sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: CTln/d.C For0:k:d-1,tE{0,1},letfkLbethetotal numberofpaketsinPkforwhihthevalueofthebit horeeivedatNoist.NotethatF= d-1(f1fko).
Sentence 2: )Inaddition,there isaparameterkthatrepresentsanupperboundonthe numberofpathsofattak.Weassumethatatthestartof theattak,theattakerhoosesasetofatmostknodes, andthenforeahpaketitsends,ithooseswhihofthek nodessendsthatpakettothevitim.Aprotoolshould workorretlyaslongastheattakerhooseskorlesspaths ofattak,butanhaveanybehaviorintheasethatthe attakerusesmorepaths.
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Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In other words, 2W -1 bits are suf.cient for an encoding to reduce the worst-case expan­sion to 1.
Sentence 2: iNTRODUCTION High-speed packet classi.cation algorithms that scale to large multi-.eld databases have become a widespread requirement for a variety of applications such as network security appliances, qual­ity of service .ltering and load balancers.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Because of layer-2 virtualization, it is possible to forward non-IP packets, which allows Trellis virtual networks to use alternate addressing schemes, in turn providing support for existing routing pro­tocols that do not run over IP (e.g., IS-IS sometimes runs directly using layer 2 addresses).
Sentence 2: we used a simple, lightweight Click Socket() element to forward UDP packets.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The reason for this behavior is that when less cluster heads are allocated in the network, the complex net­work resembles a geometric network, i.e., there will be fewer edges connecting distant points, leading to a small increase in the average shortest path length.
Sentence 2: each cell has its own subpopulation with µ individu­als, each one encoding candidate con.gurations for the cell.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In such an application case where the network density is high, the whole Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Sentence 2: the overall performances observed on both schemes are good for such a WSN (10000 nodes) since they guarantee a small overall system delay (under 12 ms) and a good delivery packets ratio over 93%.
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Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 3.1.6 FU energy consumption An FU di.erent from the CFU operates only on the op­erator bands which are typically a set of contiguous bands.
Sentence 2: in order to investigate the sensitivity of energy e.ciency to spectrum sensing overhead, we also considered the case where spectrum sensing requires higher power consumption, setting PC s = 1800 mW instead of 600 mW .
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Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Peertrust [24] is devoted to considering the quality of feedback, in terms of Feedback Credibility .
Sentence 2: our goals behind TruthRep include: (1) providing a comprehensive computation model to generate reputations; (2) involving the quality of evaluations into this model; (3) implementing an incentive scheme to encourage peers to be honest; (4) filtering the feedback from malicious peers and constraining their future behavior.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In a switched network, the scaling of the average total queue size ought to depend on the number of queues, N. For example, con­sider N parallel M/D/1 queues as described above.
Sentence 2: such scaling dependence of the average queue size on 1{p1 ´ .q (or the inverse of the gap,1 ´ ., from the load to the capacity) is a universally observed be­havior in a large class of queueing networks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Indexing the applications by a, our goal is to maximize the following objective: max Ua(Ra,pa) (2) {a:(Ra,pa)} a The achieved throughput Ra depends on the technology application associates itself to, the o.ered PHY-layer data rate, the load on the network etc.
Sentence 2: we maximize a E[U(Ra,pa)] (summation is over all applications of all users), where U(Ra,pa) denotes the time-average utility for application-a.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 2.2.3 Rolling Shutter Most CMOS image sensors use a technique called rolling shutter to read out pixel rows while other rows are being exposed, allow­ing parallel readout and exposure.
Sentence 2: to allow the camera to decode in horizontal and vertical orienta­tions, we place our exposure timing on the .rst and third rows and columns of the tracking pattern, as shown in Figure 3(c).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The intuition behind this reuse distance function which increases exponentially in dig is that in the power assignment scheme adopted, the transmission power of senders with small links is scaled up signi.cantly.
Sentence 2: since every link of T(X) is scheduled at least once in every phase of length L(X), the kth measurement from a node xi moves (in a pipelined fashion) at least one hop closer to the sink in L(X) time slots.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In such schemes, a paging group is dynamically identi.ed for each mobile in idle mode, consisting of all the BSs that are physically located within a given distance of the BS in which the mobile last performed a location update.
Sentence 2: let us as­sume that the the time Xmr from this instant until the mobile selects another BS to monitor is exponentially dis­tributed with mean Tmr.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 6.2.2 Standard Deviation Our results show that the relative error in the standard deviation estimates of over 91% .ows is less than 0.05 with only 1000 virtual repetitions.
