sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Although there are compelling use cases for this feature, supporting it would require implicit heap allo­cation, and we argue that implicit heap allocation is dan­gerous.
Sentence 2: it is not uncommon to execute join­points by proceeding in other threads: both Laddad [27] and Kienzle [25] independently advocate this mechanism for implementing transactions with aspects, and we our­selves used such asynchronous execution of joinpoints for N-Version Programming [10].
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Note that some physical memory addresses are reserved by BIOS for special purposes such as the video card or ACPI controls.
Sentence 2: when we install 2GB of Figure 5: Pseudo code for inter-kernel context switch physical memory, the actual range of physical addresses is larger than 2GB and some regions of physical addresses are not mapped into physical memory, but reserved by BIOS.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Our idea is based on the following two novel ob­servations: (1) AI Invariants: There exists a unique type of invariants in code regions that are expected by programmers to be atomic (regardless whether the implementation actually guarantees atomicity or not).
Sentence 2: during correct runs (runs that do not expose any concur­rency bugs), two consecutive accesses from one thread to the same shared variable are not interleaved by an unserializable access from another thread.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Finev­  Figure 3: XML representation of the logical struc­ture of a JAVA class ersion has been implemented as an extension of the Sub­version command line, thus inheriting all the functionali­ties provided by Subversion and introducing the .ne-grained versioning management.
Sentence 2: the original com­mands download (check-out) and commit (check-in) have been overridden to allow the download and commit of sin­gle logical unit.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This approach combines the strengths of Planning-based Adaptation Middleware [3, 8, 16], Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) [17]and Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) [14, 15] for leveraging the development of self-adaptive ubiquitous applications.
Sentence 2: aOP offers a modular approach for controlling the effects of code tangling and scattering in an architecture [14] and proposes to isolate cross­cutting concerns as aspects, which are woven into different parts of the architecture.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Although simplified, the running example features a number of important challenges targeted by EBCS.
Sentence 2: the physical architecture of the system constantly changes as the cars move around the city; cars and PLCSs maintain a partial view over the whole system, according to the information they obtain from components they interact with; trip planning and decision making in general is localized to the drivers (cars), as no central coordination is assumed.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The equational theory contains two speci.cations that mention method isEmpty: new JMLObjectSet().isEmpty() and !s.insert(e1).isEmpty()  These express that a newly allocated set is empty and that a set in which an element is inserted is not empty.
Sentence 2: these speci.cations do not imply the property stated in the post­condition of method isEmpty: result == (forall Object e; ; !this.has(e))  isEmpty returns true if and only if the set does not contain any object.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since the truth or the falsity of conditions is not known in advance, the model is stochastic.
Sentence 2: we can asso­ciate to each branch a stochastic variable Bwith probability space (C, A,p),where C is the set of possible branch exit conditions c, A the set of events (one for each condition) and p the branch probability distribution (in particular p(c) is the probability that condition c is true).
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The size and complexity of the systems themselves, combined with the risks associated with failing to make changes on time or making mistakes that brought live customer systems down, put substantial demands on system administrators, affecting error handling and verification, among other things.
Sentence 2: we observed a number of practices that were developed to support scripting and related activities:  (1) Pair­wise extreme collaboration when testing and executing scripts.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, while cloud-provisioned resources solve the problem of on-demand instantiation, the problem of how to con.gure these resources to seamlessly and se­curely integrate with one s infrastructure remains a chal­lenge.
Sentence 2: considering that users may provision resources from multiple IaaS providers, the con.guration demands are similar to a distributed grid: while a cloud image can be encapsulated with a grid computing stack, it still needs con.guration in terms of allocating and distribut­ing the appropriate certi.cates, network con.guration to es­tablish end-to-end connectivity, and proper con.guration of the middleware to establish worker, submit, and scheduler nodes.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: At a high level, one can view the traditional approach of performing domain-speci.c optimizations as optimize-lower.
Sentence 2: write an application in a domain-speci.c language, optimize the application using the semantic properties ex­posed by the DSL then lower the program into the target low-level language where other domain-agnostic optimiza­tions can be performed.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The results of both empirical evaluations reveal that the effectiveness of the search algorithms, measured in terms of time to solve the OCL constraints to generate data, is significantly improved when using the novel heuristics presented in this paper.
