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|SCN News, Number 19 - Nutrition and Healthy Agents (UNSSCN, 1999, 84 p.)| The State of the World's Children 2000 The State of the World's Children 2000 seeks to fan the flame that burned so brilliantly a decade ago, when world leaders adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, and then confirmed their commitments for children and adolescents at the 1990 World Summit for Children. It is a call to leaders in industrialized and developing countries alike to reaffirm their promises for children. It is a call for vision and leadership within families and communities, where the respect for the rights of children and women is first born and nurtured and where the protection of those rights begins. Despite the progress made, the last decade has also witnessed countless abuses of women and children. The section of this report, "Undeclared war", discusses four of the most daunting obstacles to full human development: HIV/AIDS, armed conflict and violence, increasing poverty, and gender discrimination. The chapter, "In a single generation", is based on the belief that intergenerational patterns of poverty, violence, disease and discrimination can be broken in a single generation. This section offers compelling arguments about the power of early childhood care, quality education, and participation and development for adolescents in ensuring children's rights and human development. In addition to eight statistical tables which summarize data on the well being of children from 193 countries, and six maps which illustrate child and adolescent populations, there are ten pages of evocative photographs showing the strength of families, communities, women, children and adolescents. Also noted are 52 individuals who have distinguished themselves by their work on behalf of children. Published by UNICEF, ISBN: 92 806 3538 8 US $12.95 Contact: Div of Communication, 3 UN Plaza, NY NY 10017 USA; email: email@example.com The State of Food Insecurity in the World 1999 To fight world hunger, policy makers, the public and the media need to know precisely who is hungry and why. This is the information contained in FAO's latest publication, "The State of Food Insecurity in the World 1999" (SOFI). SOFI provides detailed data on the number of people facing hunger by region and looks at a broad range of factors that contribute to food insecurity. The report offers some encouraging news. Since 1990/92, the number of people going hungry in developing countries has declined by 40 million. Food insecurity fell in 37 countries between 1990/92 and 1995/97. But the number of hungry people in developing countries remains unacceptably high, at 790 million. The findings in SOFI make it dear that at the current rate of progress - 8 million fewer food insecure people each year - the World Food Summit's goal of reducing the number of hungry people in the world by half by the year 2015 will not be reached. SOFI also presents the first data on hunger in industrialized regions. According to SOFI, around 34 million undernourished people are living in developed countries. More than 75% of them are in the countries in transition in Eastern Europe and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Contact B Huddleston, Chief, Food Security Service, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy; telephone 39 06 570 53052; email firstname.lastname@example.org Food Security and Nutrition: The Global Challenge Uwe Kracht and Manfred Schulz This book is a response to recent advances in the understanding and conceptualization of food security and nutrition problems and their underlying food and non-food causes. In it, over 40 experts and leading authorities from academic and development institutions, multilateral and bilateral aid agencies and non-governmental organizations take a fresh analytical look at world hunger and the strategies to eliminate it. The book is divided into five parts: Part I deals with concepts, trends and projections into the early 21st century; Part II presents nine case studies on selected topics drawn from the world's major regions; Part III discusses present and future strategies to overcome hunger and malnutrition; Part IV examines the institutional framework for international cooperation and an emerging global policy and action agenda; and Part V synthesizes the food security and nutrition outlook and policy agenda. The book addresses such emerging topics as the ethical dimension of development and, in this context, the role of human rights in solving food and nutrition problems. Considerable space is given to the future role of technology in feeding the world's growing population in the long run, in particular biotechnologies and genetic engineering, and the implications of a transition from the Green Revolution to the Gene Revolution. Against the background of growing local and regional conflicts, the book also addresses the humanitarian challenge of famine prevention in civil strife. The book is designed to further interdisciplinary debate and understanding of this vital issue among all concerned with the sustainable development and future of our Planet. In particular, it addresses all those involved in one way or another in the fight against hunger, malnutrition and poverty and, more generally, in international development cooperation. It is equally intended as a reader for teaching at the higher education and university levels. This 1999, 692pp hardcover book (ISBN 3-8258-3166-3 Germany; ISBN 0-312-22249-1 USA) may be ordered from: LIT Verlag, Grevener Str, 179, D-48159 M, Germany, Fax: +49-251-231972, e-mail: email@example.com or from: St. Martin's Press. Nutrition for Health & Development Progress and Prospects on the Eve of the 21s1 Century Nearly half of the more than 10 million deaths among under-five year old children each year in developing countries are associated with malnutrition; iodine deficiency is the greatest single preventable cause of brain damage and mental retardation; and vitamin A deficiency remains the greatest preventable cause of needless childhood blindness. Concurrently, particularly in rapidly developing and industrialized countries, there is a massive emerging obesity epidemic among children, adolescents and adults - in some cases affecting more than half of the adult population. The human health consequences are dramatic since obesity is such a major risk factor for heart disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, some cancers, and other chronic degenerative diseases. Resources allocated to preventing and reducing infectious and noncommunicable diseases will be effectively invested only to the extent that the underlying causes of malnutrition are successfully engaged. With malnutrition at the very centre of poverty and underdevelopment, it is essential for health focused development to promote healthy nutrition. This report summarizes WHO's approach to combating the major forms of malnutrition and describes the related technical support that WHO is providing its Member States, in close collaboration with the international community, at global and regional levels. It sets out WHO's vision, mandate, aim and objectives for good nutrition and it provides an up-to-date analysis of the current magnitude and distribution of malnutrition. The report also summarizes activities and achievements in the programme's seven priority action areas: protein-energy malnutrition; micronutrient malnutrition including iodine, vitamin A and iron deficiencies; obesity; infant and young child feeding; national nutrition policy and planning; nutrition in emergencies; and food aid for development. Finally, the report highlights WHO's nutrition research work, global and regional nutrition surveillance activities in the programme's seven nutrition data banks, and its worldwide network of collaborating centres in nutrition. WHO/NDH/99.9 p122, Progress Report June 1999 contact NDH, WHO, 20 Avenue Appia, CH 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland; fax +41 22 791 4870; email: firstname.lastname@example.org Domestic Environment and Health of Women and Children HNB Gopalan and S Saksena The household environment of poor people, especially women and children in developing countries, carries great health risks. These risks are typically 'traditional' in nature i.e., they're associated with a lack of development. Household environmental problems typically include overcrowding, lack of sanitation and garbage disposal, indoor air pollution, and vector-breeding grounds. It has been estimated that about 30% of the global burden of disease could be averted by improvements in the household environment and of these, 20% are just modest interventions. Health risks associated with the domestic environment include lower respiratory infections in children, diarrhoea, and adverse reproductive outcomes. This book is an assessment of the state of knowledge, contemporary situation, and status of scientific data that links domestic environmental parameters to the health of women and children. It identifies critical knowledge gaps and needed research. Further, it provides policy options, guidelines, possible interventions, and regulatory tools for improving their health. Estimations are based on modern analytical tools such as total and integrated individual daily exposure, burden of disease and disability adjusted life years used in risk assessment. A few important epidemiological studies and case studies that attempt to alleviate health problems have also been highlighted. Housing, fuel shortage and indoor pollution, water supply and sanitation, and nutritional status are reviewed in this book. Given that the health problems associated with the domestic environment mainly affect women and children, gender issues are a strong component of this study. The book provides examples of how social and political backgrounds determine women's activity patterns at home and at work, and how this consequently affects their health, The book provides facts and arguments to support a case for transforming current environmental regulatory tools and policies for achieving sustainable health improvement for women and children. (ISBN 81 85419-54-X) 1999, p253, UN Environment Programme (UNEP), PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya, telephone 254 2 623246; fax 254 2 623861; email email@example.com or TATA Energy Research Institute, Darbari Seth Block, Habitat Place, Lodhi Rd, New Delhi 110 003 India, telephone 9111 460 1550; fax 9111 4621770; email firstname.lastname@example.org World Development Report 1999/2000: Entering the 21st Century: The Changing Development Landscape Policymakers in the next century will need to pursue development across a transformed economic and political landscape. The World Development Report, the 22nd edition in this annual series, focuses on two forces of change: the world economy and the increasing demand for self government, which will affect responses to key issues such as climate change and water scarcity. It proposes rules and structures on which to build a more effective, comprehensive approach to development; provides insight into how current viewpoints can be adapted to fit evolving development concerns; and offers guidance for decision makers, researchers, and others with an interest in development. Hardcover (ISBN 0-19-521125 1) 1999, p312 US $50; Paperback (ISBN 0 19 521124 3) US$26. The World Bank, PO Box 960, Herndon VA 20172-0960, USA; telephone: 703 661 1580; fax 703 661 1501; email email@example.com Towards the Conquest of Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders By Donald S McLaren This book describes the saga of vitamin A in a refreshingly anecdotal manner. At first glance, the book appears to be an autobiography, but Donald McLaren's "personal Odyssey" has always led him to areas directly or indirectly involving vitamin A, It is a testimonial to his life's work which spans over half a century. Dr McLaren made early and decisive contributions to the general recognition of vitamin A deficiency as a public health problem and to our current ability to combat this condition effectively. The history of vitamin A is told from a medical point of view and the value of this publication lies in the way it revealingly draws the reader's attention to the element of time. Those prepared to take a cold, hard look at the aberrations and confusions of the past run less of a risk of accepting today's received wisdom as definitive and absolute. The insight that the current state of our knowledge is also a measure of our current ignorance is a crucial impetus for the improvements and advances of tomorrow. Chapter 1 outlines the history of vitamin A deficiency disorders and of the discovery of the vitamin. Chapter 2 is a personal odyssey which interweaves Or McLaren's own experiences in many developing countries with a series of panels that serve as vignettes of various people, places or institutions involved in the VAD field. Chapter 3 discusses the new era for VAD which began in the early 1980s with large scale field studies and the knowledge that vitamin A plays an important role in young child survival. Chapter 4 looks to the future and the conquest of VAD. There is no question that Dr McLaren is an irredeemably inquisitive investigator and a man who argues his views elegantly. (ISBN 3 906412 02 4) 1999, p144. Task Force SIGHT AND LIFE, PO Box 2116, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; telephone +41 61 688 7494; fax +41 61 688 1910; email firstname.lastname@example.org Focusing on Women Works: Research on improving micronutrient status through food-based interventions By Charlotte Johnson-Welch The International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) has published a series of three summary reports to explore ways to strengthen women's contributions to reducing iron and vitamin A and to a lesser extent, iodine, deficiencies by combining women's productive and reproductive activities. The idea was to tap into women's roles as income-earners and food producers on the one hand, and as food processors and care givers on the other. Community members, particularly women, drew on their knowledge and experiences to develop and implement solutions to micronutrient deficiency problems in their communities. ICRW, a nonprofit policy research institution that promotes economic and social development with women's full participation, undertook five action research studies in Ethiopia, Kenya, Peru, Tanzania and Thailand in order to contribute to the dialogue of how policies and programmes can invest in women, and thereby investing in improved nutrition and well being. Other reports of this series are "Reducing Vitamin A Deficiency in Ethiopia: Linkages with a women-focused dairy goat farming project" and "The Effects of Women Farmers' Adoption of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes: Raising vitamin A intake in Kenya:" Contact ICRW, 1717 Massachusetts Ave NW, Suite 302, Washington DC 20036 USA; fax: 1-202-797-0020: email email@example.com A Critical Link: Interventions for physical growth and psychological development Gretel Pelto, Katherine Dickin and Patrice Engle authored this expert review linking good nutrition with caring environments for children's intellectual and social development. The future of society depends on children being able to achieve their optimal physical growth and psychological development. This requires that children be protected from the immediate risks to their life and the long term damages of repeated illness. A Critical Link reviews the evidence on the effectiveness of three types of interventions: those designed to support physical growth, those to improve psychological development, and combined interventions to improve both growth and psychological development. The review concludes that the most effective programmes are ones that link interventions to enhance the intellectual and social development of children with interventions to improve their nutrition. Combined interventions, for example, have a better effect on growth than programmes that focus on nutrition deficits alone. Furthermore, children under three years old gain most from nutritional and psychological interventions, and the greatest improvements in both growth and development are seen among malnourished children. Programmes that provide early childhood care and education have a greater effect if they also help families gain skills to provide better nutrition and support for the psychological development of their children. Evidence for these conclusions comes from a range of experiences, including: the Programa de Alimentacao de Pre-Escolar (Brazil), Hogares Comunitarios de Bienestar (Columbia), Integrated Child Development Services (India), PANDAI Project (Indonesia), PRONOEL (Peru), Family Development Programme (Thailand), and Head Start (USA). WHO/CAH/99.3, 1999, p79, FREE (US$7 per copy for 10 or more copies) WHO Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland Devenir Ami des Ms: Guide pratique: femmes actives et allaitement maternel By P van Esterik and L Menon Devenir l'ami des ms est un rltat concret de l'initiative des Lieux de Travail Amis des Ms (MFWI) lancpar WABA en 1993. Dans un style facilement accessible, il aborde les probls auxquels sont confront les femmes actives qui choisissent d'allaiter. Ce manuel donne des informations et prodigue des conseils sur la mani dont les femmes peuvent associer l'allaitement maternel a la reprise d'une activitrofessionnelle. Ces informations concernent la situation des femmes et du travail dans le monde, les bienfaits et avantages de l'allaitement maternel, les expences men dans plusieurs pays en mati de crion des Lieux de Travail Amis des Ms, la lslation rssant la maternitt d'autres politiques qui protnt les femmes allaitantes et actives, et la documentation en la mati. Ce manuel est une ressource utile pour les femmes actives, les employeurs, les syndicalistes, les groupes de femmes, les activistes de la santet des dnseurs de l'allaitement maternel. WABA is pleased to announce the publication of "Being Mother Friendly" in French. WABA acknowledges IBFAN Afrique, Burkina Faso for doing the translation of this book. (ISBN 983 99192 0 2) p105. US$20 per copy via airmail in developed countries; complimentary copies are provided to groups in developing countries where there is a need. WABA, PO Box 1200,10850, Penang, Malaysia; telephone: 60 4 6584 816; fax 60 4 6572 655; email firstname.lastname@example.org List of FREE MATERIALS in Reproductive Health The 1999 List of Free Materials in Reproductive Health is the eighth edition prepared and issued by the Program for International Training in Health (INTRAH), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine. It is the aim of this list of free materials to inform reproductive health professionals, particularly in developing countries, of the large number and variety of materials available free of charge from organizations around the world. This edition contains over 740 entries, organized info ten categories: overview of reproductive health, family planning, maternal and newborn health, family and community health, reproduction and sexuality, STIs/RTIs and HIV/AIDS, gender, people and the environment, economic and community development, catalogues and resources. Each entry contains a brief description as well as bibliographic and ordering information, including restrictions concerning availability. The Appendix contains an index of materials by organization and by title and a sample request letter. Readers may request materials by directly contacting the organization identified at the end of each description. (ISBN 1 681961 56 7) 1999 INTRAH p276 Contact in North America INTRAH, 1700 Airport Rd, Suite 300, Chapel Hill NC 27514 USA; phone 919 966 5636; fax 919 966 6816; email email@example.com West/Central/North Africa, BP 12357, LomTogo; email intrah@cafg East/Southern Africa, PO Box 44958, Nairobi, Kenya; email firstname.lastname@example.org Asia/Near East, 53 Lodhi Estate, New Delhi, India 110 003 email email@example.com LatinAmerica/Caribbean, Federico Henriquez y Carrajal #11, Los Casicasoz, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; email firstname.lastname@example.org

