sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: More generally, for an (n, p)-secure KPS, an attacker with access to secrets of n nodes can compute a frac­tion2 p of all possible pairwise secrets.
Sentence 2: the values ai = f(A, i), 0 = i = m - 1, 0 = ai = M - 1, determine the subset of m keys assigned to node A.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The result shows that among the 224 colors of the input space, not only the map was able to select 100 representative samples (SOMs are vector coding techniques), but it also generated a topologically ordered representation of the color space, in the sense that similar colors were mapped to nearby loca­tions.
Sentence 2: each iteration determines the BMU (requiring N com­parisons), and then applies the update rule (2) to the map weights.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: By placing multiple directional antennas on the surface of a mobile device, the device can opportunistically select one for directional transmission without adding RF circuitry, in contrast to the simultaneous use of multiple RF chains by beam­forming.
Sentence 2: but it is important to note that more directional antennas introduce additional training overhead to MiDAS sym­bol-based, which increases linearly with the number of antennas.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The ITU s Digital Access Index is one composite metric that factors in affordability when comparing ICT (in addition to quality, infrastructure, and knowledge).
Sentence 2: rahul Tongia Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), School of Computer Science (ISRI) Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA +1-412-268-5619 tongia@cmu.edu ABSTRACT I present analysis examining some of the causes of poor connectivity in developing countries.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: A key design factor in computing C F C is the weight factor a which determines how signi.cant is the .it .ow history through a link in the previous RI period.
Sentence 2: the control logic in the router performs a set of necessary services on the packet such as determination of next hop route, arbitration and allocation of VC in the next router, allocation and traversal of the crossbar switch.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This resultsinthe sublineargrowth of the cover ratio.
Sentence 2: sUMMARY In this paper, we investigated a random walk based rout­ingschemeinawireless sensornetwork wheresink nodesare independentlydistributedat random with a concentration c. When a packet is generated from a randomly chosen sensor node,itperforms an unbiased random motion until reaching a sink node where it is trapped.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In the experiment, C(X)+ C(Y ) C(X + Y ), C(1) 18µs and T (100KB) 90µs.
Sentence 2: since this is a library bu.er that the application will not access, the information for the receiver to notify the sender that the bu.er can be released can be piggybacked in a later control message.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: IMPLEMENTATIONANDEVALUATION In addition to large-scale simulations, we implemented our op­portunistic .oodingandtheimprovedtraditional.oodingdescribed in Section5 on theTinyOS/Moteplatform in nesC with30 MicaZ motes tofurther validate ourdesigninpractice.
Sentence 2: each mote randomly generates a speci.ed working schedule con­trollableby a stand-alonebase station node and correspondingGUI opportunistic .ooding in terms of delay.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: distributed to(0, 1) the above gives Z 1 2(M +1 -m) P{D}=P{D |p}dp = , M +1 0 when m = M = 2m -1.
Sentence 2: then, by using the Lagrange s interpolationpolynomial(1), one candeterminethe coe.­cients of the newpolynomial and also the remaining n * -m * newshadows.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Forthesakeofsimplicity,inthispaperwepropose immediateimplementationsof schedulingandresourceallocation algorithms,aswell asasimpleproceduretohandlethe contentions among operators.
Sentence 2: when more usersareinthesystem,themarginalimprovement due to multiuserdiversitybecomeslower sinceforalmostall the sub­channelsthereisa userwithgoodCQI.the curves seemto saturate around 18 users.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In theory, PRR can be com­puted based on SNR and other radio parameters such as the modulation scheme, encoding scheme, frame and preamble lengths [37].
Sentence 2: as shown in Figure 7, the majority of the experiment re­sults were marked above the x = y line, indicating that the overall delivery cost of CTP with TALENT is better than the other estimators.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Because the visibility constraint from Section 3.1.1 enforces that the capture period is less than symbol spacing, the next frame s exposure will begin at least ajk before the transmission of symbol B ends, guaranteeing that a(j+1)(k+1) = ajk = 0.5.
Sentence 2: for symmetry, we target that ajk >0.5 for a symbol k to be decodable from capture j.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The simulator took the measured bandwidth traces, the histor­ical trajectories and the mobile user s current location and speed as input, and estimated the geo-bandwidth informa­tion for the user.
