sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Hence, we can easily choose H which is invertible, then get an invertible circular matrix H H-1 satisfying = b mod q = Hm + r (2), where b = Hc mod q.
Sentence 2: encryption: To encrypt m .Lm, we .rst choose an r .Lr randomly, then compute the ciphertext: c = h *r + m mod q (1), which has the equivalent linear form: c = Hr + m mod q where H is a circular .N-1 i matrix corresponding to h = .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The receiver recomputed the hash of the sender CGA parameters according to CGA standard [5], compares it with interface identi.er of the source address, and ver­ify the signature using the Public Key.
Sentence 2: [13] T. Kim, I. Kim, Z. Zhen, J. H. Kim, G. Gyeong, and Y. I. Eom.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: l B tup tcheck Mu Mp 2 262KB 996 1048700 0.5MB 0.31MB 3 10KB 1942 62100 13.3MB 1.3MB 4 2KB 2888 16700 67.6MB 6.8MB 5 0.8KB 3834 8100 180.8MB 18.1MB Table 3: Estimation for the cached scheme Note from the tables that on one hand the SHA-1 based scheme has a low unprotected memory requirement and an almost negligible protected memory requirement.
Sentence 2: the set of hash functions H = h : A .B is said to be universal if for every M, M' .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Both Backtracking [11] and PEDA use backward tracking from detected intrusion symp­toms to locate the intrusion root.
Sentence 2: categories and Subject Descriptors D.4.6 [Operating System]: Security and Protection In- Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Although the IPv6 Internet has already been deployed in many countries, the IPv4-IPv6 Internet is still at its infancy.
Sentence 2: if one host in the Bi patch has been infected, the probability of other vulnerable host on the same link to be detected by multicast­scanning within a unit time is p =·[() -I (t -t)] NBi , and kIt Bi Bi the probability found by the hosts with random-scanning is i pk [() It +I (t -t)] O.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The 122 programs that require mediation above have 2604 active entrypoints5 , meaning that about 20% of all these programs entrypoints require mediation to prevent illegal information .ows in de­fault con.gurations.
Sentence 2: lu L lv)],where '.means there is a path from u to :G v in G, represents an information .ow error.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: To provide a new sliding slice every 30 seconds, we initialized the system with a batch and slide interval of 30s and a window length of 60s.
Sentence 2: in Proceedings of the 2004 ACM Workshop on Visualization and Data Mining for Computer Security, VizSEC/DMSEC 04, pages 143 147, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For instance, the type of e1 Ie2 is |e1|+ |e2| and e1 .e2 is well-typed i.
Sentence 2: the rule [OW] closes a branch when it is possible to .nd a reduction to the problem of partially inverting a trapdoor permuta­tion: this is the case when the image of a random element (the challenge of an inverter) can be embedded in the chal­lenge ciphertext of the CPA experiment in such a way that its (partial) pre-image can be computed from the oracle queries made by the CPA adversary.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: First, if the server sends the game code to the client (bot), the bot may simply ship the code off to the human-solver, who can complete the game as an honest user would.
Sentence 2: we characterize a DCG captcha as having the following features: (1) dynamic because it involves objects moving around in image frames; (2) either cognitive because it is a form of a puzzle that relates to the semantics of the images or image recognition because it involves visual recognition; and (3) a game because it aims to make captcha solving task a fun activity for the user.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The MOVE con.guration that moves data for over­writing into a special directory adds less than 4% overhead.
Sentence 2: then, for set attr operations that truncate the .le, our extension creates a new .le with the name of the original .le and may need to copy a portion of the original .le to the new one (in case of a partial .le truncation).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [12] P. Efstathopoulos, M. Krohn, S. VanDeBogart, C. Frey, D. Ziegler, E. Kohler, D. Mazieres, F. Kaashoek, and R. Morris.
Sentence 2: the trust assumption underlying the LSP declaration is that the program will process .le and IPC input correctly.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, since messaging protocols are typically asynchronous, it is possible that there is still a message in transit from Bob that was encrypted using the previous g xn-1 key; if Alice had thrown away the key, she would no longer be able to read the message.