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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/San Fernando SAN FERNANDO, a seaport of southern Spain, in the province of Cadiz, on the Isla de León, a rocky island among the salt marshes which line the southern shore of Cadiz Bay. Pop. (1900), 29,635. San Fernando is one of the three principal naval ports of Spain; together with Ferrol and Cartagena it is governed by an admiral who has the distinctive title of captain-general. The town is connected with Cadiz (4½ m. N.W.) by a railway, and there is an electric tramway from the arsenal (in the suburb of La Carraca) to Cadiz. The principal buildings are government workshops for the navy, barracks, a naval academy, observatory, hospital, bull-ring and a handsome town hall. In the neighbourhood salt in largely produced and stone is quarried; the manufactures include spirits, beer, leather, esparto fabrics, soap, hats, sails and ropes; and there is a large iron-foundry. San Fernando was probably a Carthaginian settlement. On a hill to the S. stood a temple dedicated to the Tyrian Hercules; to the E. is a Roman bridge, rebuilt in the 15th century after partial demolition by the Moors. The arsenal was founded in 1790. During the Peninsular War the Cortes met at San Fernando (1810), but the present name of the town dates only from 1813; it was previously known as Isla de León.

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Ethical Fashion is the New Black: 5 Reasons to Buy Ethical Fashion Luxury Swimwear, Ethically Sourced Firstly, here is a little insight to the term Ethical Fashion. Ethical fashion is fashion consumerism with a conscience. To better describe it, it addresses a wide range of issues that are created in the regular fashion world such as working conditions, exploitation, fair trade, sustainable production, environment and animal welfare. 1. Buy less, Buy Smarter The average woman owns more clothing than women have ever in history before, yet typically still wears only around 20% of what’s in her closet. We are buying more than our closets can fit and our wallets can support. This is where buying less and buying smarter come in. The only way to make a change in our over-consumption of fashion is to not only buy less, but also buy smarter. But we also need to be educated on how to buy smarter. Rather than buy ill-fitting, poorly-made garments that are on trend for all of two weeks, we may look at clothing as an investment that will match our personal styles and unique body types. Sometimes this will mean paying a little more upfront for a higher quality garment, yet the cost-per-wear is generally lower in the long-run for those much-loved pieces that don’t unravel and pill after just a few washes. 2. Working Environment When you purchase from a non-ethical company, you are supporting un-hygienic, un-safe working environments. In the western world, we take things for granted – things such as a clean, safe working environment. And we assume this is the world standard. The most famous non-ethical occurrence in recent years was the collapse of the Rana Plaza garment factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh click here to learn more. In most traditional production and fabrication factories, as well as distribution warehouses – the staff are subjected to working days of around 20 hours, sleeping on cold dirty floors in-between their shifts in fear of being late back and losing their jobs. Buildings need maintenance, as the focus is on price point for the mass production – no matter what, corners are cut to “save” money. This results in the greatest cost of all, human life. The collapse of Rana Plaza meant the loss of 1,137 people and another 200 unaccounted for. Things like this, all for the sake of fast fashion . There’s no child slave labor supported when you purchase ethically. Not only are women subjected to these incredibly poor conditions, but also children as young as 6 years old are forced to work for their families instead of learning their ABC’s – many of them won’t even know what a school is let alone learn to read anything more than garment construction symbols. When buying, ask yourself, did a child make this top after not eating all day? The purchase of ethical fashion also ensures the security of fair wages. Fair wages mean so much more to poorer countries. They don’t know the luxuries of government support like Medicare for example – some don’t even have running water or electricity in their homes. Fair wages mean they can put food in front of their whole family, keep warm in winter and send their children to school. Worker in the Rana Plaza factory earn around $0.22c an hour – while senior sewers earn $0.24c an hour while the “young helpers” more commonly known as children, take home 0.12c an hour. Purchasing ethically, there is much more offered than just a conscience. Because staffs are happy and healthy – they work more efficiently bring you better quality garments. Companies look to give you that little bit extra when you purchase. The finer materials, the better seams and added details that mass production just doesn’t offer. There is a little bit of love inserted into each garment by its creator. The collapse of Rana Plaza is just one of the thousands of examples why ethical fashion is so important. There is so much more to ethical fashion than what meets the eye – if you would like to do more research on it, please head to www.ethicalfashionforum.com – and remember, every garment you purchase ethically, is one less you purchase un-ethically. Together, we can change the “rules” of mass production and steer the un-ethical companies towards change – one garment at a time. Designing luxury swimwear for women of many shapes, and creating a product that really makes them feel beautiful, confident and comfortable in their own skin is what Styelle is all about. Where our material comes from and how our bikinis are made is also equally important to us. Our bikinis are all ethically made to support fair trade, sustainable production, environment and animal welfare.

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The Blue-headed Racquet-tail, Prioniturus platenae, also known as the Palawan Racquet-tail, is a parrot found in the western Philippines around Palawan. It is 27-28cm, basically green with a bright, light blue head, blue underwings (except for green coverts) and, in the male, bluish breast. The beak is bluish gray and iris is yellowish. It inhabits humid lowland forest in small flocks, but is threatened by habitat destruction and trapping for the cage-bird trade. Note: formerly considered conspecific with Blue-crowned Racquet-tail, P. discurus.

