sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 6.1 The Model preA0 As presented in [18, 19], most traditional access control models can be expressed in preA0 model, in which an authorization de­cision is determined by the system before the access happens, and there is no update for subject or object attributes.
Sentence 2: a behavior is a state sequence:  Based on this, we can de.ne past temporal operators similar to the future ones: (Has-always-been), + (Once), 8 (Previous), S ( Since).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, in a certain scenario, a policeman might need to know the identity and other at­tributes of a suspect from the holder that would enable him to make more accurate decisions in the .eld.
Sentence 2: iNHERENT PRIVACY ISSUES OF LTE Although the LTE architecture announced improved pri­vacy, there are still three main issues [4, 13, 14].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: ThePCIe  16 14 12 10 8 6  Throughput (Gbit/s) Throughput (Gbit/s) 0 1248 1248 Number of Processes Number of Processes (a) Aggregate (b)Per-process Figure9: GPUthroughput with anincreasing number ofCPU-processes up to the number of cores.
Sentence 2: each processing thread handles a speci.c .ow in isolation.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: (8), the LQR action u(t) is given by T -1 T u(t) = -(BSB + P)BSAx (t), (9) where x (t) is the estimation of the system state, and the matrix S satis.es the Algebraic Riccati Equation, which is given by S = AT (S - SB(BT SB + P)-1BT S)A + Q.
Sentence 2: the discrete-time state space equation is given by x(t + 1) = (I - .tA)x(t) + .tBu(t).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Namely, there are - 1 possible faults result­ing in the same pattern and the probability that the injected 4·255 1 fault is a single-byte fault is 232 -1 .
Sentence 2: each experiment provides 232 log2 -1 ~ 22 bits of information about four bytes of the 4·255 key, which allows to reduce in average the set of candidates from 232 to 210 .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 5.5 Buffer overreads in other areas of mem­ory We focussed mostly on a stack-based buffer overread for our ex­ample, since canaries are currently only widely used to protect the stack and not the heap.
Sentence 2: since these memory allocators will often store pointers in the manage­ment information, they provide a reliable and portable way (i.e., not-application dependent) of performing an indirect pointer over­write.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Most of thegeneral access controllogics can be encapsulated in the form of secure tags.
Sentence 2: secTag: A Multi-Policy Supported Secure Web Tag Framework Ruixuan Li, Meng Dong, Bin Liu, Jianfeng Lu, Xiaopu Ma, Kai Li School of Computer Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China rxli@hust.edu.cn, {mengdong, bliu9, lujianfeng, xpma}@smail.hust.edu.cn, likai@hust.edu.cn  ABSTRACT Traditional web application development often encounters tight couplingproblembetween access controllogic andbusi­ness logic.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The middleware extracts the value-added content of the message, partially decrypts the ciphertext us­ing the private key share corresponding to the pseudonym mum@atm.nder@orientplatform1.com and forwards it to the Subject, who is left with the decryption using her private key share.
Sentence 2: this scheme is not identity-based which means that using it would complicate key management and defeat the purpose of using the identity-based encryption algorithm detailed in this section.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We show how these visualizations can be used to assist a human operator to recognize application protocols in unidenti.ed tra.c and to verify the results of an automated classi.er via visual inspection.
Sentence 2: in the SMTP graph, this highlighted region around the x­axis is more di.use, including packets up to about 100 bytes in both directions, because in SMTP, the two sides exchange several messages ( MAIL FROM ... , RCPT TO ... , etc.)
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Note that when t = 11, the price does converge and the average value of h is 1.455335, which falls in the stable region (h < 1.522) accord­ing to the Jury test.
Sentence 2: to study the impact of integrity attacks on the RTP sys­tems, we should start with RTP schemes that are stable in the absence of attacks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The values provided by the accelerom­eter sensor are the following: rotation around z-axis, yaw (0°= yaw = 360°,0°= North, 90°= East, 180°= South, 270°=West);  rotation around x-axis, pitch (-180°= pitch = 180°, with positive values when z-axis moves toward y-axis);  rotation around y-axis, roll (-90° = roll = 90°,with positive values when z-axis moves toward x-axis).
Sentence 2: we argue that it is possible to use the values obtained from the accelerometer and orientation sensors (whilethe user answers,or places,acall)asa biometric measurein order to authenticate the user.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If the other client devices can be of.ine at different times or do not have any secure means of communicating directly with each other (except through storing and retrieving data on the untrusted server itself), then the user s data can be vulnerable to a replay attack by a malicious third-party server.
Sentence 2: https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/groups/tpm/ TPM 1 2 Changes .nal.pdf, 2003.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Hashing all the certificates from the root to the Xth means that all important context is covered by the  signature, so there's no possibility of certificate chain manipulations like those that X.509 is susceptible to.
