sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The anonymity notion for second level ciphertexts can be referred to [7].
Sentence 2: in Phase 2, if Q = e(g, g)xyz , then the ciphertext (C * 1 , C2 * , C * 3 , C4 * , C * 5 ) is a valid ciphertext of m., so the probability of A outputting . '
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, their analysis is at a very high-level, using a number of math­ematical approximations to put rough bounds on detection probabilities and false positive rates.
Sentence 2: for only a single monitored IP address, the expected rate at which new victims were observed was so small (a few victims per hour) that the detection threshold no longer is meaningful: the arrival of any new victim would cause an alarm to be raised.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If a user has access to a truly random bit-string, he can use a deterministic (or cryptographic) PRNG to ex­pand this short seed into a longer sequence which distribu­tion is indistinguishable from the uniform distribution to a computationally-bounded adversary (which does not know the seed).
Sentence 2: * , e)-robust PRNG with input ' 2 where t t, e = qR(2eprg + qDeext + 2-n+1) as long as .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Categories and Subject Descriptors F.4.2 [Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages]: Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems; D.4.6 [Operating Systems]: Security and Protection Access Control General Terms Security  Keywords Redaction, Provenance, RDF, Graph Grammar 1.
Sentence 2: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/, 2004.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, the introduction of authentica- tion and encryption into GSM mobile phones was advertised as giving subscribers greater security compared with ana-logue phones, which were easy to clone and to eavesdrop.
Sentence 2: edu/rhsmith3/index, html [24] C Shapiro, H Varian, 'Information Rules', Harvard Business School Press (1998), ISBN 0-87584-863-X [25] A Gawer, MA Cusumano, "Platform Leadership: How Intel, Microsoft, and Cisco Drive Industry Innovation", Harvard Business School Press (2002), ISBN 1-57851-514-9 [26] J Brockmeier, "The Ultimate Lock-In", Yahoo News.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Thefollowingargumentsshowthatatleastwithprobability 1/(k2 ` ),equation(1)holdswithoutreductionmodulo¢(N).
Sentence 2: [4]J.BurnsandC.Mitchell.Parameterselectionfor server-aidedRSAcomputationschemes.IEEE TransactionsonComputers,43(2):163{174,1994.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Note that each 4-input LUT implements a 4-input Boolean func­tion from f. A hierarchy structure is constructed by feeding the outputs of the previous level of LUTs to the inputs of the next level of LUTs which is equivalent to the function sub­stitution.
Sentence 2: as for our third contribution, no one else has implemented remote secure trusted communication using PUFs that en­ables that the source of the transmissions can be trusted.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Note that, even if no silence periods are used (in the single operator scenario), the operator can only track a user during her activity without being able to link different activities over time.
Sentence 2: assuming the speed at which users move is upper-bounded by a constant vmax, the fact that a user is at a distance at most d to an AP at time t, means that at time t', the user is at a distance of at most d+vmax ·|t-t'|to this AP.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The resulting virus variation still exhibits the same malicious behavior.
Sentence 2: feature Set Selection in Data Mining Techniques for Unknown Virus Detection A Comparison Study Jianyong Dai Ratan Guha Joohan Lee School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Central Florida    Problem Statement Simple Heuristics N-Gram Static Instruction Sequences Approach Dynamic Instruction Sequences Approach Experiments and Results Conclusion      Type Continuous?
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The goal of the panel is to cast a look beyond the current state of XML-based security standards from W3C and OASIS, informally debating trends and hot topics such as trust infrastructures, Web services and business process security, the relation between end-to-end XML security and firewall-based application-level filters, and the future of access control models for XML data-at-rest.
Sentence 2: it is widely recognized that existing standards need to evolve and that new ones will be emerging to deal with new challenges, such as negotiating trust and privacy preferences, and ensuring seamless integration with business process modeling.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This allows a group member that has both pj(i)and qj(i)to recover Kj by Kj =pj(i)+qj (i).
Sentence 2: our goal is to ensure that once de­tected, such group members will be revoked from the group, and the adversary has to compromise more than t devices to defeat our approach, where t is a system parameter.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This infrastructure stands on a static transformation phase of the original bytecode program that inserts instruc­tions to be used later on to track implicit information .ows.
Sentence 2: output(l1) because of the absence = only one value but if l1 > 0 and h 1= 0, the execution will t(3 output(l1),F ) result in two outputted values.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 1st Synopsis 2nd Synopsis 3rd Synopsis m-th Synopsis   1 1 1 1    1 1 1 0    1 0 1 1    1 1 0 1  the aggregation the termination-test process stops passes in this 1st position of after this window window the window Figure 3: Each synopsis is divided into several windows of width w = 2 bits.
