sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We consider a pair of critical permissions to be rare with respect to a threshold y if the individual permission s frequency is above threshold y but the frequency of occurrence of the two permissions as a pair is below y, and we de.ne this as #RPCP(y).
Sentence 2: [6] makes an effort to decompile and analyze the source of applications to detect further leaks and usage of data.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Declassi.cation constructs have been introduced in a few security-typed languages [17, 15] for intentional information re­leases.Atypical useof these constructsisto release encryption re­sults of con.dential data to low users.
Sentence 2: by induction on the structure of s. Lemma A.3 (Expression adequacy).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: While such tag-speci.c TIDs may prevent simple copying of one EPC into another, it does not prevent the emulation of an EPC tag in another radio de­vice.
Sentence 2: in all en­vironments, we also evaluated various ways of carrying the cards, namely: (1) Held away from the body; (2) Inside a purse; both inside a wallet and in a side pocket; (3) In a Figure 3: The sleeves used for our shielded distance tests.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In speci.c, Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks are con­sidered to have adverse e.ects in disrupting WSNs commu­nication [7]; however, e.ective security mechanisms against DoS attacks are yet to be de.ned.
Sentence 2: the IDS nodes cannot use the wireless medium for transmitting attack information; this ultimately hinders the IDS achieving the most basic objective i.e., to detect an attack.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As we will describe later, the OOBAC application can be given a greater number of privileges, such as geolocation, network access, and access to other sensors that should not neces­sarily be a.orded to the mobile applications [10, 15].
Sentence 2: the server side is developed as a library that abstracts all communication with the client side and exposes a set of simple APIs that can be used by the Auth-Server to invoke AuthApp on demand and pass appropriate invocation parameters (such as session identi.er).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Node Node Node Node Figure 1: Trusted Virtual Domains In a large-scale distributed computing environment, it is necessary to consider the differences between attestation strengths that components require.
Sentence 2: [3] Meushaw, R. and Simard, D. NetTop: Commercial Technology in High Assurance Applications, Tech Trend Notes Volume 9 Edition 4, National Security Agency, 2000.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Given the fact that all instructions on a 32-bit RISC architecture are 4 bytes large, this turns out to be a non-trivial task: only 0.34% of the 32 bit words consist of 4 alphanumeric characters.
Sentence 2: sUBPL r3, pc, #48 SUBPL r5, r8, #56 SUBPL r7 , r8 , #108 SUBPL r3, r3, r7, ROR r5 SUBPL r3, r3, r7, ROR r5 SUBPL r3, r3, r7, ROR r5 SUBPL r7, r8, #54 STRPLB r7, [r3, #-48] .byte 0x30,0x30,0x30,0x90 The above code copies pc minus 48 to r3 and sets r5 to 0 (we assume r8 contains 56).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: E-health clouds o.er new possibilities, such as easy and ubiquitous access to medical data, and opportunities for new business models.
Sentence 2: more­over, medical doctors have their own smartcard, the Health Professional Card (HPC), which is used to digitally sign documents that are stored in a patient s EHR, and to au­thenticate themselves as legitimate medical personnel.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Determiningthe CFG in a normal program is not dif.cult since the branch and control transferinstructions are usually easy toidentify.
Sentence 2: it then randomly converts a certainpercentage of suchinstructions by triggering tag exceptions and using exceptional control .ow to dothetransfer.Sincetheexceptionalcontrol.owisessentially un­conditional and thus cannot handle a conditional control transfer, BOSH converts the conditional control transfer to unconditional control transferbeforeusing theexceptional.ow.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, if the same gadget is located in many pieces of code, an attacker only needs to know one of those locations to use that gadget.
