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In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. The
## Standard Model
presently recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons. As a consequence of flavor and color combinations and antimatter, the fermions a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle |
In mathematics, a variable (from Latin ) is a symbol, typically a letter, that refers to an unspecified mathematical object. One says colloquially that the variable represents or denotes the object, and that any valid candidate for the object is the value of the variable. The values a variable can take are usually of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_%28mathematics%29 |
In mathematics, the Schwartz kernel theorem is a foundational result in the theory of generalized functions, published by Laurent Schwartz in 1952. It states, in broad terms, that the generalized functions introduced by Schwartz (Schwartz distributions) have a two-variable theory that includes all reasonable bilinear f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz_kernel_theorem |
In physics, especially in multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometric or physical entities changes with a change of basis. Briefly, a contravariant vector is a list of numbers that transforms oppositely to a change of basis, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contravariance_of_vectors |
A collimated beam of light or other electromagnetic radiation has parallel rays, and therefore will spread minimally as it propagates. A laser beam is an archetypical example. A perfectly collimated light beam, with no divergence, would not disperse with distance. However, diffraction prevents the creation of any such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimated_beam |
In physics, Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons (NGBs) are bosons that appear necessarily in models exhibiting spontaneous breakdown of continuous symmetries. They were discovered by Yoichiro Nambu within the context of the BCS superconductivity mechanism, and subsequently elucidated by Jeffrey Goldstone, and s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone_boson |
Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the thermal motion of particles in matter. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation. The emission of energy arises from a combination of electronic, molecular, and lattice oscillations in a material. Kinetic energy is conv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation |
In the mathematical fields of geometry and topology, a coarse structure on a set X is a collection of subsets of the cartesian product X × X with certain properties which allow the large-scale structure of metric spaces and topological spaces to be defined.
The concern of traditional geometry and topology is with the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarse_structure |
A wave pool is a swimming pool in which there are artificially generated, large waves, similar to those of the ocean. Wave pools are often a major feature of water parks, both indoors and outdoors, as well as some leisure centres.
## History
The origins of wave pools go as far back as the 19th century, as famous fantas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_pool |
In mathematics, a partial function from a set to a set is a function from a subset of (possibly the whole itself) to . The subset , that is, the domain of viewed as a function, is called the domain of definition or natural domain of . If equals , that is, if is defined on every element in , then is said to be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_function |
In non-parametric statistics, the Theil–Sen estimator is a method for robustly fitting a line to sample points in the plane (simple linear regression) by choosing the median of the slopes of all lines through pairs of points. It has also been called Sen's slope estimator, slope selection, the single median method, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theil%E2%80%93Sen_estimator |
In computer science, merge sort (also commonly spelled as mergesort and as ) is an efficient, general-purpose, and comparison-based sorting algorithm. Most implementations of merge sort are stable, which means that the relative order of equal elements is the same between the input and output. Merge sort is a divide-and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_sort |
-medoids is a classical partitioning technique of clustering that splits the data set of objects into clusters, where the number of clusters assumed known a priori (which implies that the programmer must specify k before the execution of a -medoids algorithm). The "goodness" of the given value of can be assessed wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-medoids |
In mathematics, particularly in order theory, an upper bound or majorant of a subset of some preordered set is an element of that is every element of .
Dually, a lower bound or minorant of is defined to be an element of that is less than or equal to every element of .
A set with an upper (respectively, lower) b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_lower_bounds |
Polyhedral space is a certain metric space. A (Euclidean) polyhedral space is a (usually finite) simplicial complex in which every simplex has a flat metric. (Other spaces of interest are spherical and hyperbolic polyhedral spaces, where every simplex has a metric of constant positive or negative curvature). In the seq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedral_space |
In mathematics, an absorbing element (or annihilating element) is a special type of element of a set with respect to a binary operation on that set. The result of combining an absorbing element with any element of the set is the absorbing element itself. In semigroup theory, the absorbing element is called a zero elem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorbing_element |
A gearDefinition of "gear" in the Oxford Learner's Dictionary online. Accessed on 2024-07-27. or gearwheelDefinition of "gearwheel" in the Merriam-Webster dictionary online. Accessed on 2018-09-20. is a rotating machine part typically used to transmit rotational motion and/or torque by means of a series of teeth that e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear |
In mathematics, the Hilbert projection theorem is a famous result of convex analysis that says that for every vector
$$
x
$$
in a Hilbert space
$$
H
$$
and every nonempty closed convex
$$
C \subseteq H,
$$
there exists a unique vector
$$
m \in C
$$
for which
$$
\|c - x\|
$$
is minimized over the vectors
$$
c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_projection_theorem |
In the mathematical theory of conformal mappings, the area theorem
gives an inequality satisfied by
the power series coefficients of certain conformal mappings.
