sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: While server responses usually con­tain a message body that is several kilobytes in size, the av­erage number of bytes sent with every client request is on the order of some hundred bytes.
Sentence 2: rather than searching for data leakage signatures at run-time, Horizon Extender aims to constrain the collected data to only records that may rep­resent relevant evidence of leaked data.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In our architec­ture, we require each VM or guest OS to be able to execute this instruction on its primary core (chosen by the hypervi­sor) without elevating privileges, i.e., without entering hy­pervisor mode.
Sentence 2: [15] B. Dolan-Gavitt, T. Leek, M. Zhivich, J. Gi.n, and W. Lee.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The e.ect of time is captured by the parameter k which is determined by the truster A s dynamic policy re­garding the trustee B in context c. The current normalized vector together with this time-a.ected vector are combined according to their relative importance.
Sentence 2: the trust degree of auserwithrole r2 is greater than that of a user with role r1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A simple count of even a rather com­plexproperty of usersis1-sensitive,sincethepresence orabsence of a single user can only change the countby one.
Sentence 2: categories andSubject Descriptors D.4.6[SecurityandProtection]:InvasiveSoftware;K.4.1[Public PolicyIssues]: Privacy GeneralTerms Theory  Keywords DifferentialPrivacy,CollaborativeSecurity,Botnets  1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, the virtual user V 9repre­sents the cluster U 9,U 6,U 7,U 8, and is granted the per­missions P 10,P 9,P 7,P 6and P 8.
Sentence 2: it can be noticed that in all the cases the Permission Similarity is always greater than 90%(Fig­ure 3(a)).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 6 The Domesday Book This is the commonly used name for a census and audit commissioned by William the Conqueror to find out all there was to know about the new neighborhood back in 1066, the local chapter of Welcome Wagon having proven somewhat inadequate.
Sentence 2: the Common Criteria allows one the freedom to specify a secure kangaroo if one wishes, provided one uses the proper terminology, and can adequately state the threats, goals, mechanisms, procedures and countermeasures which apply to the kangaroo security domain.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Another intention has been to show, that these extensions themselves are exten­sible and can be used for multiple functional usages.
Sentence 2: when an Assertion is marked with the Holder-of-Assertion Subject Con.rmation method, it indicates that the Attesting Party needs to prove that it is the Subject of the Assertion by presenting a set of Asser­tions, which satisfy the pattern which is captured in the As­sertionPatternType element, within the SubjectConfir­mationData.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We use the parameter 1 6 Tunability of Glove: In .gure 2, we demonstrate the be­ e.ect of varying the µmin and t parameters of Glove (on cause in our input traces we found that the average ratio of up-stream to down-stream packets was 1 6 its bandwidth and latency ratios).
Sentence 2: cs-bu.o: A congestion sensitive website .ngerprinting defense.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Apossible shortcoming is that the optimization po­tential of having an s of half the size of all other involved scalars is givenawayby multiplyingit witha full size scalar.Apossible ad­  4.2 Tweaked Implementation As seen above signi.cant improvements are possible by apply­ing well chosen multiplication algorithms and by rearranging the equations to be solved.
Sentence 2: the symmetric operations involving secrets have to be secured as well.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A causes the data mes- sage to be transmitted, or otherwise made available, to one or more message recipient(s) B.
Sentence 2: 4.1 Collaboration and independent corroboration The ideas of separation of duty (e.g., [31]), split control, secret sharing and threshold schemes are well-known in the literature (e.g., Desmedt [11]; see Menezes et al.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: To achieve exactness outside an ambiguity region in tra.c monitoring, we desire a deterministic monitor algorithm which identi­.es every large .ow including bursty .ow (i.e., no FNl)and 3 Instead of using leaky bucket descriptors, prior work in the landmark window model often de.nes the high-bandwidth threshold to be a fraction of the link bandwidth, e.g., .h = 0.01 and ßh = 0.
Sentence 2: this can be easily ex­tended to items with positive weights.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The success probability of any adversarial strategy will vanish to zero as d ~ 0o.
Sentence 2: "Ef-ficient traitor tracing algorithms using list decoding," In Colin Boyd, editor, Advances in Cryptology - ASI-ACRYPT 2001, LNCS 2248, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2001, pp.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Capturing this useful property comes at a price: the re-encryption algorithm is single-hop; that is, a re-encrypted ciphertext cannot be further re-encrypted.
Sentence 2: the case of unidirectional schemes, namely where a re-encryption key from pk1 to pk2 should not provide the ability to re-encrypt from pk2 to pk1 can be inferred in a straightforward way.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Related Work To the best of our knowledge, Markov Decision Processes have not yet been used in the context of access control sys­tems.
