sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: # of messages vs. rank of phone numbers (log-log scale) 1e+07SMS Sent SMS Received RINGTONES Received 1e+06 100000 # of messages 10000 1000 100 10 1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1e+06 1e+07 1e+08 Rank of phone numbers Figure 2: Messages per phone number versus the of the curves in the .gure.
Sentence 2: quite a few phone numbers send (and receive) thousands of messages within the 22 days, which cannot be explained by normal human activity.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Without a testbed with both capabilities, earlier work on the interplay between interdomain and in­tradomain routing used simulations [20].
Sentence 2: a re­searcher is using PEERING to study man-in-the-middle hi­jacks, in which an attacker uses BGP to intercept traf.c to in­spect before forwarding it to the destination [44].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: From 08:00 to 20:00 local time, median / 95th-%ile .ow concur­rency is 253,000 / 343 k.ows, while overnight, it falls to 91.4 / 166 k.ows.
Sentence 2: night-time transient peak con­currency is comparable to that during the day.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: MobilitysupportedbyWiFipresents manychallenges.
Sentence 2: at one end of the spectrum are denselydeployed networks, where in core areas, nodeshavefull connectivityandhighlink quality.even in such well-provisioned environments, supporting demanding applicationsisdif.cult.Forexample,VoIPcanperform poorlybe­ causeoftherequirementsforlowpacketloss,delay,andjitter [5].At theotherend,inareas whereinfrastructureisunavailable,onlyDTN­ basedoptions arefeasibleandthey workonlyfor non-interactive applications [4].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Let the number of these edge-disjoint paths be h. If h is greater than or equal to n + 1, then our approach can be applied directly, and the combinations formed in Ls can be forwarded to the sink.
Sentence 2: if h is less than n + 1, then the formed combinations cannot be forwarded as is, and our solution must be modi.ed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Box 3030 Irbid, Jordan +962-7201000 fhawad@just.edu.jo ABSTRACT The IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Personal Area Networking standard, which was designed for low-data-rate and low-energy-demanding wireless networking technologies such as wireless sensor networks, provides a Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) algorithm that offers the nodes requiring low-latency channel access to reserve contention-free time slots.
Sentence 2: the standard limits the number of simultaneously allocated GTSs to seven, which increases the failure rate of accommodating a growing demand for GTS allocation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The first OFDM frame is fully used, but the second one is a fragmented OFDM frame.
Sentence 2: since the 2nd OFDM frame has unused bandwidth, the BS allocates it to MSS C. as the remaining bandwidth is not enough for MSS C, the BS will allocate part of bandwidth in the 3rd OFDM frame to satisfy MSS C s bandwidth need.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: I Pj (fj )= Pk,j (fk,fj ) (2) Our proposed approach allows the MRs to use more than .k.SjT ,fk.CkT one transceiver for sending and receiving data packets con­ currently.
Sentence 2: each transceiver must be tuned to a di.erent half duplex channel.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Existing techniques include Reed-Solomon codes [8], Luby Transform Codes [9], Digital Fountain [4], Turbo Codes [3] and other LDPC codes [10].
Sentence 2: all these traditional channel codes require accumulating a large number of initial codes before decoding, which is not desirable when resource is lim­ environment of such data retrieval system prevent precise control of which data is actually recovered (e.g.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In the deter­ministic network calculus, dependence between .ows and servers is not taken into account since the analysis is based on the worst case.
Sentence 2: for the stochastic network cal­culus, since tra.c processes and service processes are gener­ally stochastic processes, it is natural to analyze cases where these processes are independent so that improved results may be obtained.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The drawback is that it may take a signi.cant amount of time until the new target size is reached (increasing a view size by s(n)will take r(n)· .time units).
Sentence 2: main­taining a large view size all the time may be wasteful in case such a large view is typically not required or may even be impossible, if the node s memory is limited.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Modeling Steady-state and Transient Behaviors of User Mobility: Formulation, Analysis, and Application  * Jong-Kwon Lee Jennifer C. Hou Ubiquitous Computing Laboratory (UCL) Department of Computer Science IBM Korea University of Illinois Seoul, Korea Urbana, IL 61801 jkwlee@kr.ibm.com jhou@cs.uiuc.edu ABSTRACT Recent studies on mobility modeling have focused on char­acterizing user mobility from real traces of wireless LANs (WLANs) and creating mobility models based on such char­acterization.
Sentence 2: most of the work does not study how user mobility is correlated in time at di.erent time scales.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This estimate is used to compute the log likelihood probabili­    I Q Down-Conversion FPGA Data Buffers Figure 5: Radio board receiver path ties that serve as the input to the decoders, and thus an accurate estimation is important for the iterative (LDPC) decoder performance.
