sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Ownership types reference containment property says that in the object graph all reference paths from a root (all live objects are reachable from root objects which live in the world context) to an object must go through its owner, and in fact through all of its dominators.
Sentence 2: effective ownership types effect-based encapsulation says if an object is mutated then its owner, and each of its dominators, must be the target of an active call on the current stack.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Intuitively, in a well-behaved program, metadata converge into stable states quickly.
Sentence 2: this insight canbe exploitedinlifeguardhandlersbycheckingthe frequent case stable state in a fast path while branching intoa slowpathformoredetailed checks.eventhe most optimizedcheckingoperationhastodo metadata access, comparison, andbranch.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Under the translation they become the contextually inequivalent ex­pressions let val x = ref () val y = ref () in ((x ,x ),(y ,y )) end, let val x = ref () in ((x ,x ),(x ,x )) end which are distinguished in ML+swap by the context let val x= [ ] in #1(#1(x)) = #1(#2(x)) end (where #1 and #2 are ML notation for .rst and second projection functions).
Sentence 2: it might seem then that we could better mimic (name)t in ML+swap with an abstract type with underlying representation name × t. being abstract, we would lose the Concrete­ness property mentioned in the Introduction, i.e.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: ), 1 In formal de.nitions, to distinguish the bind and return operation for says monad from those for pf monad, we annotate the bind and return with a subscript s for says monad and p for pf monad.
Sentence 2: the type checker can easily tell them apart; therefore, in AURA programs, bind and return are overloaded for both monads.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As an intellectual tool for language designers, a strength of the Attention Investment model is its generality, which allows it to provide insights not pro­duced by the more speci.c CD framework.
Sentence 2: the concrete enumeration of issues in CDs is more prescriptive of spe­ci.c problems to consider, and provides sharper questions for lan­guage designers.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Indeed, the appli­cation and collaboration level models of our approach can be viewed as speci.c and generic PIMs (platform-independent models), while middleware-level models can be viewed as PSMs (platform-speci.c models).
Sentence 2: there is a main di.erence between our approach and MDA: in MDA, models and transformations are used at design time, while our ap­proach uses models and transformation as a run-time adap­tation to context changes.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: portlet prefer­ences) and user pro.le parameters whose values are provided by the portal at runtime.
Sentence 2: the Consumer Pro.le frequently implies extensions on new markups, controllers or persistent data that would be very cumbersome to develop and, most important, maintain from a single block of code using adaptability approaches to custom dynamically the code to the current pro.le.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The use of model transformation (MT) techniques for the im­plementation of semantic mappings has already been suggested in, e.g., [8] where the use of the a speci.c MT language (UMT of the GReAT tool) is advocated for this purpose.
Sentence 2: we see the implementation of the semantic mapping as an excellent case study for the comparison of different MT approaches and languages, be­cause the transformation task is described unambiguously.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Now suppose that some time later, we bring two additional servers C and D online, and re-balance the load using the last two bits of the IP address, directing traf.c from hosts whose addresses end in 00 to A, 01 to B, 10 to C, and 11 to D. Intuitively, we want to process packets from new TCP connections according to the new con.guration.
Sentence 2: to avoid disrupting applications, it is important that all pack­ets in existing .ows should go to the same server, where a .ow is a sequence of packets with related header .elds not separated by more than n seconds, and the particular value of n depends upon the speci.c protocol and application.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For ex­ample, if a target optimization is to lazily allocate non-accessed objects, the objects allocated at a site that has allocated some or many non-accessed objects should be sampled frequently to care­fully assess whether or not it is worth delaying object creation at this site.
Sentence 2: the objects allocated at a site that has always allocated accessed objects can be sampled less frequently, al­though the sampling should not be completely disabled to adapt to dynamic behavior changes.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, the following code canbe used toleak con.icting-reviewinformation: leakingRetriveReview r = do rv .
Sentence 2: retrieveReview r if rv == "Paper..." then forever (return rv) else return rv using clearance,wepreventsuchleaksby setting the clearance and review labels in such manner that retrieveReview fails when raising the computation label to retrieve con.icting reviews.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In particular, the framed audio is converted to row vectors of size 16 kHz × 50 ms = 800 for subsequent processing, which are stored in the data memory for maximum .exibility: Any component can use the framed audio to apply its own pro­cessing steps.
Sentence 2: the video source is implemented 3http://opensmile.sourceforge.net/ in a monolithic fashion which does not involve storing the results of intermediate processing steps, such as conversion to grey scale, etc., for e.ciency reasons.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For general iterators, loop unrolling with index substitution cannot be used in Python.
