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Merge algorithms are a family of algorithms that take multiple sorted lists as input and produce a single list as output, containing all the elements of the inputs lists in sorted order. These algorithms are used as subroutines in various sorting algorithms, most famously merge sort.
## Application
The merge algorithm ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_algorithm |
The new wave of British heavy metal (often abbreviated as NWOBHM) was a nationwide musical movement that began in England in the mid-1970s and achieved international attention by the early 1980s. Editor Alan Lewis coined the term for an article by Geoff Barton in a May 1979 issue of the British music newspaper Sounds t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal |
Cartography (; from , 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and , 'write') is the study and practice of making and using maps. Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.
The fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography |
State–action–reward–state–action (SARSA) is an algorithm for learning a Markov decision process policy, used in the reinforcement learning area of machine learning. It was proposed by Rummery and Niranjan in a technical note with the name "Modified Connectionist Q-Learning" (MCQ-L). The alternative name SARSA, proposed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action |
### Verification
and validation (also abbreviated as V&V) are independent procedures that are used together for checking that a product, service, or system meets requirements and specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose. These are critical components of a quality management system such as ISO 9000. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_and_validation |
In condensed matter physics, a spin wave is a propagating disturbance in the ordering of a magnetic material. These low-lying collective excitations occur in magnetic lattices with continuous symmetry. From the equivalent quasiparticle point of view, spin waves are known as magnons, which are bosonic modes of the spin ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_wave |
In geometry, Routh's theorem determines the ratio of areas between a given triangle and a triangle formed by the pairwise intersections of three cevians. The theorem states that if in triangle
$$
ABC
$$
points
$$
D
$$
,
$$
E
$$
, and
$$
F
$$
lie on segments
$$
BC
$$
,
$$
CA
$$
, and
$$
AB
$$
, then writing
$... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routh%27s_theorem |
The package-merge algorithm is an O(nL)-time algorithm for finding an optimal length-limited Huffman code for a given distribution on a given alphabet of size n, where no code word is longer than L. It is a greedy algorithm, and a generalization of Huffman's original algorithm. Package-merge works by reducing the cod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package-merge_algorithm |
In particle physics, a meson () is a type of hadronic subatomic particle composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks, usually one of each, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of quark subparticles, they have a meaningful physical size, a diameter of roughly one femtometre (10 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson |
In computer programming, specifically when using the imperative programming paradigm, an assertion is a predicate (a Boolean-valued function over the state space, usually expressed as a logical proposition using the variables of a program) connected to a point in the program, that always should evaluate to true at that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assertion_%28software_development%29 |
Solid is a state of matter where molecules are closely packed and can not slide past each other. Solids resist compression, expansion, or external forces that would alter its shape, with the degree to which they are resisted dependent upon the specific material under consideration. Solids also always possess the least ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid |
In computer vision, pattern recognition, and robotics, point-set registration, also known as point-cloud registration or scan matching, is the process of finding a spatial transformation (e.g., scaling, rotation and translation) that aligns two point clouds. The purpose of finding such a transformation includes merging... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-set_registration |
In computer science, an associative array, key-value store, map, symbol table, or dictionary is an abstract data type that stores a collection of (key, value) pairs, such that each possible key appears at most once in the collection. In mathematical terms, an associative array is a function with finite domain. It suppo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_array |
In mathematics the nth central binomial coefficient is the particular binomial coefficient
$$
{2n \choose n} = \frac{(2n)!}{(n!)^2} \text{ for all }n \geq 0.
$$
They are called central since they show up exactly in the middle of the even-numbered rows in Pascal's triangle. The first few central binomial coefficients st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_binomial_coefficient |
In spherical geometry, Lexell's theorem holds that every spherical triangle with the same surface area on a fixed base has its apex on a small circle, called Lexell's circle or Lexell's locus, passing through each of the two points antipodal to the two base vertices.
