sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Acknowledgments We would like to deeply thank our shepherd, Hermann H¨ artig, and the anonymous reviewers for their numerous, insightful comments that greatly helped improve the presen­tation of this paper.
Sentence 2: microdrivers [15] reduces device driver s TCB in the kernel by slicing the driver into a privileged performance­critical kernel part and the remaining unprivileged user part.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We can compute UAR as the probability that rsc propagates from a to .,according to the formulas in Section 3.1 and we can .nd an upper bound for it according to the procedure shown in Section 3.4.
Sentence 2: since we are dealing with hierarchies, we may suppose that the nodes in the entire hierarchy are ordered, and we can in­dex them in such a way that, given two values i and j,with i<j,then there may be a direct or indirect relationship from nodei to node nodej,but no relationship from nodej to node nodei.we can extract the sub-ordering of the nodes in BorderUnAuth(ar)from the general ordering of the nodes in the hierarchy and use a speci.c indexing from 1to bua = |BorderUnAuth(ar)| when dealing only with the nodes in BorderUnAuth(ar).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We have implemented (on a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro board) a system composed of MicroBlazes running Petalinux Operating Sys­tem (OS), shared memory blocks, and a Network-on-Chip as an interconnecting medium among them.
Sentence 2: modular and scalable design of NoCs enables their enhancements in various directions for supporting services other than simple data routing.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, it will prevent the creation(orotheraccesstypes) of certainspeci.c .les,registries, library, system services, windows, processes thus to prevent mal­ware from obtaining critical resources or information to ful.ll its functionalities.
Sentence 2: however it is clear that this approach ishard tokeep up with thefastincreasing of unique mal­ware samples each dayin the wilddue to the wide use ofpolymor- Copyright isheld by the author/owner(s).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As we will see later, referrer, landing, and .nal page carry important information about the redirection chain that is useful to assess the maliciousness of a web page.
Sentence 2: interestingly, in several cases, the software deployed by the AV vendor iden­ti.ed only a few of the malicious web pages that belong to a certain campaign, because only those pages triggered their signature-based detection.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Softgoals are considered satis.ced when there is su.cient positive and little negative evidence for achieving them, or denied otherwise.
Sentence 2: this promise of the abil­ity to track electronic health information signals from dis­tributed ubiquitous devices, con.icts with the security and privacy concerns that most people have regarding their per­sonal information and medical history.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: SIMULATIONS RESULTS In Figure 4 we have presented the results for the turbo code over AWGN and Rayleigh channel with rate 1/2.
Sentence 2: the extrinsic information cal­culated from the second decoder is de-interleaved and passed to the .rst decoder as a-priori for further decoding itera­tions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: There is a chance that an intruder could mount a successful MITM attack by impersonating both callers in real-time, but the ability for a person or even an automated system to maintain this on both sides of the conversation, for long durations, and over multiple calls seems improbable at this time; this is a nominal weakness.
Sentence 2: this paper demonstrates that visualization and the human factor can play a pivotal role in establishing a secure communication channel.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: G1 [10] and for Type-3 pairings such an e.ciently computable isomorphism does not exist.
Sentence 2: he can not choose arbitrary divisors of the template polynomial, as the indexes of message ele­ments are incorporated into the encoding and the length of the message, i.e., the degree of the message polynomial, is .xed by the originator.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: l Then a .ow sending .h(t2 - t1)+ ßh + 1 over [t1, t2) will violate the high bandwidth threshold over [t1, t2) but comply with .l' t2 +ßl ' over [0, t2).
Sentence 2: the results of FMF and AMF are derived based on the authors original analysis 7The comparison in this section uses our de.nition of exact­ness.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Sentence 2: this is not unlike the schemes employed in other whole-system dynamic analysis platforms such as BitBlaze [29] and S2E [7].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Finally, the garbled circuit size is polynomial in the size of the input circuit passed to Gb.Garble, which in turn is polynomial in sksizeFHE and ctsizeFHE.
Sentence 2: fully) secure d-leveled attribute-based encryption scheme where encrypting n bits produces ciphertexts of length poly(n, ., d1/.)
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A practical algorithm for miscon.guration detection should per­form well on a variety of datasets.
Sentence 2: the relationship be­tween different parameter sets and different points on this spectrum both was ad-hoc and varied across environments, and so the pa­rameters needed to be tuned by trial and error, which is likely not possible in real-world applications, to achieve the desired tradeoff between bene.t and accuracy.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For designing our ABA protocol, we present a novel and simple asynchronous veri.able secret sharing (AVSS) pro­tocol which signi.cantly improves the communication com­plexity of the onlyknownAVSSprotocol of[5] inthe same settings.
