sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Finally, the system performs key labeling of each cluster to recover each keystroke by examining the distance difference between the mean TDoA of each cluster to that of the theoretical TDoAs.
Sentence 2: we conduct following experiments: as shown in Figure 16(a), we first use the Samsung Galaxy Note 3 to play a pre-recorded chirp sound signal via a earbud, which is to make sure the sound comes below neighboring key caps and thus has multipath effects, for 20 times at each target key’s position on a regular keyboard.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Although we do not study the sound intensity level of each key, we evaluate our system with three different kinds of keyboards (i.e., an Apple wireless keyboard MC184LL/A, a Microsoft surface keyboard and a mechanical keyboard Razer Black Widow Ultimate) that produce different keystroke sound intensity levels.
Sentence 2: the keystroke sound from the mechanical keyboard is much louder than that from the Apple keyboard.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: My main objectives for attending the UbiComp 2015 Doctoral School are twofold: By presenting my PhD project to experts in the field I expect valuable feedback and input on the over­all idea of multi-device authentication as well as the chosen approach.
Sentence 2: i would like to discuss the implica­tions on both usability and security as well as reasonable trade-offs between both properties.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: MiniCPS focuses on high-fidelity network emulation, which allows simulated components to exchange very similar or the same traffic as seen in the real network, from Ethernet layer up to the application layer (based on Mininet, see Section 2.2).
Sentence 2: we aim to not only provide an abstraction of the network to per­form simulations on (similar to network simulators such as NS2 [12], OMNet++ [25]), but we target a network emula­tion that is largely identical to a real network, without the cost or overhead of running a real network or a set of vir­tual machines.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In particular, we aim to not only provide an abstraction of the network to perform simulations on (similar to network simulators such as NS2 [12], OMNet++ [25]), but we target a network emulation that is largely identical to a real network, without the cost or overhead of running a real network or a set of virtual machines. 
Sentence 2: this would allow us to develop components that are directly using industrial protocols to communicate.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Considering that ontologies are a web of knowledge, integrating the ontology with other ontologies will create a bigger knowledge base and extend the opportunities of integrating this ontology with the existing systems.
Sentence 2: to increase data and information quality within a domain, we need to create an ontology that can represent that domain successfully, and creating an ontology requires expert knowledge within that specific domain as well as the skills required to create it.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Our approach is to 1) build a System Object Dependency Graph (SODG) so that the intrusion propagation process is captured at the system ob ject level; 2) construct a Mission­Task-Asset (MTA) map to associate the missions and com­posing tasks with corresponding assets, which are namely the system objects such as processes, files, etc.
Sentence 2: if such dependency relations among services can be discovered and represented with specific graphs, then a task can be viewed as the instantiation of a service dependency graph.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: It is also possible that MobileIron’s source is sufficiently obfuscated to evade our straightforward root detection checks, though we did not notice much sophistication in the obfuscation used (unen-It is likely that in the future application developers will make crypted strings and straightforward decompilation).
Sentence 2: it relies on the which command and the PATH variable being untampered with.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Our results demonstrate that, despite the defense mechanisms in place, our attacks are still very ef­fective and time-efficient, and practical for use at scale and on a continuous basis (real-time tracking).
Sentence 2: using a single account, we pinpoint Facebook users within 5 meters of their actual location in 3 seconds, and 90% of Foursquare's Swarm users within 15m in 7 seconds.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Such false positives could be managed by introducing more selective annotations, e.g., on content::ResourceLoader rather than the general-purpose net::URLRequest, but our goal in this work was to explore as many variations of data flowing to risky code as possible.
Sentence 2: we had very little tolerance for false negatives, so we erred on the side of false positives and developed tools to cope with them.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In this section we present our main construction, that is a methodology to convert a public-space linearly-homomorphic encryption scheme into a scheme supporting one multiplica­tion.
Sentence 2: the resulting scheme can compactly evalu­ate arithmetic circuits in which the number of additions of degree-2 terms is bounded by some constant (yet the num­ber of additions of degree 1 is unbounded).
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: In comparison, their scheme clearly supports a wider class of functionalities.
Sentence 2: if we consider the question of building upon a linearly-homomorphic encryption to obtain more expressive functionalities, their construction is less direct than ours: for instance, they have to change the computation model to branching programs, and it is unclear whether tools originally designed for the underlying HE are recyclable in the transformed scheme.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For PracticalOS, the median response we measured is quite low (e.g., 0.147 for 4KB blocks, and 0.117 for 16KB blocks) but the mean response time (Table 3) is high due to the expensive reshuffling operation (e.g., 6.084 for 16KB block size).
Sentence 2: in terms of response time without considering reshuffling, the scheme is very competitive.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: PathArmor will forward most system calls directly to their vanilla implementation, imposing little to zero extra over­head.
Sentence 2: we consider a total of seven system call fam­ilies as dangerous, and start verification whenever these are encountered: mprotect and the mmap family (which can be used to disable DEP/Wfix), and the exec family (which can be used to start a malicious command) are obvious choices and have been considered in prior work in the area [19].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Otherwise send (output, y) to all honest parties.
