sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In Figure 1, NMC(ki+j) denotes the number of modified components in commit ki+j of project i, and ANMCCi denotes the value of ANMCC during release i2 (i.e., between releases i1 and i2) ANMCC value by dividing ANMCC with the number of the ...... of project i.
Sentence 2: we use formula (1) to calculate ANMCCi: ..  .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Specifying for instance complex mathematical calculations by means of an action language such as fUML in the course of the seman­tics de.nition of a DSML is just out of scope of the language speci.cation process (if the language is not about complex mathematical calculations).
Sentence 2: a semantics speci.­cation language needs to provide means for integrating other  Figure 1.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 6.3.5 DetailsLifelong  learning  mustberegarded  asworkinprogressandisthereforelimitednotonlto  learning  informaleducationalcontexts.Muchofthe  learningtakesplace  outside  ofeducationalinstitutionsininformal(learning)contexts.Comparedwithreflectiveportfolios  (especiallylearningproductandlearning  processportfolio,seeREFLECTIONPORTFOLIOdevelopment  portfoliosillustratehigher  levelsofacquiredknowledgeandcompetencedueto  thegrowingmaturityand  expertiseofthestudents.Baumgartner[2009,p.35]arguesthat thelearning  goalsarenotsetupcompletely  freely  orvoluntarily  by  thelearning  individualhimself,butareorientatedaroundbundleofoperationalizedgoals[ ].Althoughthebreakdownofthesegoalsisself-­-determined  and  self-­-organized,thegeneralobjectivesarepredetermined  externally.
Sentence 2: substantialpartsoftheportfoliowhichprovespecificcompetenceofstudentmay  aswellbeused  forassessmentand  incorporated  intoapresentationportfolio(seePRESENTATION  PORTFOLIO).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: More speci.cally network coding provides the following bene.ts: I-The capacity of the seed server is fully utilized by constantly serving innovative information: This is a critical point; at time zero the seed server is the only node holding a copy of the full .le.
Sentence 2: the download time achieved by the earliest .nishing node is lower bounded by the time that it takes to put a single copy of each block in the network.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Value .ow escape graph for CaseWalkerInit in .gure 5  Figure 7.
Sentence 2: value .ow escape graph for CmpIgnoreCase in .gure 5 .gure 5 calls CaseWalkerInit, which we already established allows its src argument to escape into w. the value .ow escape graph of CmpIgnoreCase, shown in .gure 7, has edges from s1 to w1 and s2 and w2.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Parallelization seems facile, as there is no data dependency between OCL expressions, however, the evaluation language does not have this property, thus, vali­dation is needed to prove the equivalence of the evaluation of OCL and POCL fragments.
Sentence 2: cSP de.nitions of OCL and POCL constructs have been given to provide a common formalism.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As a .nal remark, we would like to emphasize that our project de.nes a programming framework that .ts naturally into the ar­chitecture [6] that is coming out from the most recent activities of OPES Working Group.
Sentence 2: an important future work will be to lead our project into the OPES standard once it becomes an accepted standard, in order to develop an Edge services overlay network of intermediary entities distributed on wide area networks.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Ops 4, 5, and 6 each have node weight of 1 and a slack+1 of 2.
Sentence 2: ops 1 and 2 each contribute 1 to the cycle weight while ops 4, 5, and 6 each contribute 0.5, which forms a cycle weight, Cwgt1,1,of3.5.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Figure8illustrates the ReductionOperation delegate and its use in Allreduce.
Sentence 2: mPI.NET s collectives provide more functionality than the na­tive MPI collectives, despite MPI.NET s simpli.ed interface.For example, the native MPI Allreduce cannot support concatenation of strings, because it supports neither serialization nor reduction withvarying amountsofdataprovidedbyeach process.each of the MPI collectives must be reimplemented within MPI.NET to support serialized data types.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: State about the necessary number of to-be-sent -1 packets is kept in the event that the SPB algorithm triggers the next +l burst before all -1 packets necessary for compensation are sent.
Sentence 2: seen over time intervals which are long compared to the +1/-l burst times, the mean loss for the flow will be equal to the best effort case (Eq.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since computation grows exponentially as one descends levels in the tree of recursive calls, however, it is important to stop slightly short of the scalar case; taken to the extreme of scalars, recursion will lose much e.ciency to stack manipula­tion.
Sentence 2: high-performance recursions do not descend to the 1 × 1 cases, but rather switch to iterations on blocks small enough to be local, but large enough to take advantage of hardware support like pipelines.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Subtyping As already commented before, the nature of sup­port sets makes it natural to pass a type with a smaller support annotation when a type with a bigger support annotation is re­quired.
