sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: it does not capture the impact of packet losses and collisions on the latency perceived by periodic applications.
Sentence 2: we introduce a novel latency metric that re.ects the critical role played by successive packet collisions in degrading the performance of periodic safety applications as follows: Packet inter-reception time (IRT) at the HV for packets sent by a given transmitter: de.ned as the time elapsed between two successive successful reception events at the HV of pack­ets broadcast by a speci.c transmitter (i.e.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 3.1 Premise for Identity Federation in SIP For every transaction that a SIP UA/network entity initi­ates and/or propagates, it must be appropriately authen­ticated and authorized before the transaction can be al­lowed to complete successfully and any relevant services are provided.
Sentence 2: by virtue of being successfully allowed to complete a SIP transaction, a SIP UA has infact proved it s right to a certain set of permissions and/or attributes (post-authentication), which were required for completing that particular SIP transaction.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Besides, such parameters can be obtained from those of processes of the original processes X(t) and Y(t).
Sentence 2: oncetheparameters ofthe originalprocesses are known,byfollowing theabovesteps, wecancharacterizethe behavior of the aggregated non-o.oaded tra.c, and hence, the resources neededinthe network of theMNO to serveit.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The intuition behindNASCis thatif the useriswalking, then the auto­correlation will spike at the correct periodicity of the walker.
Sentence 2: given an acceleration signal a(n), Zee computes the normalized auto-correlation for lag t at the m th sample as, » Pk=t-1 (a(m + k) - µ(m,t)) k=0 (a(m + k + t) - µ(m + t,t)) .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This implies the insertion of a new record for task t1 through node a into its routing table because actuator A registers for task t1 and the best route available in the registration table for actuator A is through node a.Since the received TAREM implies a routing table update, the TAREM is modi.ed and relayed by node c.The TAREM relayed by node d is also received by node c. Although an ac­tuator already in the registration table sends this TAREM, and the task registered by the actuator is also in the regis­tration table, the relaying node is c, which is a new uplink node for actuator A.
Sentence 2: a new record is inserted into the registration table.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: On the other hand, if executed in full isolation, the malware will almost surely fail to operate as in­tended, since it cannot contact external servers via its command­and-control (C&#38;C) channel in order to obtain input data or execu­tion instructions.
Sentence 2: industrial-strength malware measurement requires con­tainment: execution environments that on the one hand allow mal­ware to engage with the external world to the degree required to manifest their core behavior, but doing so in a highly controlled fashion to prevent the malware from in.icting harm on others.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Since the precious resource is not network bandwidth or CPU cycles, but a network manager s time, verbose and un­structured reports are not likely to be appreciated or useful.
Sentence 2: to maximize the e.ectiveness of a tra.c re­port, we believe that there are four essential operations that must be provided: Operation 1, Compute: Given a description of traf­.c as input (e.g., packet traces or NetFlowrecords), compute the identity of all clusters with a tra.c vol­ume above a certain threshold.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The lirst admission condition is then expressed as follows: The calculation of Cu,n~we~(I.,) necessitates the knowledge of the n-1 streams, denoted St,, ,, , I_<i _ ,,I-I, that are traversing the previous link I-,-, and from where some bandwidth <,, ,, has been marked preemptable.
Sentence 2: this set, denoted by Mnrk_prep(L,~,), is defined as follows: as specified in equation (I), the link L, on the path will have to include the already marked preemptable bandwidth from the previous link to the already unused bandwidth.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Finally, we append an additional coded packet at each batch of packets to randomly probe a different rate rprobe .
Sentence 2: the probed rate should be higher than the throughput of the current data rate, but not necessarily in C. Scout can quickly adapt to the im­proved channel condition through random probing, while promptly adapting to channel degradation via either probing or identifying the change of the candidate rate set.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As exempli.ed in Figure 3, each column of U represents the status of an FG: Uij = 1 i. the j-th FG fails during the i-th round of measurement, Uij =0 otherwise.
