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The waterfall model is a breakdown of developmental activities into linear sequential phases, meaning that each phase is passed down onto each other, where each phase depends on the deliverables of the previous one and corresponds to a specialization of tasks.
This approach is typical for certain areas of engineering d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_model |
Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration. The substances of interest include any chemical xenob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics |
Complete-linkage clustering is one of several methods of agglomerative hierarchical clustering. At the beginning of the process, each element is in a cluster of its own. The clusters are then sequentially combined into larger clusters until all elements end up being in the same cluster. The method is also known as fart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete-linkage_clustering |
In probability theory and statistics, the hyperbolic secant distribution is a continuous probability distribution whose probability density function and characteristic function are proportional to the hyperbolic secant function. The hyperbolic secant function is equivalent to the reciprocal hyperbolic cosine, and thus ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_secant_distribution |
Sound can be recorded and stored and played using either digital or analog techniques. Both techniques introduce errors and distortions in the sound, and these methods can be systematically compared. Musicians and listeners have argued over the superiority of digital versus analog sound recordings. Arguments for analog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording |
Soft matter or soft condensed matter is a type of matter that can be deformed or structurally altered by thermal or mechanical stress which is of similar magnitude to thermal fluctuations.
The science of soft matter is a subfield of condensed matter physics. Soft materials include liquids, colloids, polymers, foams, ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_matter |
In electrical engineering and electronics, a network is a collection of interconnected components. Network analysis is the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, all network components. There are many techniques for calculating these values; however, for the most part, the techniques assume ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_analysis_%28electrical_circuits%29 |
Round-robin (RR) is one of the algorithms employed by process and network schedulers in computing.Guowang Miao, Jens Zander, Ki Won Sung, and Ben Slimane, Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks, Cambridge University Press, , 2016.
As the term is generally used, time slices (also known as time quanta) are assigned to each... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling |
In 4-dimensional topology, a branch of mathematics, Rokhlin's theorem states that if a smooth, orientable, closed 4-manifold M has a spin structure (or, equivalently, the second Stiefel–Whitney class
$$
w_2(M)
$$
vanishes), then the signature of its intersection form, a quadratic form on the second cohomology group
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokhlin%27s_theorem |
The fundamental theorems of asset pricing (also: of arbitrage, of finance), in both financial economics and mathematical finance, provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a market to be arbitrage-free, and for a market to be complete. An arbitrage opportunity is a way of making money with no initial investment w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_asset_pricing |
In probability theory and statistics, a copula is a multivariate cumulative distribution function for which the marginal probability distribution of each variable is uniform on the interval [0, 1]. Copulas are used to describe/model the dependence (inter-correlation) between random variables. Their name, introduced by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_%28statistics%29 |
The kinetic theory of gases is a simple classical model of the thermodynamic behavior of gases. Its introduction allowed many principal concepts of thermodynamics to be established. It treats a gas as composed of numerous particles, too small to be seen with a microscope, in constant, random motion. These particles are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases |
YouTube is an American social media and online video sharing platform owned by Google. YouTube was founded on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim, three former employees of PayPal. Headquartered in San Bruno, California, it is the second-most-visited website in the world, after Google Search... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube |
A tropical wave (also called easterly wave, tropical easterly wave, and African easterly wave), in and around the
## Atlantic
Ocean, is a type of atmospheric trough, an elongated area of relatively low air pressure, oriented north to south, which moves from east to west across the tropics, causing areas of cloudines... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_wave |
The scaled inverse chi-squared distribution
$$
\psi \, \mbox{inv-} \chi^2(\nu)
$$
, where
$$
\psi
$$
is the scale parameter, equals the univariate inverse Wishart distribution
$$
\mathcal{W}^{-1}(\psi,\nu)
$$
with degrees of freedom
$$
\nu
$$
.