A spherical triangle is a shape on a sphere consisti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexell%27s_theorem |
The Koch snowflake (also known as the Koch curve, Koch star, or Koch island) is a fractal curve and one of the earliest fractals to have been described. It is based on the Koch curve, which appeared in a 1904 paper titled "On a Continuous Curve Without Tangents, Constructible from Elementary Geometry" by the Swedish ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_snowflake |
Bootstrap aggregating, also called bagging (from bootstrap aggregating) or bootstrapping, is a machine learning (ML) ensemble meta-algorithm designed to improve the stability and accuracy of ML classification and regression algorithms. It also reduces variance and overfitting. Although it is usually applied to decision... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_aggregating |
An accelerometer is a device that measures the proper acceleration of an object. Proper acceleration is the acceleration (the rate of change of velocity) of the object relative to an observer who is in free fall (that is, relative to an inertial frame of reference). Proper acceleration is different from coordinate acce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer |
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, an almost open map between topological spaces is a map that satisfies a condition similar to, but weaker than, the condition of being an open map.
As described below, for certain broad categories of topological vector spaces, surjective linear operators are nec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_open_map |
In linear algebra, two vectors in an inner product space are orthonormal if they are orthogonal unit vectors. A unit vector means that the vector has a length of 1, which is also known as normalized. Orthogonal means that the vectors are all perpendicular to each other. A set of vectors form an orthonormal set if all v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormality |
In probability theory and statistics, a scale parameter is a special kind of numerical parameter of a parametric family of probability distributions. The larger the scale parameter, the more spread out the distribution.
## Definition
If a family of probability distributions is such that there is a parameter s (and othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_parameter |
In cryptography, a brute-force attack or exhaustive key search is a cryptanalytic attack that consists of an attacker submitting many possible keys or passwords with the hope of eventually guessing correctly. This strategy can theoretically be used to break any form of encryption that is not information-theoretically s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_attack |
In bioinformatics, sequence assembly refers to aligning and merging fragments from a longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence. This is needed as DNA sequencing technology might not be able to 'read' whole genomes in one go, but rather reads small pieces of between 20 and 30,000 bases, depending... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_assembly |
Structural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed structural load (weight, force, etc.) without breaking and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs.
Structural integrity is the ability of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_integrity_and_failure |
In physics and mathematics, the phase (symbol φ or ϕ) of a wave or other periodic function
$$
F
$$
of some real variable
$$
t
$$
(such as time) is an angle-like quantity representing the fraction of the cycle covered up to
$$
t
$$
. It is expressed in such a scale that it varies by one full turn as the variable
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28waves%29 |
Cournot competition is an economic model used to describe an industry structure in which companies compete on the amount of output they will produce, which they decide on independently of each other and at the same time. It is named after Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801–1877) who was inspired by observing competition in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cournot_competition |
Rogue waves (also known as freak waves or killer waves) are large and unpredictable surface waves that can be extremely dangerous to ships and isolated structures such as lighthouses. They are distinct from tsunamis, which are long wavelength waves, often almost unnoticeable in deep waters and are caused by the displac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_wave |
In probability theory, if a large number of events are all independent of one another and each has probability less than 1, then there is a positive (possibly small) probability that none of the events will occur. The Lovász local lemma allows a slight relaxation of the independence condition: As long as the events are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov%C3%A1sz_local_lemma |
Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the International System of
## Units
, the unit of power is the watt, equal to one joule per second. Power is a scalar quantity.
Specifying power in particular systems may require attention to other quantities; for example, the power involved in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_%28physics%29 |
In arithmetic, a quotient (from 'how many times', pronounced ) is a quantity produced by the division of two numbers. The quotient has widespread use throughout mathematics. It has two definitions: either the integer part of a division (in the case of Euclidean division) or a fraction or ratio (in the case of a genera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient |
In computer science, dancing links (DLX) is a technique for adding and deleting a node from a circular doubly linked list. It is particularly useful for efficiently implementing backtracking algorithms, such as Knuth's Algorithm X for the exact cover problem. Algorithm X is a recursive, nondeterministic, depth-first, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Links |
In graph theory, a perfect matching in a graph is a matching that covers every vertex of the graph. More formally, given a graph with edges and vertices , a perfect matching in is a subset of , such that every vertex in is adjacent to exactly one edge in . The adjacency matrix of a perfect matching is a symmetric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_matching |
In telecommunications and computing, backward compatibility (or backwards compatibility) is a property of an operating system, software, real-world product, or technology that allows for interoperability with an older legacy system, or with input designed for such a system.
