sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 2.4 Service Discovery Service discovery allows services to be discovered and ac­cessed when they become available, permitting the creation of robust ubiquitous and pervasive applications.
Sentence 2: the e.ciency of the search mechanism is strongly connected to static network information such as network topology, as well as dynamic characteristics like network latency or cen­tralized server availability and responsiveness.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, it can be transformed to topologies with these properties by remov­ing and redirecting certain graph edges.
Sentence 2: to transform this topology to a CS4 DAG without adding or removing nodes, we remove edge ad and add a directed edge from c to d. All messages passed from a to d directly in the original topology would then be routed via node c. if we are limited to using only SP-DAGs, besides removing ad and adding cd, we would also need to remove edge bd and route messages from b to d via node c, as Figure 5 shows.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Our statements regarding a semantical vs. a trAnzformational approach do not mean to damn program tran~forn~tion as a me~=m to enable or to support MCI.
Sentence 2: a proper semantics of MCI provides the right level of abstraction to rea~u about MCI not just for programming, but also for transformation, e.g., if the cor-rectness of transformations needs to be ar~essed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Figures 5 and 6 show that at loads lower than 90% the VM transfer bandwidth and virtualization penalty have little or no impact on the resource under-allocation, since their effect is negligible compared to the other virtualization parameters and can be easily hidden by the proactive (prediction-based) resource allocation.
Sentence 2: at relative load values higher than 90%, the under-allocation exhibits irregular behaviour.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Note that this programming pattern works well with respect to symmetric sum: if in all summed traits we have a method that we want to exclude, then this pattern will exclude simultaneously all upper method versions.
Sentence 2: we do not exclude the method for real, we just make unavoidable the upper implementation by over­riding it, therefore Java introspection can still detect the excluded method: C.class.getMethod( m ) still gets an answer.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 5.3 Ambiguous selector speci.cations The existence of exclusion operators and dependencies in the selector language leads to another problem: we prefer superimposition speci.cations and selectors to be declara­tive; their speci.cation should not imply any ordering of su­perimposition.
Sentence 2: di.erent orders of evaluating the selectors and executing the superimposition of annotations do exist.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Modular structures are preferred because inter-dependency among components is minimized resulting in a num-ber of benefits such as improved quality, maintainability and modifiability.
Sentence 2: modular designs can render those bene-fits when two conditions are met: a priori knowledge of all the requirements so design decisions can be allocated to modules and those modules interact through stable and well known interfaces.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The worst case time complexity of the algo­rithm is, thus, |C|O(n 2), where C is the set of changed types and n is the number of nodes in the IRG for P (i.e., the num­ber of classes and interfaces in the program).
Sentence 2: this complexity corresponds to the degenerate case of programs with n types and an inheritance tree of depth O(n).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In ASDF 2 we extended defsystem with a :defsystem-depends-on argument so de­velopers may declare dependencies required in order to process the system de.nition.
Sentence 2: :defsystem-depends-on hasn t been widely adopted yet, and interacts poorly with previous con­ventions whereby symbols in extension packages were to be used in the defsystem form.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Furthermore, various tools [23, 8, 1, 14] attempt to aug­ment developers knowledge of the project through visualiz­ing or other ways of helping .nd the information developers might seek.
Sentence 2: the understanding of how developers learn is in its infancy, therefore we will see a plethora of new ways to speed-up developers learning and further understanding of how humans learn.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The Android operating system basically protects its inner system memory area against the reckless access from the outside, so it prevents app from being copied and maintains the transparency of its inner system.
Sentence 2: users can use Rooting [2], a method Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In most real deployment of rec­ommendation system, at most 3 products are presented.
