sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This middleware introduced a loosely-coupled, event-based style of component interaction, aligning well with the volatile nature of the network (con­ cern (ii)) and simplifying component recon.gurations (con­ cern (i)).
Sentence 2: experience has shown that programming applications in terms of events rapidly tends to become very complex, especially when multiple unordered events need to be composed together to compute the application behaviour to invoke.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For exam­ple, consider the locksets obtained in the code given at the beginning of this section if we drop all locks that will not reach a subsequent release: 1: void foo(int x) { // unlockset 2:if(x) {} 3: lock(l); { l } 4: ... {l} 5: if(x) {l} 6: unlock(l); { l } 7:} {} As with the original analysis, the lockset will contain l at lines 3, 4, and 5.
Sentence 2: unlike the original analysis, l is eliminated on the false path of the check at line 5 since it reaches no subsequent release.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, Smolka and Grosu [5] take a Monte Carlo approach to model checking, as they randomly gener­ate paths in an attempt to .nd violations, and in so doing they arrive at a measure of certainty about the property being violated or not.
Sentence 2: as in the case of testing, the probability associated to the potential violation of the property is subject to a con.dence value, which in order to be su.ciently high, requires large amounts of paths to be generated.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Specifically, the state information would include the current disease state of every farm in the area managed, countdowns to state transitions, some state information about farms outside of the area managed (enough to know which can or cannot receive contacts), records of past contacts among farms (in case the simulated disease control authorities need to do tracing , or following the path of infection backwards from a detected infected farm), the current shape of the disease control zones, and more.
Sentence 2: in the PAW algorithm, all of the mappers are active on every simulation day.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, PDC2 left a comment in the source code about liking CodeGen while he was working, and another partici­pant said that what he liked most is its ability to identify prob­lematic areas:  [PDE2] If Explanation didn t give me warnings, I would not pay attention to the vulnerable code.
Sentence 2: aSIDE is currently a demonstration prototype, work­ing on only one type of secure programming issue, namely, lack of input validation/encoding.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: (y) = {z|z ..F(F1(y1), ,Fn(yn)) and C(ye,f1(y1), , fn(yn)) is valid} As stated earlier, the above definitions taken from [5] and [12] provide just enough formalism for capturing the notion of solids and operations on them in the programming world of LSD.
Sentence 2: a solid modeling kernel for maintaining solid models and operations in the solid world is also required.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, if a virtual call site has the same dominant call target in all executions, the analysis may decide to inline the method uncondition­ally.
Sentence 2: it is possible that the repository contains pro.le data that contradicts itself for di.erent runs of the program, such as a call site that is dominated by calls to method A in some executions, and method B in others.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This approach does produce an adequate encoding, but it is rather inconvenient to use.
Sentence 2: an implicit conversion can reduce the need to apply this conver­sion explicitly (line 61): trait LambdaUpcast extends Lambda { case class Upcast[U, T <: U](e: Exp[T]) extends Exp[U] implicit def upcast[U, T <: U](e: Exp[T]): Exp[U] = Upcast(e) } Scala type inference is too fragile and unpre­dictable for handling such implicit conversions (as shown in the companion code) or a robust variant.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The main problem of the system in Example 4 is that the rules are not constructor-based.
Sentence 2: for functional logic programming, the class of considered systems can be further restricted since we are interested in the class of weakly orthogonal, constructor-based CTRSs.7 We want to show that a slightly modi.ed transformation preserves con.uence for this class.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As most GC implementations, it competes with heap expansion, as at a given time a decision is made if one or the other is retained as a solution to a heap over.ow.
Sentence 2: we have avoided tight coupling of our GC algorithm with symbol table expansion, partly because we wanted to be free to use Java libraries like HashMap or possibly other Map implementations for our symbol tables.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Most of the above DVS algorithms in RTOS assume an embedded hard real-time environment, where the workload consists of only real-time applications and the WCETs of applications are achievable or deliverable.
Sentence 2: our SRT-DVS algorithms target a typical open mobile environment with mix of multimedia and best-effort applications, where it is difficult to precisely estimate the WCETs of applications.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The abovementioned proof assistants employ higher­order logics and type systems in order to maximize expressiveness and generality, but also to facilitate modularity and reuse of veri.­cation effort.
Sentence 2: despite the expressiveness of these theorem provers, effective solutions to some veri.cation problems can often only be achieved by going outside of the provers base logics.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A unifying medium is clearly useful because it converts problem of size n2 mapping all languages to all other languages into one apparently of size 2n.
