sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Because of computational intractability and undecidability of using highly expressive logics [17], RMLs often formalize only a select class of requirements phenomena, e.g., using various temporal logics, including interval [29], real-time [11] or linear [16] temporal logic, or description logic [5].
Sentence 2: towards compliance: extracting rights and obligations to align requirements withregulations.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: refac_rename_var.erl:66: The call cond_check(..., ..., NewName1::atom()) breaks the contract (..., ..., NewName::string()) where one can immediately see that there is something wrong in the last argument of this function; either in the call on line 66 or in the contract of the function (i.e., the -spec declaration that we added).
Sentence 2: in our experience, this mode of developing Erlang programs is far from ideal.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Managed Data im­portsthis approachfromdatabasesintothe coreof apro­gramminglanguage.OneofthekeyissueswithRDBMShas beentheproblem ofintegration withexistingprogramming languages.
Sentence 2: a source class provides metadata for a user-de.nedgeneration of a new classde.nition.One of the advantages of MorphJ is that the transformations are staticallytyped.using a class as metadatais more restrictivethan other systems which allow arbitrary schema de.nitions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: General Terms Algorithms, Experimentation, Measurement, Veri.cation  Keywords Peer-to-peer, Sampling 1 Introduction The popularity and wide-spread use of peer-to-peer systems has motivated numerous empirical studies aimed at provid­ing a better understanding of the temporal and topological properties of deployed peer-to-peer systems.
Sentence 2: in Principles of Distributed Computing, 2002.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Furthermore, when we want to add the information which is represented as a note in the AUML sequence diagram, we will have to add it to the part somewhere around the line 19 in Fig.2 and around the line 23 in Fig.3 .
Sentence 2: */) { 29 state_ = 4; 30 } else { 31 state_ = 5; 32 } 33 break; 34 case 4: 35 // send message m4 36 ACLMessage msg = new ACLMessage(); 37 /* create the content of message */ 38 msg.setContent(...); 39 myAgent.send(msg); 40 41 state_ = 3; 42 break; 43 case 5: 44 state_ = 0; 45 break; 46 case 6: 47 /* send message m6 */ 48 state_ = 0; 49 break; 50 case 7: 51 isTerminate_ = true; 52 break; 53 } 54 } 55 public boolean done() { 56 return isTerminate_; 57 } 58 } 5 Figure 3: An implementation of Role2 in JADE  3.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The idea is to allow application programmers to expose the opportunities for parallelism by pointing out potentially parallel regions within tasks, leaving the actual and dynamic scheduling of these regions onto processors to be performed at runtime, exploiting the maximum amount of parallelism.
Sentence 2: the pro­cessor continues to execute the residual capacity server as long as it would otherwise be idle or the capacity is neither exhausted nor expired.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: divide(C,{A,B}) -> Denom = A*A + B*B, Recip = #cart{re=A/Denom, im=-B/Denom},  mulCart(C, Recip).
Sentence 2: acknowledgments The implementation of the refactorings listed in Section 2.4 has been created by Anik´o V´ig, Tam´as Nagy, Melinda T´oth, and R´obert Kitlei.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Categories and Subject Descriptors D.2.8 [Software Engineering]: Metrics complexity mea­sures, performance measures General Terms Performance Keywords Quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes, Sphere decoding, Maximum-likelihood metric, Maximum-likelihood decoding 1.
Sentence 2: if the underlying constellation is complex, rate-one full-diversity orthogonal STBCs do not exist for more than 2 transmit antennas.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: (5) Since every active neighbour of v transmits with proba­bility 1/d in each round of Phase 3, we get E[ft(v)] = tA0(v)/d = A0(v)/(4e), because t = k = 128 log n/c and d = np with p > d log n/n for a su.ciently large constant d. Using Pr[B(n, p)> anp]< (e/a)anp we get, A0(v)/2 -3 Pr[ft(v)> A0(v)/2] = (e/(2e))= o(n ).