Sentence 2: our experiments show that (1+1) EA with the novel heuristics has the highest success rate among all the analyzed algorithms, as it requires the least number of iterations to solve constraints.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A possible simpli.cation that is meaningful in a sce­nario that focuses on the value of diversity is to ag­gregate the di.erent resource dimensions into a single resource capacity variable Rl, which expresses the num­ i ber of di.erent experiments that can run at location l thanks to the contribution of facility i.
Sentence 2: ri corresponds to whatever happens to be the bottle­neck resource.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION The research proposed in this paper is very bene.cial for the SPL engineering (SPLE) community and industry.
Sentence 2: we make in this work the following contributions: Problem analysis of variability-aware development of hybrid MBAs:  Typical variation points and their occurrence in the technological environment they are settled in;  Characteristic relations among variation points.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Logging Disks Latency (µsec) Throughput (OPs/sec)) 1 938 404228 2 934 810250 3 950 1192554 NCQ Size Figure 4: The average logging latency and throughput of the Beluga prototype when NCQ queue length is varied and the log­ging operation request size is 256 bytes the current write request.
Sentence 2: the N + 1-th request can be issued from the aggregate queue to the disk only after the completion interrupt for the N-th request is raised, and thus has to experience at least one full rotation delay.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: CONCLUSION In this paper, we presented a novel concept for separating features based on snippets, ASTs and coloring, and pro­vided an essential step towards a snippet-based integration of compositional and annotative approaches.
Sentence 2: we outlined the concepts of compositional and annotative views on real source code documents and proposed concepts for di.erent snippet-based organizational units, which re­place classical directories and .les.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Figure 5 de.nes the denotational semantics of expressions [[e]] as a continuous map from these two environments to D8.It is entirely straightforward except for application, which depends on the continuous function app : D8 × D8 .c D8, de.ned thus2: app(d, a)= df (a) if d = Fun(df ) = Bad if d = Bad = .
Sentence 2: otherwise application applies the payload df if the function d comes from the appropriate component of V8, propagates Bad, and oth­erwise returns ..
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The dual to exercise-option is waive-option: > ((waive-option less-broken-lexer) (open-input-string "[") #f) bogus 10 2 #f More speci.cally, the result of waive-option is a func­tion that behaves as if less-broken-lexer had been de.ned without a contract.
Sentence 2: exercise-option cannot activate dep-lexer/c for the result of waive-option.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We de.ne a malware detector D as a function whose do­main and range are the set of executable programs P and the set {malicious, benign}, respectively.
Sentence 2: a mal­ware detector D is a function D : P.{malicious, benign}de.ned as: j malicious if p contains malicious code D(p)= benign otherwise Testing a detector D means iterating over all input pro­grams p .P and checking the correctness of the answer.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Accuracy Constraint Construction To exploit the capabilities of architectures that have variable precision floating point units [12, 17, 44, 45], we now present Chisel s analysis that unifies reasoning about both reliability and accuracy.
Sentence 2: we extend reliability predicates with the ability to characterize the difference in the value of a variable between the kernel s exact and approximate executions.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In our work, adaptation must consider strictly variabilities of implemen­tation solutions, but not variabilities in application domains.
Sentence 2: the set of techniques presented in this pa­per are not applicable to manage communalities and vari­abilities in a single software application domain, but are interesting to adapt model transformation assets that ac­tually are used in more than one domain.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: While in this section we have illustrated the main elements of the deployed WSN testbed, further details for various system setups will be illustrated and compared in Section 3.
Sentence 2: the above described testbed has been used for two main objectives: i) to estimate the channel dependent parameters used by the location engine (see Section 2.2) for positioning estimation, and ii) to analyze the localization accuracy provided by the location engine during the EECI s opening ceremony (i.e., a dynamic indoor scenario).
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, the concepts and structuring mechanisms supported essentially emerged by abstraction from the programming .eld [Myl99] -the same way as structured analysis came out by abstraction from structured programming techniques.
Sentence 2: the why concerns in the early stages of requirements engineering practice [Hic74, Ros77b, Mun81, Ber91] are not addressed.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As described in Section 3, Fay meets these challenges with generally-applicable techniques that include machine-wide code-modi.cation barriers, non-reentrant dispatching, lock-free or thread-local state, and the use of time-limited, safe machine code to prevent side effects.