Modifying a system in a way that does not all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility |
A system context diagram in engineering is a diagram that defines the boundary between the system, or part of a system, and its environment, showing the entities that interact with it. This diagram is a high level view of a system. It is similar to a block diagram.
## Overview
System context diagrams show a system, as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_context_diagram |
In mathematics, Ratner's theorems are a group of major theorems in ergodic theory concerning unipotent flows on homogeneous spaces proved by Marina Ratner around 1990. The theorems grew out of Ratner's earlier work on horocycle flows. The study of the dynamics of unipotent flows played a decisive role in the proof of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratner%27s_theorems |
In computing, a system image is a serialized copy of the entire state of a computer system stored in some non-volatile form, such as a binary executable file.
If a system has all its state written to a disk (i.e. on a disk image), then a system image can be produced by copying the disk to a file elsewhere, often with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_image |
Wavelength selective switching components are used in WDM optical communications networks to route (switch) signals between optical fibres on a per-wavelength basis.
## What is a WSS
A WSS comprises a switching array that operates on light that has been dispersed in wavelength without the requirement that the dispersed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength_selective_switching |
In mathematics, the
## Vitali covering lemma
is a combinatorial and geometric result commonly used in measure theory of Euclidean spaces. This lemma is an intermediate step, of independent interest, in the proof of the
## Vitali covering theorem
. The covering theorem is credited to the Italian mathematician Giusepp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali_covering_lemma |
Combinatorics on words is a fairly new field of mathematics, branching from combinatorics, which focuses on the study of words and formal languages. The subject looks at letters or symbols, and the sequences they form. Combinatorics on words affects various areas of mathematical study, including algebra and computer ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics_on_words |
In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The quark model underlies "flavor SU(3)", or the Eightfold Way, the successful classification scheme organizing the large number o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_model |
In mathematics, Gosper's algorithm, due to Bill Gosper, is a procedure for finding sums of hypergeometric terms that are themselves hypergeometric terms. That is: suppose one has a(1) + ... + a(n) = S(n) − S(0), where S(n) is a hypergeometric term (i.e., S(n + 1)/S(n) is a rational function of n); then necessarily a(n)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosper%27s_algorithm |
In mathematics and computing, the method of complements is a technique to encode a symmetric range of positive and negative integers in a way that they can use the same algorithm (or mechanism) for addition throughout the whole range. For a given number of places half of the possible representations of numbers encode t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_complements |
In computing, an interface is a shared boundary across which two or more separate components of a computer system exchange information. The exchange can be between software, computer hardware, peripheral devices, humans, and combinations of these. Some computer hardware devices, such as a touchscreen, can both send and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_%28computing%29 |
In graph theory, a minimum cut or min-cut of a graph is a cut (a partition of the vertices of a graph into two disjoint subsets) that is minimal in some metric.
Variations of the minimum cut problem consider weighted graphs, directed graphs, terminals, and partitioning the vertices into more than two sets.
The weighted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_cut |
A line chart or line graph, also known as curve chart, is a type of chart that displays information as a series of data points called 'markers' connected by straight line segments. It is a basic type of chart common in many fields. It is similar to a scatter plot except that the measurement points are ordered (typica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_chart |
In computing, a hyperlink, or simply a link, is a digital reference providing direct access to data by a user's clicking or tapping. A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text with hyperlinks. The text that is linked from is known as anchor text. A software syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink |
In radio communications, single-sideband modulation (SSB) or single-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation (SSB-SC) is a type of signal modulation used to transmit information, such as an audio signal, by radio waves. A refinement of amplitude modulation, it uses transmitter power and bandwidth more efficiently. Ampli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation |
An infrared gas analyzer measures trace gases by determining the absorption of an emitted infrared light source through a certain air sample. Trace gases found in the Earth's atmosphere become excited under specific wavelengths found in the infrared range. The concept behind the technology can be understood as testing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_gas_analyzer |
In computer science, divide and conquer is an algorithm design paradigm. A divide-and-conquer algorithm recursively breaks down a problem into two or more sub-problems of the same or related type, until these become simple enough to be solved directly. The solutions to the sub-problems are then combined to give a solut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide-and-conquer_algorithm |
In mathematics, the absolute Galois group GK of a field K is the Galois group of Ksep over K, where Ksep is a separable closure of K. Alternatively it is the group of all automorphisms of the algebraic closure of K that fix K. The absolute Galois group is well-defined up to inner automorphism. It is a profinite group.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Galois_group |
In group theory, a branch of mathematics, a torsion group or a periodic group is a group in which every element has finite order. The exponent of such a group, if it exists, is the least common multiple of the orders of the elements.
