sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This is a welcome step to replace heuristics with (some) rigor in the messy scenarios of limited knowledge and computational power, as we .nd them in the real world.
Sentence 2: game theory for steganography is in its infancy, and there are substantial obstacles to be overcome, such as: Open Problem 21 Find equilibria for practical covers, and transfer insights of game-theoretic solutions from current toy models to the real world.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We already observed [4] how the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), the Object Management Group (OMG) stan­dard notation for modeling a service choreography, mostly refers to the functional aspects of a choreography, but does not support the speci.cation of QoS properties.
Sentence 2: we claim that a chore­ography description should also postulate the expected QoS to be guaranteed at the choreography level among the interacting partic­ipants playing the choreography roles.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Indeed, a digital hardware component is always .nite state and its interface to the rest of the world is simply a set of pins (booleans).
Sentence 2: de.ning exactly what the interface of a software component (say a C program) is al­ready challenging (the .ow of control between functions can be hard to determine, functions may take unbounded data structures as inputs, side-e.ects through global variables are possible and sometimes hard to predict, etc.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, the meta pointcut for the pattern type callsTo uses AspectJ s call, target and cflow pointcuts, and uses the execs helper pointcut (see bottom of Table 1); whereas the pattern type argSameObj uses dflow to specify that the argument of the .rst method call is the same object as the argument of the second call; and before uses the Tracematches notation to de.ne the order in which method calls occur.
Sentence 2: current pointcut languages do not provide enough expres­siveness and we needed to create a new primitive pointcut, namely returnTypes, used in the pointcut for the pattern type retTypes.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: There are numerous algorithms that can be used to perform this task [8], including well known approaches such as hierarchical clustering [14], spherical K-means [7], and model-based probabilistic clustering.
Sentence 2: the quality of the generated clusters is highly sensitive to initial parameter configurations, which means that performance may differ from one clustering to another, and there are no guarantees that any individual clustering is an optimal one.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Dif­ferences of 20% or so are usually meaningless in this table.
Sentence 2: differences on the order of a factor of 5 or 10 are quite meaningful we placed asterisks in Table 2 to indicate those formats for which the differences between the results produced by ANNE and those by LEARNPADS were very signi.cant.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In most instances of domain-speci.c trans­formation systems (e.g., [1, 4, 8, 15, 17, 25, 29]), the initial program is written in a domain-speci.c, high-level language where the semantics needed to drive the optimizations are explicit in the language.
Sentence 2: in our work the compu­tational solver is written in a traditional language (C).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Adequate analyses, like model checking, can then assure that the speci.cation has been correctly written (i.e., the required feature will actually be exe­cuted when it is required).
Sentence 2: the use of contexts naturally allows to exclude features (e.g., if the machine is Canadian, cappuccino is not served), rendering in such a way the Excludes-relation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: An alternative function call redirection implementation can use LD PRELOAD, an environment variable that spec­i.es dynamic libraries (commonly referred to as dynamic shared objects (DSO)) to be loaded into an application s address space early atload time, so that the systemdynamic linkerlooks up thede.nitionsfor unresolved symbols(e.g., externally declared functions).
Sentence 2: that implemen­tation works only with shared objects, thus limiting its applicability.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: RELATED WORK 7.1 Composing Aspect Extensions Several authors point out the expressiveness drawback in using a single general-purpose AOP language, and emphasize the useful­ness of combining modular domain-speci.c aspect extensions [12, 13, 21, 49, 39, 31].
Sentence 2: the problem of composition has not received a thorough study.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Both of them successfully extracts SIMD parallelism from various sources, but only for regular accesses that are contiguous or interleaved with static power-of-2 strides.
Sentence 2: our method balances inter-and intra-iteration parallelism according to the data reorganization costs even in the presence of arbitrary stride memory references and dynamically decided alignments.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, to create life-like human head, animators spend approximately 7 months from facial geometry/performance scanning to .nal compositing and use very expensive instruments.
Sentence 2: we have developed the Future Cast System (FCS) which can automatically generate subjects CG face models and create the .lm that the generated face models are embedded into a pre-created CG .lm using comparatively low cost equipments.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Fortunately, we can ensure the secrecy and integrity of low-level packets over Net by using some of the techniques described in [2], which discusses the secure implementation of the typed 1-calculus.
