sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: PLDI 06June 10 16, 2006, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Copyrightc &#38;#169; 2006ACM1-59593-320-4/06/0006...$5.00.
Sentence 2: groupsofscalarinstructionsintovectorinstructions.itisoftencomplicatedtoapplyvectorizationtechniquestoSIMDarchi­tectures[30]becausethesearchitecturesarelargelynon-uniform,supportingspecializedfunctionalitiesandalimitedsetofdatatypes.VectorizationisoftenfurtherimpededbytheSIMDmemoryarchitecture,whichtypicallyprovidesaccesstocontiguousmem­oryitemsonly,oftenwithadditionalalignmentrestrictions.Com­putations,ontheotherhand,mayaccessdataelementsinanor­derthatisneithercontiguousnoradequatelyaligned.Bridgingthisgapef.cientlyrequirescarefuluseofspecialmechanismsinclud­ingpermute,pack/unpack,andotherinstructionsthatincuraddi­tionalperformancepenaltiesandcomplexity.ThesemechanismsdifferwidelyfromoneSIMDplatformtoanother.Avectorizingcompilermustbeawareofthesecapabilitieswiththeirassociatedcostsandusethemappropriatelytoproducehighqualitycode.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In fact, since most objects tend to die young, it makes sense to use mark-split in the young generation and bene.t from the fact that mark-split s complexity is proportional to the size of the live data set, not that of the heap which is collected.
Sentence 2: the bene.t may be offset by the fact that the nursery is typically small in size.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Therefore, if the technique to model a software specification were a Finite State Machine (FSM), some methods that can be applied to generate test sequences are: T, UIO, DS, W and Switch Cover [2], [3], [4] and [5].
Sentence 2: features usually present in complex software requirements representation, such as parallel activities and encapsulation, are very hard to represent using FSMs.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: EigenTrust [11] presents an algorithm similar to PageRank [15] that computes a trust value by assuming trust is transitive and demonstrated its bene.ts in address­ing fake .le downloads in a peer-to-peer .le sharing network.
Sentence 2: few of the reputation management work so far have focused on the vulnerabilities of a reputation system itself.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Frequently, the actual output is almost right: most parts of most output arguments are correct, and only a small num­ber of parts in just one or two output arguments are wrong.
Sentence 2: unless the debugger allows users to specify ex­actly which parts of which output arguments are wrong, the search inside the computation represented by the atom will not be able to focus on the part of the computation that computed the wrong part of the erroneous atom.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This provides a clean interface to the annotations.It requires,however, that wede.ne a monadic algebra.
Sentence 2: the alternative approachistodistributethe annotations overthe sum,i.e.instead of Sig :&#38;: Pos we use the type type SigP = Op :&#38;: Pos :+: Val :&#38;: Pos Now, we are able tode.ne adirectinstance of theform instance Infer (Val :&#38;: Pos) where inferAlg (v :&#38;: p)= ... where wehavedirect access totheposition annotation p.now we have the dual problem: We do not have immediate access to the annotation at the outermost level of the sum.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 256-distance analysis runs slower in .ve places, TreeAdd against the original on the PC, Tomcatv against x-means on IBM, Perimeter against 64-distance and Moldyn against x-means and the reverse k­distance on the PC.
Sentence 2: the loss is extremely small (no more than 1% or 0.004 seconds) and happens on only one machine.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If .bers were observ­able in images, the recovery would be geometrically equivalent to a 3D line reconstruction from multiple 2D image lines [Faugeras 1999; Quan and Kanade 1997].
Sentence 2: since they are invisible at normal image resolutions, each .ber segment is .rst synthesized in space, then validated by orientation consistency from at least three views, and .nally optimally triangulated from all its visible views.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If we would have designed these state machines by hand, some transitions could be saved by using composite states or transitions that are declared for a group of states.
Sentence 2: this does not change the intrinsic complexity of the problem: Due to the fault-tolerance mechanisms, we must also keep track of 5 timers, and the number of signals to re­ceive by the central station has grown from 3 in the idealized central station to 7 for the reliable one.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Likewise, the simpler functions also have little impact on the size of the entire application and have little impact on speed when they are not frequently executed.
Sentence 2: best Fitness Value When Prohibiting Speci.c Phases prohibiting prior dormant and unenabled phases, which are depicted in Figures 19 and 20, had a more signi.cant impact since these techniques could be applied to all functions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The codes for Maybe and Vec work for any generic operation.