The theorem is called by that name, not because of its implications, but rather because the proof uses
the notion of area.
## Statement
Suppose that
$$
f
$$
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_theorem_%28conformal_mapping%29 |
In probability theory, a distribution is said to be stable if a linear combination of two independent random variables with this distribution has the same distribution, up to location and scale parameters. A random variable is said to be stable if its distribution is stable. The stable distribution family is also somet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_distribution |
In the mathematical field of group theory, the Kurosh subgroup theorem describes the algebraic structure of subgroups of free products of groups. The theorem was obtained by Alexander Kurosh, a Russian mathematician, in 1934. Informally, the theorem says that every subgroup of a free product is itself a free product of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurosh_subgroup_theorem |
The Nakagami distribution or the Nakagami-m distribution is a probability distribution related to the gamma distribution.
The family of Nakagami distributions has two parameters: a shape parameter
$$
m\geq 1/2
$$
and a scale parameter
$$
\Omega > 0
$$
.
It is used to model physical phenomena such as those found in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagami_distribution |
A fundamental problem in distributed computing and multi-agent systems is to achieve overall system reliability in the presence of a number of faulty processes. This often requires coordinating processes to reach consensus, or agree on some data value that is needed during computation. Example applications of consensus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_%28computer_science%29 |
Welfare economics is a field of economics that applies microeconomic techniques to evaluate the overall well-being (welfare) of a society.
The principles of welfare economics are often used to inform public economics, which focuses on the ways in which government intervention can improve social welfare. Additionally... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_economics |
The Fréchet distribution, also known as inverse Weibull distribution, is a special case of the generalized extreme value distribution. It has the cumulative distribution function
$$
\ \Pr(\ X \le x\ ) = e^{-x^{-\alpha}} ~ \text{ if } ~ x > 0 ~.
$$
where is a shape parameter. It can be generalised to include a location... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_distribution |
qsort is a C standard library function that implements a sorting algorithm for arrays of arbitrary objects according to a user-provided comparison function. It is named after the "quicker sort" algorithm (a quicksort variant due to R. S. Scowen), which was originally used to implement it in the Unix C library, although... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qsort |
In differential topology, the transversality theorem, also known as the Thom transversality theorem after French mathematician René Thom, is a major result that describes the transverse intersection properties of a smooth family of smooth maps. It says that transversality is a generic property: any smooth map
$$
f\col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversality_theorem |
The link in a simplicial complex is a generalization of the neighborhood of a vertex in a graph. The link of a vertex encodes information about the local structure of the complex at the vertex.
## Link of a vertex
Given an abstract simplicial complex and
$$
v
$$
a vertex in
$$
V(X)
$$
, its link
$$
\operatorname{L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_%28simplicial_complex%29 |
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be pseudocompact if its image under any continuous function to R is bounded. Many authors include the requirement that the space be completely regular in the definition of pseudocompactness. Pseudocompact spaces were defined by Edwin Hewitt in 194... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocompact_space |
In mathematics, the Gromov boundary of a δ-hyperbolic space (especially a hyperbolic group) is an abstract concept generalizing the boundary sphere of hyperbolic space. Conceptually, the Gromov boundary is the set of all points at infinity. For instance, the Gromov boundary of the real line is two points, corresponding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromov_boundary |
The Bayes factor is a ratio of two competing statistical models represented by their evidence, and is used to quantify the support for one model over the other. The models in question can have a common set of parameters, such as a null hypothesis and an alternative, but this is not necessary; for instance, it could als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes_factor |
In the mathematical field of analysis, a well-known theorem describes the set of discontinuities of a monotone real-valued function of a real variable; all discontinuities of such a (monotone) function are necessarily jump discontinuities and there are at most countably many of them.
