sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Just as these JVMs had tight coupling for several classes, preventing PH O S P H O R from adding .elds to them to track taint tags, it is certainly possible that other JVMs have even more constraints on more classes (such coupling be­tween class libraries and interpreter are not discussed in the JVM speci.cation).
Sentence 2: we are con.dent that if such cases arose, PH O S P H O R would still be applicable, falling back to storing taint tags for instances of such classes with a HashMap, an approach that would still work, though perhaps with somewhat higher overhead (such changes would need to be manually implemented).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This openness and complex­ity means that the environment tends to be unpredictable, essentially asynchronous, making it impractical, or even in­correct, to assume any time-related bounds.
Sentence 2: there are increased concerns about the dependability of these systems and applications, in the sense of their ability to meet some speci.ed quality of service (QoS) levels.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: One of the JBoss managers explicitly warned us against putting too much faith in the effort data, as he generally considered post facto estimates to be too im­precise.
Sentence 2: one should note that the effort data is entered voluntarily, and one of the JBoss develop­ers con.rmed that For the cases were [sic] the time spent is reported, this should be relatively accurate.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The main difference is that the task model is usually specified explicitly, independently of the logic of an application [1] while our approach defines the task model implicitly in the program source code in a form of the program structure and additional GUI controlling directives (annotation).
Sentence 2: it does not mean that the GUI definition is not separated from the program logic, because the UI module is generated automatically (thus separately) from the abstract user interaction elements in a program.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: {patient, phys1 }}) Considering the assignment statement, it does not hold that s(history) s(history + obs1), because only patient is au­thorized by its static label to write to history, while history + obs1 is in.uenced by phys1 .
Sentence 2: it does hold that {patient, phys1 } = writers(s(history)) .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Anoverview As said in the introduction, one would like to have a language with theexpressivenessof SystemFcombinedwiththe convenienceof Hindley-Milner type inference.
Sentence 2: since type inference for .rst-class polymorphism is undecidable in general (Wells 1999) some type annotation are always needed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Previous languages supporting these forms of extensibility either restrict their usage to a limited set of programming idioms that can be modularly typechecked (and modularly compiled) or simply forego modular typechecking altogether.
Sentence 2: rMJ supports the new language features in a virtually unrestricted form while still providing mostly-modular static typechecking and fully-modular compilation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A Pattern Language for Programming Contests with Game AI Competition Kazunori Sakamoto Waseda University kazuu@ruri.waseda.jp Akira Ohashi Waseda University akira­radiant@akane.waseda.jp Masaya ShimizuWaseda University 03m.shimizu@ruri.waseda.jp Shuhei Takahashi Shinichi Murakami Hironori Washizaki Waseda University shihakata@ruri.waseda.jp Waseda University s.murakami­620@fuji.waseda.jp Waseda University washizaki@waseda.jp Yoshiaki Fukazawa Waseda University fukazawa@waseda.jp ABSTRACT Recently, programming contests, especially contests where contestants compete with each other by developing programs that plays on game software, are becoming popular as an educational methodology.
Sentence 2: such game software is di.erent from existing game software and applications that users directly plays or manipulates.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the past, the loop fusion problem has been formulated as a graph partitioning problem [14, 22], where the goal was to partition all loops into disjoint clusters, each cluster repre­senting a set of loops to be fused.
Sentence 2: in the context of the polyhedral compiler framework that takes a statement­centric view, this formulation needs an adjustment in that each vertex of the graph corresponds to a statement instead of a loop.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: SAGA BigJob[12] has been shown to work well on the TeraGrid previously where the hardware and software con­.gurations of the available resources are well known to the original developers.
Sentence 2: resources on DEISA are more varied and BigJob operation on DEISA resources required BigJob to be ported to one new scheduler and three new MPI implementations which were di.erent from those in use at previous sites on the TeraGrid and doing so required considerable understanding of the inner workings of those evironments.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since columns of A are in and uniformly distributed, one can easily check th for all integers 1 = R = M. Indeed, let A be Pr[ A is CLW ] = 2-M R(1-E) , where E can be made arbitrarily small by choo enough b.
Sentence 2: a and A have the tribution conditioned on the event rank ( A ) = R Pr[ A is CLW ] =Pr[ A is CLW | rank ( A ) = Pr[ A is CLW ] = .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: An action may have an actuating e.ect on the local node (for example, re.ne a measurement or move the mobile node to a new location), and may also cause the signalling of the de­ 1 http://www.bio.waikato.ac.nz/research/research1.shtml.zoology tected event to the local or to remote nodes or raise a new 2 Note that GPS satellite collars allow continuous monitor­ing.
