sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 2.6.1 Corporate Privacy Threats Corporate espionage threat and Competitive marketing threat can be reduced as tags will not response without the consent of the owner and no one has to share the secrets.
Sentence 2: rEFERENCES [1] David M, Andrea S, and David W, A Scalable, Delegatable Pseudonym Protocol Enabling Ownership Transfer of RFID Tags ECRYPT Workshop on RFID and Lightweight Crypto, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria (2005).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We also enforced distances between other images in the login to respect the image filtering concerns discussed in Section 3.1.
Sentence 2: the success of these strategies, relies upon their adoption by conscientious users, and the strategies themselves may even Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: With payload bypassing, text-based protocols such as HTTP and FTP have zero false positive regardless of the attack pattern repetition count and the content of transferred .les.
Sentence 2: first of all, Nebula can recognize .les downloaded via FTP, HTTP, P2P .le sharing, and BitTorrent­like applications, and exclude bytes in downloaded .les from the signature matching process.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: By exploiting the vulnerabilities and the popular features such as over-the­air-programming [6] enabled by bootloader, the attacker can then inject packets carrying the malicious codes into the net­works.
Sentence 2: we assume that the attacker could physically capture a small number of sensor nodes through the use of a PC-class device and some dedicated, specialized hardware such as JTAG [15] equipment.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: While it is dif.cult to determine with certainty that a particular piece of code has been deliberately inserted by a malware author to prevent dynamic analysis, we checked for the presence of many repeated calls to API functions that serve no apparent purpose.
Sentence 2: in the second step, HASTEN reduces (or disables) logging for all blocks that the previous step has marked as stalling code.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.0 [Computer-Communication Networks]: General Security and protection (e.g., .rewalls)  General Terms Security, Design, Human Factors  Keywords security, deception, moving target, dynamic defense, machine learn­ing, cocooning, biometrics 1.
Sentence 2: we consider a FNR less than 1% to be acceptable.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Hand-geometry matching devices are gaining in deployment, if not acceptance: DisneyWorld's custom-built, low F- hand geometry gate control is well suited for high-volume traffic of mostly- honest ticket holders, and a security expert's personal informal observations and tests over an extended period, and discussions of the system [10] strongly support and amplify the results reported by the Company [133, in turn showing that very carefully designed and implemented biometric systems can provide significant economic advantage.
Sentence 2: computers would apply statistical algorithms to correlate physiologic patterns with computerized data on travel routines, criminal background and credit information from "hundreds to thousands of data sources," NASA documents say [20].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Offensive word Font type and size Presentation Image size Use of colour Integration with web pages  3.1 Distortion related issues Distortion has a clear impact on the usability of CAPTCHAs, since human users would find it difficult or impossible to recognise over-distorted characters.
Sentence 2: this suggests to some extent that people with different first languages do perform differently in decoding distorted Roman characters.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: By combining the above three cases, the probability that ucannot establish a pairwise key with v in a single round of path discovery 2 d+2 can be estimated by Pf = Pf1 ×Pf2 ×Pf3 =(1 - m+1 )pc = d+2 (m-1)pd+2 (m-1)pc m+1 .
Sentence 2: in this section, we focus on the discussion of this general framework.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Specif­ically, the receiver partitions the chips buffered for the message body into lm groups, each of which has l chips, and uses code Cp[midk] to despread the k-th group of chips (1 = k = lm).
Sentence 2: dSD-DSSS introduces more receiver side delay than traditional DSSS, particularly because a receiver cannot start decoding a re­ceived message until the seed is recovered.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A new group of MA attacks, called Branch Prediction Analysis (BPA), on the other hand, exploit instruction path of a cipher [2, 1, 4, 3].
Sentence 2: before moving on to the next section, we want to men­tion two very important concepts that a.ect the functional behavior of a cache: the mapping strategy and the replace­ment policy.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The key insight was that if bugs are distributed according to the ideal model, then the equipartition property ensures that in the long term a sys­tem that s opened to inspection will be as reliable as one that isn t; the mean time to failure will depend only on the total time spent testing.
Sentence 2: after sabbatical visits to Berkeley in 2001 2 to work with Hal Varian, we organised the .rst Work­shop on the Economics of Information Security in June 2002.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Sentence 2: 40 Micro-index: Micro-indexing improves in-memory search due to 35 fewer cache misses incurred during element comparisons.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 3.3.1 Disk I/O Frequency The performance of disk I/Os is one of the most impor­tant factors that decides the performance of entire systems because disk I/Os are often a bottleneck in today s comput­ers.
Sentence 2: encrypted areas are areas that are already encrypted by background encryption, and unen­crypted areas are areas that are not encrypted yet.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We are integrating a con.ict detection mechanism for Moreover, weplan to extend theproposed model in order to take into account the privacy requirements when enforc­ing access control policies, such as the support to purposes and obligations.