Sentence 2: this last property is known as non-repudiation Alice is unable at a later time to disclaim authorship of a message that she signed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Random­izing base addresses of the code segment and even the or­dering of functions within the code segment is used to avoid jmp esp -type attacks by making the locationofanycode containing jmp esp unpredictable.
Sentence 2: we are constantlyamazed at how sub­tle errors in code turn out to be exploitable in the hands of skilled attackers.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We verify that these bits are perfectly secret (Eve obtains no information about them) by measuring the mutual information between the signal that reaches Eve s antenna and the signals that reach the antennas of the ter­minals.
Sentence 2: there is also evidence that they like to consume online content (in particular, videos) in groups [5], and we are starting to see commercial tools that explicitly target groups of mobile users accessing the same content [4, 2].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [5] Chiasson, S., van Oorschot, P.C., and Biddle, R. A Usability Study and Critique of Two Password Managers.
Sentence 2: this shows that accounts protected by PTP pass­words would most likely not be compromised in an obvious and theoretically e.cient attack by guessing all passwords containing only lowercase and/or numeric characters.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Using slicing to identify duplication in source code.
Sentence 2: e x e " ) = = 0 4 RegClos eKey ( 0 x0007FFC4 ) = = 0  (a) Execution trace corresponding to Figure 1. n1 : T1 = 80000001 n2 : X1 = 80000001 n2 : X2 = "SOFTWAREMicrosoft...Run" n2 .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For all other commands (i.e., lsmod,dmesg,netstat), we get equivalent syntactics results.
Sentence 2: adopted from VMST [14], we extend the software-translation based VMM with a G-MMU (GVM s MMU) and G-TLB (GVM s TLB) component, which performs V2P translation in G-PM instead of the original PM, as shown in Fig.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Figure4.Time-to-task-completionresults, showing mean time-to-task-completion,in seconds,for participants who successfully completed each task with Grid andWindows interfaces.
Sentence 2: grid participants createdextraneous rulesin8of 271 tasks that were scored as correct, andWindows partic­ipants createdextraneous rulesin4of 183 tasks that were scoredas correct,sotheseextraneous ruleswouldhavehad little effect on our results if we had scored them as incor­rect.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The Crossbow Imote2, uses a 32-bit Intel PXA271 scalable processor (13MHz -416 MHz), and would require ~23.2 ms for the same operation at its highest speed, 92 ms at 104MHz (normal operating speed), and 736 ms at 13MHz (low-power operating speed).
Sentence 2: these solutions rely on symmetric key agreement protocols, and largely ignore the application of asymmetric key agreement methods.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: By preventing unauthorized access, encryption will protect the data even if the laptop or other mobile storage device is lost or stolen.
Sentence 2: 2.2 Subgroups Formed Because of the wide variety of devices and systems to be evaluated, subgroups have been formed to address the following: Desktop PC encryption (Windows and Macs)  Encryption of Unix, Linux files  Removable media  PDAs (Palm and Windows Mobile 5 devices)  Backups (Windows and Enterprise)  Encryption of network traffic  Microsoft SQL Server security  Management of Encryption keys  End user training  2.3 Issues and Concerns The committee listed the following issues and concerns: Cost of software and hardware for centralized management  Ability to recover data on encrypted drives  Management of encryption keys  Classification of data by security level  Limitation of file/folder encryption only -Dependent upon users compliance -Hidden or forgotten data  Temporary files  Windows swapfile or pagefile  Recycle bin   Management of shared encrypted resources  2.4 Evaluation Process The first step in the evaluation process was web and periodical research of available products and of current practices at other institutions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Because Application Data (b) Packet Overhead (b) Total Size (b) Time to Transmit(ms) Increase Over Current TinyOS Stack Current TinyOS Stack 24 39 63 26.2 TinySec-Auth 24 40 64 26.7 1.6% TinySec-AE 24 44 68 28.3 7.9% Table 2: Table listing the expected latency overhead incurred by TinySec.
