sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: It could be the case, for instance, that Z is expressive enough for a particular application and also has lower administrative overheads than Y would in the same situation.
Sentence 2: even RBAC1 uses several times as many roles as there are users in the system, potentially indicating a poor .t from all three systems, as the administrative value of using roles is reduced when the the number of roles exceeds the number of users [27].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Thus, it is not neces­saryto fetchandverifyall MerkleTreenodesuptothe rooton each memory access, signi.cantly improving memory bandwidth con­sumption and veri.cation performance.
Sentence 2: the rea­son being, since this MAC value has previously been veri.ed and is safe on-chip, it can be trusted as if it were the root of the tree.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If a click­able element is found (7), whose attributes (e.g., the href attribute of an  tag) match the URL of the candidate click, we consider this to be a con.rmed click, which reports information including the URL of the page currently rendered in the browser (i.e., the URL in the address bar), the path in the current page DOM of the found clickable element, and the URL of the next Web resource that would be requested as a consequence of clicking on that ele­ment.
Sentence 2: while this is not completely accurate, because the download happened through an automatic redirect, the click graph produced is correct.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: During their lifetime, Term_A and Term_B steadily attracted new victims and num­ber of victims was almost doubled close to the end of the vote.
Sentence 2: a verypopular social engineering techniqueis re­garding bill or debt, where fraudsters claim .ctitious debts owed by the victims in order to acquire private informa­tion or defraud victims of money.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The device diversity is produced by con.guring virtual plat­formstoemulate heterogeneous devices for the replicas, one with Intel 82540EM NIC (Network Interface Card), sound Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Sentence 2: if one service application stays one or more additional cycles in the idle mode than the other replicated application due to the late arrival of incoming packet, the system call sequences of them 91 will diverge a little bit.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As stated in section 3, targeted stealth attacks are becom­ing a serious concern, coupled with the complexity of Grid systems we believe that undetected Grid server compromises will occur no matter which security precautions are taken.
Sentence 2: the users could still, however, log on to his or her worker nodes and check manually since a Service Host compromise does not spill over to the virtual worker nodes.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Section 5 contains our experi­ments where we apply our results to analyze an integrity check on non-uniformly distributed PINs.
Sentence 2: n n #(B ' )log2#(B ' and B ' 1,..., B ' n be chosen as in H(D|P) #(B)log2#(B)- Corollary 1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 4.4.1 Generic Cyclic Colored Matrix Model We de.ne a generic cyclic colored matrix model by ex­panding a generic colored matrix model de.ned by Garg et al.
Sentence 2: we assign an adjacency matrix to each edge, in which we set a secret of starting vertex, and put these adjacency matrices of all edges in the ciphertext.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Even though our prototype s log .les contained no particularly sensitive information, we took the extra precaution of having our prototype software encrypt its log .les using our research group s public key before the software sent the logs over the Internet or over our network of USB drives.
Sentence 2: when a user inserts a .ash drive into a machine running FlashPatch, the FlashPatch daemon .rst checks whether a .le called daily.cvd exists on the .ash drive (in a particular subdirectory allocated for FlashPatch).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Sentence 2: if (g,h,y1,y2) is a random tuple then with probability 1 -1/q it is not a Di.e-Hellman tuple.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Travis Atkison Department of Computer Science Louisiana Tech University Ruston, LA 71270 atkison@latech.edu Traditionally, these defense tools used signature-based detection which involves comparing the byte sequence of a suspected malicious application to the signatures of known threats, stored in a virus signature database.
Sentence 2: adaBoost works by iteratively training several models of a classifier and reweighting the data set instances in favor of instances which were misclassified previously so subsequent classifiers can better predict the classes of those instances.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Figure 4 shows a patch to CVE-2010-2071, in which the btrfs module forgets to check the owner of a .le when setting .le permissions.
Sentence 2: these techniques include runtime mechanisms such as code integrity checks [22], software fault isolation [6, 15], and user-level device drivers [5], as well as bug-.nding tools and static analysis [1, 2].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The authors do not explicitly specify the value of n used in their study.
Sentence 2: mathematically, it is represented as: t KLi(Xj || Xj+1)= n Xj log Xj (10) j=0 Xj+1 3.2.11 Jensen-Shannon Divergence It is a popular measure in probability theory and statistics and measures the similarity between two probability distri­butions [31].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Otherwise, the security of principal p might be violated by sending code from different parti- tionings to hosts trusted by p. A simple way to avoid this problem is to compute a one-way hash of all the splitter's inputs--trust dec- larations and program text--and to embed this hash value into all messages exchanged by subprograms.