Sentence 2: we provide a rule that explicitly coerces terms We de.ne two new operations on contexts, G8 and G',which, together with the already de.ned G ' , will be important for stating the substitution principles for our language.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Out of the total 11.7M clients, we have .agged only 686,651 (5.87%) clients who fall into the above category.5 However, 51,864 clients among them were from the Self-Served LDNS group, out of the total of 166K such LDNSs.
Sentence 2: the multi-host be­havior is much more prevalent among self-serving LDNSs than the general client population even though our tech­nique misses single-host NAT ed networks (which constitute a majority of NAT networks according to [4] although not according to [14]) and NATs whose all hosts have the same platform.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Moreover, while video streams will generally even­tually use all blocks of the stream, we have found that only a minority ofVAblocks(e.g.,10%)areneededtosupport usertasks(e.g., manyprograms,drivers,and.lesarenever usedin the average execution).
Sentence 2: vMTorrent consults a set of schedulepro.les associated with eachguest VM to determine the optimal streaming order -dependent on the expected execution pattern.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, while Boston Marathon explosions were going on, in April 2013, users rush to Twitter seeking tweets from the marathon location [2].
Sentence 2: within a large project called Taghreed for compre­hensive real-time and o.ine analysis and visualization for Twitter data (see www.gistic.org/taghreed), we are working on a module that aims to semi-automate the task of visually analyzing event-speci.c tweets, for arbitrary events, over the spatial and temporal dimensions.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: n. Thus, MScala.React ~ u + u = 2u, MS I D-U P ~ c and MELM s ~ n. (b) Propaga­tion phases that leave many nodes in C C unchanged are rare, meaning u .
Sentence 2: c. (c) Propagation phases that affect the entire graph are rare, too, so c « n. usually, MScala.React .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: |Tl| We de.ne the probability pl = n as the probability that the publisher lies in Tl, and p¯l = 1 - pl as the probability that the publisher lies outside Tl.
Sentence 2: the probability .l(e) that a link at level l is traversed by an event e is n-|Tl| |Tl| .l(e) = pl(1 - µ¯) + ¯pl(1 - µ¯) (7) being µ the probability of a node to be a receiver for e, as we de­.ned in Section 2.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: That is, rank statements (for inspection by developers) in nonincreasing order of tls,s.
Sentence 2: here treatment means executing a test that covers state­ment s, and control means executing a test that does not cover s. the linear model for statement s is Y = as + tsTs + ßsCs + es (6)  The coe.cient ts is the average treatment e.ect, that is, the average e.ect on test outcomes of covering s.Hence, it makes sense to use an unbiased estimate of ts such as tls,s as a suspiciousness value for s. Recall from Section 2.2.2 that model (5) is intended to include a set X of covariates that block all back-door paths in the causal graph between the treatment indicator T and the outcome variable Y .
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: (define cust (make-custodian)) (define (lots-of-work ) .... ) (parameterize ([current-custodian cust ]) (spawn lots-of-work )) (custodian-shutdown-all cust ); stops lots-of-work When a thread is created, it inherits the current custodian from its creating thread.
Sentence 2: assuming that lots-of-work is not closed over the original custodian, (custodian-shutdown-all cust ) reliably terminates the task that executes lots-of-work no mat­ter how many threads that it spawns, sockets that it opens, GUI windows that it creates, or sub-custodians that it generates.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, a study on post-adoption assimilation of XP practices found that tool support facilitated sustained use of XP [27] .
Sentence 2: the findings of this study could be interpreted in the following ways: (1) the purpose of this construct was to measure whether the use of tools (Agile project management tools, release management tools etc.,) had an impact on effective use of AMs.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In this work, we are interested in the design of fast hiberna­tion and resuming schemes by exploring the system and ap­plication behaviors and the usage patterns of memory pages.
Sentence 2: a classi.cation-based prefetching scheme is proposed to jointly consider the system/application behaviors and the usage patterns of memory pages, so as to minimize the time delays on system hibernation and resuming.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In Figure 5, the .eld g has type D, and it cannot be shared, because in the A2 family,g might store an object of class E. When a view change is applied from the derivedfamily to the basefamily(for example, from A2!.C to A1!.C), an A2.E object stored in g would nothavea view compatible with the basefamily.
Sentence 2: j&#38;s requires that .elds with unshared types are masked in the sharing declaration.Aduplicate .eld with the same name for the shared class is also generated automatically in the de­rivedfamily.Forexample,in Figure5,itis asifthe class A2.C has its own implicit declaration of .eld g: class C shares A1.Cg { D g; } An instance of A1.C and A2.C contains two copies of the .eld g, each appearing as a new .eld to the other class.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For the last constraint, we must en­code the fact that we cannot add a pointer and a variable, thus v3 must be a scalar.