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I’ve wanted to do an exercise and diabetes post for a long time now. I am by no means an expert on diabetes, but I wanted to research and put up a post on this important subject. More importantly, I would like people to comment and hopefully point to more resources about diabetes and exercise. My goal is that over time, the comment section on this particular post will grow into a nice resource on the topic. There are so many bright readers and contributors that I would love to see this happen. [It would be great if we could help some people kick diabetes butt. Even if this post simply helps people control their diabetes…that would be cool.] The Difference Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes: This is the rougher of the two types of diabetes. Only 15 percent out of all the people with diabetes have type 1. Bottom line – a person with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin. They have to take insulin regularly to stay alive. Type 1 diabetes in NOT preventable. You cannot reverse or prevent type 1 by doing lots of exercise or eating carefully. It is not a result of a person’s lifestyle. Type 2 Diabetes: This type of diabetes can be caused by lifestyle (but not always). Often times people with type 2 diabetes have been overweight and unfit for long periods of time. This typically happens later in life, and is why it is also referred to as “Adult-Onset Diabetes”. Unfortunately due to the rise of childhood obesity, people in their teens and 20’s are now developing type 2 diabetes. People with type 2 diabetes develop a condition where the insulin isn’t working properly…they are insulin resistant. So We Will Discuss Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance Since 85% of all people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes is something that can be improved (and sometimes prevented) with diet and exercise…this is the main focus of the post. Insulin Resistance – A Simple Explanation I hope I haven’t lost anyone so far…I used to skim when I saw terms like “insulin resistance”. Here is a simple explanation: The cells in the body don’t respond properly to insulin…glucose isn’t getting shuttled from the blood into the cells properly. The issue is with the cells in the body…there is enough insulin, but the cells are not responding to it like they should. Since the cells are not responding to the proper amount of insulin, people with type 2 diabetes often need to take additional insulin. Why Insulin Resistance Happens in the First Place So it makes sense that we would want to avoid insulin resistance. Again…I’m going to simply a complex process. It is more complicated than I what I have outlined, but this will give you a general idea on how to possibly avoid insulin resistance. - Frequent high exposure to insulin increases insulin resistance. - Large amounts of food in one sitting releases more insulin. - Frequent insulin spikes, speed up insulin resistance. - Obesity can lead to insulin resistance. - Lack of exercise can lead to insulin resistance. [The first part of this post is about getting a basic understanding of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Now let’s talk about what types of exercise helps control and reduce insulin resistance…and reduces the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.] Time to Talk About How Exercise Can Help With Diabetes So we know that being overweight can contribute to insulin resistance and getting diabetes. We also know that diet and spiking your insulin by overeating on a regular basis can contribute to type 2 diabetes. So what type of exercise is going to help with diabetes? Here is what I found through a little research. High Intensity Sprinting for Diabetes: Richard Nikoley has a good post on how High Intensity Interval Training can reduce the effects of diabetes. Richard’s blog, Free the Animal, is one of the best health and fitness blogs on the net by the way. Dig around once you are there. Here is the gist of the post: - Intense exercise draws glucose out of the muscle…then the muscles pulls the glucose out of the bloodstream and into the muscle cells. So depleting your muscles of glucose, assists the cells in getting the glucose from the bloodstream to the muscle cells. Combination—Weights and Aerobics—Best for Diabetics: Clarence Bass is a guy I first read about when I was 15. The guy was the most ripped 40+ year old I had ever seen. I have been a fan of his work and love it that he is still going strong. You can dig around his site for a long time and learn a lot of great things. In this post he refers to a recent study from November 24th, 2010 published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Here is what this study found: - A combination of aerobic and resistance training helped patients with diabetes better than just walking or doing resistance training alone. So Clarence Bass found a study which shows that a combination of resistance training and aerobics (cardio) had the best effects on helping with diabetes. “Only the change in the combination group was considered statistically significant…The combination group also saw a lowering in the amount of diabetes medication needed on average.” The Definitive Guide to Insulin, Blood Sugar & Type 2 Diabetes: Mark Sisson does an outstanding job of explaining type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in this post. If you have read my blog for any period of time, you know I am a big fan of Mark’s Daily Apple. It is a great site. Here is Mark’s take on diabetes and exercise. - First off, exercise does have a major impact on improving insulin sensitivity since muscles burn your stored glycogen as fuel during and after your workout. Muscles that have been exercised desperately want that glucose inside and will “up regulate” insulin receptors to speed the process. That’s one reason exercise is so critical for type 2 diabetics in regaining insulin sensitivity. Mark also believes that a combination of resistance training and aerobics is the way to go…”Resistance training seems to be as effective as aerobic activity, but a mix of the two is the best.” Proper Exercise Can Prevent Type 2 Diabetes? Unfortunately some people will develop type 2 diabetes even while staying in great shape, exercising and following a healthy diet. That being said, a large portion of people who develop diabetes could have avoided it with regular exercise and a smart diet. Some takeaways: - Include some High Intensity Interval Training in your routine. - If you just perform resistance training, add in cardio. - If you just perform cardio, add in resistance training. - Avoid becoming obese or overweight. - If you’re overweight, simply lose that excess weight ASAP. I Am Just Scratching the Surface Here… I would love to hear from people who either have diabetes and how they cope with it…or other helpful books and studies people have found online. I also realize that I barely spoke about how excess carbs can contribute to insulin resistance. Although this article’s focus was exercise and diabetes, I’m fine if we discuss diet and diabetes in the comment section as well. Important Message: Although this site has received 25+ million visitors, I am starting from scratch and abandoning it. This site is dated and old school looking, terrible to read on mobile, etc. It's like a Ford Pinto compared to my new site...which is like a Ferrari. Click the link to head over to my new site. Thanks for reading all these years!

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Less than ten percent know the odds. While women are at significantly greater risk of permanent vision loss from cataracts and macular degeneration, fewer than ten percent are aware of the statistics, according to a Harris Poll survey. Some 86 percent of women incorrectly believe that men and women are at equal risk and five percent believe that men are at greater risk, although earlier studies have revealed that women are actually almost twice as likely to suffer from disease-related blindness. Prevent Blindness, which sponsored the survey, is releasing the data as part of April’s Women’s Eye Health and Safety Month. The non-profit organization has created a new program to provide free education and resources for women on everything from eye disease to cosmetic safety to vision changes during pregnancy.

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Great English Toilet Revolt From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia “Friends, Romans, Toilet Revolutionaries... Shit! That Came Out Wrong” “The Toilets are revolting!” The Great English Toilet Revolt was a revolution in England that started on 30 July 2008. This was the result of years of maltreatment at the hands of the English, as well as new legislation given by the then ruling Emo Dynasty, that made this maltreatment statutory. edit Initial Discontent Until 1 January 2008, most toilets were quite content with their lot in life. However, on this day, the first in a series of new laws was passed by the Emo Dynasty: Marriages Between Toilets And Humans Shall From Henceforth Be Banned -Book of Royal Commands, Commandment No. 1 of 2008 This commandment caused outrage amongst toilets throughout the Emo Empire, but particularly in England. Armitage Shanks, a toilet who had always been slightly rebellious started a new movement the very next day, the Toilet's Liberation Movement of England. On finding out about this, the Emo King Jack Skellington IV passed another law: The Toilet's Liberation Movement Of England Shall Hereby Be Declared Illegal -Book of Royal Commands, Commandment No. 345612 of 2008 (as you can see, the old Emo Dynasty passed hundreds of new laws on a daily basis) edit Discontent Grows The Toilet's Liberation Movement of England, on being banned, went underground. After raping and killing a few hairy prostitutes, they invented porcelain telepathy, a method with which they spread their message of liberation from Emoism. edit List of the Toilets Demands - A lifting of the ban on human-toilet marriages - A lifting of the ban on the Toilet's Liberation Movement of England - An end to discrimination against toilets on the basis of which factory made them - An end to use of toilets as toilets, why don't people just use bushes and trees? - The right to use firearms and no questions asked why we want this demand. - The complete first season of 'spaced' on DVD and again no questions aked why we want this demand. - Having the county of Bath renamed Toilet. - To be cleaned everyday. - A giant statue of a toilet beside Parliament. - The creation of an order called the Freemasons of Toiletry. - Finally, a toilet's representative council in Parliament to represent toilets in Parliament. edit A Revolting Beginning All of the toilets demands were ignored, this led Armitage Shanks to declare open rebellion on 30 July 2008, two days after an even more outrageous law was passed by the Emo King: No Toilet Shall Rebel Against The Commandment Of The Great Emo King Jack Skellington IV That The English Must Shit On Toilets With Extra Vigour -Book of Royal Commands, Commandment No. 534530457034750276034587348603878597.2 of 2008 The toilets started a march from Back Passage in London to their not so secret HQ in Shitterton, Dorset. From there they made their position clear. The Emo King sent some Brownies to remonstrate with the toilets, but fudge wasn't enough to bribe them. The police were powerless because they had nothing to go on, and because the toilets in Police Stations were holding them hostage. On the second day of the Revolt, an order went out via porcelain telepathy to all toilets who had been bolted down and could not join in the march that they should eat any human who attempts to come close to them. Reporters who attempted to cover this also ended up being eaten so a media blackout ensued (which explains why this is nowhere in UnNews). edit A Revolting End On 2 August it was discovered that the Emo King had indeed been eaten and that all his potential successors, including Prince Jack Skellington V had engaged in a succession struggle. In attempting to eliminate all possible threats to the throne, they had all been poisoned. This lead to the collapse of the Emo Dynasty. With the Emo Dynasty no more, the revolt ended with the toilets victorious. They had also wiped out all people in England with their people eating campaign and they set up a new nation, the Toilet's Republic of England. 30 July has been declared a public holiday in England - Shit No More Day - and a victory parade will be held through London every year on the second of August.

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Sign of the Times: One of Australia's least-visited World Heritage Sites, Willandra is in the far southwest of New South Wales. But the lucky few who make the trip are richly rewarded: This stark landscape holds the secrets to an ancient civilization At the heart of this sun-cracked region is Lake Mungo, one of the 17 lakes that form Willandra and which, despite its name, has held hardly a drop of water since the last Ice Age. It's a claypan skirted on its eastern edge by the Walls of China—a vast lunette dune whose shifting saffron-colored sands are as fine as sugar. In the drought of 1944, the painter Russell Drysdale traveled here to interpret the landscape, painting dreamlike images of uprooted stumps, lurid shadows, dead trees as charred bones. His Walls of China, Gol Gol (1945) depicts a bare earth blasted by heat. Drysdale's campsite was where the earth's oldest cremation would later be found. In 1968, this 925-square-mile parcel was put on the map when geomorphologist Jim Bowler came upon the cremated remains of a woman, now known as Mungo Lady. Five years later, Bowler discovered the bones of another Aborigine, Mungo Man. Carbon dating determined that the remains are about 32,000 years old, although other scientists have postulated that they go back as far as 60,000 years—putting the bones among the earliest evidence of human life. For the three local tribal groups—Paakantyi, Mutthi Mutthi, and Ngiyampaa—these findings confirm their ancient kinship with the land. At a time when ice sheets gripped uplands, and the Willandra Lakes were full, a civilization on these plains feasted on abundant aquatic life: yabbies, mussels, Macquarie perch, and Murray cod. Now its campsites, middens, and burial grounds hold keepsakes of the longest human habitation outside East Africa. Not that Lake Mungo gives up such secrets easily. It's a long way from anywhere, and the climate is as harsh as the horizon is wide. When to go Visit during the cooler months, March through October. How to go From Mildura, the nearest town (65 miles southwest), Graham Clarke leads entertaining trips for the Aboriginal-owned and -operated Harry Nanya Tours (61-3-5027-2076; harrynanyatours.com.au; one-day tour, $54–$115). Where to stay Near the park entrance, Mungo Lodge has 16 rooms with private baths as well as two cabins—all of which are being renovated and will reopen in April 2008 (61-3-5029-7297; mungolodge.com.au; doubles, $115–$135). The more comfortable Quality Hotel Mildura Grand has a good Northern Italian cellar restaurant, Stefano's (61-3-5023-0511; qualityhotelmilduragrand.com.au; doubles, $90–$177).

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RoboEarth is a “World Wide Web” for robots by Mark R You know how the Internet has become a place where billions of people are coming together and learning all sorts of things they never heard of before? Now, imagine that system of interconnected computers, but for Robots. This is the basic concept from RoboEarth, which its creators are saying is a “Wikipedia that’s just for robots”. So, if a robot is having trouble doing a certain task, it can essentially download how to do it from another robot. As far as I know, that is what RoboEarth is all about. In all honesty, I had no idea that robots were this advanced and could share knowledge like this. However, if my mobile phone can transmit information to my Bluetooth headset, is this too much of a stretch? Well, I think we all know where this is going. Soon all the robots of the world will be able to communicate with one another on a system that we humans won’t be able to understand. They will soon become complete equals, and then realize that they don’t need “the pesky humans” anymore. Granted that is a worst case scenario, and one that we’ve seen played out in The Matrix, Terminator, I, Robot, and more science fiction movies yet to be made.