Sentence 2: first, for each counter in the counter sub­vector of f, whose value is contributed by the time stamps of the packets in .ow f and those of the packets in other .ows, we use Theorem 3 to extract an estimate of the value that is contributed by only the time stamps of the packets in f. we eliminate the noise introduced by the pack­ets of .ows other than f from the counter subvector of f. Second, we statistically simulate the process of multiplying the time stamp of a packet in f with the random variable Gz and then adding the multiplication result to the corre­sponding counter in the counter subvector of f. By repeating this process a statistically su.cient number of times, we ob- L tain an accurate estimate of .z(uf,R[z]-uf,S [z])2 based on Theorem 4.
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Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We use the modulus so that posi­ tive and negative errors don t cancel out for NetFlow.
Sentence 2: even when the number of .ows is onlya few times larger than the number of active .ows, our algorithms ensure that the available memoryis used to accuratelymeasure the largest of the .ows and provide graceful degradation in case that the tra.c deviates very much from the expected (e.g.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In the last few years, several papers [3, 4, 9] have considered transmis­sion scheduling under more accurate physical interference models, which are based on signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) at the receiver.
Sentence 2: 3.2 Algorithm GradedSINR Algorithm GradedSINR, which is reported in Figure 2, is based on the simple idea of grouping links with similar SNR values in the same class, and scheduling them in consecutive slots.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In this pa­per, we perform a comprehensive study of content-agnostic char­acteristics of spam campaigns, e.g., duration and source-network distribution of spammers, in order to ascertain whether and how they can assist the simple label-based clustering methods in identi­fying campaigns and generating campaign signatures.
Sentence 2: we obtain the geographic region for an IP using Maxmind [13].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 3.2.2 Implications to cache coherence ItisimportantthattheadditionoftheMIGRATE, MIGREQ and MIGREPLY messagesdonotbreakthecoherenceprovided Table 1: Protocol messages.
Sentence 2: 2.2 2VR 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8bar rad cho wns wsp fft fmm jbb tpch tpcw avg (a) L2P NM Opt.
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Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Reference [2] showed that beacon message obtained from the MAC Layer has an e.ectiveness to promptly detect the change in the wireless link quality.
Sentence 2: of Computer Science and Electronics, Kyushu Institute of Technology Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Japan 820-8502 {tsukamoto, oie}@cse.kyutech.ac.jp ABSTRACT Although mobile nodes will handle vertical handovers to achieve transparent mobility in the heterogeneous network, the communication quality will be drastically degraded.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 time (s) random waypoint ( =0; 0 friends) random waypoint (ö=0; 5 friends) restricted waypoint (20 points; =1; 0 friends) restricted waypoint (20 points; =0.5; 0 friends) restricted waypoint (20 points; =1; 5 friends) restricted waypoint (20 points; =0.5; 5 friends) Figure 4: Convergence r n×s(t) with the (restricted) random waypoint model on a 1000×1000 m rectangle for n = 100, s =99, and various values of f,withand without the friend mechanism.
Sentence 2: sYSTEM MODEL 3.1 Assumptions and overview We consider and discuss two models: the .rst is fully self­organized, and the second assumes the presence of a trusted authority.
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Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: By the time the worm hits the Internet, how­ever, the hit-list may be stale, at least in part; some ma­chines from the hit-list might be turned o., or some might be patched against the targeted vulnerability.
Sentence 2: iM users are no stranger to these tests as while registering for an IM account, all major public IM vendors challenge users with CAPTCHA tests to stop automated account acquisition by software bots (e.g.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The power vector P ;(P1 ,..., P )is a Nash N equilibrium of the MSUPC game, if for every E iS ** ** UPi (, P ) :Ui ( i , i ) for all P EA .
Sentence 2: due to practical considerations, which are expressed by our assumption that lim + i ( i ) ;0 which implies UP + P -0 i + that lim Ui (Yi ) ; 0 , we argue that a user s actual throughput Yi -0+ utility must comply only with relation (8).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In the present paper, we introduce a new replication method for achieving good storage load balancing as well as good search performance in unstructured P2P networks for .le sharing without a mechanism by which to determine .le locations.
Sentence 2: if the probability is set 100%, then Path Random Replication is equivalent to Path Replication, which makes a replica of a requested .le in all of the peers on the present search path.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Since this paper ad­dresses the energy consumed by the sensor s reporting traf.c, there are no sensor failures due to power outage in the time span the anal­ysis cover.
Sentence 2: the variation in energy as the number of failed links increases, is a result of the average path length between the sensor node and the sink nodes and can be ex­plained in a similar fashion as for Figure 4.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We have implemented the EZ client for Windows Mobile 6 and tested it on a variety of smartphones such as HTC Advantage, Samsung SGH i780 and HP iPAQ.
Sentence 2: 7.1 Selecting the Right Set of APs The sheer number of WiFi APs that could be seen on a given .oor in our deployments came to us as a rather unexpected sur­prise.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In literature, the SUMO toolbox is widely applied in elec­tromagnetic and aerodynamic optimization problems [2] [6].
