sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The main idea is also to separate coverage criteria specification from the coverage analysis tool for enhanced flexibility.
Sentence 2: [56] Souter, A. L., Shepherd, D., and Pollock, L L., "Concern­based Testing," IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, September, 2003 [57] Soot: a Java Optimization Framework: http://www.sable.mcgill.ca/soot/ [58] Tarr, P., Ossher, H., Harrison, W., and Sutton, Jr.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Unit Testing for Multi-Threaded Java Programs Gábor Szeder FZI Forschungszentrum Informatik Germany szeder@fzi.de ABSTRACT Unit testing focuses on testing the smallest units that com­prise a software system and allows developers to detect bugs early in the development process.
Sentence 2: otherwise, the developer gains false sense of con.dence in his code.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 5 plots the error correction capabilities for codeword length N. It indicates the bit error rate (BER) for the .ip  Figure 5: Bit error rates for .ip rates rate of the codeword.
Sentence 2: [13] K. Takahara, M. Nakano, and K. Yamaguchi, A study on watermarking algorithms for clipped images, Technical Report of IEICE, vol.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: ISSN 0167-6423. doi: 10.1016/0167-6423(87)90035-9.
Sentence 2: it is as if there are multiple working directories (one for each branch), or in other words, one can think of it as a .le potentially hav­ing several working versions accessible via a branch name b (noted as working[b] in the diagram).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: CHALLENGES Unique characteristics of tinyOS, nesC and WSNs lead to challenges in developing a representation useful for testing that can successfully express the ordering relationships in which tasks and events are executed in a mote application.
Sentence 2: each application has three special events called einit,estart and estop for three standard commands Main.StdControl.init(), Main.StdControl.start() and Main.StdControl.stop() which are always executed at the beginning and at the end of an application.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: S8>< useM (m), if belongs(x)= Ø S m.mbt(x) m.belongs(x) The initial system facts (input to our analysis) describe mu(x)= two sets of entities, MOD and IMP , which represent, re­ spectively, the modules in the high-level model and the en­ tities of the implementation level.
Sentence 2: we need only to be careful with cross-module cycles.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Our power management scheme has two salient features.
Sentence 2: categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.4 [Computer-communication Networks]: Dis­tributed Systems General Terms Design, Implementation, Measurement, Experimentation Keywords Wireless sensor networks, Patient monitoring, Reliability Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 46022, Valencia, Spain {sabrahao, einsfran, pcarsi}@dsic.upv.es In this paper, we present a controlled experiment to assess whether the use of stereotypes improves the comprehension of UML sequence diagrams.
Sentence 2: does the Use of Stereotypes Improve the Comprehension of UML Sequence Diagrams?
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 6.2 Microarchitecture Impact on Optimisations Havinganalysed the optimisations thathave mostimpact ondif­ferent programs, we now turn our attention to the relationship be­tween the microarchitecture and compiler optimisations.
Sentence 2: the machine learning schemes wedevelop in this paper are independent of this and can equally be applied to other, more complex spaces.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 21 stevek@metacase.com  Risto Pohjonen MetaCase Ylistönmäentie 31 40500 Jyväskylä, Finland +358 14 641000 ext.
Sentence 2: a certain class of port usage was not supported: where the ports arise dynamically in an object, depending on other information in the model the list of Attributes in a Class, allowing roles to connect to an Attribute (Figure 1), or the set of Interface objects defined in a subgraph of a Component object.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: While the ambiguity is modest in this small example, it is easy to see how the number of options that must be considered can quickly explode when diagnosing a system of any complexity.
Sentence 2: it infers both control and data value information post-mortemly, providing a similar user-experience as an interac­tive debugger without dynamically re-executing the program.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Workflow activities are realized in the hypertext model by suitable configurations of pages and units, enclosed between Start activity and End activity operations.
Sentence 2: we propose a visual editor of business process diagrams (according to the BPMN notation), which seamlessly integrates into the commercial CASE tool called WebRatio, which allows the designer to model data-intensive and service-intensive Web applications based on WebML (Web Modeling Language) models.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Here, hit means that the computed min­imum error source exactly matches the true error source, and miss means that there is no relationship between the two.
Sentence 2: for brevity, we focus on the as­sertions that are generated from the coercion constraint on line 17 as well as the relevant assertions that come from the two class declarations: {get, move} .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We believe the solution to this problem is to introduce a QoS negotiation mechanism between client application and middleware where the client can agree to certain access patterns, and the middleware can agree to carry out multi-resource reservations to guarantee query execution times.
