sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: A .rst attempt at formulating such a metric might simply be the total number of UP pairs (i.e., elements of the UP relation) that are covered by the role, or, equivalently but with the metric normalized to be in the range [0, 1], the fraction of all UP pairs covered by the role.
Sentence 2: our algorithm for role generation is based closely on Com­pleteMiner [14], although for increased scalability, we could easily substitute FastMiner [14] or the FP-Tree approach [5, 10].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Figure 2(a) shows our implementation of Request(adm, m),in which an ad­ministrator A requests a new set of challenges from the server S. The parameter N returned in step 4 is used as a modulus in the otherprotocols.
Sentence 2: our scheme mustbe able todistinguishbetween twodevices with soft­ware that is con.gured identically.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Triggering an SMI and switching the processor con­text from the legacy host to the SMI handler needs an aver­age of 6.8 µs.
Sentence 2: for instance, using the industry rules-of-thumb of $10K per LOC for common criteria certi.cation as a guideline for the cost of code veri.cation, the cost for verifying 500LOC is $5M versus $100M for 10 KLOC.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: keeping".Thisallowsthekernelandthepoliydaemonto re.synhronizeinaseofanyerrorsinreatingorparsingthe requestmessages,bydisardingtheurrentpoliyontext anddroppingtheassoiatedonnetion.
Sentence 2: whilethefrstaseisprobablythemostattrativefrom anengineeringpointofview,notallIKEimplementations supportdistributionofKeyNoteredentials.Furthermore, someIPseimplementationsdonotsupportonnetion­­grainedseurity.Finally,sineIPseisnot(yet)inwide use,itisdesirabletoallowforapoliy­basedflteringthat doesnotdependonIPse.itisneessarytoprovide apoliyresolutionmehanismthattakesintoonsideration theonnetionparameters,theloalpoliies,andanyavail­ableredentials(retrievedthroughIPseorothermeans), anddetermineswhethertheonnetionshouldbeallowed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: While an attacker .ooding the mix will be able to distinguish her black messages from other messages exiting the mix, the attacker is prevented from .l­tering out genuine tra.c from heartbeat messages.
Sentence 2: furthermore if all the mixes implement this strategy it would be very di.cult for the network to start its operation: all the nodes would block since their respective heartbeat red messages would not have yet arrived.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [8] Information and statistics about F.root-servers.net, www.isc.org/services/public/F-root-server.html [9] Hugo Krawczyk, The order of encryption and authentication for protecting communications (Or: how secure is SSL?)
Sentence 2: the KEY record can store di.erent kinds of cryptographic keys which can be used 5BIND 4.9 has similar access control mechanisms provided by secure zone and xfrnets.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The veri.er (Ed) would then verify the PRU as in the spending protocol, with the additional step of also verifying the mi­gration step from Bob to Dave.
Sentence 2: dave can verify the PRU by going through the log of timestamped usage records to check that Bob is not using the certi.cate in a way that would violate the conditions signed by Alice in the original count-limited cer­ti.cate.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: G. dTest queries: When A2 asks Tw and C =[A, B] to get the test result, B replies as follows: B checks if H2(e(A, T wsks )) = ei ·t3 H2(e(A, pk) t1 )= B, where t1,t3 are the generated val­ R,2 ues in Setup phase and ei is in H1-list.
Sentence 2: otherwise, B responds to a query for H2(t) by picking V .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Aslightgeneralization[16]enableslimitationofatrusted prinipal'sabilitytoassignobjetstotypes.Ingeneral, thesetofseuritytypesandtheassignmentsofsubjetsto typesinthesemodelsisfxed,soifthetrustedprinipalsare trulytrustedthentheonfgurationsaresafebydefault.On theotherhand,dynamimodels,suhasrole­basedaess ontrol(RBAC)aretypiallyusedtoexpressleastprivilege poliies,suhasChineseWall[9]andSeparationofDuty (SOD)[27].Thesepoliiesoftenrequirethataprinipal's orrole'srightshangedynamiallybasedonsomebehavior topreventanunauthorizedation(e.g.,signingahek).
