sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: , but the repre­sentation of state in those approaches is based on a .nite state machine that considers the execution path up to that point, and not the set of variable values.
Sentence 2: future work could investigate how state-based anomaly detection techniques and the approach presented here could be com­bined, for instance by further simplifying the representation of expected states according to semantic equivalence.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Type-Based Specialization of XML Transformations Kazutaka Matsuda Zhenjiang Hu Masato Takeichi The University of Tokyo/JSPS Research Fellow National Institute of Informatics The University of Tokyo kztk@ipl.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp hu@nii.ac.jp takeichi@mist.i.u-tokyo.ac.jp Abstract It is often convenient to write a function and apply it to a spe­ci.c input.
Sentence 2: a program developed in this way may be in­ef.cient to evaluate and dif.cult to analyze due to its generality.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: $15.00 Chen Ding Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA  cding@cs.rochester.edu strategy in the past utilizes the most space that does not cause data con.icts due to limited associativity (for examples in [5, 10, 18, 25, 32, 39, 40]).
Sentence 2: these methods do not consider the effect of cache sharing.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A .rst step would be to tailor a commodity operating sys­tem to o.er only features that are actually required by the application and hardware at hand.
Sentence 2: tailoring a commodity software such as Linux has its limitations, as recently demonstrated: A minimal con.guration to run a predetermined service on a speci.c hardware con.guration resulted in about 80% reduced code size, while only half of the known security issues from the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures database (CVE)1 could be eliminated [16].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since the diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy signi.cantly depends on the experience of the dermatologists, and the visual interpretation and examination of this kind of images is time consuming, several computer-aided diagnosis systems of digital dermoscopic images have been introduced.
Sentence 2: a reliable ground truth database of manually segmented images is necessary for the development and val­idation of automatic segmentation and classi.cation meth­ods.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since a nested module may be compiled to a sep­arate binary (as is the case in Java and Scala), method compile re­turns a list of all generated .les, which enables Sugar* to keep track of them and initiate a recompilation when necessary.
Sentence 2: we do not support extension declarations as nested modules, since we have no means of extracting the extension declaration from the outer module.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Like iTalX, Pizza s internal type system de.nes a join opera­tion over existential types.
Sentence 2: to the best of our understand­ing, the operation computes the join of .a.IList(a)with itself as a type of the form .a « .C is a set of classes not C.a, where .containing a.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Ac­cording to our experiment, using the MMU for read access detection puts a high pressure on its TLB and leads to severe thrashing.
Sentence 2: without supporting read-only sharing, the K2 DSM detects both read and write accesses solely with the second-level MMU, which has a larger TLB and a hard­ware page table walker.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: So, the corre­sponding FDU value is equal to two.
Sentence 2: number of Features per Use Case (NFU) is used for quan­tifying how many features are tangled within a speci.c use (a) 1 Composition mode 2 Structured data operations 3 Folder management 4 Content type 5 Create and send a message 6 Receive a message 7 Select and display a message 8 Con.gure composition mode 9 Manage user de.ned folders 1 x x x x 2 x x 3 x x x 4 x x 5 x x x 6 x x x x 7 x x 8 x 9 x (b) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Composition mode 2 Structured data operations 3 Folder management 4 Content type 5 Create and send a message x x 6 Receive a message x x 7 Select and display a message x 8 Con.gure composition mode x 9 Manage user de.ned folders x 10 Forward a message x x 11 Structured data operation x x x Figure 7: Features and use case dependences  case.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Regarding the mean monitor­ing error for the peer count, the tree-based approach even catches up with the centralized approach.
Sentence 2: the hierarchical structure results in a biased distribution of re­sults, because leaves or distant nodes from the root obtain  1200 0.9 1000 0.8 800 0.7 0.6 600 0.5   Mean Rel.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 5.2 Containment of Detectors in Real-Time Programs In order to show the existence of detectors in hard-masking fault-tolerant programs, we would like to show that the pro­gram contains a detector for a detection predicate associ­ated with the fault-intolerant program.
Sentence 2: we need to identify syntactic characteristics of a program before de­tection predicates can be identi.ed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: With only six programs studied, any attempt at a sta­tistical analysis of the signi.cance of this apparent trend would be extremely questionable.
Sentence 2: the apparent trend is noteworthy: It may suggest that the choice of .t­ness function becomes less important as the size of a module increases; perhaps EVM is only more robust than MQ for smaller programs.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A Haskell solution that exploits this approach is showninOliveira(2007).SinceScala now supportstype­constructorpolymorphism(Moors et al.,2007), a solution using such an approach should also be possible.
