sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Statistics on the receiver, transmitter and processor were recorded for the duration of 20 seconds for each execution, and the recordings commenced 10 3.2 Power consumption: Unicast traffic Unicast communication is typically used in Specknets when nodes are required to send data to a specific destination, or when packets are required to traverse a pre-determined route.
Sentence 2: in Figure 5, using B-MAC as an example, when node A sends a packet to node C, then node B is also woken up as it will detect activity on the channel while listening.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In addition, the probability that a test connection initiated in ring iwill depart to another ring during the next tpredict time units is denoted pd,i (pd,i =1- e -ditpredict ).
Sentence 2: to present the results, we .rst recall that the prediction methodology used in the proposed CAC aims at avoiding situations where the base station runs out of downlink trans­mission power as the distribution of users change in the tar­get cell.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: An overlay approach to name-based routing, by contrast, allows the access control policy decision to be made anywhere in the In­ternet.
Sentence 2: upon re­joining, the endpoint attempts to re-initialize the suspended .ow from the new address using the existing tokens; if the initialization succeeds, for instance mobility inside the same network where the new M-Box can use the same token as the old M-Box, data .ow can be resumed immediately.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Paxson studied Internet failures and routing pathologies by running periodic traceroutes between 37 distributed sites on the Internet [18].
Sentence 2: the paths between these hosts traverse more than 50% of the well-connected autonomous systems (AS s) on the Inter- Copyright 2003 ACM 1-58113-664-1/03/0006 ...$5.00.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: IPv6 introduces challenges and opportunities for manag­ing spoo.ng.
Sentence 2: 6.2 De.ning a Solution Space Our results provide insights into the Internet s lack of packet-level accountability despite clear need and long his­torical record of spoo.ng-based exploits: Protection of provider from spoofed sources: Providers are driven by economics and have little in­centive to deploy, maintain, and support current best practices .ltering [3].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Karlin, and S. Saroiu, Dy­namically Fault-Tolerant Content Addressable Networks, IPTPS, March 2002.
Sentence 2: since the diameter itself does not tell the whole story, we also study the average dis­tances between all pairs of nodes since this metric (rather than the diameter) determines the expected response time (i.e., number of hops) and the capacity of the peer-to-peer network.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The access is often the bottleneck in today s Internet, and this is very likely going to continue with CCN as the in-network caching will relax the core and put further the pressure on the access.
Sentence 2: uSE CASES The above model can be applied to any network topology and can be solved numerically for the download rate of ev­ery content, and hence for network resource utilization.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The use of short request-to-send (RTS) and clear-to-send (CTS) packets makes this mechanism particularly e.ective since the channel is reserved before a data packet is trans­mitted.
Sentence 2: figure 5 compares the network throughputs for the 50-m topologies while Figure 6 compares the network throughputs for the 100-m topologies.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: To cope with the di.erent delays of packets, which possibly travel along di.erent paths from di.erent sources, the sink needs to wait a minimum period of time to collect reports before concluding anything.
Sentence 2: in fact, although the application delivery ratio degrades quickly as the source packet rate increases, nearly 100% of packets that are actually sent by the MAC are received by mote R. with this experimental setup, the packet loss is indeed due almost exclusively to the limit imposed by ß, and not by collision at the receiver.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Increase in Avg path hop counts (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Failed nodes (%) Failed nodes (%) Figure 2: Left: Percentage of failed paths for varying percentages of node failures across di.erent routing geometries.Right: Percent increase in average path hop-counts of successful paths for varying percentages of node failures across di.erent routing geometries.Butter.y is left o. of this graph because its path increase is so much higher than the others, reaching 700%, that it would distort the y-axis.All algorithms use 16 200  90 80 70 60 150 Failed paths (%) 100 50 40 30 20 10 50 0 0 sequential neighbors.
Sentence 2: the increase in resilience to path failures comes at the cost of path stretch.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Fur­ther, optical spectrum is unregulated and has no bandwidth limita­tions.