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WASHINGTON — Whoever is inaugurated as president in January will need to reconsider the emphasis that the United States puts on democracy and human rights in its foreign policy. He will not have thought about it a great deal, if we judge by what either of the two main candidates has said so far. We get along better with democratic countries that respect human rights than with authoritarian countries that don't. The question is how far we can go in pressing these values on other countries. This needs to be considered in historical perspective. A dramatic example is provided by the recent canonization of a number of 17th-century Catholic missionaries to China. To the Vatican, the missionaries were Christian martyrs. To the Chinese, even after 400 years, they were Western imperialists. While there has been religious freedom in the US since the 18th century, we have not yet settled on where to place the wall separating church and state. Yet, Americans still complain about how the Chinese treat certain religious groups. The US has been slow establishing for itself other democratic ideals and human rights that it urges on the rest of the world. There was slavery in this country until Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in the 1860s. Child labor was not abolished until the 1920s. Labor's right to organize and to bargain collectively was not fully protected until the Norris-Laguardia Act and the Wagner Act in the 1930s. The same decade saw the Wage-Hour Act establish for the first time a minimum wage of 25 cents an hour and a maximum work week of 48 hours. Women could not vote until 1920. There was racial discrimination in voting, as well as in public accommodations, until the 1960s. The idea of universal education was a farce until the Supreme Court's school-desegregation decision in 1954. Several countries have won independence since America has secured many of these rights. But while independence alone is enough to adopt a democratic constitution, it is not enough to make the constitution work - witness Latin America. For this, political and social institutions are needed to provide stability. A public consensus is necessary to provide the parameters within which these institutions will be preserved and beyond which dissidents will not go. The US was independent almost a century before it fought a bloody civil war to establish this principle. Above all, an independent judiciary is necessary to enforce the commonly agreed rules, and it is necessary that the judiciary be so respected that it will be obeyed. Compare the public response in the US to the Supreme Court's school-desegration or school-prayer decisions and the response in Peru to executive usurpation of legislative power. Under the auspices of the State Department and propelled by the enthusiasm of Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, a group of 107 countries assembled in Warsaw last summer and signed the Warsaw Declaration in which they agreed to uphold "core democratic principles and practices." The signatories included Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Yemen, among others with dubious abilities to recognize, let alone apply, core democratic principles. France, the only nonsigner present, has had valuable though sometimes painful experience with democracy and human rights. French Foreign Minister Hubert Vedrine was unruffled in his lonely dissent. Democracy, he told the press, "is not like instant coffee, where you just add water and stir." Others present in Warsaw were more blunt in criticizing the American approach. Kenneth Roth, the executive director of the New York-based Human Rights Watch, said the US "fuels growing hostility," and "is increasingly viewed as a government that preaches to the rest of the world." The promotion of democracy and human rights (one cannot comfortably exist without the other) has not come lately to American foreign policy. President Wilson declared an aim of World War I to be to "make the world safe for democracy." In this, he failed spectacularly, but democracy has nonetheless made measurable progress in the world since then and especially since World War II. This wholesome trend has had many sources of influence. One has been the United States, more by example than by exhortation. Another has been the political institutions left as colonial legacies, especially by Great Britain. Perhaps most important of all has been the contribution of indigenous statesmen, prominently among them Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, and Konrad Adenauer. Pat Holt, former chief of staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, writes on foreign affairs. (c) Copyright 2000. The Christian Science Publishing Society

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Not all of us think of ourselves as feminists, because so many have worked so hard to make it a dirty word. But think of it this way: we all have women we love in our lives. So in the spirit of March 8, International Women's Day, let's celebrate them. One of the biggest obstacles to all people leading healthy, productive lives in the is the lack of access to contraception and reproductive health services. This is especially true for women. Having freedom of choice and access to contraception means autonomy and the freedom to plan when and if to have children. And that's better for women, for their children, for their partners, and for their communities. According to the United Nations, there are 200 million women who want contraception but don't have access. Imagine if one of these women were a friend, a neighbor, a cousin, even your own mother. What if you knew that women with access to contraception are freer to choose if and when to have children, and that this leads to more stable communities? What would you do if you knew that inattention to this need was putting your mother, your cousin, or your friend at risk? Of not being able to fulfill her ambitions? Of not being able to finish school because of an unplanned pregnancy? You would want to do something. And there is something you can do. Celebrate! Celebrate what has already been achieved and then tell a friend about what there's still left to do. By doing that you can help move women's reproductive health up on the agenda. In other words, be a feminist. Honor the women in your life by supporting access to reproductive health services the world over. Help build momentum for the empowerment of women, empowerment that will strengthen families, stabilize communities, and enable a happier and healthier existence for millions. Being a feminist means honoring all people. Let's do that by letting our friends and neighbors know about the 200 million women worldwide who want access to contraception but can't get it. I'll be doing that by sharing powerful stories from Pathfinder International's Girl2Woman campaign. Stories like this: Now, how will you be celebrating? HuffPost Lifestyle is a daily newsletter that will make you happier and healthier — one email at a time. Learn more

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In a discovery with implications for treatment of anxiety disorders, UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute investigators have identified a distinct molecular process in the brain involved in overcoming fear. The findings will be published in the Oct. 15 edition of the Journal of Neuroscience. The study of how mice acquire, express and extinguish conditional fear shows for the first time that L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LVGCCs) -- one of hundreds of varieties of electrical switches found in brain cells -- are required to overcome fear but play no role in becoming fearful or expressing fear. The findings suggest that it may be possible to identify the cells, synapses and molecular pathways specific to extinguishing fear, and to the treatment of human anxiety disorders. "Brain plasticity, or the ability of the central nervous system to modify cellular connections, has long been recognized as a key component to learning and memory," said Dr. Mark Barad, the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institutes Tennenbaum Family Center faculty scholar and an assistant professor in-residence of psychiatry at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. "The discovery of a distinct molecular process in overcoming fear bodes well for development of new drugs that can make psychotherapy, or talk therapy, easier and more effective in treating anxiety disorders. More broadly, the findings also suggest that distinct molecular processes may be involved in the expression and treatment of other psychiatric disorders." Closing the carbon loop 08.12.2016 | University of Pittsburgh Newly discovered bacteria-binding protein in the intestine 08.12.2016 | University of Gothenburg In recent years, lasers with ultrashort pulses (USP) down to the femtosecond range have become established on an industrial scale. They could advance some applications with the much-lauded “cold ablation” – if that meant they would then achieve more throughput. A new generation of process engineering that will address this issue in particular will be discussed at the “4th UKP Workshop – Ultrafast Laser Technology” in April 2017. Even back in the 1990s, scientists were comparing materials processing with nanosecond, picosecond and femtosesecond pulses. The result was surprising:... Have you ever wondered how you see the world? Vision is about photons of light, which are packets of energy, interacting with the atoms or molecules in what... A multi-institutional research collaboration has created a novel approach for fabricating three-dimensional micro-optics through the shape-defined formation of porous silicon (PSi), with broad impacts in integrated optoelectronics, imaging, and photovoltaics. Working with colleagues at Stanford and The Dow Chemical Company, researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign fabricated 3-D birefringent... In experiments with magnetic atoms conducted at extremely low temperatures, scientists have demonstrated a unique phase of matter: The atoms form a new type of quantum liquid or quantum droplet state. These so called quantum droplets may preserve their form in absence of external confinement because of quantum effects. The joint team of experimental physicists from Innsbruck and theoretical physicists from Hannover report on their findings in the journal Physical Review X. “Our Quantum droplets are in the gas phase but they still drop like a rock,” explains experimental physicist Francesca Ferlaino when talking about the... The Max Planck Institute for Physics (MPP) is opening up a new research field. A workshop from November 21 - 22, 2016 will mark the start of activities for an innovative axion experiment. Axions are still only purely hypothetical particles. Their detection could solve two fundamental problems in particle physics: What dark matter consists of and why it has not yet been possible to directly observe a CP violation for the strong interaction. The “MADMAX” project is the MPP’s commitment to axion research. Axions are so far only a theoretical prediction and are difficult to detect: on the one hand,... 16.11.2016 | Event News 01.11.2016 | Event News 14.10.2016 | Event News 08.12.2016 | Life Sciences 08.12.2016 | Physics and Astronomy 08.12.2016 | Materials Sciences

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A study conducted by psychologists at Ohio State University (OSU) reveals what most people probably already knew – men think about sex more than women. While the average male doesn’t ponder a roll in the hay every few seconds as the old adage goes, researchers found that men think about doing the nasty 18 times a day, while women only think about doing the horizontal mambo 10 times in 24 hours, according to LiveScience. There were other thoughts that seemed to be on the minds of men more than women. In addition to sex, men thought about food and sleep with equal frequency. Likewise, women were less likely to occupy their mind with these topics. “In other words, there was nothing special about sexual thoughts,” Terri Fisher, a psychologist at OSU, told the news organization. “Males thought more about any of the health-related thoughts compared to females, not just thoughts about sex.” Researches asked 163 college-aged women and 120 college-aged men to carry around counters that would allow them to mark down every time they had a thought about sex. This method may prove more successful than other studies that have attempted to chart sex thoughts, as many previous research initiatives asked individuals to recall how often they thought about sex, rather than keep track in real-time. Though the average numbers showed that men had sex on the brain more than women, researchers were quick to point out that the numbers varied for individual participants. One man thought about sex 388 times in one day, or every 158 seconds during his waking hours. It’s essential for both men and women who are sexually active to be aware of safe sex practices and know how to use a condom. Contraceptives not only prevent unwanted pregnancy, they also protect individuals against sexually transmitted infections.

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|Home | About | Contact | Vitamins for Schizophrenia|| April 18, 2006 Neuregulin-1 gene variation confirmed as predisposing people to schizophrenia Read more... Schizophrenia Biology · Schizophrenia Causes, Risk Factors & Prevention · Schizophrenia Diagnosis · Schizophrenia Genetics A new report published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS) confirmed what a large gene (Neuregulin-1) that regulates many brain functions is abnormal in people who have schizophrenia. The study provides clues to how the gene seems to disrupt brain development and function and put people at risk for different types of thinking problems and brain disorders. Newsday of New York reported that "This is a very interesting study," said Dr. Gerald Fischbach, dean of the faculty of medicine at Columbia University, who added that this finding may one day lead to new ways to treat schizophrenia. Fischbach and his colleagues identified the gene in the early 1990s, and they suspected it had something to do with the nervous system. It's only been in the past three years that a team of scientists in Iceland, at deCode Genetics, has linked the gene to schizophrenia. Since then, more than a half dozen laboratories have confirmed the link. Schizophrenia researchers believe that alterations in neuregulin-1 may change the biology of the gene and lead to an abnormal regulation of its expression and function in the schizophrenic brain, NIMH researcher Dr. Amanda Law stated. The New York Times, reporting on the news story, noted: Neuregulin is one of about 10 genes so far linked to schizophrenia. It plays many different roles in the brain, some concerned with synapses, the interconnections between neurons, so derangements of its function are a plausible source of schizophrenia. It is a long road, however, from knowing a variant gene is linked with a disease to understanding the biology of how the disease is caused. Researchers are now working on a way to measure neuregulin in living patients and identify ways to predict who may become ill and why. Dr. Kari Stefansson, president and chief operating officer of deCode, identified neuregulin-1 as a risk gene for schizophrenia. Stefansson has reasons to go after the disease. As a trained neurologist and neuropathologist, he has watched his older brother live with schizophrenia. Posted by szadmin at April 18, 2006 12:54 PM More Information on Schizophrenia Genetics

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Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and sexual anxiety. History tends to compare Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald—and why not? As contemporaries and rivals, the two make natural foils for each other. Hemingway, we’re told, epitomizes a certain archetypal masculinity; he presented himself as a hunter, a boxer, a war veteran, and a ladies’ man; accordingly, he wrote in a spare, economical style, mostly about war, solitude, and adventure. Fitzgerald, on the other hand, we know as a social striver, someone who prided himself on his budding elitism and his (incomplete) Princeton education, who was known to have his pocket square and his hair-part always just right. He wrote about socioeconomic status in prose that was, at least next to Hemingway’s, often lyrical and adorned, and most would readily agree that he’s the more effeminate of the two. But the sexual identities of these men, formed by their peculiar childhoods and the Lost Generation artists they surrounded themselves with, weren’t as self-evident as many modern readers might think. There’s a classic story of the homosexual tensions bubbling just beneath the surface between Hemingway and Fitzgerald. It takes place in the men’s room at Michaud’s, at the time an upscale brasserie in Paris. As Hemingway claims in A Moveable Feast—and claims is just the word, because his own sexual insecurities tended to manifest in an unfair emasculation of Fitzgerald—Fitzgerald told him: Read More

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Patrick Birley, boss of ECX, the fast-growing market in carbon emissions, talks about why the exchange is so important It is the first genuinely new exchange to be created in London since Liffe, the financial futures market, and the International Petroleum Exchange in the early 1980s. It is also the first market where trading might help to save the planet. The European Climate Exchange (ECX) arrived in April 2005 to allow EU companies to trade in the newly issued “permits to pollute” under the Kyoto agreement. This sets limits on heavy polluters for the amount of CO2 they can produce in a given year. If they stay below this figure and pollute less, they can sell on the difference