This family of scaled inverse chi-squared distributions is linked to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaled_inverse_chi-squared_distribution |
Rapid application development (RAD), also called rapid application building (RAB), is both a general term for adaptive software development approaches, and the name for James Martin's method of rapid development. In general, RAD approaches to software development put less emphasis on planning and more emphasis on an ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_development |
Direction finding (DF), radio direction finding (RDF), or radiogoniometry is the use of radio waves to determine the direction to a radio source. The source may be a cooperating radio transmitter or may be an inadvertant source, a naturally-occurring radio source, or an illicit or enemy system. Radio direction finding ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_finding |
In computer science, adaptive heap sort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm of the adaptive sort family. It is a variant of heap sort that performs better when the data contains existing order. Published by Christos Levcopoulos and Ola Petersson in 1992, the algorithm utilizes a new measure of presortedness, Osc, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_heap_sort |
The notion of orbit of a control system used in mathematical control theory is a particular case of the notion of orbit in group theory.
## Definition
Let
$$
{\ }\dot q=f(q,u)
$$
be a
$$
\ {\mathcal C}^\infty
$$
control system, where
$$
{\ q}
$$
belongs to a finite-dimensional manifold
$$
\ M
$$
and
$$
\ u
$$
b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_%28control_theory%29 |
Wave field synthesis (WFS) is a spatial audio rendering technique, characterized by creation of virtual acoustic environments. It produces artificial wavefronts synthesized by a large number of individually driven loudspeakers from elementary waves. Such wavefronts seem to originate from a virtual starting point, the v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_field_synthesis |
The Luleå algorithm of computer science, designed by , is a technique for storing and searching internet routing tables efficiently. It is named after the Luleå University of Technology, the home institute/university of the technique's authors. The name of the algorithm does not appear in the original paper describing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_algorithm |
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Pigeonhole sorting is a sorting algorithm that is suitable for sorting lists of elements where the number n of elements and the length N of the range of possible key values are approximately the same. It requires O(n + N) time. It is similar to counting sort, but differs in that it "moves items twice: once t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhole_sort |
In computer science, LR parsers are a type of bottom-up parser that analyse deterministic context-free languages in linear time. There are several variants of LR parsers: SLR parsers, LALR parsers, canonical LR(1) parsers, minimal LR(1) parsers, and generalized LR parsers (GLR parsers). LR parsers can be generated by a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_parser |
D* (pronounced "D star") is any one of the following three related incremental search algorithms:
- The original D*, by Anthony Stentz, is an informed incremental search algorithm.
-
### Focused D*
is an informed incremental heuristic search algorithm by Anthony Stentz that combines ideas of A* and the original D*. F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%2A |
In mathematics, the Bernoulli polynomials, named after Jacob Bernoulli, combine the Bernoulli numbers and binomial coefficients. They are used for series expansion of functions, and with the Euler–MacLaurin formula.
These polynomials occur in the study of many special functions and, in particular, the Riemann zeta func... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_polynomials |
Frequency modulation (FM) is a signal modulation technique used in electronic communication, originally for transmitting messages with a radio wave. In frequency modulation a carrier wave is varied in its instantaneous frequency in proportion to a property, primarily the instantaneous amplitude, of a message signal, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation |
Time is the continuous progression of existence that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events (or the intervals between them), and to quantify rat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time |
Rayleigh scattering ( ) is the scattering or deflection of light, or other electromagnetic radiation, by particles with a size much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation. For light frequencies well below the resonance frequency of the scattering medium (normal dispersion regime), the amount of scattering is inve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering |
The percolation threshold is a mathematical concept in percolation theory that describes the formation of long-range connectivity in random systems. Below the threshold a giant connected component does not exist; while above it, there exists a giant component of the order of system size. In engineering and coffee makin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_threshold |
In mathematical logic and computer science, a general recursive function, partial recursive function, or μ-recursive function is a partial function from natural numbers to natural numbers that is "computable" in an intuitive sense – as well as in a formal one. If the function is total, it is also called a total recursi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_recursive_function |
Moonlight consists of mostly sunlight (with little earthlight) reflected from the parts of the Moon's surface where the Sun's light strikes.
## History
The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras was aware that "the sun provides the moon with its brightness".
Zhang Heng's treatise "The Spiritual Constitution of the Univer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlight |
Interpolation search is an algorithm for searching for a key in an array that has been ordered by numerical values assigned to the keys (key values). It was first described by W. W. Peterson in 1957. Interpolation search resembles the method by which people search a telephone directory for a name (the key value by whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation_search |
In mathematical order theory, an ideal is a special subset of a partially ordered set (poset). Although this term historically was derived from the notion of a ring ideal of abstract algebra, it has subsequently been generalized to a different notion. Ideals are of great importance for many constructions in order and l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_%28order_theory%29 |
In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment.