Sentence 2: we release this assumption in this section by introducing the notion of an Access Control Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (AC-POMDP), which is a Partially Ob­servable Markov Decision Process [37] where the state is an access control state.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As shown in Figure 1, we can divide its behavioral pro.le into three steps: (1) claiming needed permissions; (2) send­ing message to a hard-coded premium-rate number; (3) blocking SMS noti.cations sent from the ISP to users.
Sentence 2: besides containing malicious billing logic, these applications are also embed surreptitious logic or tricks to suppress the noti.ca­tions resulting from such behaviors to the victims (A real case study is described in Section 3).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If k> E(k.' ), then either some nodes inside the motion-MIX trans­mit more decoy traf.c, or some (k - E(k.' )) previously silent nodes have roamed into the motion-MIX and just start their trans­missions.
Sentence 2: these efforts provide unlinkability protections be­tween node identities and their credentials during end-to-end ano­nymous transactions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A tuple of ordered sets (S1 , ..., Sn) is a p­extension of another tuple of ordered sets (R1 , ..., Rn)i. for all 1 = i = n, Si is a p-extension of Ri.
Sentence 2: the authors in [20, 21] show that regarding · k3 3 · k3 communication, we have O(n ), respectively O(n ) where n is the number of parties and k the number of inputs.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: On a wireless channel, this property is dif.cult to achieve through protocol design since an eavesdropper can mea­sure the signal strength of each packet and may be able to determine the real source of each packet.
Sentence 2: if we wish to use an 80-bit secret key, at least 40 packets of A and 40 packets of B must be in this frequency range.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In SAT 07: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Theory and Applications of Satis.ability Testing, volume 4501 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 377 382, Lisbon, Portugal, 2007.
Sentence 2: having a potential avenue for cleanup and not making use of it also raises some ethical concerns since if such remediation were effective, it would be a signi.cant service to the malware s future third-party victims (targets of DDoS attacks, spam recipients, etc.).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: To simplify the PBBL realization, we build it on top of a Linux kernel instead of writing/enhancing an existing TPM­enabled boot loader.
Sentence 2: an operating system that has been evaluated according to EAL4 is represented by the property 0x04.3 After successfully installing and con­.guring the Property-CA and the PBBL, a software update is handled as follows: Property Certi.cate Issuing: If the IT department decides to provide a software update, a new property certi.cate is generated.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If also the (enhanced) BIOS and the boot loader measure the code they load be­fore passing control to it, and extend a PCR with the re­sult, a chain of integrity measurements is formed that is recorded in a tamper-protected manner by the TPM.
Sentence 2: the PCR values PCR0,...,PCRn contain reliable information about the system s state after the boot process.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Furthermore, e.ciency is not the only concern when considering the deployment of trust manage­ment systems in commercial environments: these systems must also be deployable on top of existing IT infrastruc­tures.
Sentence 2: further, by treating each trust query and trust policy update as a transaction, a DBMS guarantees their atomic execution, which ensures the correctness of trust queries, as well as the overall consistency of the system view used to evaluate the query [16], even when multiple queries and updates are processed concurrently.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Let us assume that the attacker knows which game he is being challenged with as well as the location of the target area (e.g., the blue region containing the target circle and pentagon in the Shapes game) and the moving object area (e.g., the white region in the Shapes game within which the objects move).
Sentence 2: this means that the accuracy of the edge-based method could be signi.cantly undermined by the presence of strong edges in the background that are not part of the target area (e.g., presence of texts) and the absence of objects in the target area (e.g., the absence of objects in the target area of the Ships Game).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Privacy Preserving Video Surveillance Using Pedestrian Tracking Mechanism Peng Zhang, Tony Thomas, Sabu Emmanuel School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University, Singapore {zh0036ng,ttony,asemmanuel}@ntu.edu.sg ABSTRACT Video surveillance has become a ubiquitous feature of the modern day life.
Sentence 2: the detected pedestrian face/head is obscured by encrypting with a unique key de­rived from a master key for the privacy preservation pur­pose.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Notably though, the notion that these two attacks (malware and a form of shoulder sur.ng) represent the full spectrum of threats that the system could face is for several reasons debatable.
Sentence 2: [17] make the following arguments to rule out the need for stringent penetration testing of their system: .... we can hardly imagine someone learning the touch behavior of 30 features, such as pressure, distribution of acceleration, etc., just by looking over the shoulder [17].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Therefore,inthispaperwewillexaminetheARBAC97 modelinmoredetailandexplainwhywebelievethatan alternativeapproahtoadministrationisrequired.Ourap­proahisinspiredinpartbythenotionofanenapsulated rangewhihplaysanintegralpartintheadministrationof therolehierarhyinARBAC97.However,thedevelopment ofourrolehierarhyadministrationmodel(RHA)isdis­tintlydiferentfromthatofARBAC97.Webelievethat RHAisamorerobust,fexible,andless widelyappliableomplexmodelthanARBAC97.