Sentence 2: oUR MODEL Inthissetionweintrodueabasiaessontrolmodel onsistingofsubjets,objetsandanauthorisationrelation, andthenusingexamplesextendthebasimodeltoinlude nodesrepresentinghigherlevelonepts,suhasusers.Hav­ingintroduedoneptnodesweandefneonstraintsbe­tweenthesenodes,andfnallyinheritanebetweeninstanes ofoneptnodes.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Ingeneral,thisinvolvescomputingtheauthorizationtypes ofasubjectT(s)andthepermissionsoftheseauthorization typesP(t).Fromthesefunctions,wecandeterminewhether oneoftheauthorizationtypesofasubjecthasthedesired permission.Therefore,forauthorization,twotypesoffunc­tionsmustbecomputedtoperformauthorization.There­fore,wecanthinkofthecomplexityofthenodechunksin authorizationasthenumberoffunctionsthatmustbecom­puted.Thishastheresultthatprimitiveentities,subjects andpermissions,haveacomplexityofzero.
Sentence 2: giventheinformalanalysisabove,weestablishthatcom­plexityinconstraintsderivesfromthearityoftheconstraint relationship(i.e.,thenumberofsetsbeingcompared),the numberofconceptsinvolvedinthecomputation,thecom­plexityoftheconceptsinvolvedinthecomputation,andthe numberofnewfunctionsthatmustbecomputed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 4.2 Trusted Files and Functions To establish the invariant, we need to identify the set of trusted .les and functions.
Sentence 2: also when considering the suspicious samples as well, our results are comparable, i.e., 89.0% (Wepawet) and 98.9% (pdf examiner) vs. 93.2% (CWXDetector).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Phase correlation enables us to avoid the exhaustive search among all possible pixel shifts of one of the video frames over the next frame in order to .nd the one shift amount that results in minimal di.erence between the two frames.
Sentence 2: instead of using the cog­nitive strength of humans to interpret visual information, we rely on their innately .awed ability to hold a camera still.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In such situations, the techniques that we propose in this paper can still be used for post hoc auditing and anal­ysis even if they are allowed to be bypassed for the actual authentication [40].
Sentence 2: continuous or dynamic authentication is not a new con­cept [29], but is a particularly essential one to the paradigm that we propose, which is based on risk and con.dence mea­sures that can and often do change over time.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We con.rm these results in the online survey study (study 2).
Sentence 2: a0+a1G+a2L+a3A+a4GL+a5GA+a6LA+a7GLA e Ex = 1 + ea0+a1G+a2L+a3A+a4GL+a5GA+a6LA+a7GLA (1) Logistic regression analysis revealed that, for all four models, all interaction effects were not statistically signi.cant (p > 0.174), thus could be removed from the model.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: On the other hand, XOM-RSA only embeds the bignum im­plementation it uses to manipulate large integers.In this case, neither the cryptographic algorithms nor keys are pro­tected, only the bignum implementation.
Sentence 2: this is in spite of a decrease in the number of XOM mem­ory operations.The reason for this is the additional cache misses caused by the larger number of XOM transitions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We demonstrated not only that CVE reported vul­nerabilities such as for the Linux kernel can be analysed with a level of scalability and precision able to .nd real security vulnerabilities, but that it is also possible to prove whether the o.cial patches .x the problem.
Sentence 2: the counterexample produced by the model checker, when a leakage property is violated, can provide insights into the cause of the leak.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This method simpli.es the signatures of known attacks; thus, improves the performance of signature matching.
Sentence 2: if an attacker can over.ow an array or buffer that resides beside a target-address variable in an application, she can then modify this target ad­dress, and eventually take control of the application after the dynamic branch instruction using the target-address variable is executed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In our model, we deal with noti.cation and pre-noti.cation similarly using noti.cation predicates as follows: NotifyObl is a predicate over domains Orgs × S × A × O × C × C. If auth is an organization or a subject, s is a subject, a is an action, o is an object, c and ' care contexts, then NotifyObl(auth, s, a, o, c, c') means that user s is noti.ed (or pre-noti.ed) that his/her obligation is active (or will be activated) in context c and must be ful.lled before the activation of context ' c .