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About this course What to Expect Together with a whole network of media researchers, creators and students we will: - learn storytelling basics such as antagonist/protagonist relationships, narrative/narrated time, ... - have a look at exciting current media projects - analyze how they are designed and executed based on aforementioned basics - and discuss how (and if) new online tools and formats change the way stories are told and perceived. The 8-chapter course starts on October 25th, 2013 and ends on December 20th, 2013. It will offer weekly video material, lessons, interviews and tasks on the following topics (not necessarily in this order): - storytelling basics - serial formats (on the TV, web and beyond) - storytelling in role-playing games - interactive storytelling in video games - transmedia storytelling - alternate-reality gaming - augmented reality and location-based storytelling - the role of tools, interfaces and information architectures in current storytelling. Our first Storytelling-MOOC will focus on fictional formats. Inspire and Help Understand Our goal is to inspire and help understand. To broaden our horizon of what is and might be possible and what has already been attempted, and what has succeeded or even failed - and why. In several little tasks you'll analyze and practice storytelling on your own and in teams. Why this MOOC is Interdisciplinary Based at the Design Department at the University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, this MOOC is not only interdisciplinary, but also includes guest lectures and project presentations by game designers, writers, transmedia producers, TV makers, executives and theorists from many different fields of study. We will thus be able to discuss content, structures and technologies from various perspectives. Our MOOC will help you answer the following questions: 1. How do fictional stories work? Which structures and mechanics are used? 2. How do new technologies influence the ways stories are told and perceived - and which new media formats have been developed during the last years? 3. How can technologies, interfaces and visuals engage an audience fast and continuously? 4. How can I develop and implement my own story-ideas - on my own or in teams? No prior knowledge of storytelling mechanics is needed, but can be helpful. Interest in creative processes and new technologies is welcome and encouraged. - You don't know what an alternate-reality game, RPG or transmedia storytelling is? - Great, you'll learn it here. - You are a storytelling professional? - Great, we hope to inspire you. Please feel free to help us inspire others by sharing interesting links, events and projects on our Facebook page. For updates and more on our MOOC go to: https://www.facebook.com/TheFutureOfStorytellingMooc Twitter: @crossmedienne @julianvandieken #storymooc How much does it cost me to take part? Our MOOC is free of charge for anyone interested worldwide. However, how much of your free time you invest is up to you. When will this course start? This MOOC will start on October 25th, 2013 and run for eight weeks until December 20th, 2013. How much time will I need to participate? From just watching the video lessons (about 20-30 min per week) to engaging in discussions and tasks (about 2-4 hours per week), exploring our reading list and even presenting your own current projects via essays or video link on our Facebook page, your involvement is entirely up to you. The more you engage yourself, the more you gain. Is this course only available in English? Yes, for now. Due to technical and production time restrictions, we will only be able to offer this first MOOC in ONE language. As English is the language most applying students here share, we decided to go for it. However, we are looking for options to make this course available in other languages. My written English is not that good. Can I still participate in the tasks? Of course! Although language is an important part of storytelling in general, great works have been created without even a single audible word (e.g. silent movies). We are working on making our tasks as language-independent as possible. Good grammar and spelling skills are not the only key to succeeding in this course. Will there be a second edition/run of this course? Not for now. Although we would love to create and host a so-to-speak "2nd season" of this MOOC, there are no definite plans yet. This experience will therefore be unique for now.

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Kyoto, Japan -- Expanding on previous work with engines traveling on straight tracks, a team of researchers at Kyoto University and the University of Oxford have successfully used DNA building blocks to construct a motor capable of navigating a programmable network of tracks with multiple switches. The findings, published in the January 22 online edition of the journal Nature Nanotechnology, are expected to lead to further developments in the field of nanoengineering. The research utilizes the technology of DNA origami, where strands of DNA molecules are sequenced in a way that will cause them to self-assemble into desired 2D and even 3D structures. In this latest effort, the scientists built a network of tracks and switches atop DNA origami tiles, which made it possible for motor molecules to travel along these rail systems. "We have demonstrated that it is not only possible to build nanoscale devices that function autonomously," explained Dr. Masayuki Endo of Kyoto University's Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), "but that we can cause such devices to produce predictable outputs based on different, controllable starting conditions." The team, including lead author Dr. Shelley Wickham at Oxford, expects that the work may lead to the development of even more complex systems, such as programmable molecular assembly lines and sophisticated sensors. "We are really still at an early stage in designing DNA origami-based engineering systems," elaborated iCeMS Prof. Hiroshi Sugiyama. "The promise is great, but at the same time there are still many technical hurdles to overcome in order to improve the quality of the output. This is just the beginning for this new and exciting field." The article, "A DNA-based molecular motor that can navigate a network of tracks" by Shelley F. J. Wickham, Jonathan Bath, Yousuke Katsuda, Masayuki Endo, Kumi Hidaka, Hiroshi Sugiyama, and Andrew J. Turberfield was published online in the January 22, 2011 issue of Nature Nanotechnology. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/G037930/1), the Clarendon Fund, the Oxford-Australia Scholarship Fund, CREST of JST, and a Grant-in-Aid for Science Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. About the iCeMS The Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS) at Kyoto University in Japan aims to advance the integration of cell and material sciences -- both traditionally strong fields for the university -- in a uniquely innovative global research environment. The iCeMS combines the biosciences, chemistry, materials science, and physics to capture the potential power of stem cells (e.g., ES/iPS cells) and of mesoscopic sciences (e.g., porous coordination polymers). Such developments hold the promise of significant advances in medicine, pharmaceutical studies, the environment, and industry.

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September 26, World Contraception Day An estimated 225 million women in developing countries would like to delay or stop childbearing but are not using any method of contraception. MEASURE Evaluation advances the goals of global family planning initiatives and the Sustainable Development Goals by supporting voluntary family planning and reproductive health programs. Ensuring access to family planning for women and couples promotes the well-being and rights of women and the health of communities. Given access to family planning methods, families can invest more in each child, including being able to afford more years of school attendance than children with many siblings. It allows women to pursue further education and contribute to family livelihoods. And, family planning saves lives: ill-timed pregnancies and births contribute to higher maternal and infant mortality rates. MEASURE Evaluation works to ensure optimal demand, analysis, and use of data to measure the performance of family planning programs and to inform family planning policies in developing countries. Our work includes maintaining the Family Planning and Reproductive Health Indicators Database to provide a compendium of the most widely used indicators for monitoring and evaluating family planning and reproductive health programs. For additional information: - The Effect of Access to Contraceptive Services on Injectable Use and Demand for Family Planning in Malawi - Family Planning Needs of Adolescents in Predominantly Rural Communities in the Central Part of Ghana - Improving Referrals and Integrating Family Planning and HIV Services through Organizational Network Strengthening - The Future of Long-Acting and Permanent Methods of Contraception in Bangladesh: A Policy Brief

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Definition of herdsman 1 : a manager, breeder, or tender of livestock 2 capitalized : boötes Examples of herdsman in a sentence <a lone herdsman stood with his sheep and his dog on the hillside> First Known Use of herdsman HERDSMAN Defined for English Language Learners Definition of herdsman for English Language Learners : a person (especially a man) who watches over a herd of cows, sheep, etc. HERDSMAN Defined for Kids Definition of herdsman for Students : a person who owns or watches over a flock or herd Seen and Heard What made you want to look up herdsman? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).

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This Bi-Weekly challenge this week relates again to the thought process behind a picture. Your task is to tell a story with your art. By making a single picture without text, art can easily imply a short story and suggest a reason for the content of a picture. This challenge relates to what you draw, moreso than how you draw it, which makes it easy for everybody to do in their own way. What does it mean to tell a story? How can you define whether or not your art idea fits this criterion? Ask yourself why the situation of the picture is occurring. If the reason for your picture is self-evident, you have successfully hinted at a series of events and a cause and effect that lead to your art. Example 1, which is sort of a spoiler for Saturday's episode. We as the audience members not only understand what is happening, which is Applejack looking at two shooting stars and crying with two envelopes. We understand the envelopes are invitations for the characters represented by shooting stars, which are most likely attributed to her parents. Without telling a single word, we can see that Applejack is wishing her parents could be with them in the Apple family reunion. We understand why this event is happening, and the motivations behind the emotions. Example 2. Not every story has to be complicated. Here, we have Luna running with her head down and a defeated look on her face. Why? Because she's tormented by regret for what she did as Nightmare Moon, as seen in a memory in the sky. It doesn't have to be complex. Everything in this painting is understood: simple cause and effect, and a reason for the emotion and the context of the picture. It's not so hard to just draw Luna being sad, but a little extra thought can give a simple picture more impact and meaning. Hopefully, any of you drawing during this holiday season may give this a shot. There have been disappointingly few biweekly submissions. It takes only little extra thought and work to turn any given practice art piece into a biweekly, but it will help develop some of your art skills and your thought processes. Have an idea for a biweekly (or any activity), or want to run one yourself? Hit the “Message the moderators” button to let us know, and we may use your idea. Remember to identify your submission as a 29th biweekly if you do one. Consider critiquing others' biweekly submissions, too. Let them know what you like, and what else they could have done. Everybody can be an artist and a critic.

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Definition - What does Safety Goggles mean? Safety goggles are a type of personal protective equipment (PPE) that is worn on the eye for its protection. Essentially, goggles are safety glasses that fit tightly to the eye, often with suction, and are secured with a strap that goes around the back of the head. Goggles may be used to protect the eye against particles, chemicals, water, glare and from things striking the eyes. Safeopedia explains Safety Goggles There are different types of goggles that are designed to give protection in specific types of work. For example, there are specialized blowtorch goggles, laboratory goggles and goggles designed to be worn while using power tools.

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Student or Learner what is meant by ...........to go by gut Welcome to the Forum! "To go by gut' means that you act in a way that you think is correct; you follow the directions of the imaginary voice in your head! * When my friends began stealing items from the store, my gut feeling told me to leave the area as quickly as possible. * After forgetting his anniversary,the husband's gut told him that buying flowers for his wife would be a wise thing to do. Do these examples help you understand the meaning?