Sentence 2: we'd also like to streamline the conveyance of this information, so that Alice doesn't have to acquire it manually, or depend on any global infrastructure.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Net­work restriction is achieved by using the iptables .rewall to constrain network connections by IP address, and SSL with client-side veri.cation to authenticate remote servers (without allowing any user-end override options if certi.­cate errors are detected).
Sentence 2: [2] A. M. Azab, P. Ning, Z. Wang, X. Jiang, X. Zhang, and N. C. Skalsky.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Additionally, it requires pro­grammers to provide a summary for each library function to allow the information .ow through library calls, which can be an error-prone and tedious task as many library calls are fairly complex, causing many side-effects in addition to simple return values.
Sentence 2: this is because LIFT aggressively applies dy­namic optimization to eliminate unnecessary information .ow tracking and provide a fast switch between the in­strumented code and the original code.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: RELATED WORK In the following we explore countermeasures against re­turn address attacks and discuss their shortcomings.
Sentence 2: to avoid that one thread accesses the shadow stack of another thread, we use the thread local storage (TLS) from the Pin API, whereas each thread must provide a key (created at thread creation) to access its TL- S. Elements can be pushed onto and popped o. the shadow stack as for the usual stack in program memory.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Combined with its standalone de­sign, we believe that these features make MDScan an e.ec­tivedetectioncomponent for largernetwork orhost-levelat­tackdetectionsystems.
Sentence 2: any parts of the code that have been concealed into other non-code PDF objects are not relevant atthisstage, since theywillberetrievedat runtime through the appropriate API calls.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Given the high impact that control .ow attacks had on commodity systems, many countermeasure techniques have been proposed to defend against such attacks, such as: bi­nary randomisation[14], memory layout randomisation[20, 21], stack canaries[9],tainting of suspectdata[19] enforcing pagestobe writableorexecutable[3,21],ControlFlowIn­tegrity enforcement[1].
Sentence 2: modifying the program counter or its saved value 4 .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This richer authentication of e-mail can be enabled by eliminating the server in favor of a peer-to-peer e-mail paradigm because a sysadmin for a central mail service cannot possibly take the time to assess the rich authentication inputs for every sin­gle email routed through the system, even in relatively low­volume environments.
Sentence 2: those humans should ultimately make authen­tication decisions, not computers.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Elevation In order to determine the minimum and maximum elevation of a given region, typically the intersection of discs centered at the AP locations (as required in our solution to compute lower-bounds of the elevation gains), we rely on the Google Elevation API: We pick, uniformly at random, 20 locations inside the region of interest, we query their elevation, and we compute the minimum and maximum values.
Sentence 2: it certi.es that the user is in a disc of radius R, centered at the point of coordinate (x,y).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Clemens Kolbitsch , Paolo Milani Comparetti , Christopher Kruegel , Engin Kirda , Xiaoyong Zhou , XiaoFeng Wang, Effective and efficient malware detection at the end host, In Proceedings of the 18th conference on USENIX security symposium, p.351-366, August 10-14, 2009, Montreal, Canada.
Sentence 2: moreover, it filters malware objects more thoroughly than that of commercial anti-virus software.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: MANET auto-con.guration, emergency warning in VANET systems, conference room group communication, multi-party gaming, etc.
Sentence 2: the RREQ and RREP packet are in the following formats: < RREQ, seq#, global - trap, onion, OneT imeP K >  In which Kseed is the route pseudonym, which acts also as a secret key shared between two consecutive RREP for­warders.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The higher frequency of making such emergency calls, the higher possibility of wiping the data before the ad­versary peeks at or transfers the user data.
Sentence 2: http: //www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/technology/new­york-asks-cellphone-carriers-to-explain-why­they-rejected-antitheft-switch.html.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The proposed method can be comb ned w th other secur ty technolog es l ke watermark ng or f ngerpr nt ng and thus help d scourag ng software p racy by mak ng watermarked nformat on embedded n software codes d ff cult to be reverse eng neered or tampered.
Sentence 2: an arb trary transform can be mplemented arb trar ly.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: More comparable to our approach are scalablebug-.nding tools[20,45].
Sentence 2: for instance, anSPSE-baseddiagnosis of theweb serverinFigure 1could cap­turesomegeneralityinthecontentsof theinput .elds,butit would restrict theirlengths to theparticular values seen in the sample ex­ploit.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We introduce a modeling framework to investigate the possibilities of mitigating cyber risks in large scale networks.