Sentence 2: another future work will be to consider negotiation between moral authority and to include sanction negotiation.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, this added accuracy may not be fully useful, since enforcement of PDA models would require secure intercep­tion of all function calls made by a program, which is not possible for arbitrary binaries.
Sentence 2: all common operations, such as computing the product of two automata and checking it for reachability, have well-known solu­tions in the case of FSA, but become complex in the case of EFSA due to the presence of in.nite domain variables.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Because in the context of [19, 12] the length of m and the number of 1s in it are known a priori to both Alice and Bob, insertions and changes of 1 to 0 must be ac­companied by deletions and changes of 0 to 1.
Sentence 2: so, if instead of authenticating the bits of the m, Alice .rst encoded m in an error-detecting code for 4. edit errors, Eve would have to respond with at least .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 8 >>>= queue to convince the SP of its integrity during her next authentication.
Sentence 2: key generation On input security parameter paramacc = eN, choose an eN-bit safe-prime product N = pq uni­ 5This follows from a result due to Dusart [17]: if p(x) is the number of distinct primes less than x, then p(x) > `´ 1+ 0.992 x for all x> 598. ln x ln x 6Note that T ; .£t .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This privacy notion is not safe if some sensitive values dominate an equivalence class.
Sentence 2: we present an incremental computation of FA, Procedure 3 Updating BA (Case 1) 1: for all new qidwi on Link[wi] do 2: let |G1(gwi )| = 0; let |G2(gwi )| = 0; 3: let compqid1 be the set of qid1 comparable to qidwi ; 4: for all qid1 in compqid1 do 5: let |G1(gwi )| = |G1(gwi )| + |g1|, where (g1,gwi ) .
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Then the arbiter can test if (1) chunk is in ctextB,(2) MHash(ctextB)isin chashB and (3) DecKB (chunk)is not in hashB.
Sentence 2: we propose that Alice pays Bob upfront, but Bob gives her a warranty check in return (via a fair exchange protocol) that contains a Merkle hash of the data (for the arbiter to easily verify without downloading the whole data), an unendorsed e-coin, and an escrow of the endorsement.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Not only does this provide a unique reference to each speci.c snapshot and .le, but it also provides a means of detecting errors, .le cor­ruption and potential attacks against the source code.
Sentence 2: even in this case, it is still possible to refer to the internal Git commit time from the server which will provide in the worst case, a relative time frame for each commit.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For example, the usability metric module for (d.2) exe­cutes the above query and if the result exceeds a certain threshold, it simply returns false, denying the watermarking module the proposed modi.cations to the data.
Sentence 2: because of the goal of preserving the data value, the attacker cannot a.ord performing signi.cant change to the data.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Despite the above worrisome trends, today, a user has very lim­ited information at the time of installing an app on Facebook.
Sentence 2: training Ratio Accuracy FP FN 1:1 98.5% 0.6% 2.5% 4:1 99.0% 0.1% 4.7% 7:1 99.0% 0.1% 4.4% 10:1 99.5% 0.1% 5.5% Table 5: Cross validation with FRAppE Lite.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: To address these issues, we study the design of a next­generation Internet that is secure, available, and o.ers pri­vacy by design; that provides appropriate incentives for a transition to the new architecture; and that considers eco­nomic and policy issues at the design stage.
Sentence 2: much to our dismay, the current state of safety and availability of the Internet is not commensurate with its importance.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: 6.1 A Polynomial-Time Case: No Target Constraints We .rst de.ne some notions that are needed in order to state the algorithm as well as to prove its correctness and polynomial-time bound.
Sentence 2: in turn, this problem amounts to computing the core of the relational instance Dr that is obtained fromnby putting a fact into Dr for each conjunct ofn (see [2, 4, 13]).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: They knew that more false posi­tives would require more time from them to investigate the alarms, thereby lowering the usability of the IDS.
Sentence 2: these messages became very relevant, as the IDS s management port could not initially connect to the central server of the vendor, and it was not clear this issue was due to problems related to those messages or to the con.guration of the network s .lters.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The web industry s trend to obsolete other protocols and move toward OAuth is deci­sive the new authentication mechanisms provided by the aforementioned companies are all OAuth-based.
