sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As Intel s ACM code is designed to work on a speci.c chipset family, we also bind the kernel of our man­agement domain to a speci.c platform.
Sentence 2: as outlined in Section 3.3 we envision exploiting the static root of trust for measurement mechanism, to include the instant-on OS in the trust bound­aries, as a part of our future work.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For the case lH = 160 (the length of a SHA-1 or RIPEMD-160 hash value), bits 4-8 are 1 at a probability of 1/2, bit 2 is almost always 1, bit 3 is almost always 0, and bit 1 is always 0; in other words, 1 1 t - 1 Ls = lH +(lc -3) +1 lH = lH .
Sentence 2: these performance metrics are only meaningful with respect to the achievable security level (S ).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The reason to choose AVR Studio as the compiler were firstly the standard main stream Atmel company has provided; secondly, many developers provide their codes in this platform; finally, it is an open-source compiler, free of charge providing an on-chip debugger functionality.
Sentence 2: as with OTP, ParseKey+ counters the most important shortcoming associated with the traditional passwords, namely the replay attack [20].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Bonatti and Samarati [5] proposed a framework for regulating service access and information re­lease on the Web.
Sentence 2: a cannot recover a satisfying set of secret shares and learns nothing, in an information theoretic sense, about s. Without s, re­covering M from W requires compromising E. 4.3 Adaptive Chosen Ciphertext Security This section shows how Encrypt can be changed so that a complete ciphertext remains secure even in the presence of a decryption oracle.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In fact, if a CIA credential is the only credential Bob requires from Alice, then without the pre-arranged support of a large group of users, there is no way that Alice can protect the fact that she possesses one without jeopardizing the success of her negotiation.
Sentence 2: in that case, Alice needs to .nd an indepen­dent disjunct in P to migrate C* s policy to, subject to the condition that at least one credential in that disjunct has not already had its policy disclosed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Data dependency of weblets An elastic application should allow reasonable data dependency between weblets of the same appli­cation or different applications, such as: (1) Different weblets of an application or different applications may require the same na­tive (device) data for their input, (2) Different components of an application or different applications may update the same native (device) data during run-time.
Sentence 2: our mechanism also supports secure migration of weblets between de­vice and cloud.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Remote Attestation with TPM In order to solve two above problems, a customized USB device with a light, which is called iTurtle and certified by the trusted party, is used as an axiomatically trustworthy device to perform verification in paper [2].
Sentence 2: user Trusted Path  Remote Attestation  Computing Remote Verifier Device with TPM Figure 1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: They may thus be usable for documents, which are rarely challenged and for which ex­ecution of the veri.cation procedure is a rare event, but not for software artifact signing, where veri.cation occurs regu­larly and must be executed automatically, e.ciently, and in constrained, short time.
Sentence 2: the paper also critically investigates the conventional wis­dom of using commercial certi.cation authorities for code signing root certi.cates and of using certi.cate expiration as a security mechanism in code signing.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Libraries, after veri.cation, are loaded into unoccupied parts in the code region.
Sentence 2: mov Reg, SR1 # SR1 = Reg mov Reg, SR2 # SR2 = Reg shr $3, SR1 # SR1 = Reg / 8 mov BMBase(SR1), SR1 # SR1 = BMBase[SR1] and $7, Reg # Reg = Reg % 8 bt Reg, SR1 # test whether the bit is one mov SR2, Reg # Reg = SR2; restore Reg jnc exit In the sequence, SR1 and SR2 are scratch registers.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Alternatively, the use of static analysis (in the kernel and the applications) in the analysis phase can help to deduce all code sections required by the applications.
Sentence 2: [9] A. Acharya and M. Raje, MAPbox: Using Parameterized Behavior Classes to Con.ne Untrusted Applications, in Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Security Symposium, 2000.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, in a wired network, adversarial parties nor­mally should gain physical access to wired links in order to launch attacks.
Sentence 2: destination Source WEP10 Encrypted Checksum Destination Source WEP11 Encrypted Checksum MAC10 MAC1 Payload CRC 32 MAC2 MAC11 Payload CRC 32 Figure 2: Escort serving single mobile guest (Traf.c from guest to LAN depicted)  After roaming into the escort s wireless LAN, the mobile guest presents the secret con.rmation token to the escort.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: B2, we denote F1 = fµ1,a,r(YTV1 ) and F2 = fµ2,a,r(XTV1 ) (see Subsection 5).
Sentence 2: if they proceed by having the .rst player send­ing additional bits in order to correct a possible error in the .rst k bits, then with probability close to 1 these additional bits are wasted, because the second player already had the correct value of the .rst edge.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [7]propose socialgraph monitoring as a means todetect worms that spread through social networks.