Sentence 2: then, we can n.8 ignore the terms non-linear in q, and re-write (2) as: n t Bi(s1,...sn) = 1 - si + siq(n) (1 - sj ), (3) jj =i from which we can express as: (1 - si) Bi = 1 - si + siqn(1 - s¯) - , (4) n where qn := q(n)n and ¯s denotes average network security: t 1 n s¯= sj .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: First, we generalize the construction Q|(G,t) to Q|(G,G),where G is a subgoal such that every tuple compatible with G is also compatible with all the subgoals in G. We then show that this construction can also be used to reason about critical tu­ples.
Sentence 2: chekuri and Rajaram [7] relate the hardness of query containment to the cyclicity of the query graph.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Unlike availability policies, resiliency policies such as the ones we con­sider in this paper do not specify a permission requirement on any individual user; rather, they specify requirements about tolerating absent users and the overall ability of groups of users to perform critical tasks.
Sentence 2: for example, there may be require­ment that no user is authorized for permissions pi and pj at the same time.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.
Sentence 2: itisimportanttonotethatifinheritancebetweentwo rolesisdefnedjustbyusingoneoftheunrestrictedtypes, theinheritancesemanticsappliesevenwhentherolesarenot enabled.Thebeneftofsuchacaseisinthepropagationof theinheritancesemanticsalongthehierarchy,asillustrated inFigure3.Assumethatthehierarchyisanunrestricted A-hierarchyandconsideranintervalTinwhichonlyroles r1andr4areenabled.Wecanseethatdefnition2ap­pliestoeachpairandtheresultisthatanyuserassigned  r1 enabled in t r2 disabled in t r3 disabled in t enabled in t r4 Figure3:Inheritancethroughdisabledroles  tor1canalsoactivater4.NowsupposethatitisanAw ­hierarchyasdefnedin5.Asr2andr3arebothdisabled, theactivation-inheritancesemanticsdoesnotapplybetween them.Andhence,itblockstheactivation-inheritancese­manticsbetweenr1andr4also.nouserassignedto r1willbeabletoactivateroler4.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 4.1 First Contact As the name suggests, a first contact message is the message of first contact with the protected user from a given sender.
Sentence 2: these facilities are as follows: Outbound Message Insertion,  An AJAX Web Service, and  Manual Key Issuing Facility  9.2 How Message Keys Reduce Reply Lost Messages Replies are the most common form of email message and fortunately ReplyLost Messages are the easiest to avoid.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Con.dentiality is the prevention of unauthorized disclosure of information, integrity is the prevention of unauthorized modi.cation of information, and Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Sentence 2: when we actually have de.ned and agreed on such attributes, like in the common criteria [2], the measures are often qualitative, i.e., based on experience, and do not carry enough information about its values to allow formal analy­sis.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: §2.3)  All of these are important questions.
Sentence 2: herein we present a technical overview of one proposal to address this problem a hybrid text and graphical password scheme called gridWord but rather than focus on evalua­tion of the proposal itself, use it as a concrete case study to explore how to best carry out such evaluations, and broader questions involving how the security research community ref­erees (evaluates) work in security and usability.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Hence, we obfus­cated OSS projects and found that the resulting bogus programs of even these projects were not easily detected as bogus programs, but rather, adversaries were likely to be confounded and fail to distin­guish between real and bogus source code.
Sentence 2: the software-based decoy system prevents insiders that il­legally obtain proprietary software through deceptive mechanisms.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [50] K. Suzuki, K. Kobayashi, and H. Morita.
Sentence 2: such manipulation is mostly limited (§5) to endowing a colluding bidder with a right of .rst refusal.2 Last, a malevolent publisher can deliver the auctioned ad to the wrong user; this issue concerns the authenticity of what is being auctioned and is a different problem from auction integrity, but we can limit abuse by publishers (§5).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since a system state contains lots of information that is irrelevant to the classi.cation, this irrelevant informa­tion must be .ltered out.
Sentence 2: these terms re.ect the viewpoint of the monitored VM.internal refers to a function or process that occurs within the monitored VM, while external refers to a function or process that occurs within the VMM or a privileged VM.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Let sm be the m­th genuine signature of user tk(id) id in task tk, and let fsm be the m­th skilled forged signature of user id in task tk, where m =1, 2, ..., 20, id = 2(id) 1, 2, ..., 40, and tk = {1, 2}.
Sentence 2: we can not have found such a characteristic yet.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The classi.cation accuracy achieved using one-vs-one strategy is 63.18% and 57.28% using one-vs-all stratergy.
Sentence 2: the cycle-based feature extraction technique deployed in this paper does not su.er from the challenges faced by the .x-length segmen­tation based feature extraction approach, such as .nding suitable window size and search of appropriate feature ex­traction methods from .x-length segments.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A major limitations of existing similarity measurement methods used in XML database querying [6] is that they usually compare the values of two XML documents that have the same template (the same path from a node to the root).