For example, it follows from Lagrange's theorem that every finite group is periodic a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_group |
Maximum cardinality matching is a fundamental problem in graph theory.
We are given a graph , and the goal is to find a matching containing as many edges as possible; that is, a maximum cardinality subset of the edges such that each vertex is adjacent to at most one edge of the subset. As each edge will cover exactly t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_cardinality_matching |
Usability testing is a technique used in user-centered interaction design to evaluate a product by testing it on users. This can be seen as an irreplaceable usability practice, since it gives direct input on how real users use the system. It is more concerned with the design intuitiveness of the product and tested with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability_testing |
Every multi-way or k-ary tree structure studied in computer science admits a representation as a binary tree, which goes by various names including child-sibling representation, left-child, right-sibling binary tree, doubly chained tree or filial-heir chain.
In a binary tree that represents a multi-way tree , each node... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-child_right-sibling_binary_tree |
In combustion, the Williams spray equation, also known as the Williams–Boltzmann equation, describes the statistical evolution of sprays contained in another fluid, analogous to the Boltzmann equation for the molecules, named after Forman A. Williams, who derived the equation in 1958.
## Mathematical description
The sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_spray_equation |
In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field that carries momentum and radiant energy through space. It encompasses a broad spectrum, classified by frequency or its inverse, wavelength, ranging from radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation |
Adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) is a computer image processing technique used to improve contrast in images. It differs from ordinary histogram equalization in the respect that the adaptive method computes several histograms, each corresponding to a distinct section of the image, and uses them to redistribute the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_histogram_equalization |
In electrical engineering and applied mathematics, blind deconvolution is deconvolution without explicit knowledge of the impulse response function used in the convolution. This is usually achieved by making appropriate assumptions of the input to estimate the impulse response by analyzing the output. Blind deconvoluti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_deconvolution |
An axle or axletree is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles, the axle may be fixed to the wheels, rotating with them, or fixed to the vehicle, with the wheels rotating around the axle. In the former case, bearings or bushings are provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle |
In computer programming, a variable-length array (VLA), also called variable-sized or runtime-sized, is an array data structure whose length is determined at runtime, instead of at compile time. In the language C, the VLA is said to have a variably modified data type that depends on a value (see Dependent type).
The ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-length_array |
In mathematics, a duality translates concepts, theorems or mathematical structures into other concepts, theorems or structures in a one-to-one fashion, often (but not always) by means of an involution operation: if the dual of is , then the dual of is . In other cases the dual of the dual – the double dual or bidual ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_%28mathematics%29 |
In combinatorics, Vandermonde's identity (or Vandermonde's convolution) is the following identity for binomial coefficients:
$$
{m+n \choose r}=\sum_{k=0}^r{m \choose k}{n \choose r-k}
$$
for any nonnegative integers r, m, n. The identity is named after Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde (1772), although it was already k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandermonde%27s_identity |
A functional flow block diagram (FFBD) is a multi-tier, time-sequenced, step-by-step flow diagram of a system's functional flow. The term "functional" in this context is different from its use in functional programming or in mathematics, where pairing "functional" with "flow" would be ambiguous. Here, "functional flow"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_flow_block_diagram |
In mathematics, the range of a function may refer to either of two closely related concepts:
- the codomain of the function, or
- the image of the function.
In some cases the codomain and the image of a function are the same set; such a function is called surjective or onto. For any non-surjective function
$$
f: X \to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_of_a_function |
In computational geometry, Chan's algorithm, named after Timothy M. Chan, is an optimal output-sensitive algorithm to compute the convex hull of a set
$$
P
$$
of
$$
n
$$
points, in 2- or 3-dimensional space.