Sentence 2: theorrespondingprooffort(x,y)tyissimilar;we omitthedetails.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: During this process, the user s biometric information (e.g., his .nger­print or retina scan) is obtained and stored in the card s memory.
Sentence 2: kc (b) There exist three poly-time simulator algorithms T (·) (·) (·) , Sa and Sb such that, for all P ' and V ', (V ') P' V ' [View1-rd , View1-rd]|wd=0 [T (P'),Sa ], and (V ') [View1-rd , View1-rd]|wd=1 [T (P'),S].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The SDR can be programmed to support stan­dard and custom protocols.
Sentence 2: for example, the Adafruit PN532 breakboard has a large anten­na and can transmit a large amount of power (about 450 mW), while Google Nexus 7 has a much smaller antenna and much lower transmission power (about 200 mW).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If a suf.­ciently subtle attacker with suf.ciently many compromised hosts at his disposal can mimic legitimate traf.c well enough that the victim cannot tell good from bad, there is little that can be done beyond load-shedding, adding server resources, and minimizing collateral damage.
Sentence 2: each client connects to the remote broker on its pool address and provides both its own HIP ID and that of the remote client.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The resulting view consists of all the information of employees of all departments, apart from the R&#38;D department, plus the salary information of employees belonging to the R&#38;D department.
Sentence 2: the overall Figure 9 An example of AC-XML document complexity of this access evaluation is equal to O(#nodes*#depth *NP* #obj-cond*#cred-cont).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Here, an originator can de.ne and sign a message template, describing .xed parts of a message as well as sev­ eral choices for exchangeable parts of a message (one may think of a form with blank .elds, where for such .elds the originator speci.es all the allowed strings to choose from), for which he can delegate signing permissions to a proxy.
Sentence 2: this is due to our requirements that the signature of the originator is not publicly veri.able as it is the case in sanitizable sig­natures and only instantiations can be publicly veri.ed as it isthecasefor proxysignatures.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Secondly, that the participants in the 36-45 group were closer to the age 45 than the participants in the 46-55 group were to 55, biasing the result.
Sentence 2: if the user is familiar with the song clips presented, by perhaps listening to them regularly, memorability might be enhanced, therefore this is an area we must leave open to further research and debate.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: also suggest the similar two requirements for monitoring program execution: complete­ness and pertinence [19].
Sentence 2: eVALUATION STRATEGY In this section, we illustrate the evaluation strategy we choose for implementing cost-bene.t analysis of kernel trac­ing systems for forensic readiness, including measurement methodology, benchmarking tool, and kernel tracing systems for evaluation.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This approach of having the logical key tree agnostic of the physical topology has several disadvantages.
Sentence 2: when m1 departs from the group, we will have two multicast messages sent to groups G1 and G01 containing the new session key in an encrypted form and one unicast message sent to m0 which is the same as in case of the TI scheme.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The derived TS scores are then assigned as conditional probabilities based on Equation 2.
Sentence 2: in the static do­main, the .nal score is calculated based on the base score and the causal relationship between this exploit and others, whereas in the dynamic domain, the .nal score of each exploit will depend on four factors: The base score, the temporal score, the causal relationship between exploits and others, and the previous time slice (this will become clearer later when we discuss the two concrete cases).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: By traversing the graph, there may be multiple paths from a user e to a target user p who is not directly connected with (or directly trusted by) e. Along the i-th path, user e s trust in p can be calculated according to the well-known computational trust model in [2]: m-1 CTi =Be(p2) Bpj (pj+1) (5) j=2 2We assume a trusted central server in charge of the computation of indirect trust and the expansion of trusted neighborhood in the next section.
Sentence 2: finally, the relying entity e accepts the public key certi.cate t0 only if re(t0)=1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: H2(a): Wilcoxon tests showed no signi.cant di.erence in the number of password resets between Assigned Text and either Image PassTiles or Blank PassTiles.
Sentence 2: the lack of di.erence between Blank PassTiles and Image PassTiles appears consistent across the three studies, and is likely due to the very similar nature of the task.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Opera encrypts each username and password pair to­gether with the login webpage URL address, and then saves both the ciphertext and Triple-DES keys into a binary .le named wand.dat.