Sentence 2: besides the secrecy and integrity of packets over Net, correct implementations of ambient calculi (including SA) must carefully devise the runtime representation of the SA s capabilities.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 4.2 Enforcing Hygienic Method Invocation Our hygienic semantics for MixGen formulates method in­vocation as a downward search from the static type of the receiver, allowing method overriding in a mixin instantiation only when the method is included in the bounding type of the superclass.
Sentence 2: this search is more elaborate than the stan­dard dynamic dispatching mechanism employed in the run­time systems for mainstream OO languages (Java, C#,and C++) which e.ectively searches up the class hierarchy from the class type ofthe receiver.12 we can e.ciently 12 The method table in each class object reduces this search to a table lookup.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, for V5-F2 under RankCP-best, only the top two nodes must be examined to .nd the faulty node, and under RankCP-worst and RankCP-median, only 15 and 4 nodes must be examined, respectively, to .nd the fault.
Sentence 2: for some versions RankCP was not e.ective a large number of nodes must be examined.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The main benefits obtained with the adoption of a modular architecture in the DTV scenario are: 1) new extensions can be easily created, meeting market needs; 2) products can be customized through the addition of new bundles; 3) middleware implementations can be automatically updated to fix bugs; 4) third-party software can be efficiently integrated with the middleware.
Sentence 2: an increase in the footprint and a processing overhead are likely to occur.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For instance, video streaming transmits data pieces according to the time sequence of the video, so the transmission sequence of the pieces is .xed.
Sentence 2: 3D streaming transmits data 1http://www.worldofwarcraft.com 2http://www.secondlife.com based on 3D objects viewable to the user, different viewing angles or distances thus would produce individually different transmission sequences.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, to obtain a well-behaved language with substitution and subject reduction, theymust annotate the single cut rule of sequent calculus as three different typing rules, and add anothertyping rule (app)with little proof-theoretic motivation.
Sentence 2: every typ­ing rule wegavein Section 3.1was eithera direct annotationof a logical rule in Section 2.2, or else internalized one of the cut or identity principles.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A standard call would now perform the calculation of the RAID 6 syndromes in­side the kernel and would jump to step 7 of the control .ow in Figure 1.
Sentence 2: barracuda forwards the call from the RAID 6 driver inside the kernel to an user space daemon, which again forwards the call to the Hardware accelerator in step 4.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since anticipatory scheduling can minimize the disk I/O switch cost during concurrent application execu­tion, it diminishes the performance bene.t of com­petitiveprefetching.
Sentence 2: anticipatory scheduling may not be e.ective when: 1) applications exhibit al­ternating sequential accesspatterns(asinBSD diff, the microbenchmark Two-Rand-0, and index search­ing);2)substantialprocessingtime existsbetween con­secutivesequential requestsfromthesameprocess(as  0 IBM disk Seagate disk RAID0 Storage devices Figure11:Normalizedinverseof throughput fortwo server-style concurrent applications on three di.er­ent storage devices.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For instance, many users with download bandwidths greater than 3.5 Mbps are likely on university and corporate networks and therefore have much higher upload bandwidths than the 768 kbps assumed here.
Sentence 2: a benign peer-assisted VoD sys­tem may not want to fully exploit the available bandwidth of the high capacity users, as doing so might deter their participation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For instance, an architect can decide to design the middle tier of a 3-tier application to be stateless such that middle tier components can scale, i.e., safely be replicated and load­balanced.
Sentence 2: whether this decision indeed fostered scalability and elasticity can currently only be tested with the .nal application deployed in the target cloud comput­ing environment.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Initially, the target table contains nulls, implying that no area may be compacted into another area.
Sentence 2: whenever a thread compacts an area into itself (or similarly into another area), it updates the values of the compacted area entry (or the target area entry, if di.erent) in the target table to point to the beginning of the remaining free space in the area.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The subtlety of the changes in the evolution of knowl­edge, as well as the distribution of the processing in a parallel archi­tecture, cater for greater robustness in the process of learning, with good performance even when considering noisy or missing infor­mation [17].
Sentence 2: in trained neural networks, the learned knowledge encoded in the large set of numerical weights in the network structure cannot be understood or explained by an external entity [2].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Given a dynamic component model like OSGi and a suitable adaptation and validation mechanism, it seems feasible and straightforward to come up with software components supporting Plug and Play.