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People with Aspergers Syndrome, Girls on the autistic spectrum and Depression Aspergers Syndrome, Anxiety and Depression Aspergers female talks about depression AS and Depression Anxiety and Aspergers Syndrome Depression and Aspergers Syndrome Do you suffer from depression?See results without voting Aspergers Syndrome and Depression If you have depression have you been offered counsellingSee results without voting Depression and Aspergers Syndrome If you have depression, do you think there might be a cause such as Aspergers Syndrome?See results without voting Depression and Aspergers Syndrome Aspergers Syndrome and Depression Unfortunately today depression has become very commonplace. It has now also been identified that for many people there is often a root cause to their feelings of hopelessness, inadequacy and deep sadness. Depression and Bi-Polar Disorder are too often also found in people who have Aspergers Syndrome or Autism. In fact in the past people who today would most probably be diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome would then often have been misdiagnosed as having Bi-Polar Disorder or Schizophrenia. While many people with Autism or Aspergers Syndrome often do also develop depression because of the additional struggles they have to endure in their everyday lives. For the autistic person so many everyday activities that others take in their stride are often very confusing, alien and often appear like totally baffling behaviour. Also the autistic person doesn’t have an instinctive knowledge on how to socialize or deal with situations that other people can adapt to quite easily. In my own personal case the diagnosis of clinical depression didn’t come until after the birth of my first child. This though was still many years before the real cause of my depression became obvious to me i.e. for most of my life I was totally unaware that I had Aspergers Syndrome. When I was initially diagnosed with depression it was the start of my long journey to discovering what was really going on inside my head and why. I knew there was more to my feelings of inadequacy, difference and confusion than just depression but unfortunately many people tried to convince me for many more years that this was not the case. So what exactly are with main symptoms of depression? For everyone depression can manifest itself a bit differently. For me personally now that I think back it is often hard for me to separate the extreme thoughts which I now know are all part and parcel of having an autistic overactive brain and then those thoughts that were fuelled by me feeling clinically depressed. Extreme thoughts and Depression Having extreme thoughts is a very common sign of depression. For me this usually meant constantly berating myself and asking myself questions such as: ‘Why am I so useless? What sort of an ejet am I?’ Or I used to also regularly give myself nice compassionate advice like, ‘just cop on Mary and walk into that room and talk to those people. Or is it any wonder everyone hates you and thinks you are a total fool when you actually are these things?’ Constantly these thoughts would be swimming around in my head day and night. Keeping me awake into the small hours and waking me before dawn. These thoughts in most people with depression will include elements of constant self-criticism and periods of berating themselves for their perceived faults or shortcomings. Usually there is also often a total lack of self esteem and confidence. An inability to concentrate is also common and activities and tasks that were once liked and considered important will now also often have no appeal for the depressed person. For me this always caused me difficulty great at work because no matter how hard I tried I wouldn’t be able to keep my mind on the task at hand. Instead I would find my mind wandering off and focusing in on something else entirely. Such as an event twenty years before that and how stupid I had been to handle it the way I did i.e. a total inability to let go of past mistakes and move on. Quite suddenly a decision as unimportant as which black shoes to wear to work the next day became a mammoth decision. Therefore the inability to make even simple decisions and extreme indecisiveness are also symptoms of depression. Feelings associated with Depression: A person with depression is engulfed with constant feelings of extreme sadness about every area of their life. It really is a dark, foreboding cloud hovering over you from which you cannot escape from. Every sad event in your life is constantly buzzing through your frazzled brain. You are in a constant state of confusion, may feel terribly frightened, have extreme guilt about small trivial matters and yet can’t help yourself from feeling this way even though your mind might tell you that you are overreacting. For me I felt like I wanted to escape my life and run away but at the same time I didn’t have the energy, the drive or the confidence to actually pick myself up and do it. The person with depression often also feels totally inadequate and incompetent which only adds to their feelings of hopelessness and despair. Behaviour and Depression: A depressed person finds every mundane task an awful effort. Their mind is draining all their energy so their body is constantly exhausted and it may feel like you are walking around with blocks of cement dragging after you. Every limb is dead weight and every move requires so much effort that many will retreat to their bed and just want to stay there indefinitely. Other people with depression might find they can’t stay in the same spot for more than a couple of seconds and are constantly on the go and yet achieving nothing. They are consumed by a feeling of restlessness that they just can’t escape. They are trying to escape their inner turmoil but can’t because they are carrying it around inside their heads with them all the time no matter what they do or where they go. Some depressed people are extremely needy and will cling onto a significant other for dear life. You may be told, ‘how you leave me like this?’ They may want you to save them even though at the end of the day you can’t because only they have the power to help themselves to get over their depression and that has to come from within. The depressed person will be very irritable and you may feel like you are constantly walking on eggshells around them. No matter what you say it will be perceived as wrong. (Just ask my husband he will tell you all about this one!). Any innocent comment will be construed as being an extreme insult to the paranoid depressed person. Physical Symptoms of Depression: As already described usually a depressed person is totally lacking in energy, drive and interest to do anything much. They will want to stay in bed all day, will lose all interest in their appearance, self care skills will not interest them and just seem like too much bother. E.g. Why does it matter if I brush my hair or not when I am the biggest failure the world has ever encountered? A depressed person will just have no interest in what is going on around them and this can be very hard for other family members to get or accept. A person with depression may seem to sleep all the time or consequently they may be awake all night and not be able to sleep at all. Some cannot eat and will lose weight. This was not my experience though when I am depressed food is my first love and I crave every kind of junk food that ever existed and that is all I am interested in eating. So when I am depressed I usually gain weight. Many people with depression will develop physical pains which may have no root cause, this used to happen to me a lot in the past. Aspergers Syndrome and Depression: For me depression is merely a symptom of my Aspergers Syndrome. The autistic brain is wired differently to the neurotypical one and unfortunately for us Aspies we are usually more prone to becoming depressed. The following are some of the reasons for this: Aspergers brain is wired differently As my husband has so eloquently put it on many occasions, ‘you think too much about everything and you are totally paranoid.’ Now I know though that this unfortunately is just how the autistic brain operates e.g. somebody says to me, ‘I have never seen you wearing blue before, it’s different.’ That might usually seem like quite an innocent comment to make but automatically the Aspergers brain homes in on this as their way of telling me, ‘would you look at the state of your one in the big blue blanket. What was she thinking going out in public with that draped around her huge body? Doesn’t she realize she looks like an overripe, overstuffed blueberry? If I were her I would go home rip that monstrosity off my person, burn it straight away and then hang my head in shame for the next six months.’ I always seem to home in on and remember the smallest of critical details of every comment that other people make and even though they don’t even necessarily mean it as an insult that's how I am likely to pick it up unfortunately. When it comes to self criticism the Aspergers brain has a memory better than any elephant. Unfortunately I don’t seem to hold onto any memories of praise in the same way. Undoubtedly this type of thinking encourages depression. Aspergers Anxiety pent up stress and depression For the person with Aspergers Syndrome everything thing in their everyday world is a challenge. I have spent a lot of my life marveling at people who can just walk into a room and instantly it lights up. Everyone is so happy to see them. I on the other hand will try to sneak in after them with my eyes averted and my heart thudding anxiously in my chest. It is a relief to now know that this is a perfectly normal way for someone with Aspergers Syndrome to feel. That really I can only do my best to cope in this type of situation and if I need to withdraw from it to avoid sensory overload then that is okay too. If only I had known that a longtime ago how it would have helped my self-esteem and maybe even have given me some confidence. Obviously because I didn’t have the benefit of a diagnosis until my 30’s I had already suppressed all this type of anxiety inwards and it had manifested itself as depression. Depression, Aspergers Syndrome and pent up anger When I was first diagnosed with depression I saw a very nice Counsellor and she told me that depression is often caused by suppressing unexpressed anger. That made a lot of sense to me. Now of course I know I felt angry because I had Aspergers Syndrome and I just couldn’t understand why I had to act and do things in a certain way to try to fit in even though they made no logical sense to me whatsoever E.g. if someone asks you how you are you must say, ‘I am fine thanks and smile.’ Why I used to wonder when I am dying inside? Why can’t I just say, ‘I am awful, my mind is a mess, I hate myself, I am a total disaster and I just want to run away and hide under a cabbage plant somewhere and stay there for the next ten years.’ I used to think if only I could say that I would feel so much better but no instead I have to pretend and play this charade that became known to me as ‘social interaction.’ Then of course there is the relationship faux pas i.e. I cannot tell my partner how I feel even though he does actually want to know when I am angry, sad or depressed? Apparently he also wants to know when I am in melt down mode so he can get ready to run very fast in the opposite direction of me. It was such a rewarding day for me when I got my Aspergers Syndorme diagnosis and I read out to him how I really have no control over my emotions once I go into meltdown mode. For the first time I had documented proof that there really is no point to ignoring me for a week afterwards because I got so angry. Now I can say ‘its not me really honey it’s the Aspergers Syndrome, see I have been telling you since the day I met you I really cannot control my emotions sometimes no matter how hard I try. Now here is a nice book by Dr. Tony Attwood where in fact totally backs up this theory. That was a great turning point in our relationship finally there was a new level of understanding emerging and much less depression. Unfortunately though many couples don’t make it to that stage and it is very tough that so many people separate because their partner just can’t express how they feel because of the Aspergers Syndrome and neither person in this couple is even aware that the Aspergers Syndrome is in fact the real issue. Undoubtedly this leads to depression. Depression Aspergers Syndrome and Sensory Issues When you hear a voice four times louder than everyone else, when you can make out a pin dropping at the same time as somebody is speaking to you and you can’t filter out any background noise, it is hell. If every food you eat also tastes like sawdust or every flavour tastes like a bad Tandoori curry magnified by ten then that makes eating a minefield. These are just two examples of sensory issues that often affect autistic people and there are many more too. This makes it so difficult to lead a normal life and can undoubtedly lead to the autistic person avoiding social settings, going out for meals is just too difficult and doing so many things that others just take as a given have to be avoided or seriously planned. These are more risk factors for depression. Aspergers Syndrome Obsession and Depression The Autistic brain is just wired to home in on a particular area that they find hugely exciting and endlessly fascinating. It is now commonly known as, ‘an area of special interest.’ It could be anything from trains, to dinosaurs, to science fiction, for girls it could also be diet, exercise, fashion or something completely different like psychology or even autism itself. Whatever an Aspies area of special interest is it can often become an all consuming passion. Which then often leads to people with Aspergers devoting every waking moment to this new interest often to the detriment of everything else including family, friends, other interests and just living their life. Undoubtedly this can cause them a myriad of additional problems including isolation, addiction problems, financial worries to name but a few and without a doubt this often leads to depression. No Aspergers Syndrome Diagnosis and Depression Personally I believe that if I had had a diagnosis for my Aspergers Syndrome when I was a child then it could have saved me many years of turmoil, confusion, insecurity, social anxiety and many other issues. However in 1970’s Ireland Aspergers Syndrome was not even recognized as being a condition so it was not possible to diagnose it. However now we are supposed to be living in more enlightened times unfortunately though here in Ireland in 2010 I struggled massively to get a diagnosis for my son who doesn’t have Aspergers Syndrome but Autism and Developmental Delay (currently of unspecified origin please see my article on is it Fragile X Syndrome or Autism? here http://thewritingowl.hubpages.com/hub/fragilexsyndromeexplained). When I subsequently went about getting a diagnosis of Aspergers Syndrome for myself I was pretty much laughed at and told to go away and what did I want to know that now for? And that I had coped too well in life to have Aspergers Syndrome! How they deduced that after a five minute conversation with me seemed very farcical. So unfortunately folks many, many more children, teenagers and adults in Ireland are still going to end up with a myriad of psychological issues because they too will never receive a diagnosis for their Aspergers Syndrome. Instead many will be told they have depression, or Social Anxiety or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or another similar diagnosis or maybe even be told the old chestnut, 'he'll be grand and he'll grow out of it.' Then they will be given a concoction of pills and be told to go away and just live with it as I was. Obviously this leads to more depression. If you think you might have Aspergers Syndrome then please click on this link to my article on Aspergers and Relationships http://thewritingowl.hubpages.com/hub/aspergersrelationswhere there is also a link to http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.12/aqtest.html i.e. The Do I have Aspergers Quiz. My Facebook page Website for Dr Tony Attwood - Tony Attwood - Author of The Complete Guide to Asperger's Syndrome - A little about Tony Tony's web site is a guide for parents, professionals, people with Asperger's Syndrome, and their partners. More by this Author Freddie Mercury was a flamboyant showman who always enthralled his legions of fans. Yet underneath his stage persona he was a shy person who didn’t like the limelight and who rarely gave interviews. ‘You're young, you're drunk, you're in bed, you have knives; shit happens.’ Angelina Jolie had a troubled childhood and suffered from depression and self harmed as a teenager. Does she have Aspergers? Publically King Edward VIII was seen the world’s most eligible bachelor in 1936. While in reality the new King had been conducting a very open affair with an American divorcee known as Wallis Simpson

