sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Certainly, customer availability throughout the development process as required by most agile process models is a promising means to reduce developers' risks of projects in which errors and misguided developments will be detected far too late.
Sentence 2: this reduction of development risks will only be achieved by shifting a large portion of project responsibility on to the customer who is then being faced with new and partially unexpected demanding challenges.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Also, the implementation of crosscutting concerns is usually tangled with that of other (crosscutting) concerns, which is typically not the case for subfunctions.
Sentence 2: both the subfunctions and the crosscutting functions access and operate on data elements held by the objects of the classes they are associated with; therefore, I believe that the following thought experiment of applying AOP to the modularization result­ing from data encapsulation via classes (which AOP applied to OOP is invariably about) is legitimate.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We have also investigated the impact of reference seman­tics on the laws, in the rCOS re.nement theory [18], and identi.ed a number of what we call laws of classes which re­main sound in reference semantics, even obviously sound be­cause they are .ne grained changes of static program struc­ture.
Sentence 2: rCOS does not yet provide data re.nement laws with reference semantics.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: COMP: Compiler Optimizations for Manycore Processors Linhai Song * , Min Feng , Nishkam Ravi , Yi Yang and Srimat Chakradhar * Computer Sciences Department University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA songlh@cs.wisc.edu Computer Systems Architecture Department NEC Laboratories America Princeton, NJ, USA {mfeng,yyang,chak}@nec-labs.com Cloudera Inc. Palo Alto, CA, USA nravi@cloudera.com Abstract Applications executing on multicore processors can now easily of.oad computations to manycore processors, such as Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors.
Sentence 2: it requires high levels of expertise and effort to tune such of.oaded applications to realize high-performance execution.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Of course, the bene.t would decrease, if a concurrency­bug detector runs much faster than the detectors used in this paper (e.g., more than 10 times faster).
Sentence 2: techniques used to speed up concurrency-bug detection [63, 71] can po­ tentially also help speed up CFP measurement, in which case the bene.t of CFP-guided bug detection will remain.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As the mobile web browsers are quickly catching up with their desktop counterparts, it is likely that Maygh will work with­out modi.cation once WebRTC support is provided to these browsers.
Sentence 2: a potential drawback is that the user ses­sion times are likely to be much shorter, as smartphones typically only allow users to have one active web page at a time.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Ccur and an LIO action m, toLabeled lm executes m without raising Lcur.
Sentence 2: in­stead of returning the result directly, the function returns the result of m encapsulated in a Labeled withlabel l.Topreserve con.dentiality(seeSection4forfurtherdetails), action m must not read any values with a label above l. We can implement toLabeled asfollows: toLabeled l m = do ' (L ' , C ) .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Phalanx uses digital signatures, i.e., self-verifying data, to port ABD to the Byzantine model, maintaining the latency of ABD, as well as its data write­backs.
Sentence 2: since digital signatures introduce consid­erable overhead [33, 38], protocols that feature lightweight authentication, or no data authentication at all (unauthen­ticated model) have been designed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is worth noting that if the only rule that must hold is the general rule (i) and overwrite of prewrites already entered in LPW is allowed, the original TS2PC4RS algorithm works.
Sentence 2: if there are more business rules like the general rules (ii) and (iii), the TS2PC4RS algorithm needs some extensions, in addition to the permission to accept overwrite of prewrites already accepted.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The remedy mechanism is very simple: sup­pose the remedy stage includes k windows, and the missed blocks number within the subscribed layers in the newly en­tered window is n, thus the n blocks should be requested from neighbors during k windows time, and on averagejust n/k blocks are requested in each window.
Sentence 2: how to choose k s value is interesting: if it s too small, it s likely that there isn t enough time to request the missed blocks, especially when the blocks encounter bandwidth burst-and­drop in the decision stage; on the other hand, if it s too large, the initial waiting time will be very long, because af­ter the blocks with earliest playback time leave the decision stage, they must stay in the remedy stage for k windows timebeforebeingplayed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It could be argued that an al­ternative approach would be to specify all behaviours for all possible conditions in a single, monolithic component, to­gether with the logic for selecting which behaviour to use at each time.
Sentence 2: using separate redundant compo­nents for di.erent running conditions provides radically im­proved modularity and .exibility over the aforementioned approach.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As a drawback we cur­rently cannot de.nitely evaluate expressions containing CPP macros.
Sentence 2: only 2 of the 27,569 conditional expres­sions used for feature-based con.guration in Linux3 call a macro function (e.g., #if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0) to query the kernel version).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: PipeCloud is able to support a much higher write workload and still provide responses to read requests within a reasonable time as re.ected by a lower average response time for PipeCloud under load.
