sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: P has timestamp T2 and the attacker tries to identify P s record in the cracking release R2 using the background release R1.
Sentence 2: for gwi of qidwi , |G1(gwi )| = |G1(gw)| and |G2(gwi )| = |G2(gw)|, where gw is the corresponding group of qidw.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We further observed similar data access patterns in the signatures of the tested rootkits and exposed popular rootkit attack operations by ranking common data behavior across rootkits.
Sentence 2: aSIACCS 11, March 22 24, 2011, HongKong, China Copyright 2011ACM 978-1-4503-0564-8/11/03 ...$10.00.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The change of temperature between the rooms is assumed to follow the discretized basic .rst-order heat balance model, given in Table 1, where pos­itive constants c12, c21, c23, c32 represent the heat transfer coe.cients between the rooms.
Sentence 2: general con­ditions for attack detection and identi.ability for descriptor linear time-invariant systems are considered.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: These four .gures only show the basic relationship between SNR, data error rate, and tag to data ratio; they are not precisely the boundary or optimal solution.
Sentence 2: in particu­lar, we would like to study how the tagging schemes a.ect data transmissions (i.e., the data error rate), and how well receivers can recover the tag (i.e., the tag error rate).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Conclusion: Carefully constructed sprayed code combined with proper connecting methods will successfully attack all mainstream DCG implementations, which shows that DCG Spraying has become a major security threat against dynamic code generators.
Sentence 2: if it is executed from 0x110F, it will be executed as a sledge (Fig.1C) which in turn provides a stepping stone for drive-any shellcode.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The automotive-related work has been supported in part by the European Commission through the EFRE Programme "Competence in Mobility" (COMO) under Contract No.
Sentence 2: keywords automotive, biometric modalities, characteristics fusion, speech, face Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Let us consider the problem of computing a publicly known aggregate function f for a variable x with data distributed among a set of caregivers {C1, C2,..., Ck} from sub-aggregates a1,a2, ..., an, pre-computed by the caregivers Ci.
Sentence 2: a manufacturer or researcher submits a request for an aggregate to a designated aggregator.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: When receiving g~ from the SEM, he computes g = gsemguser.
Sentence 2: the original GDH scheme was devised by Boneh, Lynn and Shacham ([6]) and is based on groups where the computational Diffie-Hellman problem is hard while the de- cisional one is easy (see [22] and [17]: GDH stands for Gap-Diffie-Hellman and usually denotes this kind of group).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Moreover, the chosen features subset might not be good enough for classi.ers other than the wrapped classi.er since the features subset was chosen for a particular classi­.er.
Sentence 2: the use of back­tracking (which is set to 5 steps in Weka by default [24]) aims toward reducing the possibility of being stuck in a plateau or a local maximum [24].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, if the little .nger is used to draw an arc pattern, the center would be at a position of the joint between the little .nger and palm where its radius is speci.ed by the length of the little .nger.
Sentence 2: [9] demonstrated that a system could still achieve 98% iden­ti.cation rate using just the lengths of four .ngertips thumb excluded.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Our Detection System is based on the alerts generated by snort and association rules created by the Apriori algorithm [11],[13].
Sentence 2: mansmann, Fisher, Keim, North, Visual support for analyzing network traffic and intrusion detection events using TreeMap and graph representations, Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Human Interaction for the Management of Information Technology, Maryland, USA, 2009.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This is true as long as the mobile node does not disconnect for a period of time larger than the one covered in the report (i.e.
Sentence 2: the GIRi report in SCI will not contain any information about G1 and the mobile node will not be able to point to the (O3, t3) sent in the OIRi report thus failing to invalidate it if it is cached and compromising the consistency of the data.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The main difference from our approach is that in our approach the security enforcement is performed in a middle layer, which is above the main OS and below the applications.
Sentence 2: this policy speci.es that a subject s can create a passive object (e.g., a .le or directory) or invoke a process o, and the new object s label is lower than or equal to the subject s label.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Nevertheless, the computed fea­tures in both sides cannot be completely identical, since the two ECG signals, collected by the IMD and the programmer at di.erent locations in body, can exhibit some di.erences.
Sentence 2: to this end, we propose to implement a mechanism en­abling the execution of complex computational algorithms by splitting these algorithms into a virtual set of instruc­tions that will be executed sequentially (loops are decom­posed into a sequence of repetitive actions, logical condi­tions are used to generate di.erent scenarios of executions).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Thenotionoftwosetshavingnooverlap,whichwerefer toasbeingdisjoint,issocommonthatwegiveitaspecial symbol(.),andwriteA.BforjABj=0.
