sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 4.1.2.2 Software size, Test Cases and Effort For software size, test cases and effort, we did correlation analysis between NOD and test cases and effort and we found that the NOD had stronger correlation with Test cases, while ln(NOD) had stronger correlation with ln(size) and ln(effort).
Sentence 2: we selected size, test cases and effort as factors of the proposed prediction model.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Furthermore, the time tchecking for type checking can be re­duced by using caching, as we will explain in Section 3.6.
Sentence 2: the performance of the family-based strategy is setup checking t = t+ t(Family-based)  2.6 Summary For a better overview, Table 1 summarizes the properties of the three strategies, regarding performance, optimization, the ability to .nd errors and to blame features, and the possibility to reuse off­the-shelf tools.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Join point interfaces (a) without and (b) with advice application, in UML ball-and-socket notation [25] application, and thus rely on the original join point interface for their interaction with the advice (see .gure 1).
Sentence 2: the advice interface (AI) is provided where the join point interface (JPI) is expected, and the join point interface is provided where the proceed interface (PI) is expected.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Furthermore, Mann-Whitney U Test shows that defect types are signi.cantly different in terms of medians and they are not cor­related with each other.
Sentence 2: we built separate prediction  Table 5: Results of Different Types of Defects Algorithm: Bayes Net, 10-Fold Cross Validation No Resampling With Resampling Prediction Type General Defect Prediction FT Defect Prediction ST Defect Prediction Field Defect Prediction Combination of Defect Category Based Models pd 0.64 0.64 0.54 0.43 0.71 pf 0.27 0.17 0.21 0.06 0.28 pd 0.62 0.69 0.66 0.67 pf 0.25 0.17 0.25 0.25 models for each release by taking into account a) only pre-release defects, b) only post-release defects, and c) all defects.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As time series pattern extraction and processing is a very complex process [16], it could be simpli.ed by a Service 8http://www.foaf-project.org 9http://www.sekt-project.com Oriented Architecture approach for sensor networks (from which time series currently originate in general).
Sentence 2: the data model would be enriched with semantic concepts, and complex decision support systems could be implemented [1].
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The current version of Pesto uses no-argument construc­tors to create ob ject instances and directly assigns values to .elds.
Sentence 2: any class which is to be specialized must con­tain a no-argument constructor and must declare its .elds as public (these limitations are however not intrinsic to Pesto, as described in Section 7).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It may not be worth to improve the embedded systems just to execute some computation-intensive applications for extreme cases.
Sentence 2: computation of.oading, as illustrated in Figure 1, can be adopted in the embedded systems with constrained resources by moving a task from a resource-constrained device (here, we call it a client) to one or more devices (here, we call them servers).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Of course, controlled empirical experiments would have a higher va­lidity, but are practically hard to perform due to the high e.ort for the participants.
Sentence 2: i plan to perform stud­ies, where participants (students and researchers colleagues) have to do only speci.c subtasks in existing documents, such as .nding ambiguities or lacking requirements.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A recent Cisco report [1] says that nearly 90% of all the consumer IP tra.c is expected to consist of video con­tentdistribution,including web videolikeYouTube[2],P2P (peer-to-peer)videolikeBitTorrent[3] andPPLive[4], and so on in 2012.
Sentence 2: achieving high-quality video con­tent distribution over the Internet is of great signi.cance for both academia and industry.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 7.7.1 Space Cost In the CT algorithm, each object has a reference count, and space is required for recursive traversal by the tracing portion of the col­lector.
Sentence 2: the space cost of CT is M-D V(CT)= (24) 1+ 1 m M+D s(CT)= (25) 1+ 1 m 7.7.2 Time Cost In order to evaluate the performance of cycle collection, we de­.ne c =a, the rate of generation of cyclic garbage.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To carry out Web service invocations the Daios frame­work integrated in the VRESCo client library decouples clients from the services to be invoked by abstracting from service implementation issues such as encoding styles, opera­tions or endpoints.
Sentence 2: clients only need to know the WSDL interface of the target service, and the corresponding input message; all other implementation details are handled transparently.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Using JFFS2 on RAM disks would require an intermediate driver and introduce unnec­essary performance overhead resulting from .ash-speci.c journal­ing techniques.
Sentence 2: it is desirable for a memory compres­sion technique to support the compression of RAM disks used for .lesystems in addition to the compression of data in main mem­ory.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It helps in defining the plasticity domains of presentation and appreciating the appropriateness of transitions when the context of use changes.