Sentence 2: what appears like a trivial integration of existing mech-anisms at a first glance, reveals a number of complex issues when the requirements for software PnP are examined more closely: We identified three categories of challenges that have to be tackled to enable fully functional PnP for software components.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In practice, the incremental testing and releasing are highly unlikely to negatively a.ect a large number of users if the process is carefully administered.
Sentence 2: such incremental releasing essentially includes end users as part of the development team as testers, and enables the development of complex, reliable, and high-quality software yet keeps the core engineering team surpris­ingly small and well-communicating.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Because of the lack of such a framework soft­ware developers tend to ignore implementing exception handling.
Sentence 2: to address this problem, Java s exception-handling mechanisms were designed such that they support the software developers in im­plementing the exceptions-handling functionality in an easy and el­egant manner.4 our study results show that Java s design was perceived as a force by most of the participants what indicates that the software developers were not willing to handle exceptions but the language imposed compulsions to handle exceptions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the time performance of GA+SVM is slightly lower than the other benchmarks (although similar to SMV-Grid).
Sentence 2: we realized a tool that automatically extracts the necessary data from software releases and allows project managers to exploit GA+SVM and evaluate the obtained predictions in terms of Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F-measures.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When vectorizing an outer-loop which carries a reduction, the above two properties apply and need to be checked.
Sentence 2: if a reduction is carried by an inner-loop, these properties are not required for outer-loop vectorization: a nested recurrence in the inner-loop will continue to execute sequentially in the same order, operating on vectors instead of scalar elements, producing a vector of results feeding in­ternal live-out uses without further reducing it to a scalar after the loop.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A standard user design principle is to prefer widgets that offer a fixed set of options to the user over text fields that provide free­form input in order to minimize user work and to minimize the need to provide input validation.
Sentence 2: students in the HCI course became particularly cognizant of the importance of avoiding textual input fields on mobile devices when they experienced first-hand the difficulty of using the small keyboards on cell phone devices.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This way of freeing regions was introduced by Wang and Appel to circumvent problems linked to atiasing of regions, In their followup paper [25], Wang and Appel suggest to cir- cumvent the problem of runtime type information using a mix of monomorphization and defunctionalization (a form of closure con- version due to Tolmach [20] which reduces the language to a mono- morphic first-order calculus).
Sentence 2: this approach suffers from several major drawbacks: It can introduce a significant code size increase and forces the use of separate specialized GC and copy functions for each type appearing in the program.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: There is over­lap with the optimizations we have proposed as example applications of our dependency graphs: caching can hide the cost of redundant queries and prefetching effectively saves roundtrips to the database by eliminating the latency of correctly predicted queries.
Sentence 2: while automatic tech­niques will work well in many typical situations, they have a limited view of the program and will not by themselves achieve acceptable levels of performance in every situation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Using Observational Pilot Studies to Test and Improve Lab Packages Manoel Mendonça, Daniela Cruzes, Josemeire Dias Computer Networks Research Group (NUPERC), Salvador University (UNIFACS) Rua Ponciano de Oliveira, 126 Salvador, BA 41950­275, Brazil +557133304627 (daniela, mgmn, meire@unifacs.br) ABSTRACT Controlled experiments are a key approach to evaluate and evolve our understanding of software engineering technologies.
Sentence 2: defining and running a controlled experiment is a difficult and error­prone task.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Moreover, 8 participants made mistake in theassociation step (Figure 9(c)) e.g., placing the artefact cardlater than the pro.le card onto the card reader or not plac­ing the artefact card at all.
Sentence 2: the deployment toolrejected these interactions and suggested the correct steps.This allowed the end users to accomplish the task withoutsecondary assistance.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: On the 22 cache-miss-address traces, TCgen is outper­formed by VPC3 on one trace (by 13%), by SEQUITUR on five traces (by up to 452%), by MACHE on three traces (by up to 46%), by SBC on nine traces (by up to 195%), by PDATS II on one trace (by 11%), and by BZIP2 on four traces (by up to 60%).
Sentence 2: on aver­age and for the majority of the traces TCgen yields the highest compression rates.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For instance given the goals G1 and G2 it possible to derive the trigger-conditions for startSignal and preconditions for stopSignal by applying the immediate achieve pattern to the goals[16].