Sentence 2: 5.3 Handling redirection in mobile applications In Section 4.2, we pointed out that there currently ex­ist no de.nitive, platform-independent mechanism to per­form redirection for mobile applications.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We wish to establish the statistical signi.cance of the above e.ects that distortion levels had on response times and accuracy,while eliminating,asmuch aspossible,thein­.uenceoftheinherentdi.culty of eachquestion.
Sentence 2: (Note that the full list of values are providedinthe extendedversionofthispaper[21].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In cases where a .rst responder would like to reveal at­tributes of an individual but hide the identity of that per­son, attributes could be sent with a pseudonym attached to them instead of the permanent identity.
Sentence 2: these models aim to decrease the probability of identifying individuals even though his/her speci.c at­tributes are included in the information retrieved form a database.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: The overall system is functional and we have im­plemented basic compression routines to reduce the size of speckle images.
Sentence 2: these loan schemes have resulted in signi.cant monetary losses in billions of dollars due to lack of repay­ments mainly due to fake receipts or the removal of pro­duce in the depots (farmers store the produce, obtain the receipt and the loan but then remove the produce from the depot).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Trust Management for Trusted Computing Platforms in Web Services Aarthi Nagarajan Vijay Varadharajan Michael Hitchens INSS Research Group INSS Research Group INSS Research Group Department of Computing Department of Computing Department of Computing Macquarie University Macquarie University Macquarie University NSW 2109, Australia NSW 2109, Australia NSW 2109, Australia aarthi@ics.mq.edu.au vijay@ics.mq.edu.au michaelh@ics.mq.edu.au ABSTRACT The concept of trusted platforms using trusted computing technology such as the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is becoming significant in that such technologies are being increasingly available in PCs and mobile devices today.
Sentence 2: following this, there have been several implementations of these trust management systems like PolicyMaker[11], KeyNote[10], REFEREE[12] and the IBM Trust Establishment framework [13].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: We then loaded the extracted model in a virtual machine and used it to try to contain .ve consecu­tive executions of another polymorphic variation of the same malware.
Sentence 2: mozzie opens a new TCP connection to the original target, and quickly replay the messages 1 and 2 in chronological or­der to bring the new connection to the same state of the one it is simulating with the malware.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: While the latter can be addressed with proper design and software veri.cation techniques, the former condition is a simple transformation from to­day s caregiver scenario: rather than a human receiv­ing inaccurate data, the coordinator receives it.
Sentence 2: copyright 2014 ACM 978-1-4503-2652-0/14/04 ...$15.00.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: [8]O.GoldreihandS.Goldwasser.Onthelimitsof nonapproximabilityoflattieproblems.Journalof ComputerandSystemSienes,60(3):5 0.563,2000.
Sentence 2: ( ) 8nT Letthelengthofthekeyabem=2logIGIsothatis 2ha afamilyofhashfuntionsthatompressthesizeoftheir inputbyafator2.ByLemma1,thisvaluesatisfes m:6nlog2n.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Public parameters      : N, J, U, V. Public N -dimensional vector  : g, h.  The public key(encryption key) of KMN-PKC is a set of two vectors g, h, and the secret keys(decryption key) are a set of integers wb, wd, nb, nd and a vector a.
Sentence 2: the coefficient of the reduction base corresponding to a random number paragraph becomes 0 or 1.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: This is due, in part, to the traditional view held by many policymakers, namely that technology develops autonomously.
Sentence 2: in order to do so, the system s designers would need to ensure that infor­mation used for billing purposes could not be linked to usage statistics from the highway s tracking system something that is technically feasible.16 Unfortunately, it seems that both the designers of Highway 407 and Ontario s IPC did not seriously consider how to build in privacy into this electronic tolling system.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: THE BLUE PILL If we take the blue pill and continue to live in the reasonably com­fortable world of modern operating systems, then we will have a pleasant experience, but we will not be secure.