Sentence 2: figure 1: Ideal functionality Ff for secure 3-party computation of a function f. Ff provides security with abort (i.e., unfair output) in which the adversary is allowed to learn its output from the functionality before deciding whether the uncorrupted parties should also receive their output.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Browser developers might not be fully aware of potential privacy leakage when instrumenting browser engine for those functionalities and hence, either causing users browsing activities in private mode be persisted to disk (violation of afore­mentioned stealthiness goal) or causing previous browsing data be carried over to private session (violation of aforementioned fresh­ness goal).
Sentence 2: it is not uncommon to see the pattern shown in Table 3 in the browser s release cycle: a new web standard is mis­implemented by developers, causing a privacy leakage bug which takes years to be patched.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: For the same-core channel, Smartphone has a wider dynamic range of 10 .C, while the dynamic range on Laptop is just 7 .C.
Sentence 2: for the 1-hop channels the dynamic range is wider on Laptop, where it is at least 6 .C for both core 1 and core 3, compared to the dynamic ranges of just 4 .C and 2 .C, respectively, measured on Smartphone.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Due to the low sampling rate (up to 200Hz) on most mobile devices, it's difficult to cap­ture the details of the running CPU instructions.
Sentence 2: we show that, by extracting both time and frequency do­main features from EMRs, MagAttack can still learn the footprint with a low sampling rate and can infer which App the victim is interacting with.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Such smart industrial control systemsfall into the category of Internet of Things (IoT).
Sentence 2: in many cases, the data transmitted by such IoT devices in­cludes sensitive information and users are faced with an all­or-nothing choice: either they adopt the proposed services and release their private data, or refrain from using services which could be bene.cial but pose significant privacy risks.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: While the security monitor is only in charge of VM s integrity and privacy protection, such as val­idating each mapping on Stage-2 page table, tracking the us­age of physical pages, and deploying the pointer of Stage-2 page tables.
Sentence 2: instead, HA-VMSI still main­tain the flexibility of the hypervisor, but the security protec­tion is decoupled from the hypervisor into HA-VMSI.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Security and privacy
Sentence 1: Results demonstrate that their CNN outperform traditional feature-based methods in detecting JPEG steganography provided that the number of training data is huge.
Sentence 2: not surprisingly, adding more layers causing trouble in training; this can be observed in Fig.  4 showing abnormally higher training errors achieved by a more complex 20-layer CNN, and there is no question that the validation performance also suffer. 
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: While Sections 4.1 and 4.2 illustrate the worst-case synthetic and real-world scenarios for a system call monitor, in order to compare VA R A N directly with prior NVX systems, we have also run it on the same set of benchmarks used to evaluate prior systems.
Sentence 2: we chose to compare against three state-of-the-art NVX systems: Mx [21], Orchestra [40], and Tachyon [33].
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Given a set of past tickets in buckets with their resolution times, TAACT categorizes incoming new tickets in each bucket into bins within the buckets, using only the textual description field of the tickets.
Sentence 2: based on the minimal information available for all tickets, TAACT predicts whether an incoming ticket is likely to require low, moderate, high, or very high time for resolution.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Advancements in more accessible CAD tools that allow novice designers to simply drag and drop forms into a 3D model [7], or use evolutionary modeling [19], computer vision [2] and machine learning [9] to create frameworks that map descriptive words onto a modular set of existing 3D designs have made this process slightly easier.
Sentence 2: many thanks to the MIT Media Lab consortium for supporting this research.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If either of the transmissions in Slot 1 or 2 succeeds, following transmissions from Relay 1 to A1 will be scheduled in Slot 3 and Slot 4.
Sentence 2: as an integral part of WCPS 2.0, we have implemented a WirelessHART protocol stack in the TOSSIM simulator.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The authors report average speedups of 3.8x— on 6-9 hardware threads.
Sentence 2: the paper's evaluation is problematic in two respects, making it diffcult to interpret the results: (1) the sequential analysis they compare against used an arbitrary node ordering for the worklist, which in our experience can cause slow-downs from 2 5Ã— relative to a more optimized node ordering strategy; and (2) their evaluation reports analysis runtimes rather than speedups.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The search would be reasonably efficient if DynamoRIO were to keep a sorted data structure of spans, but it does not because that large and expensive structure would be of no value for module image VM areas, which comprise the vast majority of translated code.
Sentence 2: this project was partly supported by the National Science Foundation under grants CCF-0846195, CCF1217854, CNS-1228995, and CCF-1319786.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Finally, we believe that a better understanding of the rela­tion between Reed-Muller codes and Polar codes is needed, and perhaps more generally an understanding of which sub­spaces of polynomials generated by subsets of monomials give rise to good, efficient codes.
Sentence 2: it would also be interesting to investigate the scaling of the blocklengh in terms of the gap to capacity for RM codes.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Continued performance gains must be achieved within the context of reusing existing scientific software that represents countless hours of investment on part of expert programmers.
