sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Unfortunately, safety analysis of automaton-based security models has always been constricted by its general non­decidability for a large class of powerful HRU-style access control models, rendering it dif.cult to devise algorithms for automated safety analysis tools.
Sentence 2: several safety-decidable fragments of the HRU calculus emerged [HR78, LS78, San92] that bought safety decidability by limiting the expressive power of the calculus.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 6.1.5 Execution Environment BecausethePinmoduleitselfcannotbethetargetofcodeshred­dingand it willbeloaded tothe same addressspace asthetargeted software, the attacker may perform an attack by returning into Pin code.
Sentence 2: it is more preferable to implement it in a more isolated layer such as the OS layer, the hypervisor layer, or even the hardwarelayer.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: DTLS-SRTPinparticular onlyperforms a pair-wise key exchange with the peer that is interested in establishing a session (i.e., responds with a 200 OK re­sponse message.)
Sentence 2: the only way an attacker can mount a .ooding attack atthekeyinglayerisby causing theinitial request to fork to many endpoints, each of which returns a 200 OK response to the sender.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since certi.cation of new public keys is a procedure that can be expensive and time consuming, using proxy re-signatures is away to share existing certi.cates.Signatures under new keys can be transformed into ones that can be veri.ed with public keys that are already certi.ed.Consider also that  Figure 1: Unidirectional chains with multi-use proxy re-signature.
Sentence 2: each node (e.g., C) holds only a proxy re-signature key (e.g., rkC.D) and not a signing key (e.g., skC ).an adversary cannot inject a signed message into the chain by corrupting intermediate nodes.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 6), even when one of the sensors is under attack the robot cannot reach the desired state (e.g., it can even be forced to stop).10 Robustness Analysis All ROS nodes are executed in the run-to-completion manner.
Sentence 2: although the execution period for the controller node is 20 ms, other instantiated nodes might a.ect its execution (i.e., the controller might run with a 10Videos of the Landshark experiments can be seen at http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~pajic/research/CPS_ security.html.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Our obser­vation is that the guard relays are more likely to be present in the anonymity set of bottleneck relays for a client s cir­cuit, as compared to other relays (since the probability of the guard relays appearing in the client s circuit is much higher than other relays).
Sentence 2: over multiple circuit refor­mulations, the set of relays that appearin the anonymity set for a client s circuit with the highest frequencies are likely to be the guard relays.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Complex work.ows consist of various alterna­tive paths and complex branching with di.erent path length observable at runtime.
Sentence 2: we need to question whether is it possible that for constrained tasks, the execution se­mantics of control-.ow patterns may result in an ambigu­ous constraint evaluation at runtime or may even lead to a deadlock-like situation disrupting the overall work.ow exe­cution.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Meanwhile, Sout,M S6 is also correlated with TR7,R6 which yields a strong correlation coe.cient in the vicinity of one (0.924).
Sentence 2: mS7 is the MS that takes charge of the traceback and compares Sout,M S7 with TR3,R7 .This comparison produces a strong correlation coe.cient (0.935).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In psychol­ogy, a distinction is made between injunctive and descriptive social norms [8], where injunctive norms are based on per­ceptions of approved and disapproved behaviours, whereas descriptive norms are based on perceptions of what others typically do.
Sentence 2: people may act in certain ways both be­cause they expect their behaviour to be approved, as well as because they perceive this to be common behaviour.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Theconcept of mimicryhasalsobeenappliedinotherareas.In the context of system call monitors a type ofdynamichostbased IDS, a mimicryattackisde.ned as a sequence of malicious system callsthatis still considered aslegitimatebytheIDSprogram model [32].
Sentence 2: such attacks focus on discovering and exploiting .aws in the program model, which is speci.ed by the form of au­tomata.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This observation is echoed in the Poynter report, which points to events that shaped HMRC s cultural expectations about transferring large number of data records to external parties.
Sentence 2: any process to capture norms must be iterative, any analysis must be rooted in the organisational history, and resulting policy design must embrace the fact that organisational and personal norms are not static.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: WithinSPEWAREaspeifationisdefnedinlogiandan desribeproblems,arhitetures,programs,datastrutures, andappliationdomains.Speifationsanbeomposed withtheolimit[4]operatorwhihenablesausertobuild aggregatespeifationsfromseveralsmallerspeifations, andtoexpressexatlyhoweahofthesmallerspeifations relates.
