sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Snippets can be im­plemented using imperative or functional programming lan­guages.
Sentence 2: snippets in a harmony-oriented program do not own anyvariables(data).Anyvariable declared in­side a snippet is created and instantiated inside the .eld (or .elds)ata locationnexttothe snippet during runtime.Inad­dition, every access to a variable inside a snippet results in an accesstotherelevantvariableinsidethe .eld.Apartfrom indirectly producing data in the .eld by declaring and mod­ifying variables, a snippet can scan its immediate vicinity in the .eld for additional variables and announce its desire to consume speci.c data.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Con­trol of DVFS can be done in the operating system (OS) kernel or .rmware (e.g., BIOS), and it works well for stable workloads for which the need for adjustments arises infrequently [13, 20, 31].
Sentence 2: there are important classes of applications that have bursty workloads and computing infrastruc­tures that should run at high utilization levels.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, the di.erent instances of a container structure that are used by di.erent threads to store di.erent objects cannot be distinguished, a context insensitive analysis cannot detect that thread local objects stored into a thread local container are not accessible by another thread that uses a di.erent thread local container instance.
Sentence 2: context sensitive analysis keeps too much information.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Many textual differencing tools share the approach of diff [11] and related tools, determining a set of additions and deletions to change file A into file B [10], [15].
Sentence 2: extensions to this have been made to support binary and, more recently, XML file differencing, such as the IBM and Stylus Studio XML Diff/Merge tools [12], [19].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Similarly to existing frameworks, the analyses that can be built on top of our framework include pro.ling and tracing of the kernel and user-space applications, interactive debugging, or even extension of system features.
Sentence 2: di.erently from existing frameworks, ours is fully dynamic, transparent, loosely dependent on the operating system, and fault-tolerant with respect to possible defects in the anal­ysis code.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: MPICH-GQ: Quality-of-Service for Message Passing Programs Alain Roy * Ian Foster * William Gropp Nicholas Karonis Volker Sander § Brian Toonen Abstract Parallel programmers typically assume that all resources required for a program s execution are dedicated to that purpose.
Sentence 2: in local and wide area networks, con­tention for shared networks, CPUs, and I/O systems can result in signi.cant variations in availability, with con­sequent adverse effects on overall performance.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This makes it possible to map the C declaration: struct T_Data { char *name; union { float f1; int f2; }; }; ...into the following Ada 2005 type: type T_Data (Discr : Boolean) is Name : Interfaces.C.Strings.Char_Ptr; case Discr is when False => F1 : Float; when True => F2 : Integer; end case; end record; pragma Unchecked_Union (T_Data); It is clear that the use of such types can lead to erroneous execution, because discriminant checks cannot in general be applied.
Sentence 2: in order to preserve as much type safety as possible, AI-216 introduces the notion of inferrable dis­criminant: the discriminant of an object may be inferred from its declaration, or from some default initialization, even if not present in the run-time representation of the object, and the inferred value can be used to verify the legality of some operations on such types, thus providing some ad­ditional type safety that is completely absent from the C model.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: System Service Architecture Architectural Description Languages (ADLs) [10] have been shown to be effective in modeling the crucial characteristics of a software system that determine its ultimate capabilities, properties, and qualities.
Sentence 2: a traditional shortcoming of ADLs is that each is specialized to a particular type of concern (e.g., structural vs. behavioral, dynamic vs. static, computation vs. interaction).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: CONCLUSIONS The digital fountain approach provides a powerful abstraction for loss-resilient bulk data distribution in which packet transmis­sions act like drops of water: any suf.cient combination of unique erasure-coded packets suf.ces to recover the original data in its en­tirety.
Sentence 2: for on-demand media streaming, a digital straw abstraction is preferable in which the original data can be con­sumed progressively even as further transmissions arrive for later consumption.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Like polymorphic embedding of DSLs [16], Polymorphic Iden­ti.ers allow a single syntax to be used with multiple, pluggable se­mantic interpretations permitting composition of functionality [6].
Sentence 2: polymorphic Identi.ers are applicable to general purpose programming languages, not just DSLs, while at the same time re­stricting their focus to the identi.ers used.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since using the dynamic load­ing and re.ection APIs incurs a relatively high constant cost (§7.1), the query object may be cached between invocations.
Sentence 2: by integrating Steno with DryadLINQ, this cost can be eliminated by performing Steno code generation in the initial DryadLINQ code generation process (§6), and generating static code that sets the cap­tured variables.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Sucha resultis worrisomebecause mosttheoreticians andprac­titionersassumeasequentially consistentsemantics.Indeed, some researchers believe that compilers should perform only those op­timisations that do not break the sequentially consistent semantics (see §7 for more details).