Sentence 2: although the de.nition of ngmap needed the DataGen argument, this argument must be im­plemented once per generic operation, just like TyConstEnv.previous work [26] could not de.ne a general code for datatypes like Maybe and Vec, and required signi.cant boilerplate at every instantiation of a generic function with a speci.c datatype.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Empirical Studies of Embedded Software Development Using Agile Methods: a Systematic Review Mingjuan Xie State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Software Institute Nanjing University Nanjing, China +8613851806650 cherryxmj89@gmail.com ABSTRACT Agile approaches are proved by numerous case studies and reports to be effective and constructive in desktop software development.
Sentence 2: the situation is quite different in the embedded world due to the unique characteristics of the embedded software projects, which bring many difficulties to developers.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Several bidirectional programming languages exist to aid programmers in writing a (sort of) forward transformation, and deriving a back­ward transformation for free.
Sentence 2: the maintainability offered by such languages comes at the cost of expressiveness and (more importantly) predictability because the ambiguity of synchroniza­tion handled by the putback transformation is solved by default strategies over which programmers have little control.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However,formoregeneraldatatypes,itturnsoutthat weneedevenfnercontroloverthedistributionofgenerated values.Supposewedefneatypeofbinarytrees,anda generator: dataTreea=Leafa|Branch(Treea)(Treea) instanceArbitrarya=>Arbitrary(Treea)where arbitrary=frequency [(1,liftMLeafarbitrary) ,(2,liftM2Brancharbitraryarbitrary)] WewanttoavoidchoosingaLeaftoooften,hencetheuse offrequency.
Sentence 2: thisdefnitiononlyhasa50%chanceoftermi­nating!ThereasonisthatforthegenerationofaBranchto terminate,tworecursivegenerationsmustterminate.Ifthe frstfewrecursionschooseBranches,thengenerationtermi­natesonlyifverymanyrecursivegenerationsallterminate, andthechanceofthisissmall.Evenwhengenerationter­minates,thegeneratedtestdataissometimesverylarge.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: After compiling the interpreter to a format supported by an existing symbolic ex­ecution engine, one can symbolically execute an interpreted program by symbolically executing the interpreter with the target program as argument.
Sentence 2: even though in prin­ciple this direct approach yields a symbolic execution engine for the target language, it is impractical, due to the engine not being aware of the control .ow of the interpreted program.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A package template may be instantiated at run-time by utilizing the instantiate method of the supplied PT class, as shown in the following construct: PT.instantiate { template T } 3 This statement will make a copy of all the classes and inter­faces de.ned in the template T available to the caller of the static instantiate method, preserving potential type hierar­chies as de.ned in the template.
Sentence 2: instantiations may also be more elaborate.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For traditional quorum systems, it is known [2] that when servers fail independently (in fail-stop fashion) with probability of p<0.5, the majority quorum system [15] (where a quorum is any majority subset of all servers) achieves the best availability.
Sentence 2: even in this optimal quorum system, the system needs to have (n+1)/2 functioning servers to be available.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Our speci.cations conservatively handle re­.ective features such as for-in loops and computed prop­erty names: renaming a property that could be accessed re­.ectively is forbidden.
Sentence 2: eval and equivalent con­structs are not handled at all; instead, we emit a warning about possible unsoundness if a use of eval is detected.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Weaving a Social Fabric into Existing Software Li-Te Cheng, John Patterson, Steven L. Rohall, Susanne Hupfer, Steven Ross IBM Research Collaborative User Experience Group Cambridge, Massachusetts  {li-te_cheng,john_patterson,steven_rohall,susanne_hupfer,steven_ross}@us.ibm.com ABSTRACT Contextual collaboration is a promising approach to embedding new collaborative features into existing applications.
Sentence 2: incorporating such new features may be too difficult for applications without extensible frameworks or too complex for legacy, custom, and mission-critical applications.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For the case when f =1,with one failure and no batching(b = 1), Zyzzyva and  50 40 30 20 10 0  0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Faults tolerated Faults tolerated Batch size = 1 Batch size = 10 Bottleneck server cryptographic operations  Faults tolerated Faults tolerated Batch size = 1 Batch size = 10 Bottleneck server messages Figure 7: Fault scalability using analytical model Zyzzyva5 provide 1.8 and 2.6 times higher throughput than PBFT, respectively,becauseof additionalcryptographicand message overheads as described above.
Sentence 2: with the batch size of 10, PBFTperforms 15%better than Zyzzyva as the cryptographic overhead of Zyzzyva is 16% higher than PBFT.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The sampled African countries which fall under relatively low levels of e-Governance, retain high levels of inequalities.
