sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: AdHocOnDemandDistanceVectorrouting(AODV)isone oftheprotocolsthathasbeenproposedasastandardfor suchwirelessnetworks.InAODV,intermediateforwarding nodesstoredynamicinformationaboutpathstothedes­tinationforwhichtheyneedtoforwarddata.Theterm `distancevector'referstothefactthattheonlyinforma­tiontheystoreforeachdestinationnodeisthelengthof the`best'path,andthenextnodeonthispath.Were­fertothispathinformationateachnodeastherouteto thedestination.Sincenodeskeepmovingaround,routes needtobefrequentlyre-computedwithrespecttothenew topology.AODVprovidesanalgorithmforthedistributed computationofroutes,alongwithaprotocolforrealizing thealgorithm.
Sentence 2: asaresultofthedynamicnatureofamobilenet­work,routesarefrequentlyout-of-date|thepathsthatthey refertodonotexistanymore.Moreover,sincesimpledis­tancevectorprotocolsjuststore`short-sighted'information aboutthepath,theycannoteasilydetectthatthepathhas beenbrokenunlessthebreakisintheirimmediatevicinity.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the absence of such a natural weighting, we have generally cho­sen to maintain the entire distribution.
Sentence 2: in the interest of a single normalized metric for com­paring reuse functions, we formulate a metric similar to that of spatial locality where the cumulative frac­tion of memory operations at each reuse distance is scaled by some increasing function of that reuse dis­tance and summed.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, in [9] it is shown that C++ results in 17­37% larger Code Size in Bytes than C, for certain benchmarks.
Sentence 2: but in our study, both sets of components measured in series 2 and 3 are implemented in C. as pointed out in [26] also object-oriented design implemented in C can cause a Code Size penalty.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: HashTable in X10 (without place type annotations) just as an instance of S, namely p, is used to bind a property in BoxT, in the same manner S itself might contain a property which wouldbe boundby some other .nalvalue.
Sentence 2: distributed Arrays In general, the place of the object that an array element a[i] refers to can be different from the place at which the slot itself lives (which is determined by the distribution of a).the type inference system can takeadvantage of the knowledge if the content of the slot is at the same place as the slot itself, as in the example below: T@!
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We can certainly take advantage of the fact that we are deal­ing with advice as .rst-class functions, and de.ne a shift-down higher-order function that takes a function f and returns a new func­tion that applies f one level below: (define (shift-down f) (.
Sentence 2: args (down (apply f args)))) simply deploying an aspect with shift-down as follows: (deploy pc (shift-down adv)) would be incorrect.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Table 1: Log Interval Values Expressed by the Gene Log Interval Range [1 -8] (8 -12] (12 -15] (15 -40] Represented Values all each 2 each 3 each 5 that keep into account exclusively direct e.ects (e.g., the expected overhead for taking each single log).
Sentence 2: executing the reproductive cycle of even a simple EA on long individuals and/or large popula­tions requires high computational resources.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As DIMM-to-DIMM power variability is mostly .xed post-manufacturing [17], there is little need for real­time monitoring of memory power use for each mod­ule.
Sentence 2: if power variation changes (e.g., due to aging and wear-out), we assume these changes can be detected through power sensors in each module (left as future work).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is then challenging for the library s client to .x the problem, since they may not know the precise cause nor even if it is in fact their fault, rather than a bug in the library.
Sentence 2: if library authors make use of gradual typing to annotate the parameter types of their functions, then the error can be localized and caught before the call to moment, resulting in easier debugging.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 1 APFEL is German for apple and short for A Preprocessing Framework for Eclipse (and CVS)  Comparing abstract syntax trees is one approach to compute fine­grained changes, however it is complicated and time-consuming [19, 20].
Sentence 2: aPFEL represents the syntactic content of elements (e.g., methods) with tokensets, thus neglecting the order within an element.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Core Operational Semantics of Proto Mirko Viroli Jacob Beal Matteo Casadei Alma Mater Studiorum BBN Technologies Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna 10 Moulton Street, Cambridge, Università di Bologna Via Venezia 52, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy mirko.viroli@unibo.it MA 02138, USAjakebeal@bbn.com Via Venezia 52, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy m.casadei@unibo.it ABSTRACT The Proto spatial computing language [6] simpli.es the cre­ation of scalable, robust, distributed programs by abstract­ing a network of locally communicating devices as a contin­uous geometric manifold.
Sentence 2: proto s successful appli­cation in a number of domains is becoming a challenge to its coherence across di.erent platforms and distributions.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The use of .sheye views for the visualization of graphi­cal models has two advantages: Showing only an abstract view of the model parts which are not in the user s current focus of interest reduces the amount and complexity of the information displayed while still showing all the details in the current focus of interest.