Sentence 2: table 2: Product Page Case: 310,106 possible hits Table 4: Checkout Page Case: 106,263 possible hits method top-1 top-3 top-6 Manual 34,657 46,795 46,795 Item 17,296 33,590 46,672 Feature 11,072 26,201 38,965 Item+Feature 21,490 40,706 58,202 Item+Feature+Manual 43,185 72,634 90,029 method top-1 top-3 top-6 Manual 6,895 9,696 10,026 Item 3,821 6,716 9,573 Feature 2,568 5,384 7,496 Item+Feature 3,727 6,941 10,434 Item+Feature+Manual 7,383 12,949 17,174 Table 3: Product Page Case on Test Baskets with New Products: 239,905 possible hits method top-1 top-3 top-6 Manual 28,846 39,288 39,288 Item 7,149 14,791 21,568 Feature 7,092 16,072 24,654 Item+Feature 11,342 22,552 33,465 Item+Feature+Manual 33,160 54,326 65,164 some of the recommended products might be out of stock and it might require more recommended products.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: One of the themes to emerge in recent work (e.g., see [14, 7, 5]) is that maintaining just the right correlation required between analysis facts can be the key to ef.cient and precise veri.cation: maintaining no correlations (independent attribute analysis) can lead to imprecision, while maintaining all correlations (relational anal­ysis) can lead to inef.ciency.
Sentence 2: .nding this intermediate ground can be hard for heap analyses that, e.g., use graph-based representations of the heap.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Although this 1/E factor is large enough to make it worthwhile designing solutions for value monitoring prob­lems, the techniques and approaches that have been used for value monitoring and threshold monitoring are quite similar.
Sentence 2: there are some other monitoring tasks which do not .t either the threshold monitoring or value monitoring paradigms, and instead require us to track the members of a set (set monitoring).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Technically, this allows an in.nite number of ways to reach a Bus object from a BusRoute object; by going through one, two, three, or any other number of BusList objects, whereas previously there was only one way to do so.
Sentence 2: (a) Bus Route with Many Buses (b) Smoothed Traver­sal Graph Figure 7: Bus Route with Many Buses we observe that a Person object re­mains accessible only in the context of either a Driver object or a Passengers object and that both Driver and Passen­gers objects are only accessible in the context of a BusRoute object.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 2.ConsidertwothreadsOiandOjthatdonotexeutein parallelandareembeddedinthesameloop,l.LetSi beanodeinOiandletSjbeanodeinOj.Thereare twopossibilities (a)OiandOjaredisjoint.Lexially,letOjexeutebe­foreOi.However,aloop­arrieddependenefrom SitoSjreferstoaninstaneofOithatompletes beforeaninstaneofOj.
Sentence 2: (b)LetOibenestedwithinOj.Lexially,boththread­sexeutesimultaneously.herealso,a loop­arrieddependenefromSitoSjreferstoan instaneofOithatexeutesandterminatesbefore thenextinstaneofOj.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is easy to see that a bigger value of N increases likelihood of selection of abstract elements that minimize penalty, and hence may result in faster con­vergence.
Sentence 2: a smaller value of N mayalso result infaster convergence in two ways: (a) by decreasing the time required to get out of local minima (if the algorithm ever gets stuck there), (b) by increasing the gradient of change.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, say­ing the number of Patrons must equal 3 means that proactive modeling can automatically ensure the number of patrons is always 3 since 3 does not change.
Sentence 2: saying that the number of patrons must equal the number of books means that proactive modeling needs modeler intervention because the number of patrons and books can be modi.ed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Huch[18]hasbuiltadedicatedmodel-checkerfora subsetofErlang{anuntypedhigher-orderconcurrent functionallanguagewithasynchronouscommunication primitives.Forstatespacereduction,heusesasin­gleabstractinterpretationthatapproximatestheset ofdataconstructorsthatfowintoexpressionsatrun­time.Whenonerestrictstherecursioninprograms toareasonablegeneralizationoftail-recursion,theab­stractinterpretationisguaranteedtogiveafnite-state model.Givensuchamodel,propertiessuchasmutual exclusionandabsenceofdeadlockandlivelockcanbe checked.Giventheuntypednatureofthelanguage,it isnotcleartoushowwouldoneobtainmoreefective abstractinterpretationbyusingmultipleabstractions tailoredtogivenspecifcationsratherthanthesingle uniformabstractionusedbyHuch.However,thetech­niquesusedtotreatrecursionmightbeusedforJava.
