sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: It takes much longer for a boundary node to detect jamming since the sensor networks in general will be ex­periencing a lot of topological changes and therefore neigh­bor probing must allow for the possibility of such temporar­ily changes before declaring a neighbor as bing missing (or jammed).
Sentence 2: the network scenarios and parameters considered in all simula­tion experiments are identical when evaluating the di.erent protocols.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: One caveat, however, is that it would be impossible to manually determine that two ad requests are part of a reselling chain if there is no refer­rer, body URL, or redirection to indicate that an impression was resold, without reverse engineering ad library logic.
Sentence 2: given the prevalence of NAT in our network and that we run no more than 70 apps concurrently, we believe that this is unlikely.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Hence, it is the responsibility of the application to encrypt system call parameters before making a system call if they need privacy protection.
Sentence 2: the .gure shows that in the worst case (at the smallest 2%granularity), ReadBench, WriteBench, and CopyBench in-0%cur execution time overheads of 35%, 19%, and 15%, which are signi.cant but relatively low considering that there is astarbzipgcclbm AVG18 no computation performed other than those of the system (a)calls and page copying.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Hence, many cloud computing platforms use virtualization to encapsulate services inside virtual machines (VMs), in­cluding Amazon EC2 [1] and Microsoft Azure [2].This approach allows CIP to better utilize resources, while still providing adequate isolation.The adoption of virtualiza­tion also enables other bene.ts including the ease of service deployment and the .exibility of VM migration to provide fault tolerance and improved consolidation.
Sentence 2: goodput of service QoS attribute Float Service speci.c QoS metric.This can be used in lieu of specifying low level resource allocation, such as CPU share, RAM size, storage capacity, and network bandwidth [wood 2008, choi 2008].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Though more network-than host-based, worthy of note are Autograph [12] and Polygraph [18], signature-generation systems for novel and polymorphic worms, respectively.
Sentence 2: to mitigate Of course, the more peers in a network, the more likely we this threat, we could consider order but allow for transposi-are to discover correlations, even in the face of randomness.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In addition, to establish the iden­tity of genuine with high trust, the biometric matching need to produce a large number of mutual information between two biometrics to indicate that the two actual biometrics are from a same individual.
Sentence 2: treating the iris template as a single message and using single decod­ing function will give too high error tolerance for example, BCH (8191,1470,822) gives 56% error tolerance, or too low for example BCH (4095,1460,297) gives 20% error tolerance.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: CryptoLint [11] is another static analysis tool for Android applications that catches common cryptographic errors: hard-coded seeds, keys, and IVs, using AES in ECB mode, and using too few iter­ations for password-based encryption.
Sentence 2: workshop on Real-World Cryptography, Jan. 2013. https://www.imperialviolet.org/ 2013/01/13/rwc03.html.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: It not only allows the overriding of its ba­sic functionality, including compilation, execution, and error handling, but also allows developers to add new functional­ities through a set of well-de.ned hooks [16].
Sentence 2: the not-fully-trusted client-side extensions will be limited to access the less sensitive server-side programs,  (a) A Page in Collabtive (b) Alert Extension (c) FindMe Extension (d) AddEvent Extension Figure 7: Collabtive and Its Client-Side Extensions such as displaying and viewing functions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Often, certain out-of-the-box security mechanisms are ap­plied at the cost of ensuring timeliness while arguing that security is improved [23, 29].
Sentence 2: the table then reports the WCET in cycles for the return sequence as reported by timing analysis (WCET in column 3) and the number of slack cycles that would remain undetected (sensitivity in column 4), both without considering caches, while the next two columns show the corresponding results for a 4KB instruction cache.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: INTRODUCTION Wireless networks such as Wi-Fi and Wireless Mesh Net­works (WMNs) give users convenience and .exibility by al­lowing users to be connected to the network whenever and wherever they desire.
Sentence 2: 4.2 Cryptographic Hash Functions H1 ,H2 The cryptographic hash function Hi : {0, 1} * .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Besides the problems discussed above, all credit-based schemes are based on the assumption that each node moves inside the network and thus has the opportunity to be se­lected as relaying node.