Sentence 2: suppose the host h is bad and let L, be the label of an expression in the program.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In case of deny, thePDP(6) requests theServerRBACManager to traverse in the encrypted role hierarchy graph in order to .nd if the base role, from which the Requester s role might be inherited, has permission to access the requested resource.
Sentence 2: wehaveproposeda solution,ESPOON(EnforcingSecurityPoli­ciesinOutsOurced eNvironments)[1],in order to enforce security policies in outsourced environments.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Task Type of tool: Examples Example of using a tool to perform the task Receive and process noti­.cations E-mail: Pine, Outlook, Mutt To receive an e-mail from myNetWatchman reporting a worm in one of the organization s machines Monitor the network Intrusion detection sys­tem (IDS): Snort, Argus To set Snort to monitor network tra.c and alert if attack s signa­tures are found Network sni.ers: tcp­dump, Ethereal To capture and analyze the tra.c using tcpdump and Ethereal.
Sentence 2: the kinds of responsibilities that exhibit response to events show the clearest manifestations of adaptation.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Table 3.3.6 Modified Assumption (Failure of First Main Biometric): EFS and PEFS Results  Sensor cam micro body weight MBUj,0 main biometric usage 0 1 1 1-MBUj,0 compensational biometric usage 1 0 0 WN0 used weights normalization 1.639 MSfus,0 fused matching score 0.054 0.413 0.092 sum: 0.559 HVfus,0 fused verification hash code 0.18 0.59 0 sum: 0.77  The fused matching score for EFS and the fused verification hash code for PEFS are also decreasing as it is shown in Table 3.3.6.
Sentence 2: this concept is called Simplified Face Speech Fusion (SFSF) within this paper.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION The CT software is intended to guide the user through the entire process--from the initial steps of responding to the outbreak of a terrorist insurgency to the end-point of conflict resolution, with each step involving the full spectrum of options, situation reports, and ideal- and worst-case scenarios; strategic, operational, and tactical planning and execution, including coercive (military) and conciliatory (peaceful) responses; the interaction between governmental, insurgent, and third party actors in a typical conflict, culminating in either military victory, defeat, or stalemate, or negotiated settlement, including the post-conflict reconstruction of society.
Sentence 2: at the operational level political, diplomatic, military, judicial and law enforcement agencies are employed to achieve strategic goals through the execution of a CT campaign.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In all conditions but Chosen Text, passwords were ran­ domly assigned, making the e.ective password space equal Mean SD Median Skewness Kurtosis to the theoretical password space and pre-determining the BPT 15.74 10.48 13.38 3.00 10.19 security of the password system against guessing attacks.
Sentence 2: mean SD Median Skewness Kurtosis BPT 167.38 36.19 157.84 0.88 0.10 IPT 153.97 67.95 171.28 -0.90 1.80 OPT 180.63 65.39 175.46 0.72 5.19 AST 181.76 39.48 172.70 1.50 2.87 CHT 184.37 47.83 171.21 3.11 11.80 Table 7: Descriptive statistics for password resets (Study 2).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Due to the limited extent of this paper and the many uncertainties on the substance of the proposed changes, especially with regard to the employment context, the proposed changes are left out of the discussion in this paper.
Sentence 2: 4.1 Applicable Law The processing of personal data is regulated in Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data [17].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The novelty of the model lies in the con.guration-based stochastic modeling of the AMI using the logs collected at smart collector and device con.gura­tion.
Sentence 2: for example, if the range de.ned as 10 minutes in discrete intervals of one sec­ 0 0 Size States (a) Response for Reading (b) Response for Load Request Management Request Figure 5: Response Probabilities when a request was generated for Reading and Load Management ond each, then the probability that the attacker can guess the correct time interval (attack probability) is as low as 0.0017.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 3. view_employee(User, Person, SSN, Salary, Email, Dept, Position, Bday) :­view_employee( alice , User, _, _, _, Dept, manager , _),  view_employee( alice , Person, SSN, Salary, Email, Dept, Position, Bday).
Sentence 2: towards formal veri.cation of role-based access control policies.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: When the browser extension receives the response con­taining the authentication assertion from the IdP, it would add appropriate attribute assertion(s) from its local cache and then forward the entire package to the RP.
Sentence 2: it converts the token format from a SAML response message into a SAML request message, compatible with Liberty-conformant IdPs supporting the browser post pro.le.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, by exploiting our kernel code identi.cation process, the adversary may make up some data to make OS-SOMMELIER believe that some of the fake pages are kernel code.