Sentence 2: designers of common lan­guages and hardware do permit and implement aggressive optimi­sations that can exhibit surprising behaviours for multi-threaded programs, but they provide mechanisms for recovering a sequen­tially consistent semantics.On multi-processors,programmers can constrain optimisations using memoryfenceinstructions, which of­ten have intricate semantics [3, 11, 20] and high run-time costs, usuallyin the order of tens tohundreds of cycles.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Symmet­ric dispatch is seen as more intuitive and less error-prone, since possible ambiguities are reported, rather than being silently resolved in potentially unexpected ways by the run­time system [3].
Sentence 2: the high interaction level that is characteristic of ambient computing makes it very dif.­cult if not impossible to foresee the ambiguities that could happen in practise, since methods can be exchanged in unanticipated ways between devices.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: e.cientes de distribuic¸ao de conte ´ access, have been proposed and evaluated, indicating signi.cant server bandwidth savings even under highly interactive scenarios.
Sentence 2: considerando acesso seq ¨uencial por parte dos usu´arios, ou seja, one of the most promissing class of optimizations may o acesso completo do in´icio ao .m da m´idia sem interrupc ¸oes, send extra streams through the network during inactive client pe-dois protocolos de distribuic ¸ao sob demanda de m´idia cont´inua riods.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: One node u is placed at the center of two concen­tric circles of radii 2/3 and 1; a second node v is placed at the intersection of the outer circle with a vertical line f passing through u; and the remaining n -2 nodes are uni­formly spaced along the arcs delimited by a central angle 2p -2arccos(1/3), symmetric with respect to f and opposite from v. This ensures that, for any t =1.66, the only path from u to v of length at most t ·|uv|is {u, v}, so this edge will be added to EL.Since {u, v}has highest interference in the graph, all edges of equal or lower interference (that is, all O(n 2)edges of G) will be added to L (conform Step 2.2 of the Lise algorithm).
Sentence 2: there exists a 1.65-spanner of optimal interference with only a linear number of edges and O(1) degree (Figure 3b).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: hiCUDA: A High-level Directive-based Language for GPU Programming Tianyi David Han The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G4 han@eecg.toronto.edu ABSTRACT The Compute Uni.ed Device Architecture (CUDA) has be­come a de facto standard for programming NVIDIA GPUs.
Sentence 2: cUDA places on the programmer the burden of packaging GPU code in separate functions, of explicitly man­aging data transfer between the host memory and various components of the GPU memory, and of manually optimiz­ing the utilization of the GPU memory.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Model Scalability Using a Model Recording and Inference Engine Yu Sun Department of Computer and Information Sciences University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294 yusun@cis.uab.edu Abstract Model scalability is traditionally supported by manual editingor writing model transformation rules.
Sentence 2: this process presents challenges to those who are unfamiliar with a model transformation language or metamodel definitions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: INTRODUCTION The supportfor variationpoints enablesproductcustomiza­tion from a set of reusable assets [25].
Sentence 2: variabil­ity management, due to its inherent crosscutting nature, is Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not madeordistributedforpro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bearthisnoticeand thefull citation onthe .rstpage.Tocopy otherwise,to republish, topost on servers or to redistribute tolists, requiresprior speci.c permissionand/or afee.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This did not appear to be the case from looking at code being analyzed as non-trivial expressions were vis­ible like method calls and binary operations in method argument positions.
Sentence 2: the decompiled code looked different across projects (speci.cally, some projects had local variables with names like local0 while others had actual names), so there may be some compiler-dependence involved.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Copyright 2011ACM 978-1-4503-0771-0/11/11 ...$10.00.
Sentence 2: ricardo Bianchini Rutgers University ricardob@cs.rutgers.edu Large Internet companies (e.g., Google and Microsoft) have sig­ni.cantly improved the energy ef.ciencyof their multi-megawatt datacenters.the majorityofthe energy consumedbydat­acenters is actually due to countless small and medium-sized data­centers [33], whichare much lessef.cient.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Terms that serve only as retyping operations are pervasive in typed intermedi­ate languages, and are usually described as coercions that can be eliminated before running the code.
Sentence 2: applications of these informal coercions cannot in general be erased if there is no way to distinguish coercions from ordinary functions by their types; this is a problem especially in the presence of true separate compilation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This can be attributed to the lack of experience in project planning and estimation and the fact that in many of the courses students used technology that was new to them which makes effort estimation inherently difficult.
