sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Finally, the hyperblock formation algorithm in the com­piler attempts to .ll blocks as close to 128 instructions as possible to minimize per-block overheads.
Sentence 2: it may be that in some cases, overly full blocks constrain the scheduler too much, and that better performance may be possible if the hyperblock generator leaves space in those blocks to provide .exibility to the scheduler.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In other words, as long as there is not enough SPM space, we keep selecting a new victim block, and ei­ther send it to the off-chip memory or compress it within the SPM.
Sentence 2: if a (victim) block is compressed, we count this as an ac­cess to that block, and this delays its transfer to the off-chip mem­ory.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Note that if 2Technically, this restriction turns the unate covering into a binate covering, which is fundamentally more dif.cult than unate covering.
Sentence 2: this formulation has two characteristics missing from generalized binate cover­ing, which makes this formulation easier to solve: a solution is guaranteed to exist, and adding subgraphs to the cover will never make the solution in­feasible.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In general, monitoring interfaces such as JMX [22] and ARM [2], are good candidates for the PaaS and SaaS while hardware and operating system counters can satisfy the requirements for IaaS.
Sentence 2: the volume of the monitored data, the distribution of the data to a central management node, and the availability of the data for different control and optimization schemas raise serious challenges.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In order to validate certain properties of distributed cloud systems, it is often the case that large-scale hardware test­beds are used for observing the application behavior under conditions similar to those met in production environments.
Sentence 2: getting access to such large, distributed testbeds can be dicult, and reproducing results is often not possi­ble, due to the use of shared physical computing and net­work resources.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: ThediferenebetweenDRSDsandRSDsisthatthefor­merdefersomputationofthestartandend,inexatlyone ofthedimensions,untilruntime.Thisisdonethrougha translationfuntion,whihisafuntionthatisexatlythe frstindexexpressionthatontainsthephaseloopvariable.
Sentence 2: inthiswaytheloalloopboundsforeahnodearedeter­mined.Thisallowsorretdeterminationofhangesinpage ownership.Forexample,A[C1i+,1]andA[C2i-,2]pro­vidediferentownershipandaessrangesforthesameloop (whereC1 C2or,1:,2).RegularRSDsforsuhrefer­ : eneswouldallowAdapttoknowthatsomenodereferened thearray;thetranslationfuntionpresentintheDRSDal­lowstherun­timesystemtoalulateexatlywhihnode performswhihaesses.Withoutatranslationfuntion,it wouldbeneessarytoperformstatianalysistodetermine readandwritesetsforeaharrayreferene(similarwhat isdoneinFortranD[17]).thiswouldbeprob­lemati,beauseAdaptmodifesloopboundsatruntime tobalanetheload,whihwouldausethesetstobeome stale.AnexampleoftheodegeneratedbyourSUIFfron­tendisshowninFigure3;itinludesoneDRSD.otealso thedynamiinstantiationoftheloopboundsineahphase.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: INTRODUCTION While the use of polymorphism, re.ection, and dynamic code loading limits the applicability of static analysis in modern Walter Binder University of Lugano Lugano, Switzerland walter.binder@usi.ch Lydia Y. Chen IBM Research Zürich Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland yic@zurich.ibm.com object-oriented programming languages, dynamic program analy­sis is becoming increasingly important because it supports a wide range of software engineering tasks such as debugging, perfor­mance optimization, and program comprehension [11].
Sentence 2: the feasibility of complex dynamic analyses is often impaired by the large runtime overhead introduced in the base program, which in some cases can run more than 1000x times slower [13, 14].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If there are a lot of free pages in a primary block, this primary block should not be erased during merge operations in order to fully utilize its space and reduce its erase count.
Sentence 2: if there only left one or two pages in a primary block, this primary block can be erased like the conventional scheme, since only one or two pages may not be valuable for reusing.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: record Abstract : Set where .eld type : Set decEq : Decidable {type}= Usually, a Set .eld must not occur in a record of type Set, and we would have to give Abstract a larger type Set1.
Sentence 2: agda has a .ag to assume Set : Set, and we use it here in a non-essential way to save the work of having to lift most of our other de.nitions into Set1 as well.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: (Despite the more extensive hardware in Combined, its reliability can be made equivalent to that of Multi-speed, as we discuss later.)
