sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: PerfCenter facilitates this process by allowing speci.cation in terms that are natural to a data center architect.
Sentence 2: perfCenter takes, as input, the number and specs of hosts available in a data center, the network architecture of geo­graphically diverse data centers, the deployment of software on hosts, hosts on data centers, and the usage information of the application (scenarios, resource consumption), and provides various performance measures such as scenario re­sponse times, and resource utilizations.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is easyto see in Figure 1(b) that the blocks marked by(1), (2), and (3) span, respectively, 2, 2, and 4 pages.
Sentence 2: assuming the existence of a local memory(that can keep at least one block of data), we need to incur only1, 1, and 3 page breaks, respectively.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This analysis revealed that most of the memory-bandwidth induced throttling was occur­ring in GC functions thus pointing at our original GC (call it JGC, a block-based, stop-the-world mark-sweep-compact GC heavily in­.uenced by [13, 14] that was originally optimized for Java and rel­atively low numbers of threads) as a target for replacement.
Sentence 2: the primary goal for our new GC was to maximize cache re-use in order to minimize memory traf.c across the bus, thus increasing the number of threads that could run simultaneously without memory­induced throttling.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, this is just a weak conjecture since the proof of suf.ciency heavily relies (in the case for product types) on the well-foundedness property.
Sentence 2: there may even exist non­well-founded models (non-well-founded models exist in the ground case: see [8, 10]) that are with in.nite support but not convex.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Millstein and Chambers show in [28] that open-methods cannot be modularly type checked if the language (like C++) supports multiple implementation inheritance.
Sentence 2: we split our call resolution mechanism into three distinct stages: Overload resolution  Ambiguity resolution  Runtime dispatch  The goal of overload resolution is to .nd at compile time a unique base-method, through which the call can be dispatched.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Depending on the relative cost of per­mutation and arithmetic operations, one may choose to distribute or un-distribute in the presence of .. On the other hand, it is generally unsafe to distribute in the presence of .. 2.3 Reduction and Replication Reduction operations involve a type of data movement that cannot be expressed with general permutations.
Sentence 2: we introduce the notation, Yn .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Duetothefactthatbothlecturersandstudentshave  touse  appropriate  technologicaltools(e.g.specificsoftware),fromanadministrativepointofview,e-­-portfoliowork  requiresadditionaltimeandmightbelabor­intensive,especiallywithregardtolargegroups.Tomeetthischallenge,highereducation  institutionshavetoprovidespecialtrainingandinstruction  forstudentsandstaffmembers.
Sentence 2: feasibleandeffectiveapproachtogettingawayfromgrademotivatedlearningisintroducingamentoringorbuddy  system(seethepatternmapinFigure1,  especially  MFRIENDSsupportedbyASSESSINGNETWORKINGLINKING,andfacilitatingGIVINGFEEDBACK,APPROVING,JUDGING,andAPPRECIATING).E-­-portfoliowork  isaconstructivistmodeloflearning,withtheaimoffurtherdevelopingstudents reflectivepractice,goalsetting,andself-­-evaluationandassessment.Bauer[2009]arguesthatstudentscannot  limit  their  reflectionprocesstopureself-­-reflection,topureintrospection.Theymust  continuouslysharetheir  ongoingworkone-­-portfolioswithothers,inordertogainmeaningfulfeedbackfrompeersandteachers/lecturers,whichisessentialforreflexivelearningprocesses.collaboration(peer-­-to-­-peerlearning)isanimportantaspectof  e­portfoliowork.Finalexamsortestscan  bepreparedbythestudentworkingalone,butthestudent,whohas 5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_window[May02,2012].
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: ThelevelsandpartsofacompletesystemIntentSpecifca­tionarelinkedtogetherwithpointers.Asstatedearlier,to beapracticalrequirementsspecifcationlanguage,thelan­guagemustincludetraceability.Intentspecifcationsinclude bothforwardandbackwardtraceabilityfromhigh-levelre­quirementstocodeandviceversa.Inaddition,unlikemost specifcationlanguages,intentspecifcationsincludetrace­abilitytoandfromthehazardanalysissothatreviewers canverifythatsafety-criticalconstraintsareenforcedinthe softwareandchangesinthecodecanbeidentifedandana­lyzedastotheirpotentialefectonsafety.
Sentence 2: thedesignofSpecTRM-RLisgreatlyinfuencedbyour desiretoprovideacombinedspecifcationandmodeling language.Systemspecifcations(particularlyrequirements specifcations)needtobereviewedandusedbypeoplewith alargevarietyofbackgroundsandexpertise,mostofwhom arenotcomputerscientistsortrainedinformallogicor discretemathandmaynotevenbeengineers.itisnotpracticaltousemostformalmodelinglanguages asspecifcationlanguages.Inaddition,industrialprojects rarelyhavetheresourcestoprovideaseparatemodelingef­fortforthespecifcation,andthecontinualchangescommon tomostsoftwaredevelopmentprojectswillrequirefrequent updatestoensurethattheformalmodelisconsistentwith thecurrentrequirementsandsystemdesign.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Through the planning and platform framework, and the common service meta-model, mechanisms from the service interface layer and the application layer can be integrated, in order to bridge the two layers, while preserving the SOA principles.