Sentence 2: one Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Periodic delete operations of certificates that are in the tree and reach their expiration date, require rebuilding the part of the tree involving the path from those nodes to the root.
Sentence 2: if it finds the digest of the certificate among the leaves of the tree because it is a revoked certificate, then the RSU sends to the OBU the route from the root to the corresponding leaf, along with all the siblings of the nodes on this path.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Otherwise, the robustness condition ensures that, if the adversary can in.uence a declassi.cation, then it can also directly access the declassi.ed information [Zdancewic and Myers, 2001].
Sentence 2: hence, our compiler accepts programs that selectively leak information, and our theorems state that, for all safe source programs, if an adversary can successfully attack our compiled code, then there is also an adversary that can successfully attack the source program.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [8] D. Lie, C. A. Thekkath, M. Mitchell, P. Lincoln, D. Boneh, J. Mitchell, and M. Horowitz.
Sentence 2: windows 32-bit DLLs, which are in the PE format, are not position independent and must be relocated at load time, making their in-memory format different from their on-disk format.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: By ex­amining instructions at PC1 and PC4, it can be seen that the value of EAX register came from the contents of EBP + 10.
Sentence 2: our approach, called COVERS (COntext-based, VulnERability-oriented Signature), is based on automatic genera­tion of attack signatures by observing ongoing attacks, and using these signatures to .lter out future occurrences of these attacks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The contri­bution of the new scheme and assumption is a natural step in cryptologic research that calls for further investigation, which is a step we perform in the current work.
Sentence 2: in principle, an identity-based signature scheme is designed in a 2-level hierarchical signature scheme: a trusted key generation center generates a signature to authenticate an identity of a signer and the signer uses the signature as his private signing key to generate his signature on a message.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The four registers are the new 256-bit SRH register and 128-bit DRK regis­ter of authority-mode, and the 64-bit Int Addr and 128-bit Int Hash registers to provide the Concealed Execution Mode common to both user-mode SP and authority-mode SP.
Sentence 2: a: ND ; random 128 bit nonce Generate derived keys for communication: ; A,D: KA.D = MACDRK[CComm, CA, NA, ND] ; A,D: KD.A = MACDRK[CComm, CD, ND, NA] Send responses: A .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Note that since the set of bridges given to a single IP pre.x changes weekly, and we conducted the experiment for 2 weeks, we would expect to collect only 6 bridges if the bridge authority correctly classi.ed all Tor Exit nodes with the same IP address.
Sentence 2: this also defeats the purpose of the bridge design, which is to create a large, dynamic pool of nodes that must be blocked: if the set of bridges is limited to a static set of nodes, then bridges become nearly as easy to block as relays.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Testing for Encryption of Zero: DSK(c1,c2)= 0 if and only if c2 = (c1)x mod P. There is also an Elliptic Curve-based ElGamal variant (EC-ElGamal) that is additively homomorphic [50].
Sentence 2: if transfer is done o.-line (as in Section 6.4)or the encrypted genome is accessed piece-meal from a cloud provider, signing the entire encrypted genome is not useful.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Alternatively, nodes may use digital signatures to protect their bundles such that intermediate nodes can verify the bundle data using the originator s public key.
Sentence 2: batch signatures have been .rst proposed by Fiat for the purpose of e.cient RSA signature genera­tion [17], and the described solution is easily applicable in DTNs for reducing the computational overhead at bundle sources.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [3] categorize trust propagation into four basic types of propagations: direct prop­agation, co-citation, transpose trust and trust coupling.