Sentence 2: some counties such as Algeria and Kenya, although falling under low levels of e-Governance, they interestingly perform better in terms of social equality than South Africa, Lesotho and Botswana which rank amongst the top African countries in the e-Governance survey.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In a similar spirit to DaRPC, mTPC [9] manages packet processing, TCP con­nection management and application interface in userspace for best parallelism.
Sentence 2: the primary focus of mTCP is high small-packet throughput that is achieved by eschew­ing the kernel as well as by ef.cient packet-and event-level batching on the I/O path.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Adaptation Scenario I In the AMS architectural configuration two nodes (Provider: P and Bidder: B) are connected in a peer-to-peer connection for online bidding process.
Sentence 2: as the number of bidder B increases over time (B1, B2, ,Bn) the AMS architecture must self-adapt by integrating a bidding server S that mediates the bidding process between the providers and bidders.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This Interceptor approach does not provide the in- herent portability of the Java-based interceptor described in Section 4.1 due to its use of native JNI code.
Sentence 2: the portability of our interceptor is not as issue because the interceptor lies within the f~amework of the JVM; the portability offered by the JVM is implicitly extended to the Interceptor.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Structured methodology using Likert or semantic scales has been frequently applied in the literature, including tangible attributes [27] and affective attributes [28], [20] to measure the destination image.
Sentence 2: it is widely recognised that this technique cannot capture those attributes that could be considered of special relevance by the respondents [29] and the unique component of the destination [30].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: INTRODUCTION Program control-.ow traces can be valuable aids to re­verseengineering[2,25],debugging[24], andprogramcom­prehension and are essentialfor dynamic slicing[1, 8] and instruction scheduling.
Sentence 2: at the speed of modern processors, control-.ow traces of even a few seconds of ex­ecution can be too large to store on disks, transfer on net­works, let alone to manipulate and analyze.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: com/professional/critical_care_medicine/ respiratory_failure_and_mechanical_ ventilation/overview_of_mechanical_ ventilation.html attempts to locally compensate if the device states are within the boundary conditions.
Sentence 2: if the device settings have reached the control limits or inter-organ-system coordination is required, the PAE is propagated to the surgery and anesthesia layer.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Also, we might have been biased by choosing a participant who had previous knowledge of the tool and the approach.
Sentence 2: since the purpose of the study is to investigate the usefulness of the OOG, we chose a participant who did not require ex­tensive training to avoid much of the learning curve involved in adopting a new tool and diagram, as is often desired for high-quality case studies [19, p. 68].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: That still leaves the problem of .tting L1, L2, L3, and even TLB cache with nested it­erations (on tiles within tiles) with more nested iterations.
Sentence 2: we have found that the block recursion .ts all these caches eventually and so no multilevel or prefetch­ing .tting is necessary; the recursive codes come out to be cache-oblivious [10].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This means that given range query qry(L,U), RstRS is the query re­sult on the ordered data set ERS with respect to state Statek.
Sentence 2: if localRstRS = RstRS , there exist two different query results with respect to qry(a,b), which contradicts with the sound­ness of .RS .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, the Pex team could extend its man power (with only two full-time employees) to a larger scope in order to feasibly explore both short-term and long­term research goals.
Sentence 2: the academic researchers could (1) focus on important research problems (in practice) deter­mined with the help of the Pex team, and (2) leverage powerful tool infrastructures developed by the Pex team so that the academic re­searchers can focus main efforts on research innovations other than infrastructure-building engineering efforts, which are also critical to enable applying proposed tool features (developed for the re­search innovations) on real-world code bases but which themselves may not be research innovations.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Consider the following example: square :: (Elt e, IsNum e, Shape dim) => Array dim e -> Acc (Array dim e) square xs = zipWith (*) (use xs) (use xs) Here we use a single array twice.
Sentence 2: device arrays can be safely shared because our skeletons do not mutate data, so we use the memory table to ensure xs is transferred only once.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the implementation using pure actor primitives be­cause of the absence of a blocking send operation in Actors the multicaller simulates the desired blocking behavior by .rst capturing its current continuation, then changing its be­havior to collect all messages other than the one expected from the facilitator in an internal queue, and .nally resum­ing the original behavior to process the queued messages.
Sentence 2: the implementation using ABCL/1 s select state­ment  which is essentially a synchronous operation blocked on receipt of a certain message, while all other messages are internally queued signi.cantly simpli.es how the multi­caller can block, delivering a more elegant-looking solution.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Until the number of stations is 10, total transmission rates of the pro­posed algorithm and the Reference Scheduler are identical.