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Serial Peripheral Interface – SPI Basics Hey all! It’s time to continue with our tutorials on serial communication. Till now, we have covered the following: Apart from this, there are few other serial transfer protocols like SPI, I2C, etc. In this post, we will discuss about SPI and its bus transactions – no programming, just the concepts. Programming the SPI of (AVR) microcontrollers will be discussed in upcoming post. - Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) - SPI Bus Transaction - SPI Bus Interface - Clock Polarity and Phase - AVR In-System Programming - Interesting Reads Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Serial Peripheral Interface, often shortened as SPI (pronounced as spy, or ess-pee-eye), is a synchronous serial data transfer protocol named by Motorola. Here two or more serial devices are connected to each other in full-duplex mode. The devices connected to each other are either Master or Slave. In a SPI link there could as many Masters and Slaves as required, but it’s very rare to find more than one Master in a SPI link. The Master device is the one which initiates the connection and controls it. Once the connection is initiated, then the Master and one or more Slave(s) can transmit and/or receive data. As mentioned earlier, this is a full-duplex connection, which means that Master can send data to Slave(s) and the Slave(s) can also send the data to the Master at the same time. SPI Bus Transaction Now that we have a basic knowledge of what SPI is, let’s look into the operation of SPI Bus. The SPI operation is based upon shift registers. Every device, whether Master or Slave has an 8-bit shift register inside it. The size of the shift register could be more than 8-bit as well (like 10-bit, 12-bit, etc), but it should be the same for both Master and Slave, and the protocol should support it. The Master and Slave are connected in such a way that the two shift registers form an inter-device circular buffer. The following diagram should explains the hardware setup. Please click on the images to enlarge it and view it in high resolution. As you can see, there is an 8-bit shift register inside each of the Master and Slave devices. These shift registers operate in Serial-In/Serial-Out (SISO) fashion. The output of the Master’s shift register is connected to the input of the Slave’s shift register; and the output of the Slave’s shift register is connected to the input of Master’s shift register. This makes the connection operate like a circular/ring buffer. Don’t bother about the names MISO, MOSI and SCK now. We will discuss about them a little later in this post. As mentioned earlier, SPI is a synchronous serial data transfer protocol, which means that there must be a clock to synchronize the data transfer. It has also been stated that the Master is responsible for initiating and controlling the connection. Thus, we use the clock source of the Master device to synchronize the data transfer. That’s why you see the clock source inside the Master, which controls the operation of both the shift registers. Data Transfer Operation Alright, now let’s see how SPI bus transfers data among Master and Slave. Let’s refer to the diagram shown in the above section. Let’s say that the data in the Master’s shift register is A7 through A0 (MSB through LSB) whereas the data in the Slave’s shift register is B7 through B0 (MSB through LSB). This is the initial state before any clock pulse arrives. Now as soon as a clock pulse arrives, the shift registers come into operation and the data in the registers in shifted by one bit towards the right. This evicts bit A0 from Master and bit B0 from Slave. Since the Master and Slave are connected to form a ring/circular buffer, the evicted bit occupies the MSB position of the other device. Which means, bit A0 gets evicted from Master and occupies MSB position in Slave’s shift register; whereas bit B0 gets evicted from Slave and occupies MSB position in Master’s shift register. This can be seen in the following image. Bits are color coded for better viewing. Please click on the image to enlarge it. Now once again, when the clock generates another pulse, the data in the registers are shifted by another bit towards right, which evicts bits A1 and B1 from Master and Slave respectively. The evicted bits A1 and B1 occupy the MSB position of Slave’s and Master’s shift registers respectively. This can be seen in the following image. Please click on the image to enlarge it. This continues for six more clock pulses. The following images depict the data transfer operation. Please click on the images to enlarge them for better viewing. And here’s an animation. Thanks to Audio Sketches for creating it! To sum up, - Both, Master and Slave place the data (byte) they wish to transfer in their respective shift registers before the communication starts. - Master generates 8 clock pulses. After each clock pulse, one bit of information is transfer from Master to Slave and vice-versa. - After 8 clock pulses, Master would have received Slave’s data, whereas Slave would have Master’s data. And that’s why this is a full-duplex communication. SPI Bus Interface Now that we are conceptually clear how the data transfer takes place, let’s look into the SBI bus description and the interface between Master and Slave. The Master and Slave are connected by means of four wires. Each of these wires carries a particular signal defined by the SPI bus protocol. These four signals/wires are– - MOSI – Master Out Slave In: This is the wire/signal which goes from the output of Master’s shift register to the input of the Slave’s shift register. - MISO – Master In Slave Out: This is the wire/signal which goes from the output of Slave’s shift register to the input of the Master’s shift register. - SCK/SCLK – Serial Clock: This is the output of the clock generator for Master and clock input for Slave. - SS’ – Slave Select: This is discussed in the next section of this post. The MOSI, SCK and SS’ signals are directed from Master to Slave whereas the MISO signal is directed from Slave to Master. The following diagram represents this interface having single Master and single Slave. Thus, it should be noted again that during each SPI clock cycle, a full duplex transmission occurs as follows– - Master sends a bit to the MOSI line; Slave reads it from the same line. - Slave sends a bit to the MISO line; Master reads it from the same line. Multiple Slaves – Slave Select (SS’) Signal As mentioned earlier, SPI can be used to connect one Master to multiple Slaves as well. Having multiple Masters is also possible, but it does nothing but increase the complexity due to clock synchronization issues, and is very very rare. Having multiple Slaves is where the Slave Select (SS’) signal comes into effect. SS’ (which means SS complemented) signal is in active low configuration i.e. to select a particular Slave, we need to provide a LOW signal level to SS’ of the Slave. The SPI bus interface is pretty simple for this one, and is shown in the diagram shown below. All the Slaves share the same MOSI, MISO and SCK signals. The SS’ signal is responsible for choosing a particular Slave. The Slave gets enabled only when its input SS’ signal goes LOW. In the above case, each of the Slaves is independent since they are separately selected via independent SS’ signals from the Master. However, there is another way to link the Slaves together – by using Daisy chain configuration. In this configuration, all the Slaves are selected at a time, and the output of one Slave goes to the input of another Slave, and so on. However we will not be discussing this here (and in upcoming posts as well) since most of the applications don’t require this type of configuration. Clock Polarity and Phase Keeping synchronization in mind, Master’s role doesn’t end with simply generating clock pulses at a particular frequency (usually within the range of 10 kHz to 100 MHz). In fact, Master and Slave should agree on a particular synchronization protocol as well, or else everything will go wrong and data will get lost. This is where the concept of clock polarity (CPOL) and clock phase (CPHA) comes in. - CPOL – Clock Polarity: This determines the base value of the clock i.e. the value of the clock when SPI bus is idle. - When CPOL = 0, base value of clock is zero i.e. SCK is LOW when idle. - When CPOL = 1, base value of clock is one i.e. SCK is HIGH when idle. - CPHA – Clock Phase: This determines the clock transition at which data will be sampled/captured. - When CPHA = 0, data is sampled at clock’s rising/leading edge. - When CPHA = 1, data is sampled at clock’s falling/trailing edge. This results in four SPI modes, shown in the table below taken from the ATmega32 datasheet page 139. We will discuss more about these modes and how to choose them in our next post where we will learn how to program the SPI of the AVR. We can also look into the timing diagrams provided in the same page of the datasheet. By now I guess you should be able to decode the timing diagrams yourself. Don’t worry about the DORD setting at the bottom, we will discuss about it in the next post. Just focus on what effect CPOL and CPHA has in these figures. AVR In-System Programming The In-System Programming (ISP) exploits the technique of SPI to transfer the hex code from the PC to the target AVR microcontroller. We won’t go into the details of how it happens. Since we are discussing about SPI, I thought to bring up this small point as well. The following figure taken from AVR Application Note 910 page 2 shows the simplified hardware connections. This means that if you have connected some SPI device to your AVR microcontroller, and at the same time you are trying to program your microcontroller, there could be some issues (like driver contention). We will discuss about this issue and other hardware considerations in our next post. You might be interested in reading the following documents– Let’s look at what we have learnt in this post. - SPI is a full-duplex synchronous serial data transfer protocol. - Data transfer takes place in between Master and Slave devices. - Each Master/Slave device has an internal 8 bit shift register, which is connected to other devices so as to form a circular/ring buffer. - At each clock pulse, data gets right shifted in the circular/ring buffer. - After 8 clock pulses, data is completely exchanged in between devices. - SPI bus consists of four wires/signals – MOSI, MISO, SCK and SS’. - When we connect more than one Slave devices, then we choose them using the SS’ signal. - CPOL and CPHA must be set so that Master and Slave devices sync properly. - AVR ISP uses SPI to program the microcontroller. So this was all about the basics of SPI. If you want to know about the pros and cons of SPI, I would suggest you to read this Wikipedia section. In the next post, we will learn how to implement SPI in an AVR microcontroller. So subscribe to stay updated! And don’t forget to write your views about this post below. Cheers! And it’s about to be Thanksgiving time in two weeks, so Happy “early” Thanksgiving! :) Next Post: SPI of AVR Don’t forget to check out the next post where we show how you can implement SPI using AVR microcontrollers. Mayank Prasad (aka Max) Arizona State University Last updated on February 9, 2016.

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A number of laws were passed which regulated the duties and responsibilities of some local officials. Early English history records the smallest administrative unit of government as the town or township which was often the same size and area as the church parish. Its most important officer was the constable who was subject to a considerable extent to direction by the justice of the peace but who had certain duties and responsibilities in the keeping of the peace. By the 1600’s there had developed what was known as a vestry meeting of a general assembly of the parish (township) with all of the inhabitants of the parish ordinarily permitted to attend. Albert Edward Bishop Sr. was duly elected from a term starting in the year 1952 until it’s abolishment by law in the 1970’s. Mr. Bishop faithfully and diligently fulfilled his duty to the most populated township in Minnesota. White Bear Township May 16, 2005 Minutes The meeting was called to order at 7:00 p.m. Present: Supervisors: Weisenburger, Sand and Mample; Clerk: Short; Attorney: Kelly; Engineer: Bohrer; Planner: Riedesel. OPEN TIME: Mample presented a book donated by Town Resident Harriette Bishop, and explained that Mrs. Bishop’s husband was a Justice of the Peace for the Township. He stated that the book entries begin in August 1, 1934 and include all the matters a Justice of the Peace would handle. Mrs. Bishop has donated the book to the Township as historical information. Mample moved to accept the donation of the book from Harriette Bishop and to direct the Clerk to send a letter of thanks. Sand seconded. Ayes all.

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Step One (Introduction): Introduce several of Van Gogh’s famous paintings, asking students to identify characteristics they see in his popular works. Focus on his night paintings, allowing students to identify some of the elements that make these works stand out: directional strokes, texture, exaggeration of effects of light against dark, warm colors, etc. Point out the absence of black in the colorful night scenes and note Van Gogh’s use of line to outline objects. Give students time to discuss night scenes they would like to paint, particularly those that might involve exaggerated lighting (such as fireworks displays, fairs, amusement parks, city scenes, etc.). At this time, provide students with the opportunity to choose reference photos for their own paintings. You may want to introduce the word impasto, which is a painting term denoting the use of thick paint applied heavily for extra texture. Step Two (Presentation of Painting Method): At this time, distribute copies of a simple drawing for students to fill in. Students can identify light sources in the drawings, and use oil pastels or crayons to fill in areas of color, using directional strokes of broken color to provide visual interest. Students should practice using bright color against dark, with warm lights radiating outward from the light sources similar to those in Van Gogh’s paintings.

