a pair of floating-point numbers. Languages that support a complex data type usually provide special s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_data_type |
In mathematics, a characterization of an object is a set of conditions that, while possibly different from the definition of the object, is logically equivalent to it. To say that "Property P characterizes object X" is to say that not only does X have property P, but that X is the only thing that has property P (i.e., ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterization_%28mathematics%29 |
In geometry, Jung's theorem is an inequality between the diameter of a set of points in any Euclidean space and the radius of the minimum enclosing ball of that set. It is named after Heinrich Jung, who first studied this inequality in 1901. Algorithms also exist to solve the smallest-circle problem explicitly.
## Stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung%27s_theorem |
In mathematics, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number , and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to , denoted or . Similarly, the ceiling function maps to the least integer greater than or equal to , denoted or .
For example, for floor: , , and for ceiling: , and . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions |
Business software (or a business application) is any software or set of computer programs used by business users to perform various business functions. These business applications are used to increase productivity, measure productivity, and perform other business functions accurately.
## Overview
Much business software... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_software |
A mesh network is a local area network topology in which the infrastructure nodes (i.e. bridges, switches, and other infrastructure devices) connect directly, dynamically and non-hierarchically to as many other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently route data to and from clients.
This lack of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking |
In computer science, patience sorting is a sorting algorithm inspired by, and named after, the card game patience. A variant of the algorithm efficiently computes the length of a longest increasing subsequence in a given array.
## Overview
The algorithm's name derives from a simplified variant of the patience card game... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patience_sorting |
The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses proposing that local physical laws and interactions from classical mechanics or connections between neurons alone cannot explain consciousness, positing instead that quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as entanglement and superposition that cause nonloca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind |
In climate science, longwave radiation (LWR) is electromagnetic thermal radiation emitted by Earth's surface, atmosphere, and clouds. It is also referred to as terrestrial radiation. This radiation is in the infrared portion of the spectrum, but is distinct from the shortwave (SW) near-infrared radiation found in sunli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation |
Pointer jumping or path doubling is a design technique for parallel algorithms that operate on pointer structures, such as linked lists and directed graphs. Pointer jumping allows an algorithm to follow paths with a time complexity that is logarithmic with respect to the length of the longest path. It does this by "jum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_jumping |
Unix (, ; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multi-user computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others. Initially intended for use inside the Bell System, AT&T licensed Unix... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix |
In electronics, acoustics, and related fields, the waveform of a signal is the shape of its graph as a function of time, independent of its time and magnitude scales and of any displacement in time.David Crecraft, David Gorham, Electronics, 2nd ed., , CRC Press, 2002, p. 62 Periodic waveforms repeat regularly at a cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveform |
In computer science, the Raita algorithm is a string searching algorithm which improves the performance of Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm. This algorithm preprocesses the string being searched for the pattern, which is similar to Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm. The searching pattern of particular sub-string in a g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raita_algorithm |
In computer science, a succinct data structure is a data structure which uses an amount of space that is "close" to the information-theoretic lower bound, but (unlike other compressed representations) still allows for efficient query operations. The concept was originally introduced by Jacobson to encode bit vectors, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinct_data_structure |
A unit of measurement, or unit of measure, is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same kind of quantity. Any other quantity of that kind can be expressed as a multiple of the unit of measurement.
