sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To address this problem, a range of research efforts have fo­cused on techniques for capturing external and non-deterministic inputs, thereby allowing post-mortem deterministic replay [13, 20, 28, 33, 40, 44, 49, 50, 52, 55].
Sentence 2: these approaches have been slow to gain traction in the commercial world for several rea­sons, including high overhead, environmental complexity (e.g., in­teractions between multiple licensed software and hardware from different vendors), and substantive privacy concerns.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Simultaneous slices can also be computed using the PDG- based approach [33] and using the iterative solution of data flow equations [47], because the slice with respect to criteria {C1,... , Ck} is simply the distributed union of the slices constructed for the individual slicing criteria C1,... , Ck.
Sentence 2: using Espresso-produced slicers, the simultaneous slice can be produced at no extra com- putational cost.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The presentation programs can produce WWW presentable on-line documents, either via common doc- ument formats (such as postscript or pdf), via vendor supplied 'browser plug ins', or as bitmapped graphics.
Sentence 2: none of these secondary .formats provides for a smooth integration with the rest of the resources on the Internet (for instance the course plan pages discussed above) nor full utilization of the power of hypertext.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In this approach, M3 contains meta-languages for structure, presentation and behaviour, M2 contains complete de.nitions of all aspects of a language, and M1 contains a complete description of the diagram or language instance.
Sentence 2: we suggest to use a relative numbering scheme instead of M1-M3 to em­phasise that the absolute location of a model is not impor­tant, but rather the connection to the levels directly above (meta-model of the model) and below (the instances of the model).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Aspect-oriented systems have been pro­posed for this purpose, notably to manipulate service orchestrations modularly, for example, using AO4BPEL [6] and in particular for the control of the QoS properties of orchestrations [2].
Sentence 2: no aspect system exists that enables the modi.cation of session types while maintaining their strong correctness guarantees.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 4kBlocal memoryfreeperformance Deferredcoalescing signi.cantly reduces the overhead of small region allocationinSMA.Most traces show20-60%improvement when using either the CAM or LM schemes.
Sentence 2: the improvement is slightlybetterfortheCAM scheme asit candefer coalescing of any memory region size, while theLM scheme can onlydefer coalesc­ingforsub-block sized regions.thedifferencewasmore marginal than we expected, suggesting that typical applications re­quest such a wide variation of sizes that the most bene.t is seen over the small subset of sizes which are guaranteed to be reused.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Our results provide further illustration of the promise of normal form bisimulation as a basis for syntactic theories and proof prin­ciples, demonstrated by earlier results for other pure and extended .-calculi in the literature (Sangiorgi [31] and Lassen [18, 20, 21]).
Sentence 2: we note one caveat: Although our theory for the com­bined .µ.-calculus captures key functional and imperative aspects of the programming language Scheme, it lacks constants such as nil, cons, numerals, and arithmetic operators.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This has the advantage of centralizing all stu­dent code and requires a simpler autograder that copies code from each student s directory, builds their code and evalu­ates their submissions.
Sentence 2: the use case is much more complex when we move to a massively parallel environment such as XSEDE, with a course that currently scales to hun­dreds of students and that we would like to extend to MOOC scale (thousands of students).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The two repairs minimizing the Hamming distance between original and repaired configurations are: Select 250kbits/s CAN bus ; Deselect 1 Mbits/s CAN bus  Select ABS Controller ; Deselect Non-ABS Controller  This simple example was adapted from [19].
Sentence 2: the user may find that one of the possible repairs (such downgrading to a non-ABS controller) is not really desirable.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Chemical metaphors have been pro­posed to facilitate dynamic service composition in pervasive and distributed computing systems [24], and they appear to well tolerate diversity and evolution (because they can ac­commodate a large number of di.erent components with the same simple set of laws).
Sentence 2: a metaphor strictly ad­hering to the idea of a single chemical solution would hardly address the aspects of spatial distribution that characterize large-scale pervasive systems, unless properly coupled with some bio-inspired aspects, as we have recently proposed in [24].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: There are many ways this could be implemented, ranging from a BitTorrent-style network [10], where data is centrally tracked and all partici­pants share relatively equal loads, to KaZaa-like super-peer networks, where select nodes are assigned greater responsi­bility in the network.
Sentence 2: applying a traditional P2P network infrastructure to scienti.c computing, and in par­ticular volunteer computing, can be highly problematic.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: N-MASS performs approximately the same as maximum-local in most of the cases.
Sentence 2: when the memory allocation in the system is un­balanced (allocation map 0000 for both workloads, allocation maps 0001, 0010, and 1100 for WL1), the additional cache-balancing of the N-MASS scheme improves performance relative to maximum­local.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Broadly speaking, CDP can be implemented in two different ways, i.e., either inte­grate it seamlessly to the target .le systems or more gener­ally make it sit at the device block level.