Sentence 2: 2.3 SeveringWormPropagation For a JavaScript worm which seizes control of a certain view of an application by exploiting an XSS vulnerability, there are two possible avenues from which to propagate, as shown in Section 2.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The assump­tion is made that the integrity of the lower layers (including the VMM) is axiomatic, therefore it is possible to infer the integrity of components (individual virtual machines) running above [3, 7].
Sentence 2: in order to make an appropriate partition of the code base, it is necessary to determine which sections of code must be trusted, and which may be untrusted.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: First, we .nd that in the EP power allocation, re­porting forged CSI instead of genuine CSI can, on average, gain an unfair 20% additional capacity.
Sentence 2: this intuition is valid only if the p1(h21f22-h22f21) interference from m2 can be completely removed and there is no in­terference caused by arti.cial noise.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We can thus compute in a streaming fashion the bit B = b1 ·Xi1 +b2 ·Xi2 +...+ bn ·Xin .Observe that if f(S)= 1, then Pr[B =1] =0.
Sentence 2: s computed by a g(n)-space, c(n)-communication streaming algorithm (s, .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Tor may be used to defeat some forms of Internet censorship by allowing users to connect to censored web­sites indirectly via a series of relays and encrypted tunnels between them.
Sentence 2: when the Knock-Proxy encounters a TCP SYN packet intended for a Tor bridge, it makes the necessary changes to the ISN and TCP timestamp based on the calculated ConnectionTag.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As mentioned before, DT scheme brings down the e.ective collision probability when 24 4.5 4 22 3.5 3 20 18 Total throughput on the channel (Mbps) Total throughput on the channel (Mbps) Total throughput on the channel (Mbps) 2.5 16 2 14 1.5 12 1 10 0.5 8 0 Number of Stations (.)
Sentence 2: this is identical to the case Q =1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For instance, the Unix semantics is that the whole process is terminated if a multi-threaded process raises a SIGSEGV signal.
Sentence 2: [16] EFSTATHOPOULOS, P., KROHN, M., VANDEBOGART, S., FREY, C., ZIEGLER, D., KOHLER, E., MAZIÈRES, D., KAASHOEK, M.F.,AND MORRIS,R.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: To revoke a permission, the following command should be substituted for the Revoke statement in the algorithm: setfacl -d u:username:---filename The changes to the algorithm discussed above to add Unix groups are not even necessary as the algorithm in Figure 4 will give the appropriate permissions to users assigned to the roles.
Sentence 2: also, if any users are deleted or any priv­ileges are no longer available to a user because of changes to one of the graphs, this will be the subject of a REVOKE statement generated by the algorithm.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If we kept both .elds, the total size of an array header (excluding dlmalloc bookkeeping data and array elements) will be 20 bytes, which is then padded up to 24 bytes.
Sentence 2: in Proceedings of the 11th International Con­ference on Architectural Support for Programming Lan­guages and Operating Systems, ASPLOS XI, pages 85 96, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Països Catalans 26 E-43007 Tarragona, Catalonia ABSTRACT The usual approach to location privacy is to cloak and/or perturb the positions or trajectories of the mobile objects.
Sentence 2: [2] M. Raya, A. Aziz and J.-P. Hubaux, E.cient secure aggregation in VANETs , Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Vehicular Ad hoc Networks -VANET 06, pp.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION The need-to-know attacks in each of the models described in Section 2 rely on an attacker s ability to hide portions of her policy and limit the possible responses of her victim dur­ing trust negotiation, thereby harvesting information irrele­vant to the negotiation.
Sentence 2: no legitimate clients are denied access, and no unauthorized clients are granted access.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We do not make the claim that the above list of require­ments is complete, as completeness will always depend on the speci.c needs of a system s participants.
Sentence 2: in addition, we plan to further explore how to securely manage the access tokens stored in the repository of a Traust server and extend the Traust resource access protocol to allow parties to use trust nego­tiation agents other than TrustBuilder.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: He can then distribute or publish the watermarked SARI images.
Sentence 2: such schemes protect every bit of the data and do not allow any Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In Figure 1, x = 2, y = 2 to 8 and z = 2 to 7; the availability s range is 7.18% for zones (32.23% to 39.41%), while 2-zones reduced the range to 4.81% (38.62% to 43.43%).
Sentence 2: [5] D. F. Brewer and M. J. Nash.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Real attacks on virtual networks: Vivaldi out of tune Mohamed Ali Kaafar Laurent Mathy Thierry Turletti, Walid Dabbous INRIA Sophia Antipolis Computing Department INRIA Sophia Antipolis mohamed.kaafar@sophia.inria.fr Lancaster University laurent@comp.lancs.ac.uk {turletti,dabbous}@sophia.inria.fr ABSTRACT The recently proposed coordinates-based systems for network po­sitioning have been shown to be accurate, with very low distance prediction error.