Usually, this theorem appears in li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuities_of_monotone_functions |
In linguistic morphology and information retrieval, stemming is the process of reducing inflected (or sometimes derived) words to their word stem, base or root form—generally a written word form. The stem need not be identical to the morphological root of the word; it is usually sufficient that related words map to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemming |
The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is an elementary particle in the
### Standard Model
of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the
### Higgs field
, one of the fields in particle physics theory. In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive scalar boson that couples to (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson |
In mathematics, the Gieseking manifold is a cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold of finite volume. It is non-orientable and has the smallest volume among non-compact hyperbolic manifolds, having volume approximately
$$
V \approx 1.0149416
$$
. It was discovered by .
The Gieseking manifold can be constructed by removing the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gieseking_manifold |
In descriptive statistics, a box plot or boxplot is a method for demonstrating graphically the locality, spread and skewness groups of numerical data through their quartiles.
In addition to the box on a box plot, there can be lines (which are called whiskers) extending from the box indicating variability outside the up... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_plot |
The term generalized logistic distribution is used as the name for several different families of probability distributions. For example, Johnson et al. list four forms, which are listed below.
### Type I
has also been called the skew-logistic distribution.
### Type IV
subsumes the other types and is obtained when ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_logistic_distribution |
In geometry and algebra, the triple product is a product of three 3-dimensional vectors, usually Euclidean vectors. The name "triple product" is used for two different products, the scalar-valued scalar triple product and, less often, the vector-valued vector triple product.
## Scalar triple product
The scalar triple p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_product |
Control charts are graphical plots used in production control to determine whether quality and manufacturing processes are being controlled under stable conditions. (ISO 7870-1)
The hourly status is arranged on the graph, and the occurrence of abnormalities is judged based on the presence of data that differs from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_chart |
An acoustic waveguide is a physical structure for guiding sound waves, i.e., a waveguide used in acoustics.
## Examples
One example is a speaking tube used aboard ships for communication between decks.
Other examples include the rear passage in a transmission-line loudspeaker enclosure, the ear canal, and a stethoscope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_waveguide |
In computer science, garbage collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. The garbage collector attempts to reclaim memory that was allocated by the program, but is no longer referenced; such memory is called garbage. Garbage collection was invented by American computer scientist John McCarthy around 1959 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_%28computer_science%29 |
In classical statistical mechanics, the H-theorem, introduced by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872, describes the tendency of the quantity H (defined below) to decrease in a nearly-ideal gas of molecules. As this quantity H was meant to represent the entropy of thermodynamics, the H-theorem was an early demonstration of the po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-theorem |
In distributed computing, leader election is the process of designating a single process as the organizer of some task distributed among several computers (nodes). Before the task has begun, all network nodes are either unaware which node will serve as the "leader" (or coordinator) of the task, or unable to communicate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_election |
In computer science, a deterministic algorithm is an algorithm that, given a particular input, will always produce the same output, with the underlying machine always passing through the same sequence of states. Deterministic algorithms are by far the most studied and familiar kind of algorithm, as well as one of the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_algorithm |
Extendible hashing is a type of hash system which treats a hash as a bit string and uses a trie for bucket lookup. Because of the hierarchical nature of the system, re-hashing is an incremental operation (done one bucket at a time, as needed). This means that time-sensitive applications are less affected by table grow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extendible_hashing |
In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition. The original idea of equipartition was that, in thermal equilibrium, energy is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipartition_theorem |
The sawtooth wave (or saw wave) is a kind of non-sinusoidal waveform. It is so named based on its resemblance to the teeth of a plain-toothed saw with a zero rake angle. A single sawtooth, or an intermittently triggered sawtooth, is called a ramp waveform.
The convention is that a sawtooth wave ramps upward and then s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawtooth_wave |
A (pseudo-)Riemannian manifold is conformally flat if each point has a neighborhood that can be mapped to flat space by a conformal transformation.