Sentence 2: accurate estimation of the noise variance can be a challenging and complex task, since there are many sources of noise in a hardware implemen­tation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 2.1 Flexible Link Migration In its most basic form, a link at the IP layer corresponds to a direct physical link (e.g., a cable), making link migra­tion hard as it involves physically moving link end point(s).
Sentence 2: in practice, what appears as a direct link at the IP layer often corresponds to a series of connections through di.erent network elements at the transport layer.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For in­stance, a single Query Round could be performed using HS mode, with retry ACKs being turned o.. Based on the rate of error, the reader could make an informed decision as to what up-link encoding to use for the next round to read the remainder of the tags.
Sentence 2: as the result of a given round determines the tags that are active in subse­quent rounds, an analysis of such schemes cannot be done based on our data.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 1: procedure Estimate delay(flow, SDS) 2: Nmin = 8 3: for i=1, R do 4: j. hash(i,flow) .
Sentence 2: compute ith hash 5: if SDS[i][j].N <Nmin then 6: Nmin = SDS[i][j].N 7: Smin = SDS[i][j].S 8: end if 9: end for 10: return Smin/Nmin 11: end procedure Figure 3: SDS Delay estimation algorithm in practice, rows cannot be large enough, and thereisanon-zeroprobability of several .owscolliding(i.e., hashing tothesamecellinoneor morerows).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The .rst stream corresponds to a tornado detection query, which requires high resolution data in order to precisely pinpoint the location of the tor­nado, whereas the second stream corresponds to a 3D assim­ilation query and 3D wind direction estimation queries, each of which needs only less precise data.
Sentence 2: a packet from the second stream is useful to two concurrent queries, whereas a packet from the .rst stream is only useful for tornado detection.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The Standard distributed scheme proposed for LTE makes use of the OAM as well.
Sentence 2: the tasks of the OAM are restricted to the transmission of a list of PCIs, from which the eNB under configuration chooses a PCI different from those obtained from UEs measurement reports, reported by neighbor eNBs over X2 interfaces or acquired through other implementation-dependent methods, e.g.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Mitigating asymmetric traf.c analysis: Using IP-layer encryption (e.g., IPsec) rather than SSL/TLS would thwart our asymmetric traf.c-analysis attack, by hiding the TCP sequence numbers from the adversarial ASes.
Sentence 2: us­ing IPsec would come at a signi.cant cost; because IPsec is not widely used, it makes Tor traf.c much easier to identify, and limits its applicability for important applications such as censorship-resilient communications.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The fast­sweeping attackers consume half of their time hopping chan­nels, and thus, they su.ered the most from increasing the hopping energy cost, resulting in the steepest increase in JDPE.
Sentence 2: slow-sweeping attackers con­sume only 10% of their time hopping channels, and thus, are the least impacted by the increasing hopping power.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Hole approximation: We observe that awareness of the pres­ence of routing holes and knowledge of the shape of the holes may help the sensor nodes a lot in .nding the optimal path to route the data packets.
Sentence 2: as WSN is usually deployed in large scale with the number of sensor nodes maybe on the order of hundreds or thousands, the size of routing holes also maybe very large and the maintaining or spreading the com­plete information of the hole boundary is nearly impossible.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The conjunction Ji between Ci,C(i+1) mod n can intersect edges of the outer cycle of the strong pattern in Ci n N2(Ji) and in C(i+1) mod n n N2(Ji).
Sentence 2: these vertex-induced subgraphs do not overlap for any pair of conjunc­tions, which follows from the .fth condition of a strong pattern and Lemma 4.1.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Note that connectivity (Figure 4 (a, b) improves only slightly (less than a few percents) by using unidirectional links.
Sentence 2: the average total commu­nication cost (Figure 4 (e)) improves (up to about 7%, but mostly lower) when a large fraction of nodes is low power; the costs are similar when a small fraction of nodes is low power.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: At the network level, decoupling location and identity means that using IP routing to send a packet to a given location (via IP) no longer means that the packet is going to the host with the in­tended identity (EID).
Sentence 2: because EIDs are .at, they can hold cryptographic meaning; e.g., the identi.ers could be derived by hashing a public key.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: While PeeringDB and PCH do not provide any peering information, the IRR seems to be a rich source of information since it yields some 18K peerings at only 80 IXPs.
Sentence 2: in the absence of any ground truth for peerings at IXPs, all that Tables 4, 5, and 7 say is that while our proposed method clearly outperforms the cur­rently available methods as far as detecting peerings at IXPs is concerned, there may still be room for improvements.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Satellite networks have specific characteristics such as including global coverage, providing access for remote users to terrestrial wide area networks from any location within the satellite coverage area, and broadcast/multicasting, which make them an attractive solution in order to complement terrestrial networks in providing worldwide access to the present and future generation multimedia services.
