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In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical data and observed heritable traits of DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics |
Evolution strategy (ES) from computer science is a subclass of evolutionary algorithms, which serves as an optimization technique. It uses the major genetic operators mutation, recombination and selection of parents.
## History
The 'evolution strategy' optimization technique was created in the early 1960s and developed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_strategy |
In mechanics, compressive strength (or compression strength) is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size (compression). It is opposed to tensile strength which withstands loads tending to elongate, resisting tension (being pulled apart). In the study of strength of materials, co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_strength |
A longest common subsequence (LCS) is the longest subsequence common to all sequences in a set of sequences (often just two sequences). It differs from the longest common substring: unlike substrings, subsequences are not required to occupy consecutive positions within the original sequences. The problem of computing l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_common_subsequence |
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and signed forms, and may also be conveyed through writing. Human language is characterized by its cultural and historical diversity, with significant variatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language |
An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle from the vertical direction, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load. The inclined plane is one of the six classical simple machines defined by Renaissance scientists. Inclined planes are u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclined_plane |
In mathematics, specifically order theory, the join of a subset
$$
S
$$
of a partially ordered set
$$
P
$$
is the supremum (least upper bound) of
$$
S,
$$
denoted
$$
\bigvee S,
$$
and similarly, the meet of
$$
S
$$
is the infimum (greatest lower bound), denoted
$$
\bigwedge S.
$$
In general, the join and me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_and_meet |
In probability theory and statistics, a categorical distribution (also called a generalized Bernoulli distribution, multinoulli distribution) is a discrete probability distribution that describes the possible results of a random variable that can take on one of K possible categories, with the probability of each catego... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_distribution |
Cymatics (from ) is a subset of modal vibrational phenomena. The term was coined by Swiss physician Hans Jenny (1904–1972). Typically the surface of a plate, diaphragm, or membrane is vibrated, and regions of maximum and minimum displacement are made visible in a thin coating of particles, paste, or liquid. Different p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymatics |
Linear probing is a scheme in computer programming for resolving collisions in hash tables, data structures for maintaining a collection of key–value pairs and looking up the value associated with a given key. It was invented in 1954 by Gene Amdahl, Elaine M. McGraw, and Arthur Samuel and first analyzed in 1963 by Don... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_probing |
Zero-sum game is a mathematical representation in game theory and economic theory of a situation that involves two competing entities, where the result is an advantage for one side and an equivalent loss for the other. In other words, player one's gain is equivalent to player two's loss, with the result that the net im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_game |
In general topology, the pseudo-arc is the simplest nondegenerate hereditarily indecomposable continuum. The pseudo-arc is an arc-like homogeneous continuum, and played a central role in the classification of homogeneous planar continua. R. H. Bing proved that, in a certain well-defined sense, most continua in , are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-arc |
A stem-and-leaf display or stem-and-leaf plot is a device for presenting quantitative data in a graphical format, similar to a histogram, to assist in visualizing the shape of a distribution. They evolved from Arthur Bowley's work in the early 1900s, and are useful tools in exploratory data analysis. Stemplots became ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-and-leaf_display |
Higher performance in hard disk drives comes from devices which have better performance characteristics. These performance characteristics can be grouped into two categories: access time and data transfer time (or rate).
## Access time
The access time or response time of a rotating drive is a measure of the time it tak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics |
The crystallographic restriction theorem in its basic form was based on the observation that the rotational symmetries of a crystal are usually limited to 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, and 6-fold. However, quasicrystals can occur with other diffraction pattern symmetries, such as 5-fold; these were not discovered until 1982 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic_restriction_theorem |
Social choice theory is a branch of welfare economics that extends the theory of rational choice to collective decision-making. Social choice studies the behavior of different mathematical procedures (social welfare functions) used to combine individual preferences into a coherent whole. It contrasts with political sci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice_theory |
In electrical engineering, the maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum external power from a power source with internal resistance, the resistance of the load must equal the resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals. Moritz von Jacobi published the maximum power (transfer) theor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_transfer_theorem |
A collection of subsets of a topological space
$$
X
$$
is said to be locally finite if each point in the space has a neighbourhood that intersects only finitely many of the sets in the collection.