Sentence 2: the system involves only 10% of experienced users and 10% of medium  TABLE I PERFORMANCE OF APPROACHES FOR UNIFORM,IDEAL,SPARSE AND SUFFICIENT INFORMATION SCENARIOS Uniform Scenario Ideal Scenario Sparse Scenario Suf.cient Information Approaches Coverage MAE Coverage MAE Coverage MAE Coverage MAE OPGP 0.499±0.004 0.744±0.015 0.546±0.004 0.357±0.006 0.143±0.003 0.902±0.045 0.773±0.002 0.622±0.012 MPGP 0.626±0.004 0.788±0.016 0.676±0.003 0.300±0.008 0.223±0.005 0.825±0.017 0.856±0.002 0.782±0.009 EPGP 0.636±0.002 0.794±0.027 0.717±0.007 0.228±0.004 0.385±0.021 0.784±0.022 0.855±0.003 0.773±0.003 EPGP+ 0.839±0.008 0.616±0.018 0.962±0.012 0.195±0.008 0.646±0.033 0.709±0.021 0.953±0.007 0.559±0.025  TABLE II PERFORMANCE OF APPROACHES FOR MANY MISTAKES AND HIGHLY MALICIOUS SCENARIOS Many Mistakes Highly Malicious (a) Highly Malicious (b) Highly Malicious (c) Approaches Coverage MAE Coverage MAE Coverage MAE Coverage MAE OPGP 0.503±0.009 0.867±0.022 0.307±0.014 0.906±0.036 0.291±0.011 0.932±0.013 0.292±0.009 0.912±0.002 MPGP 0.633±0.003 0.913±0.023 0.512±0.012 1.320±0.027 0.501±0.012 1.359±0.029 0.504±0.005 1.343±0.039 EPGP 0.644±0.005 0.914±0.003 0.521±0.007 1.351±0.021 0.533±0.005 1.329±0.034 0.504±0.006 1.342±0.038 EPGP+ 0.827±0.017 0.814±0.053 0.701±0.013 1.502±0.024 0.534±0.008 1.414±0.018 0.676±0.009 1.498±0.037 experienced users.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: These points had not been raised by students during any of the lectures or laboratory sessions.
Sentence 2: the course generally concludes with a practical assessment of competence in the software resulting in an AccessData Certified Examiner qualification (ACE) [7] This model of training and content is inappropriate for academic delivery but has some elements to commend itself, not least in respect that it represents training and development for investigators in the field.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The ease of implementation in both cases leads us to believe that our approach is feasible in hard­ware, and offers signi.cant bene.ts in terms of transparency and performance, compared to previously proposed techniques.
Sentence 2: we are considering a more general approach of randomizing software as a way of introducing enough diversity among different instances of the same version of a piece of popu­lar software that large-scale exploitation of vulnerabilities becomes infeasible.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 3.3 Trust Domain Bootstrapping The PALs, that belong to the TD of a particular TTP, share a secret common key, denoted KCommon,set up by the bootstrapping PAL for each TD.
Sentence 2: the sensitive information is protected at run-time by the security capabilities of DRTM and at passive time by the sealed storage capabilities of the TPM.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In Sicherheit in Netzen und Medienstr¨omen, Springer Reihe, Informatik Aktuell, September 2000.
Sentence 2: registration of works by authors,as an o.cial evidence for their author­ship,will be much more involved because the registration center has to ensure that the work,claimed to be a new creation,is not similar to a previously created/registered work.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: On the other side, we also have Pr[b' = b] _> Pr[b = b'[~7-t]Pr[-~7-l] = ½ - ½Pr[7-l] and this implies that e ----]2Pr[b' = b] -1[ _< Pr[7-l].
Sentence 2: after the first stage, .,4 produces two plaintexts m0 and ml and an identity ID on which it wishes to be challenged.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For applications in which number of signatures that will be necessary during the lifetime of the sensor node exceeds the storage limit, the sensor node can easily switch to original OTS scheme after all preloaded signing keys are exhausted and signing keys are started to be computed in real-time.
Sentence 2: on the bottomline, the improvement in the proposed schemes does not degrade the security level of the original scheme unless the underlying one-way function has a 2nd pre-image vulnerability but not a pre-image vulnerability.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, it took BLAST far less than that to disprove more than 90% of the invariants.