Sentence 2: if string s = 0s l11 , l = 0 appears in S, string 011 must also appear as a ' ' l substring of s .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We are currently applying some of these approaches to establish their effects, whilst the others are promising avenues for future research.
Sentence 2: we also wanted to know whether they believed they could prevent someone from breaking into their system, and came across a repertoire that clearly diminishes that belief- hackem can always find a way in (Ahm, I think if somebody is determined dnough to break into a system, they will exlzand the effort, either guessing the passwords or rampaging through bins to find those torn-up envelopes or, or whatever.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The IS theory development will go towards the private empirical laws and a general rational law corresponding to the creation of an axiomatic IS theory.
Sentence 2: the information society development leads to an increase of threats to national and international security related to violation of the established modes of ICT systems usage, infringement of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, malware spread as well as the use of modern IT in hostile, terrorist and other criminal acts.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: D-FOAF: Distributed identity management with access rights delegation.
Sentence 2: sECURITY POLICY SPECIFICATION A policy language de.nes security policies according to three main components: a subject speci.cation aiming to specify the entity to which a security policy applies (e.g., users, processes), an object speci.cation to identify the re­sources to which the policy refers to (e.g., .les, HW re­sources, relational tables), and an action speci.cation,spec­ifying the action (e.g., read, write execute, admin) that sub­jects can exercise on objects.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Categories and Subject Descriptors K.6.5 [Management of Computing and Information Systems]: Security and Protection; D.2.3 [Software En­gineering]: Coding Tools and Techniques General Terms Security, Languages  Keywords aspect, browser, ECMAScript, JavaScript, membrane, ref­erence monitor, remote object, same origin policy, web se­curity, wrapper * This material is based upon work supported under a Na­tional Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.
Sentence 2: this code is vulnerable to several categories of attacks: 1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: all items xj in ei end if for t>T do .nd ei which is the nearest exemplar to item xt if d(ei,xt)<o then Update model else Detection Rate (%) 80 StrAP kNN Str-DBSCAN 60 40 Reservoir .
Sentence 2: many existing anomaly detection methods involve o.-line learning.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [22] The Groth-Sahai NIZK (NIWI) proof system is a non-interactive zero-knowledge (witness-indistin­guishable) proof system with perfect correctness, perfect so­undness and composable zero-knowledge (witness-indistin­guishability) for satis.ability of a set of equations over a bilinear group where the SXDH problem is hard.
Sentence 2: in the simulation, the simulator will have to encrypt dummy records if the database is honest and thus will get caught by the real world adversary if it corrupts the database.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: {k local structures that are randomly chosen from SLS(gi)}; 22: end if 23: Remove Gr from both S and all SLS; 24: Increase r by 1; 25: end while 26: Form the remaining local structures in S as a group; but greater or equal to k -|SLS(gi)|, then we choose k -|SLS(gi)| local structures from SLS(gj ); otherwise, we randomly pick k -|SLS(gi)|local structures which are not grouped yet.
Sentence 2: first, we use a Frequent Subgraph Miner (FSM) algorithm([18]) to .nd the frequent subgraphs, with the set of local structures {LS1, LS2, ..., LSck} as the input graphs and a given support threshold as the parameter.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The private key is known only to the concerned party whereas the public key is known to everyone.
Sentence 2: then, we encrypt the plaintext vector, p simply to produce the cipher text vector, c using the following linear algebra equation: c = (k*p) mod b To decrypt cipher text vector, c we need first to find the inverse of key matrix, k-1 where the key matrix must be invertible.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This could have been achieved by submitting the user entered data back to the server from where the page hosting the captcha originated, and then checking whether the server returned a success or failure message using the extraction technique based on DOM signature, similar to the one described in section 3.2 above.
Sentence 2: the main application of CAPTCHAs is to protect online resources from being abused by automated programs like web bots [2].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We can represent all behaviors of the resulting system as strings constructed from the symbols e (for an event that .lls a slot) and - (for a missed slot).
Sentence 2: for the slow doubling scheme of Section 2.4, every odd pre­diction is positive it expects the events to be delivered at regu­lar intervals, and every even prediction is negative no events are expected from the source.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Codepackingisoneofthe popularobfuscation techniques[17].Todetectpackedcode,  Figure 4: Comparison of strace results of the thttpd server when running inside the VM (on the bottom) and out-grafted to another VM (on the top) e.cient behavioral monitoring techniques such as OmniUn­pack[26]havebeendeveloped toperformreal-time monitor­ing of a process behavior by tracking the pages it writes to and then executes from.
Sentence 2: though these traditional in-host tools are valuable in monitoring system behavior or detect­ing malicious activities (with their native access inside the systems), they are fundamentally limited in their isolation capability to prevent themselves from being infected in the .rst place.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since we are only checking the (trusted) libraries, this means that the code context since the call to the doPrivileged operation has all the permissions to per­form sensitive operations inside S. Also any security checks performed inside S cannot guarantee that sensitive opera­tions, performed after S outside the scope of the doPrivileged method, have the required permissions.