Sentence 2: as the cycle of porting codes to realize the potential performance offered by the arrival of the next generation, or even the next technology of hardware continues (i.e. “performance portability”), software development productivity must be maintained by forward looking elimination of software bugs and defects.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: JPF is, in essence, a Java virtual machine (itself written in Java) and this enables JPF to control and measure many aspects of software's execution.
Sentence 2: it can enumerate and control the choices made at non-deterministic points in the program, such as the generation of pseudo-random numbers and most importantly for the experiments here the interleaving of separate threads in concurrent program.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In designing the method­ology and tool, the goal was to automate the tasks that require knowledge of MPI library internals and provide the user with easy-to-implement recommendations that could enhance communication performance by tuning MPI library parameters.
Sentence 2: a study conducted at TACC shows that, as depicted in Figure 3, most of the MPI jobs do not use the entire memory available on a typical Stam­pede node (32 GB).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The theoretical framework of graph transformations provides a declarative, rule-based technique for modifying graphbased models such as program graphs [8].
Sentence 2: a graph transformation rule consists of a left-hand side (LHS) and a right-hand side (RHS), both constituting typed graphs, i.e., program graphs in our case, conforming to a given type graph of the underlying modeling language.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A large proportion of energy savings comes from devicespecific hardware power management, e.g., displays have a lower-power mode, CPUs have low-power speed governors, and on-board peripherals can transition to low-power modes.
Sentence 2:  the tasks and devices involved in handling the wakeup event are extremely limited, essentially just those represented in the figure (as well as the networking device).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This can be achieved if the re­sistances of the batteries are proportional to the square-root of their DCIR-to-SoC ratios.
Sentence 2: the RBL-Discharge al­gorithm seeks to allocate the currents y1,...,yN in such a way that the effective resistances of batteries are as much as possible proportional to the square-root of their DCIR­to-SoC rates minimizing the total energy wasted through resistive losses.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: If it were possible to check eagerly that compile is correct, the monadic cast would produce a value of type option correct comp, and the client calling runc (? compile) would simply have to locally deal with the potential of failure.
Sentence 2: this non-local impact of deciding to statically establish guarantees or defer them to runtime is contrary to the smooth transition path that gradual typing is meant to support.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Software engineers use SPLs to increase software reusability and to rationalise software maintenance and evolution effort across a range of related products [3].
Sentence 2: without automated support, this feature selection process is likely to be highly suboptimal: it requires the si­multaneous satisfaction of multiple objectives, such as match­ing user preferences, minimizing product cost and satisfying technical feasibility constraints in feature spaces defined by many thousands of features.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Today, CPU centric-benchmarks (e.g., SPEC and RPE2 [33]) are often used to map and compare CPU utilizations between different configurations.
Sentence 2: such an approach provides no support for practitioners to understand the rationale for such regressions and cannot be used to compare other performance counters than CPU (e.g., I/O, threading and memory-related performance counters).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The greater the uncertainty inherent in a project, the more the project has to move from traditional approaches that are based on a fixed sequence of activities to approaches that allow to redefine the activities or even the structure of the project plan in midcourse.
Sentence 2: as the project complexity and uncertainty increase, managers need to go beyond traditional risk management; adopting roles and techniques oriented less toward planning and more toward flexibility and learning.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The developers who had made prior changes to files in a change under review had a higher proportion of useful comments in four out of the five projects (all but Exchange which shows marginal increases), but we did not see a difference in effectiveness based on the number of times that a developer had worked on a file.
Sentence 2: comments from developers who had changed a file ten times had the same usefulness density as from developers how had only changed a file once.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Thus, the continuous time and space domains are discretized so that a set of numer­ical computations are iteratively (time discretization) ap­plied onto a mesh (space discretization).
Sentence 2: in a mesh-based numerical simulation, the PDEs are transformed to a set of numerical computations applied at each time step on elements of the discretized space domain (the mesh).
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A stencil kernel computes the value of one data or a sub­part of it (the kernel computation domain ) using a numerical expression which takes as input one or more data.
Sentence 2: for ex­ample, the stencil kernel illustrated in Figure 1b computes A using B, while the one in Figure 1c computes A using C. a stencil kernel is defined by its numerical expres­sion, a set of input data (only one in the examples), and its unique output data, the result.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Today's machines are incorporated with specialized hardware units, such as DFP, SIMD, FPGA, and GPU, to complement diminishing singlethread performance improvements due to silicon technologies.
Sentence 2: the original binaries are compiled with COB42 with the highest optimization-level in Fig. 9 and the lowest optimization-level in Fig. 10, respectively.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Norman [36] observed that a key feature that distinguishes an activity-centred approach from others (e.g. user-centred) is that it requires both a deep understanding of users, and also of the technology, the tools, and the context of the activities.
Sentence 2: an activity-centred approach provides a better fit to understanding group activity in multi-surface spaces, as a whole.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, the activity-based computing (ABC) framework [2] is conceptually close to the ACAD framework in the sense that it decomposes users activity into tasks, materials, time, and users.
Sentence 2: the purpose of the ABC framework is to inform the implementation of 'computational activities' of a distributed system that ensures adequate synchronisation of data and methods across devices.
Relationship: contrasting