sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Our approach folds all such attributes in a single attribute base and, thus, boosts the ef­.ciencyof all proofs of possession.
Sentence 2: if the vector looked as (alblc), where b is the representation of the attribute that shall be revealed and a and c are the representationsofthe remaining attributes, onewouldprovidea commitment to a and c and then prove (1) that these have the right binary length and (2) that (alblc) indeed is signed by the issuer (without revealing a or c of course).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 3.2.2 n-Level Advertisement Such level-free dissemination, however, involves a heavy outlay for advertisement due to its too much redundancy.
Sentence 2: 600 8 6 4 2 400 200 60 0 30 0 2345 678910 123 4567 8910 Advertising Interval (sec) Network Size (1K nodes) Figure 4: Ad content size (100 neigh-Figure 5: Upper bound of ad content Figure 6: Advertising costs (.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Our participants hoped that the IDS would allow di.erent levels of access depending on system characteristics, i.e., operating systems, IP addresses, speci.c network protocols.
Sentence 2: while some of these challenges may not have ob­vious solutions, it is important that security practitioners, researchers, and tool developers are aware of the complexity of the full process of deploying an IDS.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 5.2 Intervals Bounded vector signatures can also be used to represent contiguous intervals of values, in addition to discrete sets of items.
Sentence 2: stretch((ß, v,c), k, a): The stretch algorithm takes a par­tial or full signature ß on vector-context pair (v,c) and an amount a to increment the value of the kth component.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 5.4 Probabilistic Extension The focus of the conceptual framework outlined and dis­cussed in this paper is on the classi.cation properties of mechanisms, not on the strength of the enforcement of their decisions.
Sentence 2: for instance the business logic does not guarantee that the roles will be valid for every output; we do not know how the system will behave for invalid HTTP requests; and our space of causes includes every possible combination of any person s identity and any username and password.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As explained before, with increasing m, the sample mean and variance of perturbing data will converge to their expected values.
Sentence 2: 2(b), in which we showed results for Jester dataset, the MAE is 0.5145 for uniform perturbing data with s = 1 and n = 100 when we compared the predictions from disguised data with the predictions on original data.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Indeed, insubvertible encryption is a versatile construction that can be used in other contexts apart from RFID privacy namely, whenever there is distributed exchange of some form of en­crypted tokens one may legitimately pose the question of whether user s privacy may be violated by unnoticed side­channels being exploited by malicious parties.
Sentence 2: in Advances in Cryptology CRYPTO 2004.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Our improved implementation evaluates about 500,000 non-linear gates per second (2µs per gate) on the same host (setting as described above) and about 350,000 non-linear gates per second (3µs per gate) over WLAN (setting as de­scribed in §4.1).
Sentence 2: table 3: Comparison of circuit sizes and performance when run on the same machine.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We could reach 24 hours a day and 365 days a year monitoring at the doorway of the university using the service.
Sentence 2: our department, Computing and Communications Center of Kagoshima University (CCC), began the inter university data backup experiment between us and Media and Information Technology Center of Yamaguchi University (MITC), Japan, in September 30, 2011.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Moreover, the proactive features of SAT are achieved through vehicular ad hoc networks as well as Internet (through access services provided by RSUs or Cellular networks) to provide robust network connectivity for setting up trust in advance.
Sentence 2: the social network is very useful when the VNET application is running among people and in the scenarios when the roadside network infrastructure is not available or under attacks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The TruStore modi.cations in.uence interactions between app components protected with the signature and sig­natureOrSystem types of Android permissions, and on the sharedUserId interactions.
Sentence 2: this restriction enables more security: TruStore ensures safety of the apps loaded via itself, while safety of apps on other third-party markets cannot be guaranteed (es­pecially, in the light of the attack discussed in §1), and the interactions between trusted and untrusted apps may lead to information leaks and privilege escalation attacks.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Available (commercial) code review tools mostly deal with common classes of security bugs such as bu.er over­.ows, race conditions, and SQL injection vulnerabilities.
Sentence 2: as indicated above, we later employ Mobile Java as the main vehicle for exploiting the aforementioned security hole, and in particular, the addi­tional functionality made available by the Java APIs can be convenientlyusedbytheTrojanhorseto exploitthesecurity hole.Togivea .avorofthe functionalitythatcanbeusedby an attacker, we describe the various security-relevant Java APIsfortheJ2MEin moredetail.Wealso explainthebasic security concepts of the J2ME, and at the end of this sec­tion,wesketchDRM mechanismsfor mobilephonesbecause these mechanismscanalsobecircumventedby meansof the security hole.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In order to evaluate the security of the scheme, we consider a static adversary which wants toattack aclass u.V at a certain time period t.T and which is able to corrupt al l users not allowed to com­pute the key ku,t.