At the end of the 19th century, physicists were una... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_law |
In mathematics, the graph of a function
$$
f
$$
is the set of ordered pairs
$$
(x, y)
$$
, where
$$
f(x) = y.
$$
In the common case where
$$
x
$$
and
$$
f(x)
$$
are real numbers, these pairs are Cartesian coordinates of points in a plane and often form a curve.
The graphical representation of the graph of a fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_function |
In the mathematical theory of Banach spaces, the closed range theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a closed densely defined operator to have closed range.
The theorem was proved by Stefan Banach in his 1932 Théorie des opérations linéaires.
## Statement
Let
$$
X
$$
and
$$
Y
$$
be Banach spaces,
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_range_theorem |
In combinatorial mathematics, the exponential formula (called the polymer expansion in physics) states that the exponential generating function for structures on finite sets is the exponential of the exponential generating function for connected structures.
The exponential formula is a power series version of a special... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_formula |
Quadratic probing is an open addressing scheme in computer programming for resolving hash collisions in hash tables. Quadratic probing operates by taking the original hash index and adding successive values of an arbitrary quadratic polynomial until an open slot is found.
An example sequence using quadratic probing is:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_probing |
In computer science, a priority queue is an abstract data type similar to a regular queue or stack abstract data type.
In a priority queue, each element has an associated priority, which determines its order of service. Priority queue serves highest priority items first. Priority values have to be instances of an order... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_queue |
In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes rupture. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before ruptur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughness |
[[File:Marden theorem.svg|thumb|A triangle and its Steiner inellipse. The zeroes of are the black dots, and the zeroes of {{math|p(z)}} are the red dots). The center green dot is the zero of . Marden's theorem states that the red dots are the foci of the ellipse.]]
In mathematics, Marden's theorem''', named after Morr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marden%27s_theorem |
In computer science, smoothsort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm. A variant of heapsort, it was invented and published by Edsger Dijkstra in 1981. Like heapsort, smoothsort is an in-place algorithm with an upper bound of operations (see big O notation), but it is not a stable sort. The advantage of smoothsort ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothsort |
Dinic's algorithm or Dinitz's algorithm is a strongly polynomial algorithm for computing the maximum flow in a flow network, conceived in 1970 by Israeli (formerly Soviet) computer scientist Yefim Dinitz. The algorithm runs in
$$
O(|V|^2|E|)
$$
time and is similar to the Edmonds–Karp algorithm, which runs in
$$
O(|V... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinic%27s_algorithm |
Analytic combinatorics uses techniques from complex analysis to solve problems in enumerative combinatorics, specifically to find asymptotic estimates for the coefficients of generating functions.Pemantle and Wilson 2013, pp. xi.
## History
One of the earliest uses of analytic techniques for an enumeration problem came... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_combinatorics |
In mathematics, the concept of a residuated mapping arises in the theory of partially ordered sets. It refines the concept of a monotone function.
If A, B are posets, a function f: A → B is defined to be monotone if it is order-preserving: that is, if x ≤ y implies f(x) ≤ f(y). This is equivalent to the condition that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residuated_mapping |
A histogram is a visual representation of the distribution of quantitative data. To construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" (or "bucket") the range of values— divide the entire range of values into a series of intervals—and then count how many values fall into each interval. The bins are usually specified as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram |
The Toda lattice, introduced by , is a simple model for a one-dimensional crystal in solid state physics. It is famous because it is one of the earliest examples of a non-linear completely integrable system.