In the mathematical field of topology, local finiteness is a property of collections of subsets of a topological space. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_finite_collection |
In hydrodynamics, a clapotis (from French for "lapping of water") is a non-breaking standing wave pattern, caused for example, by the reflection of a traveling surface wave train from a near vertical shoreline like a breakwater, seawall or steep cliff.
The resulting clapotic wave does not travel horizontally, but has a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapotis |
In graph theory, a mathematical discipline, a factor-critical graph (or hypomatchable graph.) is a graph with an odd number of vertices in which deleting one vertex in every possible way results in a graph with a perfect matching, a way of grouping the remaining vertices into adjacent pairs.
A matching of all but one v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor-critical_graph |
In computer science, a fusion tree is a type of tree data structure that implements an associative array on -bit integers on a finite universe, where each of the input integers has size less than 2w and is non-negative. When operating on a collection of key–value pairs, it uses space and performs searches in time, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_tree |
The Sierpiński triangle, also called the Sierpiński gasket or Sierpiński sieve, is a fractal with the overall shape of an equilateral triangle, subdivided recursively into smaller equilateral triangles. Originally constructed as a curve, this is one of the basic examples of self-similar sets—that is, it is a mathemati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpi%C5%84ski_triangle |
Signal modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform in electronics and telecommunication for the purpose of transmitting information.
The process encodes information in form of the modulation or message signal onto a carrier signal to be transmitted. For example, the message signal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_modulation |
The top-nodes algorithm is an algorithm for managing a resource reservation calendar. The algorithm has been first published in 2003, and has been improved in 2009. It is used when a resource is shared among many users (for example bandwidth in a telecommunication link, or disk capacity in a large data center).
The alg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-nodes_algorithm |
In computer science, the log-structured merge-tree (also known as LSM tree, or LSMT) is a data structure with performance characteristics that make it attractive for providing indexed access to files with high insert volume, such as transactional log data. LSM trees, like other search trees, maintain key-value pairs. L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-structured_merge-tree |
Accelerator physics is a branch of applied physics, concerned with designing, building and operating particle accelerators. As such, it can be described as the study of motion, manipulation and observation of relativistic charged particle beams and their interaction with accelerator structures by electromagnetic field... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_physics |
In algebraic geometry, a Fano surface is a surface of general type (in particular, not a Fano variety) whose points index the lines on a non-singular cubic threefold. They were first studied by .
Hodge diamond:
Fano surfaces are perhaps the simplest and most studied examples of irregular surfaces of general type that a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano_surface |
In computer science, an interval tree is a tree data structure to hold intervals. Specifically, it allows one to efficiently find all intervals that overlap with any given interval or point. It is often used for windowing queries, for instance, to find all roads on a computerized map inside a rectangular viewport, or t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_tree |
Fuzzy clustering (also referred to as soft clustering or soft k-means) is a form of clustering in which each data point can belong to more than one cluster.
Clustering or cluster analysis involves assigning data points to clusters such that items in the same cluster are as similar as possible, while items belonging to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_clustering |
In abstract algebra, a bicomplex number is a pair of complex numbers constructed by the Cayley–Dickson process that defines the bicomplex conjugate
$$
(w,z)^* = (w, -z)
$$
, and the product of two bicomplex numbers as
$$
(u,v)(w,z) = (u w - v z, u z + v w).
$$
Then the bicomplex norm is given by
$$
(w,z)^* (w,z) = (w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicomplex_number |
In mathematics and in particular the field of complex analysis, Hurwitz's theorem is a theorem associating the zeroes of a sequence of holomorphic, compact locally uniformly convergent functions with that of their corresponding limit. The theorem is named after Adolf Hurwitz.
## Statement
Let {fk} be a sequence of hol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz%27s_theorem_%28complex_analysis%29 |
In fluid mechanics, Kelvin's circulation theorem states:Katz, Plotkin: Low-Speed AerodynamicsIn a barotropic, ideal fluid with conservative body forces, the circulation around a closed curve (which encloses the same fluid elements) moving with the fluid remains constant with time.
The theorem is named after William Tho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%27s_circulation_theorem |
The Ekman layer is the layer in a fluid where there is a force balance between pressure gradient force, Coriolis force and turbulent drag. It was first described by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Ekman layers occur both in the atmosphere and in the ocean.