Sentence 2: for example, if the attacker hijacks control .ow four different times and points execution to locations 1, 2, 3, and 4, he will .nd it takes the smallest amount of time to execute location 3, where the return statement is.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Assuming that approximate reconstruction su.ces, we generalize the em­pirical formula in Equation 2 as follows: n -{I * (yi|x,B)-I * (x|yi)} Gx (t)= Gyxi(t) * 2(3) i=1  3.3 Value Arithmetic: Examples In this section we argue that the empirical Equations 2 and 3 satisfy the intuitive notions of object downgrade and upgrade transforms.
Sentence 2: for example, in a commercial setting, the ability of multiple partners to come together, share sensitive business information and coordinate activi­ties to rapidly respond to business opportunities is becoming a key driver for success.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A communication request is repre­sented by executions of unitcomp that last for 1.5 s. The receiver waits for a communication request by repeating an execution of unitcomp that takes approximately 0.1 s. When a receiver detects a rise in CPU load (i.e., growth in the ex­ecution time), it starts measuring the amount of time that elapses from the rise in CPU load until the fall in the load.
Sentence 2: each process executes task t in its domain.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Thisbreaks,forexample,LL1ChapterIV-section18-1 and the bank secrecy of Luxembourg (Loi 5-4-1993 Profes­ sionels Secteur Financier) if the mobile device is checked, because it violates either the passus, which allows the pro­ tective measures, or the passus that prescribes to respect the law of the 3rd county.
Sentence 2: iNTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation &#38; Background Di.erent laws such as those that incorporate bank secrecy and data privacy demand to secure sensitive information against unauthorized access.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Download all {tsj}wj=1 from the cloud.
Sentence 2: in humans, the genome is encoded in double-stranded DeoxyriboNucleicAcid(DNA) molecules, consisting of twolong complementary polymer chains of four simple units called nucleo­tides, representedby thelettersA,C,G, andT.Thehumangenome comprises(about)3billionnucleotides.The .rstgenomestobese­quencedwerethose of a virus and a mitochondrioninlate70 s[62].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: RELATED WORK There is a large and growing body of literature on the insecure password choices that users tend to make [2, 6, 3, 28, 11].
Sentence 2: extending this concept, the authors de.ne an adaptive strength metric as a func­tion that takes a list of previously received passwords and the user s password as inputs and outputs a score s.Each password presented to the adaptive password meter would be included in the list of previously received passwords on the next invocation so that the scoring is truly adaptive.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: RBACdividesthe authorization matrix by introducing a level of indirection via the role con­cept: player × role role × object × access Although RBAC does not help solving the problem, it for­tunately does not hurt either, such that we can integrate its bene.ts into our model without detrimental e.ects.
Sentence 2: too liberal sharing of this information allows espionage on one sbusinessoperations[32,39].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Available: http: //www.cbsr.ia.ac.cn/english/IrisDatabase.asp [21] J. Daugmann.
Sentence 2: we also observe that the code with dv = 5 has a better performance in the error .oor region, so its Bit Error Rate (BER) and FrameErrorRate(FER) curves tend tointersect withthose of the .rst code.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [7] U. Budhia and D. Kundur and T.Zourntos, Digital video steganalysis exploiting statistical visibility in the temporal domain , IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security., 2006.
Sentence 2: it is de.ned as follows [13]: [ .2 ]2 ..2 E.{g(Y1)}|.=0.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Moreover,sine2bbelongsto£(B),theshortestvetorin £(B " )haslengthmin(A(B),dist(b,£(B))=A(B)=1.
Sentence 2: isindependentfromyi,z,ai,z.There­ =(i,z) "" " fore,(19)isequalto(a,u).Theomponentsofa andu " aretotallyindependent.m "" "" (a,u)=(at,Ut) t=1 whereeahU "tisdistributeduniformlyatrandomover G,whilea " i = z. ai,z.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Anti-Virus (AV) companies commonly rely on signatures, such as strings and regular expressions, to determine malware fam­ilies, but it is well known that signature-based methods are error­prone and can be easily evaded by intelligent malware programs.
Sentence 2: although dynamic analysis has the advantage of revealing the true behavior of often obfuscated malware programs, it requires a virtual execution environment, which makes it more demanding than static analysis.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: ACM, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1134680.1134682.