Sentence 2: multiple Communication in Multihop Radio Networks.. SIAM J.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.4 [Computer Communication Networks]: Distribu­ted Systems-Distributed applications; (3.2.6 [Computer Communication Networks]: Internetworking-Routers; C.4 [Computer Systems Organization]: Performance of Systems-itJeasun3nent techniques; C.4 [Computer Sys­tems Organization]: Performance of Systems--Modeling techniques General Terms Design, Measurement, Performance, Reliability  Keywords Voice over IP, Loss Sensitivity, Loss Concealment, Loss Met­rics, Objective Speech Quality Measurement, Queue Man­agement, Differentiated Services  1.
Sentence 2: the unpro­tected case ( NO MARK ) has the highest perceptual dis­tortion and thus the worst speech quality*.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Although this approach is applicable for a large set of problems, there are two issues.
Sentence 2: someone may notice that a 3-SP problem can be solved by a composition of two SP queries: When we want to .nd a shortest route from a vertex v1 to a vertex v2 via a vertex v3, it is suf.cient to .nd the shortest paths from v1 to v3 and from v3 to v2.3-SP is about three times slower than SP on our system.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: [1, n].modComplete (AG H , AG E i )) =.
Sentence 2: these lead to two challenges: .rst, composing speci.ca­tions for concrete syntax so that a scanner and parser can be generated, and second, composing speci.cations of seman­tic analyses so that error checking and optimization of the various extension constructs can be performed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As with n, the maximum required k is use case-speci.c, but decided at design or con.guration time of applications (given by the maximum of all .k opera­tors).
Sentence 2: [9] Le-Phuoc, D., Dao-Tran, M., Parreira, J. X., and Hauswirth, M. A native and adaptive approach for uni.ed processing of linked streams and linked data.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Z. and Benatallah, B. ContextUML: A UMLbasedmodeling language for model-driven development ofcontext­aware web services, In 4th International Conferenceon Mobile Business (ICMB 05), 2005, 206-212,.
Sentence 2: these advancements and diversity in technologies and the highly dynamic nature of ubiquitous services contribute to make ubiquitous services design complex and Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: (attAspect (FnInh att nts) defs)  The function attAspect generates an attribute aspect given the ex­plicit de.nitions, whereas defAspect constructs an attribute aspect based in a common pattern s rule.
Sentence 2: sp knit rule fc ip = let ec = empties fc (Fam ic sp)= rule (Fam sc ip) (Fam ec emptyRecord) sc = kn fcic in sp The function kn, which takes the semantic functions of the children (fc) and their inputs (ic), computes the results for the children (sc).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Using process knowledge to aid frequency transitions as in [5] is also possible, but requires support not only from the ope­rating system but also from applications or compilers to be e.cient.
Sentence 2: for perfor­mance and energy e.ciency reasons, we should not initiate another transition before this minimum time has elapsed, becauseotherwiseahighpercentageof timeisused fortran­sitions withoutdoing useful work.Inordernottofollow each delay load change blindly, we also introduce two delays tHi and delay tLo .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: DIMENSIONS OF CONSISTENCY PROBLEMS Thesituationinwhihtheonsistenyofaspeifation mustbeestablishedandtheirumstanesthatgiverise totheonsistenyissueleadtothedistintionofdiferent typesofonsistenyproblemsandanalsobeusedtohar­aterizethekindofonsistenyproblemoneisonfronted with.
Sentence 2: [8]A.Finkelstein,D.Gabbay,A.Hunter,J.Kramer,and B.Nuseibeh.Inonsistenyhandlingin multi­perspetivespeifations.InI.Sommervilleand M.Paul,editors,ProeedingsoftheFourthEuropean SoftwareEngineeringConferene,pages84.99.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Software Engineering is learning on how to use this sort of experiment to gain advantages such as control, automation, execution and provenance of data generated by in silico experi­ments to its experimentation and learning cycle.