Sentence 2: at .rst glance, these requirements are at odds with the trajec­tory of today s commercial FSO devices they are bulky, expen­ 4In effect, we need RF beams with angular divergence 1 millira­ dian to create a small interference footprint at 50-100m range.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In the following section we demon­ Table 3: Energy budgets, variability, and data rates based on collected traces for daily human routines.
Sentence 2: using Piid and Pmarkov , both r and ON times are nearly independent of C. Additionally, evaluating policy performance using Pmeas shows that the ON times are an important metric because they can be low for small values of C (Fig.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 4.3 Estimation algorithm Our goal, which is common in most statistical estima­tion problems, is to .nd the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of T based on the observations.
Sentence 2: 5.1 Traf.c traces We use packet header traces of Internet tra.c from three sources: Universityof North Carolina (UNC) (courtesyof Prof. Je.ay), University of Southern California (USC) (cour­ 0.4 2 1.6 form UNC was collected at the 1 Gbps access link connect­ 0.3 1.4 tesyof Prof. Papadopoulos), and NLANR [13].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design Wireless communication, network communications.
Sentence 2: assuming that the number of audio-visual entities (e) being streamed is k at time ti, the middleware can add a new entity at time ti+1 while the following condition is satisfied: k +1 .Ri+1(ej ) = RTCP j=1 the middleware drops entities while the inverse condition is satisfied: k .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 1 It is also referred to as .ooding or many-to-many communica- IPSN 04, April 26 27, 2004,Berkeley,California,USA.
Sentence 2: accordingly, at the beginning of phase P , there will be N representative nodes i(P -1) who need to disseminate the sample measurements gathered dur­ing phase (P - 1).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: While current implementations developed within recent EU-FP7 research projects (e.g.
Sentence 2: we can derive the E[delayhop] for the DBA-MAC scheme as follows: E[delayhop]DBA = p·E[delayhop]FMF +(1-p)·E[delayhop]CBF (19) Through the probability 1 - p we model all the cases in which the backbone creation process fails due e.g.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: If vj is on the minimum cost path when declaring Pjemit and cj , it may either no longer be on it by overdeclaring thus resulting in a loss of revenue, or it may still be on the minimum cost path, but the payment that it receives does not change.
Sentence 2: there is a big caveat in the route discovery phase: the nodes have to indicate the signal strength at which they emit and they also need to forward information regarding their neighbors received signal strengths.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The payment of Fn paid by Um canbe expressedas .C n k,m,Fn is selected by Um, Rn =k..n (5) 0, otherwise.
Sentence 2: the step opti­mum cannot guarantee global optimal result because in the .rst step, each FUE only concerns its own choice and it does­n t know other FUEs choice which means other FUEs linked to the same FAP may compete for the channel resource.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: FromMarch18thtoMay7th,2008,ourBTTestserverscol­lectedatotalof47,318resultsetsfromendusersconnectedto1,987ISPsworld-wide.146resultsetsdidnotcontainresultsforall16.ows,andafurther17failedtosenddataduringatleastoneofthesanity-check.ows.Inthesecases,BTTestreportedanerrortotheuser,soweremovedthesesets.
Sentence 2: inthispaper,wepresentalarge-scalemeasurementstudyofBit-Torrenttraf.cblockingbyISPs.Toconductthestudy,wedesignedatoolcalledBTTest,whichenablesenduserstotestforblockingontheirownaccesslinks.BTTestrunsasaJavaappletwithintheuser swebbrowser;itemulatesaBitTorrent.owtoaserverun­derourcontrol,anditcheckswhetherthisconnectionisabortedwithTCPresetpacketsthatneitherendpointhassent.BTTestiseasy to use,whichenablesustogatherdataaboutalargenumberofISPlinks.Thetestachievesreproducible results becauseitrunsinacontrolledenvironment,anditsanalysisisconservative inthesensethatitchecksforaveryspeci.cblockingtechnique,namelyinterrupting.owswithforgedconnectionresetpackets.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The need for multi­ple monitors covering the same area comes from the fact that Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Sentence 2: we weight the importance of the .ow using the Term Frequency-Inverse Document Fre­quency (TF-IDF) metric [10].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Simulation results show that there exist the trade-ff values of the linear and arithmetically-progressive tax-rate parameters to approach high overall spectral efficiency, high perceived throughput and fairness in distributing available resources.