Sentence 2: if N1 does not hear the retransmission of the acknowledged packet sent by N4 before the timeout expires, it will con­clude that N2 has dropped it and it will update only the number of packets transmitted to N2.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Alice s doctors could disclose her personal information in a fashion that violates her privacy policy, as pointed out by a reviewer of this paper).
Sentence 2: the web service applications for the approach proposed in this work are many, including B2C e-commerce (data observers are service providers, data sharers are service consumers), B2B e­commerce (data observers can also be data sharers), and e­collaboration (every user is both a data sharer and a data observer).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We intro­duce several novel applications of this side channel: robust co-residence detection (agnostic to network con.guration), surreptitious detection of the rate of web tra.c a co-resident site receives, and even timing keystrokes by an honest user (via SSH) of a co-resident instance.
Sentence 2: dETERMINING CO-RESIDENCE Given a set of targets, the EC2 map from the previous section educates choice of instance launch parameters for attempting to achieve placement on the same physical ma­chine.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The features (a)-(d) together reduce the number of decisions a user needs to make; they also make the safe option the least-resistant path, and the unsafe option requires the user s active attention and a moderate amount of extra work.
Sentence 2: this decision is not related to any speci.c program or resource, and is only related to the user s purpose of using the computer.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: DEEJAM: Defeating energy-e.cientjamminginIEEE802.15.
Sentence 2: more blocks increase the total CRC This material is supported in part by USARO award W­911-NF-0710287, NSF award CNS 06-26825 and NSF award CNS-0953600 overhead paid by the sender and thus reduce the net data bytesinsidethepacket.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since a Class A net­work contains 1/256th of all possible IP addresses, we expect that most noise sources will probe at least one address within this network during their lifetime, but to be conservative, we doubled this value to 1,000,000 noise sources observed over a 24 hour period.
Sentence 2: signature-based systems (such as Early­bird [19] and Autograph [12]) borrow local scanning tech­niques to identify suspicious tra.c, but they then sift through the payload of this tra.c to identify commonly re­occurring signatures.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Here, a d-lattice is a labelled, unweighted, simple graph that is similar to a Euclidean cubic lattice of dimension d in that any vertex v is joined to its lattice neighbors, u~ and wi, as specified by ui = [(v - i d') + n](mod n); w~ = (v + ia')(mod n) where 1  2d.
Sentence 2: in our model, we use a different substrate.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 8, the victim is equivalent to a capacitance connected to the ground : A Ca Ra Cva Cv The effect of the victim on the aggressor can be seen as an additional delay during the transition of this one.
Sentence 2: modeling Crosstalk Noise for Deep Submicron Verification Tools Pirouz Bazargan Sabet § Fabrice Ilponse § § LIP6 University of Paris 6 ST-Microelectronics 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France 850 Rue Jean Monnet 38926 Crolles France Pirouz.Bazargan-Sabet@lip6.fr Fabrice.Ilponse@lip6.fr Abstract1 In deep submicron technologies, the verification task has to cover some new issues to certify the correctness of a design.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 2.3 Some Technicalities The employed commitment schemes allow only integer values to be involved.
Sentence 2: com d (aopb) =cmod d We denote a run of this protocol as POK((Ca,Cb,Cc,Cd); (a, b,c,d),skcom :(aopb) =c mod d), where op is either +, *, exp and refer to [9] for the details of these protocols.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: PREVIOUS WORK Existing literature contains a number of di.ering propos­ als for performing implicit authentication on smartphones [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16].These proposed IA schemes use sensors on the device to pro.le behavioural features includ­ing touchscreen input, typing input, accelerometer readings, GPS positioning, call and text logs histories, and device application contexts.
