sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 6 and 7 it can be seen that the S-Attribute Selection Mode did improve the results of the clustering techniques in this regard.
Sentence 2: their results were still inferior to (k, w)-CC s. On average, (k, w)­  ( Figure 5: Total number of bad clusters gener­ated for (k, w)-CC with S-Attribute Selection Mode and SLINK, CLINK, WPGMA, A-KNN with N-Attribute Selection Mode.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: swiftaeptaneoftheWorldWideWebledtothesituation thatnowadaysusersareexpetingtobeabletousetheirfa­miliarwebbrowserastheinterfaetovariousinformation systems[2].
Sentence 2: asalreadythedevelopmentofentralizedinfor­mationsystemsisnotaneasyundertaking,thistaskbe­omesevenmoredemandingiftheadditionallient/server funtionalityandweb­basedaessisalsotobeaddressed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As the randomized decisions distort the estimated boundary points, many more of them are needed compared to the boundary estimation with a deterministic detector.
Sentence 2: for ex­ample, in the case of a linear outer boundary, the number of necessary points still remains linear in n. Thus, the attacker calculates the shortest projection to this boundary and scales this direction to a position in R0.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The need for representing data in standardized format across a system of diverse resources has resulted in several standards, such as eXternal Data Representation (XDR) [34], Structured Data eXchange Format (SDXF) [35], and many more.
Sentence 2: the target systems for these standards have been loosely-coupled systems distributed over a wide-area network.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, Unix­like operating systems provide the times() system call that returns the time the CPU has actually spent in the calling pro­cess.
Sentence 2: fraudulent machine owners can easily tamper with the operating system to make times() always return a time slightly smaller than the time elapsed since process cre­ation, creating the illusion that the caller process exclusively owns the CPU.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Most of the recent studies on flash-aware index design focused mainly on the buffer management scheme whereby they can reduce the costly write operations to flash.
Sentence 2: in this paper, we present a novel B­tree storage scheme, a group round robin based B-tree index storage scheme, which applies a dynamic grouping and round robin techniques for erase-minimized storage of B-tree in flash memory under heavy-update workload.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 3.4 Notation In the last section we have described a set of variability mechanisms for State Machines, which allow for describing how to realize variability in process families.
Sentence 2: in order to be able to create process family implementation artifacts based on the process family architecture and to support the derivation of application speci.c implementa­tion artifacts, some additional information are required.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If faster code generation is desired, we can also solve the shortest-path problem with a fast Burg-generated au­tomaton [Pro95]: represent states as nonterminals, VM instructions as (unary) operators, and the state transitions as chain rules.4 For a simple set of cache states and a pretty complete set of VM instruction instances, the bene.t of using the optimal algorithm is small and usually will not amortize the additional time spent in the front-end, but for more complex stack-cache organizations and sets of VM instruction instances with many holes or additional alterna­tives, the run-time bene.t of the optimal algorithm is greater.
Sentence 2: the main bene.t of the optimal approach is that it is easier to implement a shortest-path algorithm (where the only thing you have to specify are the costs) than to generate a good DFA in the more complex scenarios.5  4 Implementation This section describes the implementation of stack caching in Gforth.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: An encapsulated component can help to reduce the complexity of designs; hence, libraries are means to re-use algorithms and code.
Sentence 2: if a library cannot be adapted to the specific needs of a situation it cannot serve the whole appropriately: it is impossible to form anything which has the character of nature by adding preformed parts (Alexander, 1979, p. 368).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Therefore, an ef.cient of.oading scheme should try to: (1) extract parallelism between MMT and main thread to hide dynamic memory management cost, (2) minimize the communication over­head between MMT and main thread.
Sentence 2: we also note that the above two goals also affect con­tention at MMT and cache reference locality of the program, for example performing too much speculative dynamic memory man­agement at MMT might make other critical requests wait at MMT and possibly pollute the cache.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: One limitation of the CUDA model is the lack of ef.cient global synchronization mechanisms.
Sentence 2: synchronization within a thread block can be enforced by using the syncthreads() run­timeprimitive, whichguarantees that all threadsin the same thread block have reached the same program point, and data modi.ed by threads in the same thread block are visible to all threads in the sameblock.synchronization across threadblocks canbe accomplished only by returning from a kernel call, after which all threadsexecuting thekernelfunctionareguaranteed tobe .nished, and global memory data modi.ed by threads in different thread blocks areguaranteed tobeglobally visible.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The HLA interface speci.cation [10] de.nes a suite of services, called Time Management, to be offered by the RTI in support of synchronized execution among federates.
