sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Inadditiontothebasicalgorithmprovided,ISPscan choosetoimplementavarietyofmodifcationsthatarebest suitedfortheirnetworks.Thesemodifcationscanimprove theprecisionofsourceidentifcationorgivesystemadminis­tratorsgreaterfexibilityinselectingthetoolsforcombating aDoSattack.Itisuptoeachindividualserviceproviderto decidewhetherimplementationoftheseextensionsisfeasi­bleandcost-efcient.
Sentence 2: packet 1 Packet 2  Packet 3 Figure2:Packets1,2,3travelfromStoT.TheyRouterStamping.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Suppose the data packets are disseminated as sequence from 1 to n.Only when a node X has received all packets from 1 to k -1 can it verify packet k immediately when X receives it.
Sentence 2: [10] V. Gupta, M. Wurm, Y. Zhu, M. Millard, S. Fung, N. Gura,H.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The user is prompted to enter the attribute values only once, that is, when carrying on the ZKPK with the identity manager.
Sentence 2: permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [11] J. Loyall, K. Schantz, J. Zinky, and D. Bakken.
Sentence 2: an application can become corrupt due to various causes: either because of an accident, such as a hardware fail- uxe, or because of malice;  either because flaws in its environment or in its own implementation cause it to misbehave.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The syntax .payload instructs Shield to parse and to refer to the bytes that represent the payload of the packet, according to the parsing instruction de.ned for payload (i.e., there should be a de.nition: PAYLOAD STRUCT {...} payload; earlier in the policy decription).
Sentence 2: for exam­ple, a shield (conceptually, there is one shield per vulnera­bility) designed to protect against a bu.er overrun vulnera­bility would detect and drop or truncate tra.c that resulted in an excessively long value being placed in the vulnerable bu.er.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, if the features change, the attack would be detected because the normal network be­havior is now de.ned in terms of a di.erent set of features than those estimated.
Sentence 2: pOSTER: Revisiting Anomaly Detection System Design Philosophy Ayesha Binte Ashfaq1 , Muhammad Qasim Ali2, Ehab Al-Shaer2 and Syed Ali Khayam3 1 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan 2 Department of Software and Information Systems University of North Carolina Charlotte 3 PLUMgrid Inc. Sunnyvale, CA ayesha.ashfaq@seecs.edu.pk; {mali12,ealshaer}@uncc.edu; khayam@gmail.com ABSTRACT The inherent design of anomaly detection systems (ADSs) make them highly susceptible to evasion attacks and hence their wide-spread commercial deployment has not been wit­nessed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Exploit hijacking changes the threat landscape.Anat­tacker with a new exploit has two choices: target very selec­tively so as not to risk triggering a detector, or compromise as many hosts as possible via a rapidly spreadingworm a .ash worm [24].
Sentence 2: the problem is even worse for the super peer core: These must be able to forward all SCAs and therefore must run all possible versions of software.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We will present the CSP formulation with the help of a running example.
Sentence 2: number of pages in this domain Set of VMs assigned to this domain Number of pages available in this domain Table 2: Details of attributes of a Blade object service provider can simply switch to another CIP if this is the case, the other security problems are more pernicious in that SPs may never discover the compromise.This prob­lem is present for non-virtualized cloud environments, but is perhaps more worrisome in virtualized environments where the infrastructure provider has quick and easy access to the hosting software.Thus a malicious administrator, who is an integral part of current virtualized environments, can compromise the con.dentiality/integrity of a service.Re­cent attempts at disaggregation in virtualized environments deal with some of these issues [12].These disaggregation techniques, combined with the remote platform attestation of virtualization software that employs them, will form the root of trust for SPs/client and a basis for trust in isolation attestation provided by the CIP.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Based on Figure 9 of [8] (a follow-up work of [7]), we used the time for a TinyRAM program with parameters (L, T , N) that are closest to ours.
Sentence 2: let G = (V, E) be a planar undirected graph of n nodes that has positive weights cuv, where (u, v) .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For a user U, determine the degree of trust in U based on U s contributions to content.
Sentence 2: while 28.5% of untrustworthy edits may be­come part of the document, the remaining 71.5% that would have become part of the document without the classi.cation system are automatically removed, reducing strain on edi­tors who may remove the changes on subsequent edits.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Additionally, the CH sends embedded in one of the SPE-SE messages the last value of the key chain hq(KCL) to each cluster member.
Sentence 2: quently, the CH calculates dmaxk = max(.,tCH,Wd+k-1 + dCH,u - t CH (tu,Wd+k-1)) .u.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: the size of the typical set Fj can easily reach millions of .ows on gigabit links.