Sentence 2: we make use of both .eld value-invariant [13] signatures in PGD entry and the strong .eld points-to signatures [23] (i.e., the points-to relationship between a PGD entry and the target page directory table).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Badds the tuple (qi,ii,ri)to the I-list, and responds with I(qi)= ii.
Sentence 2: in Section 2, we formally de.ne public-key schemes, the no­tions of security we used, and the Bilinear Di.e-Hellman assumption, which is the basis for the security of our sys­tem.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Third, we then present our comparison evaluation study, reporting that the Vigilare system detected all the transient attacks on immutable regions without performance degrada­tion while the snapshot-based monitor could not detect all the attacks and induced considerable performance degrada­tion with an average of 17.5 % for 50ms snapshot interval in our tuned STREAM benchmark test.
Sentence 2: snooper delivers the accrued bus tra.c to Veri.er.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This line seg­ment is decomposable into many shorter line sub-segments, thelengthsof which arerandombetweenthe rangeof[a,b].
Sentence 2: -..(1-Pth) -.Pth Pi =(1-Pth)ee =(1-Pth)e. P = -.dPth 1-Pid =1-(1-Pth)d e The value of .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: the other branch of an if-block) may lead to omission errors, where implicit .ow occurs because there was no information .ow in the intercepted trace.
Sentence 2: other ways to change the control .ow, like break, continue, return, or try ... catch ... .nally cannot be injected into the block that is calling eval, as the speci.cation states that these must be enclosed in a block not crossing function boundaries.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We observe diverse attack vectors from application-level privilege escalation at­tacks and sensory malware [5, 9] to runtime attacks that hijack the execution .ow of apps, in particular the recently proposed just-in-time return-oriented programming attack technique [7] which circumvents .ne-grained address space layout randomization.
Sentence 2: we consider two emerging trends with high commercial interest: smart devices as access tokens (e.g., in conjunction with NFC), and smart devices as powerful sensors for context-aware access control to resources.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Improving the Scalability of Platform Attestation Frederic StumpfTechnische Universität Andreas Fuchs Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Stefan Katzenbeisser Technische Universität Darmstadt Information Technology Darmstadt Darmstadt, Germany stumpf@sec-tud.de Darmstadt, Germany a.fuchs@sit.fraunhofer.de Darmstadt, Germany skatzenbeisser@acm.org Claudia Eckert Technische Universität Darmstadt Darmstadt, Germany eckert@sec-tud.de ABSTRACT In the process of platform attestation, a Trusted Platform Module is a performance bottleneck, which causes enormous delays if multiple simultaneously attestation requests arrive in a short period of time.
Sentence 2: to verify that a speci.c platform con.guration is trusted and to obtain a proof that a speci.c attestation token belongs to a speci.c platform, expensive TPM operations are required.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The last two hypotheses are related to our proposed approach.
Sentence 2: the security rami.cation of this disengage­ment is the constant surfacing of new attacks that exploit Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: t1 = t ' 1 + t '' 1 for sending the request until starting to receive contents on the re­turning path is t1 .
Sentence 2: 3.3 Low GranularityApproach The main limitation of the approach in §3.2 is that it does not enable low granularity of the preserved privacy when both the ad­versary and honest user are using the same AP, unlike the protocol described in §3.1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In the case of PAWS, no trust can be assumed among users, and ensuring users associated with the same network SSID cannot eavesdrop on each-other s tra.c is a major con.dentiality requirement.
Sentence 2: fUTURE WORK At present the PAWS project has active deployments in a digitally deprived area in Nottingham.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Most of them focused on exact graph or subgraph matching, i.e., graph or subgraph isomor­phism.
Sentence 2: eVALUATION In this section, we apply SMIT to a large collection of real-world malware .les and evaluate its performance in terms of effectiveness (whether the results produced by SMIT are meaningful and similar to those produced by human analysts), ef.ciency,and scalability.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: To safeguard the rights established under the Acts, the IPC has five key roles: resolving appeals when government organizations refuse to grant access to information;  investigating privacy complaints about government-held information;  ensuring that government organizations comply with the Acts;  conducting research on access and privacy issues and providing advice on proposed government legislation and programs;  educating the public about Ontario s access and privacy laws and access and privacy issues.
Sentence 2: the Assistant Commissioner and selected staff have been given the authority to assist her by issuing orders, resolving appeals and investigating privacy complaints.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: (1), the intuition is that if g is low entropy then extr(s) is close to uniform even given g(s), and for high-entropy g(s) the reasoning from the proof above still holds when replacing pr.x(s)with extr(s).