Sentence 2: if p1 is de.ned as p1 = p2+v, then its region is given by the admissible region of p2 added to all the possible values of v. That is why we must con­sider the interval range of v. Before moving on, we draw the reader s attention to the abstract semantics of the free(v) instruction.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is straightforward to check that the signature computed at line 3 belongs to [0, p · q - 1].
Sentence 2: no reduction modulo N is necessary before returning S. Algorithm 1: Unprotected CRT-RSA Input : Message M, key (p, q, dp, dq, iq) Output: Signature Md mod N 1 Sp = Mdp mod p // Signature modulo p 2 Sq = Mdq mod q // Signature modulo q 3 S = Sq + q · (iq · (Sp - Sq) mod p) // Recombination 4 return S  2.3 The BellCoRe Attack In 1997, an dreadful remark has been made by Boneh, DeMillo and Lipton [BDL97], three sta.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Han­dling the .lesystem is important to allow a test generator to cover code dependent on .les, but that is not the only reason: In our past experiments on SF100 [8], we had incidents where several parts of the hardrive were wiped out during test generation by unfortunate sequences of calls and inputs.
Sentence 2: we added a cus­tom security manager that allows .les to be read, but not to write, delete or execute any of them.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the preceding step, Algorithm 1 cached a True answer for the question of subtyping of the f and r types, which are essen­tially the declaring types of the f and r constructors in Al­gorithm 4.
Sentence 2: if Algorithm 4 will check for co-variance of the objects generated by the constructors it will get the inevitable (tentative) True answer from the cache.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Later on, as the meta-model evolved, it became apparent that the import/export service should be orthogonal to the meta-model and most impor­tant that the environment should support meta-model ex­tension.
Sentence 2: a .rst, extremely simple meta­meta-model was implemented, which, at the time, could rep­resent entities and relationships (1998).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In VecImp, functions are also polymorphic in the context they are called in.
Sentence 2: the signature of this dot instance is: float block [4] dot( bool block [4] current _mask , vec3 block [4] a, vec3 scalar b); As a more sophisticated example, let us reconsider the intro­ductory example in VecImp (Figure 4).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is, however, not a simple task to build low power consuming applications because of the heavy use of many power consuming features of mobile devices such as the screen to display maps, the radio to receive and send data, or a built-in GPS receiver for positioning.
Sentence 2: to minimize the power consumption, an application has to take great care in how it uses a devices features, especially if the application is to run continuously.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 2agnostic regoins for data-parallel sections of code once and share the compiled region with all threads that pro.led the code region (see 3Our approach builds on @ and extends it to compile thread­ @ in Figure 1).
Sentence 2: the pressure on the underlying JIT compiler is reduced and translations become available instan­taneously to all threads that execute the same region as soon as the .rst of a number of identical regions has been compiled.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Alternative access patterns, such as a shared .le pattern, may alleviate metadata bottle­necks but inject arti.cial synchronization into the applica­tion.
Sentence 2: a unique data organization is desired that exploits the log like I/O behavior of performance analysis tools, allows for uncoordinated access to a shared .le from multiple processes, and tolerates lazy I/O semantics.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Therefore, both the LSVMs and NLSVMs sharing a physical core will still obtain the same amount of CPU time thus ensuring fairness; but an LSVM will be scheduled more frequently albeit with a smaller time slice, resulting in shorterCPU accesslatency forthe LSVM.
Sentence 2: for an I/O-bound application, vSlicer gives thecorrespondingLSVM morefrequentCPU accesses each forashorterduration toprocessitspendingI/O activities, resulting in better application-level performance.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When such a plan schema does not exist, a bottom-up strategy is taken, and as a re­sult a new schema is built and stored in memory.
Sentence 2: a plan schema is developed in the context of a speci.c pro­gramming language and paradigm, and is therefore based on some underlying assumptions about the decomposition method, the execution model, and so forth.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: is harder than writing user-mode code.
Sentence 2: most advanced software rather than consider drivers monolithically, we can parti­engineering tools available today apply only to user-mode code, tion them as a high-performance component that handles the data anddebuggingkernelcode often requires remotedebuggingona pathandalow-performance component that handlesthe control second machine.Alargesteptoward addressingthisproblemisto path.Onlythe performance critical data-pathcodeneedruninthe movedriversoutofthekernel[8,11,20,25,37].
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Bank-Level Partition Mechanism (BPM) 3.1 Overview of BPM The key idea of BPM is that OS memory management system uses a page-coloring mechanism to partition banks into several groups and maps each thread (process) to a specific bank group.