Sentence 2: huchgivessomeofthesameadvantagesanddisadvan­tagesofthismonolithicapproachthatwenotedinthe introduction.Forexample,henotesthathemustrecode model-checkingoptimizationssuchaspartial-orderre­ductionsinhissystem.hearguesthatwork­ingatthelevelofErlanginsteadofe.g.,agenerated Promeladescription,willalloweasierdetectionofthe caseswheresuchoptimizationscanbeapplied.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: base-eval (lambda (e r) (write e) (newline) (old-eval e r))) 1-4: base-eval 1-5> After going back to the baselevel, a trace is displayed as expected.
Sentence 2: 1-5> (old-cont 0) 0-2: 0 0-3>(*2(+1 4)) (*2(+1 4)) * 2 (+1 4) + 1 4 0-3: 10 0-4> anomaly arises when we want to exit again.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: ContextL [3] is based on Common Lisp, which provides lexical closures.
Sentence 2: in contrast to ContextJ*, an invo­cation of proceed2 is not the continuation of a search, due to the semantics of generic functions in the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS, [1]), on which ContextL is based.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Indoor posi­tioning using beacons such as WiFi, RFID, IR and ultra­sound achieves higher accuracy, but typically requires ad­ditional infrastructure investments as well as maintenance efforts.
Sentence 2: accuracy of GSM cell position­ing depends on the density of GSM towers [24] and often additional hardware, e.g., a GSM modem, is required for obtaining higher accuracy.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Thedifferenceis notmerelytheoretical: wehave compared thetwo in detailand whileGunawi sEDP .nds 97% of ourtrue unsaved bugs,italso produces 2.75 times morefalse positives.Furthermore, EDP.nds nooverwrites andjust oneof our true out-of-scopebugs.
Sentence 2: eDP runsfaster, producing resultsina matterof seconds.it does not produce detailed diagnostic information; WPDS witness traces (Section 4) offer a level of diagnostic feedbacknot possible with EDP s whole-function-classi.cation approach.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As can be seen in the graph, d depends only on c, only b depends on a, and b, c, x and y are mutually dependent upon (completely interconnected with) each other and, hence form a Mutual-Dependence Cluster (De.nition 2).
Sentence 2: this (non­coherent) cluster includes statements that have different in.uences and are in.uenced by different statements.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For conditional branch and direct jump instructions, whose branch targets are fixed, code block chaining [7] technique can significantly elimi­nate the overhead of transferring between code blocks.
Sentence 2: for Indirect Branch (IB) instructions, whose branch target cannot be determined until run-time, DBT system must perform an address translation from Source binary Program Counter (SPC) address to Translated Program Counter (TPC) address at every execution.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Within the sessions, the participants developed one scenario using the character of Scrooge, that highlighted some possible functions that Scrooge might want when using a smartcard on public transport particularly, he wanted the system to indicate to him when he should get off in order to avoid traveling into a new charging zone.
Sentence 2: at that point we found that the set of characters we had made available in the session was not well matched to the interests and knowledge of this group.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Individualsmustunderstandthecontextualinformation,suchaswhoproducedorupdatedthesoftwareartifactaswellaswhere,howandwhenactionshappened,consideringdistributeddevelopmentforthis.Thus,visualresourcescansupportthepresentationofcontextualinformationandincreasetheawarenessofindividuals[10].Therefore,athirdchallengeconsistsin: Challenge#3:Presentcontextualinformationaboutthecreationandupdatingofsoftwareartifactsthroughvisualresources.