Sentence 2: c is a poor uni.er: manual resource management, reliance on mutable storage and machine-and compiler-dictated object layout present a low-level medium for glue code, while the lack of run-time checks greatly complicates debugging.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In contrast to the above scenarios, remodularizations in SubjectJ did not require making these kinds of decisions because only one strategy, split method, was ever used.
Sentence 2: 4.4.3 Automation of Transformations The more complex separation strategies used in the Java remodularizations usually involved manual transformations not well-supported by the available automated refactoring tools.the only strategy usedin SubjectJ remod­ularizations was the split method strategy, which is rel­atively well-supported by Eclipse.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: They have been proposed assuming that all components (blackboard, con­trol, and knowledge sources) implicitly trust each other, andthereisno meansof any unwanted activity amongthem.
Sentence 2: many distributed applications(such asthose men­tioned earlier) require to take into consideration security, since data sources may handle sensitive or valuable data, such as personal or credit card information.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: All these e.orts target on improving a single Kmeans process, which can be integrated in Mux-Kmeans.
Sentence 2: some researchers aim at choosing a set of representative initial centroids, expecting improving the  (a) Lastfm Dataset k:6, s:8 (b) Net.ix Dataset, k:6, s:8 (c) Bio train Dataset, k:6, s:8 Figure 6: Lastfm, Net.ix and Bio train Clustering Quality (a) k:6, s:8 (b) k:12, s:8 (c) k:18, s:8 (d) k:6, s:20 (e) k:12, s:20 (f ) k:18, s:20 Figure 7: Bio train Clustering Quality   (a) Lastfm Datset (b) Net.ix Dataset (c) Bio train Dataset Figure 8: Elapsed Time clustering result quality.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We extend the concept of Primary Site locking to a situation where the GCMD and a participating site could jointly own a DIF entry, thus making it necessary to acquire a lock from the second owner every time an update needs to be propagated.
Sentence 2: given the simple needs of the IDN framework, locking is not extended to reads, i.e., it is possible that a user is viewing a DIF entry in a certain sense, and before he or she completes viewing, it gets updated at a different site and a propagation of the update is in progress.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Commercial leak detectors such as[16,28]enable visualization ofheap objects of different types,but do notprovide the ability topinpoint the cause of a memory leak.
Sentence 2: existing research detectors use growing types [20,23](i.e.,types whosenumber ofinstancescontinuestogrow) or object staleness[8,18]toidentify suspiciousdata structuresthat may contributeto a memory leak.ingeneral, amemory leak caused by redundant references is due to a complex interplay of memory growth and staleness and possibly other factors.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To motivate the need for virtual properties, it is important to bear in mind that a significant amount of Semantic Web metadata originates from relational databases whose schemas were designed with the objectives of consistency and optimized access in mind.
Sentence 2: a user may also care about properties that are derivable from or are redundant with properties already given by the schema or ontology, such as Contacts residing at the destination.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: CONCLUSION Using jmle to execute the electronic purse speci.cations resulted in signi.cant improvements to both the speci.ca­tions and the jmle tool itself, and produced a comprehensive unit test suite that can be used to test both the speci.cations and the implementation.
Sentence 2: this e.ort did require a larger time investment than would be typical for applying a lightweight tool (that does not require signi.cant human interaction while executing).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This rule states that the heap must consist exactly of the code pointer pto be overwritten.
Sentence 2: specializing Cto A- *C, we can use the rule for cases where there is additional heap A. G |(p.B) *Afc: C (- *I) G |p.Bfc: A- *C (MOVCODE) G |p.Bd fmovc fp; c: A- *C d(- *E) G |(p.B) *Afmovc fp; c: C we have to be careful how we specialize C. Suppose we allowed any type here, including A.C. Then we could pick p.Bfor Aand infer: G |(p.B) .
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Based on the formulation of the t-test, it means that the null-hypothesis can be rejected if Xtl - Xtr >t.,a qS2 S2 tl tr + VV where V is the number of samples PMi (x1,...,xm) in the experiment E. Since the denominator is a positive number, the whole fraction is non-positive.
Sentence 2: the right hand side t.,a is a non-negative number since we assumed that a = 0.5.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 6.6Discussion Forreconfgurablecomputingapplications,bitwidthsav­ingscanbeamakeorbreak"diferencewhencomparing computationaldensity{performanceperarea{tothatof conventionalprocessors.BecauseFPGAsprovideanaddi­tionallayerofabstraction(emulatedlogic),itisimportant tocompile-throughasmanyhigherlevelsofabstractionas possible.Staticallytakingadvantageofbitwidthinforma­tionisaformofpartialevaluation.Itcanhelptomake FPGAscompetitivewithmoretraditional,butlessadap­tive,computingsolutions.Thus,bitwidthanalysisisakey technologyenablerforFPGAcomputing.