Sentence 2: the state­of-the-art CDP implementations suffer from various limita­tions, e.g., huge implementation complexity, non-trivial per­formance interference.Inthisstudy,we introduce BVSSD,a new block level versioning system speci.cally designed for the emerging .ash-based SSD.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Reducing energy needs and the carbon footprint by approximately a factor of two is certainly a significant achievement energy is one of the major costs in running a data center, and any less CO2 emitted into the environment is for the better.
Sentence 2: our field is in many ways used to orders-of-magnitude and exponential increases in performance and utility, e.g., Moore s Law, Metcalfe s Law, and the concomitant increase in link transmission capacity (e.g., from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps Ethernets in a short period of time).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When g11 is split, a12 is in the future and g12 appears in the past.
Sentence 2: split(1, 2, 0.0, g11) = ((1.0 g12), (0.0 a12)) Extract(1.0 g12) = (1.0 g12) a13 which is bounded to g12, must be launched af­ter e2 (see Figure 4).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 11.Givenapathprogramp andthesuf.cientedgesSp,asetofinterferingedgesIp canbecomputedusingause-defchaincomputationandacontrolreachabilityanalysisontheoriginalCFG.Inprinciple,a.nersemanticcriterionforinterferencecanbeformulatedthatcheckswhetheraninterferingedgepreservestheinvariantsrelatedtothesuf.cientset.
Sentence 2: inourimplementation,thesyntacticcriterionpre­sentedhereisusedduetoitssimplicity.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In grid computing, Markov chains have been used to model workload for scheduling (Song, Ernemann, and Yahyapour 2004) and load balancing (Akioka and Muraoka 2003).
Sentence 2: unlike these efforts or those that quantitatively estimate performance or reliability, this work uses Markov chain modelling to understand alternative system behaviours that may occur as a consequence of significant system-wide events or decisions: in this case, the failure to meet fundamental service guarantees for grid systems.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For instance, architectural support can be used for major upgrades of the system, whereas continuous integration is used when smaller changes within the same architecture take place.
Sentence 2: since designing the architecture with collaboration explicitly in mind and setting up the version control system both require explicit effort, we believe that for many small­scale experiments these are considered too extensive means, and little facilities for cooperation which could be later required in the form of e.g.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The within-subjects comparison of varied-performing students shows that the amount of time a student spent (in hours) on his or her well-performing assignments (M=27.31, sd=43.22) was slightly less than (F(1,1)=7.51, p<0.01) the time spent by the same individual on poor-performing assignments (M=30.66, sd=41.61).
Sentence 2: students who consistently achieved A/B scores (M=37.82, sd=48.71) spent nearly twice as much time (p<0.001) as students who consistently achieved C/D/F scores (M=21.92, sd=34.94).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In contrast, the annotative implementation of undo  dim Undo(one, many) in refines Buffer { Undo(int back = 0,Stack stack = new Stack()); void set(int x) { Undo(back = buff, stack.push(buff)); Super(int).set(x); } void undo() { buff = Undo(back,stack.pop()); } } Figure 5: Undo re.nement u with annotative variation.
Sentence 2: in Figure 3 requires direct modi.cation of the base program and clutters its de.nition with code that is only sometimes relevant.3 the compositional undo features contain redundancy not found in the annotative representation, complicating their mainte­nance.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Native interfaces are shown as an O, library interfaces are shown as X Figure 1 indicates that interfaces might be categorized into three broad categories -Few Implementations and Many Dependents (usually native interfaces in developer-defined source-code), Many Implementations and Few Dependents (usually imported library/framework interfaces), Some Implementations and Some Dependents.
Sentence 2: simply identifying these outliers does not help to explain why they are present, if these interfaces are suitable for the design they form part of, or if/when these sorts of interfaces are generally desirable.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: o t h e r C o n c e r n ( O b j e c t ) ) &#38;&#38; a r g s ( o ) &#38;&#38; c o n t e x t ( ) { o t h e r C o n c e r n ( o ) ; }} The mechanisms used in this solution are similar to the ones used in the aspect IncludeStrategy.
Sentence 2: in this case, because the Figure 5.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If the skewing is only moderate where faster nodes still .nish before slower nodes, CALB would work as described.
Sentence 2: cAS s execution time ratios would have to be adjusted by the data skew factor (e.g., if CAS s mapComputeRatio ratio is 3:1 and faster nodes have twice as much data as slow nodes, then the new ratio would be 1.5:1).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Compilers, linkers, analysers and the like are all tradi­tionally considered to be out of time processes.