Sentence 2: the chance of false bandwidth prediction also increases, and the chance of bu.er under.ow increases (210s in Figure 11(d) and 110s in Figure 11(e)).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: If apply­ing the same attacking methodology to CensorSpoofer, the censor could delay the packets sent by the user, and detect if there are any tra.c pattern changes in the downstream .ow.
Sentence 2: perfect resistance to insider attacks: The censor should not be able to break unblockability or unobservability of CensorSpoofer even if nearly all users are compromised.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Then, the optimal total cost is given from Theorem 1 by, * 1/2 3/4 1-E ß Ct,u,inact =T(m· q · N)=T(N· T) 1-E ß 1-E ß = aNT+ o(NT) From the total cost expenditure constraints, 1-E ß 1-E ß aNT+ o(NT) = eN Note that there exists Tmax such that it satis.es the above equality; T> a, Tmax can be approximated as follows: ( )1/ß e · NE/ßTmax = a where ß E >0.
Sentence 2: [13] N. Trigoni, Y. Yao, A. Demers, J. Gehrke, and R. Rajaraman.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We .nd that PF has a  Delivery Cost Delivery Delay ED (LF) PR (LF) MP (LF) ED (PF) PR (PF) MP (PF) Figure 5: Local users mobility patterns in LF mode helped a higher number of tourists messages to reach their destinations than in PF mode.
Sentence 2: the delivery ratio of ED router decreases when everyone in the net­work is forwarding messages (Figure 2), because a large amount of messages stored by all nodes is dropped, as buffer constraint is a pivotal factor of this routing performance.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Aquiba considers collaboration without community bonds, i.e., the collaboration could take placeautomaticallyamongstrangers, evenwithoutthembe­ing aware of it.
Sentence 2: iNTRODUCTION Proliferation of mobile cellular subscribers as well as ad­vancesinMEMS-basedsensor technology andlow-powerRF design has realized the practical usage of mobile sensing de­vices for the purpose of participatory sensing [3, 4, 6] in ur­ban areas.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The num­ber of v s child nodes in any tree that contains v is no more than 8(f(d)+1)a by Lemma 2.11.
Sentence 2: by De.nition 3.3, for any naming l.Li-1, the con.gu­ i-1 ration of the routing table of every node vin .j=0Vj is the same, i.e.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: One observation consists of received sig- M P (C) P (Xm|C)P (Ym|C, Xm) (1) nal strengths from all active access points (in the best case m=1 the total number of access points: 14 in our case).
Sentence 2: in the case of 3 CPs, one can notice a large increase in precision, where on average it increased by 15.52%, 18.72% and 13.04% for WLAN-based, image-based and the fusion method respec­tively.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 4.2 Wi-Fi Communication Performance The objectives of this .eld test were to evaluate the perfor­mance of Wi-Fi communications between two mobile station nodes in various scenarios.
Sentence 2: gateways based on Wi-Fi access points running OpenWRT or DDWRT may prove more convenient once the communication protocols become stable, as they have lower cost, are more compact, and the burden of cross compilation becomes negligible.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Truthful send as much of that as possible, bu.ering demand until it bidding by buyer 1 will result in the second buyer s packet be­ g(p) - x. s is allocated: di(t, x) = p=t ing dropped every period, and a charge of $2 for each packet, Impatient buyer: A buyer i who sends until time p, and then goes away if some minimum amount of service m has representing the per-epoch externality on buyer 2.
Sentence 2: we consider demand models Di that satisfy the following condition: Definition 1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In Proceedings of the Eighth ACM international workshop on Vehicular inter-networking (VANET), pages 21 30, 2011.
Sentence 2: sTANDARD COMPLIANT SYNCHRONOUS MAC In Section 3, we considered a power control approach within the DCC framework to improve the behavior, which is fully compatible with IEEE 802.11p standards and thus asynchronous in nature.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Request.1 Application Reply Application Reply Reply Request.2 Application Reply Application  Request.3 Application Figure 4: Pool structure Each time the Pool Manager receives a reply from the SLP subsystem, all application references that are stored in the list of the corresponding request are noti.ed.
