sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The subroutine Col laborationThresholds returns a list of integers in which the last element is the maximum weight in the collaboration graph W. Since one element from that list is discarded when the inner while loop exits, and since the inner while loop is guaranteed to exit (since it removes at least one vertex from the .nite graph W ' in each iteration and exits when W ' has no more vertices), the last element of the list L is eventually assigned to t (in line 5).
Sentence 2: the condition W ' = W in the if condition in the inner while loop is satis.ed eventually.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: live size (log) (a) GC time (b) Execution time Figure 2: Performance of an FG collector and a BG collector relative to the best performance for javac ensure that there is enough space to collect the old generation even if all objects in the nursery survive collection.
Sentence 2: very small nurseries allow better utilization of space but perform collection more often.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The subtype relation <: (de.ned for any class table CT) on class types is induced by the standard subclass relation extended in order to relate incomplete objects (Figure 2).
Sentence 2: first of all, we consider an incomplete class class C abstracts D {... }; if D is a standard class, since C can make some methods of D incomplete, then it is obvious that an incomplete object of class C cannot be used in place of an object of class D. abstracts implements subclassing without subtyping.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Taking Amazon EC2 [24] for example, when a VM with 1 EC2 Compute Unit (equaling 1.0-1.2 GHz 2007 Opteron) has to be created for users on a physical server with current mainstream CPUs (such as Xeon X5680, 3.33GHz), the VCPU online rate may be about 30%.
Sentence 2: in experiments the weight of VM V1 is set to be 256, 128, 64, 32, respectively, consequently the VCPU online rate of the VM is 100%, 66.7%, 40%, 22.2%, respectively, according to Equations (1) and (2).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: On the other hand, it is widely accepted that traditional modular structures and metrics suffer from the dominant decom­position problem and tend to hinder different facets that develop­ers may be interested in [20, 30, 31].
Sentence 2: to improve current modularity views, it is important to investigate the impact of design decisions concerning modularity in other dimensions of a software system, as the evolutionary dimension.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, by rule (2) of section 2.2, ListF (or a subclass) cannot be instantiated unless it is .rst composed with a class that ful.ls the TreeF-requirement, i.e., a class that implements that type.
Sentence 2: the semantics of our encoding of a lower-bound on s are upheld for instances of subclasses of Bifunctor.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We also extend the set of literals with syntacticobjects of the form check(c) where c is an identi.er for an assertion condition instance, which we call check literals.
Sentence 2: a literal is now a constraint, an atom, a higher-orderliteral, or a check literal.4 4 While check literals are simply instrumental here, note that theyare also directly useful for supporting program point assertions(which are basically check literals that appear in the body ofrules) [25].
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Because of speculation locality, how we mark other edges besides e that leave v has little to no effect on s. If e is instead marked with Option 1 or 2, then s has no effect on the decomposition of v because it is collapsed and its thread boundaries are ignored at run time, as in Figure 5.
Sentence 2: if we search for a decomposition for v without revisiting the decomposition of any of its children, it will not have a signi.cant negative impact on our .nal solution.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Instead, our approach relies on separating the stream formats from the main SAS Kernel using con.guration mechanisms to specify the formats at runtime.
Sentence 2: sAS Kernel realizes four concepts: 1) End-to-End Tunneling, 2) Device Stream Speci.cation,3) Semantic data propagation through S-RTP, and 4) Service Negotiation.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: DEMAND FOR SYSTEM-LEVEL DEVICE MEMORY MANAGEMENT To deliver high performance, GPGPU computing not only relies on vectorized GPU processors to process data in par­allel but also requires high-speed memory to guarantee fast data accesses.
Sentence 2: a common practice is to integrate GPU processors with device memory on the same GPU board, which is connected with the system bus to accept data­parallel tasks.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, end users are not able to directly access, explore, and combine di.erent sources due to a number of technolog­ical barriers: (i) Data is stored in heterogeneous formats, e.g., XML, CSV, PDF, JSON, and HTML; (ii) users do not know where to .nd required data sources; (iii) provided that they are aware of appropriate sources, they frequently do not have the means and skills to access them; and (iv) if users are able of collecting raw data from various sources, they are typically not capable of performing necessary data processing and data integration tasks.
Sentence 2: end users can not, yet, tap the full potential of Open Data, but rather have to rely on applications built by others.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, a VMM failure can occur after an I/O controller delivers an interrupt to the CPU but before the CPU begins servicing the interrupt.