Sentence 2: calculation of such an optimal tax is quite a difficult task, requires the knowledge of the CINRs at all SCs for all links, and results in many tax values specific for every player.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Now in both con.gurations (i.e., the human is on the left of the phone and blocking the di­rect path, or on the right of the phone and blocking the re.ected path), the sum of the incident energies will be identical, making it dif.cult to infer the AP s direction.
Sentence 2: spinLoc: Spin Once to Know Your Location Souvik Sen Romit Roy Choudhury Srihari Nelakuditi Duke University Duke University University of South Carolina souvik.sen@duke.edu romit.rc@duke.edu srihari@cse.sc.edu ABSTRACT The rapid growth of location-based applications has spurred ex­tensive research on localization.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: An Overlay Architecture for Throughput Optimal Multipath Routing Nathaniel M. Jones Georgios S. Paschos Brooke Shrader MIT Lincoln Laboratory MIT, Cambridge, MA &#38; MIT Lincoln Laboratory Lexington, MA CERTH-ITI, Greece Lexington, MA Eytan Modiano MIT, Cambridge, MA ABSTRACT Legacy networks are often designed to operate with simple single-path routing, like shortest-path, which is known to be throughput suboptimal.
Sentence 2: (2) simpli.es to .c f¯c a = ac , .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: If the precon.gured clock drift ratio is much larger than the actual clock rate difference, then the sender will wake up much earlier than the receiver does, unnecessarily increasing the sender s duty cycle and energy consumption.
Sentence 2: unlike EM-MAC, nodes in MuChMAC use a .xed set of channels, without adapting to current channel conditions such as interference or jamming on a channel.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Given memory S, however, it is not clear whether to allocate more stash (and hence, to recover from more reordered packets) or to use more buckets (and hence, to be more resilient to loss); we will investigate this tradeoff analytically and experimentally.
Sentence 2: the expected number of bad packets that are sampled and not corrected is E[L]= ßpT + max{0,pR - W} (4) Working with the conditional expectation.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For reference purposes, the plots also re­ port the baseline power consumption .id when the target device is in Idle state.
Sentence 2: the (implicit or ex­plicit) assumption of all previous energy consumption mod­els [7,9,11,12,15,17,23,30,40] is that the PA operations dom­ inate the consumption of the whole device, which allows to model consumption with a .nite number of states, e.g., {ac­tive, idle} [9, 11], {transmission, reception, idle} [15, 17, 40], and so on.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The total revenue of each system is calculated by summing all the revenue gathered from the sessions ad­mitted into the system, minus the revenue loss (L) caused by the users churning due to unsatis.ed service.
Sentence 2: while wireless voice networks only need to provide the same quality-of-service (QoS) to all the users (the same BERor bit error rate, the same bandwidth, the same de­lay, etc.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Echterho., S. Jirka, I. Simonis, T. Everding, C. Stasch, S. Liang, and R. Lemmens.
Sentence 2: changes concerned both bug .xes and the inclusion of new functionalities, as it is usually done for smartphone apps, where the presence of software distribu­tion mechanisms (app stores) pushes towards a model char­acterized by a short update and release cycle.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Furthermore, we design a novel lattice correlator that correlates to parts of the preamble and is able to accurately deter­mine the start time of detected preambles, a key requirement for accurate rollback of speculative preamble transmissions.
