sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: work: In this model, the access gateway in each vehicle is already equipped with a cellular radio modem, and the ve­hicle owner can contract with any one speci.c cellular oper­ator for monthly service; and (ii) Bring Your Own Network: In this approach, the access gateway in the vehicle is con­.gured to tether with the owner s personal cellphone as the radio modem, and all Internet tra.c piggybacks on the cel­lular access plan of that cellphone.
Sentence 2: there is an intriguing third option that we propose and explore in our framework that can put the vehicle manufacturer (or a des­ignated third-party provider) in charge of managing cellular services to vehicles.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Mj and msigj are given to the user and he submits them along with the .rst report on sj to each report database.
Sentence 2: aP addition is not anony­mous, as the user must reveal the AP to A, so Wi.-Reports will initially depend on existing hotspot and war driving da­tabases and altruistic users topopulate S. over time we believe that owners of well-performing APs will be incentivized to add themselvesbecause otherwise they will not receive any reports.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: an OC48 (2.48 Gbps) link, for which packet transmission times are 4.8 µs, and the link can carry roughly 200,000 packets per second, we can see that the .rst term in s 2 (p, ., µ) is W very small, and so the asymptotic variance is almost independent of sampling rate.
Sentence 2: also note that the measurement interval must be long enough that T = .N, is a reasonable approximation, which would not be the case for N< 10.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Moreover, Figure 8 demonstrates that the performance of CAMRA-RLB scheme are between the CAMRA (no redundancy) and the CAMRA (max redundancy) configuration, which guarantees the highest delivery of video frames.
Sentence 2: the load-balancing scheme used in CAMRA (max redundancy) introduces a significant network overhead, because each packet experiences a number of retransmissions equal to the number of available paths between a source-destination pair (Figure 9).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For example, in IEEE 802.15.1, Bluetooth [7], Data Medium packets transmitted at the basic rate (1 Mbps gross air rate) include payload error coding rates of 1/3 and 2/3.
Sentence 2: stronger Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The system is initially  designed for a low value of N = N, and a particular d. We can now use Theorem 4 to .nd the value of a * that will lead to stability.
Sentence 2: theorem 5 assures us that the system will still be stable when the number of users increases be­yond N. We can state a similar theorem for the utilization .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Upon examining the con.guration .les, wenoticedthatUniv-3 useddataplane mechanisms(i.e.packet .lters) toimplementthespecial casesinthe .rstpart.
Sentence 2: to implement the off-by-default access policy in the second part, the network used both packet .lters as well as control plane mecha­nisms such as route .lters.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: More recently, SEATTLE [28] proposes to distribute ARP state among switches using a one-hop DHT and makes dramatic advances toward a plug-and-play Ethernet.
Sentence 2: it still cannot well sup­port large data centers since: 1)switch state grows with end-hosts; 2) routing needs all-to-all broadcast;3) forwardingloop stillexists[8].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In [32] three approaches to enhance subscriptions and events semantically were proposed in order to make the existing centralised syntactic matching algorithm semantic­aware while keeping the efficiency of current event matching technique.
Sentence 2: [32] does not address the scalability issues involved in including ontology­based reasoning into the CBN, and no proposal is made to integrate this with the P2P routing extension for ToPSS.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Systemsorfndingso twareerrors.Theprob­lemoffndingsoftwareerrorsisanoldone.Mostap­proahesenteraroundeitherformalverifationortype heking.Wedisusseahbelow.
