sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This di.erence is explained by the performance characteristics of the storage media: While the random access performance on the HDD depends directly on the distance of the accessed data to the current drive-head position (as well as hits in the drive readahead cache having a huge in.uence), the SSD performance is mostly independent from the data position.
Sentence 2: the e.ect of di.erent allocation strategies becomes very obvious on the HDD.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, having to upload audio-video files to the website server via the Internet, users are unable to share real-time audio-video files (TV and radio programs), and the download speed may slow down or the bandwidth may be insufficient when the number of hits are too high.
Sentence 2: this study proposes a dynamic audio-video sharing platform system, which allows users to share audio-video files through USB port, DVD reader, or commonly available interface.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Byadaptingtobothdelay andloss, we achievelowloss rate upon convergence as compared tothe case when onlylossistakeninto account[25].
Sentence 2: 6.1.2 CrossTraf.c Between the 300th second and the 500th second, we introduce an80kpbs cross-tra.cfrom node E to node F. the available bottleneck bandwidth between E and F decreases from 480kbps to400kbps.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The fact that the Root CA operates as the trust anchor means that it provides a point of reference to the system whenever other services are compromised and their certi.cates need to be reissued.
Sentence 2: it is impor­tant to ensure that the Root CA is highly protected from unauthorised accesses and is running on a highly secured ma­chine, hence it is usually operated in an o.ine mode.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: "Itisshownin[16](f.Theorem 2.1)thattheKnown­Riskmodelexposesonstraintswhih mustbesatisfedbyanyshedulewhoseexpetedwork­ 1 outputisoptimalandthattheguidelinesemergingfrom theseonstraintsyieldlose­to­optimalshedulesforlarge lassesofyle­stealingopportunities.Moreover,oneanof­tenusesituation­speiftehniquestoimproveaguideline­presribedshedulesothatitisexatlyoptimal(f.[5,16]).
Sentence 2: theurrentpaperismotivatedbytheinabilityoftheKnown­Riskmodeltodealsatisfatorilywithallyle­stealingop­portunities.Speifally,thereexistopportunitiesthatprov­ablydonotadmitanyoptimalshedulewithinthemodel [16].theshedulingguidelinesofthelattersoure, whileneessaryforoptimalsheduling,arenotsuÆient.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Although we could use Haskell s type families and other features to make a type-safe solution, its complexity would detract from the point.
Sentence 2: to keep the types simple, we will make use of Haskell s Dynamic data type to store arbitrary state information from individual delay functions.2 Also, rather than use an auxiliary option type to represent a default state or an absence ofstate(as we didinthe settableDelay function in Section 4.2), we will build this directly into the type.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: E(B[i]) = pti where B[i] denotes B at ith iteration.
Sentence 2: the vector of probability functions for the set of points-to relationships INHeader at at the entry of the header node will be P(Headerin, INHeader) = P(B0out, OUTB0) .P(B[1]out, OUTB[1]) .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The MESH model predicts an optimal speci.c combination of .ve design modi.cations (Fs) which is one of the two optimal design change sets found in the detailed, low-level model (Es, Fs).
Sentence 2: the MESH model correlates to the underlying system that it represents, giving designers the ability to manipulate the coarse-grained, heterogeneous design elements in a broad design space in order to achieve a system with optimal performance.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since c.next is an n-DAC object, it satis.es the non-triviality prop­erty, and so the crash of q can cause only a .nite number of operations applied to c.next to abort.
Sentence 2: in this case, the crash of q can cause only a .nite number of operations on O (which attempt to thread their cell after c) to abort.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Eric s implementation of reliability on top of UDP strove to reduce the number of network messages to the absolute minimum.Weusedjusttwo Ethernetmessagesfora remote invocation: the acknowledgment message, whichwas neces­sary for reliability, was piggybacked on the next interaction.
Sentence 2: a series 100 remote invocations to the same destina­tionwould require201 Ethernetpackets:100invoke-request packets, 100 invoke-return packets, and, after about1 sec­ond, a single acknowledgment packet the remaning 199 ACKs would be piggybacked onto the other packets.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Weight-Based Question Generation Our weight-based ranking algorithm applies to any applica­tion that can enumerate the space of queries.
Sentence 2: when ap­plied to SU P P L E, AR NAU L D enumerates all pairs of different renderings of any single element in the interface speci.cation of an example (i.e., varying either a single widget or the lay­out of one portion of the interface).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Sinetheyonlyapturetheommuniationdetailsthatare intrinsitoperipheraliruits,Devilspeifationsarein­dependentfromapartiularhostarhiteture(CPUand bus).However,theompilermustgeneratethearhiteture­speifassemblyinstrutionsthatimplementbusaesses.