Sentence 2: fay offers the lesson that reliable machine-code modi.­cation is a good basis for implementing platform mechanisms, as well as to install tracepoints.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: These include: (a) isolation, where hardware­and system-level guarantees ensure that di.erent data con­tainers are mutually isolated, (b) information hiding, where each data container s implementation and contents are dy­namically separated and invisible to the other, and (c)protection, where data-sharing between containers can be controlled even if the operating systems running on devices misbehave or are compromised [11].
Sentence 2: virtualization can ensure that only explicit sharing occurs and that it occurs only under container-established policies.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Figure 10 shows that the proposed RMTD (with a 8-bit correctable ECC) only introduced no more than 5.2% in the increasing of the average response time for NFTL, FTL, and ASA, where the x-axis denotes the management strategies, and the y-axis denotes the average response time of each re­quest.
Sentence 2: rMTD over ASA introduced more per­formance overheads than those over other strategies.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The second condition veri.es that in the most recent past it reached the minimum number of methods to be consid­ered a possible Supernova class (canBecomeSupernova), and afterwards all the combinations of consecutive sizes are eval­uated to verify if the relation among the three lengths hold.
Sentence 2: we verify that over the course of time, the size of the class doubled and tripled, indicating the explosive growth.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We remark that this type conversion preserves polarity of record .elds.
Sentence 2: record .elds that occur positively in the higher-order function type (namely, hk and lj .elds) also appear in positive positions of the resulting .rst-order func­tion type; so do record .elds in negative positions (namely, hj and lk .elds).
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Due to the rapidly growing popularity of power-law networks on mobile plat­forms, studying malware propagation in these environments is an important area of research.
Sentence 2: three key aspects of malware propagation have not received adequate attention in existing models: (i) most power-law networks are overlaid on a combination of wireless LANs, wired segments and mobile networks, with different bandwidth and la­tency distributions, (ii) interactions among users can be diverse, and (iii) mobility of users can affect the rate at which an epidemic can either grow or subside in the network.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Every resource protocol we implement is pure ID R I S, using a library for resource-dependent algebraic effects [3] and ID R I S features for supporting domain-speci.c language implementation such as syntax macros and overloading.
Sentence 2: this means the same techniques can be applied to other resources, and most importantly, combinations of resources and DSLs implemented in this way are composable.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: While we have addressed subtyping, joins, and a number of other subtleties with wildcards, there is still plenty of opportunity for research to be done on wildcards.
Sentence 2: although we have provided techniques for improving type-argument inference, we believe it is important to identify a type-argument inference al­gorithm which is both complete in practice and provides guarantees regarding ambiguity of program semantics.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, these approaches primarily are the static approaches for developing product lines and thus, can not support dynamism in product lines with respect to changes.
Sentence 2: while some methods, techniques and guidelines to handling change (i.e., variability) in product lines have been proposed to delay design decisions [6,8,16], they focus on variability management only in a static context and do not consider changes occurred during runtime as indicated in section 2.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is important to identify the application usage pattern in order to design a system that is .exible enough to be responsive when necessary, for example to han­dle bursts of users.
Sentence 2: by knowing when users are mostly active (see Figure 6(c)), we design the VibN back­end in order to: instantiate more machines to accommodate high loads during the day, and make the clustering algorithm more responsive during peak hours.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The execution order of arch­points representing the Observer pattern is preserved even if program points, which do not change the sequence of arch­points, are added to the code.
Sentence 2: the traceabil­ity between design and code can be maintained if there is a bisimulational relation between them in terms of archpoints and added program points do not violate this bisimulation.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A Meta-Circular Language for Active Libraries Marco Servetto Elena Zucca Victoria University of Wellington DIBRIS, Università di Genova marco.servetto@ecs.vuw.ac.nz zucca@disi.unige.it Abstract We present a new Java-like language design coupling disciplined meta-programming features with a composition language.
Sentence 2: programmers can write meta-expressions that combine class def­initions, on top of a small set of composition operators, inspired by the seminal Bracha s Jigsaw framework.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: n n S +(A1,...,An) F Ri i=1 Proof.
Sentence 2: from Lemma 1, for any system S such that S F n i=1 PEi it holds that n n A+PI S + ,...,A+PI F RRi 1 n i=1 A+PI S+ = S + ,...,A+PI is an Aspects 1 n over-approximation of SAspects = S +(A1,...,An).
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 3.1 System-Node Variable Domains The domain of each system-node variable contains pieces of information describing the possible security levels avail­able on each system.