Sentence 2: research into ordinary lock screens is con­sistently .nding that simple password protection schemes impose signi.cant usability issues upon their users [1, 10], and in the smartphone domain these issues result in more than half of users choosing to forego any sort of PIN or passlock on their phones whatsoever [13].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As wellas object-users, subject-users can alsobegrouped, asthere may besomegenericclassesof users(likerep­resentatives of the law, security professionals, regular employees,...), withdefaultpro.les anddi.erentprivi­leges.
Sentence 2: given this de.nition of processing of personal data , it is straightforward to see that videosurveillance systems are one of the many scenar­ios covered by the broad scope of this directive.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The click graph C may contain a node Rj = (null, null, qrj) (or more than one) related to a request qrj that may have been issued di­rectly, without clicking on a page element.
Sentence 2: unfortunately, the modern web is becoming increasingly com­plex, serving highly dynamic pages that make heavy use of script­ing languages, a variety of browser plugins, and asynchronous con­tent requests.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Implementing OS in safe languages has several bene.ts, such as avoiding memory errors, and isolating control and data .ows in a .ner granularity [4, 11, 15, 17, 25].
Sentence 2: a pre-condition (post-condition) speci.es certain asser­tions that have to hold before (after) executing a function.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 2We address two formally di.erent operations with the sameoperator in favor for intuitive notation, as proposed in [8].This may appear mathematically inconsistent, however, itis formally feasible, as we prove in [2, Chapter 5].
Sentence 2: we use disjoint object sets G.i = {i}×Gi and have, therefore, also to adapt the incidence relations Ii before the union: (G1,M1,I1) · (G2,M2,I2)=( G.1 .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since there is no policies for the records, the database only signs a part of the ciphertext c1 that is related to the index of the record.
Sentence 2: b1 implicitly sets D = BA, D* B* = A. db1 := bb1, db2 := bb2, (db3, db4):= (bb3, bb4)A db1 * := bb * 1, db2 * := bb * 2, (db* 3, db* 4):= (bb * 3,bb4* )(A-1) .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: s society-oriented DCS scheme [18], which is a new concept for sharing the signer and con.rmer s capability among two groups of individuals respectively, constructed from two threshold cryptosystems [10] and [16].
Sentence 2: there is a signing combiner whose task is to choose and encrypt some random values, compute the commitments, and collect all partial re­sults during the signing phase.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The Gmail In­box page contains 171.1 KB code (including HTML, CSS, JS), while only 1.7 KB of it needs to access email content.
Sentence 2: the results show that the CRY P TO N -KER N E L strengthens their security against a broad range of client-side vulnerabilities, with a small (around 3-5 days of) adoption effort.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In table 4, P (DA,si) is the largest value in the ratio that occupies it in the attack string, so it seems to be most ef­fective character for the attack detection.
Sentence 2: figure 1: Relation between the weight ß of normal strings (against attack strings) and the weighted average µ (of normal and attack) detecting rates with two thresholds (Weighted ratio 1:5, Set of character : S5)  3.3 Discussions In Figure 4, the value of µ is around 0.92 with almost all interval of 0 = ß = 1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: An evaluation involving all signi.cant x86-32 Linux security patches from May 2005 to May 2008 .nds that most security patches 56 of 64 require no new code to be performed as a Ksplice update.
Sentence 2: the vanilla kernels were only introduced into the evalu­ation in order to test patches that are not applicable to any released Debian kernel.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer &#38; Communications Security (2013), CCS 13, ACM, pp.
Sentence 2: modern JIT engines implement mechanisms to interrupt JITted code execution (e.g., V8 inserts extra code to each function s prologue and each loop to interrupt the execution to support opti­mization and deoptimization).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Support for the Witty Worm dataset and the UCSD Network Telescope are provided by Cisco Systems, Limelight Networks, DHS, NSF, CAIDA, DARPA, Digital Envoy, and CAIDA Members.
Sentence 2: as the number of scanners increases, the time to infect a new host decreases and in doing so increases the likelihood of detecting more than one infected host within Td.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [5], given a possibilistic knowledge base F, there always exists a highest possibility distribution, noted pF, that satis.es F and being the highest possibility distribution means it is the least speci.c one.