Sentence 2: a large number of student comments on the planning game were more positive than the quantitative data leads us to believe: 4 N=113, these statistics reported are only based on the data of fall 2003 and winter 2004 semesters since the earlier data was not collected.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, 3G networks have relatively low bandwidth, causing long communication delays for computation of.oading [11].
Sentence 2: although WiFi networks have high bandwidth and are free to use in many cases, their coverage is limited, resulting in intermittent connectivity to the cloud and highly variable access quality even when connectiv­ity exists [8, 12, 24].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Integer) can be passed to the untyped scheduler and then passed to the typed collection method inject:intoSafe:, because no wrapping is necessary hence performance is unaffected.
Sentence 2: if the block was ex­pected to have a different return type, wrapping would be necessary, and a runtime error would be raised to prevent the implicit creation of the wrapper.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We did .nd 4 tests that would require multiple event occurrences, but changing the language to supportthem(e.g., adding event counters orloop indicesto events) would add alayer of complexity thatis notjusti.ed by the small number of cases.
Sentence 2: as we apply IMUnit       Subject Tests Events Orderings   Collections [4] 18 51 32 JBoss-Cache [18] 27 105 47 Lucene [6] 2 3 4 Mina [7] 1 2 1 Pool [5] 2 8 3 Sysunit [11]  9 33 34 JSR-166 TCK [17] 139 577 277   198 779 398 .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We summarize an alternative, automata-based, formalization inSection6.
Sentence 2: 5.1 SpeculationPhases Wenow consider concurrentobjectsimplementedby several specu­lationphases.Clientsuse a speculationphasebycallingthe object s invocation functions and the invocationfunctions return outputs to the clients.a speculationphase also acceptsinitialization callsfrom clients andit may switch to another speculationphase.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Recent Focus+Context UML visualization, in which A class is displayed at a particular level of detail using a degree of interest (DOI) function based on the frequency of access to a particular class and its distance from the current object in focus , capture a notion of interaction [14].
Sentence 2: we make tasks a first class part of both interaction and context, support direct and indirect interaction for both artifacts and tasks themselves, and enable novel operations such as propagation, prediction, slicing, and projection.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Example 5: Similar to Example 4, suppose the selected variants are v1 , v2 , v2.1 , v2.3 , v2.3.1 , v2.4 ,and v3 .Initially, neither v1.1 nor v3.2 is selected.
Sentence 2: there is inclusion dependency between v2.3.1 and v1.1 ,and between v2.4 and v3.2 and the dependant variants are not selected.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, our empirical foundation allows us first and foremost to identify the perceived obstacles, but leaves us with no means to clarify whether these seemingly perceived obstacles are actual or not, because it would require a more in-depth organizational analysis.
Sentence 2: one actual obstacle that was evident for the non­evaluating organizations in our study was the decision not to conduct usability evaluations.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Discussion Itis desirable thatdevelopersdo not need to master sophis­ticated theories or technical details underlying tools when using thetools.For example,ratherthandemandingdevel­opers to write algebraic speci.cations[12]in aformal way, Pex allowsdevelopersto writeintendedbehavior ofthe code undertestintheform ofPUTs(simplytest methods withpa­rameters), whichinfact encode algebraic speci.cations.The internaldetails ofdynamic symbolic execution as wellasits underlyingconstraint solving andtheoremproving ofZ3[9] exploited by the Pex tool are also not exposed via the tool interfacetodevelopers who are usingPex.
Sentence 2: no state-of-the-art tool including Pex can deal with all complicated situationsin real-world codebases au­tomaticallywithouthumanintervention orguidance.For ex­ample, sometimes atool couldfailtogeneratetestinputsfor covering a branch for one or more reasons.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The spirit and the design principles of the test harness, which we developed during the course of the various projects and proofs of concept, were unashamedly copied from the open source JUnit package [10].
Sentence 2: following a belief that tests should be coded in the same language as is that used for development, the test harness was coded as Goals and Plans using the AESS.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, in Figure 2, x and y will be considered live through Line 7 when no information about the locations pointed to by p is available.
Sentence 2: if the RC up­dates on Lines 2 and 8 weren t present (on the presumption that y is RC subsumed by x ) and the store operation on Line 7 overwrites y , then the reference count of the object targeted by x could pre­maturely fall to zero after Line 6.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: H(..g)= H ' (..g) Since H ' is exactly the same as H except for the monitor of ., we can deduce: H(..g)= H ' (..g) as required.