Sentence 2: consider for example the loop: def f(bar): sum = 0 for p in bar: sum += p Though nothing is known about the literal bar, general unrolling is possible as follows: def f(bar): sum = 0 it = bar.__iter__() try: while(1): p = it.next() sum += p p = it.next() sum += p p = it.next() sum += p p = it.next() sum += p Except StopIteration: pass # resume direct index substitution of the following form may not be possible unless it is known that sum and p1,p2,p3,p4 are not dependent on one another (e.g, affected by some change of the iterator applica­tion).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Similar resource abstractions have been proposed earlier over grid systems [16, 18].
Sentence 2: vgES has the (a) Example Workflow Set  need F=2/3 Batch Queue Figure 3: Interaction of system components for resource pro­ curement and planning slack in the schedule to replicate the second work.ow in Figure 2a for fault tolerance.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: One criticism of the Asbro tool could be that what it can do can be better done with a query tool, such as Lost (Section 6.3 explains brie.y why we believe Lost is a rep­resentative query tool).
Sentence 2: our results show that, on average, users of Asbro solve the examined tasks much faster than with Lost, and we .nd a speed up between 53% and 89%.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: t. .ls : list t. let binary op = Monoid.binary op in let identity elt = Monoid.identity elt in if null[t](ls) then identity elt else binary op(car[t](ls), accum(cdr[t](ls))))) It would be more convenient to write binary op instead of the explicit member access: Monoid.binary op.
Sentence 2: such a statement could be ambiguous without the incorporation of over­loading.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: AOP has, for instance, been applied with some success to pro.ling [6] and runtime veri.cation [1].
Sentence 2: different domains have dif­ferent needs, in particular in terms of the join-point model and, unfortunately, tracking information .ows requires to operate at a granularity level not covered by our off-the-shelf weaver for Java-Script, AspectScript.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The problem appears to be more di.­cult in the framework we consider, because unlike the normal grid-computing framework considered in [14], we cannot use any method that requires that the server sees the answers it is computing.
Sentence 2: whereas the fact that the remote servers do not see the answers they compute precludes the use of some techniques (like a Merkle tree built on top of the computed answers), it makes possible the use of other techniques that take advantage of the fact that the remote server does not see the answer: We will investigate tech­niques that facilitate the client s cheating-detection by ex­ploiting the fact that the server sees neither the data nor the answers.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Using these functions, we can now create our example tree and attach agents to each node: ex =root$ do{ a <-new "a"; b <-new "b"; c <-new "c"; amb a (do amb b (into c); amb c nil)}  Here, the agent attached to b uses a new function into: into :: Name -> Agent The .gure treats the more general case when the agent performs other actions e after calling into.
Sentence 2: for simplicity, it does not depict nil processes or back pointers to handles.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Now, form the in.nite chain (t1,t2,...) consisting of si such that isContinue (terminate histi si).
Sentence 2: by the properties of terminate, it follows that: .ij.j <i =.¬ (tagBag tj < tagBag ti) this contradicts the fact that < is a well-quasi-order.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, software fuses (such as .rewalls) drop out-of-bounds inputs before they reach a vulnerable component; output guards detect apparent component failure and stop the suspect module, thus coercing Byzantine into fail-stop behavior.
Sentence 2: can­dea's proposal assumes that misbehavior is apparent at either the input or the output of a component; system-wide (emergent) mis­behavior might either be invisible at this level, or might be so per­vasive that software fuses or guards would effectively shut down the entire system.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The readers may notice that the FSA in Figure 5 seems to be easier to inspect by software engineers because of its regularity and correspondence to the code.
Sentence 2: the FSA before re.nement shown in Figure 5 is less precise than the re.ned FSA in Figure 6, and thus the FSA before re.nement is much less useful than the re.ned FSA for veri.­cation and validation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This implies that, when considering L1 alone, we can store all arrays (V1 , V2 , and V3 ) in 6K RPM disks, which require 2N j loop iterations to schedule-ahead the disk access since the latency incurred by 6K RPM disks can be eliminated by choosing next sur­rounding loop nest, i.e., i loop as the pipeline loop.
Sentence 2: since both arrays V1 and V2 are accessed again in nests L2 and L3 re­spectively, possible disk speeds for V1 and V2 arrays are also de­pendent on the L2 and L3 nests.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Looking at the highest measured con.guration on Jugene, the parallel creation of 256 K .les took approximately 33 min, which clearly demonstrates the scalability limits of using multiple task-local .les in parallel.