Sentence 2: those collars are only suitable for animals event.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Therefore the poor performance of gEDF at the guest OS level results from the combination of pessimistic resource interfaces based on the CSA and the non-work­conserving nature of periodic server.
Sentence 2: we study deferrable server, a work-conserving mechanism for implementing VC-PUs, in Section 4.6 when we .x the guest OS scheduler to be ei­ther pEDF or gEDF, the set of VCPUs that is scheduled by the VMM is also .xed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Forexample,theeliminationrulefordrop1stAstated attheendoftheprevioussubsetionisdenotedas {-#RULES "projMapIdrop1stA" forallvprojMap(drop1stAv)=projMapv #-} Thisrulewillmaketheoptimiserspotourrenesofthe patternprojMap(drop1stAv),wherevanbeanarbitrary expression,andreplaeitbytheright­handsideoftherule.
Sentence 2: therewritemehanismoferedbyGHCfailitatestheim­plementationofarraysupportonsiderably-itwouldnot havebeenpossibletoprovideaprototypeimplementation inthegiventimeframeotherwise.theimplemen­tationofsuhrulesinpratiseanbehallenging,duetothe interationwithotheroptimisationssuhasinlining.Onthe otherhand,theoptimisationsprovidedbytheSimpliferby defaultareruialtosimplifyandeÆientlyimplementthe loopbodiesgeneratedbyourlibrary.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since video frames encoded as an array contain usually many items/elements (several 100.000 entries that represent the encoded pixels of each frame), this is a time-consuming task.
Sentence 2: the overhead using re­quest/response aspects (2.1 seconds on the request side and 8.4 seconds on the response side, respectively) is negligi­ble due to the massive runtime improvements introduced by the request/response aspects (245.34 seconds compared to 4421.94 seconds).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For the sake of concretenesswebuild our presentation around Haskell and System FC, since this setting allows us to demon­strate our points with real code, instead of using a hypothetical .-calculus.
Sentence 2: we stress that our work is applicable when­ever .exible type generativity and non-parametric type-level fea­tures are combined.Forexample, thevery same issues could arise inextensionsof theML module system.We discuss relatedwork in Section 7.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Example 7 We will use some further syntactic abbreviations as well: let val x =e in f is short for let dia y =(let val x =e in dia f )in [y] and let name X:A in f is short for let dia y =(let name X:A in dia f )in [y] Operationally, the let box rule could also be seen as a similar ab­breviation, but it is usually consider primitive because of proof­theoretic reasons: it is required during proof search in order to pre­serve the subformula property of the calculus.
Sentence 2: let val does not have any signi.cance for proof search, and the same holds for let name.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In this work, due to the lack of real available workloads and to be able to have reproducible experiments, workload pro.ling has been made o.ine and then resource executions emulated into sim­ulated resources.
Sentence 2: through a plug-in architecture, the monitoring framework is easily integrated with monitor­ing frameworks for VMs and physical nodes, e.g., the Libvirt library [16] or Nagios [19], that allow us to measure the vir­tual and physical machines status.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For pre-copy, failure of the destination node does not matter because the source node still holds an entire up-to-date copy of the VM s memory and processor state and the VM can be revived if necessary from this copy.
Sentence 2: when post-copy is used, the destination node has more up-to-date copy of the virtual machine and the copy at the source happens to be stale, except for pages not yet modi.ed at the destination.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For instance, the speci.cation of Map s behavior is written in terms of ghost variables Keys and Values, which are explicitly updated in­side of the implementation to track the abstract value of the map.
Sentence 2: there is no syntactic distinction between class members that are used for these speci.cation purposes, and those that are pieces of the concrete representation.2 One can imagine a second implementation of Map using different data structures, and see that either some subset of the existing Map s speci.cation would have to be copy/pasted into this new component, or else the same behavior 2 The distinction between real and ghost variables is not suf.cient for these purposes, because for example a ghost set is used to keep track of the allocated objects owned by the Map, though this is not a part of the map s abstract value.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Thedependencyrelationisthenusedtoputinadditionalconstraintsthatremovecyclicdependenciesbetweenlocks(thatcanleadtodeadlocks).