In practice, the metric
$$
g
$$
of the manifold
$$
M
$$
has to be conformal to the flat metric
$$
\eta
$$
, i.e., the geodesics maintain in all points of
$$
M
$$
the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformally_flat_manifold |
In computer science, a polynomial-time algorithm is generally speaking an algorithm whose running time is upper-bounded by some polynomial function of the input size. The definition naturally depends on the computational model, which determines how the running time is measured, and how the input size is measured. Two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly-polynomial_time |
In radio communication, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths. Causes of multipath include atmospheric ducting, ionospheric reflection and refraction, and reflection from water bodies and terrestrial objects such as mountains and buildi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_propagation |
In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the magnetic flux through a surface is the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field B over that surface. It is usually denoted or . The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb; in derived units, volt–seconds or V⋅s), and the CGS unit is the maxwell. M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux |
A chirp is a signal in which the frequency increases (up-chirp) or decreases (down-chirp) with time. In some sources, the term chirp is used interchangeably with sweep signal. It is commonly applied to sonar, radar, and laser systems, and to other applications, such as in spread-spectrum communications (see chirp sprea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirp |
In combinatorial mathematics, a derangement is a permutation of the elements of a set in which no element appears in its original position. In other words, a derangement is a permutation that has no fixed points.
The number of derangements of a set of size is known as the subfactorial of or the derangement number or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derangement |
In mathematics, the phrase complete partial order is variously used to refer to at least three similar, but distinct, classes of partially ordered sets, characterized by particular completeness properties. Complete partial orders play a central role in theoretical computer science: in denotational semantics and domain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_partial_order |
Wear is the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces. Causes of wear can be mechanical (e.g., erosion) or chemical (e.g., corrosion). The study of wear and related processes is referred to as tribology.
Wear in machine elements, together with other processes such as fatigue and creep, caus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear |
The (one-dimensional) Holtsmark distribution is a continuous probability distribution. The Holtsmark distribution is a special case of a stable distribution with the index of stability or shape parameter
$$
\alpha
$$
equal to 3/2 and the skewness parameter
$$
\beta
$$
of zero. Since
$$
\beta
$$
equals zero, the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtsmark_distribution |
In mathematics, a ternary operation is an n-ary operation with n = 3. A ternary operation on a set A takes any given three elements of A and combines them to form a single element of A.
In computer science, a ternary operator is an operator that takes three arguments as input and returns one output.
## Examples
The fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_operation |
Biological neuron models, also known as spiking neuron models, are mathematical descriptions of the conduction of electrical signals in neurons. Neurons (or nerve cells) are electrically excitable cells within the nervous system, able to fire electric signals, called action potentials, across a neural network. These m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_neuron_model |
The non-squeezing theorem, also called Gromov's non-squeezing theorem, is one of the most important theorems in symplectic geometry. It was first proven in 1985 by Mikhail Gromov.
The theorem states that one cannot embed a ball into a cylinder via a symplectic map unless the radius of the ball is less than or equal t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-squeezing_theorem |
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally across the beam's axis (an element designed to carry a load pushing parallel to its axis would be a strut or column). Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending, as loads produce reaction forces at the beam's support points and internal b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_%28structure%29 |
In mathematics, a tubular neighborhood of a submanifold of a smooth manifold is an open set around it resembling the normal bundle.
The idea behind a tubular neighborhood can be explained in a simple example. Consider a smooth curve in the plane without self-intersections. On each point on the curve draw a line perpen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_neighborhood |
In computer science, the longest increasing subsequence problem aims to find a subsequence of a given sequence in which the subsequence's elements are sorted in an ascending order and in which the subsequence is as long as possible. This subsequence is not necessarily contiguous or unique. The longest increasing subseq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_increasing_subsequence |
A factor graph is a bipartite graph representing the factorization of a function. In probability theory and its applications, factor graphs are used to represent factorization of a probability distribution function, enabling efficient computations, such as the computation of marginal distributions through the sum–prod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_graph |
In mathematics, especially order theory, a partial order on a set is an arrangement such that, for certain pairs of elements, one precedes the other. The word partial is used to indicate that not every pair of elements needs to be comparable; that is, there may be pairs for which neither element precedes the other.
##... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set |
John Northrop Shive (February 22, 1913 – June 1, 1984) was an American physicist and inventor. He made notable contributions in electronic engineering and solid-state physics during the early days of transistor development at Bell Laboratories. In particular, he produced experimental evidence that holes could diffuse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_N._Shive |
In fluid mechanics, or more generally continuum mechanics, incompressible flow is a flow in which the material density does not vary over time. Equivalently, the divergence of an incompressible flow velocity is zero. Under certain conditions, the flow of compressible fluids can be modelled as incompressible flow to a g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompressible_flow |
In probability theory and statistics, the -distribution with
$$
k
$$
degrees of freedom is the distribution of a sum of the squares of
$$
k
$$
independent standard normal random variables.
The chi-squared distribution
$$
\chi^2_k
$$
is a special case of the gamma distribution and the univariate Wishart distributi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_distribution |
In graph theory, a connected graph is -edge-connected if it remains connected whenever fewer than edges are removed.
The edge-connectivity of a graph is the largest for which the graph is -edge-connected.
Edge connectivity and the enumeration of -edge-connected graphs was studied by Camille Jordan in 1869.
## Formal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-edge-connected_graph |
Linear predictive coding (LPC) is a method used mostly in audio signal processing and speech processing for representing the spectral envelope of a digital signal of speech in compressed form, using the information of a linear predictive model.
LPC is the most widely used method in speech coding and speech synthesis. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding |
In the mathematics of binary relations, the composition of relations is the forming of a new binary relation from two given binary relations R and S. In the calculus of relations, the composition of relations is called relative multiplication, and its result is called a relative product. Function composition is the sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_relations |
In fluid dynamics, a vortex (: vortices or vortexes) is a region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis line, which may be straight or curved. Vortices form in stirred fluids, and may be observed in smoke rings, whirlpools in the wake of a boat, and the winds surrounding a tropical cyclone, tornado or dus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex |
In set theory, an infinite set is a set that is not a finite set. Infinite sets may be countable or uncountable.
## Properties
The set of natural numbers (whose existence is postulated by the axiom of infinity) is infinite. It is the only set that is directly required by the axioms to be infinite. The existence of any ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_set |
Life, sometimes referred to as biota, is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from matter that does not. It is defined descriptively by the capacity for homeostasis, organisation, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, and repr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life |
Windows Vista is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was the direct successor to Windows XP, released five years earlier, which was then the longest time span between successive releases of Microsoft Windows. It was released to manufacturing on November 8, 2006, and over the fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista |
In computer science, a set is an abstract data type that can store unique values, without any particular order. It is a computer implementation of the mathematical concept of a finite set. Unlike most other collection types, rather than retrieving a specific element from a set, one typically tests a value for membershi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_%28abstract_data_type%29 |
In computer science, a compressed suffix arrayPaolo Ferragina and Giovanni Manzini (2000). "Opportunistic Data Structures with Applications". Proceedings of the 41st Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. p.390. is a compressed data structure for pattern matching. Compressed suffix arrays are a general c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_suffix_array |
Systems analysis is "the process of studying a procedure or business to identify its goal and purposes and create systems and procedures that will efficiently achieve them". Another view sees systems analysis as a problem-solving technique that breaks a system down into its component pieces and analyses how well those ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis |
In fluid dynamics, dispersion of water waves generally refers to frequency dispersion, which means that waves of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds. Water waves, in this context, are waves propagating on the water surface, with gravity and surface tension as the restoring forces. As a result, water ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_%28water_waves%29 |
In physics, the no-communication theorem (also referred to as the no-signaling principle) is a no-go theorem in quantum information theory. It asserts that during the measurement of an entangled quantum state, it is impossible for one observer to transmit information to another observer, regardless of their spatial sep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-communication_theorem |
In mathematics, the order of a finite group is the number of its elements. If a group is not finite, one says that its order is infinite. The order of an element of a group (also called period length or period) is the order of the subgroup generated by the element. If the group operation is denoted as a multiplication,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_%28group_theory%29 |
Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way. The word technology can also mean the products resulting from such efforts, including both tangible tools such as utensils or machines, and intangible ones such as software. Technology plays a critical ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology |
Modern physics is a branch of physics that developed in the early 20th century and onward or branches greatly influenced by early 20th century physics. Notable branches of modern physics include quantum mechanics, special relativity, and general relativity.