Sentence 2: we ensure that web services managed by the QUA middleware can still be accessed by any web service client, also clients that are unaware of the QUA middleware.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We are currently working on de.ning a JTL sub-language, restricting the use of quanti.ers, which assures decidability of concept containment.
Sentence 2: 8 concepts may be regarded as the generic-programming equivalence of the Design by Contract [58] philosophy 5.4 Micro Patterns A µ-pattern is just like a design pattern, except that it is mechan­ically recognizable.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Many hardware and software techniques are based on this work in some way [6, 16, 17, 19, 34, 8, 9, 25, 29, 10, 24, 18, 31], but all have a variety of drawbacks such as insuf­ .cient protections in real-world threat models, unreasonable performance overhead, or excessive hardware requirements.
Sentence 2: researchers have started using virtualiza­tion to improve program protections.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When the request rate to a data center equals its service rate, we have full utilization of each server and the power consumed is the sum of active power pro.les of all servers.
Sentence 2: let us assume that a data center is loaded to x% of its full capacity and let y h% of that load to be assigned to server type h. utilization of server type h can be given as h NCh Un (t)= xny (2) Shµh And the power consumption of each server type h can be given as the sum of active idle power.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: #define New(p) p.Allocate (_LI~___, FILE) #define Delete (p) p.Deallocate (___LI~___,  __FILE ) template <class T> class Pointer { public: Pointer (); Pointer (void* a); Pointer&#38; operator= (const void* a); bool operator== (const Pointer&#38; a); bool operator== (const void* a); bool operator!= (const Pointer&#38; a); bool operator!= (const void* a); void Allocate (long i, char* f); void Deallocate (long I, char* f); T* operator-> (); T&#38; operator* (); ); void Report_Storage_Allocation (); Pointer does not supply member functions for arithmetic manipulations or array access.
Sentence 2: any imple- mentation of the Pointer class rules out problems #2 and #3 above by design.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For each project, it lists the number of clone groups detected by Deckard, the total number of lines of cloned code, and Deckard s time on clone de­tection.
Sentence 2: the 358331 lines of clones in the 7852 clone groups in the Linux kernel and the 70455 lines of clones in the 2246 clone groups in Eclipse form the main code base where we search for bugs in our following experiments.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The second one suggests modifying the  element in line 19 as follows SET 1.4.2.2.type TO dependent However,because 1.4.2.2.type is used to generate Spouse De­tails, applying this repair action would change the part of output that is assumed to be correct.
Sentence 2: this recommendation is classi.ed as invalid and .ltered out.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Furthermore, this download bandwidth is always lim­ited.
Sentence 2: for simplicity, we alsoquantize thebandwidth as the number of sub-streams that canbedownloaded simultaneously,denotedby C.thewholeproblemcanbeformulated as .nding theopti­mal solutionfor thefollowinglinearprogram LLk L min a n sch(s h)+ß n (pi,sj ) h=1 i=1 j=1 Lk L n (9) s.t.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 4.2 Process Guidance Knowledge Service The workbench architecture needs to be flexible enough to allow the C&#38;A process definition to evolve independent of the components/tools and services that assist process activities.
Sentence 2: to reduce the impact of C&#38;A process variability on the workbench architecture, we move towards an ontological definition of the workbench supported process activities.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is intuitively uninteresting to put statements for different computations in a same code fragment and consider it a candidate for functionally equivalent ones.
Sentence 2: utilizing program depen­dency information and generating code fragments based on pro­gram slices may help to exclude uninteresting candidates and leave with us more semantic-relevant ones for further consideration; also, since program slices are often smaller than a whole function body, the number of code fragments generated by our code chopping will be smaller and help scale up EQMINER.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Such a waste of resources can only be justi.ed for critical systems in which a single missed deadline may cause catastrophic consequences.
Sentence 2: over the last years, there is a new perspec­tive towards being able to provide signi.cant real-time sup­port within the context of general-purpose operating sys­tems with the understanding that not all applications need the same degree of real-time support.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: With the core Java AWT classes imple­mented, building a Swing package for the µKVM is relatively easy.
