sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Retrieved June 2004, from: http://www.cert.org/present/cert-overview-trends/module­1.pdf [3] Cole, E., Newfield, M., Millican, J., GSEC Security Essentials Toolkit , Que Publishing, Indianapolis, IA, 2002.
Sentence 2: question Three What are the TCP flags?
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Aread snapshot ensures that software updates in the base do not affect the isolation environment.
Sentence 2: figure5showsthe performanceoverheadof Solitudeforthe.ve benchmarks comparedtoaregularLinuxsystem.They-axisshows the overhead in terms of running time for the .rst four experiments and in terms of network throughput for the CPU-saturated web server benchmark.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In addition to passwords, phishing attacks have been known to target social security numbers, addresses, birth dates, and other types of personal information.
Sentence 2: we ran SpamAssassin with three different con.gurations: the default; 40% 30% 20% 10% Default More Aggressive Most Aggressive SpamAssassin Configurations   False Negatives 0% SpamAssassin Configurations Figure 1: The trade-off between false positives and false negatives for SpamAssassin.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We have adopted the worst case in which every liar reports a credible TDoA measure to its BS, that is to say, that provided measures are bounded to vd p , with d the distance between the liar and the BS, and vp the propagation speed; measures above this bound would be discarded by any BS because they are not possible at all.
Sentence 2: spectrum sensing is a crucial task in order to detect vacant bands or white spaces and avoid interfering primary transmissions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A little thought shows that such a constraint de.nes the following con­strained sets: {(u, r), (u, s)}, {(v, r), (v, s)}, {(u, r), (v, s)}and {(u, s), (v, r)}.
Sentence 2: we can also specify constraints of the form (R,{p1,p2,p3} ,s), which states that a role can be as­signed to any two of the permissions in the constraint set (but not all three).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The intuition in this design is that the ECU will store n error-correcting codes that can be accessed in arbi­trary order.
Sentence 2: return­ing the machine to its initial state q0, using the same instruc­tions r, the state traversal will be q0,...,qj ,q j' +1 .qj+1, = because the decryption fails.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: To achieve this goal, Ethos forgoes com­patibility with existing systems.
Sentence 2: even with the existence of two types with the same layout the (i.e., either would pass the other s well-formedness check) the semantic meaning of a given certi.cate is unambiguous; a user cannot sub­stitute a signed certi.cate of one type for another that has the same layout but which he is not allowed to sign.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Law-Aware Access Control for International Financial Environments Michael Stieghahn University of Luxembourg 6, rue Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi 1621 Luxembourg, Luxembourg  Michael.Stieghahn@uni.lu ABSTRACT Financial institutions are restricted by legislation and have to ensure that mobile access to data is legal in a de.ned context.
Sentence 2: copyright 2009 ACM 978-1-60558-712-7/09/06 ...$10.00.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The de.nition of Promela speci.cations from transition systems or state machines is a quite consolidated technique, see [27].
Sentence 2: the .rst two (lines 7 and 12) say that after an application creates a URL object, the po­licy checks whether it points at some sensitive data sources (here we identify it with the "agency.gov/" path).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: > > > > current time(T ), > > > > month(T, M )  > > > sales(V, M, widgets) < ., : V = 5000.
Sentence 2: for example, depositing funds into an account is a positive action that may initiate an agent s assignment to a status level; in contrast, the dual act of withdrawing money from an account may cause an agent s status to be terminated as a consequence of the agent performing the negative act of withdrawal.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Con.guration Average Time(ms) StockAndroid 1.071  MOSES-10 3.134 MOSES-20 3.813 MOSES-30 4.970 MOSES-40 5.615 MOSES-50 6.122 MOSES-60 7.205 MOSES-70 7.613 MOSES-80 7.621 MOSES-90 8.451 MOSES-100 9.658 Table 1: Performance of GPS reading operations with stock Androidand with the Private SP activated.