It is given by a chain of particles with nearest neighbor interaction, described by the Hamiltonian
$$
\begin{al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toda_lattice |
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's rate-dependent resistance to a change in shape or to movement of its neighboring portions relative to one another. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of thickness; for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is defined scientifically as a force mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity |
In computer programming, a P-code machine (portable code machine) is a virtual machine designed to execute P-code, the assembly language or machine code of a hypothetical central processing unit (CPU). The term P-code machine is applied generically to all such machines (such as the Java virtual machine (JVM) and MATLAB... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-code_machine |
##
In the mathematical field of set theory, an ultrafilter on a set
$$
X
$$
is a maximal filter on the set
$$
X.
$$
In other words, it is a collection of subsets of
$$
X
$$
that satisfies the definition of a filter on
$$
X
$$
and that is maximal with respect to inclusion, in the sense that there does not exis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafilter_on_a_set |
Compressible flow (or gas dynamics) is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having significant changes in fluid density. While all flows are compressible, flows are usually treated as being incompressible when the Mach number (the ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) is smaller than 0.3 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressible_flow |
A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose – either a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair, or replace a tissue function of the body) or a diagnostic one. The corresponding field of study, called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering, is abo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterial |
Double-precision floating-point format (sometimes called FP64 or float64) is a floating-point number format, usually occupying 64 bits in computer memory; it represents a wide range of numeric values by using a floating radix point.
Double precision may be chosen when the range or precision of single precision would be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format |
There are two fundamental theorems of welfare economics. The first states that in economic equilibrium, a set of complete markets, with complete information, and in perfect competition, will be Pareto optimal (in the sense that no further exchange would make one person better off without making another worse off). The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorems_of_welfare_economics |
In computer science, particularly the study of approximation algorithms, an
L-reduction ("linear reduction") is a transformation of optimization problems which linearly preserves approximability features; it is one type of approximation-preserving reduction. L-reductions in studies of approximability of optimization p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-reduction |
In algebra, a purely inseparable extension of fields is an extension k ⊆ K of fields of characteristic p > 0 such that every element of K is a root of an equation of the form xq = a, with q a power of p and a in k.
## Purely inseparable extensions
are sometimes called radicial extensions, which should not be confused... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purely_inseparable_extension |
PageRank (PR) is an algorithm used by Google Search to rank web pages in their search engine results. It is named after both the term "web page" and co-founder Larry Page. PageRank is a way of measuring the importance of website pages. According to Google: Currently, PageRank is not the only algorithm used by Google t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank |
Quicksort is an efficient, general-purpose sorting algorithm. Quicksort was developed by British computer scientist Tony Hoare in 1959 and published in 1961. It is still a commonly used algorithm for sorting. Overall, it is slightly faster than merge sort and heapsort for randomized data, particularly on larger distrib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksort |
Lesk algorithm is a classical algorithm for word sense disambiguation introduced by Michael E. Lesk in 1986. It operates on the premise that words within a given context are likely to share a common meaning. This algorithm compares the dictionary definitions of an ambiguous word with the words in its surrounding contex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesk_algorithm |
Betti's theorem, also known as Maxwell–Betti reciprocal work theorem, discovered by Enrico Betti in 1872, states that for a linear elastic structure subject to two sets of forces {Pi} i=1,...,n and {Qj}, j=1,2,...,n, the work done by the set P through the displacements produced by the set Q is equal to the work done b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betti%27s_theorem |
In the theory of stochastic processes in mathematics and statistics, the generated filtration or natural filtration associated to a stochastic process is a filtration associated to the process which records its "past behaviour" at each time. It is in a sense the simplest filtration available for studying the given pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_filtration |
In mathematics, a square root of a number is a number such that
$$
y^2 = x
$$
; in other words, a number whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or
$$
y \cdot y
$$
) is . For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16 because
$$
4^2 = (-4)^2 = 16
$$
.
Every nonnegative real number has a uniqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root |
A granular material is a conglomeration of discrete solid, macroscopic particles characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles interact (the most common example would be friction when grains collide). The constituents that compose granular material are large enough such that they are not subject to thermal m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular_material |
In graph theory, Edmonds' algorithm or Chu–Liu/Edmonds' algorithm is an algorithm for finding a spanning arborescence of minimum weight (sometimes called an optimum branching).
It is the directed analog of the minimum spanning tree problem.
The algorithm was proposed independently first by Yoeng-Jin Chu and Tseng-Hong ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonds%27_algorithm |
A Sverdrup wave (also known as Poincaré wave, or rotational gravity wave) is a wave in the ocean, or large lakes, which is affected by gravity and Earth's rotation (see Coriolis effect).
