sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We implemented a .ow-and context-insensitive analysis based on object allocation site abstraction, and found that it proved only 13­34% of the queries for our benchmarks, with an average of 27.5%.
Sentence 2: the combined dynamic-static approach presented in this paper, which is .ow-and context-sensitive, proves 38-72% of the queries, with an average of 52%.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, the CERT Basic Fuzzing Framework (BFF) [14], which supports fuzzing a single program with a collection of seeds and a set of mutation ratios, uses an MAB algorithm to select among the seed-ratio pairs during a fuzz campaign.
Sentence 2: we must stress that recognizing the MAB nature of our problem is merely a .rst step.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Computation insynchronousport-numberednetworkshas beenstudied fordecades; oneofthepioneerswasAngluin[2] in 1980.
Sentence 2: the main focus has been on global prob­lems such as leader election [2, 24], construction of span­ning trees [24], computation of functions that depend on all nodes [5, 7, 23], recognition of topological properties [2, 24], and graph exploration and rendezvous [16].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Previous research has shown the bene.ts of collaborative learning in introductory computer science classes through pair programming assignments [5], with signi.cant improvements to students experience and perfor­mance in the course.
Sentence 2: pair programming is not the only way for students to collaborate on their assignments, and its value as a pedagogical tool has not yet been unequivocally established.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The use of JML, as a DbC tool, minimizes the symptoms of code tangling and scattering of Java applications.
Sentence 2: since the nature of JML 1 Programming with assertions http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/guide/lang/assert.html speci.cations still are crosscutting, the use of the contract aspect pattern provides a better solution to separate the contract concern from the base code, and therefore gaining in attributes such as maintainability.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: From the Sogeti dataset we get: FP = 5.15 TF + 4.74 DF From the dataset reported in [9] we get: FP = 3.76 TF + 7.6 DF This means that in the Sogeti dataset the transaction functions were more complex, and contributed more FP than the data functions.
Sentence 2: in the second dataset the data functions provided the greatest contribution.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the case of Figure 3(a), the target block uses no outer variable, so that the block can be extracted as a new method simply.
Sentence 2: in the case of Figure 3(b), thetarget block refers to and assigns a value to outer variables, so that extracting theblockrequirestoaddargumentsandareturnstatementto the new method.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To this end, many formal approaches support dy­namic recon.guration through the de.nition of recon.gu­ration operations and their formal semantics, as in [26, 32, 4].
Sentence 2: the formal semantics underlying most of those approaches generally allow only for operational (as opposed to declarative) descriptions, and when equipped with ver­i.cation tools, they focus mainly on model-checking tech­niques.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If M and N have the least common re.nement, then this is the desired result of the merge.
Sentence 2: if M and N are consistent but do not have the least common re.nement, then the merge process should result in one of the minimal common re.ne­ments of M and N. Model merging should support the modeller in choosing which minimal common re.nement is the most appropriate.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: While Dt2c and St2c policies provide speedups higher than 5% in seventeen and .fteen mixes, respectively, Linux scheduler only surpasses this value in four mixes.
Sentence 2: the speedup of Linux scheduler falls around or below 2% in six mixes, while St2c and Dt2c policies only do that in one mix.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Observe that the tag bag test as de.ned above causes the supercompiler to terminate when the domain of the tag bag is equal to a prior one and where the total number of elements in the bag has not decreased.
Sentence 2: since there are a .nite number of tags, we can think of a tag­bag as simply a very large (but bounded) arity tuple so by the Cartesian Product Lemma we need only terminate if each of the tags considered individually occur a non-decreasing number of times.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: implementation ReadOnlyList [String] extends ReadOnlyList [ReadOnlyList]{ int size() { return this.length(); } Character elementAt(int i) { return this.charAt(i); } } 2.5 Static Interface Members It is a common task to construct instances of a class from an ex­ternal representation such as XML or some other serialization for­mat.
Sentence 2: the desired methods behave like class constructors and thus cannot be speci.ed in a Java 1.5 interface.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: They tend not to be about creativity, or reflection methodologies are more concerned with normal design (which after all dominates the field) and with normal designers than with radical design and innovative designers.