Sentence 2: these hard problems have been further aggra­vated by the fact that Web users have more online accounts than before and are forced to create and remember more and more usernames and passwords probably using insecure practices such as sharing passwords across websites [13, 30].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 2.2 Secure Policy Deployment As access control policies provide control over all aspects of component interaction on the network, it is particularly critical that these policies are disseminated in a secure fash­ion.
Sentence 2: d.4.6 [Security and Protection]: Access controls, Au-Consider, for example, a custom-made WSN operated by thentication a transport company to monitor temperature inside each of their trailers.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This would allows us to construct a time­bound hierarchical key assignment scheme S ' , on input a graph Gand the interval-set P, using as a building block any time-bound hierarchical key assignment scheme S, on input G and Pe.
Sentence 2: de Santis,A.L.Ferrara,and B. Masucci, New Constructions for Provably-Secure Time-Bound Hierarchical Key Assignment Schemes, available as Report 2006/483 at the IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For IA-32, Intel adds a part to the CR4 control register that specifies whether we want to enable VMX.
Sentence 2: for VM exits due to the new instructions introduced with VT-x, including VMCALL, VMCLEAR, VMLAUNCH, VMPTRLD, VMPTRST, VMREAD, VMRESUME, VMWRITE, VMXOFF and VMXON, MiniVMM just ignores them except VMXOFF.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Figure 2 depicts the steps of realizing this strategy, involving copying a new private page table for SPAD, cre­ating a pseudo memory space and modifying the mapping of kernel page table.
Sentence 2: leveraging hardware virtualization,wepro­posesastrategyof softwareprotection through anti-debugging which imperceptibly monitors the debug event on a higher privilege level than the conventional kernel space.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We will demonstrate that such spatio-temporal protection can be achieved mostly without explicit validation, relying on the hardware s cryptographic engine to provide much of the pro­tection.
Sentence 2: hence, the OS can carry  New Instructions (c) Figure 3: SecureME Architecture: hardware components (a), new instructions (b), and the interaction of applications, the OS, hypervisor, and secure processor (c).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Digital Rights Management (DRM) [23, 24, 25] protects an enterprise s intellectual property by encrypting a protected docu­ment and associating .ne-grained access rights with the document.
Sentence 2: oS-level Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If project B con­tains malicious code, the build process of pro ject A can be compromised independent from the fact whether the build server had executed a build job of pro ject B previously: If the build server was uncompromised before building project A, it can be compromised through the build artifacts of project B that are used as input.
Sentence 2: they are also discussed here.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Finally, we prepend the sled with a relative jump instruction to skip over the sled bytes.
Sentence 2: kornau [34] identi.ed such a property in the fact that every gadget, in order to be reusable, has to end with a free-branch instruction, i.e., an instruction that can change the program control .ow to a destination that is (or that can be under certain circumstances) controlled by the attacker.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As a result of these two con.icting in.uences, Figure 4 shows that the fan-out factor does not have a signi.cant impact on PIE.
Sentence 2: sMIT converts each malware program into its function-call graph repre­sentation, and performs nearest neighbor search based on this graph representation.To ef.ciently capture the similarity among malware variants, SMIT supports an approximate graph-edit distance metric rather than isomorphic graph match.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: P3P appears to have the appeal of putting users in the position of making informed decisions about the use of personal data.
Sentence 2: championed by some as necessary tools for provision of customized services, these sys­tems pose significant privacy concerns, as illustrated vividly by the recent controversy over the RealNetworks RealJukebox player [10], which monitored playlists and sent them back to the software publisher.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This is mainly because an image is human­readable and easier to demonstrate in a court of law even a damaged one can be recognized by a human jury more easily than binary data.
Sentence 2: .. .. (7) where ... ... ................... ........ sec an icon appears roughly every second (roughly equal to one heart­and t is the total signal time in beat duration), which doesn t affect the complexity significantly.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Ideally, physically and logically secure systems would be used for the in-vehicle clients as well as services and solutions providers servers -- i.e., systems that would resist most physical and logical attacks (e.g., physical penetration, voltage or temperature attacks, power analysis, monitoring of electromagnetic emissions), and sensing and responding to all others before a system compromise (e.g., by rendering sensitive data inaccessible).
Sentence 2: such accuracy challenges privacy-enhancing techniques like anonymization and pseudonym switching [24].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: (a) From step 3 of Scheme 2, for any Ui that is a member in sessions j1 and j2 (1= j1 <j<j2 = m), Ui can recover {p1(i), ..., pj1 (i), qj1 (i), ..., qj (i), ..., qm(i)} and {p1(i), ..., pj(i), ... , pj2 (i), qj2 (i), ..., qm(i)}, and recover Kj by com­puting Kj =pj(i)+qj (i).
Sentence 2: dhas t-revocation capability if given any R .
Relationship: neutral