Sentence 2: [8] Mattoso, M., Werner, C., Travassos, G., Braganholo, V., Murta, L., Ogasawara, E., Oliveira, D., Cruz, S., Martinho, W., 2010, Towards Supporting the Life Cycle of Large Scale Scientific Experiments, IJBPIM, v. 5, n. 1, 79 92.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: After the experiment, the participants had to .ll out a ques­tionnaire.
Sentence 2: tH E CU S TO M PAC K E R P RO J E C T The main goals of the EU research project CustomPacker are the design, development and assembly of a .exible indus­trial HRI packaging cell, which is capable of handling different products varying in size, weight and form.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Maintaining such information for each individual object for each process class will give a notion of concrete con.gurations, and the transitionbetweenthese concretecon.gurations(using the semantic rules presented below) provides a straightforward concrete execution semantics.
Sentence 2: within a SMSC lifeline representing a class of objects, a selected subset of objects may engage in events appearing along the lifeline.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Son, H. S. Choi and S. C. Park, An E.ective Polling MAC Scheme for IEEE 802.11e, ISCIT 2004, Sapporo.
Sentence 2: the .rst step is the calculation of SI and the second step is the calculation of TXOP to be allocated to the tra.c stream of a station.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Comparative analysis of performance by time (ms) and Lines of Code (LOC) for all 3 implementations Functionality Plain PHP CodeIgniter Cake PHP Time LOC Time LOC Time LOC Login/Logout 96 121 2291 192 1559 83 Session Mgmt 91 132 739 118 1309 102 Database 143 83 762 89 1492 52 Form Handling 487 209 1338 385 2262 191 From Validation 321 292 966 406 2411 310  4.1.3 Security With respect to our security analysis, we used an all-purpose security tool as well as a specific SQL injection tool since all of the student projects have an SQL database on the backend.
Sentence 2: available: http://trends.builtwith.com/framework.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Usually, when using volume snapshotting for operating system image cloning, we have a 1:N ratio of gold images and derived snapshots.
Sentence 2: bACK-END SUBNET We have designed the back-end subnet in such a way to obtain a clear separation between the services o.ered to the end users and the hardware/software needed by those ser­vices.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: [14] G. Dunlap, Planned csched improvements and credit2, Xen mailing list, http://lists.xensource.com/archives/html/xen­devel/2009-10/msg00442.html [15] K. Duda and D. Cheriton, Borrowed-virtual-time (BVT) scheduling: supporting latency-sensitive threads in a general purpose scheduler, in ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 33 (5), December 1999.
Sentence 2: real-time applications like multimedia need some scheduling guarantees from the operating system and the hypervisor.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In C. E. Shannon and J. McCarthy, editors, Automata Studies, pages 3-40, Princeton University Press, N.J., 1956.
Sentence 2: only the non­terminals of the form ("V","Prim",)i are kept and productions as well as further non-terminals bi are added to generate the finite and thus regular value sets of internal types.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This general model covers the existing single entity model as a special case when the monitored process and the FD module are combined.
Sentence 2: another problem with NTFD-E is the same as NTFD: although we can reduce the probability of message loss to a very low level by sending multiple messages, there still exists the probability that all the failure notification messages are lost and therefore the completeness property can not be preserved.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: INCENTIVE FOR PEER-ASSISTANCE In this section, we .rst describe a model for peer-assistance as a cooperative game.
Sentence 2: when a peer serves some content, it gets a subsidy equal to the corresponding cost saving, divided by 2 if this belongs to the basic catalog, hence made available by a single veto player (the network provider), and by 3 if it is made available by collaboration of two veto players.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since EForEach is a semantic action, it takes three actual arguments: a MethodName, a parenthesized Formal, and a lazily parsed block.
Sentence 2: section 5 sketches how Maya can be used to implement an interesting language extension: namely, open classes and mul­timethods as de.ned in MultiJava by Clifton et al.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, with three priority classes A > B > C, a CID with two repli­cas on A machines and one replica on C machines would be scheduled after a second CID with a single replica on a C machine.