Sentence 2: targettingadiferentarhiteturerequiresa diferentompiler.Thismaybegoodenoughfordesktop omputing,whihountsveryfewdistintarhitetures,but embeddedappliationsmayrequiretheompilertobeeasier toretarget.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The principal side effect of a Csmith-generated program is to print a value summarizing the com­putation performed by the program.1 This value is a checksum of the program s non-pointer global variables at the end of the program s execution.
Sentence 2: if changing the compiler or compiler options causes the checksum emitted by a Csmith-generated program to change, a compiler bug has been found.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Bidirectional transformations -Model transformation is intrin­sically dif.cult, and its nature poses a number of obstacles in pro­viding adequate support for bidirectionality and change propaga­tion [11].
Sentence 2: despite a number of proposals, in general they impose relevant restrictions of the characteristics of the involved transformations (a comparison is discussed in [11]).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Moreover, since the server is contin­uously backlogged in[t1,t2), the last time it becameActive was earlier than t1, and all recharging times are again set to a time <t1 + Pi.
Sentence 2: also in this case, the server will be able to contend for the execution of Qi time units within time t1 +Pi <t2 +Pi,potentiallyproducing a larger workload than in the non-backlogged case, and leading to a contradiction.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: new primitives go 1arJal JaL channel endpoints grams are written entirely in a standard linear .-calculus aug­mented with the go and yield operations and elaborate to processes at run time.
Sentence 2: our type system isolates the classi­ () inti .t (e, e) JaL v values .x:t. e1ar (v, v) ::= ::= v cal multiple-conclusions judgments (captured by our typing rules for processes) so that they are not needed to type check source Jal  E; e program expressions.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If entity A moves to its new position as shown in Figure 2(c), AOI(A) becomes overlapping with RC1(G).
Sentence 2: a sends its new AOI position to entity G. Then, entity G calculates its new relationship with AOI(A)  (a) (b) (c) Figure 2: An Example of Relationships between Entities and AOIs as an apart relationship described by RC2(G)=C2,(1,1) and informs entity A of the new relationship.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It keeps track of the nature and type of the subgoals; if the subgoal in the current resolvent is a variant of a former tabled call, tabled answers are used to resolve the subgoal; otherwise, program clauses are used following SLD resolution.
Sentence 2: a tabled Prolog system can be thought of as an engine for e.ciently computing .xed points.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Theunhekedproliferationofsuhappliationswould haveasignifantadverseefetonthestabilityofthe network[3,8,13].
Sentence 2: manyInternetappliationsdeliverdoumentsand imagesorstreamaudioandvideotoendusersand areinterativeinnature.Asimplebutusefulfgure­of­meritforinterativeontentdeliveryistheend­to­end downloadlateny;userstypiallywaitnomorethana fewseondsbeforeabortingatransferiftheydonot observeprogress.itwouldbebenefialfor ontentproviderstoadaptwhattheydisseminatetothe stateofthenetwork,soasnottoexeedathreshold lateny.Fortunately,suhontentadaptationispossi­bleformostappliations.Streamingaudioandvideo appliationstypiallyenodeinformationinarangeof formatsorrespondingtodiferentenoding(transmis­sion)ratesanddegreesoflossresilieny.Imageenod­ingformatsaommodatearangeofqualitiestosuita varietyoflientrequirements.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 8.1 Generality 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 100 200 500 1000 2000 (a) Client packet count (b) Trace time (sec) As bots cannot actually watch screens, they perceive Burstiness magnitude Pacing the environment by inspecting the information conveyed by server packets.
Sentence 2: the design naturally leads to that, whenever a bot receives a change of the game world, it will take some reactions immediately by sending back commands to the server.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Our ap­proachisinspiredbypriorideas on cooperative scheduling[4,7,9] and automatic mutual exclusion[29], withthedifference that we use yield entirely as a speci.cation construct.Thatis, we assume programs usetraditionalsynchronization constructs(such aslocks) and we verify that the resulting thread interference satis.es these yieldspeci.cations.
Sentence 2: theyieldannotationsin aprogram are correctif any arbitrarily­interleaved execution trace is cooperable, that is, equivalent to a cooperative trace in which context switches happen only at yield annotations.although theprogram can execute withpreemp­tiveinterleaving(andtrueconcurrency onmulticoreprocessors), yieldannotations allow us to adopt the simplifying assumption that threadsexecutecooperatively and thatthreadinterferencehappens only atyield annotations.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 2.1 PerformanceEngineering and MobileSystems In the area of mobile devices, developers have a bigger in­.uence onhardwaredetails thanin thedevelopment ofdesk­top and server software systems.
Sentence 2: the application of this approach raises the following questions: How does the processor rate change when an additional cache level is introduced?
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In Ovm/Minuteman, the object header includes the type infor­mationword (withGCbits),a lockword,a pointer forRTSJ scopes, the forwarding pointer, and a hash word (except in handle con.gu­rations).
