sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If an actual measurement is di.erent from the one in the TCB list, or a privileged program that is not in the TCB list is about to be executed, or a privileged user attempts to log interactively into the system, the system s integrity and trustworthiness may soon be violated.
Sentence 2: the engineer uses OpenO.ce to write his or her decision and export it to PDF.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: ",probefunc);}  3. pid$target:libc::return /activate[probefunc]!=0 / {activate[probefunc]--;}  The array activate[probefunc] is initialized with null and holds for every function in libc a counter value, whereas a value greater than null means that the function is cur­rently being executed.
Sentence 2: they state that any Trusted Computing technology using cryptographic attestation cannot detect ROP attacks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [17] S. J. Stolfo, W. Fan, W. Lee, A. Prodromidis, and P. K. Chan, Cost-based Modeling for Fraud and Intrusion Detection: Results from the JAM Pro ject, in Proceedings of the DARPA Information Survivability Conference and Exposition, vol.
Sentence 2: the p-value is the probability of observing a value at least as extreme as the test statistic, assuming the nullhypothesis is true.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: During all tests, the browser cache was  Application Interaction Input Login Bing Suggestions 3 41 - Google Search Suggestions 3 38 - Google Instant 3 38 - Yahoo Search 3 17589 - Google Health 31 324 82 NHS Adult Male 37 286 - Table 1: Speci.cation Length.
Sentence 2: we can observe that simply decreasing the threshold does not guarantee a repre- Figure 8: Performance of our Classi.er.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: ): Web Services Security: SOAP Message Security 1.0, OASIS Standard 200401 (March 2004).
Sentence 2: like the Contrail federation code before it, Unity s acts here as a SAML Identity Provider to the 3As it happens, Unity does not support OpenID, so we added another bridge, the SimpleSAMLPhP-based bridge developed by Contrail which consumes OpenID credentials and produces SAML.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: De.nition 2. simtemp(Soap1,Soap2) = | N | max(N1,N2) where: N is the number of common nodes tags (excluding closing tags) between Soap1 and Soap2; N1 is the number of node tags that Soap1 has; N2 is thenumber of nodetags that Soap2 has.
Sentence 2: the signed message at step 5 in Figure 3 is not a single message but an aggregate of simi­lar SOAP messages.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Figure 7: Number of new WMSs that contain MS10­002 and MS10-018 Exploits in edu.cn Domains Exploit Evolution: Additionally, we also collected sev­eral variants of the exploit and put them together to study the evolution progress of the exploits.
Sentence 2: pi 1 MS10-018 0 htm 713 35.6% 2 MS10-018 xo dk html 438 21.9% 3 wm IE html 82 4.1% 4 wm multiple pages 124 6.2% 5 01 x01 htm jk.htm 75 3.8% 6 av htm mp htm 82 4.1% 7 GV hk series 39 1.9% 8 xc15 15index htm 13 0.7% 9 av htm 6 7 htm 177 8.8% 10 apt spa chinese 36 1.8% 11 index 5 htm 24 1.2% 12 index nivea htm 18 0.9% 13 other 179 9.0% total 2000 100% Table 3: Percentage of each family in the sample set After grouping those 2,000 samples by their exploit kits, we select the top 12 most popular exploit kits and 3 scenarios from the other group (Table 3).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 2.2 Static Analysis We implemented two static analysis methods, that each analyse the source code of the given website: The static IFrame/same origin analysis and the static JavaScript anal­ysis.
Sentence 2: end users now need to invest in (hardware) resources to run one virtual machine (with the patch level used on the productive system that has to be protected) and to set up the honeypot and additional control software.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In our experiment where the victim process accessed the kernel ob­ject over billion times, no such case occurred the original kernel object was never accessed.