Sentence 2: forASICimplementations,bitwidthsavingswilldirectly translateintoreducedsiliconcosts.Ofcourse,manyofthese costsavingscouldbecapturedbymanuallyspecifyingmore precisevariablebitwidths.manualoptimization comesatthecostofmanuallabor.Additionally,reduc­ingtheprobabilityoferrorsisinvaluableinanASICenvi­ronment,wherecompanieswhomisswithfrstsiliconoften missentiremarketwindows.Asweapproachthebillion­transistorera,raisingthelevelofabstractionforASICde­signerswillbearequirement,notaluxury.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Conventional behaves similarly for Multi-node and our realwork­loads,as depictedinFigure14,againfortheAverageweekandac­curate run time estimates.
Sentence 2: figure 15 shows that Green-VarPrices spreads the load across the week, achieving a green en­ergy increase and a cost savings of 45% and 25%, respectively.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Martincic [10], Yang [19], and Li [9] are the only ap­proaches except ours to support classi.cation based on fea­ture vectors from multiple sensor nodes.
Sentence 2: the fea­ture vectors used by Martincic [10] are limited to a single dimension per node, and Li [9] relies entirely on the base station for classi.cation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: RESEARCH IN MOTIVATION FOR SOFTWARE ENGINEERING The two systematic literature reviews on motivation in software engineering [1][2]both produced long lists of factors that reportedly influence (either positively or negatively) the motivation of Software Engineers to be more (or less) productive, together with several outcomes of more and less motivated Software Engineers.
Sentence 2: the conceptual bases of the primary studies retrieved in these two systematic reviews is very diverse, which make their integration and synthesis somewhat challenging.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As we mentioned in Sections 4.1 and 4.2, this system is notguaranteedto.nd all races,asthecaches maymisssome data sharing events.
Sentence 2: we agree with the assertion of other researchers thatitisbetter tohave a racedetector that is usable but slightly inaccurate than one that is unusable [37].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: RELAY uses a combination of Steensgaard [45] and Andersen [3] .ow-insensitive and context­insensitive pointer analysis, which are used in many static tools because they scale well to large programs.
Sentence 2: because these analyses are very conservative, RELAY overestimates the range of addresses that a memory instruction can access and underestimates the set of locks held at a program point, both of which cause it to report a number of false data races.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This list is held in memory and the unnecessary items (the samples which have already reached the farthest ear and are unreachable in the program) are eventually and automatically deallocated.
Sentence 2: the compass is explicitly polled (this is the functionality o.ered by the hardware) by a separate thread and communicated through the predicate read com­pass/1 which returns the latest read value.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The preceding result demonstrates that the proportional alloca­tion mechanism is a generalization of the competitive equilibrium allocation, to ensure the market clears even out of equilibrium.
Sentence 2: if users anticipate that the market will be cleared using the proportional allocation mechanism, they may not report their true optimal upload rates yi(p)or desired proportions pij (p);they may have an incentive to try to game the system.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For some systems version of this system using 4 GB of memory (consuming 9 watts) per processor, the processor + memory power budget is Effects of increased memory on system power (90 Watt CPU, 9 Watt 4GB DIMM) dominated by the processor (90%).
Sentence 2: for the same system 100% 90% using 32 GB of memory per processor, memory power grows to 80% 0% 44%, or almost half of the processor + memory power budget.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The ultimate responsibility for the format and content of the information in the tab lies with the applications and services in the CRUSE backend, as long as they comply with the CRUSE interface standards by utiliz­ing the CRUSE interface API.
Sentence 2: it is unreasonable to assume that these applications will format and present the content in a usable manner for different form factors; there­fore in most cases CRUSE will retrieve the content from the backend and manage the formatting and presentation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Due to the lack of structure for the USTM signal sets designed in [10], the noncoherent maxi­mum a posteriori (MAP) detector given in [12] requires an exhaustive search among all the possible T ×Nt transmit sig­nal matrices, and has a complexity which is exponentially proportional to the number of bits conveyed by the T × Nt signal matrix.
Sentence 2: an orthogonally designed USTM was proposed in [13], in which the USTM signal is constructed using a known pilot matrix followed by an STBC signal matrix.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the example shown, speculating all loop-carried dependences to make DOALL applicable could cause excessive misspeculation since the linked-list traversal dependence manifests on ev­ery loop iteration.