Sentence 2: having 256 K tasks create a multi.le (16 physical .les) took only 8 s. On Jaguar, the time needed for the parallel creation strongly depends on how many OSTs have been chosen to stripe the .les across.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 7.2 Relative Energy Model While the energy model equations from Section 7.1 capture basic properties of energy consumption, the models rely on several hardware design specific parameters, such as the average energy of instructions.
Sentence 2: we can use these equations to derive a numerical optimization problem that instead uses cross-design parameters (such as the relative energy between instruction classes and the average savings for each instruction) to optimize energy con­sumption of the program relative to an exact configuration of the program, 0.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Additionally, most stud­ies measurelighteither at a singlepointintime or overpe­riods of minutes orhours.
Sentence 2: thereis a need toquan­tifylightat .nertemporal scalesbecausephotosyntheticre­sponses occur within seconds and courser measurements of­tenunderestimatetheeffectsofbrief,butintense,directlight.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In general, middle­ware are technologies aimed at supporting distributed appli­cations by masking the distribution and heterogeneity of the execution and networking environment [8].
Sentence 2: next generation pervasive networking environment, such as Be­yond 3rd Generation (B3G) networks [12], can be no longer considered as passive entities which only transport data between end-points and, as such, they cannot be masked by an homogeneous layer.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The answer will depend on whether one writer clearly dominates the other: if one writer doorway pre­cedes the other, then the former should be able to enter the CS in a bounded number of its own steps.
Sentence 2: if neither w ' nor w doorway precedes the other, neither process may be enabled ' to enter the CS; however, in this case, if both w and w keep taking steps, it is reasonable to require that one of the two will eventually enter the CS, regardless of how their steps interleave with the steps of other writers and readers.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 4 and using the maximum state entropy (2), the single constraint p1 = 2 ·p2 would lead to the same result as the constraint p1 =2 ·p2 would do.
Sentence 2: the customer expert, who formulated the con­straint, probably had in mind p1 to be mostly bigger than twice the amount of p2 and to handle the equality only as a marginal value.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Second, a modi.edkernelcouldguaranteethat somede­ferredcalls or compensatingactions cannotfail.This would relieve the programmer of writing error-handling code for these cases.
Sentence 2: we believe that it is a bad practice for the kernel to promise that operations succeed, as it pre­cludes future kernel modi.cations that introduce new fail­ure modes.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In our preliminary design [32], we showed how the con.­ dentiality and integrity of data can be protected by a crypto­graphic mechanism so that they can be stored in untrusted nodes of a DHT.
Sentence 2: the design su.ers from perfor­mance issues that arise due to the fetching and decryption of hundreds of small objects belonging to friends, which is required for viewing their walls or for viewing one s own newsfeed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A cru­cial parameter at this point is the number of partitions in the reduce stage, which decides the number of reducers and thus the degree of parallelism, and is usually statically set to a large number so that scheduler can balance the work­load [13, 19].
Sentence 2: when the volume of data output by mappers is small, it is better to use a smaller number of partitions in the reduce stage, lowering scheduling overhead and disk I/O cost [13, 34]).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is only if the service handles personal information, in the sense of collecting, transferring, processing, sharing or storing it, that there could be a privacy risk and privacy needs to be taken into account.
Sentence 2: services that are dynamically personalized based on people s location, preferences, calendar and social networks, would require privacy to be taken into account a great deal, as the potential risk is high.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Sucha reuni.cationphaseisinitiated, if all subpopulations have converged prematurely.
Sentence 2: authors such as Alba and Troya [4] found that in the island model, the migration of a random string prevents the conquest e.ect in the target island for small or medium sized subpopulations; this could be ex­plainedbytheimmigrantindividualbehavingas an interme­diate disturbance, as opposed to the strong disturbance ini­tiallyprovokedby thehigh-.tnessindividual.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Casts on base values like integers and booleans are straightfor­ward either the value is of the expected type, in which case the cast succeeds and the value is returned, or the value is not, in which case it fails.
Sentence 2: casts on mutable values, such as lists, or higher-order values, such as functions and objects, are more com­plex.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If the minimum interarrival time (MIT) is T, then the profile assumes that D = T. This implies that the rate monotonic setup can be used for setting up the NoHeapRealtimeThread belonging to the SporadicEventHandler, together with the setup of the periodic threads.