Sentence 2: multi-speed has two disadvantages: (1) it suffers from the performance overhead of changing speeds on the critical path of disk accesses, whereas the equivalent overheads in Combined can be hidden; and (2) the low-performance disk in Combined can be aggressively optimized for low power consump­tion, whereas Multi-speed does not allow such .exibility.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Project Size (NOC) 576803 13.000 590.000 340.520 179.880 Alternative A1 (NOC) 576803 1.000 40.000 20.310 11.190 Alternative A2 (NOC) 576803 1.000 323.000 68.300 99.654 Alternative A3 (NOC) 576803 1.000 576.000 166.540 127.843 Alternative A1 (R) 576803 -16.460 177.794 5.476 4.426 Alternative A2 (R) 576803 -1.937 35.162 3.090 2.590 Alternative A3 (R) 576803 -1.937 35.162 3.672 1.700 Alternative A1 (FO) 576803 0.000 119.000 18.370 20.667 Alternative A2 (FO) 576803 0.000 108.000 20.210 23.251 Alternative A3 (FO) 576803 0.000 250.000 19.040 25.586 Alternative A1 (WFI) 576802 0.000 1.000 0.376 0.172 Alternative A2 (WFI) 543514 0.000 0.500 0.083 0.100 Alternative A3 (WFI) 540218 0.000 0.857 0.248 0.195 The results of Table 11 provide an outline on the structural quality characteristics of the class selection alternatives.
Sentence 2: so as to investigate if the above results are uniform among all possible candidate component sizes, we had to split the dataset and perform further analysis.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The Multiple PVAS pro­vided results showing that a processing request from Xeon Phi to Xeon took on the order of 12 to 14µsec for the frst time only, and 2 to 5µsec from the second time onward, and a processing request from Xeon to Xeon Phi took on the order of 8 to 9µsec for the frst time only, and 2 to 3µsec from the second time onward.
Sentence 2: the In­tel ofoad model gave results such that processing requests from Xeon to Xeon Phi took on the order of 840 to 910µsec.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 3.3.3 Contextual View The Flow View displays .ow information about the exceptions at the statement level with respect to throw and catch statements.
Sentence 2: it does not show this .ow information in the presence of the statements context with respect to the programs hierar­chical structure (e.g., to which class and method a statement be­longs).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A VIRTUAL KERNEL DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY To support kernel-level programming projects for students to learn about operating systems, what we would like to do is provide each student with e.ectively root access on a dedi­cated machine which the student can use to test kernel code and crash and reboot at will.
Sentence 2: we would like to do this without the expense and administrative di.culties of providing a dedicated physical machine for each student.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The simplest edit language is a free monoid whose elements are just words over some set of primitive edits and whose multiplication is concatenation.
Sentence 2: it may be useful to put more structure on edits, either (a) to allow more compact representations or (b) to capture the intuition that edits to different parts of a structure do not interfere with each other and can thus be applied in any order.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Referencesarepointerstootherlevelsoftheintentspeci­fcationrelatedtothispartofthespecifcationandareused fortraceability.
Sentence 2: someofthisinformationmaynotbeapplicableorimportant foraparticularsystem.byincludingaplaceforit inthespecifcationlanguagesyntax,thespecifermusteither includeitorindicatethattheinformationisnotapplicable orimportant.Theimplementorsandmaintainersneedto knowthatthesebehaviorsarenotimportantandwhynot andalsoneedtoknowthatitwasconsideredbytheoriginal specifersandnotsimplyforgotten.Lotsofaccidentsand incidentsresultfromsuchalackofconsiderationofthese factorsbydesignersandimplementors.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: On the one hand, if peer testing is introduced early in the course, it may provide lasting bene.ts for the remainder of the course.
Sentence 2: if too many students have poor testing skills, then peer review may not be fruitful, so it may be useful to delay peer review until students have learned some basic concepts, terminology, and techniques as applied to some early, simpler programming assignments.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The following3columnsshowthe component partsofthe memory load: mutator allocation, mutator collection, and background col­lection.The memory loadvaries greatly across applications.How­ever, with background threads the mutator threads always spend less than 1.5% of their time performing collector work, although theymay still spend signi.cant amounts of time on allocation.
Sentence 2: the total memory load increases with background threads because the collector runs more frequently, using the spare cyclestokeep memory utilizationlow.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: SPECjbb2005 is known to be highly scalable with minimal lock contention, as such it offered little opportunity for SOLERO to show its potential for higher scalability than the other lock im­plementations.
Sentence 2: the single-thread advantage of SOLERO over the other lock implementations carried over proportionally to higher number of threads, yielding the highest throughput across the various numbers of threads.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Similarly, if vector is frequently searched with a key for a match, e.g., using std::.nd if, then it can be replaced with map.
Sentence 2: vector cannot al­ways be replaced by set or map because they are oblivious to the data insertion order (i.e., order-oblivious); Since they internally sort data elements, iteration over them leads to the sorted sequence of the elements.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Be­cause lower associativity introduces more con.ict misses, the ac­curacy will decrease.