Sentence 2: upon recovery,the CPU cannot acknowledge the interrupt, leaving the interrupt blocked at the I/O controller.Toresolvethis problem, there needs to be a way to clear pending interrupt states in the I/O controller without performing a full hardware reset.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 4.1 Syntax To support acquisition along containment links between objects, we must have some way to distinguish between * defn class c extends c contained c { .eld * contains .eld * acquires .eld * meth * acquires acqmeth * } acqmeth tmd( t *) Figure 8: Jacques syntax extensions those links that represent containment in the sense of a con­tainment hierarchy and those that do not.
Sentence 2: in Jacques, the programmer must explicitly tag those .elds that represent a containment relationship.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The method of typi.cation allows developers to identify generic needs of particular users then, under the commonly known auspices that these actions are tied to this type of user.
Sentence 2: analysis of the design space is rooted in common­sense knowledge of the typical courses of action that the particular social types popu­lating the design space perform: in commonsense knowledge of patterns of action to be precise.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Then, the sensor nodes in each cluster can be encoded with the In-Cluster-Hypercube-Node-Codes, and the sensor nodes in the k different clusters with the same In-Cluster­Hypercube-Node-Codes can be encoded with the Out-Cluster­Hypercube-Node-Codes according to the definition 5 respectively.
Sentence 2: the whole sensor network has been mapped into a k-levels- hierarchical hypercube model.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the last scenario where peers are online for only 20% of the simulation time, the first peer meets the other peers only rarely.
Sentence 2: peer 1 stores on average 107.4 operations for 60.6 s (peer 2: 80.4 operations for 22.8 s, peer 3: 66.4 for 27.6 s).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A code fragment is a (not necessarily continuous) part of a source file, and a source file is represented as a sequence of tokens.
Sentence 2: a code fragment is represented as Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We adapt the software layer model (see Sec­tion 4.1) by a di.erentiation of ExternalCallActions into local calls and remote calls.
Sentence 2: we keep the failure probabilities for local calls:  fpj(AlocalCall)= fpj (Beh) but incorporate the link failure probability into the calcula­tion for remote calls: 2 fpj(AremoteCall)= fpj (Beh) · fp(L) we enable coarse-grained consideration of network re­liability, without going into the details of more sophisticated network simulations, which are out of scope of this paper.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This change may a.ect an external call to these methods when the receiver type is either B or C. By comparing the outgoing edges from the node labeled C entry in the graph in Figure 5(a) with the outgoing edges from node labeled C entry in the graph in Figure 5(b), our algorithm identi.es that the target of the edge labeled bar() has changed.
Sentence 2: our algorithm identi.es this edge as dangerous.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As mentioned in Section 3.2, the RCG algorithm partitions the subject program and operates on each parti­tion separately.
Sentence 2: rather than the number of partitions in a program, instead the characteristics of the partitions (e.g., the percentage of the instructions that require state saving for being reversed) play an important role in deter­mining the ef.ciency of the RCG algorithm.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Modern compilers generate code in the function prologue to re­serve enough space in the frame for the function s local variables, as well as a linkage region large enough to pass memory arguments to any potential child function that the function may invoke, which takes an extra compiler pass to compute.
Sentence 2: in this example, when A calls B, the execution simply moves values to A s linkage region.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: if the program has a recursive behavior).
Sentence 2: after having shortly discussing the main issues of thread migration in the literature and its motivations with some potential applications, in Section 3 we outline the main contributions of this paper: a novel approach towards the provision of Java thread strong migration on top of the IBM Jikes Research Virtual Machine, exploiting some well-established object-oriented language techniques (e.g.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, the test classes BugTest and Help-FormatterTest both contain other tests that create options before test13666 and test27635 respectively.
Sentence 2: when the tests in these classes are executed in order, the tests executed before test13666 and test27635 call create() at least once, which sets the default argName value, thus mask­ing the fault.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Each attack surface element e is assigned ascore (some func­tion returning a positive number de.ned by the speci.c at­tack surface metric in question) score (e) , representing its contribution to the attack surface metric.
Sentence 2: the at­tack surface metric of a program prog under authentication constraint a is: metric (proga)=score (e) e.surface (proga ) Note that elements will normally be tied to speci.c lines, variables, or objects of a program.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To enforce the use of AOT_s with a speci.c pointcut value would require the use of a dependent type, which is not possible in Haskell.