Sentence 2: comparing BestPlaceTime to BestPlace, we see that despite its increases in total work, the impact on foreground work is dramatically reduced.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Lesson 6: CarefulsanitycheckingofpointersbetweenlayersoftheNFSprotocolstackcouldavoidcrashes.The client-side corruption results indicate that between the RPC and XDR layers, pointers are not checked and dereferencing a NULL pointer drives the ker­nel into unstable states.
Sentence 2: white, J. Lepreau, L. Stoller, R. Ricci, S. Guruprasad, M. Newbold, M. Hibler, C. Barb, and A. Joglekar.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: trail cond (A) :- hvatagged(A), A·ref < (~s)·heap uncond.
Sentence 2: in more in­volved cases (e.g., when extensive instruction merging is to be per­formed, or when variations are being explored), this approach falls short, and some sort of automatic code generation (which can in part be done with advanced preprocessors) needs to be adopted to control complexity and avoid coding errors.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Variants do not, however, yield open functions: if a function is supposed to work on an additional constructor, the programmer must adapt the original de.nition, or de.ne a new function that adds the new case and otherwise refers to the old version.
Sentence 2: without open data types, such an approach is only useful for experimentation or in a closed setting where all types are known in advance.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: the insertion rate approximates the real-time rate of measure­ments (100 events/s).
Sentence 2: 116 subscribe e to CDataPoint; subscribe t to Timer; tstamp last; int min, max, n, sum; real avg, rng; initialization { min = 1234567890; # a value larger than life max = -1; n = 0; sum = 0;  } behavior { 128 if (currentTopic() == Timer ) { if (n > 0) { avg = float(sum)/float(n); rng = float(max -min)/float(max); publish( S1 , last, avg, rng); } sum = 0; n = 0;  136 } else { # current topic is CDataPoint last = e.ts; if (min > s.mf01) min = e.mf01; if (max < s.mf01) max = e.mf01; sum = sum + e.mf01; n += 1; 142 } 143 } In GAPL, there is a special topic, Timer, that delivers an event to its subscribers every second.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Global data .ow analysis and itera­tivealgorithms.
Sentence 2: thisstepmaybring in a small number of incorrectly-located and/or unlo­cated need-to-translatestrings, and further testing and debuggingmay berequired,butthedeveloperscanef­fectively reduce the effort on manually checking each locatedstring.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The already-mentioned nesting constraint on a parsing au­tomaton ensures its nesting behavior.
Sentence 2: by using the semantics of parsing automata, we can now rephrase the goal of our algorithm as given a value t with two automata ML and MR, .nd another value t0 such that ML parses t to a parse tree b and, simultaneously, MR parses t0 to b, for some b.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The trace in Figure 2 represents an execution in which M is called, M calls A, A returns, M calls A again, A returns, M calls B, B calls C, C returns, B returns, M calls B again, and B exits, terminating the program.
Sentence 2: 3.2 Experimental Setup 3.2.1 Subject programs As subjects for our study we utilized several releases of two programs Jaba and Siena summarized in Table 3.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The main contribution of this thesis will be a novel com­plementary strategy for validation of artefacts that is based on the construction of an abstraction of the speci.cation in the form of a behaviour model.
Sentence 2: this compari­son may sometimes yield a con.rmation that both models .t well, together with a better understanding of the artefact.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is clear from the de.nition of dthat Mo may contain many more tetrahedra than necessary to .ll ...
Sentence 2: aCKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was performed using computational facilities at the College of William and Mary which were enabled by grants from the National Science Foundation (EIA-9977030) and Sun Microsystems (SAR # EDU00-03-793, EDU-02­Q1-197).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.cpermission and/or a fee.
Sentence 2: if a non-faulty node i performs a local broadcast of mes­sage m for a total of t(2nc + ns ) + 1 times, then a neighbor of i will receive at least t(nc + ns ) + 1 legitimate copies of m. if a node i receives t(nc + ns ) + 1 copies of m claimed to be originated from j, then i can conclude that m indeed originated from j.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Unsurprisingly, each core adds ~5.7 million lookups per second.