Sentence 2: memory-bound ATRA modi.es the data structures related to the page table, while Register-bound ATRA achieves the translation redirection by directly or indirectly compromising the values related to the CPU registers such as CR3.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Oneenounterwiththisparadoxameinexamininga­essrestritionsinrelationtoqueries.Ifauserasksfor allfrogsinthepondweighinglessthantengrams,hav­ingpermissiontoallofthosefrogs,butbeingdeniedaess toonefrogoftwelvegrams,therequestannotbeautho­rized.Todosowouldrequireknowledgeofthedatavalues, whereasYGuardonlyholdsinformationregardingthedata ontainers.Wearethuslimitedtoqueryingpermissions tothesearhspae,thatis"allfrogs.
Sentence 2: seureAllaessontrolmodelsaredesignedtopro­videseurity.manyurrentmodelsprovide littleprotetionagainstovertattaks.Amoderna­essontrolmodelshouldprovideprotetionagainst bothovertandovertattaks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Experts of Kaspersky Lab (anti-viruses developer) have detected infection of smart-phones based on Symbian and Windows Mobile as well as ordinary hand-phones that allow Java-applications.
Sentence 2: poff (t) is the probability that a sensor has failed at or before time t. the reliability of a sensor is given as, Rt() 1 pt off ().
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: nsns Lt Suppose Adoes not make a successful call, given that all Mf,s .Af-j+1 di.er (which happens with probability 1 -.).
Sentence 2: also, note that the scheme is resistant to collusion by degraded users (as discussed in the introduction to Section 4) because of the manner in which Kt and At are distributed: for any set S of users, the user who subscribed most recently is able to compute all the information known by everybody in S. in a coalition of users, the user in the best class does not learn anything new and cannot raise their class.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Once we know how good a network could be, we can then engage in incorporating these ideas into the current Internet or study strategies for tran­sition to a next-generation network.
Sentence 2: such a research environment o.ers a bonanza for security researchers: a crit­ically important problem space with a medley of challenges to address, and unfettered freedom to think creatively in the Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The Judge acknowledges that the suspicion of one or two employees does not require an entire company to preserve evidence.
Sentence 2: [Morgan Stanley DW, Inc.] routinely failed to provide pre-September 11, 2001 e-mail in numerous customer arbitration proceedings and in response to regulatory inquiries, falsely claiming that its pre-September 11, 2001 e-mail had been destroyed [2].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As shown in our experiment, these system calls are very light-weight and close to a null system call (e.g., getpid).
Sentence 2: naCl for x86 [46] and VX32 [9] leverage the hardware segmentation of x86 to con.ne memory accesses (segmentation has mostly been removed from the 64-bit x86 architecture.)
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Instead of just counting the number of instructions, the server also stores intermediate con.gurations.
Sentence 2: qUIN: ADAPTATION AND IMPLEMEN-TATION OF THE PROTOCOL FOR X86 We show how to adapt the protocol from Section 3.3 for X86 CPU, and we present a prototype implementation that enables del­egation of X86 executables for the Windows environment.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Considering the large success and application of XACML, we extend the XACML architecture and modules complementing them with functionalities for e.ective credential-based manage­ment and privacy support.
Sentence 2: itrepresents thebridgebetween the Request Context and the PrimeLife PIP, and implements the func­tionality to access data stored in the context (including in­formation on the credential evidences) for the XACML pol­icy evaluation.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The veri.cation algorithm checks that " "" )m""" e(s1, gR )= e(s2, (uR (hR )) = 1, and that e(s1,R)= e(s2,R)=1.
Sentence 2: assuming that leakage is bounded throughout the lifetime of the system seems unrealistic, since there is no bound a priori on the number of computations that will be performed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The reason is that the if condition in Line 2 of SIMPLE-SECURITY, which is invoked by SIMPLE-SECURITY-BISHOP, is met for o 1 = o1, and therefore it returns false in Line 2.
Sentence 2: they give an al­gorithm based on graph-coloring to assign VMs that do not belong to the same Con.ict of Interest class to the same physical machine, and then use the Brewer-Nash enforcement mechanism to prevent such attacks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Theauthorizationstepsareas follows: 1.UserVisitsApp;  Figure1:AuthorizationCodeGrantFlow Figure2:ImplicitGrantFlow 2.Appredirects UsertoProvider forauthenticationandde­clarestouseimplicitgrantflow; 3.UserreviewsthepermissionsrequestedbyAppandshowthe credentialtoIdPforconfirmation.