Sentence 2: formalverifationusestheoremprovers/hekers[2, 12,24]ormodelhekers[22,29]tohekthataspeif­ationisinternallyonsistent.Whenappliable,itfnds errorsdiÆulttoreahbyothermeans.spe­ifationsarediÆultandostlytoonstrut.Whilere­entworkhasbegunattakingtheseproblems[6,17],it isextremelyrareforsoftwaretobeverifed.Inontrast, whileourhekersuseweakeranalysis,theyaredramat­iallyeasiertobuildanduse.Further,theyappearmore efetive:mostverifationpapersfndasmallnumber oferrors(0­2)whereaswefound34.Finally,speifa­tionsdonotneessarilymirrortheodetheyonstrut and,inreality,suferfromover­simplifationsandmiss­ingfeatures.BeauseMCextensionsworkdiretlywith programsoureratherthananabstrationofit,they largelyavoidsuhmappingproblems.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As shown, when using TRG and Nakagami RPMs, and when obstacles are not accounted for (as in the majority of VANET simulators), information reaches more vehicles (98.26% and 94.37%, respectively).
Sentence 2: the same models only a­chieved 63.24% and 55.37% of the vehicles being informed when the e.ect of obstacles in signal transmission is consid­ered.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Obviously, the mechanism of either type of HARQ schemes makes itself autonomously adapt to the instantaneous chan­nel conditions by different number of retransmission and be insensitive to the errors and delays incurred in chan­nel measurements.
Sentence 2: during a long deep fading, a large number of retransmissions will be required for cer­tain packets to be correctly received at the receiver.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Due to the cheaper price andlowpower consumption ofSRAM-basedIP-lookuparchi­tecture, IPStash is competitive with CAM/TCAM-based IP-lookup for a routing system.
Sentence 2: iPStash cannot be easily developed to support matching against multipledomains(e.g., matchingTCP source and destination port) due to the complexity of rules.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: (9) .T Interestingly enough, Equation (9) communicates that as soon there is a delay variation on a constant-rate stream (.D> 0), the consequences are seen in the coe.cient of throughput variation on any larger time scale, no matter how large it is.
Sentence 2: the impact of the uniformly ( 1 ) distributed  .Donto the CoTV vanishes with Oso .T that, in practice, it might become unobservable at very large time scales.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This provides a good explanation of the ob­served outcomes with RIP when using the Quagga 0.98.6 implementation.
Sentence 2: given the pervasiveness of the problem, it seems more logical to conclude that the problem isnot entirelydueto implementation errorsbut comesfroma lackofaprecise modelto understand, reasonand supportthe interactions between route selection and route redistribution.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: If the content size was very small and could be transferred within a few seconds, the choice of who to download from, among those having relevant content, would not be critical.
Sentence 2: when sharing media content that requires minutes to be transferred (e.g., high quality music .les or video clips), it becomes important to select a source that will remain colocated long enough for the operation to complete.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This is continued until loca­tions for all the n points have been generated, or placing further points becomes impossible due to too large network density or too large r. The Poisson and SSI models are useful for gaining intu­ition on the in.uence of regularity on network performance.
Sentence 2: they are not very well suited for working with em­pirical data.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In our simple con­gestion scenario, the results for TA200 was not unexpected since the short and accurate reaction time of TA200 would perform better than others.
Sentence 2: an interesting conclu­sion for this scenario is that at 1000 ms case, the freshness of data is not a dominating factor, instead the reaction time (shorter time interval) is the dominating factor.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 5.2.2 Tie-breaking route decisions The computer simulation in [20] concludes that it is very common to reach the tie-breaking rules in BGP s route de­cision process (Where a tie-breaking rule is any rule of lower rank than the AS-path rule, and is usually not visible out­side the AS in question.)
Sentence 2: our active measurement can help identify tie-breaking route decisions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Acting independently, neither tool is capable of emulating complex interdomain routing scenarios, such as those of a large ISP.
Sentence 2: our testbed will enable the emulation of such an environment, including the glue-logic which exists between di.erent routing domains in a large network, ex­change of route advertisements with upstream peers at mul­tiple entry points of presence, and complex internal topolo­gies, as shown within Figure 1.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Another pos­sibility for the lower degree of performance consistency in WiFi is higher contention forWiFi frequencybands, and differences be­tween WiFi and cellular medium access control.