Sentence 2: these sensor-rich environments introduce new access control requirements that cannot be solved by usual existing models such as MAC (Mandatory Access Control Model) [1] and RBAC (Role-Based Access Control Model) [14].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Grey: Indicates that HosTaGe (or its respective pro­tocol emulator) is turned o..  4.4 Port Handling Based on the security policies of Android OS, only system­signed applications are allowed to have access to privileged network ports (below 1024).
Sentence 2: this decision takes in consideration the fact that a large amount of mal­ware utilizes mainly this protocol for their propaga­tion.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Some generic knowledge bases already exist [3], helping the analyst in the risk identification phase.
Sentence 2: in parallel with this specific development of TISRIM for the telecommunications sector, other adaptations of the tool are already planned or in progress; especially for the health sector and the financial sector, but also to include a systemic approach in ISRM (moving from one identified entity to a complete service supply chain).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: DirKeyDer(Dirsk(i1,...,ig-1), (i1,...,ie)): Run HIBEPEKS­KeyGen(Dirsk(i1,...,ig-1), (i1,...,ie)) and output the re­sulting Dirsk(i1,...,ig).
Sentence 2: adherence to a simple encryption scheme can interfere with the desired functionality of health record systems.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [16] E.DeCristofaroandG.Tsudik.PracticalPrivateSet IntersectionProtocols withLinearComplexity.
Sentence 2: inparticular, we analyze speci.c requirements ofthreetypes ofap­plicationsdiscussed above: PaternityTests,PersonalizedMedicine and Genetic Tests.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Women were more likely than men to reuse a password with slight modi.cation: 69% of women compared to 55% of men (p =0.021, FET).6 Only 63 participants (13%) reported writing down their current password, 40 on paper and 23 electronically.
Sentence 2: unfortunately, we do not know how many users were aware of the annual pass­word change requirement, because we did not want to prime participants with potentially negative information about the new policy.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The victim, who found the flash memory, would plug the device into his/her computer either to find the owner of the device or to see what is inside of the flash memory [14].
Sentence 2: the device is consisted of some tools to use during the attacks such as; aircrack-ng, dsniff, easy-creds, ettercap, hping3, httptunnel, karma, kismet, macchanger, mdk3, ngrep, nmap, nodogsplash captive portal, privoxy, ptunnel, snort, sslsniff, sslstrip, ssltunnel, stunnel, tcpdump, tor ve reaver araçlarini içermektedir[30].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Fine­grainedauthorizationsaresupportedbyallowingref­erenetospeifelementslattributeswithinarequest(suh asthemethodnameorthevalueofanyofitsparame­ters).Referenetoindividualelementsandattributesan beusedto:1)evaluateonditionsonrequests(e.g.,in theasewherearequestanpassonlyifitsparameters haveertainvalues),and2)expliitlyreferaessrestri­tionstospeifportionsofarequest(e.g.,inthease wherespeifparameterswithinarequestshouldbefl­teredout).Inourmodel,authorizationobjetstherefore oinidewithXMLelementsandattributesintheSOAP request(orresponse),identifedviapathexpressionswrit­tenusingasimpleXPath­likesyntax[26].AnXPathex­pressiononanXMLdoumenttreeisasequeneofelement namesorpredefnedfuntionsseparatedbytheharater/ (slash):l /l2//ln.Pathexpressionsmayterminatewith anattributename,syntatiallydistinguishedprefxingit withthespeialharater .Forinstane,pathexpres­sion/SOAP-ENV:Envelope/SOAP-ENV:Body/ACME:GetQuote denotesthenodesoftheGetQuoteelement(themethod's name),whiharehildrenofBodyelements,whihinturn arehildrenofEnvelopeelements.Absolutepathexpres­sions,prefxedbyaslashharater,startfromtherootof thedoumentwhilerelativeones,startingwithanelement, desribeapathwhoseinitialpointisanyelementinthe doument.
Sentence 2: clientauthentiationbymeansofourXMLredential anbeperformedexatlyasitisdoneforstandardertif­ates,takingadvantageofhallenge­response[9]andseure hanneltehnologylikeSSL[8]whenneeded.Also,loa­tionaddressesstatedintheheaderouldbetrustedonlyon seurehannelsorhekedusingHTTPservies.Inthere­mainderofthepaperweshallfousonauthorizationrather thanonauthentiationissues.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: EVALUATION Theapproachesde.nedintheprecedingsectionhaveuniquecosts.Thissectioncharacterizesthesecostsformallyandthroughsimulation,andconsiderswhichconstructionsarelikelytoperformwellinrealenvironments.