Sentence 2: when the number of station is more than 11, to- Figure 11: Comparison of channel occupancy in sce­nario 1 tal transmission rate of the proposed algorithm continues to increase until the number of station reaches to 20.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This is especially bene.cial on Windows, where the de­ reg <load [A]  Figure 2: Analysis-Atomicity Problem analysis routine knows the effective address and the value that will be read by the instruction, which is 0 in the example.
Sentence 2: before the load instruction executes, thread 2 modi.es the value to 1.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Aiming at ensuring an un­biased selection process, we de.ned research questions in advance and devised inclusion and exclusion criteria we be­lieve are detailed enough to provide an assessment of how the .nal set of primary studies was obtained.
Sentence 2: we cannot rule out threats from a quality assessment perspec­tive, we simply selected studies without assigning any scores.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The limit-average property is not precisely inductive, i.e., by knowing only the limit-average value of the subsegments of a segment, we cannot estimate the limit-average accurately without knowing the length of the subsegments.
Sentence 2: strengthening it to the property set ((minp), (maxp, limavg, hasInfPath)) makes it precisely inductive.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: ST(U)Array implementation was faster for all slab width.
Sentence 2: 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2 3 4 6 8 16 32 64 Slab Width in the subsequent work on code parallelization reported in the next section, Judy arrays turned out to have better performance.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Cloud Application Portability: An Initial View Fotis Gonidis South East European Research Centre International Faculty of the University of Sheffield 24 Proxenou Koromila street Thessaloniki, 54622, Greece fgonidis@seerc.org Anthony J. H. Simons Department of Computer Science University of Sheffield Regent Court, 211 Portobello Street Sheffield S1 4DP, United Kingdom  A.Simons@dcs.shef.ac.uk Iraklis Paraskakis South East European Research Centre International Faculty of the University of Sheffield 24 Proxenou Koromila street Thessaloniki, 54622, Greece iparaskakis@seerc.org Dimitrios Kourtesis South East European Research Centre International Faculty of the University of Sheffield 24 Proxenou Koromila street Thessaloniki, 54622, Greece  dkourtesis@seerc.org ABSTRACT Growing interest towards cloud application platforms has resulted in a large number of platform offerings to be already available on the market and new related products to be continuously launched.
Sentence 2: there are a number of challenges that prevent cloud application platforms from becoming widely adopted.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Thedown­sideis that when aCRC mismatch occurs,the slave needsto resend all of the messagesfromitspreviousslot.
Sentence 2: inthe case ofshort slotdurationsthisis not aproblem, espe­ciallybecause collisions and messagefailures arelesslikely inTDMAprotocols.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 6.3 Test Data Generation Commercialrandomtestingtoolsgeneratetestdatain limiteddomains,withthegoalofmatchingthedistribution ofactualdataforthesystemundertest{theso-calledoper­ationalprofle.Inthiscase,statisticalinferencesaboutthe meantimebetweensystemfailurescanbedrawnfromthe testresults.
Sentence 2: inordertogeneratemorecomplexdata,itisnecessary toprovideadescriptionofthedata'sstructure.Apopu­larapproachtodoingsousesgrammars.itwas realisedveryearlythatcontext-freegrammarscannotex­pressallthedesiredpropertiesoftestdata{forexample, thatageneratedrandomprogramcontainsnoundeclared identifers.Thereforethegrammarswereenhancedwithac­tions[6],orextendedtoattributegrammars.Thisapproach hasbeenmostusedfortestingcompilers,althoughMaurer arguesforitsuseinmanycontexts[15].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Also, even in the cases where types and other information cannot be statically inferred, performance of dynamic languages can be quite competitive, since modern compilers and abstract machines have evolved signi.cantly and offer a high degree of optimization.
Sentence 2: the same high degree of specialization and optimiza­tion that brings about the performance of modern compilers and abstract machines implies signi.cant complexity in their design which in turn makes it very dif.cult to explore a large design space of modi.cations in order to obtain signi.cant further advances, at least by hand.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Because replication provides multiple choices from which to obtain the same data, it is possible to use replication to reduce the total number of nodes one needs to contact when using vector RPCs: a multiget for two keys that map to different physical nodes can be satis.ed by a single node if it contains a replica for both keys.
Sentence 2: the type of replication used determines whether repli­cation can maintain the bene.t of using vector RPCs for higher performance.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This should make it straightforward to introduce a generic tool that talks either locally or remotely to Ganeti.
Sentence 2: when trying to integrate our Haskell program with Ganeti, we quickly found out that:  not all APIs exported the same data; the data available via each API was only a sub-set of the data available in Ganeti  even for the same data, the actual naming of various properties differed across the APIs  While any program (independent of the language used) would have discovered these inconsistencies, static vs. dynamic typing makes a difference here.
Relationship: contrasting