Sentence 2: the PEP collects information about application UID, the resource being accessed and the type of operation.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For more detail, please see the W3C Web Cryptography Working Group Charter.18 The use-cases the group has currently accepted are, as given by the use-case document [4]: Multi-factor Authentication: A web application may wish to ex­tend or replace existing username/password based authentication schemes with authentication methods based on proving that the user has access to some secret keying material.
Sentence 2: the key insight of the Web Cryp­ tography is that the Web Cryptography API is actually not part of the security model of the Web.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 3.2 System Overview Our basic idea is to pro.le the user by exploiting the readily available .ne-grained CSI extracted from orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) based wireless net­works, such as 802.11 a/g/n networks.
Sentence 2: we examine the attack detection ratio by varying the threshold t .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [20], for example, shows how to exploit discrepancies in other circumvention systems that do much more than FTE in terms of attempt­ing to mimic a target protocol [31, 46, 47].
Sentence 2: then split partitions C' into C1'and C2'with |C1'| = t and |C2'| = m. The .rst portion C1'is forwarded to unrank, which produces a formatted string X .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Overall, participants passwords had a median bit strength of 41.4 and were a median of 8 characters long.
Sentence 2: finally, after a month had passed, we emailed partic­ipants to inform them that they had taken part in a study on passwords.5 We included a link to an exit sur­vey and o.ered a $2 payment for successful completion.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Professor Varadharajan has published more than 320 papers in international journals and conferences, has co-authored and edited eight books on security, networks and distributed systems and holds three patents.
Sentence 2: i will describe the notion that I refer to as increasing threat velocity, with more and more attacks and their dynamic nature, an evolving set of bad guys with different motives and sophisticated easy to use tools readily available for ordinary users to conduct severe attacks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Tail Mass Test Min (LP) Median (LP) Max (LP) Pre.x (h=10) 67 (#23) 1,178 (#8) 17,784 (#40) Pre.x (h=20) 0 (#23) 63 (#17) 3,027 (#40) AS (h=10) 163 (#23) 1,135 (#8) 4,967 (#40) AS (h=20) 10 (#23) 142 (#8) 1,701 (#40) Table 1: Listening point tail mass density (number of distinct paths observed from peers and other points across the Internet) and stability (rate of discovery of new paths).
Sentence 2: the route attestation is a signed statement of the AS identity, the paths, the pre.x and the AS to which the an­nouncement is directed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Then all the execution paths obtained by processing inputs that match F (in the same settingas the sample exploit) execute the se­ ProcessMessage(char* msg, char *p0, char* p1) { char buffer[1024]; if (msg[0] > 0) *p0 = msg[0]; if (msg[1] > 0) *p1 = msg[1]; if (msg[2] == 0x1 &#38;&#38; *p0 != 0) { sprintf(buffer, "servers%s%c", msg+3, *p0); StartServer(buffer, p1); }} Figure 6: Example to illustrate bene.t of using dy­namic information to remove operands from live.
Sentence 2: the branch that checks msg[0]>0 is not added to the slice.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This is due to the observation that tree-based XML parsers tend to keep an internal mapping of wsu:Id values to tree nodes, which is updated every time a new wsu:Id is found in the XML parsing process.
Sentence 2: hence, that SOAP request message was authorized to trigger operations on behalf of the owner of the X.509 cer­ti.cate.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: An exception occurs when an instruction ex­ecution requires services ordata at ahigherprivilegelevel k than the currentlevel r. AfunctionfE,r.k speci.es the .rst instruction of the exception handler at ring k that handles the particular exception occurring at ring r. Theinstruction execution semantics dE introducedinSec­tion 3.1 can be extended to include two parts.
Sentence 2: modern malware contain a myr­iad of anti-debugging, anti-instrumentation, and anti-VM techniques to stymie attempts at runtime observation [16, 42].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Based on these encouraging results, a Python-based prototype MT system has been developed  Figure 2: Three primary components of the proto­type GA-based MT system and the general order of operation.