Sentence 2: the determination of appropriate registration peri­ods depends on many environmental circumstances and is sub ject to further research.
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Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is supported by the Research and Develop­ment support programme of the Universitat Polit`ecnica de Val`encia (PAID-00-11), the Spanish project Sensorizaci´on ambiental subacu´atica para la inspecci´on y monitorizaci´on de explotaciones de acuicultura marina (ref.
Sentence 2: when the rest of the control packets of the EDETA protocol are introduced (ACK and POLL) the packet delay in the TAck alternative is higher than in the DAck alter­native.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In Figure 2 we present our evaluation topology in the Contiki Simulation Environment (left) and the packet reception ratio (PRR) for an interoper­ating LLN (TinyOS in green and NanoQplus in yellow).
Sentence 2: given the current status and .exibility of the IETF RPL standard (RFC 6550 [1]), while data collection may be fully functional, individual nodes in the interoperating RPL network may become unreachable in some cases.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: It retrieves the binding info, veri.es it, and extracts the content pre.x and location name from it.
Sentence 2: we take the amount of changes that were required as an indication that the approach is not in strong violation of the original CCN design: About 4% (~ 330 lines) of the code of the CCN daemon, and 1.4% (~ 180 lines) of the CCN library were changed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: NetworkMD: Topology Inference and Failure Diagnosis in the Last Mile Yun Mao University of Pennsylvania maoy@cis.upenn.edu Shu Tao IBM T. J. Watson Research shutao@us.ibm.com Hani Jamjoom IBM T. J. Watson Research jamjoom@us.ibm.com Jonathan M. Smith University of Pennsylvania jms@cis.upenn.edu ABSTRACT Health monitoring, automated failure localization and diag­nosis have all become critical to service providers of large distribution networks (e.g., digital cable and .ber-to-the­home), due to the increases in scale and complexity of their o.ered services.
Sentence 2: a general model for clustering binary data.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: A pair of the replicas o3 and o4 are changed by degrading the colour with monochro­matic (mc) one in a down­colour (dc) operation; o3 = o4 ((b, r, s),mc).
Sentence 2: here, a pair of the operations opih and opih+1 are continuous (or there is no gap between opih and opih+1) in the log Li if |vihk - vih+1k|= 1 for k 0, 1, ..., l. Otherwise, there must be some operation between the oper­ations opih and opih +1, i.e.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In contrast, traceroute measurements provide the ability to infer the data paths that packets take when traversing the Internet.
Sentence 2: during BGP route Figure7: Eight patternsforthe locationsof missing linksrelativetothe VPs.Abold arrowrepresentsa customer-to-provider link or a combination of customer-to-provider links; a bidirectional (thin) arrow represents only one peering link; a dotted arrow represents an identi.edmissinglink.Readingthe.gure,pattern(b)meanstherearemissingc2p,p2p,andp2clinkswhenstartingataVPand traversing one (or multiple) customer-to-provider links.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As in a clustered architecture, addressing and routing require less overhead: a node only needs to maintain a route towards one broker while the brokers form an overlay to route packets towards their true destinations using any underlying routing protocol, unicast or multicast if available.
Sentence 2: brokers form the core of the network, they therefore attract a lot of traffic and all nodes close to a broker will see their energy consumption increase with channel activity, which militates for a sparse overlay of brokers.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Using this method, for iteration i, we use the set of deployed (protocol-speaking) ASes in the previous iteration (Si-1) to deter­mine the set Ai of ASes that will adopt the security protocol in the current iteration i.
Sentence 2: when the switching threshold was be­low the critical threshold, the system eventually converged to full adoption; (2) under the Strong Attacker Model, OA+1 yields com­parable adoptability compared with schemes with full AS PATH security.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: multi­ user MIMO), the net rate (throughput) depends on the channels precoding vectors at UL clients 1 and 2 respectively.