Sentence 2: memory controllers can passively schedule memory requests in a thread-cluster (or core-cluster) way, i.e., scheduling one thread s memory requests to pre-specific banks.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To help the tester managing the .rst class of problems (P4.2.a), we create a correspondence between the Inputs (and Outputs) we can observe in the source code and the LTS actions.
Sentence 2: we classify the LTS alphabet in In­put, Output and Internal Labels, with the following seman­tics: if the component C1 receives a message labeled by L Input, (it means that) C1 receives an input from the sys­tem, computes the value and issues a message to some other components; when L is an Output label, the component pro­duces an Output; if the action is labeled as an Internal one, the system performs internal operations (e.g., forwarding messages between components).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 3.1 References in Java Class Files Our tables of incompatible changes present the conditions under which classes should be recompiled in a technically precise form.
Sentence 2: we use some special terms, .rst in­troduced in the speci.cation of binary class format in JVMS, plus our own terms direct and indirect references from one binary Java class to another.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: w1 ' = out(W, S,w(x)) · end(R) · loc(W, ok) w2 ' = out(R, S,r(x)) · end(W) However, since any instance may terminate only when it may do so in both S1 and S2, the acceptance sets corresponding to these other possibilities will be the same as T[S1](w1) N T[S2 ](w2),so we do not show them here.
Sentence 2: t[S](w) = T[S1](w1) N T[S2](w2).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: CONCLUSIONS Even though good performance can be achieved with the defaultparameterpair for thenumberof computeunitsand the number of processing elements per compute unit [15], it is shown in this work that the automated optimization framework scheduled for ViennaCL 1.1.0 leads to signi.­cantly improved execution performance ranging from a few percent to up to a factor of seven on a low-end GPU.
Sentence 2: even though ViennaCL is designed to be a general purpose linear algebra library, it now automatically adopts to the available targethardwaretoobtain thebestpossibleperfor­mance for a bearable tuning time frame.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 5.3.2 Resource mobility When a resource being used in a composition is mobile, or is no longer available due to resource restrictions, we need to identify an alternative service to ful.ll the part that was being played by the missing service.
Sentence 2: when a re­source either moves or is no longer available, all the services that were available through that particular device become unavailable.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: These include the modeling of non­functional requirements affecting the RA architecture, cus­tomization constraints regarding product deployment, as well as means to provide inner integrations with wrapped prod­ucts.
Sentence 2: based on the modular structure of C3A, its evaluation and evolution process, and the ability to adapt its lean C3A artifacts, the teams can effectively implement an agile architecture without being derailed by changing strate­gic needs.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Sazzad Hasan University of Technology, Sydney PO Box 123 Broadway NSW 2007 +61-2-9588 2591 shasan@it.uts.edu.au  One of the important characteristics of Software Process Improvement (SPI) is to help the software organization evaluate their current practices and guide them towards improving their performance.
Sentence 2: sPI is largely dependent on the active participation of the all key people and employees in improvement program.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The equation above can then be reduced to D= (i + 2) 3 .
Sentence 2: mss the total time to recover after i movements is the sum of the following components: Time spent on recovery information requests as given by: Trec _ req = (Nmss _ log s +1) * Dmss * r *Tlog_ w Here we assume that the size of a request packet is not more than the size of a log entry packet.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: ASSUMPTION 3 In a non-transactional datastore, if two units of work Ui and Uj both update the same entity e, and the datastore executes Ui s write before Uj s write, then the version of e created by Ui is ordered before the version created by Uj .
Sentence 2: in datastores not supporting transactions, we can de­termine ww-dependency edges if we can determine the order of execution of individual operations.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The following theorem pro­vides this accuracy constraint: 1 Given estimated location x(t), the maximum location er­ror, er(t) that may be tolerated while preserving the cor­rectness of searched entity list, with respect to true location x(t), is given by: 1 1 er(t) = max{(rk)/2, V(t)} k+1 - r 1 , where rn represents the radius of the smallest circle cen­tered at enclosing the nearest n entities, and V(t) is a thresh­old on the smallest error that may ever be requested.
Sentence 2: if after obtaining the location estimate, the estima­tion error is known to be within er(t), then the list produced is same as that produced by a mobile device which knows the true location.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The handle .op-rule is the most involved of the reduction rules.
Sentence 2: a handled operation application handle op V (.x.M) with H reduces to the body of the operation clause Hop = .p k .N with the parameter V substituted for p and the continuation .x.M substituted for k. Any further operation applications should be handled by the same handler H. we wrap H around M. The frame -rule allows reduction to take place within any stack of computation frames, that is, inside any evaluation context.
Relationship: reasoning