Sentence 2: pipeCloud s network buffering impacts those read requests which happen to coincide with write requests, resulting in a higher standard deviation in the response time as shown in Fig­ure 12(b).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: customer/end­user requirements project status organisational requirements  project  4.2 Added Value When comparing the methodology with project management methodologies, development methodologies, standards and models, some overlap can be observed: defining the project objectives and controlling the project s progress during its execution.
Sentence 2: the methodology offers added value by explicitly recognizing that: D Release Definition: There needs to be a clear rationale for a project throughout its existence (economics).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Pedestrian Navigation Systems: a Showcase for Deep Personalization Theory Xiangkui Yao Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403-1202, USA xiangkui@cs.uoregon.edu ABSTRACT There has been a rapid growth in navigation aids recently.
Sentence 2: no meaningful personalization exists in these devices.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: An around advice intercepts the outermost invocation in order to set up a ForkJoinPool, using the annotation attribute threads=2, and creates a RecursiveTask: Object around(AsynchronousRecursively ann) : outerMostCall(ann) { // necessary to pass ann into compute(): final AsynchronousRecursively a = ann; ForkJoinPool fjPool  = new ForkJoinPool(ann.threads()); MyRecursiveTask f = new MyRecursiveTask() { public Object compute() { Object obj = proceed(a); Result res = (Result)obj; return res.fetch();  } }; Object o = fjPool.invoke(f); return new Result(o); } This is basically the part performed in the main() method in Lea s example.
Sentence 2: we have to use a class MyRecursiveTask extends RecursiveTask that makes compute() public (instead of protected as in RecursiveTask).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 5msperiod,respetively.Then 1 andN havethesameperiodof20ms.Supposethereis aGiottomodeswiths from1 toN witha5msperiod whihonformstotheGiottorequirements.Then1 hasa unitof5mswhereasN hasaunitof2.
Sentence 2: 5ms.Figure6depits atimingdiagramoftheGiottomodeswiths enabledat thel0mstimeinstantinthemiddleofaroundof1 .Sine bothmodes1 andN ontaintheGiottotaskP witha 20msperiod,P isnotterminatedbutanfnishitsompu­tationasifnothinghappened.Q 'sinvoationsare replaedbyexatlytwotimesasmanyinvoationsofthe GiottotaskR .SineN 'sroundhasalreadybeenompleted half-wayatthel0mstimeinstant,therewillbefourinvo­ationsofR beforetheendoftheroundatthe20mstime instant.WhenaGiottomodeswithourswithinaround, frsttheurrentGiottomodeisterminatedinstantaneously.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Multi-Resolution via Adaptiveness.
Sentence 2: false paths are a well known problem in control .ow analysis; one solution is to employ k-CFA with larger values of k. it could be disastrous to recompute the entire control .ow graph with a higher value of k, as this quickly causes the graph to explode in size for interrupt-driven software.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 3.1.4 Require statement The require statement supports conditional atomic actions:8 RequireStatement: require Expression ; The Expression must be boolean-valued.
Sentence 2: the effect of evaluat­ing require exp ; is similar to evaluating if (!exp) retry ; an implementation may be able to use knowledge of the required condition to avoid retrying if the condition s value cannot have changed.9 3.1.5 Exceptions If an exception is thrown and not caught within an atomic action (i.e., the atomic action would complete abruptly), the atomic action fails, and is undone in a special way, as follows.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Only the methods that contain still optimized self­invocations are concerned, and a method can be recompiled at most twice, since the recompilation must be done only the .rst time the group is moved.
Sentence 2: the approach does not distinguish between self-invocations of method­s/attributes introduced by the current class (which have actually been moved) and self-invocations of methods/at­tributes introduced in superclasses (which may have not been moved).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If it is notpossibleto usethese macrosin existing code(e.g.in external libraries), this optimisation can either be turned off, or the size information canbe strippedupon entrytolibrary code, and replaced upon return.This optimisation was usedbySMAin all our reported experimental results in Section 5.
Sentence 2: in experiments we performedwith this optimisation turned off, wefound that roughly half ofSMA sreductioninmemory wastage compared withDoug Lea s algorithm is due to this optimisation, and the associated coalesce tag optimisation2(Section3.2.3).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Most simpli.ers for the lambda calculus actually take advantage of this notion in spirit, as is manifest in their use of envi­ronments and closures.
Sentence 2: it is often believed that an intrinsic use of explicit substitutions in particular, a re­.ection of substitution encodings into term structure and the creation of such terms during reduction can be costly in terms of space usage.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: (A ; B) A N.C) = (N.A A N.B) V ((X.A V (N.A A X.B)) A N.C) containing two occurrences of the subformula N.A.