Sentence 2: [5]E.Bertino,E.Ferrari,andV.Atluri.Thespecifcation andenforcementofauthorizationconstraintsin workfowmanagementsystems.ACMTransactionson InformationSystemSecurity,1(2),Feb.1999.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, P A -~Q is a state expression and the system is in this (combined) state at time tiff it is in state P and not in state Q at time t. Timing properties are expressed in a modal logic, where the possible worlds are bounded and closed time intervals: Intv = {[b,e] Ib, e 'rimeAb--<e} From a state expression S a term called the duration of S is formed: /s For a given interval [b, e] this term denotes the accumulated time where the system is in state S in the interval: b ~ S(t)dt Another useful term is ~, which for a given interval [b, e] denotes the length e -b of the interval.
Sentence 2: since the server is multi-threaded, at most one of the ready processes is running on the server at a given time.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Furthermore, privileges of applications Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Sentence 2: this idea would not work with the current Android system, where permissions are enforced at the application level.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For Twitter spam, there is no need for the bots to use the mobile site, since an API to interact with the network is provided, and, in any case, there is no need to solve CAPTCHAs other than the one needed to create a pro.le.
Sentence 2: for this experiment, 51 pro.les were created on MySpace, which was the largest social network at the time.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Spectral Clustering Based Regular Expression Grouping Zhe Fu1, 2 and Jun Li2, 3 1Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, China 2Research Institute of Information Technology, Tsinghua University, China 3Tsinghua National Lab for Information Science and Technology, China fu-z13@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn, junl@tsinghua.edu.cn  ABSTRACT Regular expression matching has been playing an import role in today s network security systems with deep inspection function.
Sentence 2: if the states number of DFA compiled from regular expression ri is Si, and the states number of DFA compiled from regular expression pair ri and rj is S ,, then the similarity between regular expression ri and rj i j can be defined as follows: S .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: (i)) and each Fi is a .xed polynomial of degree i with the additional require­ment that all .xed polynomials do not share roots, i.e., gcd (F0 , ..., Ft)= 1.
Sentence 2: a p-extension adds low-ranked elements to the ordered set, while keeping the q highest-ranked elements the same.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: After searching the absolute trust branch, the trust branch begins to be searched.
Sentence 2: the simulation parameters and their values Parameter W1 W2 W3 W4 T0 T1 T2 Value 0 0.5 0.8 1 0.5 0.7 0.9 Take the file download as the example for the simulative network environment: The total number of the nodes is 1000, the proportion of the absolute nodes is 10% under the initial situation, the proportion of both the common trust nodes and critical trust nodes is 10%, the proportion of the distrust nodes is 50%.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Q: Will the covenant model proposed here really work?
Sentence 2: it can be found in IDIP (though it is described differently) and in Rephart's and White's work on automatic defense against novel viruses.~ A flood signature can specify:  The IP addresses being flooded  The IP addresses generating the flood (addresses can be spoofed, as noted)  The IP addresses of network nodes that the flooding traffic is traversing  A signature can use wildcards and other shorthands.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Thus, user A is 4-anonymous independently of whether or not B, C, and D are currently using the system, or even   (a) (b) Figure 2: Statistical background information: e.­ciency(a) and additionalinformation(b) present at their home locations.
Sentence 2: 4.1 Consistency Consider that the k usersinthecloaking region of agiven user are situated nextto each otherin a smallplace(e.g., a bar).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: = Lm(u) , where u is the user represented by s. This policy indicates that whenever a subject s wants to read an object o and their labels are not comparable, then the label of the subject is up­dated to the least upper bound of their labels through the .
Sentence 2: logically, a token maps a socket connection to a right set of {read, write}, where a socket connection has a source (subject) IP/port and a destination (object) IP/port.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The Filter syntax is: Filter(P1,...,Pn)(S), where P1,...,Pn are predi­cates over stream S. The result consists of n+1different streams S1 ...Sn, where each stream Sj contains those tuples of S satis­fying predicate Pj , j .{1,...,n}.
Sentence 2: in [5] we have de.ned the semantics of the protection object speci.cation of a policy acp as the set of tuples over which a user to which the policy applies can exercise privilege acp.priv.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, a potential paradox of any graphical system is that the attacker may benefit from the very thing that makes it more usable the relative ease of processing and recalling visual information.
Sentence 2: this protocol potentially has a number of benefits: (i) Target images are related The cognitive load of a portfolio-based system is reduced; (ii) Scalability Target images are drawn from a single base image, for a single account a user must remember a single image; (iii) Description As tiles are likely to have little semantic meaning, attacks based on tile descriptions will be difficult.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: One approach to protecting against this type of attack is to per­form bounds checking: ensuring that no access is allowed out-of-bounds of the memory area that an object inhabits.