Sentence 2: at the same time other characteristics of satellite networks, such as long propagation delays (270 ms round-trip Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For example, a network operator may conduct traf.c engineering to improve network performance, and many traf.cen­gineering techniques (e.g., [18, 19, 39, 42]) require the modi.ca­tion of con.gurable parameters (e.g., OSPF weights or egress point selections).
Sentence 2: such parameter adjustments may cause dis­ruptions due to human error or routing reconvergence.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The effect of UE speeds It is shown in Figure 4 and 5, when UE speed is low as 5km/h, by selecting large TTT values the frequent ping-pong mode switching rate can be prevented without a significant decrease in D2D offloading time.
Sentence 2: when UE speed is high as 60km/h, D2D offloading performance is substantially degraded even when TTT values at 0ms.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: A standard way to achieve low congestion with an oblivious uni­cast scheme is to use randomization in what is known as Valiant s trick [29].
Sentence 2: for a unicast request (m,s,t), .rst route m from s to a randomly chosen intermediate destination v, and then from v to t. in its basic form, this trick does not work well for arbitrary worst-case sets of requests and in particular it does not work well for multicast requests.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Let us assume that there is another MIS Cl with its cardinality I > k, which also includes flow f and can provide the same basic fair share for flow f as Ck.
Sentence 2: it is easy to see that the choice of Cl will result in larger spatial reuse than MIS Ck, while providing the same basic fair share for flow f. this is impossible, because it means that both Ct and Ck will be the flow f dependent MIS but their cardinalities are different, i.e., l > k. This contradicts the definition of a maximum independent set for a given flow.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: All these works focus solely on fairness, and use the goal of achieving work conservation as the only indication of ef.ciency, similar to traditional single-resource fair queueing [9, 21].
Sentence 2: as we have shown in this paper, unlike single-resource scheduling, there is a general tradeoff between fairness and ef.­ciency when packet processing requires multiple types of resources.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This is needed to reduce the chances of correlated failures such as energy depletion that causes both the host node and its power meter to fail.
Sentence 2: in our solar-powered testbed, we connect both the meter and the monitored system to the same battery, charged by the solar cell, leveraging the fact that the power meter needs a lower voltage to operate, compared to the monitored system.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: If the amount of light measured during two consecutive slots is close to each other and if it is also similar to the ambient light measured earlier, the device can conclude that either there is no other device in its vicinity, or that it is synchro­nized to the other devices near by (within communication range).
Sentence 2: if the device detects that the two consec­utive measurement values deviate (with some hysteresis), this might mean that there is another light-emitting device in the vicinity.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Compared with TOA, RSS information is widely available and lots of work are dedicated to use the RSS of WiFi, bluetooth, or cellular signal, for indoor localization [27, 7, 11, 13].
Sentence 2: the need of the prior informa­tion of the radio attenuation model, and the time varying features of channel make these approaches only suitable for applications with low location accuracy needs.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This choice works well if X(t-1) is a good estimate of X(t).
Sentence 2: if X (t-1) is based on a few intervals worth of data, as in the .rst few time intervals after a noisy initialization, it may be extremely noisy and this can potentially lead to 0.94 0.92 Time interval t Figure 10: Sample trajectory of true and estimated .ow volume instabilities.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: While electronically steerable antenna systems, such as those proposed in [7], also have the potential to increase throughput by taking client tra.c demands into account, electronically steerable antenna sys­tems remain expensive(ranging several thousands ofdollars upward), which decreases their attractiveness for low-cost wireless networks.
Sentence 2: this architecture also has two signi.cant disad­vantages.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Abilene is an ideal starting point for understanding heuris­tically optimal topologies, because within its backbone, there is no difference between the link layer topology and what is seen by IP.
Sentence 2: the use of Ethernet and other link layer switching tech­nologies within the CENIC POPs makes the interpretation and vi­sualization of the physical intra-CENIC connectivity more dif.cult, but inferring the actual link layer connectivity is greatly facilitated by knowing the con.gurations of the individual CENIC routers as shown in Figure 5.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: A Security Management Scheme Using a Novel Computational Reputation Model for Wireless and Mobile Ad hoc Networks * Azzedine Boukerche and Yonglin Ren School of Information Technology and Engineering (SITE) University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada {boukerch, yren009}@site.uottawa.ca ABSTRACT Robust trust and reputation evaluation services are significant to ensure the security of mobile ad hoc networks, as centralized administration is not easy to be applied and these networks do not have fixed infrastructures.
Sentence 2: malicious behaviors obviously can make wireless and mobile networks at risk so malicious nodes should be detected and excluded.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The practice of discarding packets is common among WAN net­working technologies such as Ethernet [21] and ATM [27]; end­to-end protocols such as TCP [24] are required to ensure reliable message delivery over these networks.