Sentence 2: expert practice is highly reflective, and gives due attention both to seeking insight along a suggested trajectory (about making progress within a conception of the problem, and a notion of the destination) and to reconsidering the trajectory as understanding develops.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 4.1 Comparison of port ommand/2and port all/3 Since the primary purpose of Erlang s port driver mech­anism is to implement ef.cient I/O drivers, e.g., for net­work or database access, one of its important features is to allow transfering binaries by reference between Erlang programs and drivers.
Sentence 2: the functions that sup­port this feature, the port ommand/2Erlang BIF and the driver output term/3C function (and similar func­tions), have limitations: driver output term/3uses a special format for en­coding terms which supports only a few types of Erlang terms, and port ommand/2does not encode terms (en­coding must be done explicitly before calling it);  they are inef.cient, when used only to pass simple Er­lang terms to and from a driver without needing to pass binaries by reference.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For a single resource case, the optimized resource design parameters, that is, period and execution length, can be obtained by a method based either on an exact schedulability test [4], [5] or on resource supply and demand functions [1] [3].
Sentence 2: it is often intractable to .nd the optimal set of resource parameters mainly because the local optimality of each resource does not necessarily lead to the globally optimal solution [4], [5].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A call to the super-method, like in Truck, will look to the regular su­perclass (originally Vehicle) for the method.
Sentence 2: in Traffic, where TrafficVehicle is the superclass of Truck (now TrafficTruck) that call to super.move(..) will in­voke the move method in TrafficVehicle and the same is true for a supercall in the adds-part of TrafficTruck.To be able to invoke the overridden method in Vehicle,weadd a new keyword to PT: tsuper.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Dynamic Interoperability between Heterogeneous Services Franck Chauvel High Confidence Software Labs School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science - Peking University franck.chauvel@sei.pku.edu.cn  ABSTRACT Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is now one of the most acknowledged paradigms to design and realize scalable ubiquitous systems.
Sentence 2: the emergence of various versatile service technologies (WS, UPnP, DPWS, OSGi, etc.)
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If X .y has con.dence c%, then X .y has expected con.dence c% since there is no reason to believe, without prior knowledge, that y is more/less likely to be in a trans­ action with X than one with X.
Sentence 2: as y is an an­cestor of y, the rule X .y clearly has con.dence c% and possibly much more.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Scan results for IP addresses belonging to the same network, for instance 216.151.157.140 and 216.151.157.135, were di.erent to the open ports.
Sentence 2: all of the hosts were running remote controlling services such as VNC (Virtual Network Comput­ing, a remote control program which allows one to view and fully interact with a computer remotely), AFS (Andrew File System) or, in most cases, both of them.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As illustrated in Figure 3, the Periodic and Random poli­cies checked assertions at the expected frequency since they were both given 100 for their interval and range, respec­tively.
Sentence 2: adaptive Timing clearly performed many Figure 2: Average overhead by policy Figure 3: Percentage of checked methods Figure 4: Percentage of errors detected  more checks on average for constant-time assertions than the other policies.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Software vendors are increasingly becoming aware of security issues in web services, as can be seen by the large number of vul­nerability detection tools available nowadays.
Sentence 2: most of those tools focus on the detection of vulnerabilities at the applica­tion level (e.g., SQL Injection, XSS [9], [10]), disregarding the underlying framework, which is frequently (wrongly) assumed to be secure.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 5.2 Frequent top-k hotspot services We motivate the need for this step with an example.
Sentence 2: table 1 shows top-k (k=2) hotspots in .ve SCG instances of a functionality F. Based on the frequency of occurrence in top-k lists, the services {x2, x3}are the best candidates to optimize F. optimizing these services together might not have a huge impact on requests to F in general, because they co-occur only once in the .ve top-k lists.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Typically, vendors try to maintain the old component version s key properties (e.g., granularity, implementation language, and interaction paradigm), while enhancing its functionality (by adding new features) and/or reliability (by fixing known bugs).
Sentence 2: component upgrades raise another set of questions, including whether the new version correctly preserves the functionality carried over from the old version, whether the new version introduces new errors, whether there is any performance discrepancy between the old and new versions, and so forth.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The square-law with AGC combiner is linearly summed the energy detector s outputs which are normalized by the NT in each hop, and the yn is computed by L-1 2 r n,l1/NT yn =ln l=0 (6) L-1 r2 /NT n,l0 l=0 In this combining method, the combiner needs to know N0, and NJ .