Sentence 2: the ISPIT in [11] can be also used to reduce the diameter of the graph representing the partially ordered hierarchy to three, by adding O(p·d·(3 log p)d-1 · log log p) new edges and vertices.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We use circles to represent ac­cessor spaces of three controllers, c1, c2 and c3, of a shared data item.
Sentence 2: the privacy risk of a con.icting segment is calculated by a monotonically increasing function with the follow­ing parameters: Number of privacy con.icts: The number of privacy con­.icts in a con.icting segment is indicated by the number of the untrusting controllers.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Master s thesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2004.
Sentence 2: the signature size of ETA is 6, 8, 1.3 and orders of magnitudes times smaller than that of HORS/HORSE, online/of.ine signatures, ECDSA/token-ECDSA and HORS++, re­spectively.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Currently, there is no obvious way to attack this business model directly, as the most important elements seem to be beyond direct control of the client.
Sentence 2: at the beginning of the graph, the system is in a simple equilib­rium; furthermore, we assume each member of the group is making enough money that the system is pro.table for ev­ery participant (except, of course, the unwitting host of the FMM).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 1230­1234, May 2005 [6] M. Krasicki, P. Szulakiewicz, A new space­time diversity scheme for WLAN systems , Proc.
Sentence 2: r| RMRfDEMRRRReR|>12 can be achieved at SNR=5.5dB for some frames in the 2nd pass, and for most frames not before the 3rd one.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Sentence 2: the permutation algorithm can help us identify an optimal solution for a con.ict resolution, but it is inef.cient for the .rewall policies with a larger number of con.icting rules within some con.ict corre­lation groups.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The increased memory contention inter­feres with other memory-intensive CPU tasks, e.g., packet acquisi­tion from NICs, preprocessing, and CPU-based pattern matching.
Sentence 2: achieving high memory­access performance on a NUMA system requires the application to carefully place the data to minimize the cross-domain memory access, because remote memory access tends to incur 40-50% more latency and 20-30% lower bandwidth compared to local memory access [22].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: It seems possible that other PKI implementers have taken a simi­lar approach to check that a certi.cate meets speci.ed requirements or is compatible with a given pro.le.
Sentence 2: as the certi.cates are computer-readable and the Grid Certi.­cate Pro.le is relatively well-de.ned, there is clearly scope for au­tomation of this compliance check.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In this case, suppose we again transmit an n-bit string X uniformly over a codeword of radius R, and then Wendy is able to toggle exactly wn bits in hopes of forcing a failed decoding.
Sentence 2: this result is so pessimistic that it applies even to the transmission of a single datagram, a message of constant length, within a cover stream of arbitrary size.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The traf.c markers are generated and used by various Web services to bring together stateless HTTP request/reply messages and to keep track of the webpages users visited, user devices, or the users themselves.
Sentence 2: fi}.Sk is the set of i = users whose activity .ngerprint length is at least k,and Fi k is the set of users (other than ui) whose activity .ngerprint contains Fi as a subset.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Intuitively, if probes from an infected source arrive at the monitor1 before scans from a different infected host, we can infer that the .rst host was infected before the latter one.
Sentence 2: this ever-present threat of Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: and the arcs that lead to it are represented with dashed lines, to pictorially denote the fact that they do not belong to the original graph.
Sentence 2: for instance, agent a has a relationship of type ManagerOf (MOf for short) with ß and a relationship of type ColleagueOf (COf) with ..In the example, social network relationships can be established also based on agents personal relationships.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: After apply­ing our patch for the 2.6.24.3 kernel to the 2.6.36.2 ker­nel (line 2.6.36.2+patch run 1), throughput is signi.cantly higher compared to the unpatched counterparts.
Sentence 2: we do want reviewers,kerneldevelopers, system administrators and users to understand that the latest kernel is not always the best kernel.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We do realize that API call analysis, information .ow tracking or network monitoring techniques can contribute to a deeper analysis of the malware, providing more useful information about malware behavior and more accurate results.
Sentence 2: this way we can di.erentiate between benign applications that demonstrate very similar system callpatterns, andmalicious trojan applications that, even if having the same name and identi.er, have a di.erent behavior in terms of distance be­tween example vectors.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, in C7552 circuit, a defender thinks that iL will Lake 46 days to decipher the netlist while the attacker will take more than a thousand ;-,rears.