Sentence 2: thus, the product of the two binary matrices should equal the original failure instance matrix X: X = U × V (1) In practice, due to the noise in the data set, X might not exactly equal U × V. we need to .nd U and V such that they best represent the actual causes of the failures, despite the presence of noise.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: By de.nition of the hyperperiod, exactly one of the q attack hopping instances (speci.cally, the last hop­ping instance in the hyperperiod) coincides with a hopping instance of the communication radio.
Sentence 2: out of the LCM time units of the hyperperiod, the radio is hopping in p and the jammer is hopping for q time units, but both are hopping together for one time unit.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Remember that, if we follow the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, only two independent channels are avail­able for the spectrum we can use (due to the heavy inter­ference from WiFi hotspots, see Sec.
Sentence 2: 1), whereas we almost get six usable but overlapped channels by varying center fre­quencies and distances in a continuous manner.3 another important message we get is this: Continuously tuning frequencies allocated to links with respect to the distances between them allows for a more .exible and e.cient use of spectrum.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: (4) Hself shortwirebetweenthetransmitand receive chainsinthereceive antenna, which is signi.cantly less than the attenuation between the two antennas that additionallyhave togo on the air[17].For Hjam.rec example,in ourUSRP2prototype, the ratio || -27dB.
Sentence 2: hself the above condition isphysicallyinfeasible, and cancelling thejamming signal at the shield s receive antennadoes not cancel itatany otherlocation.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: On the one hand, status information and commands demand only low throughput but reliable links, and on the other hand transferring images or videos demands high through­put links.
Sentence 2: we propose a hybrid system that leverages two di.erent networks: a long range (LR) wireless network such as XBee, cellular if available, or a network utilizing white space frequencies, and a high throughput (HT) wire­less network such as WLAN IEEE 802.11.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: If the wired and/or cellular infrastructure is wiped out by natural forces (or even just congested in the aftermath of a disaster) the client-server communication of current OSNs is not feasible.
Sentence 2: in the time until emergency response forces are able to repair infrastructure or deploy temporary communication so­lutions (e.g., wireless mesh networks, satellite phones) peo­ple are left without any means to communicate.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In the ap­plication area where upstream ISPs can receive route change requests from downstream customers, the assumed number 0 40000 80000 120000 160000 Number of BGP paths to be changed Figure 21: Times for changing the BGP best paths of changed paths would be less than 10000.
Sentence 2: this cost is su.ciently small compared with one at the initial phase.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In summary,TCAMs consume 150 times more power per bit than SRAM and currently cost about 30 times more per bit of storage.
Sentence 2: a lookup technique that employs standard SRAM,requires less than four memory accesses per lookup,and utilizes less than 11 bytes per entry for IPv4 and less than 44 bytes per entry for IPv6,not only matches TCAM performance and resource utilization,but also provides a signi.cant advan­tage in terms of cost and power consumption.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Then we allow an additional 100sec for the remaining pack­ets to reach their destination and terminate the experiment.
Sentence 2: 1 FAST NORMAL SLOW 0.8 delivery rate (number of packets sent/number of packets received) average percentage of nodes in mobility class 0.6 0.4 0.2 AODV DSDV RUNNERS MSA 0 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 20.5 5 10 20 40 speed (m/s) speed (m/s) Figure 4: Stability classi.cation for uniform speedsFigure 6: Message Delivery Rate for uniform speeds 120 50FAST AODV NORMAL DSDV SLOW RUNNERS MSA 100 average percentage of nodes in mobility class 40 30 delay (sec) 40 20 20 10 0 0 300 600 1200900 pause times (sec) 1500 1800 2100 0 20.5 5 10 20speed (m/s) 40 Figure 5: Stability classi.cation for mixed speeds each experiment simulates a time period of 2100sec.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The optimal solution OP T covers element j at least k times, which means that there are at least Ek subsets of OP T containing j which were not chosen yet.
Sentence 2: in step 2a of the algorithm the potential function is multiplied by at least: 1 Ek E/2 (1 + )=2 2k It follows that for .xed E> 0 the total number of weight augmentation steps is at most: log(3m)a = O(a log m)log 2E/2 Lemma 6.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: More formally, as long as DFkj < DFki, Lk will always prefer to send a block to Lj before it sends a block to Li.