Sentence 2: wehaveimplementedthelockallocationschemebothforCprogramsusingthepthreadsthreadlibraryandforJavaprograms.Forourexperiments,wehaveusedabout16KlinesofcodefromtheAOLserverwebserver,thatwasannotatedwithatomicsectionsbythedevelopersofAutolocker,andinferredlockassignmentsforthevariables.Ourinferredlockassignmentsare(almostalways)identicaltothemanuallockinginsertedbyAutolocker.Insomeoftheseexamples,onecanobtainbetterlockingmanuallybyrealizingcertainlvaluescannotbealiasedatruntime.Sinceweuseastatic.owinsensitivepoints-toanddependencyrelation,ouralgorithmisconservative.Increasingtheprecisionoftheanalysisisaninterest­ingorthogonalproblem.asourexperimentsdemonstrate,formanyusefulprograms,programmersusesimplelockingdisci­plinesthatcanbeautomaticallyinferred.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Two threats were identi.ed which can limit such generalization: Materials used: the size of the interview transcripts might not be representative of industrial problems, but it was appropriate for the available time for the pre and post exercises.
Sentence 2: we think that the intellectual pro­cesses applied during conceptual modelling and po­tentially improved by mindfulness are basically the same regardless of the size of the problem at hand.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The rationale behind this heuristic is that fewer DD-instances should need to be added when a con.guration is constructed by extending the cached pre.x that takes longest to build.
Sentence 2: the downside of this heuristic is that a pre.x could be regarded as the best pre.x to cover a DD-instance only because it takes the longest time to build, even though many components in the pre.x are not really needed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The fusion algo­rithm employed within PLuTo is also used by various other polyhedral frameworks including PoCC, PolyOpt, LLVM s Polly and IBM s XL compiler.
Sentence 2: as discussed in our motivation to this work, it lacks a cost model to determine good pre-fusion schedules leading to suboptimal fusion par­titions, especially for large programs with many statements.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Also, for the apache and squid bugs chosen, the larger D causes high memory pressure; more complex implementations of the edit distance al­gorithm have much better space ef.ciencies [23].
Sentence 2: given their expense, the path comparison stage of delta analysis as well as backward slicing are top candidates to be run in the background (or on a different machine) to avoid interfering with foreground tasks.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, PHP provides the mysql real escape string() function that can be used to escape SQL special characters inserted in a given string.
Sentence 2: in order to avoid introducing secu­rity vulnerabilities in their applications, programmers must be aware of these security problems and prop­erly sanitize each user-supplied input before any pos­sible use as the argument of an output function.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: So, if it is a traditional printer, staff D s document must be put at the end of the task sequence.
Sentence 2: maybe his document is far more important than the other s or his document s size is smaller than the other s. As for Internetware, it need the ability of self-adaptation, so once new commands are sent to online printer, the task should be reordered based on some criterions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Ruby on Rails has two main strengths: on the one hand it provides default application logic for the generic parts of web applications and several helper methods for data manipula­tion and JavaScript e.ects, alleviating developers from these 4http://www.sqlite.org tasks.
Sentence 2: since Ruby on Rails is targeted to­wards web applications that operate on relational databases, it integrates the business logic with the domain data using the ActiveRecord object-relational mapping: database ta­bles serve as domain models and database tuples become Ruby instances.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: From the de.nition of MG(i,j), it fol­lows that t has tobethedistinguishableneighbourof v, and v has to be the distinguishable neighbour of u; moreover, lG{v,t} = lG{v,u} = {i,j}.
Sentence 2: then {v,t} cannot be a uniquely labelled edge of v, and t cannot be the distin­guishable neighbour of v. Note that the sets MG(i,j) can be constructed by a dis­tributed algorithm in constant time.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For brevity, it is assumed that mpi communication is not overlapped with computation in our performance model, while our actual implementation overlaps mpi communica­ f tion time (Tmpi) with the local fft computation time (T.t) as described in Section 6.1.
Sentence 2: it is straightforward to extend the model to consider the overlapping.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This level of tracing would be very dif.cult to obtain through purely software means because of the .ne-level of instrumentation that will be required, and correspondingly the high level of perturbation that will be caused to the normal execution of the application.
Sentence 2: aVEKSHA does not have to make tightly coupled changes to the hardware (the radio in this case), which are dif.cult to make and in some cases impossible when the hardware or the .rmware is closed source.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The choice among these possible new locations is based on some arbitrary tie break­ing rule.
Sentence 2: a con.guration is said to be in weak Nash equilibrium if there is no node u wishing to deviate to any cluster C = Cu, given that following u s de­viation, C s centroid will move to the location farthest away from u among its possible locations.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: i1 = CMMem "input1" 10 i2 = CMMem "input2" 10 compileSaxpy = runCM 0 $ toVector (let as = use i1 bs = use i2 in saxpy 2 as bs) This results in the following program.