Sentence 2: to obfuscate a circuit Vith a reasonable performance overhead, we selected the key size aB 5% of number of ga.tcR in that circuit.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: = RH  {(r2, r1)} grantObjPermToRole ([c, o1, a1], r1) [c, o1, admin], [role, r1, empower] ([c, o1, a1], r1) .
Sentence 2: all three sub-models rely on the concept of role ranges, which are used as administrative domains.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: (3) P k P k holds since k coverBmssc (k) = 4 · k cover mssc* (k) [11], and because for any rt, orderBemts (rt) = d · orderBmssc (Srt ), since Bemts may insert up to d nodes of T before each node rti output by Bmssc.
Sentence 2: upon vis­itinga node,thelasttransforminthe corresponding sequenceis applied to the output(if not .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Early steps in rich authentication have been promising ( Cell phones show hu­man movement predictable 93% of the time.
Sentence 2: all such systems even high­assurance, critical systems (e.g., nuclear command and con­trol [3, §13.2.2]) that use diverse, independent redundancy from the atoms composing a system s transistors to the hu­mans operating the system require measurably strong val­idation and veri.cation of human identity.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In psychol­ogy, a distinction is made between injunctive and descriptive social norms [8], where injunctive norms are based on per­ceptions of approved and disapproved behaviours, whereas descriptive norms are based on perceptions of what others typically do.
Sentence 2: although social engineering may play a role in the attacks found, this has up to now not been expressed in terms of con.icts between di.erent norms.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Then, the algorithm considers each possible combination of Aurora expressions in Sec Objs1 and Sec Objs2 and per­forms over them the required operation R.p (i.e., Union, Join and Resample) (steps, 2.f.i.1-3).
Sentence 2: the .nal returned protec­tion object like representation of graph G has the following com­ponents: {Health},{Heart,SID},(Health.Platoon=X .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Second, as more processes are queued by the CPU scheduler, the last-level caches are less likely to be shared by the attacker and the victim at the same time.
Sentence 2: 5 7) we deter­mined the length of the interval empirically to minimize false negatives, which resulted in a Flush-Reload inter­val of about 1µs in each case.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: These basic policies constitute what is known as valley-free routing [13] an AS never redistributes routes from one of its providers to another; if they violated this, they would end up paying for the privilege of carrying traf.cfor their providers.
Sentence 2: we show that a censoring authority, or warden, that has this capability can detect the network locations of decoy routers; we demonstrate that a warden in control of how a user s packets are routed can prevent those packets from being seen by the decoy routing system; we show how an adversary that can predict the properties of paths to innocent destinations can de­tect the use of decoy routing through timing analysis; and we show how that same warden can launch con.rmation attacks that, by ex­ploiting the differences between a normal user and a decoy routing user, test if a host is utilizing a decoy routing system.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Since this variable is set to true currently (to re­ duce the number of dead contacts and to enable long-lived nodes to continuously contribute to the network, although our measurements indicate that such behavior is uncommon) it does not prevent hi­ jacking attacks; we have empirically con.rmed this by running the new client and successfully hijacking a single backpointer.
Sentence 2: 7The list includes popular movies, songs, singers, softwares, .le­name extensions, etc.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Lawful interception requires the telephone service providers to al­ 4 4 4 4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3 3 3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 2 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 -1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1 Figure 15: Statistical Analysis low access to some particular target s call content and its related meta data.
Sentence 2: figure 5 shows the transformation process where we apply the logarithm function and reduction factor on the original extrema samples, and thus transforming the true covert sample values be­fore being transmitted within RTP payload.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In order to replace the write instruc­tion with our binary patch, we require that the size of the replaced instructions to be no less than 5 bytes 1 .
Sentence 2: it consists of four components as indicated by the shaded boxes in the .g­ure: page granularity taint tracking, byte granularity taint track­ing, patch generation, and VM state recovery.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The disclosed EK private key from attack 1.2. or the Hardware Backdoors of attack 1.3. are nearly impossible to detect.
Sentence 2: categories and Subject Descriptors D.4.6 [Software]: OPERATING SYSTEMS Security and Protection, Authentication; D.4.5 [Software]: OPERAT-ING SYSTEMS Communications Management Keywords Authentication with TPM, Electronic ID, Identity System 1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: GT SF GT in SD NY C LA Twitter-Flickr 13,629 474 152 427 236 284 Twitter-Yelp 1,889 160 45 106 50 117 Flickr-Yelp 1,199 120 46 81 42 82 Twitter-Flickr-Yelp 559 33 9 25 11 23 SSN2 SF SSN2 in SD NY C LA Twitter 232,924 75,747 35,068 89,219 54,774 77,402 Flickr 22,169 6,916 2,305 5,730 4,122 4,113 Yelp 28,976 16,463 4,064 6,239 3,629 9,556 Table 2: Number of users in the S S N 2 dataset (total, and divided into 5 selected areas).
