sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A survey article on refactoring [11] shows that most of the scientific work has focused on tools and metrics.
Sentence 2: industrial literature has re­ported different refactoring techniques and various structures that, according to the authors , need refactoring [2, 3, 18] the role of humans as decision makers whether to refactor a piece of code or not, has been mostly neglected.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Selecting Object-Oriented Source Code Metrics to Improve Predictive Models Using a Parallel Genetic Algorithm Rodrigo A. Vivanco1,2 1Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council Canada Winnipeg, MB, Canada +1 (204) 983-7393 Rodrigo.Vivanco@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Abstract Predictive models can be used to discover potentially problematic components with source code metrics as input features.
Sentence 2: there are many structural and design metrics that capture related measures of coupling, cohesion, inheritance, complexity and size.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: [[r]]full(a) as [[objt r]]type where e has type tempt r = unpack a, x =[[e]]exp in x.mt.m x where a and x are fresh = unpack a, x =[[e]]exp in x.f where a and x are fresh = unpack a, x =[[e1]]exp in pack x.f := [ e2]]exp,a as [[objt r]]type where e1 has type objt r and a and x are fresh = .x ' :t.let x = pack x ' ,t as t ' in [[e]]exp where x.e:s has type t ' I s and x ' is fresh Figure 2: The Translation O typing derivation.
Sentence 2: i present it as a function of O expression syntax and indicate the typing assumptions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The performance of AVM (on average 127.6 test cases) is slightly better than RS (on average 115.8 test cases).
Sentence 2: from the Figure 3, we can also observe that the performance of RS does not stay stable, i.e., sometimes, only few test cases such as 78 can be prioritized but more than 150 test cases can be prioritized the other time.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: [2] analyzed problems with sharing external resources such as .les, sockets, and environment variables in replicated application sharing systems.
Sentence 2: these problems are much more tractable in our work because ICT assumes application knowledge: File accesses in editors can often be detected and managed, e.g., by the editors APIs; only editor states and state changes need to be captured for synchronization purposes; most external resources are but sources that cause state changes; and editors in general are deterministic.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The view for the administrative interface, on the other hand, is maintained centrally, and consists of a large number of JSP pages that are pieced together with Struts templates.
Sentence 2: because the administrative interface is identical for each clone of the Kiosk application, we are able to maintain a single set of the admin source files and deploy them automatically with each new Luwak copy.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This behavior can be explained because while nitg-e has the most dynamic type tests, those are essentially on resolved types.
Sentence 2: in shoot, there is so much erasure tests that nit-e is 9,5% slower than nitg-s. On the unsafe versions for nitg-e and nitg-s, we can con­clude that the cost of the checks are not a major overhead.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The feature is represented by the binary existence of a word in a commit message.
Sentence 2: if all single words generate a new feature, we would have two problems: the number of features would become too big for fast processing in a MLC;  words which carry the same meaning, for example .x, .xing, .xed, would be considered as di.erent.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The response times of both clients increase steadily with an EDF scheduler.
Sentence 2: with the FSFQ and RW schedulers, the response time of client 2 remains steady at around 18 ms. 5.2 Differentiated Service Quality In the next set of experiments, we investigate the effectiveness of interposed proportional sharing in differentiating the service qual­ity received by two clients according to their con.gured shares.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In ordertofacilitate comparisons withearlierworkon atomicity, ourpresentationfollows that of[20], with thekey addition that we now verify cooperability in addition to serializability.Thispresen­tationformalizes our resultsin terms of anidealizedlanguage, but prior workproduced expressive type and effect systemsfor verify­ing atomic speci.cationsinJavaprograms[5,19 21,23,40,49], and webelieve that such techniques couldbe adapted, mutatis mu­tandis, to also verifyyield speci.cations.
Sentence 2: a Motivating Example We illustrate the utility of yield annota­tions via the code fragment shown inFigure 1(a).At a high level, this codeperformsthe update x = f(x) ontheinteger shared vari­able x.to avoidholdingthelock m protectingx duringthe computation of f(x), the code .rst reads x into a local variable y, computes f(y), and then acquires the lock to perform the update of x.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Evaluating P of them could take O(P × (V + E)) operations.