The algorithm takes
$$
O(n \log h)
$$
time, where
$$
h
$$
is the number of vertices of the output (the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan%27s_algorithm |
The folded normal distribution is a probability distribution related to the normal distribution. Given a normally distributed random variable X with mean μ and variance σ2, the random variable Y = |X| has a folded normal distribution. Such a case may be encountered if only the magnitude of some variable is recorded, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folded_normal_distribution |
The science of epidemiology has matured significantly from the times of Hippocrates, Semmelweis and John Snow. The techniques for gathering and analyzing epidemiological data vary depending on the type of disease being monitored but each study will have overarching similarities.
## Outline of the process of an epidemio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_method |
The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the
## Sun
and the objects that orbit it. It formed about 4.6 billion years ago when a dense region of a molecular cloud collapsed, forming the Sun and a protoplanetary disc. The Sun is a typical star that maintains a balanced equilibrium by the fusion of hydrog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System |
In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that describes forces present during deformation. For example, an object being pulled apart, such as a stretched elastic band, is subject to tensile stress and may undergo elongation. An object being pushed together, such as a crumpled sponge, is subject to compress... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28mechanics%29 |
### Pascal
is an imperative and procedural programming language, designed by Niklaus Wirth as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. It is named after French mathematician, philosopher and physicist Blaise Pascal.
Pascal was devel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_%28programming_language%29 |
Error diffusion is a type of halftoning in which the quantization residual is distributed to neighboring pixels that have not yet been processed. Its main use is to convert a multi-level image into a binary image, though it has other applications.
Unlike many other halftoning methods, error diffusion is classified as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_diffusion |
A minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a type of general-purpose computer mostly developed from the mid-1960s, built significantly smaller and sold at a much lower price than mainframe and mid-size computers . By 21st century-standards however, a mini is an exceptionally large machine. Minicomputers in the traditiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer |
In mathematics, a structure on a set (or on some sets) refers to providing or endowing it (or them) with certain additional features (e.g. an operation, relation, metric, or topology). Τhe additional features are attached or related to the set (or to the sets), so as to provide it (or them) with some additional meaning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_structure |
Fortran (; formerly
### FORTRAN
) is a third-generation, compiled, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.
Fortran was originally developed by IBM with a reference manual being released in 1956; however, the first compilers only began to produce accura... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran |
The zip tree was introduced as a variant of random binary search tree by Robert Tarjan, Caleb Levy, and Stephen Timmel. Zip trees are similar to max treaps except ranks are generated through a geometric distribution and maintain their max-heap property during insertions and deletions through unzipping and zipping rathe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_tree |
A lattice is an abstract structure studied in the mathematical subdisciplines of order theory and abstract algebra. It consists of a partially ordered set in which every pair of elements has a unique supremum (also called a least upper bound or join) and a unique infimum (also called a greatest lower bound or meet). An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_%28order%29 |
A finite-state transducer (FST) is a finite-state machine with two memory tapes, following the terminology for Turing machines: an input tape and an output tape. This contrasts with an ordinary finite-state automaton, which has a single tape. An FST is a type of finite-state automaton (FSA) that maps between two sets ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_transducer |
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a dual topology is a locally convex topology on a vector space that is induced by the continuous dual of the vector space, by means of the bilinear form (also called pairing) associated with the dual pair.
The different dual topologies for a given dual pair are ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_topology |
In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra and applications, matrix analysis is the study of matrices and their algebraic properties. Some particular topics out of many include; operations defined on matrices (such as matrix addition, matrix multiplication and operations derived from these), functions of matrices (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_analysis |
A quad-edge data structure is a computer representation of the topology of a two-dimensional or three-dimensional map, that is, a graph drawn on a (closed) surface. It was first described by Jorge Stolfi and Leonidas J. Guibas. It is a variant of the earlier winged edge data structure.
## Overview
The fundamental idea ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-edge |
In probability and statistics, an exponential family is a parametric set of probability distributions of a certain form, specified below. This special form is chosen for mathematical convenience, including the enabling of the user to calculate expectations, covariances using differentiation based on some useful algebra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_family |
In physics, the no-deleting theorem of quantum information theory is a no-go theorem which states that, in general, given two copies of some arbitrary quantum state, it is impossible to delete one of the copies. It is a time-reversed dual to the no-cloning theorem,D. Dieks, "Communication by EPR devices", Physics Lette... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deleting_theorem |
The Boltzmann constant ( or ) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the molar gas constant, in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant |
An electric motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate Laplace force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. An electric generator is mec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor |
In plasma physics, an electromagnetic electron wave is a wave in a plasma which has a magnetic field component and in which primarily the electrons oscillate.