Sentence 2: thatis,ifA followsB,Bwillfollowbackasanacknowledgement.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Filtersanbeimplementedeitherinuserspaeorinside thekernel.Eahhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.
Sentence 2: intheontextofthedistributedfrewall,KeyNoteallows ustousethesame,simplelanguageforbothpoliyand redentials.Thelatter,beingsigned,maybedistributed overaninseureommuniationhannel.InKeyNote,re­dentialsmaybeonsideredasanextension,orrefnement, ofloalpoliy;theunionofallpoliyandredentialas­sertionsistheoverallnetworkseuritypoliy.Alternately, redentialsmaybeviewedaspartsofahypothetialaess matrix.Endhostsmayspeifytheirownseuritypoliies, ortheymaydependexlusivelyonredentialsfromthead­ministrator,ordoanythinginbetweenthesetwoendsof thespetrum.Perhapsofmoreinterest,itispossibleto "merge"poliiesfromdiferentadministrativeentitiesand proessthemunambiguously,ortolayerthemininreasing 5NotethatfromthepointofviewofKeyNote,allkeysare "born"equivalent.Thedistintionbetween"administra­tive"andotherkeysliesonlyintheamountoftrustplaed onthembytheloalpoliiesofendhosts.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Our framework and implementation is e.cient, since it requires no access to source code, performs CFI enforce­ment on-the-.y during runtime, and is compatible to mem­ory randomization and code signing/encryption.
Sentence 2: modern operating systems (such as iOS) enforce the W .X (Writable xor Executable) security model that prevents an adversary from executing injected code.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: REFERENCES [1] https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~enron/ the Enron Dataset (redacted) accessed 7th March 2014 [2] http://www.coventry.ac.uk/research/research­directory/higher-education/activity-led-learning/ This portal details ALL and some representative publications regarding it.
Sentence 2: it became very evident during the formative feedback sessions, which gave teaching staff ample time to correct these misconceptions and gave grounds for expounding on these very important concepts.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Finally, our system .nds invariants on the .elds in the data structure and produces a Python script that can be used to .nd instances of the structure in memory images.
Sentence 2: to be con.dent that a signature based on a particular .eld will be robust against evasion attacks, we must ensure that the .eld cannot be arbitrarily modi.ed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: While this is relatively easy to implement, it has the disadvantage that the application itself cannot securely identify the service provider anymore; to this end, a separate application would be needed to allow the hardware module to check the certi.cates of the service provider and display it to the user.
Sentence 2: in Proceedings of the 2006 Workshop on New Security Paradigms (NSPW 06), pages 3 10, New York, NY, USA, 2007.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: x0.X0  Figure 3: Discrete-time dynamical system b) Figure 4: a) Nominal system with signal decomposi­tion, and b) the same system under a stealth attack 3.1 Signal partitioning and attacked system To formalize the notion of stealth attack, we .rst divide the measurement and the control vector into their non­secure and secure parts.
Sentence 2: in this paper we focus on networked con­trol systems, a special class of CPSs, where the main com­ponents are sensors, actuators, and controllers, all inter­connected through, for example, ethernet or WiFi, and op­erating in a closed loop to maintain desired behavior of a physical plant.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Even though more speci.c and detailed information was included in many of the logs that we had access to, we wanted to establish if it was possible to identify which code was run at the most basic level of information gathering.
Sentence 2: these case studies did not address a code s identi.ability or disparity from the behav­ior of other similar computations.While these studies have examined communication patterns and suggested that com­munication patterns are characteristic to codes, there has been little e.ort to formalize or automate this concept and test a large set of codes and runs made by users.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 1.1 Our Results Our main result is the .rst upper bound on the value of C(E): a t C(E) = 1 - O H(E) .
Sentence 2: as for the upper bound, while the main ideas of the proof may be valid for the asynchronous case as well, since the details of the proof are complicated in any case, we focus in this work on the synchronous case.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 5.2 Analysis of noisy leakages The previous analysis can be easily extended to noisy leak­ages by de.ning the leakage vector as a sum of its determinis­tic part and a random noise variable vector: Lq = Lqdet+R.