Sentence 2: [3]Forexample,intheMASKimplementationlevel speifations,theshedulingisaomplishedbymeansofa priorityqueue.AsshowninFigure6,themultipleellab­stration(MCA)layerversionofthepriorityqueue,alled shedulemap,isbuiltfromatotalmappingfrompriorityto alistofmessages.Messagefurtherdeomposesintoatriple, onsistingofasourethread,ommandword,andalistof messagesegments.Amessagesegmentlistisalistoftran­sientsegmentIDs(TSID).apriorityqueuespeifa­tiongetsbuiltfrommanyspeifations:Lists,totalmaps, triples,TSID,threadID,et.Intheshedulemapspeif­ation,alloftheseomponentspeifationsareombined, andthisombinationisthenextendedwiththepartiular funtionsthatimplementtheshedulingmehanismofthe kernel.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The 1The tracesareobtainedfromtheLausanneDataCollection Campaign dataset, http://research.nokia.com/page/11367  probability distribution function f(.|r) will be the uniform probability distribution on the set of the k -1 selected lo­cations together with the location r. That is, location r is replaced by each of the k locations, as a pseudolocation, with the same probability k1 , and all the rest of locations have probability 0.
Sentence 2: in practice, an actual location r is hidden among its k -1 nearest locations.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: These syscall tables and other global kernel function pointers are usually static, having the same virtual addresses and values across different machines for the same kernel.
Sentence 2: we can directly compare the values of these static function pointers guided by the system.map in the physical memory of SVM which is trusted, with the memory from GVM, to identify which kernel function pointer has been contaminated, and then recover it from the trusted value which is present in our SVM.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, the compromised nodes have no incentives to send reports of intrusion/anomaly because the intrusion response may result in their expulsion from the network.
Sentence 2: unless the majority of the nodes are compromised, in which case one of the legitimate nodes will probably be able to de- tect the intrusion with strong evidence and will respond, the above scheme can detect intrusion even when the evidence at individual nodes is weak.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: HyperSentry [7] also uses the state of host system at certain points of time, when the independent auditor stops the host system and ex­ecute the agent.
Sentence 2: this can be considered as a snapshot­based monitor along with Copilot [20] and HyperCheck [28], in the sense that they all use the periodically acquired status information.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: INTERESTS INFERENCE Although users understand that public pages are for ev­eryone to view and should not contain sensitive or private information, these pages nevertheless reveal what users do and what users think.
Sentence 2: it is probably not di.cult to be convinced that such pages still contain private infor­mation, probably indirectly and to a limited degree, e.g., by re.ecting what users like and dislike.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A major drawback of the Perceptron algorithm is that it assumes that the data is linearly separable, i.e., that there is an hyperplane w .Rm that separates the positive examples from the negative ones.
Sentence 2: data is often mapped into a higher dimensional Hilbert space Hto make it linearly separable using some (nonlinear) mapping f: X.H.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: the probability of C s correctly guessing Q = e(g, g)x 2 y with ( 1  x 1 µ 1 µthe instance of (g, e, g ,gy,Q)is + + ) = 1 + , 2 2 |Uh | 2 22n because the probability of C proceeding the game is 1 .
Sentence 2: |Uh | if A can break the anonymous game with a prob­ability of 1 2 + µ, we can solve the SDBDH problem at least with a probability of 2 1 2µ n + .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since a function from security levels to a single bit is isomorphic to a set of secu­rity levels, we generalize the pending release bit to a set of security levels S. If l .
Sentence 2: s then the pending bit for level l is set, meaning that the next output on a channel l ', such that l ' g l, may reveal information from level l. if l .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Although a small amount of noise appears in the system without scaledown, it greatly increases with increased scaledown, as the probability of infecting a new cluster versus an already existing cluster becomes more sig­ni.cant.
Sentence 2: although scaledown works effectively in this model, it does introduce an additional artifact when compared with scale­down for a Code-Red-like worm: signi.cant noise in the scanning­rate-per-worm graph.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Similarly, some information about the secretvalue secret is re­leased when the client is noti.ed whether the guess i is equal to secret.
Sentence 2: the bodies of both the consequent and the al­ternative of the if testonline23 mustuseanexplicit declassify to indicate that information transmitted by the control .ow of the program may be released to the client.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As previous research have done, most notably the FIRE system presented in [7], concentrating on ASs is important because they constitute the small­est authority (e.g., an ISP) that manages a certain address space on the Internet.
Sentence 2: it is usually doable during law enforce­ment or security investigations to contact the people behind ASs if needed; on the other hand, it is normally dif.cult to reach who is behind, for example, a single internet address.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, they use a type 2 virtual machine monitor (VMM)4 and the agent runs on the host OS (Windows Vista), and they have no further protection of the agent, i.e., no secure storage like binding the agent data to the platform con.guration.
Sentence 2: if the host OS gets compromised, malware may be able to manipu­late the agent.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Cur­rently, this works because, in the case of cookies, authentication information issentfor a.com regardless of the request originator.