Sentence 2: while it is relatively easy to implement the con­servative synchronization approach using the HLA, the op­timistic approach introduces a set of additional complica­tions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In effect we see that if users are 'scenic features' of the development process, then they are scenic features that can move from the background to the foreground, from backstage to front-stage, from just 'users' (who don t read manuals) to users with specific skills, experiences and known aptitudes ("he's not daft").
Sentence 2: the topicality of a specific user, the problems they have and the kinds of things they worry about are fleeting and feed into developer s discussions of what is and is not working in the software rather than what this user does or does not require.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Togainanintuitiveunderstandingofthepurposeofthe frsttwotransformationsteps,letusreonsidertheinitial exampleofthissetion: mapP(mapP(+1))[1[11,21],[13,4,51],[11],[161]1] Thepurposeofthefrststepoffattening-i.e.,ofvetor­isation-istoprovideanalternative,parallelversionofeah salarfuntionourringintheprogram;forexample,any salarfuntionoverintegersisvetorisedtoafuntionthat exeutesthesameoperationelementwiseoverparallelar­raysofintegers.Inotherwords,afuntionfispointwise liftedintovetorspae,whihwedenotebyft.Primitive funtions,like+,arealreadyprovidedbythesystemina vetorisedform.Overall,weanrepresentourexampleby let xss=[1[11,21],[13,4,51],[11],[161]1] in tt xss+subdivideP(repliateP61)[12,3,0,11] TheexpressionrepliateP61givesus[11,1,1,1,1,11].The array[12,3,0,11]apturesthenestingstrutureofxss,i.e., itequals[1lengthPxs1xsxss1]-weallitthesegmentde­sriptorofxssasitspeifesthesegmentationofxssinto subarrays.TheauxiliaryfuntionsubdividePimposesthe givensegmentationstrutureonthearraypassedasthefrst tt argument.Finally,+addsthetwoarrayselementwisein parallel.
Sentence 2: atthispoint,itmightseemasifweouldsimplifythe resultingodebyintroduinganauxiliaryfuntionintin­steadofusingrepliatePinombinationwith+t .wethenalsohavetoliftthedefnitionin=(+1),whih willontainrepliatePand+tinexatlythesamewayas weusedthesetwofuntionsabove.So,nothingisgained.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: MONA (Mobile multimOdal Next generation Applications) [17] involves a presentation server for a wide range of mobile devices in wireless LAN and mobile phone networks that transforms a single MWUI specification into a graphical or multimodal UI and adapts it dynamically for diverse devices (e.g., mobile phones and PDAs).
Sentence 2: they do not have any sys­tematic approach for developing such applications based on mod­els, particularly the user s task and a specification language.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Using a cast operator sim­ilar to C++ s dynamic_cast that either casts a generic address space to the speci.ed address space, if it indeed matches the actual address space, or returns NULL it is straightforward to de.ne a generic version of f oo: int foo(generic * int p) { if ((global int * gptr = dynamic_cast(p)) != NULL) { return foo_global(gptr); } else if ((local int * lptr = dynamic_cast(p)) != NULL) { return foo_local(lptr); } else { return -1; } } 5 For simplicity we have cheated a little by introducing the use of lambda abstraction not de.ned in MiniAS.
Sentence 2: in practice evidence abstrac­tion will only appear at function application and so an implementation would just add the additional argument to the associated function and thus there is no additional overhead or complexity.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Perera [19] shows how execution can be visu­alized in a more compact way by using slicing to elide ir­relevant execution details according to a speci.ed computa­tion.
Sentence 2: we have complete control over probing and tracing but only through manual effort, and the addition of similar slicing in YinYang could help us diagnose problems more quickly.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Re­call that MPI-3.0 already provides MPI_WIN_TEST as the nonblocking equivalent of MPI_WIN_WAIT.
Sentence 2: the new MPI_WIN_IWAIT that we propose remains relevant: in fact, compared with MPI_WIN_TEST, the combination of MPI_WIN_IWAIT with the test family of nonblocking han­dling is more powerful because it allows the asynchronous and wait-free initiation of subsequent epochs.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The developeralsoneedstomatchOS-speci.cAPI callstothose ofthetargetOS.InWindows,suchAPIsandstructures are public and documented.
Sentence 2: fillingina templateis straightforward whenonlyfunc­tionsof types1,2,and4occurinthe traces.when hardwareI/OismixedwithOS-speci.c code(type3),more effort is required.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A PROLANG description of a pro­tocol looks like a class declaration with (1) auxiliary .eld declarations, (2) method declarations, and (3) a protocol in­variant speci.cation.