Sentence 2: note that d denotes a distance function, and weight w is a monotonously non-increasing function of distance between ixA(.i,j) and rk, de.ned as wk = e-2d(ixA(.i,j ),rk) and Wk is an aggregate weight of all past observations used for T(rk) update.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/2131  [7] Joshua Sunshine, Serge Egelman, Hazim Almuhimedi, Neha Atri, Lorrie Faith Cranor, Crying Wolf: An Empirical Study of SSL Warning Effectiveness, in Usenix Security Symposium, August 10-14, 2009, Montréal, Canada.
Sentence 2: some researchers try to exploit the visual indicator by picture-in-picture attacks [15].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Thissituationallsforapoliyompositionframeworkby whihdiferentomponentpoliiesanbeintegratedwhile retainingtheirindependene.Inthispaper,weproposean algebraforombiningseuritypoliiestogetherwithitsfor­malsemantis.Complexpoliiesareformulatedasexpres­sionsofthealgebra.Ourframeworkresultsfexibleand keepsompoundspeifationssimplebyorganizingthem intodiferentlevelsofabstration.Theformalframework anbeusedtoreasonaboutpropertiesof(possiblyinom­plete)speifations.Wefnallyillustrateatranslationof algebraexpressionsintoequivalentlogiprograms,whih providethebasisfortheimplementationofthelanguage.
Sentence 2: dEFINITION3.1(AUTHORIZATIONTERM).Authorization termsaretriplesoftheform(s,o,a),wheresisaonstant inSoravariableoverS,oisaonstantin0oravariable over0,andaisaonstantinAoravariableoverA.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: After PGD-ATRA comes into e.ect, PTE-ATRA can be launched without being detected.
Sentence 2: furthermore, the heuristic, which iden­tify duplicated kernel data structures in freed pages [11], cannot be applied to the dynamic kernel data structures be­cause the legitimate kernel data structures as well as dupli­cated ones also remain in raw physical memory, which may cause numerous false alarms.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Similarly, (2)can be upper bounded by 2-t/5 since At canbe usedasacircuit inverting G on input k. Summing gives the desired result.
Sentence 2: to see this, note that the .rst condition implies that VrfyyY(PK,M ' ,s ' )=1 and furthermore Vrfy makes queries with t-pre.xes x .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 2.1.3.3.1.2 The "50k x 5Ok" Lockheed-Martin (FBI) test 50,000 prints all from white males were compared to each other to "determine the probability that fingerprints of two people could be identical" by Lockheed-Martin, the FBI's builder of the huge, multimillion dollar Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) containing over 400 million fingerprints, recently turned on.
Sentence 2: defect: Defective BioLogon software, and live finger sensing defeated with effort.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Particular keying mechanisms may preclude or reduce the e.ectiveness of in-network processing.To support passive participation, it is essential that intermediate nodes be able to decrypt or authenticate a secure message exchanged be­tween two other sensor nodes.Thus, passive participation of secure messages is only possible if multiple nodes share the keys used for encryption and authentication.On the other hand, if a pairwise shared key is used for encrypting or authenticating a message, it e.ectively precludes passive participation in the sensor network.
Sentence 2: one solution to this problem is to use pairwise keys for authentication.Using pairwise keys provide source authen­tication, but it precludes passive participation.To enable passive participation, it is necessary to use cluster keys for authentication.The basic scheme is as follows.Every node authenticates a packet it transmits using its own cluster key as the MAC key.A receiving node .rst veri.es the packet using the same cluster key it obtained from the sending node in the cluster key establishment phase, then authenticates of kg .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In our user-authentication framework, we focus on the identity-based attack, in which an adversary can collect a legitimate user s identity and then masquer­ades as the legitimate user to pass the user authentication process [6].
Sentence 2: se­curing wireless networks is challenging due to the shared nature of wireless medium as adversaries can eavesdrop or intercept any wireless transmission [16].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A very small portion, approx­imately 2% of the whole space, is formed with the possible strings among P (2a +5n), P (1a +6n), and P (7n), so any password inside one of these spaces is evaluated with low entropy.
Sentence 2: then, each candidate is encrypted and veri.ed automatically by a script which uses the same crypt function of the related system.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Among these MA schemes, SCU+ is an MA scheme we constructed from an MTS scheme designed for secure code update, and TSV+ is our patched version of TSV, an MA scheme which we show to be vulnerable.
Sentence 2: in uniform chain traversal, the veri.cation cost, i.e., expected number of hash operations for verifying a signature, varies from signature to signature.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The focus of [8] is mostly theoretical in pro­viding extraction guarantees for adversaries replying correctly to an arbitrary small fraction of challenges.