Sentence 2: 4.RELATEDWORKS Overtheyears,tools,modelsandapproachesthatprovidesupportforcontextawarenessonsoftwareartifactsincollaborativesoftwareprojectshavebeenproposed.ADAMS(ADvancedArtefactManagementSystem)[12]isatoolformanagingchangestoartifactsduringtheiterativeandincrementalsoftwaredevelopment.Thistoolprovidesagraphicdisplayofthetraceabilityofsoftwareartifactsthroughagraphwhichshowsthedependencyrelationshipsamongthem.withregardstocontextualinformation,theuseronlyhasaccesstothemthroughnotificationseventsthataresentwhenchangesoccurontheartifact.Anotherdifficultyconcernsthegenerationofdependencyrelationshipsthatmustbesetmanuallybythedeveloper.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The small im­pact on performance (1,6% to 5%) can be understood as most of the performance requirements are in loops that are already nearly perfect using the aggressive -04 compilation option.
Sentence 2: a 2% gain in performance on the EFR is signi.cant considering that, at 17,83 mips6, we are close to the theoretical limit of the mmdsp+ processor for this application (.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: There is relatively small per­formance variationbetweendi.erentprefetchingpoliciesfor the concurrent execution of cp, because with anticipatory scheduling,.lesare read without almost anydiskI/O switch­ing even under concurrent execution.
Sentence 2: for 2diff5 and 2diff50 with alternating sequential access patterns, competitive prefetching reduces the execution time by 31% and 34% respectively.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The messages passed along the edges in this algorithm are probabilities, or beliefs.
Sentence 2: more precisely, the message passed from a codeword node v to a check node c is the probability that v has a certain value given the observed value of this codeword node, and all the values communicated to v in the prior round from check nodes incident to v other than c. the message passed from c to v is the probability that v has a certain value given all the messages passed to c in the previous round from message nodes other than v. Categories and Subject Descriptors E.4 [Coding and Information Theory]: Error control codes; F.2.3 [Theory of Computation]: Analysis of Algo­rithms and Problem Complexity Tradeo.s between Com­plexity Measures  General Terms Theory  Keywords error-correcting codes, LDPC codes, expander codes, decod­ing 1.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 6.2 API examples All API commands are asynchronous, and return immedi­ately if the NOWAIT option is given.
Sentence 2: modules can use the API in a more straightforward fashion, by not us­ing the NOWAIT option; in this case, they will not be able to show any progress report, and will not be able to suspend, resume and stop a running API command.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To hide its fraudu­lent behavior in time-sharing the CPU among multiple jobs, we assume the fraudulent resource provider will alter the operating system CPU usage utility system calls to prevent a submitted job from getting correct CPU usage statistics.
Sentence 2: we assume that the host provides an accurate wall clock time facility, as spoo.ng the wall clock can be easily detected by comparing it with the submitter s wall clock.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In other words, the sum is ~dn=l (maxl<i<m Wd ] " Intuitively speaking, if the actions are quite similar, then they will have corresponding points that are close by on the hypersphere thus allowing the orthotope containing them to have small dimensions.
Sentence 2: if the actions are quite different, then they will have corresponding points that are spread apart on the hypersphere thus forcing the ortho- tope dimensions to be large.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: That record will be removed only after processing the corresponding reply sim­ulation events from all those cache servers, which is done for allowing an optimized execution .ow for those reply events.
Sentence 2: the operation is unlocked (and a reply event is scheduled towards the corresponding client) upon the .rst copy of the data becomes available from whichever cache server, hence after processing the .rst simulation event associated with a read-reply.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: ALIAS VERSIONING FOR JAVA Our compiler infrastructure (more specifically, the Toronto Portable Optimizer, as described in Section 5) employs context-sensitive in- terprocedural pointer analysis [11, 14, 25] for Fortran 90 and C to develop more precise alias information.
Sentence 2: this interproce- dural analysis is not currently available for Java because of difficul- ties associated with handling the dynamic features of the language and ensuring binary compatibility of the generated code.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: With this choice ofpricefunc­tion, U(c)is alinear combination ofconcavefunctions andisthus concave.