For a non-rotating fluid, shallow water waves are affected only by gravity (see Gravity wave), where the phase velocity of shallow wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdrup_wave |
Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric used to indicate the complexity of a program. It is a quantitative measure of the number of linearly independent paths through a program's source code. It was developed by Thomas J. McCabe, Sr. in 1976.
Cyclomatic complexity is computed using the control-flow graph of the prog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclomatic_complexity |
A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and consequently its central angle and area) is proportional to the quantity it represents. While it is named for its resemblance to a pie whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_chart |
A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors, hydraulic cylinders and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston |
A hyperbolic sector is a region of the Cartesian plane bounded by a hyperbola and two rays from the origin to it. For example, the two points and on the rectangular hyperbola , or the corresponding region when this hyperbola is re-scaled and its orientation is altered by a rotation leaving the center at the origin, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_sector |
In statistics, the question of checking whether a coin is fair is one whose importance lies, firstly, in providing a simple problem on which to illustrate basic ideas of statistical inference and, secondly, in providing a simple problem that can be used to compare various competing methods of statistical inference, inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checking_whether_a_coin_is_fair |
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of the X-ray diffraction, a crystallographer can produce a thr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography |
Fortune's algorithm is a sweep line algorithm for generating a Voronoi diagram from a set of points in a plane using O(n log n) time and O(n) space.. It was originally published by Steven Fortune in 1986 in his paper "A sweepline algorithm for Voronoi diagrams."
## Algorithm description
The algorithm maintains both a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune%27s_algorithm |
A transposition table is a cache of previously seen positions, and associated evaluations, in a game tree generated by a computer game playing program. If a position recurs via a different sequence of moves, the value of the position is retrieved from the table, avoiding re-searching the game tree below that position.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_table |
A predominance diagram purports to show the conditions of concentration and pH where a chemical species has the highest concentration in solutions in which there are multiple acid-base equilibria. The lines on a predominance diagram indicate where adjacent species have the same concentration. Either side of such a line... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predominance_diagram |
Velvet is an algorithm package that has been designed to deal with de novo genome assembly and short read sequencing alignments. This is achieved through the manipulation of de Bruijn graphs for genomic sequence assembly via the removal of errors and the simplification of repeated regions. Velvet has also been implemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_assembler |
In computational complexity theory, the element distinctness problem or element uniqueness problem is the problem of determining whether all the elements of a list are distinct.
It is a well studied problem in many different models of computation. The problem may be solved by sorting the list and then checking if there... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_distinctness_problem |
In computing, single program, multiple data (SPMD) is a term that has been used to refer to computational models for exploiting parallelism whereby multiple processors cooperate in the execution of a program in order to obtain results faster.
The term SPMD was introduced in 1983 and was used to denote two different co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_program%2C_multiple_data |
A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, sand or rock dust.
Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of waste materials so they can be more easily disposed of or recycled, or to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in rock ore), so that pieces ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusher |
In statistics, single-linkage clustering is one of several methods of hierarchical clustering. It is based on grouping clusters in bottom-up fashion (agglomerative clustering), at each step combining two clusters that contain the closest pair of elements not yet belonging to the same cluster as each other.
This method ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-linkage_clustering |
In mathematics, Schwartz space is the function space of all functions whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing. This space has the important property that the Fourier transform is an automorphism on this space. This property enables one, by duality, to define the Fourier transform for elements in the dual space
$$
\... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz_space |
Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies. It is typically measured in unit of hertz (symbol Hz).
It may refer more specifically to two subcategories: Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a ban... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_%28signal_processing%29 |
In the mathematical area of order theory, a completely distributive lattice is a complete lattice in which arbitrary joins distribute over arbitrary meets.
Formally, a complete lattice L is said to be completely distributive if, for any doubly indexed family
{xj,k | j in J, k in Kj} of L, we have
$$
\bigwedge_{j\in J}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completely_distributive_lattice |
In mathematics, subharmonic and superharmonic functions are important classes of functions used extensively in partial differential equations, complex analysis and potential theory.