Sentence 2: if the parameters N0 and NJ are un­known, we can used the square-law with equal gain diversity combining scheme.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Net­works of interconnected veri.cation routines are formed, so that all or almost of the interconnected veri.cation routines must be disabled at the same time to succeed in modi.ca­tion, hence, it has an e.ect of increasing the cost of attack.
Sentence 2: concrete method to create them or the implemen­tation are not clearly exhibited.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Operating system resource identi.ers, such as process IDs (PIDs), must remain constant throughout the life of a pro­cess to ensure its correct operation.
Sentence 2: when a pro­cess is moved from one operating system instance to another, there is no guarantee that the destination system will pro­vide the same identi.ers to the migrated process; those iden­ti.ers may in fact be in use by other processes in the system.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: IBM Jazz is one of the most recent and full­featured CDE, which provides both presence and workspace awareness in one place [5].
Sentence 2: 1 http://sourceforge.net/ 2 http://code.google.com 3 http://github.com/ 4 http://www.assembla.com/ 5 http://twitter.com/ 6 http://www.facebook.com/ 7 http://www.lastfm.it/ neither Jazz supplies informal, personal information on coworkers in order to provide them with group awareness, that is, the consciousness of individual collaborators in a group with regards to affective behaviors, collective orientation, particularism or diffuseness [13], which is extremely beneficial to maintain a sense of teamness between geographically distributed software teams [10].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: By performing if-conversion and total loop unrolling pre­vious to ISE identi.cation, the CRC function is transformed into a single basic block, and state of the art ISE tech­niques [2] are then able to identify the whole block as a very high-performance 2-inputs 1-output custom instruction.
Sentence 2: we cannot expect a compiler for a non­customizable processor to aggressively perform such trans­formations systematically: a traditional compiler is guided by heuristics that limit register pressure and code size in­crease.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Assuming an ef.cient, well-de.ned API, prod­uct lines can be designed without the need of individual adaptations to speci.cs of the hardware and OS, which re­duces development time should further product lines have to be added.
Sentence 2: modeling product lines instead of concrete applications reduces the development time required if further product variants are de.ned.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In this proposal, discrepancies with higher locating the discrepancy, identifying the cause of the dis-priority affect more requirements and, therefore, deserve more attention than lower priority ones.
Sentence 2: we are interested in more qualitative classifications, which address Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for the role, or the use, of the discrepant statements.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The high correlation among the two is quite natural, since the larger the Loc of a class, the larger is the chance of .nding lines of code containing calls to methods or variables belonging to other classes.
Sentence 2: fan-in is not so correlated to Loc, since for a class, to have many lines of code does not directly imply to have a large chance of being used by other classes.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Peer-to-peer (p2p) mechanisms naturally address these drawbacks by using players resources and of.oading the servers from perform­ing game management tasks.
Sentence 2: the absence of a central coordination entity leads to a number of new design challenges, in­cluding an ef.cient coordination of the distributed simulation, data storage and discovery, handling player churn, load balancing, con­sistency and latency related issues.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The effort categories that co-occur with the most negative evaluations are Legal Efforts and Technological Efforts.
Sentence 2: it should be noted that despite the clear majority of negative evaluations of effort categories, there are is nevertheless a share of 2 Since each group of interviewees and both cases had different number of interviewees, a comparison based on absolute coding frequencies would give a misleading picture.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: 5.2 Mitigating Non-Determinism When non-determinism is acute, one might seek to prevent it al­together.
Sentence 2: as discussed in §4.2, deterministic replay tech­ niques [15, 20] force the minimization process to stay on the origi­ nal code path, and incur substantial performance overhead.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Today, several process frameworks, such as ISO 24744 [19] claim to implement basic SME concepts.
Sentence 2: although SME was proposed in the mid 1990 s and there is a considerable number of contributions based on SME ideas, there are only few studies dealing with ana­lyzing the state-of-the-art and, in particular, the feasibility when applying SME concepts in practice.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Concept schemas resemble the notion of worlds described in (Sch¨urmann 2000), however while similar in spirit, we simplify mattersbydrawingonthepowerofpairsand cross-productstoex­press the relationship between multiple objects in a context.
Sentence 2: weassume that type constants and object constants are declared ina signature S which we typically suppress since it never changes duringa typing derivation.we willkeepin mind thatall typing judgments have access to a well-formed signature.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Although the situation of 4 successful separated sources gives good accu­racy, it does not have very high percentage of occurrence.