Sentence 2: iNT sets Ver = 1, if he receives Accept from the A-cast of at least t +1 veri.ers who belong to ReceivedSet.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Our Android app rewriting system was designed to have four important properties: Complete: intercept all target method invocations, including dynamic invocation via re.ection  Flexible: powerful enough to support a variety of complex transformation policies  App-Independent: no manual app-speci.c guidance needed to create or apply transformation policies  Deployable: rewritten apps work on unrooted, unmodi.ed Android devices, no additional software required  1.1 Threat Model We assume that the user of a rewritten app trusts the Android platform, the transformation policy writer and rewriting process, but not the original app code.
Sentence 2: for testing our service returns the string with sentinel pre.x and suf.x values for easy identi.cation in rewritten apps.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: SecureSafe has there­fore introduced the so-called Recovery Code, a login token with 10 Note that sharing is not limited to 1:1-relationships a user A could also share a document with n other users at the same time.
Sentence 2: if the only requirement is providing a second authentication factor during login, DoubleSec can be used as a very nice usability­optimized mTAN-derivate with comparable security.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since in our approach we are evaluating the access request on the AC-XML data structure, which is built starting from a DTD/XML Schema, with the term node we do not intend the element/attribute of the target document, by contrast we mean the corresponding element into the AC-XML document.
Sentence 2: such conditions, referred to as credential expressions, are specified using an XPath-compliant language [12].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Prof. Pino Caballero-Gil, PhD, Department of Computer Science, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Phone: +34 922 318 176, .-mail: pcaballe@ull.es.
Sentence 2: besides, if removing a subtree means reducing the depth of the tree, the number of updates is also reduced by 1 single update, corresponding to the root node.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Now, if we need to encode a large number of binary or discrete value attribute this approach requires a whole message .eldper attribute resultingin computationallyex­pensive and lengthyproofs of credential ownership (it will depend linearly on the number of attributes) and a potentially large pub­lickey(it needs to contain as manybases Ri).
Sentence 2: in the area of secondary use that is, when a third party is accessing the user s data privacy concerns surface quickly.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For bit indices less than 30, it is possible to increase the 0 1 gap by calculating a larger neighborhood set, with more cost to the attacker.
Sentence 2: a variety of methods have been proposed for mitigating or preventing internal timing channels (e.g., [14, 1, 33]); this paper focuses on external timing channels, where the adversary has more power: the ability to accurately time externally visible behavior of the system.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If there are anomalies detected on data from sources without the QoI-trust filter but there are no anomalies detected for sources that have certain QoI-trust levels, the system may be under attack but the trust filter is working properly.
Sentence 2: [21]Maxion, R. A. and Tan K. M. C. Benchmarking anomaly-based detection systems.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: These ob­jects are not trusted per se, and they become marked only if the actual values assigned to them during execution are marked.
Sentence 2: it requires only minor, localized instrumentation of the appli­cation to (1) enable the usage of our modi.ed string library and (2) insert the calls that perform syntax-aware evaluation of a query be­fore the query is sent to the database.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The browser is the main thread, responsible for managing all network and disk access, while the renderer is a origin-speci.c sandbox which handles parsing HTML/CSS and executing JavaScript in order to render a particular page.
Sentence 2: by the pigeonhole princi­ple, once the attacking thread possesses (1024*8+1) = 8193 pages of memory (a manageable 32 MiB), at least one cache set is guaranteed to contain at least 9 pages, and the at­tacker can conceivably discover, by eviction, which of their pages overlap in the cache.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: .$5.00 andvariousproblemsindatabasetheory.Thegoalofthis tutorialistodesribeseveralsuhonnetions.Westart (Setions2and3)bydesribingtheonstraint­satisfation frameworkandshowhowitanbeviewedfromadatabase perspetive.Wethenshowthreeappliationsofdatabase theorytoonstraintsatisfation(Setions4,5,and6).We onludewithanappliationofonstraintsatisfationto databasetheory(Setion7).
Sentence 2: inthissetionwestudytherelationshipbetweenview­basedqueryrewritingandview­basedqueryanswering.We defnearewritingofaquerywithrespettoasetofviewsas afuntionthat,giventheextensionsoftheviews,returnsa setofpairsofobjetsthatisontainedintheanswersetof thequerywithrespettotheviews.Wealltherewriting thatreturnsexatlysuhsettheperfetrewritingofthe querywrttheviews.view­basedqueryanswering,and evaluatingtheperfetrewritingovergivenviewextensions, areequivalentproblems.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Our methodological position is to emphasize universal not particular concepts and with a view to avoiding the (counter-productive) development of the next 700 access control models and 700 privacy models (cf.