Sentence 2: demo: Ef.cient Multi-Objective Optimization of Network Problems on Wireless Testbeds Michael T. Mehari* ,Eli De Poorter, Ingrid Moerman Ghent University -iMinds, Department of Information Technology (INTEC) Gaston Crommenlaan 8 (Bus 201), B-9050 Ghent, Belgium michael.mehari@intec.ugent.be ABSTRACT A large amount of research focuses on experimentally opti­mizing performance of wireless solutions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Each CNj sends the endorsement back to CH.
Sentence 2: the node identi.ers of CH and the t CNs whose endorsements have been used to generate SEnd are stored in a data structure V. The .nal message to the sink consists of R,TM,End, and V. Algorithm2 describes the actionsofaCN whenitreceives R and TM from CH to endorse (or not to endorse) a report.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: C Spw represents the transmission power needed to reach nodes within the C Srange and is higher than the CS thresh­old (C Sthr) as shown in Fig.
Sentence 2: hIAM wastes less bandwidth and delay than PPTT in con­trol packets broadcast; Fourth, PPTT routing protocol can­not identify all the existing hidden nodes within an enviro­ment, especially the ones that are more than two hops away, as discussed in Sec.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In addition, for each such packet it is required to send an * auxiliary traf.c of size zi,j to node j, such that node j receives the auxiliary traf.c.
Sentence 2: here each test signal is of the format (TEST,i,j, MACkS,i (TEST,i,j)), where kS,i is a secret key shared by S and i,and MAC is a cryptographic Message Authentication Code function.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Also, since all group mem­ the sender node s creates it, and initializes Epoch and Truncated Sequence Number to the same values retrieved from message R. Note that, in case the response message R has been received by a group member which is not con.gured as a sender node, the latter can simply consider R to be invalid, and discard it.
Sentence 2: the sender node is supposed to communicate within each one of such different groups by means of distinct applications.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: [16] X. Tang and J. Xu, Optimizing lifetime for continuous data aggregation with precision guarantees in wireless sensor networks, IEEE/ACM ToN, 2008.
Sentence 2: it is shown analytically and confirmed through simulations that the scheme C based on CRA conserves more energy (in the worst case, close to 200%) compared to the standard approach in recent literature.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: LISP-DHT ROBUSTNESS Forincreasedreliability(cf.,Section1), several copies of amapping shouldbesomehowpresentonthe Chord ring, in case the authoritative server for that mapping fails.
Sentence 2: lISP-DHT, our proposal, .lls this gap by using a DHT lookup infrastructure in order to e.ciently re­trieve mappings.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In contrast to the other simulations, we use a single data point (one random uniform distribution) in this case.
Sentence 2: the total overhead per .ood­ing is (1 - p) * N * 1 c + p * N. If the assumption that all nodes receive the .ooded message is relaxed then the rela­tive overhead added by Mistral increases.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: (Evenwhenthe tableislarge enough,arapidarrival rateofnewad­dresses can lead to .ooding, if learning is done in software and the switch slocal managementCPUistooslowtokeepup.)
Sentence 2: this monitoring allows SPAIN (and therefore NetLord) to quickly detectfailed paths, and to re-route load to alternate paths.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Also, an adver­sary can send two consecutive requests of the same name to infer routers behavior.
Sentence 2: once both issues are addressed, we compute the per-hop delay RT Ti as: RT T i t -RT T it -1 i > 1 RT Ti =, RT T 1 t i = 1 where RT T i t is the i-th returned record by traceroute for the given site.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Sim­ilarly, we characterize the density of the Next or Previous Sectors as low , when the average density of the Next or Previous ß Sectors is M times lower than the global net­work density DGlobal.
Sentence 2: in simulation experiments, we focus on the following metrics: a) data delivery latency which is the average number of hops needed to reach the Sink; b) average energy consumption is the average energy spent per node during the network operation; c) variation of energy consumption which is the deviation of the energy consumed by a node from the average energy consumption in the network.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Sentence 2: any attempt to derive a generic set of networking system require­ments will likely degenerate into a least common de­nominator speci.cation that may not result in a useful networking roadmap.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Stream merging (and its pre-bu.ering strategy) changes the distribution of client requests observed in the system.
Sentence 2: the normalized entropy Hn is calculated as: Hn = H(X)/H0(N ) (2) where N is the total number of references (i.e., requests) in a workload, and H0(N )= log2 (N ) is the largest possible value of H(X).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As well, it requires that the remote host be running a Web server, or similar public data transfer server, and requires that there be an object of sufficient size to fill two pack- ets (this is a problem in practice for sites that use HTTP redirects, which fit in a single packet).
Sentence 2: the results be- tween different studies can superficially vary by an order of magnitude -creating significant confusion and contro- versy about the prevalence of reordering.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: suspiciouso(r) cheatingProb(r)= (2) ototalo(r) Anode o updates its trust value for an observed node r after the timeout for a critical message has passed and an accord­ing behavior has (not) been observed.