Sentence 2: because our approach relies on analyses of behaviour traces rather than temporal formulae, the processes such as goal re.nement, obsta­cle analysis and operationalisation [8] can be bypassed provided the engineer gives the appropriate scenarios.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: With our Atmega2560 setup, we veri.ed that a standard PC sound card suf.ced for the system to run at the granularity level of function calls, producing traces in the order of 200 to 300 samples in length.
Sentence 2: to address either .ner granularity, or higher clock speeds for the target device, we may need to investigate the relationship between these: for a given granularity, what is the maximum ratio between the device s clock speed and the sampling rate at which we capture the power trace?
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In general, the components with the highest utility should be selected,but as described in Section 4.2, making this decision with only local in­ formation may lead to a con.guration that is globally sub-optimal.
Sentence 2: having de.nedthe utilityofasingle component,itisnow possi­bleto.ndtheaggregateutilityofa con.gurationinorderto choose between candidates by taking the average utility of all the compo­nents in the con.guration: P U(c) c.arch Uagg(arch)= |arch|  this method for calculating the utility of a con.gura­tion masks a signi.cant assumption, namely, that the component annotations are correct regardless of whether the component works in isolation or in a large con.guration; in other words, that non­functional properties are compositional.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Another purpose-built application is SearchTogether [8], which allows multiple users to perform collaborative web search both synchronously and asynchronously using a PC, and provides novel solutions for addressing issues of awareness, persistence and division of labour (splitting a larger search task into smaller subtasks that are assigned to the different group members).
Sentence 2: the system lacks a means of performing concurrent interaction on a single page -users can only see what others are doing and looking at and make suggestions, much as in the backseat driver scenario.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We have found that the performance of such cache optimized red-black smoothers is equal to the performance of the tem­porally blocked Gauss-Seidel smoother.
Sentence 2: there is a drawback with the cache optimized red-black ordering: it is not easily parallelized since it re-introduces dependencies between the data points, see Section 4.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Figure 5(b) shows that vmmcESP delivers 41% less bandwidth as vmmcOri 9 for 1 Kbyte messages and 14 % for 64 Kbyte messages.
Sentence 2: vmmcESP is only 25 % slower than vmmcOrigNoFastPaths for 1 Kbyte messages and 12 % for 64 Kbyte messages.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Maximal elimination will be achieved by .nding the smallest set of pointers pi covering a given interval, and then eliminating the barriers which they cover.
Sentence 2: this is largely of theoretical interest, since in practice it will be dif.cult to apply the multiple covering condition statically, and there are unlikely to be multiple choices about which pointers to select to create a covering.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Uni cation graphs, as introduced earlier in this section, immedi­ately yield the required origin traceability links: For a given merge problem, the set of nodes in each connected component of the uni ­cation graph constitutes the origin information for the correspond­ing merged element.
Sentence 2: the current notion of uni cation graph cannot be used to nd the correspondence chain(s) involved in creating each merged element.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, since the total numbers of in­correct.xestobu.erover.owsand memoryleaksin sample set2 isnot statisticallylargeenough(7 and8 respectively), wedonotclaimthoseexamples arefrequently observedin­correct .x patterns.
Sentence 2: we assume these examples could be common for the incorrect .xes to bu.er over.ows and memoryleaks(showninSection4.2.4)if wecanfurther enlarge our sample set.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The method with predicates does not have to override another method that has no predicates.
Sentence 2: for example, a method m may have only the implementations with predicates; in cer­tain runtime contexts, all the implementations for m might be ineffective and thus a message not understood error would occur because all their predicates arefalse.we can modify our model to .t AspectJ s semantics.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Three di.erent VCVs were introduced based on di.erent metaphors: the pin-ball metaphor, where the VCV is a ball that moves from the source to the destination node, striking the destination and making it oscillate; the prod metaphor, where the VCV is a rod that extends from the source to prod the destination; and .nally a wave metaphor, where the VCV accordingly is an animated wave that moves towards the destination node.
Sentence 2: while these constructs are certainly an improvement over a simple DAG representation of causal relations, they do nothing to battle the complex­ity of large systems with many nodes and relations.
Relationship: contrasting