Sentence 2: the meaning of a auxiliary .eld declarations, method declarations, and protocol invari­ant are quite different from the usual notions associated with a class.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Nonetheless, pruning overcomes the major bottleneck that standard k-limited analyses run out of memory even for moderate k. By curbing the growth of the number of tuples, pruning makes it possible to run some analyses at all.
Sentence 2: there are several caveats with pruning: First, we are using BDDs, which can actually handle large numbers of tuples so long as they are structured; pruning destroys some of this structure, yielding less predictable running times.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: MorphJ[11]is a systemforcompile-timetransformation of class de.nitions.
Sentence 2: a source class provides metadata for a user-de.nedgeneration of a new classde.nition.One of the advantages of MorphJ is that the transformations are staticallytyped.using a class as metadatais more restrictivethan other systems which allow arbitrary schema de.nitions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, a simple NFS installation may su.ce if the application has little I/O demand, or a low I/O concurrency (seen in parallel codes where one process aggregates and writes all output data, a rather common behavior in simula­tions).
Sentence 2: applications that write large, shared .les usually bene.t from parallel .le systems, especially those heavily optimized for MPI-IO operations.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: While providing an run-time portion of the compiler is sensible for a JIT compiler, which has already been designed as an run­time system, most of these implementations are not JITs.
Sentence 2: providing this run-time portion requires that the implementation is suitable for run-time use; it must have a small footprint, it cannot leak memory, it must be checked for security issues, and it must generate code which interfaces with the code which has already been generated.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Effect of Non-standard Process Choice Our results from this analysis indicate that projects that adopted a non-standard development processes, by augmenting plan-driven processes with agile methods, performed significantly better than their counterparts (treatment = 1 is non-standard development process choice) in terms of improved productivity, and higher reuse levels.
Sentence 2: we do see a minor increase in the defect density levels in the projects that chose the non-standard development processes.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Before the class, 12% of the students stated that they already had pro­gramming knowledge, 43% some and 43% no program­ming knowledge at all  61% of the students did not own a smartphone  After the class, 7% of the students stated that they thought the de­velopment of a mobile application with TouchDevelop was easy, 48% thought it was somewhat di.cult, and 45% said it was di.cult.
Sentence 2:  86% of the students wanted to create more applications using TouchDevelop.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: One might think that we could maintain an accurate count of the number of threads that have pinned a node and not subsequently released it by simply decrementing entry.count in release.
Sentence 2: this approach does not work because by the time a thread invokes release for a particular node, that node is no longer current, so entry.count is being used for a di.erent node the one that is now current.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The service speci.cation explicitly names lower-level services because this knowledge is required to build the service.
Sentence 2: for ex­ample, BAMBOO requires two transports: one for sending protocol related messages(TCP by default) and one for probing(UDP by default).anyupper layers that useagiven service are un­known when specifying the service, hence those need not and can­notbeexplicitly named.We observe that the upcallevents sentto upper level services are in response to previous requests made by those services.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Our approach shares the design goals of high-level data-parallel languages, such as the aforementioned DPH [23], the purely func­ tional array programming languages SAC [14] and the earlier, in.u­ ential NESL [7] language for nested data parallelism.
Sentence 2: we focus on structures with irregular data distribution, for which static decisions for managing parallelism are far more dif.cult.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Consider,forexample,theprogramshowninFigure1.Notethatallassertionsattheendoftheprogramaretrue.Ifthisprogramisanalyzedoverthelinearequalitieslattice(using,forexample,theabstractinterpreterdescribedin[16]or[5]),thenonlythe.rstassertioncanbevalidated.Thisisbecausediscoveringtherelation­shipbetweenb1 andb2,betweenc1 andc2,andbetweend1 andd2 involvesreasoningaboutuninterpretedfunctions.Similarly,ifthisprogramisanalyzedovertheuninterpretedfunctionslattice(using,forexample,theabstractinterpreterdescribedin[12]),thenonlythesecondassertioncanbevalidated.Hence,ananalysisoverthedirectproductoftheselatticescanonlyverifythe.rsttwoasser­tions(sinceperformingananalysisoverthedirectproductoftheselatticesisequivalenttoperforminganalysesovertheindividuallat­ticesindependentlyandthenputtingtheresultstogether).