Sentence 2: analysis Time Performance For all the classes tested, the average time taken by CMV to analyze each class was 74 seconds.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that it is possible for a small number of attackers, using approximately 100 Mbps of bandwidth, to deny service to a large portion of the Kad network.
Sentence 2: it does not completely eliminate hi­ jacking: since Kad nodes have high churn rates, it is likely that many entries on A s routing table will be of.ine, and M can ef­ fectively hijack these entries.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Examining indistinguishability-based proofs for key establishment protocols.
Sentence 2: in order to account for possible loss of y to the adversary via a side­channel attack or the use of a weak pseudorandom number generator, we will henceforth assume that the adversary can learn y by issuing a SessionStateReveal query at the end of step 2 even though step 2 stipulates that y be deleted.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: INTRODUCTION In the area of disaster response, wireless sensor net­works (WSN) are often found in applications requiring simple, periodic sensing and reporting.
Sentence 2: other challenges include limited, congested bandwidth, the loss of network connectivity due to environmental factors, unreliable hardware, and Copyright is held by author/owner IPSN 09, April 13 16, 2009, San Francisco, California, USA.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Figure 3(b) illustrates how a stack pointer is changed by a mal­packet.
Sentence 2: existing worm attacks in regular computer networksshowthat(a) many vulnerabilitiesexistinroutines of receivingpackets,(b) many applicationsdonothaveany integrity check, and(c) vulnerabilityisquiteoftenexploited before any integrity check.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In some cases anything less than all polynomial-size circuits may be in­su.cient while in others having Crestricted to the identity function only (i.e., one is allowed to query the primitive on the key itself but not on other functions of the key) may su.ce.
Sentence 2: note that if we allowed such queries then one could query the decryp­tion oracle with the function g(s)= Encs(s)and obtain s (this is possible even if one restricts the functions in Cto be deterministic, as we could de.ne the function g(s)to be the encryption of s with the random coins set to a .xed string, say all zeros).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: API Category Explanation Registry registry manipulation Network Management manage network related operations Memory Management manage memory related functionalities File Input/Output (I/O) operations like reading from disk Socket socket related operations Processes &#38; Threads manage processes and thread Dynamic-Link Libraries manipulations of DLLs Figure 1: Block diagram of our proposed malware detection tool training model to classify a running process as benign or malware.
Sentence 2: in the transition matrix we have kn distinct transition probabilities.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Thebugoccurred whenachangewas made to the .le-system cache-code to prevent a single, sequential non-page-aligned read of alarge .lefrominvalidating alarge portion of the .le-system cache.
Sentence 2: 2.2 Prefetching Disabled Kernel versions a.ected: 2.6.12 to 2.6.22.19 Duration: 17-Jun-2005 to 26-Feb-2008 There was a bug where the page-cache read-ahead is dis­abledfor sequentialdisk-readswhenusing send.le with non­blocking sockets,asaresult of thekernel misinterpreting the access pattern when reading large .les.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The MoRE PFH then checks the CR2 value and stores the faulting address to determine if the fault was caused by the paging structure manipulation or if it was a genuine page fault.
Sentence 2: when instructions were within the same (4KB) page as the data being accessed, the VM EXIT handler would replace the TLB entry for data with the instruction address and vice versa, causing an infinite loop (thrashing back and forth).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Theorem 1, by putting d= 0, the error correcting capability of R is now bounded by (3t- u+1) - (t) - 1 = 2c implying [3] K. Srinathan and C. Pandu Rangan.
Sentence 2: showed that PSMT is possible in such a network i. n =max{3t - 2u +1, 2t +1} and presented an exponential phase protocol (and hence exponential communication and computational complexity), where a phase is a send from S to R or vice-versa.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Measurements for the waveforms of in Figure 5 Wave­form Run Time [µs] Energy [µJ] Max [mA] Mean [mA] S [mA] Pk-Pk [mA] blue 21.3 6.04 167.7 137.5 2.47 22.4 red 21.3 6.14 168.5 139.5 1.87 19.2 magenta 23.7 6.47 144.0 133.8 0.38 1.2 black 27.5 7.01 134.0 126.6 0.13 0.6  6.
Sentence 2: if the current value Imax2 obtained by applying the FLATTEN0 transformations is unsatisfactory, further current adjustments are made by using the calculated discharging time value.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [9]anberepresentedinsideour framework.In[9],aessontrolpoliiesaremodeledby logiprograms,onstrutedoveragivenlogiallanguage (FAM­language).TheFAM­languageisomposedofthree logiallyrelatedparts.ThefrstisthesoalledDataSystem S,providingaformaldefnitionofthebasiomponents oftheframework.