Sentence 2: by naming shared subformulae as de- scribed in Section 6, we can still represent the VC --1(W.S) as a formula whose size is linear in the size of S. Experimental Results We have implemented, as part of ESC/Java, both VC generation algorithms described in this paper.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If the fault policy is entirely consistent within a .le system, this could be done quite simply; we could run any workload, fail one of the blocks that is accessed, and conclude that the reaction to this block failure fully demonstrates the failure policy of the system.
Sentence 2: .le systems are in prac­tice more complex: they employ different techniques depending upon the operation performed and the type of the faulty block.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Towards Middleware-aware Integration of Event-based Communication into the Palladio Component Model*  Christoph RathfelderFZI Research Center for Benjamin KlattFZI Research Center for Samuel Kounev Karlsruhe Institute of Information Technology Information Technology Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe, Germany rathfelder@fzi.de Karlsruhe, Germany klatt@fzi.de Karlsruhe, Germany kounev@kit.edu David Evans University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK david.evans@cl.cam.ac.uk ABSTRACT The event-based communication paradigm is becoming in­creasingly ubiquitous as an enabling technology for build­ing loosely-coupled distributed systems.
Sentence 2: the loose coupling of components in such systems makes it hard for developers to predict their performance under load.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: add(NewLinkedList().state, o).state and forallo: Object add(NewLinkedList().state, o).state .
Sentence 2: addFirst(NewLinkedList().state, o).state the axiom foralll:LinkedListforall o: Object add(l,o).retval==true gives rise to only foralll:LinkedListforall o: Object add(l,o).retval .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To achieve high re­targetability of the testing framework, the test-case gener­ation has to be done at source-code level.
Sentence 2: it is challenging to guarantee that the test-cases obtained from the source code are also valid at the object-code level, since even in safety-critical domains programs are optimized dur­ing compilation, i.e., the compiler may also introduce new control-.ow decisions to the program.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Evolutionisnaturallyviewedasrefatoringfollowedby extensioninthosebottom­upmethodologiesforframework developmentthatareenteredonrefatoring.Thenew strutureofthesystemandtherefatoringstoefetthere­struturingarehosenwiththerequiredextensioninmind.
Sentence 2: thereislittleliteratureonthisonnetionbetween refatoringandextension.Wealsosayverylittleinthis paper.Ausefulrefereneonextensionofobjet­oriented systemsisMiatzelandBishofberger[16].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: doesnotnecessarilyformalatticeevenwhen.L1 and.L2 de.nealogicallattice.OnewaytosolvethisproblemwouldbetorelaxthedomainDL1Mtoalsoincludein.niteconjunctionofatomicfacts;inthat L2 casethechoiceofT1.
Sentence 2: .T2 as.L1Mde.nesalattice(andwerefer L2 tothisasthestrict logicalproductcombination).thisisnotagoodpracticalsolutionbecausewenowneedtorepresentandmanipulatein.niteconjunctionsofatomicfacts.Ourrecentresults[13]onhardnessofassertioncheckingforprogramsthatinvolveonlylineararithmeticanduninterpretedfunctionsimplythattherecannotbeanyef.cientdatastructureandalgorithmstoreasonaboutsuchin.niteconjunctionsofatomicfactsingeneral(unlessP=coNP).1 1Wehaveshownthattheproblemofassertioncheckinginprogramswhoseexpressionsinvolvelineararithmeticanduninterpretedfunctions,andwhoseconditionalshavebeenabstractedasnon-deterministicbranches,iscoNP-hard.Thisproblemcanbesolvedbyperformingabstractinterpre­tationoverthelatticewhoseelementsare(potentiallyin.nite)conjunctionsofatomicfactsoverthecombinedtheoryoflineararithmeticanduninter­pretedfunctions,andwhosepartialorderistheimplicationrelationship.Thisimpliesthattherecannotbeanydata-structuresandalgorithmsthat Oursolutiontosolvetheaboveproblemistode.neL1ML2 tohaveanadditionalrestrictionthatisasweakaspossibleandalongwiththeimplicationrelationshipde.nesalattice.Thisad­ditionalrestrictionisAlienTermsT1,T2 (E ' ) .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As a solution for these problems, the provided secure communication overlay relies on 128-bit long identifiers, which are generated by hashing Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) [13, 14] public keys with a Message-Digest algorithm 5 (MD5) [15].
Sentence 2: these identifiers are not used through IPv6 BSD-style socket API, because our system is meant to be used also by devices without IP support.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As we have seen earlier, the name if is still accidentally a reserved keyword, but the names of the other pointcut designators are not, so they can be used in point­cut expressions, for example in name patterns.