For example, a length is a ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_measurement |
In Euclidean geometry, Ceva's theorem is a theorem about triangles. Given a triangle , let the lines be drawn from the vertices to a common point (not on one of the sides of ), to meet opposite sides at respectively. (The segments are known as cevians.) Then, using signed lengths of segments,
$$
\frac{\overline{AF}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceva%27s_theorem |
The winnow algorithm is a technique from machine learning for learning a linear classifier from labeled examples. It is very similar to the perceptron algorithm. However, the perceptron algorithm uses an additive weight-update scheme, while Winnow uses a multiplicative scheme that allows it to perform much better whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnow_%28algorithm%29 |
Vector quantization (VQ) is a classical quantization technique from signal processing that allows the modeling of probability density functions by the distribution of prototype vectors. Developed in the early 1980s by Robert M. Gray, it was originally used for data compression. It works by dividing a large set of poin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_quantization |
In mathematics and logic, the term "uniqueness" refers to the property of being the one and only object satisfying a certain condition. This sort of quantification is known as uniqueness quantification or unique existential quantification, and is often denoted with the symbols "∃!" or "∃=1". It is defined to mean there... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniqueness_quantification |
In theoretical computer science, the subgraph isomorphism problem is a computational task in which two graphs
$$
G
$$
and
$$
H
$$
are given as input, and one must determine whether
$$
G
$$
contains a subgraph that is isomorphic to
$$
H
$$
.
Subgraph isomorphism is a generalization of both the maximum clique prob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgraph_isomorphism_problem |
The Archimedes' screw, also known as the Archimedean screw, hydrodynamic screw, water screw or Egyptian screw, is one of the earliest documented hydraulic machines. It was so-named after the Greek mathematician Archimedes who first described it around 234 BC, although the device had been developed in Egypt earlier in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw |
A nondispersive infrared sensor (or NDIR sensor) is a simple spectroscopic sensor often used as a gas detector. It is non-dispersive in the sense that no dispersive element (e.g., a prism, or diffraction grating, as is often present in other spectrometers) is used to separate (like a monochromator) the broadband light ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondispersive_infrared_sensor |
The Fast-Folding Algorithm (FFA) is a computational method primarily utilized in the domain of astronomy for detecting periodic signals.
FFA is designed to reveal repeating or cyclical patterns by "folding" data, which involves dividing the data set into numerous segments, aligning these segments to a common phase, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_folding_algorithm |
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.
Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure |
Pair programming is a software development technique in which two programmers work together at one workstation. One, the driver, writes code while the other, the observer or navigator, reviews each line of code as it is typed in. The two programmers switch roles frequently.
While reviewing, the observer also considers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming |
COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural, and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL |
A zipper is a technique of representing an aggregate data structure so that it is convenient for writing programs that traverse the structure arbitrarily and update its contents, especially in purely functional programming languages. The zipper was described by Gérard Huet in 1997. It includes and generalizes the gap b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipper_%28data_structure%29 |
In theoretical computer science, a circuit is a model of computation in which input values proceed through a sequence of gates, each of which computes a function. Circuits of this kind provide a generalization of Boolean circuits and a mathematical model for digital logic circuits. Circuits are defined by the gates the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_%28computer_science%29 |
Electric power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy within a circuit. Its SI unit is the watt, the general unit of power, defined as one joule per second. Standard prefixes apply to watts as with other SI units: thousands, millions and billions of watts are called kilowatts, megawatts and gigawatts respectively... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
Graham's number is an immense number that arose as an upper bound on the answer of a problem in the mathematical field of Ramsey theory. It is much larger than many other large numbers such as Skewes's number and Moser's number, both of which are in turn much larger than a googolplex. As with these, it is so large that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%27s_number |
In probability theory and statistics, the continuous uniform distributions or rectangular distributions are a family of symmetric probability distributions. Such a distribution describes an experiment where there is an arbitrary outcome that lies between certain bounds. The bounds are defined by the parameters,
$$
a
$... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_uniform_distribution |
Shear stress (often denoted by , Greek: tau) is the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section. It arises from the shear force, the component of force vector parallel to the material cross section. Normal stress, on the other hand, arises from the force vector component perpendicular to the material cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stress |
In kinematics, the speed (commonly referred to as v) of an object is the magnitude of the change of its position over time or the magnitude of the change of its position per unit of time; it is thus a non-negative scalar quantity. The average speed of an object in an interval of time is the distance travelled by the ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed |
In mathematics, a finite topological space is a topological space for which the underlying point set is finite. That is, it is a topological space which has only finitely many elements.