Sentence 2: radixVM uses a scheme that precisely tracks which cores may have each page mapping cached in their TLBs, which allows RadixVM to send TLB shootdown inter­rupts to just those cores and to entirely eliminate shootdowns for mappings that are not shared between cores.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The component comprises 9 states and Figure 5: Speci.cation of SynthSM 12 transitions of which 5 are guarded.
Sentence 2: the set of all unde.ned transitions O of S M is de.ned as O = Os0 + Os1 + · · · + Osn (7) and s = |S|.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A useful outcome of this synergy is that it is possible to make use of the KAOS strategies and tactics for requirements eliciation in a POSE framework.
Sentence 2: each requires a justification of application in order for the transformation to be solution preserving - simplifying only slightly, this means that a solution to a transformed problem is also a solution to the original problem - although justifications need not be formal.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: After increasing the mix of small and large images, the coverage of the 1000 data sets was eventually superior to that of the 20 data sets, as shown in Figure 15(b); the circles in Figure 15(b) correspond to the data sets added to our initial set, the withdrawn redundant data sets do not show.
Sentence 2: [3]PAPI:APortable Interfaceto Hardware Performance Counters.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is a very lightweight piece of code that performs only the follow­ing operations: 1. it pushes the values of the CPU registers into the stack area associated to the current task (lines 1to18); 2. it polls the input port nextSWTask containing the task identi.er of the next software task to run and that is sent by the HW-RTOS (line 19) andthenitsetsthe new process control block currentPCB (line 20); 3. it restores the context of the next software task to be executed (lines 21-26).
Sentence 2: it has two components that run concurrently: a CPU and a Real Time Unit (RTU).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: [2] R. Alur, M. Benedikt, K. Etessami, P. Godefroid, T. W. Reps, and M. Yannakakis.
Sentence 2: kleene algebras are algebraic structures with op­erators +,·, *, 0, and 1, with certain properties.1 1In regular expressions, operator + representsas | , and · is usually omitted.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: PERC Pico builds on the notion of the Real-Time Specification for Java s (RTSJ) ScopedMemory.
Sentence 2: three types of configuration artifacts, the Platform Definition File (PDF), the Service Definition File (SDF) and the Application Requirements File (ARF), describe the system at platform and application level and describe the available services such as data converters, remote logbooks, or system health monitors.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Conflict Detection and Resolution for Product Line Design in a Collaborative Decision Making Environment  Xiaoqing Frank Liu Eric Christopher Barnes Juha Erik Savolainen Missouri University of Science Missouri University of Science Danfoss Power Electronics and Technology and Technology Gråsten, Denmark Rolla, Missouri Rolla, Missouri JuhaErik.Savolainen@ fliu@mst.edu ecbyt7@mst.edu danfoss.com ABSTRACT Ensuring that the non-functional requirements (NFRs), of a system are satisfied is an essential task in software development.
Sentence 2: the voting process took place for a period of 1 week and the results reflect the knowledge base of participants before argumentation.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the second phase (Derive Models), we generate mod­els that summarize andgeneralize the observedexecutions.
Sentence 2: thisinformationis correct and useful,butitdoesnotfullyexplainthefailure.Onthe other hand, if we look at the anomalous events, i.e., events that arenot usuallyobservedinlegalexecutions,wecandis­cover that the defaultFactory attribute is exception­ally null in thefailingexecution, and that theinvocation of the static constructor of class JspFactory has been un­expectedly anticipated.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The result is variational abstract interpretation a compositional and systematic approach for the derivation of variability-aware product line analyses, with the following distinc­tive components and properties: A scheme to lift domain types, and combinators for lifting analyses and Galois connections.
Sentence 2: we follow the calculational and compo­ sitional approach advocated by Cousot [12].
Relationship: neutral