Sentence 2: as discussed by Oliveira, abstract types seem to be more expressive than type-constructor polymorphism alone, and allowthede.nition of a slightly moregeneral visitorlibrary.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 1.1 Motivation Despitethefactthattheterm virtualizationisahottopicnowadays, the main advantages of virtual machines were already summarized back in 1973 [6].
Sentence 2: xen s [2] and VMware s [19] current implementationsforthe x86-32 architecturehavelessthanadecade of activedevelopment and more recently theyalso support the x86­64 architecture.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Some of the annotations described above(e.g., NULLTERM and ARRAY) are closely related to the annotations proposed in SafeDrive[43].
Sentence 2: the annotations used by DriverSlicer differfromthoseusedbySafeDriveintwoways.First,DriverSlicer uses the annotations to guide the generation of marshaling code, while SafeDrive uses them to synthesize memory safety checks.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Assume thread creation order (T 0, T 1, T 2, T 3).
Sentence 2: the assertion can also fail via: (a, b, d, e), with one delay/preemption at d. a preemption bound of one yields 11 terminal schedules, while a delay bound of one yields only 4 (note that an assertion failure is a terminal state).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: I started considering alternative languages whenI had trouble expressing more complex algorithmsinR.I wasawareof Haskell as my husband both works as a functional programmer and is active in the Haskell community.
Sentence 2: one motivation for choosing Haskellwastotakeadvantageofhisexpertise.I found our programming styles surprisingly incompatible, and in practice programmed almost entirely independently.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Some of the problems with the segmentation that we describe in this case study may seem obvious to those UCD researchers who are generally skeptical of market research, especially surveys.
Sentence 2: we have seen many cases in which UCD people have been swept up in the enthusiasm about quantitative segmentation research, which they see as providing a scientific basis for screening future research participants, without questioning whether the methodology really supports the claims.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: (Kx :*:) Previously, we produced AnnFix1s by supplying fully anno­tated AnnFixs to a constructor of ExprF.
Sentence 2: producing an AnnFix1 in multirec is not as easy: we cannot supply anno­tated children to the constructors of the original datatypes Expr and Type because they only accept unannotated values.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: fS(p,n)((n=ip.f=i)1(v=S(,n))) J(v) votherwise Alteringobjetreferenesatrandominagivenprogram doesnot,ingeneral,preservethemeaningofthatprogram.
Sentence 2: dynamifeldinliningdoespreserveprogramse­mantiswhenitisappliedtoaone-to-onefeld,asweprove below.4 Lemma1(Dynamifeldinliningpreservessharing).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Consider the following example [1] x = null; [2] if ( getTransformType().equals("f1") ) [3] x = new T("1"); [4] else if ( getTransformType().equals("f2") ) [5] x = new T("2"); [6] x.foo() The dereference of x at line 6 is a potential null-pointer exception.
Sentence 2: the transform author may know that getTransformType() always returns "f1" or "f2".In this case, we need to add a .lter so as not to generate an unnec­essary rule.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: THE DiSenS SIMULATOR S2DBisbuiltuponDiSenS[25],adistributedsensornetworksimulatordesignedforhigh.delityandscalableperformance.DiS­enSprovidessensornetworkapplicationsanexecutionenviron­mentas close torealdeploymentaspossible.DiSenSisalsoabletosimulateasensornetworkwithhundredsofnodesinrealtimespeedusingcomputerclusters.Inthissection,webrie.yintroducethedesignaspectsofDiSenSthatarerelevanttotheimplementa­tionofS2DB.ThecompletediscussionandevaluationofDiSenSareinpapers[25,24].
Sentence 2: 3.1 Full System Device Simulation ThebuildingblocksofDiSenSarefullsystemdevicesimulators,supportingpopularsensornetworkdevices,includingiPAQ[9],Stargate[21]andMica2/MicaZmotes[15].Inthispaper,wecon­.neourdescriptiontothefunctionalitynecessaryfordebuggingmoteapplications.thesamefunctionalityisimplementedformorecomplexdevicessuchastheiPAQandStargate.Amorefullexaminationofdebuggingforheterogeneoussensordevicesisthesubjectofourfuturework.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Fig­ure 14 and Figure 15 illustrate the transcoping process for red-black trees and for AVL trees, respectively.
Sentence 2: it is also important to note that the can­didates that were identi.ed as bad at smaller scopes (for in­stance, the 5 hybrid predicates (1, 4, 2, 6, 3), (4, 6, 2, 1, 3, 5), (4, 1, 2, 6, 3, 5), (4, 6, 3, 1, 2, 5) and (1, 4, 2, 6, 3, 5) for red­black trees) maintained their condition when transcoping: test input generation exceeded 5 hours as early as scope 8 for all these speci.cations.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: CrowdCode enables developers in a larger project to speci­fy the behavior of a requested functionality as a library through an API (e.g., the API for executing checkers moves in our study), which can be implemented through Crowd-Code and added to the project.