Sentence 2: given a log transformation t, and a logging protocol model g LP , we have: g g Val(.t,LP )= min Val(pti,LP ) i.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: With a total turnaround time of about 5 seconds between GPRS Attach commands (3 second response time + 2 second command interval), GPRS Attach has a output rate of roughly 0.2 commands per second.
Sentence 2: targets including DNS roots [18, 45], software ven­dors [24, 27], news services [47], search engines [44] and online casinos [7] have all been overwhelmed by malicious traf.c.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Each point is obtained as the mean of the results of 507 simulations executed for each speci.c protocol and a .xed ..
Sentence 2: the simple idea we start from is to dedicate: (i) part of the node s memory slot to be managed according to the Booking protocol; (ii) the remaining portion of the node s memory to managed according to the Adaptive protocol.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Analyzing inter-application communication in Android.
Sentence 2: in our attack, the adversary uses the 3 URL arguments collected from his own device to build a URL: db-://1/connect?oauth_token &#38;oauth_token_ secret &#38; uid , where oauth_token , oauth_token _secret , and uid are the adversary s Dropbox credentials, and APP_ID identifies the PlainText app.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, con­sider two AJAX lists with 10 elements each; if the user s selections on these lists are independent from each other, we can evaluate them separately, which reruns the widget 20 times; on the other hand, if the selections are correlated, then we have to perform the test for 100 times.
Sentence 2: her action here, i.e., choiceofthebuttons,is con.dential.no singlevari­able and function inside the program actually hosts this piece of sensitive information: it is just described by different execution paths being triggered.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: TW is represented as a time interval [t0, t1] (t1 = t0) that captures a large fraction of dynamic power for a test vector pair, and satis.es min t1 - t0 t1 (5) s.t.IDDT (t)dt = .VDD CL,t t0 where CL,t is the overall capacitance of Gi,j and Gi ,j ; .
Sentence 2: existing design solutions based on aging sensors require additional design/veri.cation e.orts and cannot be applied to legacy chips.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Informally, the KeyDerived, KeyConfirmed states should be interpreted as follows: (1) If Alice reaches the KeyDerived state, then she possesses a uniformly random candidate key, which remains private no matter how the adversary acts during the remainder of the protocol execution.
Sentence 2: {0, 1}s}r.{0,1}n is a d-secure (one-time) message authentication code (MAC) if for any µ ' and s, s ' = µ , Pr[MACR(µ)= s | MACR(µ ' )= s ' ] = d where R is uniformly random on {0, 1}n .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The next step in determining the applicability of the light­sensor information regarding side-channel attacks is to test the sensitivity, i.e., whether operating the smartphone ac­tually results in changes of the information provided by the sensor.
Sentence 2: [29] J. Han, E. Owusu, L. T. Nguyen, A. Perrig, and J. Zhang.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Finally, while we have introduced new approaches to track information .ow in JavaScript, our work needs to be embedded into a security policy enforcement mechanism in a browser environment to increase the security of client-side JavaScript.
Sentence 2: the wide­spread inclusion of third-party scripts into major websites in­ * This research was conducted at USU supported by NSF grant IIS­0850825: REU Site Program in Computer Vision and Multi-Agent Systems.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: )from S,then R checks whether Lk matches (Lk,Lkfault u X.
Sentence 2: if Lk matches X then from Lemma 1, R worst case, S broadcasts u di.erent con.ict graph -fault identi.es all faulty Q(x,i) s received during Phase I and list pairs.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [7] R. S. Sandhu, V. Bhamidipati, and Q. Munawer, "The ARBAC97 model for role-based administration of roles", ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, Vol.
Sentence 2: our current process still needs major manual interventions to make the discovered clusters plausible from a business perspective and adjust them properly.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, this scheme requires the delegatee to possess an additional secret for each delegation from Alice.