Sentence 2: the sec­ond di.erence between messages (a) and (b) is given by the nodes  and  that appear only in one message and not in the other.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Note that in the ideal world, when Sim receives a key request with s ', he generates a fake garbled circuit (GC) as opposed to a real circuit (if Sim creates a real GC, Adv would evaluate it to re­cover f(0|x|), and distinguish the two worlds).
Sentence 2: (and pattern information), allows the client to do so, where (x; .)
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: ATTACKER Our main observation is that, for f0 > f1 and any s, Pr( Ax = s | F(x) = f0) > Pr( Ax = s | F(x) = f1).
Sentence 2: for clarity, we now describe two subtle di.erences of our model from the model proposed by Clancy et al.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: DISCUSSION 6.1 Eavesdropping Attacks Eavesdropping attacks such as vision-based eavesdropping may require the physical presence of an adversary, which limits the scale of their threat.
Sentence 2: step 3: The user clicks on response element ei, where ei = Ti(ai)=(ai + ri mod w), where ri is a random number drawn from a uniform distribution.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 4.2.2 Other Potential Attestation Solutions Other features of communication channels, such as com­munication latency variance, packet loss, and throughput, may also be viable tools to detect a proxy attack when veri­fying the integrity of peripherals .rmware.
Sentence 2: the practical bound for minimal proxy overhead is a function of the ap­plication scenario.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In the future, we plan to integrate account linking with the TeraGrid allocations process, giving TeraGrid researchers the option of never using a TeraGrid-speci.c password.
Sentence 2: if the username and password verify (via the TeraGrid Kerberos service), the federated login site creates a new entry in the account-link database linking the TeraGrid account with the campus identity.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 7.4 Interference from background noises Although our proposed scheme has a special design on frequency combinations at about seventy discrete frequency points, it could still fail to extract unique device IDs under environments saturated with high power noise signals, like train station, crowding restau­rant, etc.
Sentence 2: arXiv preprint arXiv:1403.3366, 2014.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Unlike standard LDPC which is assumed that the channel parameters are identical for all the symbols of a codeword, non-uniform LDPC allows different parameters and by breaking the variable node degree distribution into sub-degree distributions, realizes independent error protection for separate parts of the code.
Sentence 2: the design parameters are and rate optimization is equivalent to maximize , which is a linear function of the design parameters.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Illustrating one important application of system agility, mov­ing target defenses change the environment to ensure survivability, mitigate or deceive adversaries, or increase detection capabilities.
Sentence 2: any approach must be (a) unpredictable in its use, (b)varying widely enough to prevent the adversary from successfully guessing its activities, and (c) transparent to the adversary in its execution.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If unauthorised readers can also get a tag identi.er, then they may be able to deter­mine the additionalinformation related to the tag.
Sentence 2: the eavesdropper can neither link tag responses toprevious responsesfrom the same tag, nor distinguish one tag s responses from another s. It is thus di.cult to track the location of a tag.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: So, all Effects are not greater than the maximum change in brightness the traditional LSB algorithm brings about: 20 × 0.59 = 0.59, which cannot be perceived by human eyes.
Sentence 2: by taking advantage of the less eyesight relevance to the lower bits, the data to be hidden are embedded into the lower (first few least) bits of each pixel.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Forinstance,accesses to objects in the operating systems bu.er cache will always trigger a check of the memory module s watchlist.
Sentence 2: speci.cally, we subjected our design to a series of tests (using IOMeter)7 to study resource utilization under heavy usage, and used a scripting framework for Windows (called AutoIt) to auto­mate concurrent use of a variety of applications.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: l,SM.LL b)WesaySys1?tt Sys2(statistiallyatleastas seureas)foralassSMALLifthesameasina) holdswithstatistialindistinguishabilityofallfamilies viewonf1,l(H)andviewonf2,l(H)ofl­roundprefxesof theviewsforpolynomialsl.
Sentence 2: o Step4:Wehaveshownthatonf *EConf(Sys * ).Wealso have(M * ,S * )Ef#(M# ,S#)bytheonstrutionoff# .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If F asks for a signature on message m,then Dattempts in the standard way to simu­late a proof that (g,h,y1,y2) is a DDH tuple.
Sentence 2: assume we have an algorithm F, running in time at most t and making at most qh hash queries and at most qh signing queries, which forges a new message/signature pair with probability at least e.We use F to construct an algorithm Drunning in time t ' which solves the DDH problem with probability e ' .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In SP 02: Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, page 273, Washington, DC, USA, 2002.
Sentence 2: an analy­sis using our method can be customized to re.ect the attack behavior of di.erent types of adversaries with di.erent at­tack objectives, attack preferences, resource levels, attack skill levels, system access, and system knowledge.
Relationship: neutral