Sentence 2: allocate "v0" 10 :>>: For "v1" 10 ( Write "v0" v1 ((2.0 * input1[v1]) + input2[v1]) ) in the case of saxpy that uses the index function, it is more interesting to see the compiler output when at least one of the arrays is not simply created by a use.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Thus, labels ap­pear in the left-hand side of assignments an in any part of a program in which (arithmetic or boolean) expressions may occur.
Sentence 2: expressions that are not allowed in this ver­sion of Enfasis are those obtained from the increment and ´ decrement operators due to their di.cult side-e.ect seman­tics.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: UsingHMMsformapmatchingisnotanew idea[16, 19].
Sentence 2: to the best of our knowledge, previous work has focused on map matching frequently-sampled GPSdata with lownoise,andonqualitativestudiesof accuracy.Ourkeycon­ tributionisa quantitativeevaluationofthe end-to-end quality of time estimates from noisy and sparsely sampled locations, both importantinthe energy-constrainedsmartphone setting.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It can be argued that one reason behind the success of this API has been the implementation style, which is particularly convenient for application developers, as it is similar to DOM (Document Object Model) and other interfaces that can be found from web browsers.
Sentence 2: google Maps is not the only example of programmatic interface approach, as there are numerous other examples including user authentication, social networking, HTML5 music and video players, and data visualization, among others.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: [26] have pro­posed an extension of Haskell that adds new syntax and type system machinery for dealing with open type-level functions.
Sentence 2: as observed by Diatchki and Jones [11] and subsequently elabo­rated and implemented by Diatchki [10, Chapter 5], it is possible to obtain essentially the same functionality without signi.cant ad­ditions to a type system that supports functional dependencies or, more generally, improvement, as in Appendix B using only a lightweight syntactic abbreviation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To do this, STR partitions the space by di­viding each dimension into an equal number of slices, i.e.,3 slices containing the same number of data points, to render 9 MBRs (Figure 2(a)).
Sentence 2: we divide the dataset into 8 MBRs (2-by-4 as illustrated in Figure 2(b)), to sig­ni.cantly enhance the node utilization of STR, i.e., 83.3% 30 30 ( 9×4) into 93.75% ( 8×4).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Traditionally, programmers de.ne functions by induction on the structure of values (pattern matching).
Sentence 2: polytypic programmers de.ne polykinded types by induction on the structure of kinds and polytypic functions by induction on the structure of concrete types or more precisely, by cases on the building blocks of structure representation types (base types, units, and binary sums and products).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Functional Pearl: The Great Escape Or, How to jump the border without getting caught David Herman Northeastern University dherman@ccs.neu.edu Abstract Filinski showed that callcc and a single mutable reference cell are suf.cient to express the delimited control operators shift and reset.
Sentence 2: this implementation interacts poorly with dy­namic bindings like exception handlers.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Importantly, if a program contains for example op­erations corresponding to choice and exceptions, the handlers for both choice and exceptions need to be invoked in order to return a .nal (pure) result.
Sentence 2: the user is free to call the neces­sary handlers in any order they wish, allowing them to decide the intended semantics of a program, rather than leaving this to the Haskell type system.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In step 3, because RFold2D needs at least 4 turns to have the start and end points of the B dimension, the larger one of the guest grid, to meet, condition A < B/4 is necessary to em­bed at least the four 90-degree-turns.
Sentence 2: for the case of MFold2D, since at least one 180-degree-turn is needed, condition A < B/2 is speci.ed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 4.5 Reuse As we will show in Section 5, many tope implementations can be reused without modification in multiple applications, both within a development platform (such as web applications) and across platforms (such as reusing a tope implementation in a web appli­cation even though it was originally created for a spreadsheet).
Sentence 2: different software applications may require slightly dif­ferent validation for a particular data category, thus limiting reus­ability.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In this respect, a C2C operator is used to map a LHS class to a RHS class and expresses that each instance of the LHS class is copied to an accord­ing instance of the RHS class.
Sentence 2: a Cn 2 C operator maps several LHS classes to a single RHS class, thus merg­ing a certain combination of instances of the LHS classes to a single instance of the RHS class.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, the meta­language OCL o.ers constraints, that can be used by itself, by other meta-languages, languages, and language instances (see Figure 10).
Sentence 2: it should be noted that de.nition of a language is not the same as usage of a language; for example, if we follow the common notion that MOF is used at M3, and lan­guages are de.ned at M2, we have to also consider MOF to be de.ned at M2.
Relationship: contrasting