Sentence 2: aCDatomhastheformp(T)where:(i)pEB, Sheme*(p)={al:kl...,an:kn};(ii)T={al:tl...,an: tn}suhthatforeahaj:tj,j=1,...,n,kjisthetypeoftj andoneofthefollowingonditionsholds:ajEZ,ajEV, ajisanatom.IftjEZortjEV,thenaj:tjisasimple termotherwiseitisalassterm.Moreover,ifpEKthen p(T)isalassatomotherwiseitisaderivedrelationatom.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Unfortunately, the current generation of browsers do not support automatic com­pression of HTTP requests, only HTTP responses, requiring it to make compression part ofVolta tier splitting, which is part of fu­ture work.
Sentence 2: a typical multi-tier AJAX application consists of a server tier implemented in Java J2EE or Microsoft .NET and a client tierexecutinginJavaScriptin the browser.The resulting ap­plication is more responsive,because computation is moved closer to the client, thus avoiding unnecessary network round trips.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Access control Isolation and address space integrity provide the building blocks for secure HAP execution under an untrusted operating system.
Sentence 2: inkTag directly addresses Iago attacks [8], a new class of at­tacks against systems providing trusted applications in un­trusted operating systems that manipulates the return values    -.,-(5574(1)+ 64756+* 7164756+* -:3+4)(005 Figure 1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, we note that if the uApp has lower memory re­quirements than the user OS, the suspend-to-disk code in the user OS could be modi.ed to only write the amount of memory needed by the uApp to disk.
Sentence 2: finally, if an AIK of a computer other than the user s is transmitted to the remote server, or the sub-key of the en­cryption key for local data is leaked, this would allow the adversary to access the user data from a computer other than the user s. Unicorn requiresanout-of-bandsecurechannelduringthe setup phase.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Weimplement ourmechanismonthe Linux operating system, running on top of the Xen virtual machine monitor, due to the availability of and our famil­iarity with the source code for these products.
Sentence 2: this does not necessarily undermine security, as long as the disaggregated library does not leak sensitive data to the untrusted code, and performs sanity checks on all data that it obtains from the untrusted code.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: There are several possibilities here, including (a) silent suppression of Ai, (b) suppressing Ai and returning an error to the process performing this operation, and (c) replacing Ai with another allowable action.
Sentence 2: to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A repetition of Steps 7-9 of Figure 2 can then be used for more complicated negotiations.
Sentence 2: moreover, in the general consumer scenario, where the wallet s main role is as a trusted user agent, determining (as in the pri­vacy principle) should be possible with a reasonable set of choices, so that users can determine that different destination sites get different subsets of the data, and some get no data at all.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: An example of this is when user1 sends information to user2, but user2 s mail folder saved user2 s alias in a format di.erent from that saved in user1 s mail folder.
Sentence 2: if Tom has .le X at time t1, and Kathy has .le Y , which is an exact copy of X, at time t2 where t1 < t2, then Kathy has read X.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Suppose at least ß number of L-shape blocks have to be modi.ed in order to deceive the user, then the chances of not being detected will be ( 14 )ß , where ß depends on the size of a barcode block, and the visual cue design.
Sentence 2: (5) Mo­bile renders the message mU and the nonce c on its display.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 2Interestingly, there are 75 methods of nova-compute in total, but only 64 of them are actually being used by other cloud services.
Sentence 2: in both cases, we collected such informa­tion using a dynamic analysis, we ran a variety of common cloud operations (boot, delete, suspend, migrate, get-console and create­network) on an OpenStack cloud and collected the traces of system calls executed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The instan­tiations of the generic model di.er in the extent to which the adversary can obtain the leakage of long-term keys in a bounded amount or obtain continuous leakage such that a protocol execution may reveal a small amount of leakage each time, and still expect security.
Sentence 2: iACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2004/332, 2004.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Categories and Subject Descriptors D.4.6 [Security and Protection]: Access controls  General Terms Security Keywords attribute based access control, constrained logic program­ming with sets * This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant CCR-0113515.
Sentence 2: our proof works by induction on i -the strata of the instantia­tion of the fourth varibale of reserved predicates.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Research within each of the many areas that contribute to solving the access-control problem is often carried out inde­pendently and by separate communities.
Sentence 2: categories and Subject Descriptors D.4.6 [Operating Systems]: Security and Protection ac­cess controls, authentication; K.6.5 [Management of Com­puting and Information Systems]: Security and Protec­tion General Terms Design, Human Factors, Security, Theory, Veri.cation Keywords Access control, authorization, credentials, models, policy languages Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).
Relationship: neutral