There are two types of Ekman layers. The first type occurs at the surface o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekman_layer |
In mathematics, a Lie bialgebra is the Lie-theoretic case of a bialgebra: it is a set with a Lie algebra and a Lie coalgebra structure which are compatible.
It is a bialgebra where the multiplication is skew-symmetric and satisfies a dual Jacobi identity, so that the dual vector space is a Lie algebra, whereas the com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_bialgebra |
A blazar is an active galactic nucleus (AGN) with a relativistic jet (a jet composed of ionized matter traveling at nearly the speed of light) directed very nearly towards an observer.
## Relativistic beaming
of electromagnetic radiation from the jet makes blazars appear much brighter than they would be if the jet we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazar |
In elastodynamics, Love waves, named after Augustus Edward Hough Love, are horizontally polarized surface waves. The Love wave is a result of the interference of many shear waves (S-waves) guided by an elastic layer, which is welded to an elastic half space on one side while bordering a vacuum on the other side. In sei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_wave |
Bidirectional search is a graph search algorithm designed to find the shortest path from an initial vertex to a goal vertex in a directed graph by simultaneously conducting two searches, one forward from the start node and one backward from the goal node, terminating when their frontiers intersect. This approach can si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional_search |
Truel and triel are neologisms for a duel between three opponents, in which players can fire at one another in an attempt to eliminate them while surviving themselves.
## Game theory overview
A variety of forms of truels have been studied in game theory. Features that determine the nature of a truel include
- the proba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truel |
Kirchberger's theorem is a theorem in discrete geometry, on linear separability. The two-dimensional version of the theorem states that, if a finite set of red and blue points in the Euclidean plane has the property that, for every four points, there exists a line separating the red and blue points within those four, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchberger%27s_theorem |
An implicit k-d tree is a k-d tree defined implicitly above a rectilinear grid. Its split planes' positions and orientations are not given explicitly but implicitly by some recursive splitting-function defined on the hyperrectangles belonging to the tree's nodes. Each inner node's split plane is positioned on a grid pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_k-d_tree |
In mathematics, a Coulomb wave function is a solution of the
## Coulomb wave equation
, named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. They are used to describe the behavior of charged particles in a Coulomb potential and can be written in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions or Whittaker functions of imaginary argum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_wave_function |
Unary coding, or the unary numeral system, is an entropy encoding that represents a natural number, n, with n ones followed by a zero (if the term natural number is understood as non-negative integer) or with n − 1 ones followed by a zero (if the term natural number is understood as strictly positive integer). A unary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary_coding |
The Copeland or Llull method is a ranked-choice voting system based on counting each candidate's pairwise wins and losses.
In the system, voters rank candidates from best to worst on their ballot. Candidates then compete in a round-robin tournament, where the ballots are used to determine which candidate would be prefe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copeland%27s_method |
In mathematics, specifically in the calculus of variations, a variation of a function can be concentrated on an arbitrarily small interval, but not a single point.
Accordingly, the necessary condition of extremum (functional derivative equal zero) appears in a weak formulation (variational form) integrated with an ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_lemma_of_the_calculus_of_variations |
In physics, a shock wave (also spelled shockwave), or shock, is a type of propagating disturbance that moves faster than the local speed of sound in the medium. Like an ordinary wave, a shock wave carries energy and can propagate through a medium, but is characterized by an abrupt, nearly discontinuous, change in press... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_wave |
In mathematics and physics, the centroid, also known as geometric center or center of figure, of a plane figure or solid figure is the arithmetic mean position of all the points in the figure. The same definition extends to any object in
$$
n
$$
-dimensional Euclidean space.