Sentence 2: evaluating the guessing entropy of our construction appears as an in­teresting open question in order to determine the extent to which combining a side-channel attack against our PRNG with computational power would lead to similar conclusions on the security of the primitive.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: k-fragile permutations may be useful in permitting a lim­ited number (less than k) of input-output message corre­spondences to be exposed without imposing on the privacy of other messages not being investigated.
Sentence 2: in such a decryption mix, the inputs must be encrypted under the mix s public key, leading to a situation in which a mes­sage prepared to traverse a mix-net is multiply encrypted and is thus typically of length proportional to the number of hops in the mix-net.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Furthermore, cross validating the detected accounts with other ex­isting Facebook countermeasures is not possible because a large fraction of detected accounts are not caught by other methods (§ 8.2).
Sentence 2: fraction of IP addresses  10 0 2Tsim 10 -2 SWi+1 10 -4 10 -6 SWi 10 010 -8 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 U1 U2 Active user population Time Tsim Figure 5: Distribution of user population over IP addresses at Facebook login.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The algorithm .rst makes use of a symbolic represen­tation so that membership in a set de.ned by a regular expression can be encoded as string equations.
Sentence 2: kr i=1 E1 ·star(r, n-1)=E2 ·si [si]=csm_tl(s, r) [HT-*-*] star(r1, n1)·E1·star(r3, n3)= star(r2, n2)·E2·star(r4, n4) .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: SSO avoids the inconvenience of typing passwords many times throughout the day and potentially reduces the risk of typing a password by mistake on an attacker's phishing web site.
Sentence 2: the TCS web portal, built using the open source Confusa software, enables National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) in Europe to connect their SAML federations to the CA service.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: IntegrationoftheX-Seccredential-basedaccesscon­trolwithconventionalcertifcatemanagementapproaches, suchasX.509[12].Wewillinvestigatehowtoincor­porateourcredentialspecifcationsintodigitalcertif­cates,sothatwecanexploittheauthenticationser­vicesprovidedbyPKIs.
Sentence 2: (XMLCredential-type).Givenacredential­typect=hnct,Pcti,anXMLcredential-typeX-ctisatuple (vVct,Vct,Ect,Ect),where:            <!ATTLISTcarrier  employeecredID fname lname #PCDATA #PCDATA #PCDATA #PCDATA ID#REQUIRED>  #PCDATA #PCDATA ]> Figure1:(a)ExampleofXMLcredential-type vVctistherootelementdenotingthewholect.vVthastwo defaultattributes,namelythecredIDattributeoftype ID,specifyingcredentialidentifers,andtheCIssuer attributeoftypeCDATA,identifyingtheissuerofcre­dentialsoftypect; ea Vct =Vct[Vctisasetofnodesrepresentingelements andattributetypesofct.Inparticular,eachnodein VctewhichisadirectchildofvVctcorrespondstoaprop­ertyofct:ifthechildisaleafnode,thenitrepresents asimplepropertyofct;ifitisanintermediatenode, thenitcorrespondstoacompositeproperty.Thenum­berofdirectchildrenofvVctinVcteisequaltothenumber ofproperties(bothsimpleandcomposite)ofct.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, thorough literature searches have led to the development of guidelines for design­ing multi-media learning tools [19], and for designing sys­ tems to support co-located collaborative work on a tabletop display [38].
Sentence 2: sonia Chiasson, Alain Forget, Julie Thorpe, and Robert Biddle of Carleton helped us to review and brainstorm an early version of the guidelines.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: INTRODUCTION Malicious code (or malware) has become one of the most press­ing security problems on the Internet.
Sentence 2: since domain registration comes at a price (currently, from about $5 to $10 per year per .com and .net domain name), botmasters could prevent attacks against domain .ux by making them economically infeasi­ble,forexample,byforcing defenderstoregisteradisproportionate number of names.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Fortunately, practical signatures can be cleanly split into simple prefixes and suffixes, such that the prefixes comprise of the entire frequently visited portions of the signature.