Sentence 2: a better option is to synchronize these de­pendences as in DOACROSS and speculate only the input­dependent self-dependence in statement C. the problem of inter-core communication latency on the critical path persists.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In Section 3 we will show a direct application of the con­cepts developed in this section to the C/C++ programming languages.
Sentence 2: 2.2 MemoryModel andExecutionModes Ourapproachhinges upontwokeynotions:reactive memory locations and constraints.Reactive memory can be read and writtenjustlike ordinarymemory.differentlyfrom ordinary memory: 1.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In particular, the simulator achieves security in an information-theoretic sense without making any query to the point function oracle and simulates general adversaries using just black-box access (to the adversary) and no additional nonuniformity.
Sentence 2: the construction only achieves computational functionality, that is, given a circuit produced by their construction, no e.cient algorithm can .nd an input on which this circuit di.ers from the desired functionality.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Intuitively, this sounds true since software systems can generally be described (and built) in terms of a set of common architectural and design patterns and these patterns are much more stable than the software system itself.
Sentence 2: eA 09, May 18, 2009, Vancouver, Canada this assertion is highly dependent on the language used to specify the conceptual model, especially on the mechanisms provided to select and bind the base code elements to the conceptual elements.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: One general solution to overcome the limitations of Zephyr would be to rewrite a whole new code generation algorithm that combines instruction selection and register allocation in one phase, as done in many other compilers for DSPs [13].
Sentence 2: this would require too much retargeting e.ort of any compiler designers who want to retarget their compilers like Zephyr.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The order of the mes­sage transmission has a great e.ect on the scheduling of messages, specially if the link serves the way to a number of message streams such as when providing connectivity be­tween two switches.
Sentence 2: it is hard to predict the order of transmission at each downlink of each switch because of the possible jitter in the activation of messages (at their nodes) and also the jitter in the switch delays.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In our extension, if receiving ACK is true, transmitting packet is considered as a success.
Sentence 2: ifreceivingACKis false, thevalueof NRT is incre­mented by 1, as shown in step 7 of Figure 1 and the sender compares its NRT value with the value of aMaxFrameRe­tries.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For Type-3 case (Table 7), MFd < MFn suggests that Type-3 clones are more stable than the corresponding non-cloned code.
Sentence 2: accord­ing to this method, Type-1 and Type-2 clones of DNSJava are much less stable than non-cloned code (The di.erence of MF s for the Type-3 case is smaller compared to the dif­ferences for the other two cases).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 4.3 TarantulawithOutputMapping The Tarantula algorithm presented in Section 4.1 localizes fail­uresbased onhow often statements are executedinfailing andpass­ing executions.
Sentence 2: in theWeb-application domain, a signif­icantnumber oflinesareexecutedin both cases, oronly infailing executions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The .ag is only true 4 when the input value of i is zero.
Sentence 2: because of the 3 plateau, the search is not provided with any direction as to 2  3.2.2 The Chaining Approach The Chaining Approach was originally developed by Fer­guson and Korel [7, 8, 11], utilizing a local search method.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Web services are a promising and currently widely researched approach in par­ticular for large scale open systems, as they offer globally accessible and platform independent applications via stan­dardized protocols and service descriptions.
Sentence 2: (Se­mantic) Web services do not provide support for persistent publication of data, nor time-decoupling of messages so that data can outlive the services publishing or consuming it.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The type of 'aso.promoProdut O'is unknown at com­pile time, since its owning class 'DVD'and the associated 'CrossPromotionType'(in this case 'DVD Player')are not known before their creation at runtime.
Sentence 2: the re­sult of 'aso.promoProdut O'can still be used in a type­safe manner: Assuming a further method of class 'DVD', 'playOn CrossPromotionTypeO', the following code is stat­ically safe: 'aso.playOnaso.promoProdut OO'or alterna­tively, 'aso.playOn netaso.CrossPromotionTypeOO'.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Figure1 tells that at the systemlevel, using absolute val­ues of RSS for distance estimation is not reasonable since identicalRSS valuesmay correspond todifferentdistances.
Sentence 2: for eachindividualcurve(i.e.,from the viewpoint of a single node), RSS values mostly decreased monotoni­cally withincreasingdistance, conveyinginformation about relative near-far relationshipsamong1-hop neighbors.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is an extension to the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS, [2]), which in turn is based on the notion of generic functions instead of the more wide­spread class-based object model.
Sentence 2: the context­oriented features of ContextL are conceptually independent of the CLOS object model, and a mapping of ContextL fea­tures to a hypothetical Java-style language extension called ContextJ has been described in [5].1  Layers are the essential extension provided by ContextL on which all susequent features of ContextL are based.
Relationship: contrasting