Sentence 2: if the arithmetic would go out-of-bounds in this case then the *mem 6 = curr state­ment will try to dereference an invalid memory location, causing the program to crash.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [14] Kotzanikolaou, P., Burmester, M., and Chrissikopoulos, V. Secure Transactions with Mobile Agents in Hostile Environments.
Sentence 2: the Transaction Set (TS), of the originator O includes m transactions that look like: {t1=[(suggestOffer, Offer1), Sig1] tk = [(sendWinningTo, Address), sigk] tm = [(suggestOffer, Offerm), Sigm]}  By then the (k, n) secret sharing is used to produce the following set of shares: {{t9 t1n}, {tm1 tmn}}.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 1.1 Our Results MPC for the Masses Our main goal in this project was to implement a system that enables casual non-interactive multi-party computation (Canon-MPC, for CAsual NON-interactive MPC).
Sentence 2: the di.erent client-side versions of the software can all in­teract, and enable participants who use di.erent browsers to execute MPC protocols together.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Hierarchical State Machine Architecture for Regular Expression Pattern Matching Cheng-Hung Lin National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan brucelin@ntnu.edu.tw ABSTRACT Regular expression has been widely used in network intrusion detection system to represent attack patterns due to its expressive power and flexibility.
Sentence 2: categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.0 [Computer Communication Networks]: General-Security and protection (e.g., firewalls) General Terms: Algorithms, Design, Security Keywords: Pattern Matching, Regular Expression, State Machine 1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: All the techniques described in previous sections require only a very limited set of application permissions and the make use of ex­isting APIs that are unlikely to change substantially in the foresee­able future.
Sentence 2: for instance, when establishing an interactive shell to an instance via ADB, the behavior is different between an emulator  1 i n t l e v e l = b a t t e r y S t a t u s .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: After se­lecting the target, the solver is instructed to click a Next button, wait for a .ashing and a beep (our stimuli), followed by clicking the object that matches with that target.
Sentence 2: developing our own versions also al­lowed us to freely vary the game parameters, such as the number and speed of objects, and investigate the DCG captcha security and usability with respect to these parameters.3 We created four instances of games as speci.ed in Section 2.2 us­ing Adobe Flash.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The more connected is the network, the larger are the numbers of required variables and constraints; this translates into longer LP solving times.
Sentence 2: the security of this transformation follows from the ob­servation that for any entity (that is not j, e.g., SM, re­peater, or UP), it is impossible to compute either cj from the revealed product c T .j , or A.j from the revealed prod­ j BT uct A.j BT This is the case since BT is a random group element that is not revealed to the adversary (see also [14]).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: tem, we analyze how much information a web tracker can collect about each user in the trace study under each of the privacy policies presented in Table 2 except d private browsing, which was not used by any user in our trace study.
Sentence 2: [8] GO E L , S., RO B S O N , M., PO LT E , M., AND SI RER , E. G. Herbivore: A scalable and ef.cient protocol for anonymous communication.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: I i U is considered unfresh if (1) as above, or (2) the adversary  i U We say an instance I accepts when it computes a valid corrupted some player in pid before I i U terminated.
Sentence 2: avoidable security concerns to be addressed: for example, a malicious insider should not have the ability to learn the ses­sion keys computed by groups of which he is not a member, and should not be able to impersonate other honest players or to cause di.erent (honest) members of a group to com­pute di.erent session keys without detecting that something is amiss.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Anonymous credential systems are a typical example for a setting where the identity provider is not fully trusted.
Sentence 2: additionally, we apply blank digital signatures [10] (used as a redactable signature scheme) for the Identity Link enabling the citizen to redact speci.c identity attributes out 7https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/software/moa-idspss 8Quali.ed electronic signature is a legal term for a digital signature which satis.es speci.c requirements according to the EU signature directive [9].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, if |c| = |d| = k, both would require |m| .
Sentence 2: eTDP + (qH + qG + qS )· 2+ 3qG · Ehide -|c| + (qS + qD) · ((2qG + qS ) · 2+ Ehide + Eextract) 2 -|d| ECMA .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 1http://www.metacafe.com/watch/811500/electric_ meter_hack_how_to_cut_your_electricity_bill_in_ half/ State estimation uses power .ow models.
Sentence 2: when the matrix H is a sparse matrix (which is usually the case in real power systems), it does not take many column transformations to construct a desirable attack vector.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [5] C. Clark, K. Fraser, S. Hand, J. G. Hansen, E. Jul, C. Limpach, I. Pratt, and A.War.eld.