Sentence 2: the following advantages of our approach are not provided by any other tool or method so far: (i) it supports designing multi-presentation UIs by specify­ing the different presentations and a mechanism for switching from one presentation to another depending on the screen size in a logical way instead of programming everything by hand; (ii) the tool automatically generate (X)HTML or Java (Swing) code corresponding to these UsiXML specifications, which could be reused in other tools of the UsiXML suite; (iii) the code gener­ated intrinsically supports the adaptivity property; (iv) instead of designing all presentations in isolation, it is possible to copy/ paste a presentation for one resolution to get a starting point for another resolution, thus encouraging reusability; (v) the tool provides the designer with a graphical mechanism to design what kind of presentation is adapted to what kind of resolution.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Ioannis Parissis Laboratoire LSR-IMAG BP 53 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9 +33 4 76 63 55 71 Ioannis.Parissis@imag.fr modifiedcondition/decision coverage).
Sentence 2: code-basedtesting, including test coverage analysis, without clear relationshipswith the requirementsisnot relevant.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: RELATED WORK Within the context of End User Development, Fischer, Giaccardi, Ye, Sutcliffe, and Mehandjiev [5] implore the benefits of graphical languages over textual ones by stating: Text-based languages tend to be more complex because the syntax and lexicon (terminology) must be learned from scratch, as with any human language.
Sentence 2: languages designed specifically for end users represent the programmable world as graphical metaphors containing agents that can be instructed to behave by condition-action rules.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The design of the framework was in.uenced by the way Interoud Innovation test web services in practice using property-based testing.
Sentence 2: the steps they follow to test a web service consist of implementing a QuickCheck state machine, in which each API operation to test is a command of the state machine, and a WS connector module that allows the operations of the web service to be invoked from Erlang.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, the initial clause in the loop form (loop ... (initial (i 0 (+ i 1))) ...) initialises loop variable i to 0, and then increments it on each fol­lowing iteration.
Sentence 2: it introduces the expression 0 into the loop s prologue and the expression (+ i1) into the loop s update sec­tion, which occurs at an entirely distinct position in the expanded code.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: There is no publicly­accessible record of the commitment, since the tuple is no longer present in the shared space; so the agent would need to utter n­ out locutions, each with a version of a tuple which contained a proposal to amend or revoke the original commitment.
Sentence 2: for a proposed commitment which was accepted by all agents, and then revoked by all, Tuple Space theory would require 4(n-) utterances.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Each variable access (read or write) has a con.ict tag, which is if that access may be involved in a race condition on a stable variable, and is E otherwise.
Sentence 2: all accesses to unstable variables or correctly synchronized stable variables will have con.ict tag E. Existing analysis techniques [4, 11, 20, 36, 14] can be used to infer these con.ict tags.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Eahintervalhasavetortimestamptoreorditsknowl­edgeofintervalsinotherthreadsthatpreedeit.Atimes­tampontainsanentryforeahthread.Inthetimestamp oftheithintervalofthreadp,theentryforthreadpisequal toi.Theentryforathreadqotherthanpdenotesthemost reentintervalofthreadqthatpreedesintervaliofthread paordingtothepartialorder.
Sentence 2: rCrequiresthatbeforeathreadpmayontinuepastan aquire,theupdatesofallintervalspreedingtheurrent intervalmustbevisibleatp.atanaquire,p sendsitsurrentintervaltimestamptothepreviousreleaser q.Thereleaserthenomparestheorrespondingentriesof bothtimestamps,andsendsamessagetopinludingwrite notiesforallintervalsnamedinq'surrentintervaltimes­tampbutnotinthetimestampitreeivedfromp.Awrite notieisanindiationthatapagehasbeenmodifedina partiularinterval.Proesspinvalidatesallpagesforwhih itreeivesawritenotie,andomputesanewvetortimes­tampaordingtothepair­wisemaximumofitsprevious timestampandthereleaser'stimestamp.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The algorithm divides processes into batches of size n and labels the batches even or odd, alter­nately.
Sentence 2: the .rst batch of processes acquiring tokens of 0, 1,...,n - 1 is an even batch; the next batch of processes with tokens n, n +1,..., 2n - 1 is an odd batch; the next batch with tokens 2n, 2n +1,..., 3n - 1 is an even batch; and so on.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: (7)fp Pp.HPl Since Ll (represented by HT Gl)isnestedin Lj (eventually L0), and HT Gl is associated only to one task vl .
Sentence 2: vj ,the contribution CCj,i,l (line 16) is then updated: CCj,i,l = CCj,i,l + HT Cl (8) the analysis can recursively continue until the computa­tion of HT C0, associated to L0 and representing the estima­tion of the parallelized speci.cation, has been completed.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In all versions of Surge, the routing protocol parame­ters were set as follows: sensor sampling happens every 8 seconds, parents are selected and route updates broad­cast every 5 seconds, and link quality estimates are calcu­lated every 25 seconds.