Sentence 2: the sum of percentage for successfully separating 3 sources and 4 sources has the percentage from 88% to 91% at most of tested levels of noise, so a tracking technique with memory can be used to infer the rest source.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Multiplying by the unroll factor accounts for the in- crease to the number of temporaries and edges added to the interference graph.
Sentence 2: this formula tends to overestimate the increase because the compiler per- forms optimizations such as common subexpression elim- ination, dead code elimination, constant folding and others that can eliminate some of the added tempo- raries.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Most feature-level processing tools rely on preprocessed data, such as noise .ltering or multi-touch identi.cation, before the fu­sion occurs.
Sentence 2: this means that data-level processing can typically not bene.t from recognised features as existing architec­tures enrol a one way propagation of events as illustrated in Fig­ure 3.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Akanksha Prakash1, Jenay M. Beer1, Travis Deyle2, Cory-Ann Smarr1, Tiffany L. Chen2, Tracy L. Mitzner1, Charles C. Kemp2, Wendy A. Rogers1 1School of Psychology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA wendy.rogers@psych.gatech.edu 2Dept of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA charlie.kemp@bme.gatech.edu  Abstract Successful management of medications is critical to maintaining healthy and independent living for older adults.
Sentence 2: medication non-adherence is a common problem with a high risk for severe consequences [5], which can jeopardize older adults chances to age in place [1].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since fewer M often occurs synchronization problem, we should choose adequate M. M should be increased in case 1)an adversary can access the tag easily, 2) a communication error often occurs, and 3) an application is damageable against synchronization prob­lem.
Sentence 2: high frequency service by the server is a reason to decrease the M, and smaller M is desirable from the viewpoint of the server cost.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The open class pattern is not unique to Jiazzi; it can also be useful as a convention in Java code outside of Jiazzi components when separate compilation, and especially separate type checking, is not important and source code is open to modi.cation.
Sentence 2: jiazzi makes the open class pattern s use more realistic, and also enables con.guration of features with external linking.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Signs that the field is maturing to become an engineering discipline include textbooks on the subject; the work in repeatable design, exemplified by architectural styles and patterns; robust methods for evaluating software architectures; international conferences devoted to it; and recognition of architecture as a professional practice.
Sentence 2: treatment of architecture to date has largely concentrated on its design, and to a lesser extent, its validation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Thus, if we replace return h3 in test3_internal by return h2, we get the type error Inferred type is less polymorphic than expected Quantified type variable s escapes In the first argument of newRgn , In a do expression: h3 <-newRgn (test3_internal h1) This message adequately describes the error and pinpoints its location.
Sentence 2: although the handle h3 is also created in test3_internal, that newSHandle operation actually occurs in the parent region (thanks to liftSIO), so the type of h3 only mentions the monad IORT r m. The type r is quanti.ed in the type of runSIO, called by test3.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: "NOTES1 Concurrent task execution may be implemented on multicomputers, multiprocessors, or with interleaved ex­ecution on a single physical processor.
Sentence 2: whenever an implementation can determine that the required semantic e.ects can be achieved when parts of the execution of a given task are performed by di.erent physical proces­sors acting in parallel, it may choose to perform them in this way.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Another technique based on impact analysis of CSS changes across a web site [14] noti.es the developer if changes made in a CSS .le are introducing new presentation failures in other web pages of the web site.
Sentence 2: this technique relies on the availability of the golden version of all the web pages in the web site and is not able to handle presentation failures caused by changes in the DOM structure of the web page.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Because the suggested clauses generalize observed execu­tions, they may not be true; even if true, they may be be­yond ESC/Java2 s ability to verify them.
Sentence 2: nimmer and Ernst [28] found that (1) users annotating programs are not encumbered by false inferred clauses, and (2) for two of their three subject programs, including inferred clauses had a statistically signi.cant positive correlation with successful veri.cation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: These characteristics are poorly matched to conventional general-purpose programmable architectures that depend on data reuse (captured by hardware­managed caches), cannot exploit the available parallelism and can­not support high computation rates.
Sentence 2: special­purpose media-processing processors tailored to one speci.c ap­plication require signi.cant design effort and are thus dif.cult to change as applications and/or algorithms evolve.
Relationship: contrasting