Sentence 2: vivaldi defends against high-error nodes, but not malicious nodes.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In this paradigm, the implementation H (referred to as veri.­cation code H)of the chosen computationally hard problems and  Figure 1: The challenge-response paradigm used in the software­based root-of-trust schemes the critical security task S can be sent along with challenge c or sent beforehand.
Sentence 2: to prevent any false positives due to RTT variations, we double the minimum iteration number as the original Pioneer does.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Let C(-1) = IV and T1(-1) (-1) 0nt = T2 = .
Sentence 2: suppose that M1,M1 are such that 0nt starting from IV and T1 = T2 = , they produce the same value for C(1) but not necessarily the same value for (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) T1 ,T 2 , i.e., (T1 ,T 2 ) = ((T1 ) , (T2 ) ).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Again, the quality loss of OptQL is, in all cases, better than the one of PL.
Sentence 2: since K H is dX -private (Lemma 1) and K is optimal among all such mechanisms, we have that: QL(K, p, dQ) = QL(K H, p, dQ) .H assuming that dQ and dA coincide, the ad­versary minimizes his expected error by applying no remap­ping at all (i.e.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: According to the IEEE 802.15.4 speci.cation, Low Rate -Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN) have a max­imum over-the-air data rate of 250 kbps.
Sentence 2: each 8-bit entry in the state is replaced by XORing four 8-bit values from precomputed tables.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In time t, the expected number of mes- Delivery time (second) 100  2tPth sages sent by one node is a+b .
Sentence 2: in our view, there are three main research areas for sensor networks: the .rst is to de­velop more sophisticated and accurate sensors; the second is to bring together all necessary information quickly and e.ectively; and the third is to guarantee that messages are tamper-proof and that there is no unnecessary information leakage in sensor networks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example respondents who were working as programmers often had difficulty in architecting solutions to some of the more complex problems like identification or billing, while respondents with a similar amount of work experience who had been migrated into technical project management had little difficulty in this area.
Sentence 2: since both PGP and ssh have little in the way of infrastructure, the results were probably not affected by preconceived notions of how a PKI was supposed to be implemented.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: After gathering the measured data, we performed regres­sion analysis through MINITAB while choosing regression model of which R-squared is no less than 90%.
Sentence 2: if we enforced the I/O ACM with the access control pa­rameter value of 20% under attack (TcN2), the amount of power consumption dropped to 2.3790W.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As a result, even though this privileged code is not actually in the kernel, it is still in the TCB of the system because its privileged status make it as powerful as code in the OS kernel.
Sentence 2: if a context other than the security-sensitive application executes, such as the OS kernel or another application, then Overshadow unmaps the application s pages from its address space.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Within a model satisfying AC function correctness, it is always true that, if one who accesses a target to get a ser­vice, then the minimum requirement (e.g., C1 .... .Ck) for the person to access the target for receiving the service must be satis.ed.
Sentence 2: the policy regarding access of a target speci.es the con­ditions for which a user can receive a particular service from the target.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Trans: On input two partial signatures (Rb' ,Sb' ,mb' ), (b ' =0,1), the random number a used in PreSign, and the proxy s secret key y, the 1-out-of-2 full sig­nature generation algorithm outputs a full signature (Rb' ,S b' ,b), (b .
Sentence 2: creating two signatures by the proxy should lead immediately to possibility of presenting an un­deniable proof of misconduct: any person with these two signatures must be able to prove in mathematical way that the proxy violated the delegation.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The NFC hardware of the Galaxy S3 comes with a built-in secure element used for the Google Wal­let electronic payment system [28].
Sentence 2: the underlying smart card operating system complies to the JavaCard 2.2.2 and GlobalPlatform 2.2.1 speci.ca­tions and provides all primitives required by the protocols: Public-key encryption (RSA), symmetric encryption (AES in CBC mode), a cryptographic hash function (SHA1) and a cryptographic random number generator.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The intrusion datasets of MS06-001, MS06-013 and MS07-004 are obtained from the exploit of vulnerability in graphics rendering engine, the exploit of vulnerability in createtextrange buffer overflow and the exploit of vulnerability in vector markup language of IE6 respectively.
Sentence 2: adaboost is sensitive to noisy data, so it inclines to introduce overfitting problem.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Instead of removing the security mechanisms in a sub­verted host, an attacker may take a di.erent approach: dis­able their ability to report malware detection both to the user and to the network and use them to monitor and an­alyze their reaction to newly developed exploits.