Sentence 2: without handles, scalars have 20-byte headers, and arrays 24-byte; the hash word is initialised when the object is allo­cated.With handles,thehashcodeisthe handleaddresssothehash word is redundant and the headers are4 bytes smaller.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, we have deliberately avoided providing dedicated monitors for speci.c NF properties (however common they may be, such as performance), so that the system is general and .exible enough to support anynon-functional property the de­signer may be interested in (such as the aesthetic quality of a GUI component).
Sentence 2: the designer is permittedto provide the seman­tics for each non-functional propertybyidentifyingabespokemon­itor componentthat observesthe property sactualvalueat runtime.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Given that the most powerful web search en­ginehasjustdiscoveredless than1%of allthethings existing in theInternet[40], itisimpossible to tell a user whetherhis requested video can be obtained at last if we keep on trying.
Sentence 2: we have to tell the user his video request is judged to have failed atthe right time.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: On the other hand, right­inversecomputationissuitablefor applicationsinwhichonewants toinvert non-injectivefunctiontoenumerateallthecorresponding inputs, suchasintest-casegeneration[6,29].Itisworthnotingthat checkingtheinjectivityofafunctionisgenerallyundecidable.
Sentence 2: for parameter-linear MTTsin particular,theinjectivitycheckis unde­cidableeven ifithasnooutput-variables[14] orithasnomultiple data traversals (we can reduce the emptiness check of the inter­section of two context-free languages, which is known to be un­decidable[2],totheproblem).anyleft-inverse computation method essentiallyhas a function writteninparameter-linearMTT that cannotbeinvertedbyit.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, if we were to undo only the instructions within the dynamic slice to reverse execute through that slice, we would not have retrieved the value of r2 at point P1 because r2 is overwritten by the fourth instruction which is outside the slice.
Sentence 2: while trying to obtain the values relevant to the instructions within the slice, we might have to undo in­structions that are outside the slice.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In addition, among the eligible cells, some cells may not be actually used to describe any apart relationship because there is no remote entity located in these cells.
Sentence 2: to make ApartEntityTree as space e.cient as possible, we include in ApartEntityTree only a subtree of the full cell hier­archy induced by the cells that are actually used to describe the apart relationship between the local entity s AOI and at least one remote entity.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Such work.ows sup­porting the same BP can potentially comprise variable ac­tivities and/or transitions between activities on the cross­enterprise scale.
Sentence 2: we capture in the BP view those features, which change the structure of work.ows, whereas the Feature view accommodates additional features for hy­brid MBAs, such as work.ow constraints or native features on the application layer (AL) as well as various back-end entities for productive data on the data layer (DL).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Error Handling Sofar,wehavefocusedonRats!
Sentence 2: supportforexpressingextensi­blesyntaxandrecognizingwell-formedinputs.Inreality,however,bothgrammarsandlanguagesource.lesarelikelytocontainer­rors.toassisttooldevelopersindebugginggram­marsandusersindebuggingsource.les,Rats!
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: At the end of 2001, the fastest Crusoe CPU (i.e., TM5800) at load dissipated less than 1.6 watts with a 366-MHz TM5800 and less whereas a Pentium III (and most de.nitely, a Pentium 4) processor can heat to the point of failure if it is not aggressively cooled.
Sentence 2: as in our Bladed Beowulf (24 CPUs in a 3U), Transmetas can be packed closely together with no active cooling, thus resulting in a savings in the total cost of ownership with respect to reliability, electrical usage, cooling requirements, and space us­age.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This is not a problem for static compilers, that can spend all the neces­sary time during the compilation phase applying the algo­rithms producing the best results, but has many drawbacks in Just-In-Time compilers such as ILDJIT, where the com­pilation takes place at runtime and competes for resources.
Sentence 2: a di.erent approach had to be used, involving the choice of suboptimal but faster algorithms, carefully balanc­ing compilation performances and execution performances of the produced code.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: One of the biggest bene.ts CBSE promotes is reusability it should be possible to reuse a component across di.erent systems.
Sentence 2: employing CBSE should: shorten time to market systems are built by con­necting existing components;  facilitate management of complex systems by divid­ing them into smaller, less complex components;  increase the quality of the software since a com­ponent is intended for reuse in multiple systems, it is repeatedly tested in various contexts;  simplify maintenance improving existing or adding new functionality to a system is done by replacing ex­isting or adding new components.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: (new state,output) where old state, input, new state and output are .nite sets.
Sentence 2: the above Mealy machine has transitions: (ZERO,0) -> (ZERO,ERROR) (ZERO,1) -> (ONE,OK) (ONE,0) -> (ZERO,OK) (ONE,1) -> (ONE,ERROR)  Note that both the diagrammatic and state transition char­acterisations are slightly misleading.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This type of instrumentation is completely decoupled from the underly­ing code (source, byte, or machine code), but current AOP frameworks take a code-centric view of the weaving problem.