Sentence 2: this model impos­es a significant burden on the requesting developer: they must precisely specify the behavior of the library, listing descriptions of functions and all necessary data structures.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Numerous approaches have been proposed to reduce the requirement of a program to access memory, thus mitigating the memory bandwidth bottleneck, for example, improving data locality and eliminating useless prefetches [8] in a pro­gram.
Sentence 2: as long as the working-set size of a job exceeds the size of the on-chip cache, the e.ectiveness of such approaches is quite limited.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The fast-path invocation code se­quence generatedby the compiler checkeda frozen bit in the object descriptor.If the objectwasnot frozen, then thefast path code was free to construct the new activation record and jump to the appropriate method code.
Sentence 2: if the object was frozen, then the compiler-generated code took the slow pathby calling into thekernel to perform the in­vocation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 2Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences University of California, Irvine {sbajrach,jossher,rsantosm,pfbaldi,lopes}@ics.uci.edu  reuse.
Sentence 2: the process of formulating code queries, .l­tering the results and weaving them in a developer s work­space is still painstakingly laborious.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Applying Data-driven Tool Development to Context-oriented Languages Marcel Taeumel, Tim Felgentreff, and Robert Hirschfeld Hasso Plattner Institute University of Potsdam, Germany {.rst.last}@hpi.uni-potsdam.de  ABSTRACT There are numerous implementations of context-oriented pro­gramming on host languages that come with graphical pro­gramming environments.
Sentence 2: comprehensive tool sup­port is often missing because building and integrating graph­ical tools is still laborious; many programmers cannot a.ord to be both tool user and tool builder.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, a component interface contract design technique called recasting is sometimes able to achieve this [35,30].
Sentence 2: for the rest of this paper, we focus on the more typical case for high-level control software: components where at least one operation takes time (or memory) that depends on the values of program variables in such a way that it is not bounded above by a constant.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 2.5.1 Scheduler Modi.cations Inordertoimproveresponsetimes,theshedulermust bewillingtosheduleanappliation'sproessondemand.
Sentence 2: thisannotbeaomplishedintraditionalshed­ulerswithoutompromisingfairness.Toprovidetheshed­ulerwiththefexibilitytohandletheseonfitingrequire­ments,eahproess,upondelarationofitsinterestino­operatingwithremoteproesses,ishargedasheduling quantumoftime.Thistimeisheldina"piggy­bank"forfu­tureusebytheproess.The"piggy­bank"isreplenishedany timetheproessvoluntarilyyieldstheproessorpriortothe expirationofitsshedulingquantum(byaddinganamount lessthanorequaltotheremainderofthequantum),butis guaranteednottogrowlargerthanoneshedulingquantum oftime.Thisguaranteepreventsaproessfromtakingover theproessorforlongperiodsoftimebyyieldingoften.The proessispre­hargedfortheamountoftimeputintothe piggy­bankratherthanbeinghargedwhenthepiggy­bank isused.Thesheduleranthenusethetimeinthepiggy­banktosheduletheproessonrequest.Suharequestis honoredonlyiftheproesshassomebalaneinitspiggy­bank.Thetimeusedbytheproessfromthepiggy­bankis subtratedandthebalaneissavedforfutureuse.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 1, both t1 and t2 need to read all their data from the main memory if they are scheduled to di.er­ent sockets.
Sentence 2: if we could schedule t1 and t2 to the same socket, their shared data is only read into the shared cache once by one task, while the other task can read the data directly from the shared cache.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Second, our scheme recovers space by sharing stack across di.erent tasks in the system, while they recover space from within a task.
Sentence 2: the work in [3] is complimentary to our scheme in that it can be combined with MTSS to result in a system that detects a stack over.ow using run­time checks and recovers space both within a task and across di.erent tasks, leading to increased system reliability.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: INTRODUCTION Usually, researchers and software engineers do not give much attention to implementation methods [1, 6], because implementation mistakes have less impact in project sched­ule and development costs than mistakes regarding require­ments and design.
Sentence 2: the e.ort given to requirements and design can be wasted if there is not a commitment with the imple­mentation activity.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In short, ideal to the developer: the development and execution of a the gap between the smartphone programming style and that senselet will be indistinguishable from a smartphone soft­of various sensor platforms constitutes a practical barrier for ware module.
Sentence 2: such complete transparency is very the majority of smartphone developers to leverage body expensive, if not impossible, given the huge discrepancy sensors and create applications.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Quoting Cockburn: [...] it seemed no one could say what a use case was, or name the difference between a use case and a scenario, the basic, attractive idea remained: write a short, textual description of how a system interacts with its surroundings while performing a function of value to one of its users [...] [6].