Sentence 2: this said, we can use the newtype data constructor together with its ability to derive automatically type class instances, to de.ne a new type AOT_ac that encapsulates the AOT_s monad transformer and forces it to be run with the pc_ac pointcut: newtype AOT_ac m a = AOT_ac (AOT_s m a) deriving (Monad, OpenApp, ...) runSafe (AOT_ac c) = runAOT_s (EPC pc_ac) c we can export the critical computation by typing it ap­propriately: critical :: Monad m ) AOT_ac m a Because the AOT_ac constructor is hidden in a module, the only way to run such a computation typed as AOT_ac is to use runSafe.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Both Emscripten and PNaCl aim to allow code written in languages like C and C++ to be run on the web, but in very different ways: Emscripten compiles code into JavaScript, and PNaCl compiles into an LLVM-like format which is then run in a special PNaCl runtime.
Sentence 2: emscripten s generated code can run on all web browsers, since it is standard JavaScript, while PNaCl s generated code requires the PNaCl runtime to be installed; another major difference is that JavaScript engines do not yet run code at near-native speeds, while PNaCl does.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: At the end of the execution, because of Characteristics 1, 2, and 3, F[Y] is either t1 (if Ye is the .rst entry event for Y) or a value less than t1 (otherwise), and L[X] is either t2 (if Xe is the last method event for X) or a value greater than t2 (otherwise).
Sentence 2: we conclude that F[Y] < L[X] in this case.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Upon anycommand of thread t, if the current status of t u 1 (ii)given that w2 is strictly serializable, there is no transaction x in q T | Status= q u 1u 2 the sequence x1x2 ... that satis.es anyof the conditions C1 C4,is started and if the thread t chooses to serialize, then the status of and commits in w2.
Sentence 2: the word w is in the language L(An,k ).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Comparison of buffering saturation at 8th second At first, the curve of Sequential varies drastically, the average availability rates of the first several frames achieve 100%, however, the availabilities go down drastically after the 7th frame.
Sentence 2: using Sequential strategy indeed ensures a smooth Sequential Sliding window and Urgent Region First Stream Block First rarest-first Figure 8.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 4.3 LeakagereductionopportunitiesinGCs Intheprevioussetofresults,thegenerationalGCshaveshownto bethebestonesregardingoverallenergyconsumption.Indeed,this effectis the result of performing alarge number oflocal garbage collectionsinstead ofglobal ones.
Sentence 2: furthermore,thistypeofGCs use writebarriersto rememberthe referencestothe exploredparts ofthe mature region,the storedlarge objects(LOS region) andthe immortalobjectsstored[11].themainmemorydevoted to store these elementsis not accessedduring the non-global col­lections, except the phase when the pointers to these regions are updated, which occurs when the part of the stack that stores the writebarriersisprocessed.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is almost as good as the .ow­sensitive analysis in .nding kind warnings and errors, it is probably simpler to explain to MATLAB programmers, and it is likely more suitable for implementing in an IDE.
Sentence 2: we would recommend that the .ow-insensitive de.nition of kind analysis be adopted for MATLAB, and that a standard be developed based on that de.nition.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Let fBCD denote provability in the Barendregt, Coppo, and Dezani system [1], and Iel be the pure .-calculus term obtained from e by erasing all types occurring in it.
Sentence 2: if fBCD m : t, then .e such that f e : t and Iel = m. this sub-calculus solves a longstanding open problem, that is the definition of explicit type annotations for .-terms in in­tersection type systems, without any further syntactic modification.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Another essential part of tem­plates is their ability to provide abstraction without performance degradation: templates provide suf.cient information to a com­piler s optimizers (especially the inliner) to generate code that is optimal in both time and space.
Sentence 2: templates have become the preferred implemen­tation style for a vast array of reusable, ef.cient C++ libraries [2,6, 14,20,32,54,55,65], many of which are built upon the Generic Pro­gramming methodology exempli.ed by the C++ Standard Template Library (STL) [42,60].
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 5.2 Implications for research/practice (RQ3) Based on our review, we identi.ed the following implica­tions for research and practice: More empirical research needed: Our review revealed that return on investment numbers for scenario-based methods and architecture-level metrics are currently miss­ing.
Sentence 2: one direction for future research is to conduct more empirical studies addressing this issue.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the following, let n be the maximum number of honest nodes in the system at any time and let En for some E< 1 be the maximum number of nodes that the adversary can have in the system at any time.
Sentence 2: the adversary has bounded resources, but apart from that the adversary can do what it likes, such as choosing any names it likes for the data items and the nodes.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, B2 identi.es subscription  -3 si = [NO2 > 40µgmAND 45.81 < lat < 45.82 AND 15.96 < long < 15.98] as a subscription potentially matching future publications of P2 .