Sentence 2: upon bootup, a node will have to wait at least 25 seconds before it performs the .rst link quality estimate.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, in the case of a 483 × 64 lattice (see below for details) the norm of the residual as a function of iteration count di.ers by less than 0.14% between single-and half-precision in the preconditioner.
Sentence 2: we use this mix of single-and half-precision throughout the benchmarks presented in this paper.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Our def­inition of a cloud is not limited to a single data center, but covers the spectrum from smartphones and laptops run­ning VMs to dedicated local infrastructure combined with shared resources rented from utility providers.
Sentence 2: our proposed system supports both strict and eventual con­sistency models, to allow consistent periodic o.-site back­ups, long-distance VM migration, and o.-line use of VMs running on disconnected devices such as laptops and smart­phones.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If program D checks whether the sequence of bits belongs to p[S] outputting 1 in that case and 0 otherwise, then its results would always be 1 with p, but only half of the time or less with fully random bits.
Sentence 2: any pseudorandom number generator p can be distin­ guished from a fully random choice of bits in the sense of informa­ tion theory, that is when the distinguishing program has unlimited re­ sources.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since the director is decoupled from the workflow structure, a user can easily change the computational model by replacing the director using the Kepler graphical user interface.
Sentence 2: a workflow can execute either in a sequential manner, e.g., using the Synchronous Data Flow (SDF) director, or in a parallel manner, e.g., using the Process Network (PN) director.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Component HelpList  Component HelpText Figure4:AShortSample:WindowsHelpSreen Asimpleimplementationofsuhahelpsreenmayon­tainthetwoomponentsHelpTextandHelpList.The ollaborationbetweenthesetwoomponentsusuallyfol­lowstheObserverPattern[11].Intheaseofan"ob­servable"omponent(HelpText)hangingpartsofits state,all"observing"omponents(HelpList)arenoti­fed.
Sentence 2: componentsinasystemoftenevolve.Tomakethewin­dowshelpsreenmoreevolutionresistant,oneshould speifythehelpsreeninamodularfashion.we usetwodiferentkindsofdesriptionsasproposedin Setion7: Desriptionsofthebehaviorofasingleomponent seenasanislandstartwithCOMPONENTand  desriptionsofthebehavioraldependeniesbe­tweenomponentsstartwith RA-CONTRACT.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Compared to full-.edged computation nodes, cheap mi­crocontrollers su.er from an adaptation overhead that stems from their hardware technology in terms of adaptation time or memory wear: dynamic provisioning of component types requires writing a program in .ash memory.
Sentence 2: im­plementing Kevoree concepts for microcontrollers nodes re­lies on a precise trade-o.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Many of the issues encountered by weaving aspects for HILA also apply to the implementation of semantic aspect systems for concurrent, state-based languages in general.
Sentence 2: the techniques presented in this paper are not only a description of the implementation strategy we have used for our current HILA system, they can also serve as guideline for imple­mentors of other aspect-oriented languages.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To limit the amount of sampled data and to shorten the time required for the temperaturesimulations,wetooksamplesonlyevery100th second.
Sentence 2: during a test run, the programs ran 99 seconds without sam­pling, then, during the following second, we took 1000 samples, let the program run for 99 seconds without sampling again, and so forth.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Even though some existing work has addressed scalability problems related to analysis of FSA­based properties for large programs (e.g., [10, 8]) as well as handling of dynamic features (e.g., [24, 16]), the cur­rent state of the art does not provide enough evidence that static analysis of patterns in EJB application can achieve correctness and precision at a practical cost.
Sentence 2: we be­lieve that for such applications the use of dynamic analysis is a more natural choice, at least until more advances are made in static analysis research.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Com­puter hardware is constantly evolving and new languages are being developed in order to make good use of new hardware architectures.
Sentence 2: we hope that by comparing these two models we will be able to establish whether certain scenar­ios tend to be more appropriate for actors rather than agents and vice-versa, both in terms of naturalness of the paradigm for the development of those scenarios, and in terms of ac­tual performance.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Please note that each branch has a different type and the return type of generic add depends on the type parameter t. MetaML does not provide computation over types and it records the type of a code fragment in the meta-level type of the code, i.e., code T instead of just code.
Sentence 2: applying a MetaML-style type system to a re.ective metaprogramming language, like Garcia s calculus, would restrict the set of metaprograms we can write.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In all design models, each probe sweeps over a bounded area of the media sled, called the probe (storage) .eld as sketched in Figure 2b.