Sentence 2: since we observe the same pattern of lower consistency in WiFi across all metro areas even the most sparsely populated ones where we wouldnotexpecttheeffectof contentiontobe signi.cant webe­lieve that overbuffering is the more likely cause.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Intu­itively, this is because larger magnitudes of q+ &#38; q-, or a larger value of m makes it less likely that Alice s and Bob s channel estimates lie in opposite type of excursions, thereby reducing the error rate.
Sentence 2: both types of excursions also become less frequent, thereby decreasing the number of secret bits that can be generated per second.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 5.7 Evasion Resilience The detection approach presented in this paper is predicated on the assumption that existing botnets often exhibit a regular, detectable pattern in their communication with the C&#38;C server.
Sentence 2: we have not discussed how strong this requirement is and how difficult it might be for an attacker to perturb this regularity to avoid detection.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 2.6 Of.ine Access Transparent o.-line access similarly builds around caching and WAN acceleration when external connectivity is lost, the local Web cache can satisfy requests, but by itself, can­not provide the illusion of full connectivity.
Sentence 2: when combined with the WAN accelerator, it can be used to store multiple versions of dynamic content, such as keeping track of what page was last served to each user.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: On absolute numbers, EC2 grew more over this period, adding 36,414 responsive IPs by the end of the period, compared to 8,270 for Azure.
Sentence 2: the rela­tive growth of Azure is larger, with an increase in 7.3% of respon­sive and 7.7% of available IPs, compared to 3.3% and 4.9% for EC2.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: One promising solution is to introduce a similarity factor to filter malicious cliques.
Sentence 2: it is much difficult to employ similarity based mechanism to deal with this problem because: (1) it is hard to define the similarity factors, in which we need to define subtle metrics to identify clique peers from honest evaluators; (2) a similarity based filter must provide an efficient computing scheme such that the tradeoff between latency and accuracy have to be well balanced.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Secondly, by looking at the individual models, it is clear that the sequence follows a precise scheme: models which neglect .ows interaction (CSM, Manhattan, FTM, IDM) come .rst, generating fewer, larger clusters, i.e., a more globally connected network, in which the probability that two nodes over the road topology can­not communicate is low.
Sentence 2: motion descriptions which consider intersection management and employ multiple-lane roads (IDM-IM multilane, IDM-LC) determine the highest cluster numbers, fragmenting the network into smaller and more isolated groups of nodes.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: It can be observed that the RSSI mode shows a detection ratio between 95 % to 99.8 % when the channel utiliza­tion is high for the case of ATP, UDPB and UDPG, while it drops to 80 % for the case of just beacon transmissions.
Sentence 2: the RSSI+CCA mode shows a detection ratio of 96 % except for the case of UDPG where it falls to 82 %.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For example, total path lengths are around 8 9 hops (adding the heights of the bars in Fig­ures 3(b) and 4(b)), of which only 1 1.5 hops are links between different ISPs.
Sentence 2: bottlenecks for these paths seem to be equally split between intra-ISP links and peering links (comparing the overall height of the bars in Figures 3(a) and 4(a)).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Compared to the IP/WDM architecture, this two-level grooming scheme involves less electrical processing at the IP level, but at the expense of requiring an additional SDH cross-connection layer.
Sentence 2: data processing in an IP router is much more energy intensive than in a SDH grooming switch [7], hence there can be energy savings from using this scheme relative to IP/WDM.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Due to its lower sam­pling frequency, the sensing-time of pilot detection should be 85 times longer (6MHz/70KHz=85.7) than that of en­ergy detection to acquire the same number of samples as Figure 17: Pilot detection: sensing-overhead and sensing-frequency (left-half: 1 interfering cell; right­half: 6 interfering cells) Figure 18: Pilot detection (varying inter-CRN inter­ference): optimal sensing-time/frequency, and min­imal sensing-overhead energy detection.