Sentence 2: our focus is to refactor the core Java AWT classes into the µKVM GUI model: all platform-dependent code such as calls to native methods to create windows in those classes needed to be moved to the kernel, and a framework supporting the inter­actions between the kernel and the new library.awt classes on services/connectors has to be introduced.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The names of the various operators have been chosen to maximize both backward-and forward-compatibility (with Common Lisp as standardized, and with potential related extensions to Common Lisp such as a collections protocol); we specify operators corresponding to standardized func­tions such as find to be named like sequence:find, so that an implementation of Common Lisp natively implementing this proposal can simply import the relevant symbols from the sequence package5 .
Sentence 2: we specify sequence:adjust- According to some interpretations of the standard, the im­sequence rather than (setf sequence:length), so that an implementation can import sequence:length into the stan­dard common-lisp package without inadvertantly causing there to be a setf function for length, in contravention of the constraints on implementations (Pitman and Chapman, 1994, Section 11.1.2.1.1).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: While Java does not go beyond offering idioms, there has been discussion to introduce support for object life-cycle allowing larval mutable objects which can later mature into immutable ones.5 Another option would be to treat immutable objects as owned by a special domain which does not allow any mutation.
Sentence 2: mechanisms to provide different semantics for concurrency models could be general enough to support the notion of generally immutable objects, too.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If clocksstart r = {v}, then there are n - f correct nodes at the beginning of beat r with clock = v; when they execute Line 1, they all send the same value v. Since v .
Sentence 2: {0, 1}, each correct node receives at least n-f messages with the same value v (see Observation 3.1), therefore maj = v and #maj = n - f. in Line 5, all correct nodes set clock := 1 - maj =1 - v. Definition 3.4.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Namely: (i) the typing rules infer a set of class constraints (one for each class de.nition in the program); (ii) each class constraint consists of the name of the re­spective class C and of a set of method constraints inferred for the methods de.ned in the class; and (iii) each method constraint con­sists of the name of the respective method and of the set of .at constraints inferred for the body of the method.
Sentence 2: a set of class The method eval introduced in class Add by the delta module DAddEval in Listing 2 can be encoded in IFJ as follows: Int eval() { return this.expr1.eval().sum(this.expr2.eval()); } where Int is class for integers.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For instance (in the current study), when a word is displayed by fading, an individual needs to devote more attention in monitoring as compared to the display by non-fading of a word (characterized by PA and CA respectively).
Sentence 2: there is a concern of a detrimental effect on ProM performance if the situation is characterized by PA considering that the intended action must be retrieved at a time when the individual is busy with the current task.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: With the help of a central pro- cess (Manager) that menages a database containing the ida  # assumption type sssB resB assA resA C exists assC resC 1 super/basic PB QB PA QA yes/no PAAPB QAAQB 2 super/basic --p P no pA--p 3 super/basic --p p no pA--p 4 sup er --p p no pA--p 5 super/basic p p yes P P 6 super --p P no pA -~p 4B basic --p p yes -~p p 6B basic ~p P yes p --p Table 3: Feasibility check for the merging of B with A. of all the processes, roletype P/N/H is now able to initial- ize its Neigltbors set at runtime.
Sentence 2: when an augmented process P starts to run it sends a message to Manager, which adds P to its database accordingly and sends bark a meseage with its neighbors.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: [14] studied the effect of latency in direct-touch point­ ing tasks and showed how task performance signi.cantly de­crease and error rates increase as latency increase.
Sentence 2: re­inforcing an earlier Fitt s law study of MacKenzie [16] who identi.ed latency as a major bottleneck for usability.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This nice fea­ture gets con.rmed from localization results shown in Fig­ures 25(g), 25(h) and 25(i) where the overall shape of the networkis correctforallRSD-applied methods.
Sentence 2: rSD provides the important feature that it is robust for un­evenpathlossfactors across the area.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, these technologies require that system dynamics be handled by the developers in the application logic it­self, and thus are not su.cient for implementing complex scenarios.
Sentence 2: we argue that UbiComp applications require development support using custom code generation as well as infrastructure support for the basic application needs (e.g., adaptivity, migratability, dynamic code loading, context, security).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: f S  (a)A .ow-sensitive node(b)Acomposite .ow graph Figure 5: Flow graphs for .ow-sensitive 0CFA tice of an environment is theCartesian product of the lattice for each variable, so the lattice height of an environment is linear in the number of variables.
Sentence 2: the .ow graph has a linear number of edges with linear height lattices and conse­quently takes quadratic time to converge in the worst case.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 1.1 Space-RMR tradeoff For DSM machines, the space complexity of mutual exclu­sion is O(n)1 and there exist algorithms that achieve O(n) space complexity and O(1) RMR complexity [5, 15].
Sentence 2: optimal space and optimal RMR are simultaneously achiev­able for DSM.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: TACKLING A SCHEDULING PROBLEM WITH µCRL 4.1 Modelling scheduling problems Scheduling problems are about time; given a machine or combination ofmachines, which are able to perform tasks, thequestioningeneral is in whichorder thesetasks should be performed in order to achieve the highest possible e.­ciency.