In an unmagnetized plasma, an electromagnetic electron wave is simply a light wave modified by the plasma. In a magnetized plasma, there are two modes perpendicu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_electron_wave |
In topology, a proximity space, also called a nearness space, is an axiomatization of the intuitive notion of "nearness" that hold set-to-set, as opposed to the better known point-to-set notion that characterize topological spaces.
The concept was described by but ignored at the time. It was rediscovered and axiomatiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_space |
In mathematics, the Gershgorin circle theorem may be used to bound the spectrum of a square matrix. It was first published by the Soviet mathematician Semyon Aronovich Gershgorin in 1931. Gershgorin's name has been transliterated in several different ways, including Geršgorin, Gerschgorin, Gershgorin, Hershhorn, and H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershgorin_circle_theorem |
##
The ISO 9000 family is a set of international standards for quality management systems. It was developed in March 1987 by International Organization for Standardization. The goal of these standards is to help organizations ensure that they meet customer and other stakeholder needs within the statutory and regulator... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9000_family |
In geometry, a real projective line is a projective line over the real numbers. It is an extension of the usual concept of a line that has been historically introduced to solve a problem set by visual perspective: two parallel lines do not intersect but seem to intersect "at infinity". For solving this problem, points ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_line |
Exponential backoff is an algorithm that uses feedback to multiplicatively decrease the rate of some process, in order to gradually find an acceptable rate. These algorithms find usage in a wide range of systems and processes, with radio networks and computer networks being particularly notable.
## Exponential backoff ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_backoff |
In computer science, a selection algorithm is an algorithm for finding the
$$
k
$$
th smallest value in a collection of ordered values, such as numbers. The value that it finds is called the order statistic. Selection includes as special cases the problems of finding the minimum, median, and maximum element in the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_algorithm |
A multi-link suspension is a type of independent vehicle suspension having three or more control links per wheel. These arms do not have to be of equal length, and may be angled away from their "obvious" direction. It was first introduced in the late 1960s on the Mercedes-Benz C111 and later on their W201 and W124 ser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-link_suspension |
The mean absolute difference (univariate) is a measure of statistical dispersion equal to the average absolute difference of two independent values drawn from a probability distribution. A related statistic is the relative mean absolute difference, which is the mean absolute difference divided by the arithmetic mean, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_absolute_difference |
In probability theory, a product-form solution is a particularly efficient form of solution for determining some metric of a system with distinct sub-components, where the metric for the collection of components can be written as a product of the metric across the different components. Using capital Pi notation a produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product-form_solution |
A plot is a graphical technique for representing a data set, usually as a graph showing the relationship between two or more variables. The plot can be drawn by hand or by a computer. In the past, sometimes mechanical or electronic plotters were used. Graphs are a visual representation of the relationship between varia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_%28graphics%29 |
Homeokinetics is the study of self-organizing, complex systems.Iberall, A.S., Homeokinetics: The Basics. Strong Voices Publishing, 2016. Standard physics studies systems at separate levels, such as atomic physics, nuclear physics, biophysics, social physics, and galactic physics. Homeokinetic physics studies the up-dow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeokinetics |
A tree sort is a sort algorithm that builds a binary search tree from the elements to be sorted, and then traverses the tree (in-order) so that the elements come out in sorted order. Its typical use is sorting elements online: after each insertion, the set of elements seen so far is available in sorted order.
Tree sort... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_sort |
Regression testing (rarely, non-regression testing) is re-running functional and non-functional tests to ensure that previously developed and tested software still performs as expected after a change. If not, that would be called a regression.
Changes that may require regression testing include bug fixes, software enha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_testing |
In mathematical optimization, the push–relabel algorithm (alternatively, preflow–push algorithm) is an algorithm for computing maximum flows in a flow network. The name "push–relabel" comes from the two basic operations used in the algorithm. Throughout its execution, the algorithm maintains a "preflow" and gradually c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push%E2%80%93relabel_maximum_flow_algorithm |
The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. It is called the shoelace formula because of the constant cross-multiplying for the coordin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula |
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