Sentence 2: even for a 2-way set-associative L2 cache, on average, our model s prediction can still achieve 87.4% accuracy for dynamic weighting, and 94.5% for static weighting, leading us to believe that PRD shows much promise in future ap­plications to cache optimization.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: From the general model expressed in 0 1 112131415161 Time (2), we determine the model structure by choosing values for n, m. In general, a better model is obtained as we choose higher value for n, m, since more history is reflected on the current measurement.
Sentence 2: a higher order model requires a complex controller design and is vulnerable to over-fitting, representing that a model cannot be used in variations of contexts (e.g., hardware upgrades).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 7 The terms "Java Virtual Machine" and "JVM" mean a Virtual Machine for the JavaTM platform.
Sentence 2: 8 previous work on the Self project has gone a long way towards making it possible for VMs to optimize code written in that kind of style (see [10], [7], [11], [9], [5], [3] and [6]).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It might seem strange that we .rst generate chords for every melody note, and then remove some, while we could directly generate chords only for the notes we are interested in.
Sentence 2: this is more modular; our current mechanism for re­moving leap chords is rather simplistic, but a more advanced imple­mentation could take into account the surrounding chords proposed for melody notes that do not get their own chord, for example.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Lastly, Problem 3 is related to techniques for merging and re.n­ing behavioral models of di.erent viewpoints (e.g., [15, 3]).
Sentence 2: these techniques provide no support for incorpo­rating requirements that relate to di.erent parts of the sys­tem (e.g., a subsystem and a component in the subsystem).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, we obtain isomorphic graphs if we swap the identity of some nodes in the left DAG in Figure 3, say put DAGNode2 in children[0] and DAGNode1 Figure 3: Two DAGs of four that Korat generates for threenodes; the left DAG shows an entire visualization window with several customization options children[1].
Sentence 2: the four graphs (two of which are shown) are themselves all non-isomorphic as they have different shapes.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When writing trace monitors for runtime veri.cation concerns, a success­ful match indicates that the program misbehaved, and so in an ideal case one might hope that a static analysis could re­move all instrumentation, proving the program correct with respect to the given property.
Sentence 2: when viewing trace monitors as an extension of pointcuts in an aspect-oriented setting, they typically con­tribute an essential part of the system s functionality our OBSERVER example is just such a case.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: With this research goal, one might imagine the two sub.elds of HCI and PL share more past research than they do.
Sentence 2: little work has been doneattheintersection ofparallelprogramming and usabil­ity, andthe smallbodyof researchthatdoes existinthis area is mostlyinconclusive[Luf09,HC09,SSE96,ESEG+06].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Mid­dle relays are mostly useful to increase the fraction of killed circuits.
Sentence 2: as seen with the 2:1 (entry:exit) distribu­tion, the adversary is also able to achieve a high fraction of killed circuits without including any middle relays in the dis­tribution, and therefore sacri.cing important bandwidth for relays that are potentially not able to either serve as entry nor exit.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This made lo­ cal operations faster, although it also made remote opera­tions slower, because all direct pointers had to be translated when theycrossed from one machine to another.
Sentence 2: the slowdown caused by translation was small compared to thecostofanetwork operation.The principlewasthat users shouldpayforafacilityonlywhentheyusedit:wedidnot want to slow down local operations just to make remote op­erationsfaster.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Variability-Aware Change Impact Analysis of Multi-Language Product Lines Florian Angerer Advisor: Hanspeter Mössenböck Christian Doppler Laboratory MEVSS Johannes Kepler University Linz 4040 Linz, Austria .orian.angerer@jku.at ABSTRACT Change impact analysis (CIA) techniques have been applied successfully to determine the e.ects of modi.cations when evolving software systems.
Sentence 2: many software systems today use multiple programming languages and they are or­ganized as software product lines (SPLs) to ease their cus­tomization to di.erent customer and market needs.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: At 100% of sampling frequency, the average (90t h %ile) latency is 7% (10%) higher than the corresponding latency in the baseline memcached.
Sentence 2: at the default 3% sam­pling frequency, the average and the 90t h %ile latencies of SPORE are both within 3% difference of those in the baseline memcached.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We decided for sioc:UserAccount mainly because we also use several other SIOC concepts along with muto:Tagging and can thus stay in the same namespace, which facili­tates linking.
Sentence 2: as sioc:UserAccount is a subclass of foaf:OnlineAccount, concepts from the FOAF vocabu­lary can also be used (e.g.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The above constrained optimization is similar to the energy op­timization in previous statistical DVS algorithms [7, 11, 21] in that all of them .nd a speed for each of the allocated cycles to minimize their total energy.