Sentence 2: if we want to create a model of a system in order to solve a scheduling problem, at least we should be able to work with time.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since there are both incoming and outgoing control packets, the traf.c classi.er works at both the AP and the client sides.Because(1) thecurrentdesign ofBlueStreaming aimstobe application transparent, (2) both control traf.c and data traf.c in typicalP2P streaming servicesuse asameport, and(3) theclassi­.cation mustbe real time,BlueStreaminghas to avoiddeeppacket inspectionfor any application speci.cinformation.
Sentence 2: in BlueStreaming, we leverage a feature that we have found via our measurementfor runtimepacketdecoupling.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Even in the absence of a central server, notification of a failure is typically communicated, by the first member to detect it, to the entire group via a (possibly unreliable) broadcast [3].
Sentence 2: although achiev- ing completeness is important, efficient detection of a failure is more often related with the time to the first detection, by another non-faulty member, of the failure.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The experiment requires a comparison of the different quality assurance techniques and a comparison of the different variants.
Sentence 2: we performed a 2*2 factorial design (see Figure 1) where the two factors are 1) the quality assurance technique (functional testing, code-inspection, and 2) the variant of the component (Variant 1 and Variant 2) Testing Inspection Variant1 Variant1 Variant2 Variant2 G1 G2  G2 G1  First run Second run Figure 1.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A SOA provides the .exi­ble composition of existing functionality and is the basis for realizing programming-in-the-large in enterprise IT systems.
Sentence 2: the key to success is to integrate IoT devices into such an architecture to realize programming-in-the-large also for IoT applications and allow for an interaction of these de­vices with enterprise IT systems.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is easy to use and extend, w3af has more than 130 plugins, like SQL injection test and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) test, because w3af is a kind of free tools, so tester always uses it to detect the vulnerabilities of web, w3af its core and plugins are written in Python.
Sentence 2: w3af can work in all operating system platforms, which have to install Python.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It can be seen that, on average, the total size of the generated TFs is bigger than the total size of the executed target machine code by the factor of 16.5 and the total size of the generated CFGs is bigger by the factor of 1.5.
Sentence 2: per 1 MB of ARMv4 machine code executed, one can expect an average total amount of 16.5 MB of Java classes to be generated when su­perblock compilation is disabled and an average total amount of 18 MB when superblock compilation is enabled.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since a foreground request arrives ran­domly according to a Poisson distribution, the average additional delay in the worse case is Exp(ti j)/2.
Sentence 2: conservatively, the average response time during this period for accesses to disk i is calculated as below: a2 i (Exp2(ti j)+ Var(ti j )) Exp(ti j) = aiExp(ti j)+ + RIII ij 2(1 - aiExp(ti j)) 2 Let TR represent the length of this recon.guration phase.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The remaining bits of code(Z) are then recursively de.ned on each of the four quadrants of R. This de.nition of the zone code matches the de.nition of zones given above, encoding divisions of the sensor .eld geography by bit strings.
Sentence 2: in Figure 2, the zone in the top-right corner of the rectangle R has a zone code of 1111.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, using a library access system to view all books on software engineering would return a signifi­cant number of results that cannot all be retrieved or displayed.
Sentence 2: this problem may be addressed in several ways: paging (splitting the results into pages of a set size) the re­sults of the query either locally on the system which is view­ing the results, or remotely on the system which is providing the results,  limiting the number of results returned.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: StillonsideringtheTRMCS,thesoftwarearhitet oulddeidethatalsotheChekfowisworthtesting.
Sentence 2: analogouslytowhatwehavedonefortheAlarm fow,theChekfowobs­funtionisderivedinFigure 6andtheorrespondingALTSisdepitedinFigure7.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 4 SOA design decisions in the literature Since the aspects we identi.ed are extracted from our observations and the relevant information is deduced from the aspects, we need to verify whether this information is indeed used in SOA design decision making in practice.
Sentence 2: we studied two types of SOA design decisions: Knowledge entities Alternative A Alternative B Related service P&#38;L variance analysis The type of the architecture composite service E nterprise resources and their ownership Financial database owned by the financial dept.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Using multimethods, the de.nition of the Rectangle class can be changed to the following: public class Rectangle extends Shape { /* ... */ public boolean intersect(Shape@Rectangle r) { /* efficient code for two Rectangles */ } } This code is identical to the .rst solution attempt presented in Subsection 3.1, except that the type declaration of the formal parameter r is Shape@Rectangle instead of simply Rectangle.
Sentence 2: the Shape part denotes the static type of the argument r. the revised Rectangle intersect method belongs to the same generic function as the Shape intersectmethod, because the name, number of arguments, and (static) argument types match.
Relationship: reasoning