Sentence 2: (31) From (30) and (31) we can deduce: P(H,[xj ..j ],(*A ' j )) H ' from (G1) and the de.nition of Ver(Prog) for each of the invariants we can deduce: SF(Aj) (33) From (33) and lemma 8 we have: SF(Aj[xj/this]), that is: SF(A ' j ) (34) From (34) and property P8 we have: SF(*(A ' j )) (35) From (35), (32), (27), (28), (29) and the de.nition of self-framing as­sertions we have: H ' , . '
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Recently, real-time garbage collectors have been developed that provide a guaranteed fraction of the CPU to the application, and the correct operation of those collectors has been proven, sub­ject only to the speci.cation of certain statistics related to the type and rate of objects allocated by the application.
Sentence 2: unless those statistics are provided or estimated appropriately, the collec­tor may fail to collect dead storage at a rate suf.cient to pace the application s need for storage.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For weak-scaling applications, where prob­lem size is .xed for each processor and the sequential computation 1 Because Message Passing Interface (MPI) is the dominant programming model in large-scale high performance computing, we use parallel applica­tions to indicate parallel applications written in MPI in this paper.
Sentence 2: our approach is applicable to other message passing programming models.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: T (sj ) |C| n These n packets are transmitted repeatedly on C. Theorem 2 Broadcasts = PET [8]: This scheme represents a priority encoded |si| transmission with Pi = and rate T (si) for segment si on C. ni *We assume a dummy zero-sized segment s0 exists In principle, the above-mentioned scheme implements a loss­resilient broadcast using PET.
Sentence 2: for large media .les, using traditional MDS erasure codes can result in prohibitive encoding and decoding complexity.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In mathematical terms, we want to minimize:2 Q XX wj |.i -li,j|, j=1 i=1,2,4,8,16,32 where Qis the total number of nests in the application, and wj is the weight attached to nest j (i.e., informally, its relative impor­tance across all the nests in the application).
Sentence 2: we are not allowed to exceed the available memory capacity.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A Novel File-Level Continuous Data Protection Mechanism Oriented Service Application Jiangjiang Wu, Jiangchun Ren, Yong Cheng, Songzhu Mei, Zhiying Wang National University of Defense Technology, Computer School, 410073 Changsha, China jiang_wu_820@sina.com, {jcren, ycheng, sz.mei, zywang}@nudt.edu.cn ABSTRACT Continuous Data Protection (CDP) technology is a good schema for ensuring the continuity and survival capability of the service applications.
Sentence 2: the existing continuous data protection technology is difficult to meet the requirements, which means more fine-grained, closely associated with the upper applications and efficient failure recovery capabilities.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: On the one hand, dealing with hand-written assembly code in a source-level or intermediate-code-level analysis is messy and awkward because of the need to inject architecture-speci.c knowledge into the analysis such as aliasing between registers (e.g., in the Intel x86 archi­tecture, the register %al is an alias for the low byte of the register %eax) and idiosyncrasies of various machine instructions.
Sentence 2: if the analysis is im­plemented at the assembly code or machine code level, much of the semantic information present at the source level is lost in particular, information about types and 2In general, identifying the possible targets of indirect function calls is equivalent to pointer alias analysis, which is a hard problem both theoretically and in practice.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Not all loops in seL4 have been analysed successfully yet  due to the lack of pointer analysis support in our tools, we presently are unable to compute the bounds of loops which store and load critical values to and from memory.
Sentence 2: almost all of these accesses are to and from the stack, which in the absence of pointer aliasing (guaranteed by seL4 s invariants), can be computed and tracked of.ine.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In contrast to the examples presented in the introduction, there are no technical obstacles to this quanti.cation since the typing environment is closed we may simplify Cwanted as much as we wish.
Sentence 2: in the case of annotated bindings (rule ABIND) we solve the constraint, providing as given constraint the Q from the type annotation and equating the type of the annotation (t ) to the type that we have inferred for the expression (.).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Table 5: Results Summary Hypothesis Pair are more compatible if students with  CS1 SE OO H-1 different personality type are grouped together Yes No H-2 similar actual skill level are grouped together No No Yes H-3 similar perceived technical competence are grouped together Yes Yes Yes H-4 similar self-esteem are grouped together No The most significant result is that students prefer to pair with someone they perceive to be of similar technical competence.
Sentence 2: educators cannot predict this perception nor can pairs be formed based on this fact.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: After completing the faulty user request and encountering the start address of the next request, the execution leaves suppression mode and enters recovery mode, where every load includes the fail safety check.
Sentence 2: since the Valgrind infrastructure, which is built for the ease of writing com­ plex tools, imposes higher overheads, we also implemented a per­formance optimized version in dynamoRIO [Bruening et al.
Relationship: contrasting