Sentence 2: a chromosome s total .tness is the sum of the  ·104 80 5.5 70 5  Average Fitness Score 60 50 4.5 40 4 30 20 3.5 Generation Generation (a) Average population .tness (b) Average (sampled) diversity Figure 3: Diversity and .tness comparisons of the genetic algorithm with parameter value mutation, the genetic algorithm with parameter domain mutation, and random search.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Controlling Data in the Cloud: Outsourcing Computation without Outsourcing Control Richard Chow, Philippe Golle, Markus Jakobsson,    Ryusuke Masuoka, Jesus Molina Elaine Shi, Jessica Staddon PARC                Fujitsu Laboratories of America {rchow,pgolle,mjakobss,eshi,staddon}       {ryusuke.masuoka, jesus.molina} @parc.com @us.fujitsu.com  ABSTRACT Cloud computing is clearly one of today s most enticing technology areas due, at least in part, to its cost-efficiency and flexibility.
Sentence 2: coghead [13] is one example of a cloud platform whose shutdown left customers scrambling to re-write their applications to run on a different platform.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The Primary Response from Sana Se­curity is another host-based behavioral approach that monitors run­ning applications and employs multiple behavioral heuristics (e.g., writing to registry, calls to keylogging procedures, process hijack­ing, etc.)
Sentence 2: when an anomaly is detected at a client i, e.g., by monitoring its delay queue length (or via a malware detec­tion agent running at the server), the algorithm increments a client alert level (di) by a value dk i that depends on the severity of the alert.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Tygar, "Distillation Codes and Applications to DoS Resistant Multicast Authentication", In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS '04), February 2004.
Sentence 2: signing every multicast packet with a digital signature incurs high overhead, which may be impractical for many resource-limited devices.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: METHOD It is expected that any break to a physical network con­nection, and subsequent loss of availability to the Tor net­work, is likely to have a detrimental e.ect on the perfor­mance experienced by the mobile user.
Sentence 2: support for the hypothesis would suggest that the current design of Tor, in terms of supporting mobile users, may not be suitable since any re-submitted requests, and/or data lost in .ight, may not only impact the mobile user, but could also potentially impact the wider Tor network through additional network tra.c and/or congestion.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Comparison of the two presented output functions reveals that EP (ensemble prediction output) is the most respon­sive measure for detecting attacks; however, it comes at the price of a higher FPR.
Sentence 2: the key assumption of this strategy is that it is possible to obtain a complete picture of almost all nor­mal states in the network and thereby reliably infer that any other state is anomalous.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In addition to protecting PINs from agents and network operators, the scheme enjoys other security properties like resistance to skimming attacks and shoulder-surfing attacks, which makes it of potential interest in domains outside of mobile banking.
Sentence 2: recall your PIN, say x1x2x3x4, and return the 4 digits which are located in the x1th, x2th, x3th and x4th positions of the nonce, in that order.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In Proceedings of Twenty-First ACM SIGOPS Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (Stevenson, Washington, USA, October 14 -17, 2007).
Sentence 2: "Survey of Virtual Machine Re­search", Computer, 7, (6), (June 1974), 34-45. iii Popek, G. J. and Goldberg, R. P. 1974.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This protocol allows two parties one with a digitized genome and the other with a set of DNA markers to conduct a test, such that the result is only learned by the former, and no other information is learned by either party.
Sentence 2: 6.3 Multiple Substrings/Starting Locations In some applications, Alice might not know the exact starting position of a particular search substring: it could begin in several (v) possible positions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In Nymble schemes [14, 24, 11, 15, 16, 9], a set of trusted third parties (TTPs) manage the blacklist, allowing e.cient authentication and blacklist­ing but making both the SP and the user dependent on the TTPs for privacy and blacklistability.