Sentence 2: seek times shorten and a relatively high (aggregate) data rate is attain­able by operating many probes simultaneously, so that each probe accesses a small part of a sector, called a subsector.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Note that this does not say that for every linear code the Johnson bound on list decoding radius is the cor­rect one rather, it says there exist some codes for which this is the case.
Sentence 2: indeed it is known that for most linear codes, the Johnson radius is not the best possible bound on the list decoding radius.1 purely as a function of the distance of the code, the Johnson radius gives (asymptotically) the best possible bound on list decoding radius.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, a comprehensive experiment is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness in an independent environment.
Sentence 2: our future work will focus on the use of different viewers to judge the logical areas of the sample spreadsheets; inclusion of large spreadsheets into the samples; assessing the degree of disagreement between logical areas and clusters when a node/cell is allowed to belong to more than one logical area; modification of the MCL algorithm to handle the possibility of a node/cell belonging to more than one cluster; and experimental comparison of the different visualization techniques.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: None of these studies, however, look at the charac­teristics of individual application behaviors; instead, they analyze trends seen in prolonged usage.
Sentence 2: our study complements the breadth of this research with a more focused examination, provid­ing speci.c information on the causes of the behaviors we observe, and is one of the .rst to address the interaction of multimedia ap­plications with the .le system.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Example automaton tomaton versions consistent in all the parameters bound by the transition statement change state; if an automaton ver­sion is inconsistent in any parameter, its state remains the same.
Sentence 2: for the automaton versions that change state, the new map is computed by replacing each m(f) with the meet m(f)no, where o is the object bound to f by the transi­tion statement.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Most template-based 3http://qt.nokia.com/ 4http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ dd940543(VS.85).aspx  gesture recognition solutions perform an of.ine gesture de­tection which means that the effect of the user input will only be visible after the complete gesture has been performed.
Sentence 2: template-based approaches are not suitable for a number of multi-touch gestures (e.g.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Improvement of RNFTL over Original NFTL (%) Improvement of RNFTL over Revised NFTL (%) 128MB 96.75 48.04 256MB 96.77 48.24 64GB 96.77 48.39 is relatively close to that of NAND .ash with size 128MB and 256MB.
Sentence 2: in the experiments, we choose 128MB NAND .ash memory to evaluate our RNFTL scheme.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 1 Scriptable compile(Object[] args) { 2 String s = ScriptRuntime.toString(args[0]); 3 String glob = ScriptRuntime.toString(args[1]); 4 re = (RECompiled)compileRE(s, glob, false); 5 lastIndex = 0; 6 return this; 7} Intuitively, the call on line 4 is very important towards achieving the intended functionality of compile.
Sentence 2: in a summary of a method, M, we include the same-action s units.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Flow-chart nodes sion e. Hence, for any af.ne combination of two symbolic states S EwS ;, one can easily verify that V (e,k,S EwS ;)wXV (e,k,S )+ (1 -w)XV (e,k,S ;).
Sentence 2: if V (e1,k,S )V (e2,k,S )and V (e1,k,S ;)V (e2,k,S ;), then V (e1,k,S EwS ;)V (e2,k,S EwS ;).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since OpenCOPI represents an additional layer between ubiquitous applications and services provided by many platforms, it is expected that the use of OpenCOPI increases the overall processing time and therefore the response time for users.
Sentence 2: it is important to measure the impact of OpenCOPI in the application execution time and if this impact is either significant or negligible from the point of view of the user s experience.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When our processor is applied, Spoon automatically removes the Bound annotation from the processed program, since Bound is defined as a consumed annotation.
Sentence 2: the generated code for our stack is: public class Stack { public void push(T element) { if (elements.size()>=5) { throw new RuntimeException("overflow");} elements.add(0,element); } public T pop() { T element=elements.get(0); elements.remove(0); return element; } } CT reflection is a very flexible technique.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When the query dom(o1,o2) isevaluated, the thread thatin­vokes it is the current thread ct, and it has at least one stack pointer tothe object pointedtoby o2,namely the argumento2 of the query.
Sentence 2: the object pointed to by o2 is not dominated by the ob­ject pointed to by o1.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, a small feasible value set is not on its own a guarantee that no attack is possible, for instance if an attacker is able to .ll most of a program s memory with copies of malicious code.
Sentence 2: we expect that in general the in.uence of an un­trusted input over the program counter will be nearly 32 bits in the case of a control-.ow hijacking attack, and nearly 0 bits otherwise, with cases in between being relatively rare.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: L is initialized to amin,where amin · n 3 > mini(fi + cij ) for every client j.
Sentence 2: if client j were to run k1 it­erations of the Primal-Dual Algorithm, then its aj value 3/k1 )k1 3 would grow from amin to amin · (n = amin · n> mini(fi + cij ).
Relationship: reasoning