Sentence 2: regardless of any generic upload behavior chosen by Li, as long as it has reciprocated less to Lk than Lj has, it will always lose the contest for L.ks bandwidth to Lj .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Round-robin-based algorithms [24] [23] [6] have O(1) complexity, and while they support fair alloca­tion of bandwidth, they fail to provide good delay bounds.
Sentence 2: while fair queuing is a well-studied problem in modern computer networks, there remains a signi.cant gap between schedulers that have provably good performance, and those that are feasible to implement in high-speed routers.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As a .rst step towards guaranteeing path integrity, we can in­clude both the source and destination IP addresses from the packet in the computation of the router s authenticator.
Sentence 2: we can mod­ify Equation 1 such that a segment embedding of the routing deci­sion r ' becomes: s =(r ' ,MICK(r ' ||SrcIP||DestIP)) (2) where || denotes concatenation.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: However, its e.ect is strong enough such that those spoofed IP.ows that cannot be prevented from reaching their targets are su.ciently sparse and, as a conse­quence, their origin can be localized to within a small, con­stant number of sites (less than 5 for Internet AS topologies).
Sentence 2: as with probabilistic packet marking (PPM), e.ective IPtraceback strictly speaking, AS traceback since the granularity of our study is AS graphs is achieved which serves as a deterrent, in addition to facilitating reactive re­covery.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: )1 - (1 - p min)N Lr1 () = (1 - E)1 - (1 - p min)N Lr1, where the last inequality holds because the second inequality holds for any .> 0.
Sentence 2: we can conclude that to achieve afraction(1 - E) of the full throughput region, the feedback resource F should satisfy () F = (1 - E)1 - (1 - p min)N L. (1)  4.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Due to Theorem 4.1 as well as Propositions 4.2 and 4.3, this will induce a desirable stationary distribution of queue sizes in BN.
Sentence 2: if we could use the rate allocation of BN, that is, the policy SFA, directly in SN, it would give us a desired performance in terms of the stationary distribution of the induced queue sizes.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: More generally, the estimate of ni will depend on our estimates of n, n1,n2, ··· ,ni-1.Thus for a large .ow size i, the estimate is more susceptible to errors due to this cumulative dependence e.ect, resulting in a sharp increase in estimation errors.
Sentence 2: to accu­rately estimate .ow distribution, we will take a more holis­tic approach, rather than estimating each quantity step by step.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: If W p* - W p* = .aj for 1 = i = m, 1 = j = n, the B-i -ßij calculations of bc j c are respectively equivalent to the ij and a following expressions: bc = Vb-1(W p* - W p* = Va-1(W p* - W p* ), a c ).
Sentence 2: ij i j j B-i -ßij +aj A-j for the winning buyer i with xij p* = 1 in (5), we have bij = bc ih ij and bih = bc where h = j, implying that j .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: D&#38;F enables the decoding nodes to: (i) wait before forwarding so that other cross links can carry cross-cutting .ows, (ii) choose the appropriate data rate at which to send to the next decoding node along the path, and (iii) drop any un­decodable packets and stop error propagation.
Sentence 2: our proposal is to split the entire cut-through path into smaller cut-through paths.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The reason is that (NACK|r2 1(k|0)|r1 1(k|1)) would be forwarded to the source s, which would see the in­consistency of the received packet (r2 1(k|0) authenticates an ACK, whereas r1 1(k|1) authenticates a NACK) and correctly identify link (a1,a2)as faulty.
Sentence 2: 2n-3hashchains are required because authenticators ri 1(k) authenticates only the node that appended the authenticator, not the packet con­tent.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Section 6 shows that the Shortest-Path Export-All attack strategy is not actually optimal for the manipulator, and Section 7 shows that .nd­ing the optimal attack strategy is NP-hard.
Sentence 2: we give up on .nding the optimal attack strategy, and run simu­lations assuming that the manipulator uses this smart-but­suboptimal attack.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As mentioned before, in simulation, it is very chal­lenging to stimulate the inputs of a multi-hop network in such a way that the complex interaction between the frames inside the network exhibits the actual worst-case.