Sentence 2: [25]M.NaorandK.Nassim.Certi.cateRevocationandCerti.cateUpdate.InProceedings of the 7th USENIX Security Symposium,pages217 228,January1998.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [9] proved the following property of average H8(X | Y ) := - log 2-H8(X|Y =y) is de.ned by Ey:=Y takes as input index i .
Sentence 2: if X .L, there are two ways to compute Ask(X, aux): using sk or w. Following [5], we de.ne 2-universal and its slight variant which we call 2-universal ' .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Corporate law says clearly that the Acme account holder is not Alice but the company.
Sentence 2: for example, since 1 January 2005, written prescriptions for controlled substances in California must be on tamper resistant security prescription forms produced by a printer approved by the State Board of Pharmacy.20 And the United Kingdom s payment clearing regulators APACS introduced a formal Check Printer Accreditation Scheme (CPAS) in 1995.21 4.2.2 The governance of security printing   Many of the standards governing security printing closely resemble those for traditional CAs.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Currently,aVinci VCNisbuiltby composing thefollowingVM templates: Application VMs, each running a set of applications on behalf of a single user; Communication and Control VMs control information .ows among communities; Assurance VMs check that Application VMs only run authorized software and attest the soft­ware a VM runs; Community VMs manage the private resources of a community by enforcing MAC/DACsecuritypolicies; File Sys­tem VMs implement a .le system shared among several commu­nities and apply MAC/MLS policies and a tainting mechanism to prevent illegal information .ows across communities.
Sentence 2: interactions among communities are implemented through shared .les managedbyFile SystemVMs, which belongtoseveralVCNs, or through information .ows implemented and monitoredbyCom­munication and Control VMs.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, knowledge of the string length can ensure that users know the first object in each challenge in Figure 1 (a)-(c) is a random arc, rather than a character J , 7 or L .
Sentence 2: the use of a predictable length of string, as well as an indication on how many characters a user is expected to enter (as shown in Figure 2), is good for usability.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: When user A sends a query (q, R) to the LBS, it is unaware of the current location of users, and can only use the available statistical information to infer who/where is the sender of q.
Sentence 2: user A is 4-anonymous independently of whether or not B, C, and D are currently using the system, or even   (a) (b) Figure 2: Statistical background information: e.­ciency(a) and additionalinformation(b) present at their home locations.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: When more technical details of a vulnerability become available, its exploitability or severity may need to be adjusted; when patches are released by vendors to counter an exploit, the vulnerability may become less severe; on the other hand, when exploit codes become more widely spread, the severity of a vulnerability may increase.
Sentence 2: it is insuf­.cient to rate vulnerabilities with .xed scores.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: m) = w~.° +2mud Pi, l~j~k 6. q/'+') = q (A + 2, i = i + {, gore 3  Figure S. Prime finding algorithm using table look-up The algorithm shown on Figure 5 r,~uires a table [ wl, w2, w 3 .... ] to keep all the residues w~ '~ of the previous iteration.
Sentence 2: this algorithm is referred to as table look-up (1+1) ,..U) algorithm.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Up on receiving the worm, each node S .Cwill infect nodes in TS, which takes time at most |TS|W/r2 +L2 =nW/r2 +L2 = 1/2+m-k. Because these infections happen as soon as each node S receives its worm, the last node in U receiving the worm at time at most T2 =(n +k +1)+(1/2+m -k)=m +n +3/2.
Sentence 2: the total infection time is at most max{T1,T2}= m +n +3/2, as desired.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: David M. Lary An-I Andy Wang Florida State University Florida State University 105-A Love Bldg 265 Love Bldg Tallahassee, FL 32306 Tallahassee, FL 32306 lary@cs.fsu.edu awang@cs.fsu.edu encrypted with a random unique key to achieve perfect secrecy; real-life implementations are far from perfect.
Sentence 2: to avoid identical messages encrypted using the same key resulting in the same encrypted message, initialization vectors (IVs) are introduced to seed the encryption process.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The desirable properties of the iris dataset for the evalua­tions should be su.ciently large, consist of images collected from heterogeneous group of sub jects, and contain images that depict variability factors typically encountered in real world applications [24].
Sentence 2: we tested our approach on all images of the left side, that is 16,000 images of the commercial version and 500 images of the public version.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Rewriting Strategy Our strategy for enforcing .ow poli­cies, is to extend the browser with a function that takes a code string and the URL from which the string was loaded, and returns a rewritten string which contains operations that perform the injection, propagation and checking of taints.
Sentence 2: to enforce the policy, we ensure that the code on the web page is appropriately rewritten before it is eval­uated.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: It must be noted that both standards do not col­lide also in the speci.cation of event handling, as MPEG­21 ER deals with report formats, while ONVIF de.nes the layerfor communicatinggeneric reports(Real-Time andnon Real-Time).