Sentence 2: the assumption is generally that all applications share a big set of data that has been gathered by sensors, and then transforms this data and distributes it to the client application when needed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Hadoop assigns Reduce tasks to nodes on a .rst-come-.rst-served basis where tasks have a high probability of being assigned to the slower Atom-based nodes which are more in number than the Xeon-based nodes (80 versus 10).
Sentence 2: for example, our Shuf.e-heavy MapReductions running on a homoge­neous Amazon EC2 cluster of 128 Xeon-based nodes spend about 20% of their total execution times in exposed Shuf.e as compared to less than 5% on our homogeneous Xeon-node sub-cluster (the clusters use similar nodes and therefore the Map computation should hide the Shuf.e to the same extent in the two clusters).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To sum up, given a path constraint pc using a set X of sym­bolic variables, a set F of uninterpreted functions and a set IOF of recorded input-output function samples, the post-processed for­mula POST (pc) obtained by post-processing pc in high-order test generation is the .rst-order logic formula de.ned by POST (pc)= .X : A .pc where .X denotes that all symbolic variables xi .X are ex­istentially quanti.ed, .denotes logical implication, and A is the conjunction of equality constraints c = f(evalConcrete(args)) for all (c, f(evalConcrete(args))) .IOF .Inwhatfollows,we call A the antecedent of POST (pc).
Sentence 2: sound concretization would force the concretization of x, y, f(x) and f(y), and would not be able to generate a test to cover a path with such a path constraint.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Although quantum computing is not yet ready to move from the­ory to practice, it is nevertheless possible to make informed guesses of what form an eventual quantum computer may take, or more importantly for programming language design, of the interface by which one may interact with such a quantum computer.
Sentence 2: the Quipper imple­mentation with automatically generated oracle uses more ancillas than QCL, but does so with fewer gates.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Yet most of the existing solutions, while noteworthy, adopt heuristic­based solutions with no performance guarantees.
Sentence 2: the lth problem can be formally expressed as to minimize: mn-1 bj+1 Em,l(f )= (F (bj+1) - F (bj ))P i (d - ) i=1 af j=al,i n-1 mcj +(af 3 + P i ) (1 - F (bj )) j=0 i=1 af mal,i +)E (27) i=1 F (bal,i tr Subject to: xl = f = yl (28) where Em,l(f ) is the expected energy with m devices for the lth problem and each al,i is determined by the frequency range [xl,yl] (as stated in Lemma 2).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Technicalreport,FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.,59Temple Place-Suite330,Boston,MA02111-1307,USA,1997.
Sentence 2: rELATED WORK KprofisimplementedontopofGprof[6,5].Kprof inheritsGprof'srun-timeinstrumentationanditscomputa-tionofthedynamiccallgraph.Inthepast,alternativetech­niquestogatherprofleinformationhavebeenproposed[1]; howeverthesetechniquesseemlessaccuratethanGprof's ones.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Another approach for improving the play-out of LSC spec­i.cations is smart play-out [10].
Sentence 2: in our synthesis approach, if an MSD use case speci.ca­tion is consistent, Uppaal Tiga will synthesize a strategy that shows us how the system can always react to the en­vironment such that the speci.cation is satis.ed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Note that the degree of reusability of architectural templatesis quitehigh, especially the degreeof reusabilityof the connectors and the attachments that specify the compo­sitionbetween the componentsinthe template, whichisof 100% for all the templates.
Sentence 2: automatically generated 84 SEC, COM, CTX degree of automation 77,78% Health Watcher.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Here is a standard example in the reactive community, which can be seen as a reduced version of our xhr3&#38;: (define abro&#38; (hiphop&#38; input: "A" "B" "R" output: "O" (loop&#38; (until&#38; "R" (par&#38; (await&#38; "A") (await&#38; "B")) (emit&#38; "O"))))) A HIPHOP program is embedded into a machine M in the fol­lowing way: (define M (make-hiphop-machine )) Note that the same program can be embedded in several differ­ent machines.
Sentence 2: a let&#38; statement terminates when its implicitly seq&#38; sequential body does.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The Vienna Dynamic Adaptation and Monitoring Exten­sion (VieDAME1 for short) addresses two very important issues when applying BPEL in enterprise applications where high-availability is essential, namely monitoring and adap­tation.
Sentence 2: to support new BPEL engines, it is (only) necessary to imple­ment an engine adapter speci.cally to the desired engine implementation.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: (ii) In L, it is possible to faithfully encode the ordered semantics on top of the unordered one.