Sentence 2: the ef.ciency of WiFi has deteriorated from over 80% at 1 Mbps to under 10% at 1 Gbps.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The basic case in which no cross-cut tra.c nor pacing is present,illustratedinFigure7(a), showsthat most ofthein­terarrival times are 12. s, which is roughly the transfer time of MTU sized packets at 1Gbps.
Sentence 2: we control the system load by limiting the access link rates and advertised congestion win­dow, and by changing the number of end users from 150 to 1200.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Because g(t) ' monotonically increases (g(t) > 0), and h(t) monotonically decreases (h'(t) < 0), there is only one root to the equation g(t)= h(t).
Sentence 2: proposed to utilize the switched multi-beam forming capability of the directional antennas for establishing communicating pairs [9].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In[22],weproposetousemultiplenetwork mea­surementsin order tolearn theprobabilities of networklinks being congested.
Sentence 2: even though a lossy MILS spansseveralASes(30% of themspan morethan3ASes),it is not clear that the actuallossylinksin thisgroup areinter-AS orintra-AS.Indeed,in[36], only27.5% oflossy links are con.rmed to be inter-AS whereas 15% are intra-AS.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), which has a similar performance to Ethernet, is typically used for data transport in cellular systems, how­ever it is specialized for sending continuous synchronized I/Q samples, and would have to be altered to support this application.
Sentence 2: in low coherence chan­nels, it may be impossible to collect CSI for all available users and still have time left to send data, thus limiting the number of users that can be optimally served.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As described in the previous section, computing the access latency from this replication topology involves a simple function over inter-node data transfer latencies (for example, the time taken to transfer 5 MB from 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.2), involving sum, min and max operators.
Sentence 2: 4.2 Contour and the Application The basic functionality provided by Contour is data access latency estimation: applications (or cloud sub­systems) can estimate the time taken to read or write data from any compute node in the network.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: 2) Prosan: With PROSAN, the source node only forwards the message to the sensor node that has higher delivery probability among its neighbors.
Sentence 2: if, when S has information I to send, a p­mule is able to collect it, S will give it to the p-mule, but, as it is also able to compute the time when I will be delivered to actuators, for a period t, it will continue to use PROSAN to try to deliver I with less delay to other nodes.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: SPECIALCASESUNDERCP While the previous section considered the scheduling problem under CP mode with both channel diversity and MRM, we now lookattwo special cases:(i)lack of channeldiversity, and(ii)with­out multi-resolution modulation; and highlight the applicability of CPSgin these cases.
Sentence 2: or s1 will eitherretain orimprovethe existing allocation(and objective value) of all other sessions(captured through .L1 and .L2), resultingin atleasthalf of the optimalLP relaxationperformance.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The Detour measurement study made the observation, using Pax- son's and their own data collected at various times between 1995 and 1999, that path selection in the wide-area Intemet is sub- optimal from the standpoint of end-to-end latency, packet loss rate, and TCP throughput [23].
Sentence 2: this solution does not generally achieve fault detection and recovery within several seconds because of the degree of aggregation used to achieve wide-area routing scalabil- ity.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: n=1 Apply Fourier Transform to d(t) and we get the following: N k 5(u- D(u) = S(u).C(u) = (Sinc(uT)× )).C(u) (3) T Figure 1: Operational .owchart of AdapComm mod­ules (DSProbe, NetEst, QoECtrl ).
Sentence 2: the overall end-to-end achievable throughput di­rectly e.ects the QoE, and therefore, it has signi.cant value [10].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In [7], Bianchi first proposed the Markov chain model which was a milestone in WLAN s performance analysis.
Sentence 2: [4] W. Wang, S. C. Liew, V. O. K. Li, Solutions to performance problems in VoIP over a 802.11 wireless LAN, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Jan. 2005.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: To this effect, many different learning techniques are available and can be used by a cognitive radio ranging from pure lookup tables to arbitrary combinations of machine learning techniques that include artificial neural networks, evolutionary/ genetic algorithms, reinforcement learning, hidden Markov models, etc.