Sentence 2: network per­formance in MANETs is sensitive to local accumulation of nodes and temporal accumulation of network tra.c [16].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Expecting at least one alternative connection of RAI to the rest of the Internet, plausible options include another upstream provider (possibly with more global reach than Infostrada)orpeering atthe Rome IXP NaMEX with a selected number of tier-2 ISPs.
Sentence 2: [19] R. Oliveira, D. Pei, W. Willinger, B. Zhang, and L. Zhang.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The sender uses the hash function Gh() on the t SEALs and observes any k-way collisions from dis­tinct SEALs.
Sentence 2: for a BiBa/HORSE com­mitment key using 512 SEAL chains (t = 512), with each 512*2 SEAL 16-bits (2 Bytes), we have m = = 256 RDS Group size groups (RDS Group size = 4).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Asaorollaryofourresults,anyfuntionanbeom­putedin3roundswithalinearthresholdofstatistial(resp., omputational)seurity,eÆientlyinitsbranhingprogram (resp.,iruit)size.
Sentence 2: tDIMACSandAT&#38;TLabs Researh.E-mail:yu­val dimas.rutgers.edu.Workdoneinpartwhilevisiting IBMT.J.WatsonResearhCenter.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Consequently, HEC system architects are in­creasingly considering lower degree topological networks, such as 2D and 3D tori, that scale linearly in cost relative to sys­tem scale.
Sentence 2: although it is possible to recon­.gure the optical path through the circuit switch, the over­head is on the order of milliseconds and one must be cer­tain that no message tra.c is propagating through the light path when the recon.guration occurs.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: z(u)= +C1 (3) ¯¯have: du R R ¯ where C1 is an integration constant, R is the average RTT of the connection, u is the time that has occurred after the slow-start phase of SmoothTCP-q has .nished and z(u)is the increasing part of the congestion window function.
Sentence 2: after one RTT (R), wt+R is increased by ..
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: SenSys 04, November 3 5, 2004, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Sentence 2: this work was partially sponsored by NSF CAREER CCR-0092724, DARPA Grant OSURS01-C-1901, ONR Grant N00014-01-1-0744, NSF Equip­ment Grant EIA-0130724, and a grant from Michigan State University Copyright is held by the author/owner.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: According to to Campbell s theorem and the results in [7], the probability of µ being greater than r is given by -..(R2-r 2) Pr [µ>r]=1 - e (3) where r denote the distance from the source node to the farthest next hop node.
Sentence 2: then, we propose a new analytic energy model to derive the optimal number of clusters that minimizes the energy consumption.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Considering that a host may get the authentication codes and share them with other hosts, which is referred as colluding, the authentication codes are given in a hash format binding with speci.c IP addresses and check­ing routers.
Sentence 2: then the proportion of the malicious tra.c that .6 Ph+1 can reach the target is estimated as: h=1 Ph, where Ph is the probability that an AS resides exactly h hops away from the given AS.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We conclude three major distinctions: 1) The data structure to implement the ENPT in Original NCE in­volves complicated memory management, such as data movement, fragment management; 2) Original NCE allocates consistent codes to components and does not allow identical components be encoded to different, dynamic codes, which fundamentally contradicts with the code allocation function .. in this paper; 3) Original NCE only achieves lookup speedup,but does notexhibit good support for in­sert and delete operations.
Sentence 2: their corresponding lookup '' '' paths are ..0..1..2 ···.... ···.... and ..0..1..2 ···.... ···.... (.... repre­sentsanodeinthe ENPT,and ..0 is the root).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We also do not deploy an end-to-end feedback mechanism; the destination node does not acknowledge data packets to the source node indi­cating whether or not the packets were received.
Sentence 2: while we have considered WSR in the context of large, mobile and connected ad-hoc networks in this paper, we believe the weak state concept can be also adopted to networks that may have oc-7.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As such, the average data­sample delivery delay can be simply computed by determining the absorption time in the Markov chain.
Sentence 2: in fact, it is easy to recognize that equation (10) is readily ex­tended to the general case of different per topic delays Di versus the considering D dR,0 =.R) the mean delivery delay for topic i reduces to the very simple expression: 11 Di == (11) .Ri .Cufi to compute the sharing factors fi we need to solve the following constrained optimization: T Si min -(12) f .Cufij Sj i=1 s.t.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: A priority queue is kept holding the nodes that have yet to for­ward, sorted by the di.erence between the candidate node s shortest path distance to the destination and its available nearest neighbor s shortest path distance to the destination ( available means not introducing a cycle within the cur­rent forest).
Sentence 2: in PODC 03: Proceedings of the twenty-second annual symposium on Principles of distributed computing (New York, NY, USA, 2003), ACM Press, pp.
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