Sentence 2: ourproposalforhandling authentication information isasfollows:Whenauthentication information(HTTP oracookie) comes in, the browser associates this information with the page that receives it, page P. This authentication information is passed on to other pages that are loaded via an action on P (for example, clicking a link),but onlyifthenewpage sdomainmatchesthat of thecookie(i.e.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Thus K, w '' , v |= G. So k2b(K), w '' , v |= G by theorem 1.
Sentence 2: by our initial assumption that G |= f, it follows that k2b(K), w '' , v |= f. Again applying theorem 1, we have that K, w '' , v |= f. By the Kripke semantics of says, it follows that K, w, v |= p says f. by the de.nition of k2b, we have f .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: R. By separating the assignment of users to roles from the assignment of permissions to roles it is possible for user­role and permission-role assignments to be changed inde­pendently of each other in implementations of RBAC P H2A policies.
Sentence 2: access policy maintenance is simpli.ed (rel­ative to the discretionary access control policies that were, until recently, used as a matter of course to help to protect the information in databases).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: One advantage of our hierarchical structure is that it is easily extendable, in that the patient (and potentially other parties to whom the patient grants the appropriate permis­sions) can add additional subcategories within any existing category.
Sentence 2: within the Medications category, Alice s dentist might add a new category for Anaesthetics , or visit 4/2/09 .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The third deficiency of the finite automata can be tagged with the label Acalculia due to which it (both NFA and DFA) is unable to efficiently count the occurrences of certain sub-expressions in the input stream.
Sentence 2: whenever a regular expression contains a length restriction of k on a sub-expression, the number of states required by the sub-expression gets multiplied by k. With length restrictions, the number of states in a NFA increases linearly, while in a DFA, it may increase exponentially.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In any case it should be clear that company data, which was pre­viously stored on-premise and protected by network perimeter se­curity mechanisms like .rewalls and VLANs, is now hosted in a Public Cloud system accessible from the Internet.
Sentence 2: the data is no longer protected by the company s .rewalls, but accessible to anyone who can circumvent the corresponding SaaS security mech­ anisms.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A page fault, in contrast to a protection fault, incurs two round trips to the hyper­visor to .rst verify that it is a page fault and then the shadow page table is updated after the guest kernel has inserted the entry into the guest page table.
Sentence 2: the overhead of page is higher than that of prot.The ctx indicates the overhead of a context switch between processes.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The resulting Boolean formula is negated and further (3)reduced to a CNF formula using the Tseitin transformation [8].
Sentence 2: in holds, then the same condition holds also for a maximal set of overlapping PAs that contains set S. when a new PA is entered, it is sufficient to evaluate maximal sets of overlapping PAs in order to check for the above scenarios.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The framework declares success only when the Aencoded in (T1,T2) is not amongst those whose x it knows.
Sentence 2: the extracted SDH tuple (A,x) is not amongst those that we ourselves created, and can be transformed, again following the technique of Boneh and Boyen s Lemma 3.2 [6], to an answer to the posed q-SDH problem.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Users can choose to share data across web sites with explicit whitelists of all other hosts that can be contacted as the page is rendered and as the JavaScript (or other plugins) run.
Sentence 2: tahoma of­fers all-or-nothing sharing at the discretion of the original web site; it does not allow a web site to safely give con.­dential data to potentially malicious scripts.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: When the connect or accept or recvfrom or read system call Figure 5: Architecture of our system is executed, the phase management module hooks it and checks whether a phase transition occurs by referring to the phase transi­tion database.
Sentence 2: if there is a phase transition, the phase management we believe our scheme can be of great help to sys­module makes a request to the policy load daemon to load a new tem administrators introducing secure OSes for protecting Internet policy for the protocol processing phase, and the policy load dae­servers.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The meter will normally spend 10 ms more than the theo­retical measurements from the component tests results given in Section 4.1 because it takes time for the meter to pro­cess the message.
Sentence 2: the system test time, including serial network and head-end system overhead, is approxi­mately equal to the following equation: SystemTestTime = ComponentTestTime + 10ms + Overhead .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In that case, the value of the solution is (D (DT 11 q·f =1 - 1 - qq and (D (DT -1 ' 11 T +1 -q f =1+ 1 - .
Sentence 2: qqq if q = T +1, then f ' (1/q) = 1and 1/q is the unique root of the equation f ' (p)= f ' (1/q) .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Once two points CA = (xA, yA), CB = (xB, yB ) have been mapped to the same UTM zone, their distance can be computed as: DUTM(CA, CB ) =(xA - xB )2 + (yA - yB)2 This approach can only be used if both points lay in the same zone.