Sentence 2: there is a strong need to equip users with ad­ditional tools and methods for veri.cation of the APs they connect to, in order to make sure that these are authen­tic and not traps operated by an attacker.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The host then accesses the HPCs to retrieve the guest state (counts of monitored events) from outside the guest VM (out-of-the-box).
Sentence 2: in this work, we focus on the kernel rootkits that modify the kernel control-.ow because the majority of ker­nel rootkits are of this type and they pose the most threat to sys­tem security.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Therefore, he has to inter- act with the randomizer to get it.
Sentence 2: moreover, previous works have not described the whole election system from the booth to the computation of the tally in int~r~aediary levels such as local, regional and Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on tbe first page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In the context of the graph in Figure 2, for exam­ple, we have G, U1 , F1 |= Participant-of ; Resource-for since G, U1, P1 |= Participant-of and G, F1, P1 |= Resource-for.
Sentence 2: an authorization system comprises a principal-matching policy ., a principal-matching strategy PMS, an authoriza­tion policy PA, and a con.ict resolution strategy CRS (de­scribed in the next section).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: To put it formally, at some point, the following must occur: KA A = B : .= A KB B = A : .= B However, simply receiving a public key does not assure a device that it is the authentic public key of the intended target device.
Sentence 2: we assume the following for our hypothetical device authentication algorithm: A| K.=aAB | Kb.= B KaKb A| A .= AB | B .= B~~ KbKa A| B .= BB | A .= A~~ KaKb A| .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This operation cannot be handled by simple iteration because users commonly have a hundred friends or more, and so a simple implementation of one-to-many encryption would therefore be a hundred or more times slower than a single encryption would, since the message would be individually encrypted for each friend.
Sentence 2: but for several reasons we did not attempt to build a new, decentralized social network and convince users to abandon centralized services namely, Facebook for it in the interest of privacy.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The higher robustness levels were primarily intended for indus­trial use including a dirty environment or fast movement on a conveyor, but are not necessary for the web-based daily­life use.
Sentence 2: in I. Khalil and T. Mantoro, editors, Trustworthy Ubiquitous Computing, volume 6 of Atlantis Ambient and Pervasive Intelligence, pages 21 38.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: It takes as inputs the security parameter 1t , the directed acyclic graph G =(V, E) correspond­ing to a partially ordered hierarchy, the interval-set P over a sequence of distinct time periods T , two classes u and v such that u .Av,a time sequence .
Sentence 2: each single class may be Moreover, all the computations needed to construct STATu,t * s view can be performed in polynomial-time.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Thetypesystemsupportsthedisoveryofanentity's subjet­allattributesthroughaforwardsearhproess thatstartsfromtheentity.Italsosupportssearhing forwardfromanarbitraryattributeexpressiontofnd otherswhosesatisfationisentailedbysatisfationof thefrst.Thus,whenaqueryisposedduringATN,a negotiatoransearhtofndsensitiveattributesthat areentailedbythequery,aswellastheredentialsthat showtheentailment.ThenegotiatorannowapplyAk poliylosureasneededwithrespettotheseredentials toensurethattheAkpoliyheenforesonthequery isadequatelystrong.However,therequireddynami searhproessaddsasignifantburden,andmayopen thedoortoinfereneattaksbasedontiming.Soitis notreommended.
Sentence 2: forwardypositiveinferene.Foreahtype­4reden­tial,A.Al.lllAk.k,suhthatA.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: int main(void) { char ch; char input[32]; ... ch = getchar(); ... gets(input); ... switch(ch) { case u : sys1 ; case e : sys2 ; case r : sys3 ; } } Figure 10.
Sentence 2: it is not necessary to build a model of the initialization phase that consists largely of con.guring the network interface and reading snort rules.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In the initial (or setup) stage, the data owner runs the policy assignment algorithm and determines an exact pol­icy assignment for the data collection.