Sentence 2: more interestingly, the multimedia com­munity is developing a range of approaches to accurately determine location information from content, such a photos, videos, and meta­tags [5, 6, 7, 8, 20, 9].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This frequently means many runs of the experiment over a wide variety of input variations to assure the relationship between the domain and range of the system under test (SUT) is as predicted by the hypothesis.
Sentence 2: applying the scientific method to our experiments will enable a more purposeful approach to discovering the exact conditions under which our innovations can be expected to operate, providing much greater utility in our future products.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Exploitation techniques Exploit technique Times used % used Physical PC interaction 2 10.00% Improper error handling 5 25.00% Malicious code w/ user input 5 25.00% Malicious code w/o user input 6 30.00% Stuxnet Worm 2 10.00% Total 20 100.00%  4.
Sentence 2: to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We assume a well-managed and professionally ad­ministered virtualizationplatform that restricts access tobothphys­ical resources and privileged administrative interfaces.
Sentence 2: much of this evaluation is necessarily qualitative: while we have taken efforts to evaluate against published vulnerabilities, virtual­izationonmodernserversisstillasuf.ciently newtechnology with few disclosed vulnerabilities.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Circuit #2   &#38;#169;2009 Galois, Inc. CSIIRW 2009  C a s e S t u d y a t R o c k w e l l - C o l l i n s H i g h S p e e d E n c r y p t o r P r o j e c t  Key  Equivalence Checking: Some Lessons Learned  Technique is very useful in practice  Originally tried BDD-based approach But crypto is engineered to resist useful analysis of the decision tree!
Sentence 2: since such transformations are done both manually by program­mers and automatically by the compiler, it is absolutely essential to ensure that correctness is preserved through many structural trans­formations applied to obtain a time/space ef.cient realization.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If this switch is in the on position the device will retransmit failed packets, but if the acknowledgement switch is in the off position no retransmissions are performed, and any data received on the low-security input is ignored.
Sentence 2: in Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 92), pages 392 411, Melbourne, Australia, 11 15 May 1992.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The output of the game is 1 (i.e., .. wins the game) if: (1) AggVer(pk, (xt ' ,..t ' )=1 and (2)(.. ' .., .... ' has never been observed in the Query phase.
Sentence 2: in ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN), 2004.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In such an environment, user in­teractions cause JavaScript code to be executed, resulting in changes to the JavaScript environment and the DOM.
Sentence 2: [4] BANDHAKAVI, S., BISHT, P., MADHUSUDAN, P., AND VENKATAKRISHNAN, V. CANDID: Preventing SQL Injection Attacks using Dynamic Candidate Evaluations.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: If at least one pattern matches, then the individual is an XSS exploit (i.e., the test verdict will output yes, vulnerability detected ).
Sentence 2: even in 2012, the fault detection capabil­ity of such tools is low: the best ones only detect 40% of non-sanitized Type-2 XSS, and 1/3 do not detect any[3, 2].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Kilpatrick s Privmanlibrarycanbeusedtoperform privilege separation on Unix applications and daemons, by performingmediationonprivileged systemcalls: anunprivi­legedprocessperforms regular execution,andatrustedmon­itorperformsthe systemcalls,aslong asthe securitypolicy is respected [14].
Sentence 2: several authors have previously looked at disaggregation, under a variety of names.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For the state-changes, we know that each causes a dAuth or dUnauth to become true.
Sentence 2: alice: Bob: grant insert on table t to Bob procedure def(x), definer s rights insert x into Alice s table t Carl: procedure inv(x), invoker s rights invoke Bob s procedure def(x) grant execute on procedure inv to Dan grant execute on procedure def to Carl Dan: invoke Carl s procedure inv(23) Figure 3: An example with four users in the D System, Alice, Bob, Carl and Dan.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In this paper, we presented the design and evaluation of Aquarium, a system that uses computational techniques to improve crowdsourcing in identifying phish.
Sentence 2: for example, a given participant might not recognize a single instance of phish on an unknown brand (for example, a single instance of the Tibia phish shown in Figure 4), but seeing four instances of the same site but with different URLs would suggest that it is suspicious.
Relationship: neutral