Finite topological spaces are often used to provide examples of interesting phenomena or counterexamples to plausible sounding conject... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_topological_space |
In geometric topology, Busemann functions are used to study the large-scale geometry of geodesics in Hadamard spaces and in particular Hadamard manifolds (simply connected complete Riemannian manifolds of nonpositive curvature). They are named after Herbert Busemann, who introduced them; he gave an extensive treatment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busemann_function |
In computer science, an x-fast trie is a data structure for storing integers from a bounded domain. It supports exact and predecessor or successor queries in time O(log log M), using O(n log M) space, where n is the number of stored values and M is the maximum value in the domain. The structure was proposed by Dan Will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-fast_trie |
In mathematics, the pigeonhole principle states that if items are put into containers, with , then at least one container must contain more than one item. For example, of three gloves, at least two must be right-handed or at least two must be left-handed, because there are three objects but only two categories of han... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhole_principle |
In mathematics, the Tits metric is a metric defined on the ideal boundary of an Hadamard space (also called a complete CAT(0) space). It is named after Jacques Tits.
## Ideal boundary of an Hadamard space
Let (X, d) be an Hadamard space. Two geodesic rays c1, c2 : [0, ∞] → X are called asymptotic if they stay within a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tits_metric |
In mathematics, infinitary combinatorics, or combinatorial set theory, is an extension of ideas in combinatorics to infinite sets.
Some of the things studied include continuous graphs and trees, extensions of Ramsey's theorem, and Martin's axiom.
Recent developments concern combinatorics of the continuum and combinator... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitary_combinatorics |
In probability theory and statistics, Student's distribution (or simply the distribution)
$$
t_\nu
$$
is a continuous probability distribution that generalizes the standard normal distribution. Like the latter, it is symmetric around zero and bell-shaped.
However,
$$
t_\nu
$$
has heavier tails, and the amount of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-distribution |
In computer science, purely functional programming usually designates a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that treats all computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions.
Program state and mutable objects are usually modeled with temporal logic, as explicit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purely_functional_programming |
A video game or computer game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device (such as a joystick, controller, keyboard, or motion sensing device) to generate visual feedback from a display device, most commonly shown in a video format on a television set, computer monitor, flat-pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game |
In mathematics, the Poincaré lemma gives a sufficient condition for a closed differential form to be exact (while an exact form is necessarily closed). Precisely, it states that every closed p-form on an open ball in Rn is exact for p with . The lemma was introduced by Henri Poincaré in 1886.
## Informal Discussion
Esp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_lemma |
In mathematics, Sullivan conjecture or Sullivan's conjecture on maps from classifying spaces can refer to any of several results and conjectures prompted by homotopy theory work of Dennis Sullivan. A basic theme and motivation concerns the fixed point set in group actions of a finite group
$$
G
$$
. The most elementar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_conjecture |
A conc-tree Prokopec A. (2014) Data Structures and Algorithms for Data-Parallel Computing in a Managed Runtime. Doctoral Thesis, 2014 is a data structure that stores element sequences, and provides amortized O(1) time append and prepend operations, O(log n) time insert and remove operations and O(log n) time concatenat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conc-tree_list |
The match rating approach (MRA) is a phonetic algorithm for indexing of words by their pronunciation developed by Western Airlines in 1977 for the indexation and comparison of homophonous names.
The algorithm itself has a simple set of encoding rules but a more lengthy set of comparison rules.
The main mechanism is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_rating_approach |
A preferential attachment process is any of a class of processes in which some quantity, typically some form of wealth or credit, is distributed among a number of individuals or objects according to how much they already have, so that those who are already wealthy receive more than those who are not.
"Preferential at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_attachment |
In computer science, a weak heap is a data structure for priority queues, combining features of the binary heap and binomial heap. It can be stored in an array as an implicit binary tree like a binary heap, and has the efficiency guarantees of binomial heaps.