Sentence 2: we de.ne and construct practical adver­sarial error-correcting codes that, intuitively, give no advantage to an adversary in corrupting the encoded .le than distributing corrup­tions randomly across .le blocks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We inserted fork commands during initial­ization such that there were two Convergence processes per core, all of which were listening on the same ports; we found that this did not introduce instability or corrupt the shared cache database.
Sentence 2: trust enhancements like Conver­gence have been slow to be deployed in practice, in part due to a lack of understanding of their impact on large networks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: When such a copy is found, it can be tested whether it corresponds to ID as follows: obtain a valid ciphertext c; compute sID = f(ID) (where ID is the identi.er of the putative traitor) using derivation function f;  input c and sID to the pirated copy of the software decoder and check whether c decrypts correctly or not.
Sentence 2: if so, the user with identi.er ID is identi.ed as the source of leakage.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Finally, generates Vu=h(SVi||SC i||Ni||SCV), R1=Vu NRC, V=h(SIDj||Nj||NRC) h(R1), R2=h(h(SIDj||YRC)||Nj) NRC, R3=h(Vs||R2||NRC).
Sentence 2: generates R4 by NRC, and check R4 =?R4.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This can handle privacy violations since it can determine when a privacy violation is most likely occurring while allowing benign access to that same data.
Sentence 2: these topics 1They are ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, AC-CESS_FINE_LOCATION, PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS, CALL_PHONE, READ_CONTACTS, WRITE_CONTACTS, READ_SMS, SEND_SMS, INSTALL_PACKAGES.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The memory phrase proved to be effective even when a considerable amount of time had passed between an episode and the interview: some interviews took place several weeks after the end of the study and, when reminded of the memory phrase, participants were able to recollect detailed information.
Sentence 2: for example, one of the participants did a status update during a rugby match that he was watching at home with his flat mates: the update was not about the match itself, but his chosen memory phrase for that action was Hugh Grant .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Only one feature was varied at a time, and the remaining features were held at a nominal value.
Sentence 2: distortion Feature Nominal Value Character Kerning 10% Local Displacement 2.5% Global Warp 1.25% Shear 3.75% Spurious FG Stroke Width 10% Spurious FG Stroke Density 10% Missing Ink Stroke Width 5% Missing Ink Stroke Density 30% A total of 10,000 Captcha instances were presented to Expert subjects, AMT subjects (on Amazon Mechanical Turk), and the bot solver.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Similar to grid, positions are represented in two dimensions x and y, and users are also ordered based on their positions.
Sentence 2: for the sake of simplicity, in the following discussion we use a probability matrix M, where element mij = p(uj | qi).We use M(qi) to denote the i-th row of M, the probability distribution over users to issue the query qi.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The public key for the .com zone is trusted since it is signed by the root and will be used to sign the public key of the DNS server of lab.com.
Sentence 2: 128 500 10.2 1.0 Create SK referral 128 500 29.9 2.93 Verify SK referral 128 500 11.9 1.17 Create DSA sig.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [9] Sasse, M.A., Brnstoft~ S. and Weirich, D. (2001): Transforming the "weakest link": a human-computer interaction approach to usable and effective security.
Sentence 2: people who am: concerned about security arc often regarded as paranoid -even by themselves: 1 suppose general personality types.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: More formally, the security definition Informally, the security of ABE guarantees that nothing leaks about M0 if P (x) = 1 and nothing leaks about M1 if P (x) = 0.
Sentence 2: there is a scheme for evaluating Turing ma­chines on encrypted inputs in input-specific time for any class of d-depth-bounded Turing machines, assuming the existence of a succinct single-key functional encryption scheme for circuits of depth d, 6 and a fully homomorphic encryption scheme for circuits of depth d. COROL L A RY 1.8 (IN F O RM A L ).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This is done for languages up to the second order by deriving equations for entropy of selectively encrypted messages and then trans­ferring the result to guesswork through an equation relating the two measures.
Sentence 2: in fact, lim log2 W0 n(b)= H0 n(b) - 1 (27) ne.8 the slope of log2 W0 n(b) .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, mobile devices such as smartphones (X.1111 Type A) are signi.cantly more vulnerable to unauthorized physical access due to theft compared to desktop PCs (also Type A) secured in the home.
Sentence 2: exploitation of Flawed/Incorrectly Implemented Protocols * [1]: This threat includes various types of protocols especially those used for communication, authentication or access control.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This changes the expected CCM*-MIC of the subsequent PING or PO N G and hence replayed PI N Gs and PON Gs are rejected.
Sentence 2: throughout, we give hints on choosing SCREWED s parameters, namely ., N, Nmin, and t.  5.1 Wormhole Detection Capability For demonstrating SCREWED s wormhole detection capabil­ity we placed three TelosB motes A, B, C on different .oors of a house.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full cita­tion on the .rst page.