Sentence 2: when integrated into a dynamic, real-time, causal develop­ment process, such tools must be reactive, complying to task-domain time and concurrency constraints as well as be­ing amenable to reactive updates from the environment.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Conclusions and Future Work Refactoring tools have become popular because they al­low programmers to safely make changes that can affect all parts of a system.
Sentence 2: such changes create prob­lems for the current SCM tools that operate at the .le level: refactorings create more merge con.icts, the history of the refactored program elements is lost, and understanding of program evolution is harder.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Therefore, the contribution to the mean number of jobs in the system consisting of jobs in [][] NSQ the Exponential class is precisely EExp+ EN.The Expzero-sized jobs only contribute to the mean number in queue.
Sentence 2: since the scheduling policy is size-independent, the waiting time distribution of a zero-sized job is the same as the waiting time distribution of a job belonging to the Expo­ C2-1 nential class, but the arrival rate of zero-sized jobs is 2 times the arrival rate of the Exponential class.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: From a language standpoint, s-COMMA is as expressive as MiniZinc and Essence, in fact these approaches provide similar constructs and modeling features.
Sentence 2: a main feature of s-COMMA that strongly differences it from aforementioned lan­guages is the object-oriented framework provided and the possibil­ity of modeling problems using a visual language.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Forthesmallandmediumsizedprogramswehavetested (includingQueensandEval),Kprofallocationproflingis veryprecise.Weobservedthatfunctionallocationestimates computedbythealgorithmpresentedinSection3.4.2have anerrorrateoflessthan5%.
Sentence 2: forlargerprograms,theaccuracyoftheestimatesvaries.If weinspectafunctionfthatindirectlycallsanallocatora, thequalityoftheestimateishighlydependentonthelength ofthepathfromftoa,thatis,howmanyfunctionscalls areneededtoreachafromf.Forinstance,inFigure4the longestpathfromCONCMAPtoCONSis6,theshortestis2.If shortestpathsfromftoacountalot,thatisshortestpaths aremorefrequentlytraversed(inFigure4theshortestpath isimportantbecausethevertexfromCONCMAPtoAPPEND-2 represents33.3%ofallthecallsmadebyCONCMAP)then theestimateforfisreliable.Otherwise,itisimprecise.In thecompilerbootstrapbenchmarkthepathsarerelatively small,Kprofreportsthatthecontrolfowanalysis(cfa stageonFigure8)allocates1%ofallclosuresand1.2%of theCONScells,whileactuallyitisresponsiblefor1.25%of proceduresand2%oftheCONScells.Ontheotherhand, whenpathsarelongertheestimatesareimprecise.Forthe ASTconstruction(theastlabelonFigure8),Kprofesti­matesthenumberofCONScellstobe4.5%andthenumber ofprocedurestobe7.1%,whileexactmeasuresreport16% ofCONScellsand12%ofprocedures.TheerrorsinKprof's estimatesareinherenttothelackofexactinformationabout thedynamicpaths.UsingGprof,wedon'tthinkitispos­sibletoproducemorereliableresults.inaddition tothecurrentestimates,Kprofcouldreportontheirac­curacy.Thisnewinformationcouldbecomputedfromthe numberofpathsandtheirlengthfromafunctiontoanal­locatoranditcouldbepresentedonthesamewindowas theestimates,oritcouldbebasedonacallstacksampling technique.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Separating Testing Concerns by Means of Models Dirk Wischermann Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Systems Software Group Erlangen, Germany dw@cs.fau.de ABSTRACT The number of potential execution paths through software usually increases dramatically with the size of the program.
Sentence 2: many coding errors only appear while executing few particular paths.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Example: threading state in parallel Perhaps the simplest ex­ample of a Par-monad transformer is the standard StateT monad transformer (provided by Haskell s Control.Monad.State pack­age).
Sentence 2: even if m is a Par monad, for StateT s m to also be a Par monad, the state s must be splittable; that is, it must be spec­i.ed what is to be done with the state at fork points in the control 8 By the original , we refer to 1.x releases of LVish, e.g., http:// hackage.haskell.org/package/lvish-1.1.2.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In classical cryptography, two communi­cating parties, say Alice and Bob, try to con.dentially com­municate the content through a non-trusted channel, while an enemy, say Eve, tries to obtain the content by listening to the channel and applying cryptanalysis to the acquired data.
Sentence 2: in the case of content protection, Alice tries to send the content securely to Bob s trusted device (software or hardware), while both Eve and Bob are consid­ered enemies.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: By comparing the time spent to answer questions correctly with GenArch+ and pure::variants, we observed that the use of the framework-provided abstractions improved the compre­hension of the con.guration knowledge speci.cation, by al­lowing the participants localizing the con.guration knowl­edge in a reduced time.