Intuitively, subharmonic functions are related to convex functions of one variable as follows. If the graph of a convex function and a lin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subharmonic_function |
Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics |
A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself. The Solar System has eight planets by the most restrictive definition of the term: the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and the giant planet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet |
Raft is a consensus algorithm designed as an alternative to the Paxos family of algorithms. It was meant to be more understandable than Paxos by means of separation of logic, but it is also formally proven safe and offers some additional features. Raft offers a generic way to distribute a state machine across a cluster... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raft_%28algorithm%29 |
In the mathematical fields of order and domain theory, a Scott domain is an algebraic, bounded-complete and directed-complete partial order (dcpo). They are named in honour of Dana S. Scott, who was the first to study these structures at the advent of domain theory. Scott domains are very closely related to algebraic l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_domain |
Interpolation sort is a sorting algorithm that is a kind of bucket sort. It uses an interpolation formula to assign data to the bucket. A general interpolation formula is:
Interpolation = INT(((Array[i] - min) / (max - min)) * (ArraySize - 1))
## Algorithm
Interpolation sort (or histogram sort).
It is a sorting algorit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation_sort |
The Catalan numbers are a sequence of natural numbers that occur in various counting problems, often involving recursively defined objects. They are named after Eugène Catalan, though they were previously discovered in the 1730s by Minggatu.
The -th Catalan number can be expressed directly in terms of the central binom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_number |
In mathematics, the Kneser theorem can refer to two distinct theorems in the field of ordinary differential equations:
- the first one, named after Adolf Kneser, provides criteria to decide whether a differential equation is oscillating or not;
- the other one, named after Hellmuth Kneser, is about the topology of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneser%27s_theorem_%28differential_equations%29 |
In computer science, a dynamic array, growable array, resizable array, dynamic table, mutable array, or array list is a random access, variable-size list data structure that allows elements to be added or removed. It is supplied with standard libraries in many modern mainstream programming languages. Dynamic arrays ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_array |
### Compton scattering
(or the Compton effect) is the quantum theory of high frequency photons scattering following an interaction with a charged particle, usually an electron. Specifically, when the photon hits electrons, it releases loosely bound electrons from the outer valence shells of atoms or molecules.
The eff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_scattering |
PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementation is now produced by the PHP Group. PHP was originally an abbreviation of Personal Home Page, but it now stands ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP |
The Hammersley–Clifford theorem is a result in probability theory, mathematical statistics and statistical mechanics that gives necessary and sufficient conditions under which a strictly positive probability distribution can be represented as events generated by a Markov network (also known as a Markov random field). I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersley%E2%80%93Clifford_theorem |
A min/max kd-tree is a k-d tree with two scalar values—a minimum and a maximum—assigned to its nodes. The minimum/maximum of an inner node is equal to the minimum/maximum of its children's minima/maxima.
## Construction
Min/max kd-trees may be constructed recursively. Starting with the root node, the splitting plane or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%2Fmax_kd-tree |
In mathematics, the Lévy C curve is a self-similar fractal curve that was first described and whose differentiability properties were analysed by Ernesto Cesàro in 1906 and Georg Faber in 1910, but now bears the name of French mathematician Paul Lévy, who was the first to describe its self-similarity properties as well... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_C_curve |
In probability theory and statistics, the Rayleigh distribution is a continuous probability distribution for nonnegative-valued random variables. Up to rescaling, it coincides with the chi distribution with two degrees of freedom.
The distribution is named after Lord Rayleigh ().
A Rayleigh distribution is often observ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_distribution |
In probability theory and mathematical physics, a random matrix is a matrix-valued random variable—that is, a matrix in which some or all of its entries are sampled randomly from a probability distribution. Random matrix theory (RMT) is the study of properties of random matrices, often as they become large. RMT provide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_matrix |
Radiation therapy or radiotherapy (RT, RTx, or XRT) is a treatment using ionizing radiation, generally provided as part of cancer therapy to either kill or control the growth of malignant cells. It is normally delivered by a linear particle accelerator. Radiation therapy may be curative in a number of types of cancer i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy |
In mathematics, in the area of combinatorics and quantum calculus, the q-derivative, or Jackson derivative, is a q-analog of the ordinary derivative, introduced by Frank Hilton Jackson. It is the inverse of Jackson's q-integration. For other forms of q-derivative, see .
## Definition
The q-derivative of a function f(x)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-derivative |
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