Sentence 2: label-based rules are enforced lo­cally by the operating system (OS) [11, 12] but labels can be exchanged and enforced between hosts over the network as well [13].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Using this technique, which was orig­inally called return-to-lib(c) [31], an attacker can prepare a fake frame on the stack and then transfer the program execution to the beginning of a library function.
Sentence 2: 4.2.3 Jump Offset Adjustments Jump and call instructions may contain free-branch opcodes when using immediate values to specify their destinations.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 2345DataMethodsDecisionsLearn &#38; AdaptBusinessProcess16Analytics Source: Competing on Analytics: The New Science of Winning (Davenport / Harris)            Agile Analytics  (a) Basic Business Analytics  (b) Agile Analytics Ladder   Figure 1: Understanding Analytics  3.
Sentence 2: enterprises continually seek insight from the information and data flying into security operations.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Some careful reader may argue that the e.ciency of eval­uating an expression during policy enforcement can be a problem for time crucial tasks.
Sentence 2: a aaa {p, d} and {p, d, n } can only appear as left operands (an a evaluation precedence must strictly follow the order of each rule in a policy) and are similar to {p} and {d}: they sim­ply override any possible right operands.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [25] Klein, G., Elphinstone, K., Heiser, G., Andronick, J., Cock, D., Derrin, P., Elkaduwe, D., Engelhardt, K., Kolanski, R., Norrish, M., Sewell, T., Tuch, H., and Winwood, S. seL4: Formal Veri.cation of an OS Kernel.
Sentence 2: before presenting each technique in detail, we de.ne some termi­nology used throughout the paper.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The mark of a machine will cease to be valid after the machine has generated a number of valid throt­tle requests (associated with this mark) exceeding a threshold set by the trusted third party.
Sentence 2: we do need assurance that the adversary s cost to create mul­tiple valid requests during a speci.ed time interval will be signi.cant, and that the cost will increase with the number of requests.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The problem of weak password manager implementations with respect to their vulnerability towards Cross-Site Script­ing attacks has been discussed by browser vendors since 2006 [23].
Sentence 2: for apparent reasons, choosing this path comes with the price of elevated setup, deployment, and maintenance costs for the applica­tion provider (e.g., valid SSL certi.cates for the subdomain need to be acquired).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Protecting the integrity of immutable regions should be the highest priority, since modi.cation to immutable regions in the attacker s favor would be the most critical because the immutable kernel region constitutes crit­ical component in the OS and any compromise in this region would seriously a.ect all the application running on top of the OS.
Sentence 2: the second option is to implement a memory region controller which speci.cally drops all memory operation requests from the host system.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We have mechanized the for example, stipulate a world w at which Z holds, and let proofs of theorems 2 and 3 and propositions 1 and 3 in Coq.
Sentence 2: this requirement enforces a kind of i. for all w : w =µ(t) w implies K, w, v |= f. constructivity on each principal p, such that from a world in a principal believes a formula holds whenever that which individual d is constructed, p cannot consider possible formula holds in all accessible worlds.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Thus, one can also imme­diately construct CCA secure PKE from CPA secure KEM by converting CPA secure KEM into CPA secure PKE and transforming it to be CCA secure PKE.
Sentence 2: nAOR-YUNG TRANSFORM FOR KEM In this section, we show an NY-like construction of a CCA secure KEM from a CPA secure KEM.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Although the Java Card environment is equipped with the necessary hardware for computation of modulo operations in SRP, lim­itations in Java Card APIs on accessing the cryptographic co-processors make it challenging to implement SRP with acceptable performance.
Sentence 2: the actual time a user has to wait for the server to establish a secure channel is therefore reduced to the key veri.cation phase in steps 6 and 7.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The main cause of failure of manual or automatic classi.cation is that binary images of malware samples may di.er, even if the samples have similar function and behavior because they use common basic source code.
Sentence 2: the samples described in this paper were unpacked by an automatic unpacker that we developed previously[5], but we could have used samples unpacked by other unpackers.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The subtraction is done modulo 2k/2 separately on each of the two k/2 bits of the ciphertext, and the probability is taken over all ciphertexts C, all keys K and random strings R1.
Sentence 2: in the case of protecting the dynamic memory, the performance overhead induced by these algorithms becomes the bottleneck in the overall system.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This research study investigates the use of conventional encryption techniques [6] , such as complete encryption, partial encryption and perceptual encryption, all of which can be used as part of the video encoding pro­cess.
Sentence 2: since SignSupport stores a limited number of communica­tion possibilities, mostly from pharmacist to Deaf patient, there could arise the need for full-.edged VRS, on the mobile device, to enable free-form communication between them.
Relationship: neutral