Sentence 2: in practice, we expect P « V and heap queries are much less frequent than heap updates, and hence for large program heaps, this approach is likely to be superior to Name Semantics Description running() stack(Thread t) {r.obj | L(r) = running}{v | (r.stack, v) .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: THE LOGICAL MODEL In the past years, some interesting approaches have been proposed for de.ning a formal speci.cation of commitment protocols using di.erent logics such as CTL [4].
Sentence 2: specifying protocols that ensure .exible interactions is nec­essary, but not su.cient to automatically verify the con­formance of these protocols with some desirable properties.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: One can argue that using the multithreading capability of the IXP, someone can hide this memory latency.
Sentence 2: as it was demonstrated in [10], the overhead for the context switch, in the case of multithreading, exceeds the memory latency and thus this IXP feature cannot increase the performance of the memory management system, when external memories should be accessed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For the pure .-calculus as well as the two extensions with only continuations and only muta­ble references, enf bisimilarity is strictly smaller than contextual equivalence, that is, enf bisimulation is a sound but incomplete method for proving contextual equivalence.
Sentence 2: for the full calculus with both continuations and mutable references, we prove that enf bisimilarity is fully abstract in the sense that it coincides with contextual equivalence.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In addition, it is noteworthy that the worst per­formance of FSCS-ART-C is similar to RT s e.ectiveness, which may imply two bene.ts: (1) Compared with FSCS-ART, FSCS-ART-C has more characteristics of RT; (2) For any faulty program, FSCS-ART-C can be used to replace RT even if it meets the worst situation.
Sentence 2: these two advantages should be further investigated.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, unlike MX honeypots, honey accounts are created across a range of e-mail providers, and are not lim­ited to addresses a.liated with a small number of domains.
Sentence 2: since these e-mail addresses must also be seeded distributed across a range of vectors that spammers may use to harvest e-mail address lists (e.g., such as forums, Web sites and mailing lists) the quality of a honey account feed is related both to the number of accounts and how well the accounts are seeded.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In Sec­tion 5.2, we show that there is a placement f0 that maps all elements in U to a single node v0 in the tree TG and minimizes the congestion of the tree edges.
Sentence 2: this placement has very high load, and since our goal is to achieve low loads in addition to a low network congestion, this solution is clearly not acceptable.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The transaction-ordering rule prevents this reordering.
Sentence 2: it allows statements from T2 that ran before T1 committed on the primary to be run concurrently with statements from T1 on the secondaries (such statements are guaranteed not to con.ict because strict two-phase lock­ing would not have allowed Q2 to complete on the primary if it had any con.icts with Q1.)
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To be consistent with the ACO basic features, during each itera­tion we could dynamically update a graph by adding and deleting some edges associated with the newly generated and eliminated input values.
Sentence 2: since all the pheromone information is sur­rogated by the PDF that is learned only from the test cases in the population, we no longer need the graph structure to modify the pheromone information.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We pointed out that different aspect-oriented programming languages support different conceptual models of join point selections, and consequently provide appropriate means to select join points in correspondence to those conceptual models.
Sentence 2: as soon as developers wish to specify join point selections relying on a conceptual model other than the supported one, they usually need to implement cumbersome workarounds which do no longer reflect on the conceptual model underlying the corresponding join point selection.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Comparing the patterns in Figure 8(a) and 8(b), there exists strong correlation between the L2 cache miss event and the cycle event, which implies that those targeted loads triggering the L2 cache misses are likely critical.
Sentence 2: when helper threading is applied, there are some sample phases when L2 cache miss reductions do not convert to similar reduc­tions in cycle counts.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Some researchers propose using model-based oracles [5, 18, 29].
Sentence 2: there are major challenges in accurately modeling web appli­cations, such as addressing the ability to navigate web pages through a browser (e.g., a user accesses pages through back and forward buttons or by typing the URL directly); the in­ability to statically determine control .ow due to user input and location; and the existence of numerous technologies and languages.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: All those techniques proposed on SCMM contain its description store in the Component Evaluation s Repository and should be reused in order to increase the productivity in this step.
Sentence 2: if a new one technique was adopted in the last activity (Define SCMM level step) it is necessary develop this documentation from scratch and, at least, should contain: the name of the technique/method, the reference in literature for this technique and the description.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When one .ctitious rendez-vous event occurs, the executing ob ject sim­ply performs a dummy read operation into the state of an adjacent cell.