Sentence 2: the inte­gration of a .sheye visualization in a modeling tool avoids the frequent context switches that occur with an explosive zoom, because the surrounding context is always shown.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: With cloning, each packet is processed by one core, hence these read oper­ations are performed once.
Sentence 2: with pipelining, these We conclude that pipelining introduces signi.cant syn­chronization overhead, hence we expect cloning to perform better in scenarios where compulsory cache misses are the dominant costfactor(in termsofcycles spentperpacket).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Finally,innovationsinhypervisorshave alittleperformanceim­plication.Usinga safelanguage mayincur additionalperformance overheadduetothe added callindirections and changed codelay­out.
Sentence 2: as theproportion execution timein ahypervisoris muchless than an operating systemfor a well-formed(e.g., non­blocking) hypervisor, the possibly added execution time should contributelittletotheoverallperformanceofapplications.Further, usingascalabledesignandlanguagecanlikelyimprovetheperfor­mance for medium-or large-scale processors due to the possibly improvedcachelocality and scalability.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If handlers are used, the monitored service will have to become unavailable during the deployment of a handler, be­cause it would be necessary to change the con.guration or even to recompile the Web service, depending on the under­lying technology, in order the required handlers to operate properly.
Sentence 2: the use of a wrapper or a proxy does not require the monitored service to become unavailable, be­cause the wrapper is similar to any other consumer accessing the monitored service, and the proxy is transparent for the monitored service.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Indeed, the knowledge of the relative locations of sensor nodes is assumed or computed in most prior work on multi-robot spatial coverage [7, 9, 11, 14, 22, 24].
Sentence 2: these existing techniques are unsuitable for MAV swarms due to the following challenges:  Lack of Infrastructure Many multi-robot systems rely on existing infrastructure for inferring the relative location of nodes such as GPS, Wi-Fi access points, motion-tracking camera systems etc.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: SingI ( Succ n) where sing = SSucc sing The SingRep class The SingI and SingE classes are kept sepa­rate because while it is possible to de.ne instances for SingE on a datatype-by-datatype basis, the instances for SingI must be de.ned per constructor.
Sentence 2: it is often convenient to combine these two classes.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Introduction Virtual machine monitor (VMM) technology has been put to many innovative uses, including mobile computing [16, 28, 40], system management [17, 39], intrusion detection [18], and grid comput­ ing [20].
Sentence 2: the dif.culty of virtualizing graphical process­ ing units (GPUs) has so far limited the use of virtual machines (VMs) for running interactive applications.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A formal evaluation of AgentCubes [15], which essentially is the 3D cousin of AgentSheets featuring identical programming, confirmed high degrees of end-user programming accessibility and support for general problem solving.
Sentence 2: at this point only semi-formal studies have been conducted to assess the specific contribution of conversational programming added to AgentSheets and AgentCubes.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This work is similar to ours in its overall goal, namely, to assess the bene.ts of using aspects to modularize error recovery code.
Sentence 2: there are some fundamental di.erences: (i) we use exception han­dling to deal with errors, instead of transactions; (ii) we substantiate our conclusions with measurements based on a metrics suite for AO software, instead of examples; (iii) we do not address concurrency; (iv) our study is more general and based on a varied set of applications with diverse error handling strategies.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Freeblokshedulingonsistsofpreditinghow muhrotationallatenywillourbeforethenext foregroundmediatransfer,squeezingsomeaddi­tionalmediatransfersintothattime,andstillget­tingtothedestinationtrakintimeforthefore­groundtransfer.Theadditionalmediatransfersmay beontheurrentordestinationtraks,onanother traknearthetwo,oranywherebetweenthem,as illustratedinFigure1.Inthetwolatterases,ad­ditionalseekoverheadsareinurred,reduingthe atualtimeavailablefortheadditionalmediatrans­fers,butnotompletelyeliminatingit.
Sentence 2: auratelypreditingfuturerotationallateniesre­quiresdetailedknowledgeofmanydiskperformane attributes,inludinglayoutalgorithmsandtime­dependentmehanialpositioningoverheads.These preditionsanutilizethesamebasialgorithmsand informationthatmostmoderndisksemployfortheir internalshedulingdeisions,whiharebasedon overallpositioningoverheads(seektimeplusrota­tionallateny)[50,30].thismayrequire thatfreeblokshedulingdeisionsbemadebydisk frmware.Fortunately,theinreasingproessinga­pabilitiesofdiskdrives[1,22,32,46]makeadvaned on­drivestoragemanagementfeasible[22,57].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: CoreDet, a compiler and runtime sys­ tem, enforces deterministic execution for arbitrary multithreaded C/C++ programs [3].