Sentence 2: long ago Jacobson already proposed a useful analogy.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.
Sentence 2: workshop on Modeling and Analysis of Concerns in Software (MACS 2005) the tyranny of the dominant decomp osition  states that no matter how well an application is decom­ posed into modular units, some functionality (or con­ cern) will always crosscut this decomp osition [17].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Hand-written class instances of derivable classes Perhaps even more interesting is Figure 2, in which we spec­ify the number of hand-written instance declarations of classes that  4.2 Usage analysis of preprocessing tools No library on Hackage speci.es in its Cabal .le that it depends on DrIFT.
Sentence 2: since DrIFT is an external preprocessing tool using annotations in comments, this does not imply that DrIFT is not used.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If optimize is passed an expression like 1+0, the second and third methods will both apply, because this expression is both adding 0 to an expression and performing an opera­tion on two constants.
Sentence 2: it cannot be said that either of these methods overrides the other, because there are cases where the second applies and the third does not, and vice versa.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Refined HAMSTERS task model for the Monitor AMAN advisories goal in order to evaluate temporal variability This qualitative assessment of variability is a support for reasoning about relationships between output variability and variability sources, in order to highlight possible coupling between functions outputs and detect potential resonance effects.
Sentence 2: this conceptual framework does not provide support to estimate and assess quantitative values of functions output variability.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Recently, rendezvous of labeled agents us­ing variants of Universal Traversal Sequences was investi­gated in [36].
Sentence 2: as opposed to what was done for the graph exploration problem (see, e.g., [13, 21, 27, 34]), or for other tasks such as routing (see, e.g., [19, 20, 38]), not much is known about the amount of memory required by anonymous agents for achieving rendezvous.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Much of the work in scratch-pad memory management has eschewed dynamic management techniques due to their associated overheads, and have instead concentrated on allocating memory at compile time.
Sentence 2: some of the earliest work into automatic scratch­pad management involves the compiler using this memory to store spilled register values[7].This workhasbeen extendedby others to allow global variables to be allocated to scratch-pad memory by the compiler [3, 18], as well as enabling compiler allocation of stack variablesto scratch-pad memory[2,10].these approaches arelimitedinthatthe allocation of scratch-pad memory cannotbe modi.ed at run-time.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Versionable, Branchable, and Mergeable Application State * David H. Lorenz1,2 Boaz Rosenan3 1Open University, Raanana 43107, Israel 3University of Haifa, 2Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Mount Carmel, Haifa 32000, Israel Haifa 31905, Israel dhlorenz@cs.technion.ac.il brosenan@gmail.com Abstract NoSQL databases are rapidly becoming the storage of choice for large-scale Web applications.
Sentence 2: for the sake of scalability these applications trade consistency for availability.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the cryptographic world, Alice and Bob use a public-key cryptosystem to e.ect a secret key exchange, and then communicate with a symmetric cipher; one would assume that some similar exchange would enable communication with a symmetric stegosystem.
Sentence 2: a steganographic channel is fundamentally di.erent from a traditional communications channel, due to its extra con­straint of undetectability.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 7.1 Groups as Sets As a set, it is no longer possible to de.ne a re-mapping of the ranks of a group.
Sentence 2: for those cases where a re­mapping is needed it can be accomplished by the following operation, once the group has become a communicator, MPI_Comm_split(comm, 0, newrank, *newcomm).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Therefore, they appear as a natural cheap solution for VoD applications.
Sentence 2: applying the P2Pparadigm toVoD systems isadi.cultproblem fortwo reasons: (i) constraints on the piece download order and the low piece diversity in the system drastically decrease the performance of the system and (ii) considering the fact that the download speed relies on possibly sel.sh peers, it is impossible to guarantee any kind of quality of service to the users.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Therefore, the deletion procedure goes like algorithm 9: Algorithm 9 delete records on slave node 1: procedure INT DELETERECORDS(Query q) 2: Int count = deleteFromKDTree(q); 3: if (current cube has shrunk) then 4: Update cube on master nodes; 5: end if 6: return count; 7: end procedure  Figure 3: Cutting Node Cube  4.4 Extended Node Bounding With EMINC, we use bounding technique to .lter unnecessary queries.
Sentence 2: eMINC has some limitations and could be fur­ther extended to provide much better performance.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Although this Datalog program itself is an approximation to the concrete program semantics it is .ow-insensitive, does not handle primitive data, etc., we will informally say that a client query computed with respect to this analysis yields a concrete answer.
Sentence 2: we obtain an abstract answer by computing the client query with respect to a k-limited abstraction, which we will discuss in Section 4.2.
Relationship: contrasting