Sentence 2: for the full domain of runtime monitoring to be supported, we believe that AOP needs extended to support both more detail in weaving, and to o.er new dimensions of weaving that break away from the code-centric view and support other dimensions, such as time.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Maintaining anonymity of crowdsourcing submissions to­wards the crowdfunding servers is of imperative nature, as well.
Sentence 2: any write-access to the crowdfund­ing servers is not only be proxied via the SANE, but also re-signed and re-encrypted, ensuring that any submitted data is traceable from the crowdfunding servers to the SANE, only.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This aspect is also bound to a role Logger to specify that the weaving of the aspect implies the weaving of a port Linto the Controller.
Sentence 2: in a similar way to [11], we en­forceseparationofconcernsby isolatingthe aspect Logging i.e., the pieces of code to insert into the Controller from the Log­ger, which implements the logging logic.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Then they would also be non-congested when ignoring the request for d. In this case, the probability that index i of the p-get request hits a node in some level e that is neither blocked nor congested is at least 1/3 at any time.
Sentence 2: when de.ning the binary random variable Xt as being 1 if and only if the p-get(d) request hits a node that is neither blocked nor congested at time t (or level 0 has already been reached successfully), then Pr[Xt =1] = 1/3.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, in a producer-consumer relationship, an object is .rst private to the producer, then protected by a lock, then private to the consumer.
Sentence 2: sharC s second key feature is a sharing cast that allows a program to change an object s sharing mode: int readonly *y; ... x = SCAST(int private *, y); SharC enforces the soundness of these casts by nulling-out the pointer being cast, and by using reference-counting to ensure that the pointer being cast is the only reference to the underlying object.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In Rule 2, a token represents an occurrence of an message of speci.ed type, and the direction of a message is speci.ed by the place con­taining the token incoming or outgoing.
Sentence 2: the mapping in Rule 2 conserves the main structural features of ports/roles and related protocols, and the reverse mapping exists, which ensures the correctness of the rule.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This approach has the following merits: For the class of allocation sites that create predomi­nantly long-lived objects, the space occupied in mem­ory by objects from this site is likely to grow monoton­ically over the course of the program s run.
Sentence 2: total memory requirement, and hence the savings po­tential due to sharing, peaks at the end of the run.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To compute the upper bound of the number of points in Ei,we note that after the trimming procedure, the energy components of any adjacent points differ by at least a factor of d. Let the leftmost Figure 4: The SIDVS scheme; Line 8 is only for the approxima­ tion algorithm point in Ei be denoted by Pl (which is upper bounded by the en­ergy consumption when all tasks use the maximum speed) and the rightmost point in Ei be denoted by Pr ( which is lower bounded   5.1.3 Applying Function Approximation by the energy consumption when all tasks use the minimum speed).
Sentence 2: we have The time complexity of the optimal algorithm for the SIDVS problem depends greatly on the size of functions Ei.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: These smart antennas provide degrees of freedom (DOFs) that can be used to suppress co-existing commu­nication links, thereby increasing spatial reuse in the net­work.
Sentence 2: the communication problem comprises of not just determining a channel access mechanism to be used by the communication links, but also involves the determina­tion of the communication pattern (usage of DOFs) to be used by each node during channel access.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Our key insight is that although most programs have races, these races tend to occur only within minor portions of an execution, and the majority of the execution is still race-free.
Sentence 2: we can resort to a mem-schedule only for the racy portions of an execution and enforce a sync-schedule otherwise, combining both the ef.ciency of sync-schedules and the determinism of mem-schedules.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Because of the DFS traversal, each such call can only follow immediately after a sequence of calls and returns a.ecting the previous records at k -1, k -2, ..., k -h,for h =1, ..., k. But these records belong to the local block K0.
Sentence 2: no call to the non-head node [k]of K0 requires an I/O operation, for all k =1, ..., B-1, and so P1 holds initially.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The median value v has at least 2f +1 values that are lower or equal to it.
Sentence 2: there are at most f faulty nodes, and thus there are at least f + 1 correct nodes lower or equal to v. vlow = v. For the same reason vhigh = v. the calculated median is in the range [vlow,vhigh]; in other words, v .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If the constraint is unsatis.able, then the exception that is raised (Unify or Cycle) carries a decoded type, so that (once again) the decoding process is transparent.
Sentence 2: in the implementation, we rede.ne Unify and Cycle: exception Unify of O.ty × O.ty exception Cycle of O.ty and implement solve as follows: let solve rectypes (rc, k) = begin try Lo.solve rectypes rc with Lo.Unify (v1, v2) .
Relationship: reasoning