Sentence 2: there is no signi.cant dif­ference between GenArch+ and CIDE in terms of the time needed to localize and understand the con.guration knowl­edge speci.cation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: GreenHadoop is most closely related to our own Green-Slot [9], a green energy-aware scheduler for scienti.c com­ puting jobs.
Sentence 2: greenSlot relies on extensive user­provided information about job behavior, assumes that per­sistent data is always available to jobs regardless of the servers power states, and does not manage the cost of peak brown power consumption.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Stephen Kou Jens Palsberg UCLA Computer Science Department University of California, Los Angeles Abstract Consumer electronics today such as cell phones often have one or more low-power FPGAs to assist with energy­intensive operations in order to reduce overall energy con­sumption and increase battery life.
Sentence 2: current tech­niques for programming FPGAs require people to be spe­cially trained to do so.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Moreover, PL Com­ponents are generally contained in these layers and tiers im­plementing functionalities provided by these layers and tiers; thus, Architectural Styles seem not to be useful.
Sentence 2: architectural patterns suggested in the reference architec­ture could be used to speci.cally design these components; thus, Architectural Styles and Patterns are partially used to design PL components.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Veri.cation techniques based, e.g., on model checking, may then be used to check properties over the speci.cation of the family as well as over the products that may be derived from the behavioural models.
Sentence 2: specifying a PF di­rectly in an operational model might not be easily realizable in case of a complex system.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Whenever we create a constructor in the heap, the code generator guarantees to only refer to it using a tagged pointer, so it is never the case that a pointer to a constructor on the heap can be untagged.
Sentence 2: this leaves one way in which untagged pointers to constructors can arise: we don t guarantee to tag pointers to static constructors (see Sec­tion 6.1.1).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: FFI designs aim for productivity, safety, portability, and ef.ciency.
Sentence 2: unfortunately, thesegoals are often at odds.For instance, Sun s original FFI for Java, the Native Method In­terface[52,53](NMI), directlyexposedJava objects asC structs and thus provided simple and fast access to object .elds.thisis unsafe, sinceCcode can violateJava types, notably by storing an object of incompatible type in a .eld.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The rule says that if we have a sum of two expressions eand e1, and both expressions are of security type t, then we can infer that the type of the expression e+e1is also t. Note that if the types of eand e1do not match, either one or both of them can be coerced to higher security types, according to the subtyping rules, so that they do match.
Sentence 2: the types of expressions cannot be coerced to lower types.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As described, Refcache is well suited to reference counts that track the true number of references to an object, since there is no danger of the count going back up once the object becomes unreachable.
Sentence 2: operat­ing systems often need untracked references to objects; for example, OS caches track objects that may be deleted at any time, and may even need to bring an object s reference count back up from zero.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: UnchangedRatio is a .ner-grained metric than our type-3 inconsistencies, and if a clone pair has type­3 inconsistency, it must have some identi.er with a non-zero value for its UnchangedRatio, which means CP-Miner may generate more reports than ours and we may miss certain bugs.
Sentence 2: our type-3 inconsistencies are more ef.cient to calculate and report fewer false positives.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Similarly, in a scenario where subscribers can be divided into groups, group addresses and memberships are statically bound, it may be cost-e.ective to create multicast groups, as each static subset of sub­scribers is interested in the same noti.cations.
Sentence 2: when the set of subscribers interested in an event noti.ca­tion is big in size, changes frequently, and geographically disparate, the eligibility of group membership is evaluated dynamically and across multiple administrative domains, a content-based pub-sub overlay service infrastructure is a less costly scheme, especially in terms of coordination and mem­bership management.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This changes the de.nition to LXt/rJ t X dataSent(t)= |vri| +(|si| + |smi| + |ni|) (2) i=1 i=1 Viewable areas can dominate equation 2 if they are large, as they may be sent frequently regardless of player interac­tion.
Sentence 2: if the cryptographic hashing or signing process is space-intensive, signatures will dominate the equation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Therefore, this study proposes a dynamic audio-video sharing platform system, which allows users to share audio-video files through USB port, DVD reader, or commonly available interface.
Sentence 2: since the control of audio-video equipment varies, the platform must have cross-platform and cross­equipment functions, and the functions of the equipment must be shared on the Internet for sharing multimedia audio-video streaming.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Enriching Student Experience with Student Driven Content while Teaching an Online Data Mining Class Suresh Kalathur Assistant Professor, Computer Science, Boston University Metropolitan College 808 Commonwealth Ave, Room 250 Boston, MA 02215, USA (1) 617-358-0006 kalathur@bu.edu ABSTRACT An online class provides a unique opportunity for the students to participate in the class at their own convenience.
Sentence 2: the students have to be kept motivated by providing the tools to enable discussions related to the class topics.
Relationship: contrasting