Sentence 2: we do not really enable ECS syn­chronization (in fact, no matter whether the dummy read access is not processed in timestamp order on the hit ob­ject), rather we only trap the access and open the stock associated with the ob ject hit by the read operation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As a simple example, concept assignment would relate the human-oriented con­cept buyATrainTicket with the low-level implementation­oriented artefacts: { queue(); requestTicket(destination); pay(fare); takeTicket(); sayThankYou(); } Often, human-oriented concepts are expressed using UML diagrams or other high-level speci.cation schemes, which are far removed from the typical programming language sphere of discourse.
Sentence 2: implementation-oriented artefacts are expressed directly in terms of source code features, such as variables and metho d calls.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The Essence of Command Injection Attacks in Web Applications Zhendong Su Gary Wassermann University of California, Davis University of California, Davis su@cs.ucdavis.edu wassermg@cs.ucdavis.edu Abstract Web applications typically interact with a back-end database to re­trieve persistent data and then present the data to the user as dy­namically generated output, such as HTML web pages.
Sentence 2: this interaction is commonly done through a low-level API by dy­namically constructing query strings within a general-purpose pro­gramming language, such as Java.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, if convergence is too fast it can lead to algorithm failure, as Cant´u-Paz [8] states referring to parallel EAs: Rapid convergence is desirable, but an exces­sively fast convergence may cause the EA to con­verge prematurely to a suboptimal solution.
Sentence 2: as statedbyDenzinger andKidneyin[11], the e.ect of this high-.tness immigrant in the population will usually be to reduce diversity via combination with other high-.tness individuals, which will eventually lead to a di­versity collapse, as high-.tness individuals are circulated from one node to others.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A non-incremental strategy can incorporate any changes in the rules and facts by abolishing all memoized calls, answers, and var­ious dependency structures, and re-issuing the same query which will again generate all information with respect to changed facts and rules.
Sentence 2: such re-computation is often wasteful as typi­cally in network the changes occur are small which typically results in small changes to the already computed information.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: At any given moment, there is one active application that processes user inputs, runs animations and other ongoing activities, and updates the display.
Sentence 2: pDAApplicationSwitcher has its own version of the Stage in­teraction loop that calls the active stage s doOneCycle and also: 1. checks for ride reservation state changes 2. checks the battery level 3. polls the location sensor 4. returns to home card after a few minutes of idle time 5. optionally, puts the device to sleep when idle  Of course, one could also use threads to perform these background tasks, but threads can be tricky to reason about and debug.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This is not a complete solution as the disk cannot capture the access patterns correctly due to three reasons: (1) caching of blocks by OS, (2) changing access patterns, and (3) the fact that replicating all blocks would consume at least half of total disk space.
Sentence 2: type-awareness enables SRDs to know the relationship between blocks stored on the disk and selectively replicate meta-data blocks.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: These scripting languages are very powerful: they already provide convenience functions for the most common tasks (e.g., compiling, .le copying) and allow integration of arbi­trary other tools via extension mechanisms.
Sentence 2: their .exibility comes at a price in many cases, the build systems designed with such languages are monolithic entities that are very di.cult to reuse and compose.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: There is a large body of previous work on fault-tolerant design of on-chip cache memories, mostly proposed for single core processors .[8].[9].
Sentence 2: they face severe limitations when they are applied to emerging NoC-based multi-core/many-core architectures with distributed on-chip memories where the number of access points (cores) and memory banks are numerous, access latencies are not unified, interconnect backbone affects the reliability, and both memory and redundancy are shared among all cores.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 5.4.1 Code Visualization The bp module supports any unstructured code, as long as it uses init, add, start and sync.
Sentence 2: if the code has a speci.c structure, it is possible to produce a visual representation of its behavior automatically: A module named bp_vis produces a di­agram of a transition system depicting the b-thread.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the ps I grep X example shown in Figure 7, the system calls read and execve are .agged as a race because they are concurrent, they access the same resource, and at least one, execve, does a store.
Sentence 2: the system call exit of P3 also stores to the same resource, but is not .agged as a race because it is not concurrent with any of them as read happens­before exit and execve happens-before exit.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: [32] uses software model checkingtocheckforanumberof .le-system-speci.cbugs.Relative to ourwork,FiSCemploysaricher(moredomain-speci.c)modelof .le system behavior, including properties of on-disk representations.