A sorting algorithm using weak heaps, weak-heapsort, uses a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_heap |
In computer science, a soft heap is a variant on the simple heap data structure that has constant amortized time complexity for 5 types of operations. This is achieved by carefully "corrupting" (increasing) the keys of at most a constant number of values in the heap.
## Definition and performance
The constant time oper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_heap |
A causal loop diagram (CLD) is a causal diagram that visualizes how different variables in a system are causally interrelated. The diagram consists of a set of words and arrows. Causal loop diagrams are accompanied by a narrative which describes the causally closed situation the CLD describes. Closed loops, or causal f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_loop_diagram |
In computer programming, an unrolled linked list is a variation on the linked list which stores multiple elements in each node. It can dramatically increase cache performance, while decreasing the memory overhead associated with storing list metadata such as references. It is related to the B-tree.
## Overview
A typic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrolled_linked_list |
A bit array (also known as bitmask, bit map, bit set, bit string, or bit vector) is an array data structure that compactly stores bits. It can be used to implement a simple set data structure. A bit array is effective at exploiting bit-level parallelism in hardware to perform operations quickly. A typical bit array st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_array |
Refrigeration is any of various types of cooling of a space, substance, or system to lower and/or maintain its temperature below the ambient one (while the removed heat is ejected to a place of higher temperature).ASHRAE Terminology, https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/free-resources/ashrae-terminology Refrigera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration |
The Elliott wave principle, or Elliott wave theory, is a form of technical analysis that helps financial traders analyze market cycles and forecast market trends by identifying extremes in investor psychology and price levels, such as highs and lows, by looking for patterns in prices. Ralph Nelson Elliott (1871–1948), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a G-network (generalized queueing network, often called a Gelenbe network) is an open network of G-queues first introduced by Erol Gelenbe as a model for queueing systems with specific control functions, such as traffic re-routing or traff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-network |
Ultrasound is sound with frequencies greater than 20 kilohertz. This frequency is the approximate upper audible limit of human hearing in healthy young adults. The physical principles of acoustic waves apply to any frequency range, including ultrasound. Ultrasonic devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to seve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound |
In spectroscopy, the
### Rydberg constant
, symbol
$$
R_\infty
$$
for
heavy atoms or
$$
R_\text{H}
$$
for hydrogen, named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg, is a physical constant relating to the electromagnetic spectra of an atom. The constant first arose as an empirical fitting parameter in the Rydbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_constant |
In physics, refraction is the redirection of a wave as it passes from one medium to another. The redirection can be caused by the wave's change in speed or by a change in the medium. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound waves and water waves also experience refract... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction |
The signal velocity is the speed at which a wave carries information. It describes how quickly a message can be communicated (using any particular method) between two separated parties. No signal velocity can exceed the speed of a light pulse in a vacuum (by special relativity).
Signal velocity is usually equal to gro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_velocity |
In probability theory and statistics, the F-distribution or F-ratio, also known as Snedecor's F distribution or the Fisher–Snedecor distribution (after Ronald Fisher and George W. Snedecor), is a continuous probability distribution that arises frequently as the null distribution of a test statistic, most notably in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-distribution |
A summed-area table is a data structure and algorithm for quickly and efficiently generating the sum of values in a rectangular subset of a grid. In the image processing domain, it is also known as an integral image. It was introduced to computer graphics in 1984 by Frank Crow for use with mipmaps. In computer vision i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summed-area_table |
In proving results in combinatorics several useful combinatorial rules or combinatorial principles are commonly recognized and used.
The rule of sum, rule of product, and inclusion–exclusion principle are often used for enumerative purposes.
## Bijective proof
s are utilized to demonstrate that two sets have the same ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_principles |
In game theory, a simultaneous game or static game is a game where each player chooses their action without knowledge of the actions chosen by other players. Simultaneous games contrast with sequential games, which are played by the players taking turns (moves alternate between players). In other words, both players no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_game |
In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light. This technique enables bidirectional communications over a single strand of fiber (also ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing |
In geometry and topology, it is a usual axiom of a manifold to be a Hausdorff space. In general topology, this axiom is relaxed, and one studies non-Hausdorff manifolds: spaces locally homeomorphic to Euclidean space, but not necessarily Hausdorff.