Sentence 2: 1 0iHU 01 2 0iHU 02 ~ = Rate(u (9) ~ v2i) ~ u 0i are the receive .lter vectors (eg.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Theideaoftree-basedisalsoappliedtotheroutingpro-toolsformultiast(group-oriented)ommuniation.An exampleoftree-basedmultiastprotoolsismultiastad hoondemanddistanevetor(MAODV)protool[9].The MAODVprotoolmaintainsasharedtreeforeahmulti­astgroup,onsistingofonlyreeiversandrelays.Soures wishingtosendmessagetodestinationsinpartiularmulti­astgroupaquireondemandroutesorrespondingtothe destinationsinawaysimilartotheAODVprotool[I0].
Sentence 2: 6.3 Comparison of Routing Overhead Theroutingoverheaddesribeshowmanyroutingmes­sagesforroutedisoveryandroutemaintenaneneedtobe sentinordertopropagatethedatamessages.Inthispaper, theroutingoverheadisobtainedasfollows: ontrolinBytes Overhead=(I)ontrolinBytes+DatainBytes whereontrolnyeisthetotalnumberofontrolbytes iBtstransmittedandDatainBytesisthetotalnumberofdata bytesreeived.Intheproposedprotool,theadditionalof ontrolbytesaountsforRSETandRNTFmessagesaswell asthepiggybakedneighborinformationofthenodesinthe RREPmessage.theroutingoverheadremainsfair whenthenumberoftraffowsinreases,beausethenum­berofontrolbytestransmittedisalmostonstantwithout hangewiththeinreasingtraffow.Weanseefrom Fig.I4andI5thattheroutingoverheadsofTBRprotool andproposedprotoolbeomeverylosewitheahothersas 20 40 60 80100 Number of nodes FigureI3:Averageend-to-enddelayasafuntionofnumber ofnodes(40fowswith50pakets/seond).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The reason can be explained by in­specting the data in Table 2: because a frame scheduling delay is arti.cially introduced before a node attempts to transmit its pending frame, the inter-transmission delay is larger than the interval necessary to send two consecutive frames, when the number of nodes is small and the packet Packet Size (bytes) Average Delay (sec) IEEE 802.11 MFS/IEEE 802.11 125 bytes 0.013167 0.013260 250 bytes 0.018164 0.018208 500 bytes 0.027333 0.027993 1000 bytes 0.046461 0.048708  Table 2: The average inter-transmission time mea­sured by a tagged node when the number of nodes is 5. size is long.
Sentence 2: (13) Nowwhat isleft istoderive C * (s).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: PPR also has the potential to improve the performance of multi­radio diversity (MRD) schemes [23] in which multiple access points listen to a transmission and combine the data to recover er­rors before forwarding the result, saving on retransmissions.Avu­dainayagan [5,35] et al.develop a scheme in which multiple nodes (e.g., access points) exchange soft decision estimates of each data symbol and collaboratively use that information to improve decod­ing performance.For this application, PPR s SoftPHY hintswould provideawaytodesignaprotocolthatdoesnotrelyonthe speci.cs of the PHY, unlike this previous work.
Sentence 2: we have implemented a software-de.ned radio transmitter and receiver using a combination of the USRP hardware with CppSim [26] and Matlab.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The available fibre bandwidth and current high-speed electronics allow high splitting ratios together with high bandwidth per user assignments.
Sentence 2: considering this, the main features that may define a highly scalable new-generation PON may be stated: x High splitting ratio (>64) x High speed (> 1 Gbps) x High BW per user (>100Mbps) x Bidirectional, symmetrical, single fibre interface x Long reach (> 20 Km) x Passive x Simple upgradeability x Centralized management and monitoring x Dynamic resource allocation x Basic protection incorporated Another point to address here is that some operators already have a legacy PON problem: how will they evolve from BPON/GPON/GE-PON to NG-PON, and, architectures applicable if the network shall be fibre lean such that NG-PON will need to share fibres with legacy PONs.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Indoor Localization Without the Pain Krishna Chintalapudi Anand Padmanabha Iyer Venkata N. Padmanabhan Microsoft Research India Microsoft Research India Microsoft Research India krchinta@microsoft.com v-anandi@microsoft.com padmanab@microsoft.com ABSTRACT While WiFi-based indoor localization is attractive, the need for a signi.cant degree of pre-deployment effort is a key challenge.
Sentence 2: in practical scenarios, multi­ple users would provide training data.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As a result, there is considerable literature that simply treats the network as a black box and infers aspects of the topology through active measurements [1, 4, 5, 6].