Sentence 2: if an attacker is in­terested in documents on, say, computer security, then such documents are distributed among a number of groups, and are mixed with a large variety of documents on di.erent top­ics.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We do not show the semantics of each action since most of them are straightforward.
Sentence 2: we say st fAP stis an obligation­abiding transition, if (1) there are no two tuples (s1,a1,r1) and (s2,a2,r2) in AP such that s1 = s2 and a1 = a2;and (2) for any (s, a, r) .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Bypassing Chain of Trust and other performance attacks: The routing table attack introduced in this study is not permanent because the routing table registers con­taining malicious information are volatile, thus the original table is recovered by rebooting.
Sentence 2: the results plot the exe­ cution time of the workload and the results are normalized to the baseline without any modi.cation to the routing table.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A role hierarchy will affect the determination of R, the set of roles a user is authorized for, as well as perms, which determines the permissions each role has.
Sentence 2: algorithm 2 shows Algorithm 1 ExactMatch(Preq,Ravail,Call) Input: Ravail -set of roles; Preq -requested permissions; Call ­all constraints Output: RB -set of roles which can satisfy the exact match re­quirement 1: RB .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In the .rst iteration, Quentin sends his seed S1 to Wendy, Wendy computes R1 = Extw(W ; S1), sends R1 to Quentin, and Quentin computes S2 = Extq(Q; R1).
Sentence 2: upon reaching either of these states, a party sets its candidate key to some f-bit value (not .)
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: next Mu(z), LSvt3(z),!LSvt1(z),LSut3(z),!LSut1(z) :- Send(x,z),Mu(x), LSut1(z),LSut3(x),LSvt1(z),LSvt3(x).
Sentence 2: to admit the above scenarios, the model allows labels to beloweredor raised at runtime.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This becomes particularly problematic when these short URLs point to non-public resources, such as URLs including hidden directories of a website, or in­cluding sensitive parameters, such as a Document Identi.er for Google Docs, or .le identi.ers used by one-click-hosting services [22].
Sentence 2: the key advantage of using perceptual hashing, is its hash-generating speed and robustness against image scaling, aspect-ratio variation, and small changes in color, such as those due to contrast and brightness.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This is due to the fact that AV signatures are sometimes re.ned by the AV vendors to reduce possible false positives and more speci.cally characterize the malware samples (e.g., by assigning a sample previously la­beled as generic to a more speci.c malware family).
Sentence 2: more than 80% of the samples in the clustering results had to be excluded from the cluster validity analysis.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: CONCLUSION There is a recent trend, partly driven by the ongoing im­provements in the proactive mitigation of user-space vulner­abilities, to focus on attacking the kernel.
Sentence 2: this e.ect is secondary, as sandboxes aim primarily to prevent applications from performing security sensitive operations (e.g., open(/etc/shadow, O_RDONLY)) and not operations that can only result in privilege eleva­tion when their implementation is vulnerable (e.g., the vm­splice system call).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We start by describing a set of linear constraints that en­force EdX -privacy, which allows to obtain an optimal mecha­nism as a linear optimization problem.
Sentence 2: in the main loop we consider all possible edges (that is, all pairs of locations) in increasing order with respect to the distance function dX (lines 4-8), and if the weight of a minimum path between the two corresponding locations in the current graph is bigger than d times the distance between them, we add the edge to the spanner.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: DFA Range Hash #of States Memory Requirements KBits per Pattern Memory Requirements per Engine KBits per Pattern BS24 BS31 BS34 SnortSpy SnortWebMisc SnortWebPHP SnortBackdoor 128 731 148 7,645 5,194 25 1,551 224 kbits 1,828 kbits 296 kbits 24,847 kbits 16,881 kbits 32 kbits 4,266 kbits 8 7.84 6.58 54.37 66.99 7.81 13.67 9.25 kbits 496 kbits 21.75 kbits 336 kbits 196.5 kbits 10.59 kbits 482 kbits 0.33 2.13 0.48 0.74 2.46 2.65 1.54 and liner trend line is also drawn.