## Examples
### Line with two origins
The most familiar non-Hausdorff m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hausdorff_manifold |
Faraday waves, also known as Faraday ripples, named after Michael Faraday (1791–1867), are nonlinear standing waves that appear on liquids enclosed by a vibrating receptacle. When the vibration frequency exceeds a critical value, the flat hydrostatic surface becomes unstable. This is known as the Faraday instability. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_wave |
Query optimization is a feature of many relational database management systems and other databases such as NoSQL and graph databases. The query optimizer attempts to determine the most efficient way to execute a given query by considering the possible query plans.
Generally, the query optimizer cannot be accessed direc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_optimization |
The public goods game is a standard of experimental economics. In the basic game, subjects secretly choose how many of their private tokens to put into a public pot. The payoff of each player is her "private consumption" (her endowment minus her contribution) plus her benefit from the "public good" (the sum of contribu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_goods_game |
Engineering economics, previously known as engineering economy, is a subset of economics concerned with the use and "...application of economic principles" in the analysis of engineering decisions. As a discipline, it is focused on the branch of economics known as microeconomics in that it studies the behavior of indiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_economics |
In algebra, a cubic equation in one variable is an equation of the form
$$
ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0
$$
in which is not zero.
The solutions of this equation are called roots of the cubic function defined by the left-hand side of the equation. If all of the coefficients , , , and of the cubic equation are real numbers, then it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_equation |
The Mittag-Leffler distributions are two families of probability distributions on the half-line
$$
[0,\infty)
$$
. They are parametrized by a real
$$
\alpha \in (0, 1]
$$
or
$$
\alpha \in [0, 1]
$$
. Both are defined with the Mittag-Leffler function, named after Gösta Mittag-Leffler.
## The Mittag-Leffler function
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittag-Leffler_distribution |
In geometry, the notion of a connection makes precise the idea of transporting local geometric objects, such as tangent vectors or tensors in the tangent space, along a curve or family of curves in a parallel and consistent manner. There are various kinds of connections in modern geometry, depending on what sort of dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_%28mathematics%29 |
In game theory, the
### Nash equilibrium
is the most commonly used solution concept for non-cooperative games. A Nash equilibrium is a situation where no player could gain by changing their own strategy (holding all other players' strategies fixed). The idea of Nash equilibrium dates back to the time of Cournot, who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibrium |
In topology, the split interval, or double arrow space, is a topological space that results from splitting each point in a closed interval into two adjacent points and giving the resulting ordered set the order topology. It satisfies various interesting properties and serves as a useful counterexample in general topol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_interval |
In computing, the count–min sketch (CM sketch) is a probabilistic data structure that serves as a frequency table of events in a stream of data. It uses hash functions to map events to frequencies, but unlike a hash table uses only sub-linear space, at the expense of overcounting some events due to collisions. The coun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count%E2%80%93min_sketch |
The rational unified process (RUP) is an iterative software development process framework created by the Rational Software Corporation, a division of IBM since 2003. RUP is not a single concrete prescriptive process, but rather an adaptable process framework, intended to be tailored by the development organizations and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_unified_process |
In mathematics, the Robinson–Schensted correspondence is a bijective correspondence between permutations and pairs of standard Young tableaux of the same shape. It has various descriptions, all of which are of algorithmic nature, it has many remarkable properties, and it has applications in combinatorics and other area... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson%E2%80%93Schensted_correspondence |
In order theory, a partially ordered set X is said to satisfy the countable chain condition, or to be ccc, if every strong antichain in X is countable.