In geometry, one often assumes uniform mass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroid |
In computer science, a multilevel feedback queue is a scheduling algorithm. Scheduling algorithms are designed to have some process running at all times to keep the central processing unit (CPU) busy. The multilevel feedback queue extends standard algorithms with the following design requirements:
1. Separate processes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue |
In real analysis, the projectively extended real line (also called the one-point compactification of the real line), is the extension of the set of the real numbers,
$$
\mathbb{R}
$$
, by a point denoted . It is thus the set
$$
\mathbb{R}\cup\{\infty\}
$$
with the standard arithmetic operations extended where possib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectively_extended_real_line |
In mathematics, two sequences of numbers, often experimental data, are proportional or directly proportional if their corresponding elements have a constant ratio. The ratio is called coefficient of proportionality (or proportionality constant) and its reciprocal is known as constant of normalization (or normalizing co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_%28mathematics%29 |
Bitonic mergesort is a parallel algorithm for sorting. It is also used as a construction method for building a sorting network. The algorithm was devised by Ken Batcher. The resulting sorting networks consist of
$$
O(n\log^2(n))
$$
comparators and have a delay of
$$
O(\log^2(n))
$$
, where
$$
n
$$
is the number of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitonic_sorter |
Nondestructive testing (NDT) is any of a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and technology industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage.
The terms nondestructive examination (NDE), nondestructive inspection (NDI), and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) are al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondestructive_testing |
A weight function is a mathematical device used when performing a sum, integral, or average to give some elements more "weight" or influence on the result than other elements in the same set. The result of this application of a weight function is a weighted sum or weighted average. Weight functions occur frequently in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_function |
In hyperbolic geometry, two lines are said to be ultraparallel if they do not intersect and are not limiting parallel.
The ultraparallel theorem states that every pair of (distinct) ultraparallel lines has a unique common perpendicular (a hyperbolic line which is perpendicular to both lines).
## Hilbert's construction
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraparallel_theorem |
In mathematics, a Boolean ring is a ring for which for all in , that is, a ring that consists of only idempotent elements. An example is the ring of integers modulo 2.
Every Boolean ring gives rise to a Boolean algebra, with ring multiplication corresponding to conjunction or meet , and ring addition to exclusive di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_ring |
An overtone is any resonant frequency above the fundamental frequency of a sound. (An overtone may or may not be a harmonic) In other words, overtones are all pitches higher than the lowest pitch within an individual sound; the fundamental is the lowest pitch. While the fundamental is usually heard most prominently, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone |
A greedy algorithm is any algorithm that follows the problem-solving heuristic of making the locally optimal choice at each stage. In many problems, a greedy strategy does not produce an optimal solution, but a greedy heuristic can yield locally optimal solutions that approximate a globally optimal solution in a reason... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greedy_algorithm |
In computer science, an inverted index (also referred to as a postings list, postings file, or inverted file) is a database index storing a mapping from content, such as words or numbers, to its locations in a table, or in a document or a set of documents (named in contrast to a forward index, which maps from documents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_index |
The Erlang distribution is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions with support
$$
x \in [0, \infty)
$$
. The two parameters are:
- a positive integer
$$
k,
$$
the "shape", and
- a positive real number
$$
\lambda,
$$
the "rate". The "scale",
$$
\beta,
$$
the reciprocal of the rate, is some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlang_distribution |
In computational complexity theory, a branch of computer science, Schaefer's dichotomy theorem, proved by Thomas Jerome Schaefer, states necessary and sufficient conditions under which a finite set S of relations over the Boolean domain yields polynomial-time or NP-complete problems when the relations of S are used to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaefer%27s_dichotomy_theorem |
In computer science, a universal Turing machine (UTM) is a Turing machine capable of computing any computable sequence, as described by Alan Turing in his seminal paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Common sense might say that a universal machine is impossible, but Turing pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine |
Game testing, also called quality assurance (QA) testing within the video game industry, is a software testing process for quality control of video games.Moore, Novak 2010, p. 95 The primary function of game testing is the discovery and documentation of software defects. Interactive entertainment software testing is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_testing |
A vacuum (: vacuums or vacua) is space devoid of matter. The word is derived from the Latin adjective (neuter ) meaning "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum |
In computer science, a recursive descent parser is a kind of top-down parser built from a set of mutually recursive procedures (or a non-recursive equivalent) where each such procedure implements one of the nonterminals of the grammar. Thus the structure of the resulting program closely mirrors that of the grammar it r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_descent_parser |