Sentence 2: finally, the automatic feedback systems present in most, if not all, of the anti-virus and anti-spyware systems can be employed to blind these defense mechanisms by shift­ing their attention from the real threat.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Let us denote the output from the ith program run as Oi and the jth bit in the high input A by A[j].
Sentence 2: clarkson s approach allows us to view pro­grams as probabilistic state transitions over beliefs; based on this observation we propose a simple alternate approach to quantify information leakage as a probability distribution function over the residual uncertainty of the high input.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Earlier work has tried to address this problem by building UAS of a hybrid hierarchy by using the DB and DRB approaches mentioned earlier, and presented in [3].
Sentence 2: [11] Joshi, J.B.D., Bertino, E., Ghafoor, A. Temporal hierarchies and inheritance semantics for GTRBAC, Proceedings of the seventh ACM symposium on Access control models and technologies, Monterey, California, USA, 2002, 74 83.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This will prevent Android apps from calling (f)chmod sys­  Figure 1: Integration of native code execution control into the Android architecture tem calls or running the presupplied chmod binary, e.g., via methods provided by ProcessBuilder or Runtime classes (Label 4), to set the executable bit for .les.
Sentence 2: a suitable warning message can inform users of the potential risks and common usage scenarios like games.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Unfortunately the field (or subdiscipline depending upon who you ask) is sufficiently new as to preclude established standards for curriculum.
Sentence 2: an example in the area of information security policy could be: Upon completion of identified material, the student should be able to: Understanding: Know and discuss importance of policy in the organization  Accomplishment: Demonstrate procedures needed to design and implement policy  Proficiency: Develop and implement a variety of security policies  Mastery: Review and critique all types of security policy at all levels of the organization   4.5 Determining Numbers of Courses Needed The next step is to determine how many courses would be needed, at a minimum to provide the student with the desired level of mastery in the target knowledge.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 4.1 Security According to the image decryption algorithm, the plain­text image I is easily recovered from the code stream P([I],[S]) once [S] has been broken.
Sentence 2: applying the probabilistic homomorphic cryp­tosystems to SSP applications cause a problem, i.e., the storage space expansion of high orders of magnitude after encrypting plaintexts to ciphertexts [20].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 2.2 Virus Categorization It is important to examine and categorize the various smartphone viruses in existence today, because such an un­derstanding would enable us to decide what type of virus is most crucial for our solution to target.
Sentence 2: copyright 2007 ACM 978-1-59593-614-1/07/0006 ...$5.00.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In addition, it is not yet mature enough to rewrite large real-world commercial applications; published experiments are currently limited to small, gcc-compiled programs [43].
Sentence 2: to stop these attacks, a great deal of research has focused on identifying and eliminating software vulnerabilities, either through static analysis of program source code (e.g., [37]) or through dynamic analysis or symbolic execution of program binary code (e.g., [13, 27]).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: B-FSM is suitable for CC, when the input matches to only a single range, but not as bene.cial when an input matches to multiple ranges at the same time, which is of­ten the case in pre-.ltering.
Sentence 2: performing the two character CC matching requires 100 en­tries in the hash table to store 100 expanded signatures from 00 to 99 , which is not memory e.cient.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: = SwapTriples(Ci,Rit,Ris) //Algorithm 3 5: end for  2.3 Trajectory anonymization Every trajectory anonymization algorithm must combine utility and privacy.
Sentence 2: sPRINGL 10 November 2, 2010, San Jose, CA, USA Copyright 2010 ACM 978-1-4503-0435-1/10/11 ...$10.00.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: we assume there are totally 10,000 sensor nodes deployed on a 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 Basic probabilistic 0.05 Group-based EG 0 ' ni,j (x ,y ' ) ployed in A can be estimated as m .
Sentence 2: the average number of sensor nodes in A that can establish direct keys with node u can be estimated as '' ''' (ni,i(x , y ) + ni(x , y )) × pdk.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: a mov ebx,fs:[eax]instruction is executed, it is more likely that eax will have been zeroed out, e.g., due to a previous two­byte long xor eax,eaxinstruction, instead of being set to 0x30.
Sentence 2: although this is an inherent operation of any SEH-based egg-hunt shellcode, any shellcode that installs a custom exception handler can be detected, including polymorphic shellcode that uses SEH­based GetPC code.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not madeordistributedforpro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bearthisnoticeand thefull citation onthe .rstpage.Tocopy otherwise,to The communication architecture of RSEP is based on a se­curedata exchangeprotocol utilizing a secure authentication architecture combined with the elliptic curve cryptography [20].
Sentence 2: the C++ implementation can be e.ectively used on ARM processors in real time applications.
Relationship: neutral