Sentence 2: b2 sends a message subscribe to activate si on MB1 .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: * Coordination information is available to a developer only when they themselves: (1) attempt to lock an al- ready locked artifact, (2) must merge an artifact, or  (3) make an explicit request.
Sentence 2: in- formation flow is irregular, limited to the particular artifact at hand, and typically out-of-date with respect to the actual state of the other workspaces.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Attributes of MMElements are not mapped, because they are considered inseparable parts of MMElements, and are treated like that.
Sentence 2: all types of rules used to transform MMElements have an option to include the attributes in one of the prede.ned ways (for example, attributes could be visualized in a rectangle which is connected to the node rep­resenting the mapped object, separated by horizontal lines and sorted by the name of the attribute).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Firstly, concerning the JML model class library, there are a large number of interdependent classes, which also contain a rich JML specification.
Sentence 2: even if we make use of only the simple model class of this library, one typically ends up depending upon many others, and the verification conditions being generated by ESC/Java2 for the underlying Simplify theorem prover grows exponentially in size and complexity.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In any case, the phones retrieve the location information as needed by the application.
Sentence 2: the global schema for this prototype contains the following two additional re­lations (which are also the only ones accessed by the application): Map (containing the map information)  Position (containing ID and position of devices)  The global and local schema for the map information are iden­tical and there is no materialized local schema for the position in­formation.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: , c ' such n that the local states at cm and c ' are identical.
Sentence 2: n ' .st the state c can produce unbounded send n E ' .st sequence for P and the state cn P of P cannot consume the ' .qu messages in its receive queue cn P , or can consume all the messages in its receive queue but ends up in a state which ' .st does not send-simulate cn P .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: So,exatlywhatonstitutesagoodorderingofomponent­patterninstanes?Webelievethatagoodorderingisone thatanbedetermineduniquelyfromthepatterndefni­tion,notthepatterninstane.Byfxinganorderingona pattern,wetreatallitsinstanesinauniformway.
Sentence 2: wedefneanorderingoverpatterninstanesasfol­lows: DEFINITION2(PATTERNINSTANEORDERING).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This example, orginally introduced by Lempia and Miller in the FAA Requirements Engineer­ing Management Handbook [12], is also being used by Blouin to illustrate the AADL Requirements Annex [3].
Sentence 2: the work in this paper contributes to what we hope will eventually be an end-to-end illustration of AADL-based development using the Isolette example.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If, however, a spill load is inserted, a new instruction de.ning T will be inserted just before I.In both cases, remember that our algorithm updates interfer­ences before inserting the spill instruction.
Sentence 2: since the algorithm adds all the de.nition edges of D to T, the absence of (T, L) and Invariant 1 implies the ab­sence of  in the graph and that L was not live at the de.nition point of D. L must have been killed (i.e.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Its sheer volume makes finding important information about its behavior a difficult task: the IDA Pro disassembly of the worm contains 15,373 instructions, which constitute 350 pages if printed out single-spaced at 44 lines per page.
Sentence 2: in order to exhaustively analyze the worm, the analyst must in theory undertake reading a full novel s worth of disassembled binary code!
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, in our RailCab use case, operating in a convoy requires 1http://www.railcab.de  one RailCab in the convoy to serve as a coordinator providing refer­ence speeds and positions to the other convoy members.
Sentence 2: this particular RailCab has to communicate with a set of other Rail-Cabs changing during run-time.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 2.2 The Decoder Implementation While the denotational speci.cation makes it easy to reason about grammars, it cannot be directly executed.
Sentence 2: we de.ne a parsing function which, when given a record representing a ma­chine state, fetches bytes from the address speci.ed by the program counter and attempts to match them against the grammar and build the appropriate instruction abstract syntax.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: = X:T and .i = X:i and S = T : * L G = i:*, 3:i, list: *r *,nil:.T :S.list(T ), cons:.T :S.T r list(T ) r list(T ) LL P = cons(T ) Xnil(T )and Pi = cons(i) Xnil(i) ' L P = cons(i)3 nil(i) denotes an applications of the polymorphic function (head) which takes as argument .rst the type i to instantiate into a list of integers, and then the singleton integer list (3) (denoted by the term P ) and produce as result the integer value 3.
Sentence 2: the polymorphic pattern P denotes the shape of a singleton polymorphic list.
Relationship: reasoning