Sentence 2: a named pointcut with the same name as a primitive pointcut designator can not be used (though surprisingly, it can be declared without warn­ings).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A second kind of mechanism used by the nDSM.code generator also works using reflection: The CodeConstruct-classes can be declared to have roles or  inherit functionality declared in framework interfaces or implemented in framework classes specializing the gen-erated CodeConstructGenericType class.
Sentence 2: the model should not know about the implementation of the framework.The solution works on basis of custom anno-tations.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The speedup columns in Table 1 and 2 show that both the graph partitioning scheme and the graph partition scheme are e.ective for the two-tier con.guration.
Sentence 2: for the three-tier con.guration, although the graph partitioning algorithm could still provide signi.cant speedup over the MPI default placement scheme, it is completed exceeded by the graph mapping schemes.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In all these cases, it is very important to protect user privacy to the maximum extent possible while performing the same computation with no loss of accuracy.
Sentence 2: existing techniques such as multiparty computa­tion [8, 6] fail to provide a practical solution for systems with realistic scales due to their heavy use of public-key operations for information hiding and/or veri.cation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Worst-Case Delay Analysis of Master-Slave Switched Ethernet Networks M. Ashjaei1, M. Liu1, M. Behnam1, A. Mifdaoui2, L. Almeida3, T. Nolte1 1 Mälardalen Real-Time Research Centre (MRTC), Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden 2 University of Toulouse, France 3 IT/DEEC, University of Porto, Portugal ABSTRACT Switched Ethernet is increasingly used in real-time commu­nication due to its intrinsic features such as micro segmen­tation and high throughput.
Sentence 2: cOTS switches may impose long blocking times due to their FIFO queues and can also experience bu.er over.ow in outgoing queues due to uncontrolled packets arrival.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: are now batched with the actual event e ' , which can begin executing once e releases access to c.  5 Dynamic migration With the distributed run time system described in the previous section, EV E N T WAV E programs written for n logical nodes can run on m physical nodes.
Sentence 2: the ability to run a distributed program across additional nodes is only one part of the elasticity story.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Assignments: In general, an assignment lvalue := e is translated into the assignment of the abstract value of e into the abstract cell corresponding to lvalue.
Sentence 2: for array assignments, such as x[i]:= e, onehas to note that the array index i may not be fully known, so all cells possibly corresponding to x[i] may either be assigned the value of e, or keep their old value.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Thenumberofsensorsusedinthisstrategycan be mini­mized by deploying one sensor at a time.
Sentence 2: a cost is usually associated with each deployment of sensors and de­ploying one sensor at a time may not be cost e.ective if the cost of deployment is su.ciently large with respect to the cost of single sensors.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The apparent success of the EGP in regard to both the popularity of the games created and with the apparent learning that such a hands-on approach produced was a significant motivation for the original idea of this class.
Sentence 2: given the novelty of the technology, and the fact that we had both undergraduates and graduate students who were not experienced game designers or programmers, we extended the time frame for completed prototype to four weeks rather than one, and emphasized background skills and knowledge where appropriate.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Examples of available solu­tions are Amazon EC2, IBM Virtualization Manager, Plat­form VM Orchestrator, Xen Enterprise, OpenNEbula and VM Ware ESX Server.
Sentence 2: although Cloud comput­ing is extremely .exible, due to physical limits it cannot support massive amount of customers, unless of huge in­vestments.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: While the state­of-the-art of distributed computing has changed signi.cantly over the past few decades, these two ideas are still relevant today.
Sentence 2: the emergence of shared distributed com­puting platforms, such as PlanetLab [19] and GENI [11], has created new opportunities for educators to give students access to diverse sets of distributed resources, even when budgetary constraints are present.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: [2] also noted that test suites constructed by picking a series of test cases that each increase coverage tended to be more e.ective than test suites of the same size constructed by randomly picking test cases.
Sentence 2: this result lends at best indirect support to the claim that cov­erage is a good adequacy criterion, since the coverage-based test suites were constructed using a particular algorithm.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: [T 8.T8]] mapping f list listlist listlist list]op to .g.g .f , and a polynomial list-algebra P8 over [T8.T 8 , list list which is simply the continuous version of P in Example 4.1.
Sentence 2: here, a subtlety about termination behavior slips in: the continuous monoid homomorphism h8 is not strict.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Inspec­tion reduces the volume of communication signi.cantly by elimi­nating redundant communication and the inspector-only is almost 40% faster than the baseline version.
Sentence 2: iteration reordering and computation-communication overlap tolerates the communi­cation latency even further and that version is faster than both the inspector-only and hand coded versions on four, eight and sixteen nodes.
Relationship: contrasting