Sentence 2: the MAC frame size of 10 ms gives an upper-bound of sensing-time.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: At the .rst glance, converting topology uncertainty into traf.c uncertainty makes the problem more challenging, because the num­ber of failure scenarios is at least .nite, whereas d+ XF contains an in.nite number of traf.c matrices.
Sentence 2: the rerouting vir­tual demand set XF can be represented by a compact set of linear constraints in (2).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Proposals to address this issue fall in two camps: a) tail-optimization approaches [12, 11] that modify the allocation of network resources to more closely match predicted traf.c patterns, or b) traf.c schedul­ing approaches that accumulate traf.c into highly-ef.cient bursts [13, 4].
Sentence 2: we contend that the opportunities for both tail predic­tion and traf.c shaping are fundamentally limited by one factor: users are unpredictable.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This initial analysis would indicate a rule of thumb to di­mension .ow-state-keeping devices to handle on the order of 10,000 -20,000 concurrent .ows per /16 of address space behind the device, assuming comparable utilization, tra.c mix, and timeouts to those in use on the measured network.
Sentence 2: as utilization and tra.c mix vary widely, we de­cided to focus on both client and server tra.c separately, to generate numbers on .ow concurrency per active host.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Figure 7(c) shows the dis­tributionofMACretransmissionsatthe SDM300 case.Weseethat the 802.11 retransmission thresholdof8 packetsis notexceeded, hence TCP does not see packet losses.
Sentence 2: even a few re­transmissions are enough to spend air time due to the 802.11 binary exponential backoff.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Both node 4 and node 2 transmit one packet to the sink (node 18).
Sentence 2: the two packet receptions do not overlap, since the packet transmitted by node 4 reaches the sink after 0.17 slots (and its reception ends after 1.17 slots), while the packet transmitted by node 2 reaches the sink after 1.42 slots, after the .rst packet has been fully received.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Indeed, the hexagonal grids are optimal in terms of coverage calculations since they increase the maximum area covered by each sensor and therefore increase the number of calculated redundant nodes within each cell.
Sentence 2: in this work we choose a square-based grid because it is much more appropriate to the shape of the ROI given by assumption 1 and such a coverage technique will limit the number of exchanged messages which can be transmitted either on rows or on columns [18].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Of course, over the Internet, one is often forced to use TCP/IP for social reasons, and since many .rewalls block UDP and other transport protocols.
Sentence 2: within an ad-hoc network, it is possible to use more e.cient protocols that are highly optimized for our needs, and allow the caching service more control over issues like .ow control and congestion control.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: EVALUATION Weevaluateourprototypeofashieldagainstcommerciallyavail­able IMDs.
Sentence 2: we show that the shield effectively protects the con­.dentiality of the IMD s messages and defends the IMD against commandsfromunauthorizedparties.Weexperimentwithboththe VirtuosoICDandtheConcertoCRT.sincethetwoIMDs didnotshowanysigni.cantdifference,wecombinetheexperimen­jammingsignalby32dB on average.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Performance Analysis of the IEEE 802.1 Ethernet Audio/Video Bridging Standard Hyung-Taek Lim, Martin Johannes Waltl Firas Chaari Daniel Herrscher BMW Group Research and Technische Universität Telemotive AG Technology München Munich, Germany Munich, Germany Munich, Germany {Name.Lastname}@bmw.de martin.waltl@mytum.de .ras.chaari@telemotive.de ABSTRACT Switched Ethernet is widely used for all kinds of applica­tions.
Sentence 2: for demanding multimedia streaming appli­cations in a fully-loaded network, legacy Ethernet is not the best choice due to its limited Quality-of-Service (QoS) sup­port.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Some of them (e.g., Ac­cess/One) have additional support for load management and e.ective coverage (or coverage hole management ) across multiple APs deployed throughout an enterprise network.