Sentence 2: pDVS differs substantially from pre­vious statistical DVS algorithms (and generally most of previous DVS algorithms) for two reasons: First, PDVS explicitly considers the discrete set of speeds when optimizing energy.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since cameras 2 and 3 overlap slightly, it is likely that they have a corresponding homography and thus camera 2 could send the location directly to camera 3, e.ectively using a shortest path approach.
Sentence 2: camera 1 overlaps signi.cantly with both cameras 2 and 3, and therefore could have a much higher quality homography estimate with both cam­eras.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Compared with rechargeablebatteries[1,2,3], capacitors ownsseveral advan­tages:(i) morethan1millionrechargecycles;(ii) predicable remaining energyindependentofdischarge modes;(iii) more robusttotemperaturechanges, shock, and vibration; and(iv) high charging and discharging e.ciency.
Sentence 2: there is one major challenge in the capacitor only systems: the energy leakage of ultra-capacitors is high when they reach their full capacity, as shown in Fig.1.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In order to avoid restric­tions on sharing between individual data structures and to avoid maintaining per-object reference counts, we group ob­jects into regions.
Sentence 2: rather than attempting to craft our own custom region-based type system from scratch, we will take advantage of a large body of pre-existing literature designed speci.cally for controlling volatile resources the literature on linear type systems.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, it is hard to design a good replacement policy that a) behaves comparably to LRU in replacing pages that were not recently accessed; b) eagerly replaces pages that are accessed only once, similarly to LFU; and c) behaves optimally for large linear loops.
Sentence 2: it is easy to .nd simple policies (LRU, LFU, loop detection) that capture a single locality characteristic each (recency, frequency, or optimal behavior for linear loops).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since the current version of SPI exploits static predictability proper­ties of SDF and associated inter-processor communication strategies which are not present in the general KPN model, it cannot be used in conjunction with arbitrary KPN repre­sentations.
Sentence 2: integration of SPI with KPN espe­cially, restricted versions of KPN that are more amenable to formal analysis as demonstrated by tools such as Compaan [15] is a promising direction for future work.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The only solution is to require that the Exists data type package the necessary type class dictionary itself.
Sentence 2: data Exists :: * where Ex :: Size a => a -> Exists instance Size Exists where --Type checks gsize (Ex (ex :: b))=1+ gsize ex this is simply not scalable as every time we would like to use an open type-directed function on values of type Exists it will be necessary to add another constraint to the data type de.nition.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: And the goal of Equation (6) is to compute the maxi­mal time t to which Ji and all the upcoming higher priority jobs can be procrastinated without violating this requirement.
Sentence 2: the level-i latest starting time LSTi(t) computed by Equation (6) can only guarantee the feasibility of job Ji but not necessarily any other lower priority jobs.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: While in certain scenarios this distinction turns out to be useful, and even desired, it is restrictive in the case of behavioral re.ection, and is one of the reasons why more recent derivatives of such re.ec­tion (e.g., [17]) avoid proxies.
Sentence 2: for associating a behavior through a dynamic proxy as a meta-level object with an existing base-level object, the invocation handler associated with the corresponding proxy would most likely have to be given a reference to that object, and henceforth, the proxy would always have to be used instead of the original object, for instance also for self-invocations.when a method of the actual target object invokes a further method of that very object, there is no way of intercepting that invocation ( self problem [19]).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Measure Category Halstead Internal-code-based McCabe Internal-code-based Shepperd External Henry &#38; Kafura Hybrid-code-based We believe that any complete complexity measure should be in the hybrid category, because the complexity of a module is a factor of both Internal and External complexity.
Sentence 2: much research has focused on only one of the two approaches.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Inlining the implementation thus resulted in complex Boolean expressions in contrast to the very sim­ple Boolean expressions in the non-inlined version.
Sentence 2: the Latctl Batch system, with the least coverage reduction among the industry sized examples, was primar­ily a functional transform with less complex mode logic and inlining did not have a dramatic e.ect on the complexity of Boolean expressions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Some of these problems also occur in delegation-based sys­tems and di.erent solutions have been proposed (see [19] for an overview).
Sentence 2: most of these approaches do not really .t in our model, because all .elds are the potential targets of CRs, so that trivially type safe restrictions like requiring the new value of a .eld to be a subtype of the dynamic type of the previous object are not practicable.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: About adecade ago,in responseto agrowing clamor about the limitations of N-1 checkpointing bandwidth, de­velopers for this application augmented their checkpointing library with .fteenthousandlines of code.
Sentence 2: instead of changing the application to write an N-N pattern, they added a new IO routine in which interprocess communica­tion is used to aggregate and bu.er writes.
Relationship: contrasting