Sentence 2: 1.3 Scooby-Doo Security Furthermore, many proposed security solutions rely upon the user having in-depth of knowledge of security, behaving properly (every time) and having good judgment.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In the case of our method, on the other hand, the accuracy con­dition depends on c and on E. More precisely, as we have seen in previous section, the condition is satis.ed if and only if CE -1(c) = rad R - rad I .
Sentence 2: in fact, let us denote these two random variables by R (the radius) and T (the angle).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Instead, the participants themselves can build dynamic trust relationships and assign permissions to each other by updating their own ALs.
Sentence 2: aCKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to Apu Kapadia, Geetanjali Sam­pemane, Seung Yi, Christopher Andrews and the anony­mous reviewers for useful comments and suggestions.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: However, we next ob­serve that the operator spends more than usual time on the database (Td = 10+), we get P (I = true|Fd =10-,H = 8 -17,Td = 10+) = 37.80%.
Sentence 2: a Bayesian Network Approach to Detecting Privacy Intrusion Xiangdong An andDawnJutla Nick Cercone Dept.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Theappliationoftheruleinsertsthenewsubjetnode onnetedtothegrayuseru2andtheseuritylevelH.
Sentence 2: priorityforonepoliy.eaksolution:Insteadof deletingtheruleofpoliyB,thisstrategykeepsaweak­enedversionoftheruleofpoliyB,inthesensethatan additionalnegativeappliationonditionforbidsitsappli­ationwhenevertheruleofpoliyAanbeapplied.At non­onfitpointstheruleisstillappliablesothatthe partofthesystemwherethepoliyBruleisappliableis onlyredued.TherestritedruleforpoliyBisonstruted bygluingtogetherviaitsleft­handsideandtheleft­hand sideoftheruleofpoliyA.Iftheleft­handsideofthe ruleofpoliyAisasubgraphoftheruleofB,theruleof AisalwaysappliablewhentheoneofBis.Inthisase, theruleofBanberemovedasintheradialsolution.If theleft­handsidesoverlaponlypartly,theadditionalpart oftheleft­handsideoftheruleAistakenasnegativeap­pliationonditionfortheruleofB.Theleft­handsides oftherulesnewobjetandreateobjetoverlapinthe 5andp­node,respetively.ToweakentheLBACrule new objet,anegativeappliationonditionisreatedthatfor­bidsaonnetedusernode(seeruleweaknewobjetin Figure13).duetotheonstraintthateahsub­jetnode5hastobeonnetedtoauser,theweakenedrule weaknewobjetisneverappliable.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: At this point, we observe that both components c1 = f(x)and c2 = g(vk * ,x) of the challenge ciphertext lose information about x.
Sentence 2: alternatively, we can also realize a more e.cient variant of our construction over ZN2 ,where N is the product of two primes chosen at random by the setup algorithm.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: WORKSHOP ORGANIZATION The workshop will take a full day.
Sentence 2: categories and Subject Descriptors D.4.6[Operating Systems]: SecurityandProtection;H.3.4 [Systems and Software]: UserPro.les andAlertServices; K.6.5 [Management of Computing and Information Systems]: SecurityandProtection;C.3[Computer Sys­tems Organization]: Performance of Systems General Terms Security, Management, Experimentation  Keywords Smartphones, mobile devices, security, privacy, malware, permission Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: As one example, we concretize the data .ow model for internet com­munication using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and instantiate both the concretized model and the DDI at the operating system layer.
Sentence 2: we recap a generic data .ow model in §2.1 and provide an extension in §2.2 that allows for tracking both cross-system and intra-system data .ows.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: They found that experts and non-experts show sharp di.erences in which analogy they felt the concepts were closest to, and hypothesized that the analogies might function as mental models.
Sentence 2: the insecurity of a home computer no longer only a.ects the owner of that computer; it negatively a.ects all of the victims of the botnet also [38].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For c = 0.2, if one of the guards is compromised then the selective DoS attack increases the overall fraction of compromised circuits from 6.6% to 13.5% and for two com­promised guards this value increases from 13.3% to 38.5%.
Sentence 2: copyright 2014 ACM 978-1-4503-2907-1/14/04 ...$15.00.
Relationship: neutral