Sentence 2: a data user (requester) Kdu has A access on resource R if a data subject Kds, which controls access to personal data in R, says that Kdu is assigned to a category C (in this case a role) that inherits the A privilege on R, to which a closed meta-policy on access applies, from a category C' (a role) that is junior to C. Only positive authorizations may be speci.ed in ANSI Hierarchical RBAC and so a closed meta-policy is represented in the speci.ca­tion above.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 4.4.4 Auditing When a User invokes a particular Action towards the RP, the AAP issues an associated AA to the RP, which it can use for various bene.ts as described above.
Sentence 2: towards a RP, without User Interaction -Herein, an RP 2 who does not have a direct interaction channel with the User, can still receive AA from the AAP, who is interacting with the User or has an interaction chan­nel and thus can assert User actions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Similarly, for all k values such that dk = µ, dj -di = dk -dj .
Sentence 2: we can avoid this enumeration thanks to a simple geo­metrical observation: A circle centered at dj with radius dj -di, intersecting the D axis at breakpoint µ, implies that for all k val­ues such that dk = µ,it is dj -di = dk -dj .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We showed that protocol speci.cations simplify manual feature selection process that often plays a major role in other anomaly detection approaches.
Sentence 2: while the techniques do not require prior knowledge Virus type Time of detection Traf.c due to virus Simple virus Polymorphic virus Persistent Polymorphic Persistent Polymorphic variant I (fast propagation) Persistent Polymorphic variant II (slow propagation) Persistent Polymorphic variant III (medium propagation) Persistent Polymorphic variant IV (multiple attachment types) 3.7 min 36.4 min 3.0 min 2.2 min 22.7 min 3.3 min 3.1 min <5% <5% <5% <5% <5% <5% <5% Figure 6: Email Virus Detection Performance of attack activity, such knowledge is used in the choice of attributes that constitute measures and time ranges used for intensity mea­sures.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since the authentication certificate on the PIV-Interoperable card is issued under a policy equivalent to the Medium-HW policy of the FBCA, the assurance provided by this certificate (and corresponding private key) is very high.
Sentence 2: aCKNOWLEDGMENTS   My thanks to Nabil Ghadiali and Dennis Bailey on supporting the refinement of the thoughts presented in this paper through lengthy discussions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Rand A. Mahmood School of Electrical &#38; Computer Engineering New York Institution of Technology, Amman, Jordan nrand_albayati@yahoo.com  ABSTRACT Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been used in a variety of applications, such as inventory management, anti-theft monitoring of consumer merchandise, and the tagging of livestock.
Sentence 2: solution 2: The backend system must be robust in order to handle flooding.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: (10) .1 ln .1 +(1 -.1)ln 1-.1 .0 1-.0 Likewise, we can derive (1 -a * )ln ß * + a * ln 1-ß * 1-a* a* E[N|H0]= .
Sentence 2: the value of p for a spam source is related to the complementary of the false negative rate of the cor­relation detection, which should be closer to one than zero as shown in the right part of Figure 5.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The challenging complexity and variety of public agencies, their intensive use of information and information technology (IT), and their need to effectively protect information assets, motivated us to study the activity of ISS management in the realm of Public Administration, focusing our attention on Local Government, given its proximity to citizens.
Sentence 2: for that matter, we adopted the following three stop criteria: Kendall s coefficient of concordance W (a nonparametric test whose values fall in the interval [0,1], where 0 indicates lack of agreement and 1 means complete agreement ) to assess the level of consensus among participants in a given round, Kendall s rank-order correlation coefficient T (a nonparametric test whose values fall in the interval [-1,1], where -1 indicates perfect disagreement, 1 perfect agreement and 0 independence of variables under analysis) to assess the stability of the panel s rankings between rounds, and a maximum number of three rounds for the Delphi study, regardless of the level of consensus existent at the end of third round.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A W3C Working Group report highlighted that CAPTCHAs can pose a major accessibility problem to users who are blind, have low vision, or have a learning disability such as dyslexia , and discussed potential alternatives to human verifications [14].
Sentence 2: [23] R Chow, P Gollé, M Jakobsson, X Wang, L Wang.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: TECHNICAL TOOLS Inthissetionwedesribetwoboundsthatwillbeused intheproofoftheiterativestep.Bothresultsarerelatively standardandtheyarelistedherewithoutaproof.
Sentence 2: eventhistinyimprovementissignifantbeauseit demostratesthattherearebetterwaystobuildhardlattie problemsthanthoseonsideredin[1,7].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The second line is an annotation we add for the compiler that speci.es that the ITEmployees annotation s presence should be observable at run-time, and the com­piler will therefore propagate that annotation to the output class .le.
Sentence 2: if the interface is annotated, then that annotation a.ects methods declared within the interface only if a method does not have an annotation of its own within the interface.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Another dif.culty is that the true evaluation value is sensitive infor­mation that a bidder may not want to reveal.