Sentence 2: the idea of this argument is that an attacker can try to apply many di.erent functions to the key s, and use colli­ ' sions of the form g(s)= g(s) todoabinary search for the key s. the attacker uses two di.erent functional ' queries g,g, and checks if it gets the same answer on both.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Enterprises that usedtopopulate theirinternal userdirectoriesbydoingtheir ownidentity vetting are now moving away from their closed­world assumption and start relying more and more on exter­nal identity providers instead.
Sentence 2: depending on the underlying technology, theseURIs maybe mapped topublickeys(for X.509 and anonymouscredentials),serverURLs(for LDAP and OpenID), or any other way of pointing to a card issuer.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We plan to detect such processes using the approach given in [49] and exclude them from being checkpointed if they are non-system-critical processes.
Sentence 2: encrypt­ing sensitive information in memory can add signi.cant overheads to access the information and may still expose sensitive informa­tion if the VM is checkpointed at the moment when some program decrypts the sensitive information.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 4.2 Rule/Policy Combining Algorithms XACML de.nes .ve standard rule combining algorithms and six standard policy combining algorithms.
Sentence 2: because each rule in XACML may evaluate to multiple dif­ferent values, such as permit , deny , not applicable , or indeterminate and these values may have to be further combined to generate a .nal decision, a L 8 logic would seem a reasonable choice in that we may be able to use dif­ferent rational numbers to represent di.erent decisions and use connectives of L 8 to express decision algorithms.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The variable t0 denotes the start time of an entity s transition process so that t0 serves as a reference point of time for all time related activities in the process, t1 represents the maximum allowed time for attack to occur without it affecting the transition (or asset), t2 represents the time when the transition is enabled, t3 represents the time when the transition can fire, t4 represents when the transition fires and finally t5 represents when the transition is disabled/blocked.
Sentence 2: if the current operational state value is equal or greater than what is mandated by its mission, then the asset is considered available, and the execution can proceed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [24]S.A.MoskowitzandM.Cooperman.Optimization methodsfortheinsertion,protetion,anddetetionof digitalwatermarksindigitizeddata.UnitedStates Patent,No:5889868,1999.
Sentence 2: (22)only onehalfofthewatermarkontributetotheorrela­tionvalue.Æ=Æ0.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Without a way to convince PV to accept a di.erent public key, an attacker needs to produce a signature over incorrect exchange information that will verify with key KP+ E .If the authentic public key were to verify an attacker-generated signature for the message X||IV , PV would believe the other phone signed that message, indicating PE sent X instead of IE .
Sentence 2: in Proceedings of the USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Security (HotSec) (2011).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: then we can express the policy that requires equal number of users who are r1 as those that are r2 using the term (r1 nr2)+ .
Sentence 2: c(f).C(f)gives an upperbound on the actual set of characteris­tic numbers of f. 3.3 The Term-Con.guration Satis.ability (TCSAT) Problem We have discussed the TSAT problem, which asks whether a term is satis.able at all.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 1.2 Contribution While all these national eID solutions are able to pro­vide authentic and quali.ed identity attributes to service providers in a user-centric manner, they nearly all lack in selective disclosure possibilities as only the full eID can be revealed during an authentication process [18].
Sentence 2: in addition to these legally required redactions, the Citizen is able to redact more identity attributes out of IDL * , which the citizen does not want to be sent to the service provider.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Analysis of the results of the user study and the charac­teristics of the two attacks provides signi.cant insight that allows us to design a secure, yet usable, system that ren­ders the attacks ine.ective.
Sentence 2: it doesn t face the challenge of creating a correct and extensive dataset as other image-based CAPTCHA schemes do [15, 26].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Similarly, simple power attacks can be pre­vented by eliminating key-dependent variations in the power usage of cryptographic operations.
Sentence 2: 3.1 Fault Attack Against RSA-CRT Implemen­tation RSA decryption operation is simply a modular exponentia­tion of big integers, i.e., s = m d (mod N), where d is the private key, N is the modulus, factored into two private ran­dom primes, p and q, i.e.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The mandating physician is indicated in a .eld of the HL7v3 message; if the local information system is working properly and is not tampered with, this information system may take care that only valid physicians (corresponding to information in the delegation table) can be .lled in in the overseer .eld.
Sentence 2: 3.4 Binding Tokens to Requests A token is a data structure that contains a (minimal) set of information that allows the LSP to verify the authenticity and integrity of an incoming request.
Relationship: neutral