## Overview
There are really two conditions: the upwards and downwards countable chain conditions. These are not equivalent. The countable chain condition means the do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_chain_condition |
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol , H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge). Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio). Protons and neutrons, each with a mass of approximately one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton |
In bioinformatics, k-mers are substrings of length contained within a biological sequence. Primarily used within the context of computational genomics and sequence analysis, in which k-mers are composed of nucleotides (i.e. A, T, G, and C), k-mers are capitalized upon to assemble DNA sequences, improve heterologous ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-mer |
In software engineering, code coverage, also called test coverage, is a percentage measure of the degree to which the source code of a program is executed when a particular test suite is run. A program with high code coverage has more of its source code executed during testing, which suggests it has a lower chance of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_coverage |
A torsion spring is a spring that works by twisting its end along its axis; that is, a flexible elastic object that stores mechanical energy when it is twisted. When it is twisted, it exerts a torque in the opposite direction, proportional to the amount (angle) it is twisted. There are various types:
- A torsion bar i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_spring |
Reflection seismology (or seismic reflection) is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. The method requires a controlled seismic source of energy, such as dynamite or Tovex blast, a specialized air gun ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_seismology |
Edgeworth's limit theorem is an economic theorem, named after Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, stating that the core of an economy shrinks to the set of Walrasian equilibria as the number of agents increases to infinity.
That is, among all possible outcomes which may result from free market exchange or barter between groups o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth%27s_limit_theorem |
A waveguide flange is a connector for joining sections of waveguide, and is essentially the same as a pipe flange—a waveguide, in the context of this article, being a hollow metal conduit for microwave energy. The connecting face of the flange is either square, circular or (particularly for large or reduced-height rect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide_flange |
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 |
In kinetics, König's theorem or König's decomposition is a mathematical relation derived by Johann Samuel König that assists with the calculations of angular momentum and kinetic energy of bodies and systems of particles.
## For a system of particles
The theorem is divided in two parts.
### First part of König's theor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nig%27s_theorem_%28kinetics%29 |
In physics, scattering is a wide range of physical processes where moving particles or radiation of some form, such as light or sound, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by localized non-uniformities (including particles and radiation) in the medium through which they pass. In conventional use, this also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering |
The Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to the presence of an external electric field. It is the electric-field analogue of the Zeeman effect, where a spectral line is split into several components due to the presence of the magnetic field. Although initially coined f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark_effect |
Network congestion in data networking and queueing theory is the reduced quality of service that occurs when a network node or link is carrying more data than it can handle. Typical effects include queueing delay, packet loss or the blocking of new connections. A consequence of congestion is that an incremental increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestion |
In computer science, a 2–3–4 tree (also called a 2–4 tree) is a self-balancing data structure that can be used to implement dictionaries. The numbers mean a tree where every node with children (internal node) has either two, three, or four child nodes:
- a 2-node has one data element, and if internal has two child node... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E2%80%933%E2%80%934_tree |
In topology, a branch of mathematics, approach spaces are a generalization of metric spaces, based on point-to-set distances, instead of point-to-point distances. They were introduced by Robert Lowen in 1989, in a series of papers on approach theory between 1988 and 1995.
## Definition
Given a metric space (X, d), or m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approach_space |
The method of exhaustion () is a method of finding the area of a shape by inscribing inside it a sequence of polygons (one at a time) whose areas converge to the area of the containing shape. If the sequence is correctly constructed, the difference in area between the nth polygon and the containing shape will become ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion |
In computer science, a circular buffer, circular queue, cyclic buffer or ring buffer is a data structure that uses a single, fixed-size buffer as if it were connected end-to-end. This structure lends itself easily to buffering data streams. There were early circular buffer implementations in hardware.
## Overview
A cir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_buffer |
Spike-and-wave is a pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike-and-wave |
Seismology (; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós) meaning "earthquake" and -λογία (-logía) meaning "study of") is the scientific study of earthquakes (or generally, quakes) and the generation and propagation of elastic waves through planetary bodies. It also includes studies of the environmental effects of earthquakes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismology |
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