Sentence 2: it exhibits prohibitively high over­ head, running up to 8.4× slower than pthreads (see Section 6) and generates thread interleavings at arbitrary points in the code, complicating program debugging and testing.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Such services have met an enthusiastic success in implement­ing these large-scale federations thanks to their intrinsic de­coupling properties that improve the o.ered scalability guar­antees.
Sentence 2: a very important requirement of such fed­erations is the capability of the adopted publish/subscribe service to tolerate faults occurring in the network and/or computing nodes composing the federation, without nega­tively a.ecting the provided event noti.cation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: a We choose the task with activity vectorbj to be scheduled next, if: c a j= arg min(at-am) ·bi (6) i=1 Ifaunitis currently hotterthanitsaverage temperature, schedul­ing a task that uses this unit is discouraged: The corresponding component of the temperature difference (at- am) is positive; mul­ a tiplication with a nonzero utilization from vector bi yields a pos­itive contribution to the scalar product.
Sentence 2: if a unit is currently colder than its average temperature, scheduling a task that uses this unit is encouraged: The corresponding compo­nent ofthe temperature difference is negative; multiplication with a nonzero utilization from vector abi yields a negative contribution to the scalar product.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: These objects are, in general, opaque to the structure server, which simply stores them and allows them to be retrieved by domain-speci.c ap­plications.
Sentence 2: as part of Themis s support for behav­ior awareness, certain objects are now only partially opaque, allowing them to provide information to Themis in order to augment the operation of certain behaviors (see Section 2.2).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 7.2 Dynamic Adaptation of Core Performance Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is a widely used technique for dynamic per-core performance adaptation [15, 10] and some AMD commercial processors support per-core DVFS [1].
Sentence 2: off-chip regulator-based DVFS incurs intolerable scaling overheads (tens of microseconds) for our purpose.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Table 2 outlines that the basic counter logic and the rou­ tines necessary to create and check message certi.cates are similar in complexity for both SSL variants and CASH.
Sentence 2: the software-based isolation and execution sub­strate for SSL and VM-SSL are clearly larger albeit we use the conservative values presented by Steinberg and Kauer [26].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: |ai | = 1, then we more easily see that a left-associated expression costs O(n 2) more steps than a right-associated expression: n-1n-1 n(n - 1)(n - i) = i = 2 i=1 i=1 Of course, these are the most extreme cases: most expres­sions will not be completely right-or left-associated.
Sentence 2: any expression that is not completely right-associated will yield an overhead.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Their real reason was probably that analysis of such a powerful construct seemed utterly hopeless, particularly when considering the language s lack of protection mechanisms, as it allows arbitrary behaviours to result from an unstructured data value.
Sentence 2: a recent survey [18] showed that a majority of the most popular websites use eval and that they use it in many var­ied (and often misguided) ways.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: General Terms Algorithms, Experimentation, Measurement, Veri.cation  Keywords Peer-to-peer, Sampling 1 Introduction The popularity and wide-spread use of peer-to-peer systems has motivated numerous empirical studies aimed at provid­ing a better understanding of the temporal and topological properties of deployed peer-to-peer systems.
Sentence 2: due to the large scale and highly dynamic nature of many of these systems, directly measuring their global behavior is extremely challenging.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Because the common CS1/CS2 programming languages are not languages often thought of as web or mobile programming languages a desktop application is the natural choice for a user­interface programming project.
Sentence 2: the recent development of web and mobile application development environments based on popular CS1/CS2 languages such as Java, C++, and Python means that human computer interaction classes can be made more relevant to today s students through the incorporation of mobile and web user-interface projects.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: There is signi.cant reduction in the overall job execution times between 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps scenarios.
Sentence 2: .gure 7(a) shows results for 100 Mbps (a) 100Mbps bandwidth and 30ms delay between clusters (b) 1Gbps bandwidth and 30ms delay between clusters  Figure 6: Execution times for 30ms inter-cloud delay and 60 ms inter cloud network parameters.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In MAT L A B all the variables holding a numeri­cal value are by default of type Double, which means that by default, in the X10 code generated from MAT L A B, all variables are statically declared to be of Double.
Sentence 2: in languages like X10, Java and C++, certain program oper­ations require the variables used to be of an integer type.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Microtasking workflows clearly impose an overhead on a development process, and the total amount written per per­son-hour is likely lower with CrowdCode than with tradi­tional approaches.
Sentence 2: if microtasking is able to suc­cessfully reduce the barriers to contribution and thereby harness value from the long tail of participation the many willing to donate small amounts of time and effort the benefits of tapping into a much larger available resource may still outweigh the overhead costs of using that free resource less efficiently.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A number of overlay multicast protocols have been developed, many of them in the context of the application­endpoint model [3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20].