Sentence 2: the proposed pre-.lter can support 100-Gbps CC detection throughput using today s FPGA technology.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Instead, the idea is that the protocol should not reveal any additional information about client paths beyond what the server already knows and the desired aggregate result.
Sentence 2: the server will not learn how manypeople passed through the street or whether there was an upload at 8:15 am (and hence whether Alicewenttowork).Moreover,the serverwillnotseetheindividual speed values uploaded so it cannot determine if there were some high speeds corresponding to Bob.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, to as­sess the compliance of a remote platform with the Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard (DSS), none of those (software) components may contain any vulnerabil­ity that has been assigned a Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score equal to or higher than 4.0 [19].
Sentence 2: there are two caveats in making CPE names from the integrity report.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We implemented the ALUPUF in FPGA and demonstrated its good statistical prop­erties and low hardware overhead.
Sentence 2: since PUFs are physical structures that exploitside-e.ects in chip manufacturing, they typically possess alimited resilience against operational and environmental in­.uences such as temperature, power supply variations or sili­con aging e.ects.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 5.3 RQ2:Accuracy ofACPExtraction In this section, we address the researchquestionRQ2ofhow ef­fectively Text2Policy extracts ACP rules from ACP sentences.
Sentence 2: our approach adapts NLP techniques and provides new analysis techniques to automate the process ofACPextraction, while their approach is manual.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacysummary.pdf [26] Toahchoodee, M., Ray, I., Anastasakis, K., Georg, G., and Bordbar, B.: Ensuring Spatio-Temporal Access Control for Real World Applications, in Proc.
Sentence 2: finger is less powerful than our system: Finger does not allow for the expression or evaluation of complex logical expressions and the access control language and engine are much less efficient, e.g., their engine requires 15.62 KB of Flash.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The setup server di­vides the n-bit key into r pieces of l-bit segments, where l = Llog2 q 'J and r = lnl l. For simplicity, we assume n = l · r. The setup server randomly generates rt-degree bivariate polyno­mials {fv(x, y)}v=1,··· ,r over Fq ' such that fv(x, y)= fv(y, x) for v =1, ··· ,r. The setup server then gives the correspond­ing polynomial shares on these r polynomials to each sensor node.
Sentence 2: then the probability that exactly k shares on a particular bivariate polynomial have been disclosed is m!
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: AuthorKeywords Access control, policycreation  ACM Classi.cationKeywords D.4.6 Security and protection, K.4.3 Organizational Impacts, K.6.5Authentication   INTRODUCTION Effectively controlling access to resources within an orga­nization is a challenging problem for access-control policy professionals.
Sentence 2: if an incident occurs (e.g.,a.re)he trustsamuchlarger numberofpeopleto enter the lab (e.g., in order to shut down expensive equipment).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, t m ng-cr t cal codes are not good targets for obfuscat on, and obfuscat ng a publ cly ava lable funct on may not be necessary.
Sentence 2: for any g ven source program, we can parse the source program and der ve two sets of code blocks and branches together w th the r relat onsh p. To obscure a program, a set of transforms Perm ss on to make d g tal or hard cop es of all or part of th s work for personal or classroom use s granted w thout fee prov ded that cop es are not made or d str buted for prof t or commerc al advantage and that cop es bear th s not ce and the full c tat on on the f rst page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Result of the number with matching is sent to a client terminal.
Sentence 2: 2.2 Analyzing Personal Information Using Morphological Analysis Kataoka et al [7]-[10] researches whether personal information in user s diary which has already appeared on social network flows out or not by resolving each word with morphological analysis and by analyzing the diary and words in it with Wikipedia API that easily utilizes Wikipedia from the server as a database Though this method it becomes possible to judge whether a place name or landmark is written or not in the diary making use of enormous database of Wikipedia [3].
Relationship: neutral