Sentence 2: turning again to our framework, a natu­ral implementation of event reporting would consist in using MPEG-21 formats for ER and ERR, embedding the latter into the corresponding DIs, and encapsulating the former inside ONVIF messages, in order to be simultaneously com­pliant with both standards.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: One of the major di.erences between the iCTF and DefCon s CTF is that the iCTF involves educational insti­tutions spread out across the world, where the DefCon CTF allows only locally-connected teams.
Sentence 2: defCon re­quires the physical co-location of the contestants thus con­straining participation to a limited number of teams.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We show that if we restrict ourselves to such reductions, there are access structures that cannot be handled efficiently, where by "effi- ciently", we mean that protocols run in time polynomial in the number of players, counting usage of the SS-scheme as only one step.
Sentence 2: general reductions building MPC from SS would have to either depend on the particular kind of SS-scheme being used (such as reductions depending on linearity of the SS scheme) or be inefficient on some access structures.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: f(D)) · f(c)|p1,...,pz |D| c.R Since the adversary cannot predict the challenge cipher­text when choosing plaintexts, she will be tempted to query a combination p1,...,pz which leads to worst-case (i.e., min­imum) global disclosure-resilience.
Sentence 2: we can adopt its value as a metric named expected f under z chosen plain­texts: := min f|z·p f|p1,...,pz (p1,...,pz).Dz Note that for all OPF construction schemes considered in this paper, the worst-case occurs for the choice of (approx­ imately) equally spaced plaintexts, partitioning the domain into (approximately) equal parts.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: (2) End-users or administrators often have to be authenticated before running in-VM programs to update the kernel state, which may not be ideal for a timely response to intrusions (e.g., kill a rootkit hidden process), especially for cloud providers who in many cases do not have a user account in the guest-OS.
Sentence 2: in this paper we introduce E XT ER I O R, a new program execution model in which we can run programs in an outer-shell for a guest-OS administration, with the same effect in terms of kernel state updates akin to running the programs inside the GVM.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: CorretnessThewinningbidisindeedthehighestbid.
Sentence 2: letBBinbethewinnerandhisbidbew,.Afterthe exeutionoftheopeningproedure,theautioneerand allbiddersangetonvinethatBBinsatisfesthatall onditionsdesribedinthedefnition3.l(duetothe propertyofauniversalverifability).Here,wesup­posethereexistsabidderwhosebidishigherthan w,.LetusdenotehimandhisbidasBx(=BBin) andw(>w,),respetively.Inthisase,Bxdoesnot dislosesx.-Iinthederyptionof mx.butopen prf(sx.-I).autioneer(andbidders) annotgetanyinformationofbidslowerthanwand theydoesnothekBBin'sbid.Thisisontradition.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, our results are promising in show­ing that even under a fundamentally di.erent type of load, the detector still provides adequate discrimination between  Figure 7: ROC curve for system under both desk­top and web server loads, showing degraded perfor­mance clean and infected systems.
Sentence 2: these results highlight the need for a more accurate statistical model that can more ac­curately model the sensor values under diverse loads, which is af subject of our future work.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 4.1 Implementing Compartments XOM uses both asymmetric and symmetric ciphers to im­plement compartments1.The master secret hidden in the XOM processor is actually the private part of an asymmet­ric cipher pair.To support multiple compartments, each compartment has a distinct symmetric key, called the com­partment key, which is used to encrypt its contents.The compartment key, in turn, is encrypted with the public key matching the processor, allowing the processor to recover the compartment key and decrypt the program.The encrypted compartment key need not be kept in the processor; it can be stored with the encrypted program code.
Sentence 2: the use of compartments a.ects the software distribution model.A software producer who wishes to distribute pro­grams that use compartments will .rst encrypt the program with a randomly chosen compartment key.She can then distribute the encrypted image, but no image will be exe­cutable until combined with a compartment key encrypted for that processor.she must encrypt the compart­ment key with the public key of the processor she wishes to allow the program to execute on.In a commercial setting, this could be done when the customer either purchases or registers the software online.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: the number of bits to represent u is given by the individual length of the run-length part and the .xed length of the .nite alphabet.
Sentence 2: lJ u l(u) = + 1 + log2 m (7) m we try to minimize the expectation E(l), where l(u) is distributed with the geometric probability distribution Pp(u) given in Equation 4.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: V (those Yj that were in V are replaced by labels not in V and the sequence is extended with labels not in V ) and (2) labels Xj and Yj are uniformly distributed and statistically independent.
Sentence 2: in (1) we are only interested in a non-zero probability that T s usage is > nZ + R. without loss of generality, we may constrain |V | to lead to such a non-zero probability.
Relationship: reasoning