In combinatorics, the symbolic method is a technique for counting combinatorial objects. It uses the internal structure of the objects to derive formulas for their generating functions. The method is mostly associated with Philippe Flajolet and is detailed in Part A of his book with Robert Sedgewick, Analytic Combina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_method_%28combinatorics%29 |
Vibration () is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point. Vibration may be deterministic if the oscillations can be characterised precisely (e.g. the periodic motion of a pendulum), or random if the oscillations can only be analysed statistically (e.g. the movement of a tire on a gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration |
A circuit diagram (or: wiring diagram, electrical diagram, elementary diagram, electronic schematic) is a graphical representation of an electrical circuit. A pictorial circuit diagram uses simple images of components, while a schematic diagram shows the components and interconnections of the circuit using standardized... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_diagram |
Plasma oscillations, also known as Langmuir waves (after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals in the ultraviolet region. The oscillations can be described as an instability in the dielectric function of a free electron gas. The frequency depends ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_oscillation |
In mathematics, the term combinatorial proof is often used to mean either of two types of mathematical proof:
- A proof by double counting. A combinatorial identity is proven by counting the number of elements of some carefully chosen set in two different ways to obtain the different expressions in the identity. Since... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_proof |
In quantum electrodynamics, Furry's theorem states that if a Feynman diagram consists of a closed loop of fermion lines with an odd number of vertices, its contribution to the amplitude vanishes. As a corollary, a single photon cannot arise from the vacuum or be absorbed by it. The theorem was first derived by Wendell ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furry%27s_theorem |
In probability theory and statistics, the Laplace distribution is a continuous probability distribution named after Pierre-Simon Laplace. It is also sometimes called the double exponential distribution, because it can be thought of as two exponential distributions (with an additional location parameter) spliced togeth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_distribution |
Industrial process control (IPC) or simply process control is a system used in modern manufacturing which uses the principles of control theory and physical industrial control systems to monitor, control and optimize continuous industrial production processes using control algorithms. This ensures that the industrial m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_process_control |
Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction |
A quotient filter is a space-efficient probabilistic data structure used to test whether an element is a member of a set (an approximate membership query filter, AMQ). A query will elicit a reply specifying either that the element is definitely not in the set or that the element is probably in the set. The former resul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_filter |
In geometry, Napoleon's theorem states that if equilateral triangles are constructed on the sides of any triangle, either all outward or all inward, the lines connecting the centres of those equilateral triangles themselves form an equilateral triangle.
The triangle thus formed is called the inner or outer Napoleon tri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_theorem |
In theoretical computer science, a pointer machine is an atomistic abstract computational machine whose storage structure is a graph. A pointer algorithm could also be an algorithm restricted to the pointer machine model.
Some particular types of pointer machines are called a linking automaton, a KU-machine, an SMM, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_machine |
In mathematics, an ultralimit is a geometric construction that assigns a limit metric space to a sequence of metric spaces
$$
X_n
$$
. The concept captures the limiting behavior of finite configurations in the
$$
X_n
$$
spaces employing an ultrafilter to bypass the need for repeated consideration of subsequences to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralimit |
Longitudinal waves are waves which oscillate in the direction which is parallel to the direction in which the wave travels and displacement of the medium is in the same (or opposite) direction of the wave propagation. Mechanical longitudinal waves are also called compressional or compression waves, because they produce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_wave |
In mathematics, triangulation describes the replacement of topological spaces with simplicial complexes by the choice of an appropriate homeomorphism. A space that admits such a homeomorphism is called a triangulable space. Triangulations can also be used to define a piecewise linear structure for a space, if one exist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_%28topology%29 |
In mathematics, and more precisely in topology, the mapping class group of a surface, sometimes called the modular group or Teichmüller modular group, is the group of homeomorphisms of the surface viewed up to continuous (in the compact-open topology) deformation. It is of fundamental importance for the study of 3-mani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_class_group_of_a_surface |
In the mathematical field of analysis, Dini's theorem says that if a monotone sequence of continuous functions converges pointwise on a compact space and if the limit function is also continuous, then the convergence is uniform.
## Formal statement
If
$$
X
$$
is a compact topological space, and
$$
(f_n)_{n\in\mathbb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dini%27s_theorem |
A superimposed code such as
### Zatocoding
is a kind of hash code that was popular in marginal punched-card systems.
## Marginal punched-card systems
Many names, some of them trademarked, have been used for marginal punched-card systems:
edge-notched cards, slotted cards, E-Z Sort, Zatocards, McBee, McBee Keysort, Fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superimposed_code |
In aerodynamics, a hypersonic speed is one that exceeds five times the speed of sound, often stated as starting at speeds of Mach 5 and above.