Sentence 2: wAN-oriented protocols generally require total table storage proportional to N2 for N inter-communicating nodes [11, 8], and are therefore poorly suited to large distributed shared-memory machines.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Their result is useful for the client-server setting, where a server wants to engage in a sketching protocol with multiple clients without using a shared key for each, and then uses a report authenticated using a public key, c.f., Section 4.2.
Sentence 2: an adversarial-sketch protocol that does not use shared randomness (keys) to create the sketch, v needs at least O( T) storage [23], and is thus much less e.cient than O(log T)-storage keyed sketches that we con­sidered here.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Indeed, if a user always chooses to download one or more .les with best-advertised download times, then a small percentage of nodes with maliciously­advertised download times is enough to decrease the successful download probability to zero.
Sentence 2: a simple random strategy signi.cantly improves the successful download probabil­ity, and the random redundant strategy is even more successful.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As most common RF channels are within the ISM band, heavy noise must be expected.
Sentence 2: there is a trade off here, since the more complex and error resilient a beacon is, the more complex the Table 1: Key Characteristics of Hybrid Radios Bitrate RX current TX current Power on delay CC2420 250 kbps 18.8mA 17.4mA 1.3ms AM HRR18 4 kbps 70uA 2000ms AM RT5 4 kbps 4mA 10us Interrupt RX Pulse TX Pulse  process of detecting that beacon becomes, thereby adding to the energy cost of transmitter and receiver processing.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: To addressthe above challenge, wedevelopinthispaper a novel spatio-temporal compressive sensingframeworkforTMinterpola­tion.Ourframeworkhastwokey components: Wedevelop SPARSITY REGULARIZED MATRIX FACTORIZA-TION (SRMF),which .ndssparse,low-rankapproximations ofTMsthat accountfor spatial andtemporalproperties of real TMs.Tothebestof ourknowledge,SRMF representsthe .rst genuine spatio-temporal model ofTMs.
Sentence 2: mostpast approaches canbebestdescribed aspurely spatial(e.g.,[9,13, 14,31,33])ortemporal(e.g.,[3,27]).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: First, although the AES framework was designed to support di.erent virtu­alization technologies, the AES only interfaces with VMware Workstation or VMware ESX.
Sentence 2: we do not foresee any reason why plugins for other virtualization technolo­gies such as QEMU, VirtualBox or Xen could not be devel­oped.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: With this gen­eral procedure, we would end up with one shortest-path violation for each router and for each destination in the input DAGs.
Sentence 2: the number of shortest-path vio­lations generated by a given set of forwarding DAGs can be optimized, for instance, by reusing sub-paths of IGP shortest paths which are compliant with Condition 1.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: At speeds of less than 10 kph, the SNR-triggered protocol with equal air-time assurance that was trained at 0 kph has the highest throughput.
Sentence 2: at only 10 kph, the protocol which is trained at 100 kph becomes the high­est performing, thereby, showing that multipath has shifted the speed of the most appropriate coherence time training.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Intuitively, this choice of pt maximizes the per-slot throughput of a given node, as has been widely studied and well-understood in the context of the ALOHA protocol, leading to maximization of the dis­covery rate.
Sentence 2: the crucial question of the time required to dis­cover all the neighbors when nodes transmit with pt =1/n were unansweredin[13,19].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Avoiding the problem of rights of installation by installing at private properties and distribut­ing the equipment and management costs among the participating users, such networks present a major cost-effective alternative for overcoming the issues that are stalling the deployment of carrier­deployed wireless mesh networks.
Sentence 2: the deployment of user-contributed wireless mesh net- Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For instance, if S4 takes 3 time units to move F 4, and other switches take 1, Plan A will take 4 time units and Plan B will take 3.
Sentence 2: if S2 is slow and takes 3 time units to move F 2, while other switches take 1, Plan A will take 4 time units and Plan B will take 5.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: dependentinformationtotheuser,arecurrentlyahottopicinre­search,andareconsideredtobeapromisingmarket.
Sentence 2: nowadays,theGlobal Positioning System [9]isthepredominantoutdoorpositioningsystem.WhereasGPSworksprettywellinoutdoorscenariositsuffersfromobstaclessuchaswallsorroofsblockingtheweakradiosignalsinindoorenvironments.Sofar,thereisnoprevailingindoorpositioningsystemavailable.Manyindoorpositioningsystemseitherrequirespecializedhardwareorprovidepooraccuracy.802.11-basedpositioningsys­temssallyoutto.llthisgapbecause802.11-complianthardwareisinexpensiveandalreadyavailableinmanybuildings,and.rstresearchresultsshowimpressiveaccuracyforthiskindofindoorpositioningsystems.
Relationship: contrasting