Sentence 2: most of these products are tailor-made for speci.c hardware (for example, AirView comes embedded in all Al­catel OmniAcess hardware) and little is known about the (proprietary) designs of these products.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: If we consider AP skew(using LPM) skew(using LSF) sigcomm-nat-foyer 40.30 ppm 40.39 ppm sigcomm-public-1 48.16 ppm 48.21 ppm average time taken to estimate the skew, using higher preci­sion timestamps in a more predictable WLAN setting takes 4We do not have any control over the amount of wireless tra.c generated in these experiments.
Sentence 2: the tra.c variation does not a.ect our results.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This is because the basestation frame scheduler tries to ensure all the tra.c to the mobile client is delivered, while resulting in a very poor throughput performance for the static client.
Sentence 2: we notice that by using our virtual basestation framework, we are able to limit airtime allocated to the UGS client, thus improving overall throughput performance when the client traverses through the region with poor coverage.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The KL distance between HTTP and Telnet is 0.32 which means that the Markov chain models of these two applications are significantly different and that it is very easy to discriminate between these two applications.
Sentence 2: for HTTP and HTTPS applications, a good decision with a weak false alarm is not possible if the number of observed packets is small (of the order of 10 for example), but it becomes possible to take a reliable decision if the number of observed packets is larger (say, larger than 50).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We consider only the top 50 sites as we gain di­minishing returns from further investigation, so the result is only slightly larger.
Sentence 2: the lowest byte hit rate of the content-based caching is 30-40% with 64-KB chunks, and the highest byte hit rate is 43-53% with 128­ byte chunks, 1.7-2.2x larger than the object-level caching s.  4.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Before optimization begins the probabilities of selecting each neighbourhood moves are equal to allow the process to ex­plore the full range of modi.cations.
Sentence 2: as the search proceeds the algorithm evaluates the acceptance ratio of dif­ferent moves in a set number of iterations and dynamically corrects the corresponding weights according to their perfor­mance, so that the most accepted moves are executed more frequently than others.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: {u1,...,u7,u9} : {k1-7,9}k123 ,{k1-7,9}k456 , {k1-7,9}k7,9 ,{k7,9}k7 ,{k7,9}k9 Suppose now an adversary compromises user u9.It is of course true that the adversary is always able to obtain the current group key k1-7,9, no matter how the group rekeying scheme works.
Sentence 2: the adversary who has recorded the network tra.c is also able to obtain the group key k1-9, because it can decrypt the message incurred by the event that u9 joins the group s.{u9} : {k1-9,k789} k9 .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Until recently, the most common deployed scenario in the In­ternet was end-hosts implementing TCP-Reno loss recovery and FIFO drop-tail bu.er management.In this situation, sel.sh be­havior does not result in ine.cient network behavior.7 In fact, the e.ciency of the Nash equilibrium in this case is close to the so­cially optimal (but the bandwidth allocation can be unfair).How­ever, in our attempts to improve TCP s loss recovery schemes, we have increased our vulnerability to aggressive TCP behavior.
Sentence 2: tCP-SACK loss recovery, which is being increasingly employed by the end-hosts of today [12], allows .ows to more gracefully re­cover from losses.This greatly reduces the penalties for aggressive congestion control and makes the Nash equilibrium of the TCP Game quite ine.cient.In addition, RED active queue manage­ment is seen as important improvement over drop-tail.by removing drop-tail s penchant for dropping bursts of packets, RED is more friendly to aggressive .ows.This results in ine.­cient equilibria of the TCP Game (regardless of what form of loss recovery the end-points use).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For small numbers of su.ciently short-lived .ows, IEEE 802.11a o.ers superior performance; short .ows do indeed su.er from a more pronounced synchronization overhead.
Sentence 2: as soon as there are more than 4 simultaneous .ows in the network, the ability of SSCH to spread trans­missions across multiple channels leads to a higher total throughput than IEEE 802.11a in both the short and long .ow scenarios.
Relationship: contrasting