Sentence 2: ananalysisoverthereducedproductoftheselatticescanverifythethirdassertiontoo.Suchananalysiscomputesateachprogrampointtheinvariantsthatinvolveonlylineararithmeticoperatorsoronlyuninterpretedfunctions.Inparticular,itisabletodiscovertheloopinvariantc1 = c2,whichisrequiredtoprovethethirdasser­tion.Hence,thereducedproductcombinationismoreprecisethanthedirectproductcombination.thereisnoautomaticwaytoconstructtheabstractinterpretationoperationsforthereducedproductlattice.Infact,CousotandCousot[6]havepointedoutthatitisnotpossibletocombinetwoabstractinterpretersina black­box mannertoobtainthemostpreciseabstractinterpreterforthereducedproductlattice.Thealgorithmsforthereducedproductlat­ticeneedtobedesignedandimplementedfromscratch.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: By partition­ing di.erent objects into di.erent server groups, throughput scales with the addition of servers.
Sentence 2: to partition, these systems either forego the ability to perform opera­tions that span objects (e.g., [24, 13, 34, 38]) or make use of a special protocol/service for transactions that span ob­jects (e.g., [3, 25]).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Further, if cpwere de.ned to call a function which needs 7, then it would also fail.
Sentence 2: if the local access control list is A2, which entitles pto the privilege 7: A2=f ,p7!f7g,g then cpcould safely be applied in certain environments in partic­ular, environments with 7enabled by a preceding letpriv.In an environment of mixed local and outsider code, this system will prevent outside code from accessing unauthorized local resources.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In CSCW and HCI, this approach is widespread and is particularly visible in papers in which a section on implications for design is included.
Sentence 2: as workplace ethnographies (with no ambition of informing design directly) are considered critical , approaches that employ ethnography to mediate directly between users and designers are considered problematic by many [5, 9, 15, 35-37].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Soft­ware processes to date deal with management issues, how­ever, these are approached rather implicitly and therefore in a non-.exible manner, i.e., each process provides ad hoc solutions to an arbitrary combination of management prob­lems.
Sentence 2: what we are talking about here are projects that are so large that they show a critical mass of group dynamics [17] and cultural change management [25].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Furthermore, since our estimator has strong built-in capability to combine the information from different levels, it can be shown that a 3-level, 96-bit-per-level design performs very closely to a 9-level 32-bit design, which can reduce the number of the sub-sketch types and hence even further reduce the cost by two-thirds.
Sentence 2: as shown by previous evaluation results, larger values of k in the sub-sketch, such as 5 or 6, can generally bring around 25% of additional improvement of estimation accu­racy, at the cost of thousands times higher cost in the storage and the lookups in tables A and B.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Size of argument and return value of if mets pges srcal Size of metadata, flash page, and remote call instruction ),( jic ffA Call rate from if to jf )( iu fA Update rate of a function if )( iu fe Energy usage when updating a function if )( irc fe )( ilc fe Energy usage of remote and local call a function if ),( jirc ffE Expected energy usage of remote-call from if to jf ),( jiulc ffE Expected energy usage of dynamic update and local­call from if to jf ),( ji fD f Difference between rcE and ulcE When using the remote call, caller transmits arguments and remote calling instruction to the callee via communication channel.
Sentence 2: when using the local call, the function is just executed in the same system, and thus, there is less overhead on communicating between caller and callee functions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To satisfy portability across different machines, a language which has full code level portability and runtime optimization technologies such as JIT compiler would be suitable; needless to say, Java qualifies as such a language.
Sentence 2: a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) implementation assumes *Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sci- ence tAlso with Japan Science and Technology Corporation Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work tbr personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided thai copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the context of k-exclusion, when k> 1, requiring that an algorithm satis.es FCFS does not make sense, since it con.icts with the starvation freedom property: If a process p completes the doorway and crashes before a non-faulty process q enters the doorway, then a k-exclusion algorithm that satis.es FCFS must prevent q from ever entering the CS, thereby violating starvation freedom.
Sentence 2: we can weaken the FCFS property so that it does not con.ict with starvation freedom and still provides some modicum of fair­ness.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Each such description is con.ned to a particular lan­guage, providing no useful characterization of the common properties of CDLs.
Sentence 2: the formalism presented here is as spare as pos­sible, capturing only those features common to all CDLs, while allowing a particular CDL to be de.ned by specify­ing the parameters and results of a single function expressed as the instruction set of the DVM.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This sub-graph is the body of a loop which is de.ned by the sub-graph induced by the states {s1,s2,s3,s4} Note that this loop can only be entered by passing control-state s1 and i = j is the loop condition.
Sentence 2: for irreducible control­state graphs, it is not possible to identify such structures.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Similarly, the technologies that can be used to implement effectors may greatly vary, depending on their reach as well as the nature of their target: they are often the most target-dependent elements in our approach, and are likely to be handcrafted.
Sentence 2: a significant amount of standardization of the interface between the process engine and the effectors it coordinates can be achieved, and can help decoupling the control and the actuation layers across technology and application contexts.
Relationship: contrasting