Sentence 2: pEREA: Towards practical TTP-free revocation in anonymous authentication.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 7In contrast to a normal threshold cryptosystem, here the threshold will only be reduced if the encryptor chooses to do so (by including dummy attributes in the ciphertext at­tribute set).
Sentence 2: the .nal composite PRF is computed as PP Fk(GID)= PRF jk(GID) - PRF jk(GID).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since XACML 1.0 was standardized by OASIS in February 2003, a signi.cant amount of research work has been done on XACML.
Sentence 2: itisnaturalfor anXACMLpolicy eval­uation engine to examine all the rules in an XACML policy before making the correct decision for a request.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The Open Web Application Security Pro ject (OWASP) regularly lists XSS as one of the top three security vulnerability problems on the Web [24] and in its yearly analysis report [27], Whitehat Security lists XSS vul­nerabilities documents that 43% of all discovered serious vul­nerabilities can be accounted to XSS.
Sentence 2: abstracting what a password manager s task is, we see that it should aid users in the login process to Web applications.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Based on the process of abstract design, this includes: identifying the key factors to form the observation vector and determine the vector space; designing an appropriate answer set for de.n­ing the decision function; and identifying the actions which the security mechanism may take to produce the execution space for de.ning the enforcement function.
Sentence 2: the access control decision and enforcement functions (or simply, the AC functions) associated with a target for­mally represent the behavior of the mechanism used to en­force its policy.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In this way, while cloud S1 knows the permutation used in the shuf­.ing, it does not see which blocks the client requests from S2 later.
Sentence 2: dGE-0946797, by a DoD National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellow­ship, NSF grant CNS-1314857, a Google Research Award, and a grant from Amazon Web Services.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: EHR Access Attacks: Represented in Figure 3 (b), this attack represents the situations where the communi­cation link between the coordinator and the EHR is compromised primarily through a man-in-the-middle attack.
Sentence 2: we contend that both security and safety need to be enforced in IMDs to ensure that the patient s health outcomes are not wors­ened under any circumstances.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The published attacks on CAPTCHAs [1,2,3,4] have taught us that segmentation is harder than recognition; indeed, [2] reports that bots are better than humans at the task of recognizing distorted single characters.
Sentence 2: framework for Evaluation of Text Captchas Achint Thomas Kunal Punera Lyndon Kennedy Yahoo!
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 103 In demons, we apply these concepts to a distributed mea­surement system which allows dynamic composition of blocks, by chaining them together by their gates, or well de.ned interfaces, on a network of processing nodes.
Sentence 2: [3] Burkhart, M., Schatzmann, D., Trammell, B., Boschi, E., and Plattner, B., The Role of Network Trace Anonymisation under Attack , in ACM Computer Communications Review, 40(1) pp.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: On the surface, this seems like a minor extension of the classic return-to-libc attack, one that depends on an arcane side-effect of the x86 s variable length instruction set and is painful and time­consuming to implement, yielding little real threat.
Sentence 2: 4.5.1 Branch Always The branch always gadget (jump T1) uses one instruction se­quence consisting of a ret, restore, as shown in Fig.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Roughly, the running time of n MCMC steps in our experiments is 0.18s for polblogs, 4.1s for wiki-Vote, 9.5s for ca-HepPh and 22.9s for ca-AstroPh.
Sentence 2: in addition, some latest studies [4, 1, 15] attempt to answer graph queries under a more stringent instantiation of di.erential privacy known as node di.erential privacy [12].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Most existing schemes su.er the node capture attack [1], by which an adversary might easily capture a group of sen­sor devices to acquire their sensitive data and then derive some secret information to further compromise the subse­quentkeysbetween other non-captured nodes.