Sentence 2: in some situations it would be useful to define a deadline less than the MIT, D < T. In this case the rate monotonic setup could be replaced by a deadline monotonic setup [7, p. 484], defined by: Di  Pj , where P is the priority.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Finally, the gains from increasing k and increasing r are in general subadditive.
Sentence 2: one notable exception is THREADESCAPE on batik, where going from r =1 to r =2 when k =0 increases precision by only 0.5% whereas going from r =1 to r =2 when k = 8 increases precision by 75.6%.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, it is perhaps easiest and most effective for a user to identify the pri­vate segments in an image by marking an enclosed area using her  Figure 3: Overall approach of data partitioning .ngers or a stylus.
Sentence 2: it may be easier to iden­tify the lines containing sensitive information in a text document by searching for keywords and phrases provided by the user.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In a .nite setting the corresponding .k woulddepend onthe particular values of dk(i).
Sentence 2: in the asymptotic case, I L [1+K.Pl(j)dl(j)a] ' N(l,j) [ l '' 1+K.Pl' (j )dl' (j )a × = × by assuming a known law pk for the diagonal terms dk(i), l,j (l' ,j' )=(l,j) so that j nt 1 1 fk(t) L .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Two of the common difficulties these libraries address are managing states an interface s status, which often controls its appearance and behavior [1,33] and ex­pressing constraints relationships among interface com­ponents and underlying data models [21,26,30].
Sentence 2: it is still difficult to integrate constraints or state models into imperative languages, in part because most development tools are designed for presenting, navigating, and debug­ging sequential code [22].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: They have comparableorbetter accuracy.Figure7(a) showsthat for allofthe applications,the80thpercentile energy estima­tion errorunderFSMislessthan10%, andislessthan5% ifweincrease the timeintervalto1s(not shown).
Sentence 2: figure 7(b) shows that LR with 1s intervals (LR/1s)performsfar worse thanFSM.The error at the80th percentile varies between 16% and 52%.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: With only normal-form rules, a parent node of such subtrees cannot see a dif­ference between these trees (because it can access the trees only through non-terminals at the root node of the subtree, and these are the same in the two subtrees), so they really are equivalent.
Sentence 2: a non-normal-form rule applicable at the parent could access nodes below the root node, and thus see differences between the subtrees, so the subtrees are not equivalent in this setting.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, G fw let x = v in e = .
Sentence 2: e[v/x]: t ' holds if G fw v : t and G,x : t fw e : t ' .wehavetoworka bit harder to understand the consequences of transitions of types 7 and 8 for contextual equivalence at atom binding types, t bnd.We address this in the next section.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, since concurrent relocation of objects seems to be hard to do in most currently shipping collectors, their young generation collectors are inherently stop-the-world, and are exposed to signi.cant pause time effects that arise from large tran­sient behaviors or a signi.cant allocation rate of mid and long lived objects.
Sentence 2: concurrent single generational collectors, even when they are able to avoid or delay the use of stop-the-world  Figure 1.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Consider the following situation in which several transactions concurrently update overlapping sets of objects: T1: T2: ... Tk: x:=1 x:=2 x:=k y:=1 y:=2 y:=k z:=1 z:=2 z:=k commit commit commit Rigorous scheduling requires that all but one of the transactions get blocked or aborted.
Sentence 2: a user does not really care as long as the end result is consistent (i.e., reading x, y and z always gives x = y = z .{1,...,k}).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Approaches in this class include GenVoca [2], mixin layers [28], delegation lay­ers [25], and AHEAD [3] and will be referred to as feature­oriented approaches in the reminder of this paper (FOAs for short).
Sentence 2: a number of aspect-oriented ap­proaches have been proposed that deal with the localization and modularization of crosscutting concerns [12, 30, 13, 4].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For most of uni-processors like RISCs, com­pilers still managed to include architectural details.
Sentence 2: the gap between the architecture complexity and the amount of information that a single tool can incorporate has grown wider: more complex architec­ture templates appear, like (clustered-) VLIW DSPs, ASIPs (Application-Sp eci.c Instruction set Processors) and eventually multicores which have multiple of those scalar processors on a single chip.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The detector has 80M channels and 32bits per channel, so the collision rate translates into a roughly 10 PB/s information rate, which is reduced in realtime to 150Hz x 1MB = 150MB/s to tape via a mix of .ltering and zero-suppression.
Sentence 2: the experiment took samples at a rate of 1000Hz during most of the 2012 data collection runs.
Relationship: contrasting