Sentence 2: the dynamic use of the spectrum causes adverse effects on the performance of conventional communication protocols, which were developed considering a fixed frequency band for communication.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: (3) In all other cases where t moves tThe FPi t i t i t it i is updated, the FPin LPLPin LPis implicitly At thetimewhen LPto from one square to another in ( * LP t i +2)8, we replace the old with a temporary forwarding pointer to the new Li rent lookup request as when a LP tthe FPi could cause similar racing conditions with a concur­ t i +1 instead of removing the and update FP t i is removed.
Sentence 2: during this time, t moves at most .d =.ttot ·v node By Equation (4), .d =.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Forwarding packets in events di­by P RADS2 while packets from events are still arriving) are pro­cessed out-of-order with a parallelized loss-free move.
Sentence 2: for strict consistency this global order must match the order in which packets are received by sw. For strong consistency the global order may differ from the order in which packets were received by sw, but updates for packets received by a speci.c NF instance must occur in the global order in the order the instance received the packets.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: (11) denotes the joint probability distribution of YT and the probability that the Markov process is in state j (where j E E) at time T, conditioned on the event that the Markov process was in state (0; i) at time 0.
Sentence 2: 12, we compare the results for different arrival patterns, with the average inter­arrival time for all the different arrival processes set to be the same.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: During the .rst phase, K source packets are encoded through LT code.
Sentence 2: copyright c 2010 ACM 978-1-4503-0062-9/10/06/... $10.00" Nan Yang School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China 100081 yangnan1616@sina.com munication; E.4 [Coding and Information Theory]: Er­ror control codes  General Terms Theory  Keywords Cooperative communications, partial cooperation, fountain codes 1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Using 1-way hash function in performing digestion of identities and credentials, it is infeasible (or extremely hard) to reverse the digesting function to obtain the original credentials/identities belonged to the users.
Sentence 2: gPS, GIS, etc., ZKLFK FDQ OHDG WR WKH SULYDF WKUHDW FDOOHG ³7UDFNLQJ´ To preserve privacy of XVHU¶V FRQWH[WXDO LQIormation, anonymity is a property which many frameworks and architectures attempt to achieve.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: What this query seeks for is the sen­sor(s) whosehumidity valueis the maximumhumidity across the whole sensornet.
Sentence 2: [2] proposed a heuristic that can handle only the maximization of one dimension, i.e., of the sensor ID.DaCoNhandlesdata ofthe sensor andthere­fore it is able to handle multidimensional values of di.erent semantics (maximization, minimization or combination of them, etc).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In the spirit of static global e.ciency Eglob [12], we de.ne the temporal ef­.ciency ETij between nodes i and j and between the time interval tmin to tmax as: ETh ij (tmin,tmax)= ij (tmin1 ,tmax) (3) dh where temporally disconnected nodes intuitively have ETij = 1/8 = 0.
Sentence 2: since temporal local e.ciency Eloc measures how people you meet interact amongst themselves we can drill in and examine on a local view, if the interaction between such acquaintances are any better for spreading information.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The optical substrate mea­surement data is provided to a XMPP PubSub measurement server and a SILO measurement service at VM1 periodically consumes measurement data from the XMPP server to get new BER (bit error rate) and power levels, while SILO Tun­ing Agent also periodically checks for SILO measurement service, to react to the measurement data changes.
Sentence 2: we observed that the re­sponse time is always below 50ms, which is sending rate of measurement server.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We observe that for the case of barrier coverage, random placements need approximately log(n)more sensors than that 6Lemma 6.1 can be easily proved for slanted crossing lines in the same manner as it has been proved for orthogonal cross­ing lines.
Sentence 2: in the case of k-barrier cov­erage, individual nodes can neither locally say yes nor no to the question of whether a given region is k-barrier covered.
Relationship: neutral