Sentence 2: this approach is rarely encountered in the OS litera­ture, with the exception of architecture-level research such as XOM [18, 19] and SP [6, 16].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Information .ow: None of these parties does anything with information received in a WSFPI protocol includ­ing setup except what the protocol and its submodules prescribe, and with the exception that C can use the .­nal output from Step 7e.
Sentence 2: as [9] says nothing about Steps 1 and 10 except that they must be supported, this does not matter: we will in fact only analyze Steps 4 to 7.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The four curves in the right part of Figure 5(a) show the fraction of com­promised links as a function of the number of compromised sen­sors given p =0.014.
Sentence 2: (Indeed, based on our earlier analysis of the attacks against a pair of nodes, even if both nodes have been compromised, there are many other key paths that can help establish a pairwise key between u and v.) the attacker compromises about (t+1)l sensor nodes (t+1 nodes for each bivariate polynomial), but only affects the pairwise key establishment among mlsensor nodes, in­cludes the compromised ones.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: t-closeness: Privacy beyond k-anonymity and l-diversity.
Sentence 2: (8) i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 The Fast EMD algorithm [14] is implemented in this paper and the ground distance dij is de.ned as |i -j| dij = (9) max{|P |, |Q|} The ground distance is normalized by the maximum number of feature set P or Q.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 4.1 Boot-time Entropy Hole of LPRNG LPRNG is designed to be supplied with external entropy when system events such as a disk I/O operation, user input, and IRQ occur by calling the following functions: add_disk_ randomness(), add_input_randomness(), and add_interrupt_ randomness().
Sentence 2: lPRNG pro­vides /dev/random and /dev/urandom, which are device in­terfaces for reading random data.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Layer-3 IDSs are likely popular because there is far more data available at Layer-3, making it straightforward to respond to attacks, and because de­tectionand responseatLayer-3 is independent of theLayer-2 con­nection medium.
Sentence 2: [16] loud-fatbloke , WIDZ (Wireless Intrusion Detection System) Homepage,http://freshmeat.net/projects/widz/.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Based on the IND-sCP-CPA security model, we use a sequence of hybrid games to prove that A cannot win the original security game denoted by G with non-negligible probability.
Sentence 2: the attribute center chooses r1,r2, ··· , e n-1 rn-1 .R Zp and computes rn = y - i=1 ri mod p.Al­ so, the attribute center chooses r .R Zp and {r i,.i, .Di .R T ae Zp}1=i=n,sets r = n r i, and computes D 0,D.,0 = i=1 y-r r [g2 ,g1 ].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: (Notice that the certi.­cate in our scheme is a natural extension of the signature proposed by Camenisch and Lysyanskaya in [12] which relies on the LRSW assumption.)
Sentence 2: the unforgeability of certi.cates released by the certi.ca­tion authority requires the following assumption: Definition 6.3.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 8.1 Services and vulnerabilities We startbydescribingthe services andvulnerabilitiesthat we studied, and all the attacks that can exploit each vulner­ability.
Sentence 2: eVALUATION Weimplementedaprototype ofBouncer and we evaluated itusing real vulnerabilitiesinrealprograms: Microsoft SQL server, ghttpd, nullhttpd, and stunnel.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In order to automate the distribution of signature file updates and security patches to the intrusion protection and firewall components, we would need to use a third party solution.
Sentence 2: the following Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: One of SABOT s main tasks is to .nd a mapping from the names in Vf to those in VM.
Sentence 2: motor onizedContr Forward olButton Control Logic Baseline Emergency n n n n n n Annunciator Sequential Parallel  pH NeutralizationStartSourButton Control Logic Baseline Emergency n n n n n n n n n n n n Annunciator p Sequential p p p p Parallel p p p p p p p p Table 4: Per-device accuracy results.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: While we have shown that Grids outperform theWindows interface for accuracy and speed, it is worth considering someofthe limitationsof ourstudy methodology.Wegave participants arti.cial goalsina.ctitious scenario with which they were not already familiar.
Sentence 2: the correctiongave an adjusted per­test a of 0.024, so we considered only tests with p-values at or below this adjusted threshold to be signi.cant.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Rx triggered only once on pure anomaly data at 10% prevalence with a con.dence measure below that for the com­bined anomaly and worm data as shown in Fig­ure 5.
Sentence 2: figure 8 shows the spread of a network worm given (i) no response, (ii) forecasted spread assuming no response, (iii) a perfect advanced quarantine response, and (iv) an imperfect advanced quarantine response with a 20% error.
Relationship: neutral