Sentence 2: because Rm(cm)isthe minimum min-cutofthe overlaygraph Dm withlink ratesbeing cm, U(c)is notadifferen­tiablefunction[10].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: MAT L A B programmers appreciate the high-level matrix operators, the fact that variables and types do not need to be declared, the large number of library and builtin functions available, and the interac­tive style of program development available through the IDE and the interpreter-style read-eval-print loop.
Sentence 2: even though MAT L A B programmers appreciate all of the features that enable rapid prototyping, their computations are often quite compute in­tensive and could bene.t from a system more suited to high perfor­mance computing.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Hene,ifthegraphisnotunrolled,SUIF­Adaptwillover­estimatesomeredistributionedgesbeausepagetransfers appearneessaryforallpageswrittenbyadiferentnodein thenextphase.However,thefnalrowoftheRDDGrep­resentsareturntothefrstphase;atthispoint,oneofthe arrayshaspagesthatareread­sharedbetweentwonodes.In thesteadystate,thisatuallywillauseonlyinvalidations whenoneofthesharingnodeswrites.otethatunrolling makesnodifereneoneightnodesbeauseBLOCK(theinitial distribution)ishosenforbothphases.
Sentence 2: 4.3 Utility of Analysis TheabovenumbersshowthatSUIF­Adaptomputesa­urateredistributionosts.thisisonlyofuseif betterdeisionsanbemadewhenSUIF­Adaptusesthis analysis.Figure9(previouspage)showsresultsfromour famesimulationkernel.Ontwoandfournodes,aredis­tributionishosenbySUIF­Adapt;oneightnodes,BLOCK ishoseninbothphases.Thisdoesindeedmaththebest hand­odeddistribution.Itisimportanttonotethatthe hand­odeddistributionusespriorknowledgeofappliation behavior,whihisnotavailableingeneral.Interestingly,if theRDDGisnotunrolled,theassumedpagetransfersde­sribedaboveauseSUIF­AdapttohooseBLOCKforboth phasesfornotjusteightnodes,butalsotwoandfour.This leadstoadegradationofaround10%.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The CPU performance is relatively stable for both BH and BH-U (the di.erence in time per item for the two versions is due to the improved locality with BH), and not a.ected by increasing chunk size.
Sentence 2: for BH-U on the GPU, Gr increases sharply from 512 to 1024 and is relatively stable for larger values.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As well as being closed under composition, Grimm s system is scannerless and supports non-declarative speci.cations for fringe cases such as the C typename/identi.er ambiguity.
Sentence 2: pEGs come with drawbacks: (1) Packrat parsers are character-level back­tracking LL(1) parsers, and while they run in linear time, like any LL(1) parser they are unable to parse any left-recursive grammar without special modi.cations; (2) a context-free grammar exten­sion connects itself to the host by inserting new productions; ana­logically a PEG extension must connect itself by inserting new or­dered choices.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Performing such a global optimization would be pos­ sible through a central node (such as the base station) col-n at time t, Ln(t), we compute ln , and dis­ = .t lecting load and charge rates from every node and computing the optimal assignment centrally, then informing all nodes of their states.
Sentence 2: in large networks, this approach would induce large communication overheads, reducing en­ergy e.ciency.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If an evaluation approach identi.es an accessibility problem in a webpage, however the webpage does not present any accessibility error in its implementation, then we count an incorrect assertion for that tool.
Sentence 2: if an evaluation approach does not identi.es any accessibility error in the webpage, and the webpage does not contain any accessibility error in its implementation, then we count a correct assertion for the approach.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The reason for this is that authors that are in favor of dynamically typed languages often argue in the following way: type casts are constructs that are enforced by a static type system.
Sentence 2: type casts are only necessary in order to satisfy the type system -in fact they to not contribute to the application s semantics and in that way they are only pieces of code which unnecessarily increase the software s complexity.
Relationship: contrasting