Sentence 2: an attacker who compromises t+1 nodes can use interpolation to recover the masterpoly­nomial f(x,y).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Towards Fine-Grained and Application-Centric Access Control for Wireless Sensor Networks* Nelson Matthys, Rehan Afzal, ChristopheDanny HughesHuygens, Sam Michiels, and Wouter JoosenComputer Science and Software Engineering IBBT-DistriNet, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Xi an Jiaotong-Liverpool University B-3001, Leuven, Belgium 215123 Suzhou, China{.rstname.lastname}@cs.kuleuven.be daniel.hughes@xjtlu.edu.cn ABSTRACT sharing of WSN infrastructure amongst various applications over time, security plays a crucial role in controlling inter- The emerging reality of wireless sensor networks deployed actions between the components that compose applications.
Sentence 2: to e.ectively enable the 2.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The grouped protection operation achieves better performance since it reduces the number of dynamic protection operations.
Sentence 2: data layout 2 afford protecting v1, v2, v3 and v4 together at P1; protecting v5, v6 and v7 together at P2; protecting v8, v9 and v10 together at P3; protecting v1, v2, v5 and v6 together at P4; and protecting v8 and v9 together at P4.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The display fraud detected by DECAF requires the user to run the app (so that ads can be obscured), and to interact with it (so that the user can be coerced into click­ing on an ad).
Sentence 2: since there are many ad providers for Android (over 80 accord­ing to [2], and likely many more that are small or operate in other countries), it would be prohibitive to manually reverse engineer each ad provider s ad serving protocol to determine which URLs correspond with ad requests.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A phase is tainted if the adversary purely relays communication be­tween a reader-adversary and an adversary-tag session.
Sentence 2: a has an advantage over any simulator S.  3.3 The Swiss-Knife Protocol The Swiss-Knife protocol [15] aims to achieve privacy as well as ma.a, terrorist, and distance-fraud resistance, and employs two lazy phases: the .rst precedes the time-critical phase, the second follows it.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Report on the Review of Patient-Identi.able Information, 1997.
Sentence 2: [21], Martin and Xie [25] presenting a test case generation approach (based on change-impact analysis, re­spectively, mutation testing) for a subset of XACML [27] and that of Hu and Ahn [20] presenting a conformance testing approach for RBAC models using SAT solving techniques.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Figure 1 illustrates an example for a secure .rmware up­grade of an FPGA-based network router.
Sentence 2: in addition to lost IP, in a security-critical environment re­programming the attacked FPGA with an ill-intended mod­i.ed code, e.g., to accomplish malfunctioning or to unno­ticedly implement a hardware trojan [21], is a particularly damaging option.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: SECURITY PROOFS We now prove that our mixnet o.ers optimal anonymity in the case where the adversary does not learn any input/output relations, i.e., when |A(I)| = 0.
Sentence 2: the probability PA(k, s0, s1) is the probability that the path of the element that started in slot s0 goes through slot s1 after k rounds of mixing, in the view of the adversary.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [12] J. Jung, V. Paxson, A. Berger, and H. Balakrishnan, Fast portscan detection using sequential hypothesis testing, in In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, May 2004.
Sentence 2: 3.2 Step II: Service-Behavior Graphs While behavior vectors represent client-level observations as logged by the server, they do not describe interactions among the clients.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Although we may not be the .rst to make this obser­vation,wearethe.rsttodemonstratehowto leverage this fact while simultaneously respecting user privacy.
Sentence 2: pseudonymous identities come at the expense of trust i.e., it is di.cult to determine whetherapseudonymhasbeencreatedby a legitimateper­son or for malicious purposes such as spam.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In this spirit, Millen and Wright [2] have proposed dependers , an alternative to certificate revocation lists (CRL s) that are more suited to a bottom-up build­ 98 ing of a public key infrastructure than CRL s. Furthermore, note that while a straightforward application of cryptography can protect the pri­vacy of data in transit from eavesdroppers, it does not prevent the receivers of that data from using it in unwanted ways.
Sentence 2: most users are unlikely to modify their own software because of the inconvenience.
Relationship: neutral