Sentence 2: once the last character c of the input string arrives, the machine makes a transition from state (0,5) to state (0,3), because the flag is set and counter is 0; thus the string is accepted.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In addition, some re.ection attacks manage to amplify the original attack because the responses sent by the third party are larger or more numerous[6][9] than the original messages sent by the attacker.
Sentence 2: the state-setup bit would provide an appropriate signal to issue a puzzle, and the addressing architecture makes it hard to use malicious puzzle requests or spoofed responses as a DoS attack in their own right.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We can see that our crawling is e.ective, since the percentage of spammers in our targeted (crawled) dataset is 11%, whereas in the random set, it is 0.25%.
Sentence 2: aCKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the ONR under grant N000140911042 and by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grants CNS-0845559 and CNS-0905537.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: i then .= e .= e 14: return 0 15: end if 16: if e.f is an o.set then 17: if e ' .f is an o.set then 18: if e.f = e ' .f then 19: return 1 20: end if 21: else .e ' .f is a range of o.sets.
Sentence 2: if this technique is further aimed towards a production environment where a diversity of workload could be generated, false alarms may occur due to the foundation of our technique on dynamic execution.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The Regularity Principle of Self-Management Naftaly Minsky Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA minsky@cs.rutgers.edu ABSTRACT The principle of regularity proposed here for self manage­ment of systems, states that foralargesystem tobeman­ageable it must possess suitable regularities.
Sentence 2: certain important regularities, such as the above men­tioned cases of HTML and IP, do satisfy all these condi­tions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 4 Another advantage of using Integrity Trees that are relatively infrequently updated means that RSA veri.ca­tions on the client side are amortized, as we envision that many do­mains will use the same set of ILSs, hence the root of the Integrity Tree will remain the same for numerous sites.
Sentence 2: since Bloom Filters have a tunable false­positive rate, the browser may unnecessarily contact the ILS for a small fraction of legacy domains.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If the x-dimension of the block size is set to 32 (to equal the warp size), an iteration of the loop at line 7 is sufficient to process most input characters.
Sentence 2: [17] C. R. Clark, and D. E. Schimmel, Efficient Reconfigurable Logic Circuits for Matching Complex Network Intrusion Detection Patterns, in Proc.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As a measure of the trust­terms ontology, we will consider it useful if it answers questions that help define security requirements (and thus, subsequent security metrics).
Sentence 2: bACKGROUND This section explains why it is more appropriate to address issues from the perspective of trust ontologies rather than security ontologies; it also provides some general information on ontologies; and, it expands on the inputs used in this work.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: on Information and System Security (TISSEC) 4, 3 (Aug. 2001), 224-274. endfor [5] Ni, Q., Bertino, E., Lobo, J., Brodie, C., Karat, C., Karat, J., Figure 1: Algorithm to detect inconsistencies For each maximal overlapping set S, we need to check whether the formula specified in the conditions (1)-(3) as discussed in the previous section is true under every value of the underlying domain.
Sentence 2: frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications 185.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The ease of the attack depends heavily on how we de.ne an active circuit , we can do one of three ways: (1) the number of open circuits that haven t been destroyed; (2) the number of circuits that has sent a minimal number of cells, measured in raw numbers of using an EWMA with a threshold; or (3) using DiffTor we can only consider circuits classi.ed as web or bulk.
Sentence 2: once the initiating relay receives the CLOSING_CONN_END, it knows that it has received all data and is then able to proceed closing the socket.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pages 321 334, 2007.
Sentence 2: ii It outputs the challenge ciphertext as E * = (E1 * , {C.i }i.L,vk * =0, {C.l+i }i.L,vk * =1, C, s * , vk * J ii If (g, A, B, C, Z) .Dbdh and we let s = c, then we have s).i Y s = e(g, g)abc , E ' = C.i =(g = T 's and E ' = C.l+i = (g s).l+i = T 's the ciphertext is a valid random i ii l+i.
Relationship: neutral