Sentence 2: in the following, we will evaluate the improvement of the worst­case end-to-end latency guarantees of our proposed analysis approach against the state-of-the-art analysis from Section 3.2 using a typical (anonymized) scenario for future auto­motive backbone networks provided by Daimler.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Bene.ting from an Induced Asynchronism in Neighborhood Discovery in opportunistic Cognitive Wireless Networks Sylwia Romaszko Institute for Networked Wim Torfs PATS -iMinds Petri Mähönen Institute for Networked Systems University of Antwerp Systems RWTH Aachen University Middelheimlaan 1, 2020 RWTH Aachen University Kackertstrasse 9, 52072 Antwerpen, Belgium Kackertstrasse 9, 52072 Aachen, Germany sar@inets.rwth­aachen.de wim.torfs@ua.ac.be Aachen, Germany pma@inets.rwth­aachen.de Chris Blondia PATS -iMinds University of Antwerp Middelheimlaan 1, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium chris.blondia@ua.ac.be ABSTRACT In opportunistic Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), which are characterized by changing network topology, the time and location varying spectrum availability, there is a need of on-demand searching for a control tra.c channel by cog­nitive radio (CR) users in order to be able to initiate a com­munication.
Sentence 2: the neighborhood discovery phase, also referred to as a rendezvous (RDV) phase, is challeng­ing due to the dynamics of such networks.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: grows,theper-.ow rateincreases fortheD.ows aswell, andtheincreasing sizeoftheDbu.er reduces the loss rate of the D service.
Sentence 2: whereas a useroptsfortheD serviceto acquirelowdelay,futureadop­tions of the D service by other legacy users make the service even more valuable, facilitating the virulent deployment of the RD services.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: However, using the MAR system, even targeting a streaming rate that is four times higher than the one tar­geted with individual interfaces, the amount of outstanding data is always positive and well over the starvation thresh­old.
Sentence 2: mAR can survive blackout periods and sudden burstiness much better than using any other single interface and therefore provide a much smoother streaming experi­ence.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Notice that the encoded sample of node m sent to node (m -1) should be propagated in the left direction such that each node gets the samples of all other nodes.
Sentence 2: the TT generated by the sequential strategy is given by, (N -1) TT (Seq Coop)= H(X1,X2, ..., XN ) (2) (N -1) =O(N) (3) Notice that the .rst equality follows from the chain rule for en­tropies.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: indicates the stochastic independence between events.
Sentence 2: we can compute Pr(Icon)=Pr(Icon | e1 n e3)Pr(e1 n e3)+ 2Pr(Icon | e1 n e3)Pr(e1 n e3)+ Pr(Icon | e1 n e3)Pr(e1 n e3).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As a result, the .rst step of Phase 1c is to normalize link criticality values as follows: ..,l := ..,l .. j.E ..fail,j ,.F,l := .F,l .. j.E F.fail,j The denominators in the above expressions represent our es­timates of the best possible network costs across all single link failures, assuming it was possible to include all links in Phase 2 of the optimization.
Sentence 2: the above expressions capture relative deviations incurred, for each traf.c type, when link l is not included in Ec.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The service composition maintains the service provision throughout the whole dynamic reconfiguration process, except for the addition phase.
Sentence 2: the suspension time (S2) is the time of the addition phase: S2 = 2kn + RTT  (Equation 3)  4.3 Measurement Analysis As shown in Table 1, we have measured reconfiguration time under different bandwidths, for different mobilet sizes and different numbers of mobilets to be deleted and added.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: DSR outperforms AODV in low mobility scenarios due to 1) ag­gressive cashing property, in which nodes may maintain mul­tiple routes to a speci.c destination, 2) the use of promiscu­ously overhearing that allows nodes to get information from route discovery messages they receive by overhearing, and 3) the use of non-preparative route request mechanism, which will limit the .ooding overhead.