Sentence 2: as mentioned in Section 1, UTM distance should be considered as a baseline for accuracy and performance.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The reason is that the wavelet transforms on encrypted data is in en­crypted form and he/she does not have the private key for decryption.
Sentence 2: the technique described in this pa­per and the proposed algorithm are well suitable for secure and privacy-preserving multimedia applications, such as se­cure media .ltering, secure feature extraction, secure face detection and secure watermarking.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: = Pr A¯.80k + (h + 1) · Pr I(G(Y,X |Z)TV1 ) > h iA¯.
Sentence 2: z Z h.N h=80k 2-0.005k = · 80k + (h + 1) · Pr I(G(Y ,X |Z)TV1 ) > h Zh.N h=80k -0.5(h-40k) = 1+ (h + 1) · 2 · 2< 2. h.N h=80k we have CC(.)
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The computa­tional complexity of the traditional ways of realizing such in­ference grows exponentially with the number of SNPs (which is on the order of tens of millions) and relatives.
Sentence 2: in order to infer the values of the unknown SNPs in linear complexity, we represent the SNPs, family relationships and the statistical relationships between SNPs on a factor graph and use the belief propagation algorithm [37, 41] for infer­ ence.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Let s denote the longest time a sensor node can last as T. From (4), the probability of a nodes is not compromised or failed before T, denoted as ., is: -(.f +.c)T .
Sentence 2: = pn(T)= e (5) Further, we assume every node complies with Bernoulli Distribution with only two outcomes of failure before T or last till T. the probability of total number of alive secure node equals to t + 1 at time T will be: s pl(t + 1) =.t+1 (1 -.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The distinc­tion of the C-REM method is that, in an m-banking context, the severities associated with di.erent marginal fraud risk factors are of di.erent types with di.erent physical units (e.g., the unit of money, the unit of time, and the mea­surement of location, etc.).
Sentence 2: in the C-REM ap­proach, the severities of di.erent units cannot be added.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Further, the start value after these tampered segments is 4 more than the end value before these segments, where 4 characters have been substituted.
Sentence 2: substitution is detected when two non-tampered segments i and j separated by tampered segment(s) satisfy start[j] = (end[i] + s + 1) mod 8 where s = l[i + 1] + l[i + 2] + + l [j 1] is the number of substituted characters between them.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Unlike most existing spam .ltering or classi.cation systems, SpamTracker has the unique ad­vantage that it can classify email senders solely based on the source IP address and destination domain of the mail being sent (i.e.,it does not require examining or analyzing an email s contents).
Sentence 2: another possibility for deploying SpamTracker involves deploying a network element that can examine traf.c on the wire and identify connections to mail servers from IP addresses that fall into clusters with high spam scores.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Furthermore, H0 n(b) .8 if ne .8 while |S| > 1, or if |S|.8 while ne > 0.
Sentence 2: indicating an in.nite number of guesses to break the selectively encrypted mes­sage if the encrypted part contains an in.nite number of units or if the alphabet contains an in.nite number of sym­bols.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, if an attacker enters admin -- as the user name and any value as the pin (e.g., 0 ), the resulting query is: SELECT acct FROM users WHERE login= admin -- AND pin=0 In SQL, -- is the comment operator, and everything after it is ignored.
Sentence 2: when performing this query, the database sim­ply searches for an entry where login is equal to admin and returns that database record.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If it returns the sum of the IA32_TIME_STAMP_COUNTER MSR and the value of the TSC_OFFSET .eld the case is the same as with normal op­eration since the VMM cannot manipulate the TSC value conforming to the length of the loop.
Sentence 2: these two other options could not help to adjust the in-guest timer.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: p. Then, he/she can generate all secret keys used at n, time granules satisfying the temporal constraints of to encrypt all the nodes belonging to lower level classes of nodes wrt the class n, of nodes corresponding to .
Sentence 2: to make a subject able to decrypt all and only the source portions for which he/she has an authorization for each time granule in the associated interval of va­lidity, it is only necessary to send the subject the encryption infor­mation associated with the policies he/she satis.es.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 5 However, an important issue, with respect to signatures intended to provide the property of non-repudiation, is that a user (or organization) must be prevented from repudiating a signature by simply deleting the corresponding posted corroborating information from a site they control.
Sentence 2: in this application it is important to ensure that the corroborating site be an independent party s in the sense that any potential relying party would trust it not to delete corroborating information if so requested by an originator (who seeks to repudiate).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In the j - l cases where the wanted sub-sequence starts at the second to (j - l + 1)-th black ball, the sub-sequence must be preceded by (at least) b + 1 white balls.
Sentence 2: in each of these cases there exist A(n - j - b - 1,j +1,l - 1,b) ways to distribute the remaining n - j - b - 1 white balls.
Relationship: reasoning