Sentence 2: even if each bi is hidden from the auctioneer, he can learn the bids from b(2) to b(K+1) by knowing the ranking of winners and their payments, but he cannot know b(1) and bids b(K+2),...,b(n).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Supporting this linking of data and the subsequent collab­oration necessitates a system that ensures that ethics con­sents are enforced across studies and individual researchers, while facilitating the secure sharing of data and its move­ment among systems for the purposes of reporting and anal­ysis, all in accordance with the consent.
Sentence 2: [7] M. Jafari, R. Safavi-Naini, C. Saunders, and N. P. Sheppard.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Categories and Subject Descriptors K.6.5 [Security and Protection]: Invasive Software; C.2.0 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Security and Protection; H.1 [Models and Principles]: Miscellaneous; C.4 [Performance of Systems]: Measurement techniques.
Sentence 2: from any state on a FALSE, the transition is to move to the FAIL state.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: V2E: Combining Hardware Virtualization and Software Emulation for Transparent and Extensible Malware Analysis Lok-Kwong Yan Manjukumar Jayachandra Mu Zhang Heng Yin Department of Electrical Engineering &#38; Computer Science Air Force Research Laboratory Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA Rome, New York, USA {loyan, mjayacha, muzhang, heyin}@syr.edu Abstract A transparent and extensible malware analysis platform is essen­tial for defeating malware.
Sentence 2: in summary, this paper makes the following contributions: We propose a new technique that combines hardware virtual­ization and dynamic binary translation to achieve both trans­parency and ef.ciency for .ne-grained analysis.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Our results suggest that the Grid s policyvisualization may mit­igate the drawback by helping policy authors realize when they areoverriding anexception they wish tokeep and al­lowing them to restore the exception easily.
Sentence 2: in scoring our data to determine ac­curacy, we ignored any extraneous rules authors made on their way to completing a task (e.g., allowing or denying some access to a user not mentioned in the task statement), because such extraneous rules were rare in our study and usually came about when a participant misinterpreted a task statement.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [6] Bravo-Lillo, C., Cranor, L., Downs, J., and Komanduri, S., Bridging the Gap in Computer Security Warnings: A Mental Model Approach.
Sentence 2: we can investigate the impact of a limited implementation of FIPPs at the front-end where the data exchange occurs at the moment of installing apps, i.e., installation time.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Password-less authentication systems either require precon­.gured state on the device, such as installed client-side cer­ti.cates, the presence of speci.c hardware, such as smart card readers, or the possession of additional items, e.g., a cell phone to obtain out-of-band credentials [15].
Sentence 2: rFC 2104, https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2104, (09/03/13).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Although such a countermeasure could neutralize the detection heuris­tics that call getDeviceId in a normal way, it is not e.ec­tive against the Binder IPC caller, which bypasses the coun­termeasure and reads the actual full-zero IMEI.
Sentence 2: http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/ obfuscating-embedded-malware-android, June 2012.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Practical Yet Universally Composable Two-Server Password-Authenticated Secret Sharing Jan Camenisch Anna Lysyanskaya Gregory Neven IBM Research Zurich Brown University IBM Research Zurich jca@zurich.ibm.com anna@cs.brown.edu nev@zurich.ibm.com ABSTRACT Password-authenticated secret sharing (PASS) schemes, .rst intro­duced by Bagherzandi et al.
Sentence 2: if the current query qid1 is a corrupt query, then C7 decrypts C1 1 and C2 1 using SK to recover p 1; else the environment explicitly pro­vided p 1 as input to C7 on behalf of the honest user.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since enterprisedeployments typically disable console access, itis notpart of the overall architecture.
Sentence 2: performance decreases non-uniformly with the frequency of the restarts: an increase in restart interval from 5 to 10 seconds yields barely any performance improvements, while changing the interval from 5 seconds to 1 second introduces a sig­ni.cantperformance loss.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: RELATED WORK Some solutions have been proposed to increase privacy on di.erent online sharing platforms like exclusively on social networks or webmail platforms.
Sentence 2: tHE SYSTEM To unlink innocent-looking data stored on the communi­cation platform from the encrypted data secretly exchanged, our system makes use of the following main services: Online Sharing Platform (S P )is any online communi­cation platform for storing and sharing digital content (e.g., Facebook, Flickr, Gmail).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: With the 100 MHz hardware clock of the USRP N210 platform, our platform can detect and jam over-the-air packets within 80ns of signal detection.
Sentence 2: the di.er­ential energy detector is useful when no signal preamble is known before hand, and the user s goal is to detect any kind of RF signals on a speci.c band of interest.
Relationship: neutral