Classical physics is typically concerned with everyday conditi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_physics |
Structural analysis is a branch of solid mechanics which uses simplified models for solids like bars, beams and shells for engineering decision making. Its main objective is to determine the effect of loads on physical structures and their components. In contrast to theory of elasticity, the models used in structural ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_analysis |
In geometry, Stewart's theorem yields a relation between the lengths of the sides and the length of a cevian in a triangle. Its name is in honour of the Scottish mathematician Matthew Stewart, who published the theorem in 1746.
## Statement
Let , , be the lengths of the sides of a triangle. Let be the length of a ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart%27s_theorem |
Plasma () is a state of matter consisting of gas that has undergone some degree of ionization. It is characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, mostly in stars (including the Sun), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29 |
In mathematics, a relation on a set is called connected or complete or total if it relates (or "compares") all pairs of elements of the set in one direction or the other while it is called strongly connected if it relates pairs of elements. As described in the terminology section below, the terminology for these pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_relation |
Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or are propagated, from one point to another in vacuum, or into various parts of the atmosphere. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are affected by the phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, polari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_propagation |
A magnetic field (sometimes called B-field) is a physical field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field. A permanent magnet's magnetic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field |
In computing, a rose tree is a term for the value of a tree data structure with a variable and unbounded number of branches per node. The term is mostly used in the functional programming community, e.g., in the context of the Bird–Meertens formalism. Apart from the multi-branching property, the most essential characte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_tree |
Ferrofluid is a dark liquid that is attracted to the poles of a magnet. It is a colloidal liquid made of nanoscale ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic particles suspended inside a
carrier fluid (usually an organic solvent or water). Each magnetic particle is thoroughly coated with a surfactant to inhibit clumping. Large fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrofluid |
In classical mechanics, the shell theorem gives gravitational simplifications that can be applied to objects inside or outside a spherically symmetrical body. This theorem has particular application to astronomy.
Isaac Newton proved the shell theorem and stated that:
1. A spherically symmetric body affects external obj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_theorem |
Interferometry is a technique which uses the interference of superimposed waves to extract information. Interferometry typically uses electromagnetic waves and is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy, fiber optics, engineering metrology, optical metrology, oceanography, seismology, spectrosc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry |
Threefish is a symmetric-key tweakable block cipher designed as part of the Skein hash function, an entry in the NIST hash function competition. Threefish uses no S-boxes or other table lookups in order to avoid cache timing attacks; its nonlinearity comes from alternating additions with exclusive ORs. In that respect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefish |
A self-organizing list is a list that reorders its elements based on some self-organizing heuristic to improve average access time. The aim of a self-organizing list is to improve efficiency of linear search by moving more frequently accessed items towards the head of the list. A self-organizing list achieves near cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organizing_list |
In social psychology and economics, the dictator game is a popular experimental instrument a derivative of the ultimatum game. It involves a single decision by the "dictator" player: given an amount of money, how much to keep and how much to send to another player. Although the "dictator" has the most power, the game ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator_game |
The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current. Its reciprocal quantity is , measuring the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance |
In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the dual graph of a planar graph is a graph that has a vertex for each face of . The dual graph has an edge for each pair of faces in that are separated from each other by an edge, and a self-loop when the same face appears on both sides of an edge. Thus, each edge of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_graph |
Pappus's area theorem describes the relationship between the areas of three parallelograms attached to three sides of an arbitrary triangle. The theorem, which can also be thought of as a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem, is named after the Greek mathematician Pappus of Alexandria (4th century AD), who discove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus%27s_area_theorem |
In computational complexity theory of computer science, the structural complexity theory or simply structural complexity is the study of complexity classes, rather than computational complexity of individual problems and algorithms. It involves the research of both internal structures of various complexity classes and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_complexity_theory |
In mathematics, Hölder's theorem states that the gamma function does not satisfy any algebraic differential equation whose coefficients are rational functions. This result was first proved by Otto Hölder in 1887; several alternative proofs have subsequently been found.
The theorem also generalizes to the -gamma functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lder%27s_theorem |
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