Sentence 2: each source variable Si s contains domain elements marked with s, and each desti­nation variable Si d contains domain elements marked with d. The network in Figure 3 has in our model 4 variables S1 s, Sd 2 , S2 d A, S s B, C B s }, with 1 , Ss with domain D(Si s) = {T s A, Ss i := 1, 2, and D(Si d) = {T d A, Sd B}, with i := 1, 2.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Given the workload and resource usage information provided by the scheduler, the DVS manager dynamically adjusts the processor speed to save energy while meeting application resource requirements.
Sentence 2: we have proposed three SRT-DVS algorithms, which reduce the processor energy consumption by exploiting the unallocated resource and unused resource, as well as adapting resource allocation to avoid (or reduce) the unused resource.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Micro-transformers tr12 and tr23 are AA compatible iff one of them is identity, or both are pointwise, or both are separable, or both are conditional, and the micro-transformers for all components of A are compatible.
Sentence 2: if trAA 12 is a pointwise micro-transformer and tr23 is a conditional micro-transformer, then they are not compatible.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: cancels out opposing, adjacent frame-action pairings until no more cancellations can be made.
Sentence 2: if ..t | occurs to the immediate left or right of |.. in a frame string, we may delete the t pair; when no further annihilations in p are possible, the remainder is .p., e.g...a 1 |1 a..b 2|.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This common occurrence in practice, this tendency of our col­leagues toward a set of depth-first selections from the subject, naturally forces us to ask the question whether perhaps we should build the sidewalks where we find the footpaths.
Sentence 2: we should ask whether a course should be designed which intro­duces the undergraduate to the topic of programming language design in a substantive way without attempting to achieve broad coverage of the area.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, the evaluation of the conditional expression: if ( (k ?
Sentence 2: true : false) ) then e1 else e2 evaluates both e1 and e2, and carefully tracks the dependency of these computations on the principal k. assignments performed during e1 are visible only to views that include k, while assignments performed during e2 are visible to views that exclude k. After the evaluations of e1 and e2 complete, their two results are combined into a single faceted value that is returned to the continuation of this conditional expression.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Suppose that Li,j(R) is the (average) power density 5 jL1,j P1,j L2,j P2,j m1 4113.2 14.5 223.8 25.6 3 334.8 36.9 44 8 715.4 2 5 5 15.5 10 38 1 m2 6 6 28.8 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 Li,j (a)power pro.les (b)power density Figure 2: An example for power consumption and power density of servers.
Sentence 2: request arrival rate that server mi can serve at frequency fi,j with quality of service no worse than R. qi(fi,j,Li,j(R)) is not worse than R. For example, if the qualityof serviceistheaverageresponsetimeintheM/M/1 queuing model, qi(fi,j,Li,j(R)) = 1 = R. For aifi,j-Li,j(R) notational brevity, for the rest of this paper, we will de.ne both Pi,0 and Li,0 as0.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since we do not allow a new marking to be cre­ated duringevaluation, any parameterized subpart in a re­sult value of a function must come from some parameterized subpart in the input value.
Sentence 2: the type sys­tem directly represents a usual expected behavior of a poly­morphic type system a value of a variable type is never reconstructed in a reminiscence of Reynold s parametric­ity theory [25].
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When a node i receives a new entry from a neighbor j, i updates the contribution metric cj,i (contribution from j to i): cj,i + cj,i + wf a-hf where a is a system-wide constant, f is the feed to which the entry belongs, wf is a weight of preference for feed f , and hf is a hop count for feed f .
Sentence 2: a node gives the most credit when it receives an entry from a feed belonging to the direct subscription set, the second most credit for an entry from a feed of hop count 1, and so forth.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Experience with SC: Transformation-based Implementation of Various Extensions to C Extended Abstract Tasuku Hiraishi Masahiro Yasugi Taiichi Yuasa Academic Center for Computing and Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University Media Studies, Kyoto University Sakyo Kyoto, JAPAN 606-8501 Sakyo Kyoto, JAPAN 606-8501 {yasugi, yuasa}@kuis.kyoto-u.ac.jp {tasuku}@media.kyoto-u.ac.jp ABSTRACT We have proposed the SC language system which facilitates language extensions by translation into C. In this paper, we present our experience with the SC language system and dis­cuss its design, implementation, applications and improve­ments.
Sentence 2: we present the improvement to the de­sign of transformation rules for implementing translations, which includes the feature to extend an existing transforma­tion phase (rule-set).
Relationship: entailment