Sentence 2: [,/:/1 = [Ixll... IIM Ii: S~ee(rj)] = !in(pd.out(rD.out(pi+~) [i : DecJump(ri,s)] = !in(pi).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Fortimeadaptation,weneedinadditiontoassumethat ommuniationisinfrequentand/orlargeand,therefore, proess/threadswithesanbetoleratedorthateitherthe diferentpartitionweightsresultfromheterogeneousresour­esorthatnon­swithingoshedulingisappliedaswepro­posedin[22]forhyperthreadedproessors.Thisrestrition appliesbeauseappliationsundertimesharingwould(even ifproessesareoordinated)notbeommuniatingatthe sametimeiftheyhavediferenttimeshares.
Sentence 2: [21]A.C.SodanandX.Huang.Adaptivetime/spae sharingwithSCOJO.InPro.Internat.Conf.on HighPerformaneComputingSystems(HPCS), Winnipeg/MB,Canada,May2004.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The code transformer exploits the heuristic that inputs should be the variables that are used but not de.ned in the code, and outputs should be the variables that are de.ned but not used by the code.
Sentence 2: data showed that more than 26K functions contain fewer than 10 primary statement, while there are several functions con­tain more than 1, 000 statements.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Desirable Occurrence of startSignal Pre(startSignal) =¬Overridden Pre(stopSignal)=¬LowWaterPressure .
Sentence 2: it starts from the least constrained LTS model that satis.es the given speci.cation, and it re.nes it adding pre-and trigger­conditions on system events that eliminate undesirable behaviors.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is typically used by tools such as IAR [10] to record the last 8 instructions executed before a watchpoint or breakpoint.
Sentence 2: aVEKSHA does not have to make tightly coupled changes to the hardware (the radio in this case), which are dif.cult to make and in some cases impossible when the hardware or the .rmware is closed source.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: [22] G. L. Stavrinides and H. D. Karatza, Scheduling real-time DAGs in heterogeneous clusters by combining imprecise computations and bin packing techniques for the exploitation of schedule holes , Future Generation Computer Systems, Elsevier, vol.
Sentence 2: [3] D. Kotsakos, P. Sakkos, V. Kalogeraki and D. Gunopulos, Using smart mobile devices for monitoring in assistive environments , in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA 13), Island of Rhodes, Greece, May 2013, pp.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: On the one hand, such systems consist of applications with different performance objectives and requirements which may dynamically change during different execution phases.
Sentence 2: rU N -T I M E RE S O U R C E AL L O C AT I O N There is no best practice for dealing with multiple objectives at run-time because RRM requires a total order over all Pareto­optimal, non-comparable solutions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We showthatthequorumfailure detector Sl, obtained by instantiating Q with the mutual exclusion problem, together with T , is su.cient to solve mutual exclusion in any environment.
Sentence 2: n. Proof ofPart(2) is similar,butwith onedi.erence: the assertion tmin(F,I,{p1,p2},f)= 8 holds only if p1 and p2 are both correct in F. the contradiction arises only if p1 and p2 are both correct in F, but that is su.cient to establish that H(p1,t1)and H(p2,t2)are not disjoint for any two correct processes p1 and p2.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: INTRODUCTION Massive Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) require enormous server clusters to enable thousands of players to interact within a common area of some virtual world, while maintaining the illusion of a .uent real-time game.
Sentence 2: [2] T. Fischer, M. Daum, F. Irmert, N. C. P., and R. Lenz.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Moreover, a careful look at the table suggests that the seven characteristics can be classified in two groups, the first group containing those characteristics to which more than half of the ET users strongly agree ( ET supports  creativity , ET makes  testing interesting and engaging , ET is  flexible ), and the second group containing those characteristics where the most frequent answer choice was a simple   agree ( ET is  easy to use , ET is  focused , ET is efficient ,   ET is  effective ).
Sentence 2: this is interesting in so far, as it seems to indicate that for those ET users it is difficult to explain what ET actually is and how it could be distinguished from other approaches to testing.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage, and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Sentence 2: apparently, no archive was made upon Packard s departure from the organization, and the repository was inadvertently not incorporated into the Nickle repository due to the problems with CVS discussed in Section 1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Extensions to Fixed Priority with Preemption Threshold and Reservation-Based Scheduling.PhD thesis, Waterloo University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2005.
Sentence 2: if all handlers are potentially self-suspending, The value N in the dynamic 1:N mapping becomes 1 in the worst case as each handler requires a single server, regardless of the number of priority levels in the system.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: One reason is that many safety properties in our experiments were devised for check­ing performance, and are therefore not strictly required to hold in all programs.