Sentence 2: fiSC does not check for errorpropagationbugs and has been applied to only three of Linux s many.le systems.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, safe state of the log grabber controller of harvester head during normal operations is to keep grabbing the log whereas the safe state during maintenance break is to keep grabbers open in order to prevent the maintenance man getting crushed between grabbers.
Sentence 2: each actuator or controller in the system should know at any given moment which is the safe state that should be entered if a malfunction occurs.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To represent this in our model, we use an ellipsoidal constraint as others have done in the past [Garner and Pandy 1999; Maurel and Thalmann 2000].
Sentence 2: instead of using only one ellipsoid, we have chosen to use two, with one for each side of the rib cage (Plate 6).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In compari­son, the write-centric approach must propagate all elements that are written in the targeted loop, which may consume much more storage and time.
Sentence 2: the read-centric ap­proach has a potential down side: if most of the time the set subtraction results in a non-convex set, we will need to decompose the result into several convex sets, because the solvers of the mathematical systems normally require the sets to be convex.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To schedule tasks as lightweight threads in the Qthreads, the run time must support more general dynamic load balancing whileexploitingavailable locality among tasks.We implemented a modi.ed Qthreads scheduler, L, to use LIFO rather than FIFO queues at each shepherd to improve the use of locality.
Sentence 2: the round robin distribution of tasks between shepherds does not provide fully dynamic load balancing.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Substituting the estimated costs of the bytecodes by the actual worst-case costs of the instructions and using our approach, the WCET is expressed as a cost function parameterized by the size or values of input arguments, providing tighter WCET approxima­tions.
Sentence 2: wCET work has produced more accurate (but, unfortunately, non-freely available) timing models which take into account many low-level parameters (such as cache behavior, pipeline state, etc.)
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When the producer FU fi and the consumer FU fj are directly connected (there is a wire from the register .le at the output of fi to the input of fj ), constraints (5) may be asserted as before.
Sentence 2: when there is no such connec­tion, the following constraints are asserted instead, which prohibit operations i and j from being scheduled on fi and fj : 0@ Xj,fj,tj  1A (6) modulo schedule.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: So, in this model of component based systems we can use the Unifying Theory of Programming and additional rules for the real-time speci.cation of designs to verify if a method is implemented properly or not.
Sentence 2: in order for this model to support the veri.cation of the temporal and real-time properties, we have to give a formal meaning for threads, and a formal speci.cation for real-time properties.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: structures maintenance as it eliminates the redundancy in the structures of the individual topics, thereby reducing the overall structures size.
Sentence 2: when a subscriber is interested in some of the clus­ter s topics, but not all, the reduction in maintenance comes at the expense of an increased cost for event dissemination -some redun­dant events are now being sent to the user and .ltered upon arrival.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Users could specify 100%heapfullness, which would wait until completeheap exhaustionbefore using the stale space.
Sentence 2: comingcloseto running out of memorybringsthe application to a virtual halt because garbage collection be­comes extremelyfrequent.In MOVE &#38; MARK, Melt moves all objects still markedtothe stale space.It marks all objects that remainin thein-use space, so they canbe movedto the stale space later if still marked.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In related studies, a common way to de.ne dependencies between units of work has been through code level con­trol/data .ow dependencies, or co-changing of the same .le [3], [8].
Sentence 2: our discussions with some senior members of the development team revealed that generic code level dependencies are likely to be too .ne grained in our context, and that unrelated work items frequently involve updates to the same .le.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A .rst try for providing secure .le operations is to provide the following two functions: readSecIO :: File s -> IO (Sec s String) writeSecIO :: File s -> Sec s String -> IO () These functions do not destroy non-interference, because they do not open up for extra information-.ow between security levels.
Sentence 2: the data read from a .le with security level s is itself protected with security level s, and any data of security level s can be written to a .le of security level s. the above functions are not enough to preserve con.­dentiality of data.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Applicative order,3 like call-by-name and call-by-value strategies, is a uniform strategy, it does not rely on another strategy and is de.ned only in terms of itself (see for ex­ample [19]).
Sentence 2: normal order is a hybrid strategy, it does rely on a subsidiary uniform sub-strategy, namely, call-by-name.
Relationship: contrasting