Sentence 2: by * Note that by the construction given above, if let r a2 , we can see that the challenged ciphertext CT * has the same distribution as the real one, since H2 acts as a random oracle, and u))by * * uby * (a 22 r * A = g= (ga= g1 , * )by * * 2 * * bx * y ax 2 B = g = (g a= Pir * , **'* ' C = C .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: was well hidden and probably just available in an intranet environment.
Sentence 2: services Category Risk Ratings Services and their opened ports targeted by malicious hackers Web server services Low HTTP port(80/tcp, 8000/tcp, 8080/tcp,8888/tcp) Naming services Medium DNS (53/udp) to all machines which are not DNS servers DNS zone transfers (53/tcp) LDAP (389/tcp and 389/udp) Mail Medium SMTP (25/tcp) POP(109/tcp and 110/tcp), IMAP (143/tcp) Login Services High  Login services-­telnet (23/tcp) FTP (21/tcp) NetBIOS (139/tcp) rlogin et al (512/tcp ~ 514/tcp) RPC and NFS High Portmap/rpcbind (111/tcp and 111/udp), NFS (2049/tcp cM 2049/udp) , lockd (4045/tcp and 4045/udp)  NetBIOS in Windows NT and XP High  135 (tcp and udp), 137 (udp), 138 (udp), 139 (tcp).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [2] R. Battiti, M. Brunato, R. Lo Cigno, A. Villani, G. Lazzari, and R. Flor.
Sentence 2: it tries to maintain the Open Access nature of StockholmOpen while allowing less stringent policy coordination requirements; moreover, the initial authentication system, based on the captive portal approach, mimics and extends the NoCat architecture.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 4.4 SMC belief tracking: ideal world Now we present an alternative to the belief set method, in which the decision to participate or not, involving check­ing thresholds after belief revision, takes place within the SMC itself.
Sentence 2: suppose that x1 was 8instead of 3, in which case answering the query with True would cause P2 s revised belief to ascribe probability 1/3to {x1 =8,out =True}, which exceeds the threshold t1 =1/5.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: It is urgent for current IdPs and RPs to adopt those protection mechanisms in order to prevent large-scale security breaches that could compromise millions of web users accounts on their websites.
Sentence 2: acronyms: FB=Facebook; GL=Google, MS=Microsoft; Y=Yes; N=No; MU=Multiple Use; SU=Single Use; MD=Multiple Domain; WL=Whitelist; SD=Single Domain.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Theadvantagesinlude:(1)eahroleisnamedbyaspeif issuingservie,sothatitiseasytodefnerolesandestablish poliiesforeahservieindependently.
Sentence 2: [18]J.SaltzerandM.Shroeder.Theprotetionof informationinomputersystems.Proeedingsofthe IEEE,63(9):1278.1308,September1975.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This is defined as: ........(..,..,0)...............(..,..) ........(..,..,0)...............(..,..) where the .............. relation is defined at the start of the system s execution.
Sentence 2: when clearances and levels are part of a model the .............. relation which is defined in terms of label categories and actions can be expressed in terms of level and clearance categories.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Manyappliationsenariosanbeenvisionedforthiskindof requests;forinstane,aourierservieouldofertoitsus­tomersanInternet­basede­servietogetquotesandplae ordersforinternationaldeliveries.Clientappliationsould freelyintegratethisserviewithothers,usingHTTPasthe ommontransportprotool.Forinstane,theHTTPPOST requestinFigure1enodestheinvoationofaquoteservie usingtheSOAPprotool.
Sentence 2: fIREWALL IMPACT ON OBJECT PROTOCOLS Mostorganizationsinsertfrewallsbetweentheirpublily aessibleWebserversandtheremotelientswhoanaess thoseservers,blokinginomingtraÆaordingtovarious riteria.FirewallspartitiontheInternetinseurityells, whoseboundariesarediÆulttopenetrateforremoteser­vieinvoations.Asasimpleexample,onsidertheTCPlIP arhiteture,whereeahwell-knownservieisassigneda portnumberandeahservierequestarriesthatnumber.
Relationship: neutral