Sentence 2: eclipse uses Lucene [37] as its search engine; in Lucene, it is required that, before a Dir object is closed (by calling its close method), all the .le readers created by the Dir object should be closed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, comparing to the IBM s architecture the new autonomic manager also forms an intelligent control loop [1] over four distinct units namely: (1) monitor, (2) simulator, (3) decision maker and (4) executor.
Sentence 2: towards an Autonomic Element Architecture for ASSL Emil Vassev, Joey Paquet Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada {i_vassev, paquet}@cse.concordia.ca  Abstract This article is an introduction to our research towards a new generic architecture model for autonomic elements.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: De.ning atomic execution primitives with a clean interface per­mits high-performance hardware implementations (Section 3).
Sentence 2: our useofhardwareatomicityis focusedonhighsingle-threadper­formance,andanyexecutionoverheadof theatomicregionwillre­ducethe bene.tof these optimizations.Wediscusstheimplications of simpli.ed implementations on our usage modelinSection 6.3.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Categories and Subject Descriptors D.2.11 [Software Engineering]: Software Architecture languages  General Terms Design, Documentation  Keywords reference architecture, architectural view, architectural de­scription 1.
Sentence 2: permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The Correlation between Parallel Patterns and Multi-core Benchmarks Vivek L. Kale University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Computer Science Department 201 North Goodwin Avenue Room 4305 Urbana, IL 61801 01 217-244-2274 vivek@illinois.edu ABSTRACT Parallel Patterns can be thought of as standard solutions used to evaluate parallelism used in software.
Sentence 2: one issue is that Java does not support many of numerically intensive calculations (at least not at present) as well as a language like C does.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When we discussed this scenario later on with other programmers, some speculations were voiced as to a possible reason, other than lack of attentiveness, for not using C&#38;P. Some programmers spoke of a conscious choice, reporting that they do the same thing, especially if the code example is large.
Sentence 2: after Chris left, Ben tried to send him an entire directory using the SCP utility (a command line software tool used to securely transfer computer files between local and remote hosts).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To investigate how effective the strongest features alone proved in identifying suspicious reviews, we applied the SVD scores ag­gregation methodbasedon subsets of the top3 and5featuresfrom Figure2.
Sentence 2: the features employed by O Mahony &#38; Smyth to identify helpful reviews have in.uenced the selection of the criteria described in Section3.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: MOTIVATION AND APPROACH Generational copying garbage collection partitions the heap into age-based generations of objects, where age is measured in the amount of allocation (the accepted practice in the garbage collec­tion literature).
Sentence 2: about 9% of allocations of immortal objects are homogeneous enough to pretenure into the permanent space, and we allocate an additional 2% into the long lived space.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Also, they require ulti­mately the selection of a threshold to decide similarity.
Sentence 2: we de.ne two binaries B1 and B2 to be provenance-similar if: (i) B1 and B2 have been compiled from the same (or very similar) source code; and (ii) B1 and B2 have been generated by closely related compilers (or the same compilers with di.er­ent compilation .ags).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: These tasks were presented to .ve human test persons P1..5 (di.erent from the authors) to be solved in the eclipse IDE using AJDT excluding the visualiser, the Aspect Visu­aliser (AV), the query tool Lost, and Asbro.
Sentence 2: moreover, it arranges the rectangles so that large rectangles (those with a high weight) are placed in the top left corner, while small rectangles (those with a low weight) are placed in the bottom right corner.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: this : F s f Vm (Vx){return e;} : µ with µ = .. .. To be read: under the assumption that this has .elds F and meth­ods s, the declaration of method m is well-typed with type µ .
Sentence 2: f interface I extends I {S; } OK to be read: the declara­tion of the interface I is well-typed .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In DPL, this is ensured through the control mechanism which can be signalled so that the transformation engine will not create a match of an output pattern in the target model if the match is changed by the user and is annotated as pro­tected.
Sentence 2: the DPL-based approach enhances the usage of graph theory by allowing constraints on graphs and by a clear distinction between the concepts of typing, instance and constraints.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: node :: (Array a)=[x]-[Treeax]-Treeax node xs ts =(array xs,array ts) Recursive solution As for the other array creation functions we de.ne a generic version of array that is parametric in the underlying number system.
Sentence 2: the introduction of mixed-radix number systems uni­.ed and simpli.ed the implementation of the array creation func­tions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the implementation of Lucid Plat­form 1.0, we employed group-per-ob ject multicasting allo­cation.
Sentence 2: the idea behind these approaches is to de­compose the space the objects occupy, so that we only need to detect collision between those pairs that are in the same or nearby clusters of the decomposition, thus to reduce the number of pair-wise comparisons.
Relationship: neutral