The precise Mach number at which a craft can be said to be flying at hypersonic speed varies, since individual physical changes in the airflow (like molecular dissociation and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_speed |
Decision tree learning is a supervised learning approach used in statistics, data mining and machine learning. In this formalism, a classification or regression decision tree is used as a predictive model to draw conclusions about a set of observations.
Tree models where the target variable can take a discrete set of v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree_learning |
A chart (sometimes known as a graph) is a graphical representation for data visualization, in which "the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart". A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of quality structure and provides di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart |
A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can move no faster than the speed of light measured in vacuum. The photon belo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
In physics and engineering, the envelope of an oscillating signal is a smooth curve outlining its extremes. The envelope thus generalizes the concept of a constant amplitude into an instantaneous amplitude. The figure illustrates a modulated sine wave varying between an upper envelope and a lower envelope. The envelope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_%28waves%29 |
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation.
Python is dynamically type-checked and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29 |
In engineering, shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural failure when the material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the force. When a pape... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_strength |
Height is measure of vertical distance, either vertical extent (how "tall" something or someone is) or vertical position (how "high" a point is). For an example of vertical extent, "This basketball player is 7 foot 1 inches in height." For an example of vertical position, "The height of an airplane in-flight is about ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height |
Information is an abstract concept that refers to something which has the power to inform. At the most fundamental level, it pertains to the interpretation (perhaps formally) of that which may be sensed, or their abstractions. Any natural process that is not completely random and any observable pattern in any medium ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information |
In probability theory and statistics, the exponential distribution or negative exponential distribution is the probability distribution of the distance between events in a Poisson point process, i.e., a process in which events occur continuously and independently at a constant average rate; the distance parameter could... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution |
The joule ( , or ; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). In terms of SI base units, one joule corresponds to one kilogram-metre squared per second squared One joule is equal to the amount of work done when a force of one newton displaces a body through a distance of one metre in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule |
In machine learning and pattern recognition, a feature is an individual measurable property or characteristic of a data set. Choosing informative, discriminating, and independent features is crucial to produce effective algorithms for pattern recognition, classification, and regression tasks. Features are usually numer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_%28machine_learning%29 |
Kompaneyets equation refers to a non-relativistic, Fokker–Planck type, kinetic equation for photon number density with which photons interact with an electron gas via Compton scattering, first derived by Alexander Kompaneyets in 1949 and published in 1957 after declassification.Oliveira, G. E. F., Maes, C., & Meerts, K... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaneyets_equation |
A work-breakdown structure (WBS) in project management and systems engineering is a breakdown of a project into smaller components. It is a key project management element that organizes the team's work into manageable sections. The Project Management Body of Knowledge defines the work-breakdown structure as a "hierarch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure |
The N2 chart or N2 diagram (pronounced "en-two" or "en-squared") is a chart or diagram in the shape of a matrix, representing functional or physical interfaces between system elements. It is used to systematically identify, define, tabulate, design, and analyze functional and physical interfaces. It applies to system i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N2_chart |
The New York State Identification and Intelligence System Phonetic Code, commonly known as NYSIIS, is a phonetic algorithm devised in 1970 as part of the New York State Identification and Intelligence System (now a part of the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services). It features an accuracy increase of 2.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Identification_and_Intelligence_System |
Holland's schema theorem, also called the fundamental theorem of genetic algorithms, is an inequality that results from coarse-graining an equation for evolutionary dynamics. The Schema Theorem says that short, low-order schemata with above-average fitness increase exponentially in frequency in successive generations.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland%27s_schema_theorem |
In structural engineering, buckling is the sudden change in shape (deformation) of a structural component under load, such as the bowing of a column under compression or the wrinkling of a plate under shear. If a structure is subjected to a gradually increasing load, when the load reaches a critical level, a member may... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckling |
Procedural programming is a programming paradigm, classified as imperative programming, that involves implementing the behavior of a computer program as procedures (a.k.a. functions, subroutines) that call each other. The resulting program is a series of steps that forms a hierarchy of calls to its constituent procedur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_programming |
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