Sentence 2: a critical issue ampli.ed by the application-endpoint model that these protocols do not seriously consider are the connectivity restrictions imposed by Network Address Translators (NAT) and .rewalls, which hinder and even block communication between certain pairs of hosts.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Model Transformation by Demonstration Yu Sun Department of Computer and Information Sciences University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294 yusun@cis.uab.edu Abstract A common approach toward model transformation is to write transformation rules in specialized languages.
Sentence 2: their usage may present challenges to those who are unfamiliar with a specific model transformation language or a particular metamodel definition.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The pure computation part of the code, i.e, code with no side effects, including garbage collection, is executed by the normal Erlang run time system.
Sentence 2: the side effect part is executed under the McErlang run time system which is a complete rewrite in Erlang of the basic process creating, scheduling, communication and fault­handling machinery of Erlang, comprising a signi.cant portion of the code of the model checker.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In comparison to pure enumerative (grammar-based) input generation, CESI gener­ated several orders of magnitude fewer inputs, and achieved slightly better (6% better) coverage under the same testing budget.
Sentence 2: if one discounts the test input genera­tion time, the time to run the test suite was 5 minutes for CESI, against 2.5 hours for enumerated inputs.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If p is swapped out before executing line 7, all other threads can continue to add requests to the end of the list, but no thread can go over the list to execute the requests.
Sentence 2: several operating systems allow a thread to give a hint to the scheduler that it will soon execute a critical sec­tion[9]sothatthe scheduleravoidsswappingoutthis thread.For instance, Solaris provides schedctl start to announce that a thread will soon access the critical section, and schedctl stop for inform­ing the scheduler that the thread has .nished executing the criti­cal section.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Libraries such as Atlas [35], FFTW [19], and SPARSITY [24]; frameworks such as PERI [36], SPIRAL [28], and Green [7]; and languages such as PetaBricks [3], allow the programmer to set up an application to be autotuned for a given microarchitecture.
Sentence 2: while o.ine autotuning provides great per­formance gains, it has two major problems.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We model tlam and tapp analogous to lam and app.Thefunc­tionthatisprocessedisafunction mappingtypestoterms,i.e., a polymorphic term.
Sentence 2: the .rst parameter of tlam and tapp states thedomain(ontypes,i.e,itis akind,inthe example: *), while the secondparameter states the codomain.the codomain candepend onthe respectiveinhabitant of thedomain,i.e.,itis a family of types indexed by types.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Text messages (or persistent chats) could be attached directly to the piece of code to which they refer, like in Anchored Conversations [3].
Sentence 2: for synchro­nous collaboration, especially when using the audio channel, sup­port for gestures becomes important, which will likely also require some form of screen sharing, such as that offered in VNC.3  5.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: <% activate greeting textInputField empty %>  the notationmustbeusedbecausetheconstructedXHTMLfragmenthas(atleast)twonodes,atextnodeandaninput elementnode.The notationalsoprovidesadifferentnotationforempty: empty =   A.nalexampleforacodeblockinsteadofanattributevaluecon­sidersafunctiontoconstructanalign attribute: alignment :: String -> WithHTML x a alignment what = ]> Thereisaslightcaveatinusingthemarkupsyntax.Thetext constructorfortextnodesautomaticallytranslatesillegalcharacterslike<,&#38;,etctotheirXHTMLentityreferences.Usingthemarkupnotation,theXMLconventionshavetobeobservedinthesourcebecausethetextispassedonverbatimwithoutfurtherprocessing.
Sentence 2: theastutereadermaymisssyntaxcorrespondingtoanattributehole,asintheuseofat inthisexample: let at = attr "href" "http://www.w3c.org" in --THIS IS ILLEGAL: >The W3C thisfunctionalityisnotrequiredbecauseWASHdocu­mentsequencesalsocollecttheattributesfortheenclosing element.Thatis,theaboveelementshouldbeprogrammedas let at = attr "href" "http://www.w3c.org" in --THIS IS CORRECT: The W3C andthesameresultwouldbeachievedbyplacingtheescapeany­whereelseinsidethea element.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This has two important effects by doubling the DRAM size, fewer DRAMs are needed per memory DIMM, and fewer DIMMs are needed for a given amount of system memory capacity - reducing the power per GB for memory.
Sentence 2: newer technology DRAMs are initially pricey because of supply limitations so it may not be possible to take advantage of this right away, and in any case, a careful tradeoff needs to be done for the price vs. power tradeoff.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The flexibility of MAUI is rooted in the basic flexibility of the underlying Swing toolkit; since our goal was to add transparent groupware functionality to this existing layer, flexibility of the underlying tool is not reduced substantially.
Sentence 2: we did determine a set of limitations to applications built with MAUI: MAUI uses a glass pane to implement menu transparency and telepointers, so an application developer cannot use their own glass pane in a MAUI application.
Relationship: contrasting