Sentence 2: false links between PoPs that are connected in Sprintreal only increase the number of link-disjoint PoPs and 28% of the pairs when considering PoP-disjoint paths.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: From Theorem 3, the per-node total cost cannot be bounded re­gardless of m and/or q in the active constraint region since it is at least T(N1/2).
Sentence 2: in this case, the lower-tier would consist of the wireless nodes within each limited­size cluster, while the upper-tier would provide a wired connection between cluster-heads that can be used to inject queries from any point in the network into any cluster with minimal energy expense.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design Wireless Communication; C.2.2 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Pro­tocols General Terms Performance, Design, Algorithms  Keywords Opportunistic networks, service provisioning, performance evaluation, analytical modelling * This work was partially funded by the European Commis­sion under the SCAMPI (258414) FIRE Project and by the US National Science Foundations award CNS-0834493.
Sentence 2: in the simulated environment the nodes move in a square, according to the Random Way-Point (RWP) mobility model, with the modi.cations de­scribed in [8] to guarantee stationarity (the nodes average speed is 1.5 m/s, representative of walking speeds).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The PPE generates a completion event for this send operation once all of the data is ACKed by the TCP peer.
Sentence 2: it may still be necessary to use multiple processes per proces­  accept read  write  write  read  close  (a) Baseline (b) AIO Figure 3: State machine for handling a single con­nection sor to mask unavoidable blocking (e.g., for disk I/O on a page fault [39]).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 1 can be rewritten: S diS g(L, t)=Aisit -- d+ n(L, t) (3) c i where the receiver can only infer the pseudoranges Ri from the delays di/c + d: Ri = di + c · d. (4) The clock offset d adds a fourth unknown scalar.
Sentence 2: two receivers at the physical locations P1 = P2 can be spoofed to the locations Lj1 = L2jand time offsets d1j,d2jif the attacker is free to choose any PiA i .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: A recent report identi.es a number of examples that may be considered PII [9] including: Name (full name, maiden name, mother s maiden name), personal identi.cation num­ber (e.g., Social Security Number), address (street or email address), telephone numbers, or personal characteristics (such as photographic images especially of face or other distin­guishing characteristic, X-rays, .ngerprints, or other bio­metric image).
Sentence 2: as our examples have shown, Facebook does not consistently follow this technique; even when consistently followed, other (non-Referer header related) leakage mechanisms outlined will continue to occur.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Therefore, 20 MHz chan­nel width provides good resilience to delay spread in most indoor environments, where the delay spread has been shown to be 50 ns in homes, 100 ns in of.ces, and 300 ns in industrial environ­ments [8].
Sentence 2: the WiMax [24] standard speci.es 8 different channel widths mainly for compliance in international markets and to meet FCC regula­tions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Because of its mobility-based adaptiveness, the MAC-delay in the case of our protocol with mobility-based adaptation is less when compared to that of the version which is non-mobility-aware.
Sentence 2: with these assumptions, the unique-channel or the common­channel of a node can be modeled by a four-state Markov chain when it operates on the DCF-mode (i.e.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: CONCLUSION This paper has described a simple analytical model to compute the mean message latency in wormhole-muted k-ary n-cubes with Duato's fully-adaptive rooting algorithm.
Sentence 2: 836 S can be written as S=M-~t-~a (5) where M is the message length, and B is the average blocking time seen by the message at each hop.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 2.2 Transmission Model  Each mesh router is equipped with two radio interfaces such that it transmits at bits/s in backbone communications and it transmits at bits/s in local communications.
Sentence 2: when wireless links replace wired links and multi-hop communications replace single-hop communications, more comprehensive traffic modeling schemes are required to solve the backbone nodes placement problem in multi-hop wireless networks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The focus of our approximation is the metric at bottleneck link of each .ow, as the source term is self-maintained in each   K Q Figure 2: Queue length approximation 5.
Sentence 2: to prevent this, we stipulate that the source will abort 4 the transmission of a .ow when Zs(t) > maxl.L(s) Cl, as it implies that even the largest link capacity along its path is no 2 0 longer suf.cient for the .ow to .nish before deadline.
Relationship: neutral