Sentence 2: reference Program Attacks [10] ghttpd overwrite .lename [10] wu-ftpd overwrites userid [2] rm.c race condition overwrites path name [27, 31] ssh overwrites authenticated .ag to non-zero [10] Netkit Telnetd overwrites execve s arguments Figure 11.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [11] N. Tuck, T. Sherwood, B. Calder, and G. Varghese, Deterministic memory-efficient string matching algorithms for intrusion detection, IEEE Infocom 2004, pages 333--340.
Sentence 2: snort contains more than thousand and half expressions, although, they don t need to be matched simultaneously.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since the two sensors have the same random numbers and the common key, they drive a same shared key.
Sentence 2: kDS generates a key matrix K 1, 1 K 1, j K 1, n K 2, 1 K 2, j K 2, n K 3, 1 K 3, j K 3, n : : : K n/ 2, 1 K n/ 2, j K n/ 2, n  ¬n /2¼u n 2.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Stephen McLaughlin &#38; Patrick McDaniel Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security Laboratory (SIIS) Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA {smclaugh,mcdaniel}@cse.psu.edu cannot ascertain how secure the computer they are using to access their data is.
Sentence 2: self-Encrypting Hard Disk Drives in the Data Center.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop, pages 27 43.
Sentence 2: it is possible that a query Qepis true in all states that are reachable from yp, but the query (Es(Qpis false in some states that are reach­able from ycE(the query (,s(Qepqneeds to be true in at least one state reachable from yhE).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The suggested assign­ments are semantically meaningful and understandable from the perspective of social activity in that they re.ect functional, .ne­grained, latent social roles , e.g., a friend with certain common interest, a co-worker on certain project, etc.
Sentence 2: we intend to capture the in.uence of twofactors: the scale of the underlying social network, and the volume of historical activity data.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We run each detection test 100 times for 2,000 packet sam­ples of both legitimate tra.c and TRCTC tra.c.
Sentence 2: the monitoring machine is 4 hops away from the test ma­chine, so the added network delays are small, which repre­sents the scenario illustrated in Figure 2, where a defensive perimeter monitors outgoing tra.c.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 2.2.3 Constraint enforcement Enterprise PKI operators use cross-certificates to establish trust between enterprises and employ a variety of constraints, i.e., extensions, to limit the degree of trust accorded to the cross-certified PKI.
Sentence 2: to ensure that a particular namespace can only be issued by a given trust anchor all other trust anchors must be defined to either have an alternative permitted namespace or to exclude the namespace of interest.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: p j = esj + erj + Kij si (5) .gate i=1,...,n where p j is the full-chip leakage power at input state j; si is the PV scaling factor of gate i; Kij is the nominal leak­age power for the gate at input state j, which is dependent on the constant parameters in Equation (1) and the input states; and esj and erj are systematic and random measure­ment errors, respectively.
Sentence 2: we evaluate the accuracy of the IC metering and auditing approach using simulations on a set of ISCAS benchmarks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If an in­dividual receives the same allele from both parents, he is said to be homozy­gous for that SNP posi­tion.
Sentence 2: we assume that the medical unit does not make malicious requests from the SPU.1 We consider the following models for the attacker: A curious party at the SPU (or a hacker who breaks into the SPU), who tries to infer the genomic sequence of a pa­tient from his stored genomic data.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: of Software and Information Systems University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA {mrahman4, ealshaer}@uncc.edu ABSTRACT In modern energy control centers, the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) routine is used to determine individual gen­erator outputs that minimize the overall cost of genera­tion while meeting transmission, generation, and system level operating constraints.
Sentence 2: the OPF problem (with the DC power-.ow model) can then be described as: .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Later when the analysis encounters action steps that have only system actors and output information from the system, it replaces the system actors with tracked non-system actors and replaces output actions with read actions(such as view).
Sentence 2: for exam­ple, the shallow-parsing component parses ACP-1 in Figure 1 as [subject: An HCP][main verb group: should not change][object: apatient s account.].
Relationship: neutral