Sentence 2: compared to AODV, DSR can generate less broadcast RREQ (route re­quest) messages.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We set C = 10 Mbps (which corresponds to 1000 pkts/s) and range N- from 1to50 tosee theminimum requirement of d. As seen from Figure 13(a), the minimum d monotonically decreases and reaches 0.1 seconds as N- goes to 40.
Sentence 2: we note that N- is the lower bound of N.once astable d is picked given certain N- , R+,and C, stability of the system is not a.ected by N or R as long as N =N- and R =R+ .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Thus, when designing Vidyut, our primary concern is to .nd tones of frequencies that pass through the various electric circuit elements with minimal losses and not to .nd a band of frequencies that is most suitable for communicat­ing data between two nodes with high throughput and/or high reliability.
Sentence 2: in summary, we investigate the channel response of power-lines, the e.ect of loading and noise sources and the e.ect of electrical characteristics of circuit breaker panels, transformers, cross-phase physical isolation, etc.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Pw if and only if the size of the minimum vertex cut between v and m ' in a new graph G ' := G - {w}+ {m ' }+ L({m ' }, M )is smaller than two.
Sentence 2: condition (2) in Claim 16 is satis.ed if and only if for every two distinct non-monitors v and w, either the minimum v-m ' cut in G ' or the minimum w-m ' w w cut in Gv ' has a size of at least two.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 5.1 Topologies with Equal Transmission and Carrier Sense Ranges x1 =0and x2 =.C.
Sentence 2: congestion control in asymmetric topologies leads to unfair­ness, and according to the above analysis, there is no optimal .. Next, we use simulations to study the throughput and fairness prop­erties of this asymmetric topology.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: When avgq crosses U, halving ri and signaling others to accordingly adjust their rates may still leave node i in a congested state (for example, when the network size doubles instantaneously).
Sentence 2: iFRC employs multiple thresholds U(k),de.ned by U(k)= U(k -1)+I/2k-1,where k is a small in­teger and I is a constant increment of the queue length.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The packet must contain each of these MICs, along with the segment embeddings returned by the receiver.
Sentence 2: for each router on the path, the sender in­cludes: '' ' s =(r ,IDS , Auth(r ,IDS), MICKSRi (p)) (6) When a router receives such a packet, it .rst veri.es the authentica­tor.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Even though we applied some approximations to analyze the re­sequencing delay, we observe that the analytical result for CL-ARQ and SCK is quite identical to its corresponding simulation result.
Sentence 2: we can argue that our ana­lytical methodology is indeed useful for evaluating the rese­quencing delay performance when the two-layer retransmis­sion schemes (HARQ and ARQ) are employed.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In particular, log2(L) + log2(2ß - s(3) s(5) l + 1) = APd = log2(L) + log2(2ß - 1) and 0 = APd = s(5) s(4) s(3) log2(L - 1).
Sentence 2: we have AP <AP <AP ddd and can conclude that the address privacy of ud decreases as C grows, which complies with the intuition.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For our game, we suggest that the payoff reflected the normalized throughput (throughput divided by the subcarrier distance .f ) achieved by the CR-node and the network potential to serve other users (related to the notion of fairness).
Sentence 2: the proposed payoff function for player k (at the kth stage of the game), who acquires i SCs (i =I), while the rest of the CR-nodes community is expected to occupy j SCs equals: f s  )] · {N -i - j}, (2) k 1SCs (but no more than I SCs), the problem of finding the game solution becomes extremely complex.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Fundamentally, this problem has been caused due to the fact that each of the attached interfaces must be assigned one or more unique pre.xes in PMIPv6.
Sentence 2: to address this problem, we propose a dynamic home network pre.x assignment (DHNPA) scheme where both the .xed pre.x model and the shared pre.x model are employed and dynamically selected.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The reason is that the than for link [(i, j), (i+hops, j)] or [(i, j), (i+hops,j)] in the ORBIT.
Sentence 2: the received signal strength of probing packet for [(i, j), (i+hops,j+hops)] links is likely smaller than for links [(i, j), (i+hops, j)] or [(i, j), (i+hops,j)].
Relationship: reasoning