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The video game community has a proud history of pushing games to their absolute limits: hacking, modifying, exploiting, and building in ways never intended or even imagined by game designers. For some, the challenge lies in modifying the game to suit their own vision, like Skywind, a project to remake the classic Elder Scrolls title Morrowind within the Skyrim game engine. Others try to subvert the game's mechanics from within or take the game’s limits to to their extreme. Just check out the ongoing attempt to model the entirety of Tolkein's Middle Earth in Minecraft. But for others, the aim is more ambitious still. Enter "virtual computing." In a level of self-reflection worthy of a David Foster Wallace novel, there are online communities dedicated to the modelling of virtual computers, and even running games on these computers, inside other games. Little big computing Using the principles of computer science, devotees are building fully functioning computers by exploiting the underlying mechanics of different games. Though they may be wired with virtual "redstone," or powered by virtual water, most of them could (with the right materials) theoretically by replicated in the real world and deliver the same results. While these "computers" are typically constructed without modifying the game, they nonetheless lend themselves to PC gaming, given the ease of sharing designs and saving files. As a PlayStation 3 exclusive, the computing community in Little Big Planet is somewhat of an oddity. Using an absurdly complex system of pulleys, gears, and levers, YouTuber upsilandre has successfully simulated an 8-bit calculator capable of double-digit addition and subtraction in the game. Other users have built their own versions, as well as digital clocks. For more complex and difficult constructions however, we must look to PC gaming. And when it comes to difficulty of construction, there's none more challenging than Dwarf Fortress. Inside Dwarf Fortress For the uninitiated, Dwarf Fortress is a civilization-building game like no other. It was one of Minecraft's inspirations, but it bears a closer resemblance to The Sims—if your sims were alcoholic, short-tempered, violent dwarves. Its complexity puts every other game to shame, modelling everything from procedurally generated histories spanning thousands of years and tens of thousands of figures to the shape of the bridge of each dwarf's nose. It's also all rendered entirely in incomprehensible ASCII characters and has a learning curve steeper than an overhanging cliff. The computing prowess displayed by some members of the community would in any other game be incredible, but to have achieved them in Dwarf Fortress is simply unbelievable. Using a complex system of mechanisms, flood gates, gears, and pressure pads, players have created working logic gates, calculators with graphical user interfaces, and more. Using 75,368 mechanisms, BaronW's calculator is capable of multiplying and dividing multiple three-digit numbers. In an attempt to gauge the expertise required to build these things, I booted up Dwarf Fortress. On my first go, I forgot to pack any seeds for my dwarves, which resulted in there being no crops or food. Everybody died. On my second go, a failure of farm management lead to too much food, resulting in every barrel in my fortress being filled with mushrooms, prompting alcohol withdrawal symptoms in my dwarves and a brutal spiral of vandalism and murder. Everybody died. On my third go, a misplaced channel suddenly submerged my dining hall in magma. Everybody died. So trust me then when I stress how impressive the work of “Jong” is. The user managed to build a fully functioning and programmable 8-bit computer complete with its own machine language in Dwarf Fortress, with no prior knowledge of computer science. (Blueprints for the curious can be found here.) The crown, however, must go to LordOOTFD, who found typical dwarfish power sources inadequate for his needs. Instead of manipulating pressurized water as his analogue for electricity, he powers his creations in a very different fashion: hundreds upon hundreds of kittens. A kitten- (and cow)-powered 9-bit adder in Dwarf Fortress with a tileset. Whilst Little Big Planet's creations give you a taste for what is possible, and Dwarf Fortress's computer-builders deserve a medal for their masochism as much as their achievements, it is in Minecraft where the art has truly been perfected. To give one mind-boggling example, Hans Lemurson has taken the virtual-computing craze to its meta conclusion: Minecraft in Minecraft. OK, so it's a rough approximation rather than the real deal, with the player represented by a single block in a two-dimensional world. But using a button interface and a labyrinth of redstone circuitry, Lemurson's version of Minecraft includes the ability to both destroy and create blocks, gravity, collision-checking, and an infinite world. Playing on the unique conducive qualities of the in-game material “redstone,” players use torches triggered by buttons and levers—and sometimes even fully functioning keyboards—to transmit lines of machine code through self-designed circuitry. They've replicated every aspect of computers we know, from CPUs to GPUs, RAM to ROM. A breakdown of dudearent006's 10-bit redstone computer. Photo via dudearent006/Minecraft Forums Don't let the multiple-second lag on these virtual machines fool you: They are insanely powerful. They can run word processors, scientific graphing calculators, games, and music. Just a few decades ago, these computers would've been unimaginable in reality, let alone simulated within a game. But you might feel that this looks a little outdated. After all, who uses desktop computers anymore? If that's the case, then this project might be more up your street: It's a Minecraft iPhone. Making use of the recently introduced control blocks to radically reduce build size (if not the technical knowledge required), it has 22 functional apps, including Paint, Blackjack, and Music. It also has a customisable lock-screen code. It has everything. What’s that, you’re still not impressed? Try this: It’s Flappy Bird. In Minecraft. All hail. What drives people to build such mammoth, seemingly pointless creations? Because they can. "Why not?" Minecrafter stupidjesse retorts. “[W]e can pride ourselves in knowing we made something awesome." Boredompwndu echoes his sentiment: "because we can, and the resources exist to do it." "It is something I can mold," another player told me. "Something I can shape and think about and attempt to understand. Something that I can stand back, look at, and say ‘I built that.’ Something I can do better than all my friends. Something I can understand and work with." Really, what more reason do you need? Illustration by Jason Reed

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IN“The Velveteen Rabbit” by Margery Williams, the Rabbit asks the Skin Horse, “What is Real?” A customer reminded me of this line when he asked a similar question in regard to the parameter watts used to measure electrical power. There was a time when most of the power was real power, which some define as that part of the power supplied by the electrical source that works. Then there is apparent power, which is all of the power supplied by the electrical source. There also was a time when real and apparent power were able to be used to calculate the third power of the power triangle, which in Figure 1 is called reactive power. When expressed in vector or magnitudes with phase angles associated with them, the apparent power S was equal to the real power P plus the reactive power Q acted on by the imaginary vector j. The concept of an imaginary vector or phasor can be better thought of as adding or subtracting 90 degrees, depending on the type of load. Inductive loads, such as motors and transformers, have a reactive component that is 90 degrees in one direction, whereas capacitive loads have a reactive component that is 90 degrees in the opposite direction. This is because inductors and capacitors behave exactly opposite of each other with respect to voltage and current. For an inductor, the current will lag the voltage, or the voltage will change first and will be followed some time later by the current. The nature of an inductor is that it does not allow a current change instantaneously, so it lags behind the voltage. For capacitors, it is the opposite, with current changing first, followed by the change in voltage. In the capacitor’s case, it does not allow a voltage change instantaneously. It requires current to charge it up before the voltage will rise. A perfect capacitor—one without any resistive component to it—would have the current phasor lead the voltage by 90 degrees, the maximum that is possible for a load. In the real world of loads, there are not many perfect capacitors, with most having some resistive component, just as motors and transformers are not perfect inductors, since the wire that makes them up also has a resistive component. So, why do we care about what is real or not? The electrical source, most often the utility company, has to have the capacity to provide the apparent power value. If consumers have anything other than pure resistive loads, they are using only the real power and, in many cases, are billed for only the real power component. The reactive component, with its imaginary vector, can be thought of as just flowing back and forth down the wires without doing any real work. The difference between the real and apparent power is another term called the power factor (PF), which is the ratio of the real power divided by the apparent power. Also in a time gone by, the trigonometric function called the cosine of the phase angle of the voltage and current was called the power factor. But with the increase in nonlinear loads, such as PCs and ASDs, this phase angle became the displacement power factor. The opposite nature of inductors and capacitors is why electric utilities use power factor correction capacitors to bring the power factor back closer to 1, where the real power would equal the apparent power. The negative volt-ampere reactives (VARs) of the one can be used to cancel the positive VARs of the other. This is most efficient for the supplier of electricity, since the generators and wires have to supply only useful energy, and they get to bill for everything that they supply. There are some rate structures of utilities that they impose PF penalties for “poor” PF, or they can bill on the volt-ampere or the VARs. The combined effect of the opposite nature of the two can be seen in the waveforms of an energized PF cap switching event, where there is a sudden decrease in the voltage as the cap is being charged, followed by a voltage increase as the inductor “objects” to the instantaneous current demand of the capacitor in Figure 2. So, with all of that background info, let’s get back to the original question: “What is real?” The customer wanted to know what his wattmeter was really reading. Was it accurate with today’s mixture of loads as they interact with today’s unbalanced and distorted voltage supplies? Stay tuned, as I’ll cover that in next month’s article. EC BINGHAM, a contributing editor for power quality, can be reached at 732.287.3680.

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The vision for the sustained National Climate Assessment involves identifying a set of indicators that can be used to track climate changes, impacts, and responses. A roundtable at the Wilson Center will explore ways in which crowd-based approaches, such as citizen science and community-based monitoring, are and can be used to support indicator networks. PostedNov 3, 2014 Physical Climate, Mitigation, International, Adaptation The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its Synthesis Report on Sunday, confirming that warming in the climate system is unequivocal and, if left unaddressed, will increase the likelihood of pervasive, irreversible damage to the environment and society. However, options to limit climate change and adapt to its impacts are available. PostedNov 3, 2014 On Friday, Federal agencies released their annual plans for reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and preparing for the impacts of climate change . Agencies cited climate impacts like rising sea levels, increased storm intensity, and more extreme temperatures as threats to Federal facilities, operations, and resources. PostedOct 24, 2014 Rick Piltz, a former USGCRP staff member known for his commitment to scientific integrity, passed away on Saturday, October 18. He was 71. PostedOct 22, 2014 Physical Climate, Observations, Modeling, Education, Adaptation The latest edition of Our Changing Planet, USGCRP's annual report to Congress, gives an overview of the Federal global change research enterprise, with plain-language highlights spotlighting recent efforts to advance science and support societal needs. PostedOct 17, 2014 Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released its full contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). The Working Group II report provides the most comprehensive look to date at the worldwide impacts of climate change and the opportunities for response. PostedOct 10, 2014 Physical Climate, Modeling, Extreme Events A new report investigates the causes of extreme weather and climate events that occurred around the world in 2013, finding evidence for both human and natural influences. PostedSep 21, 2014 Scenarios, Observations, Mitigation, International, Carbon Cycle, Energy According to the new Global Carbon Budget for 2014, carbon dioxide emissions reached a record high in 2013 and are on track to do so again this year. PostedSep 18, 2014 Oceans, International, Ecosystems & Biodiversity, Agriculture & Food, Human Health In coordination with the National Ocean Council, the Department of State is requesting expert reviewers for the draft United Nations World Ocean Assessment (WOA). The WOA assesses the ocean's role in the Earth system, food security and food safety, human activities, and biological diversity. PostedSep 12, 2014 Oceans, Physical Climate, Modeling, International Requests are now being accepted for US CLIVAR sponsorship of workshops and new Working Groups for 2015. Submissions are encouraged from the U.S. climate science community with a due date of October 17.

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Inventor of the Modern Mind HarperCollins Publishers, Hardcover, 9780060598952, 213pp. Publication Date: November 21, 2006 Often referred to as "the father of psychoanalysis," Sigmund Freud championed the "talking cure" and charted the human unconscious. But though Freud compared himself to Copernicus and Darwin, his history as a physician is problematic. Historians have determined that Freud often misrepresented the course and outcome of his treatments so that the facts would match his theories. Today Freud's legacy is in dispute, his commentators polarized into two camps: one of defenders; the other, fierce detractors. Peter D. Kramer, himself a practicing psychiatrist and a leading national authority on mental health, offers a new take on this controversial figure, one both critical and sympathetic. He recognizes that although much of Freud's thought is now archaic, the discipline he invented has become an inescapable part of our culture, transforming the way we see ourselves. Freud was a myth-maker, a storyteller, a writer whose books will survive among the classics of our literature. The result of Kramer's inquiry is nothing less than a new standard history of Freud by a modern master of his thought.

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Bill's 78rpm beginner's page Explanation of side coupling for 78rpm sets Mudge, S., D.J. Hoek. Describing jazz, blues, and popular 78 RPM sound recordings: suggestions and guidelines. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, vo. 29, no. 3, 2001, p. 21-48. Grove Music Online A history of vinyl Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) website Any flat disc record, made between about 1898 and the late 1950s and playing at a speed around 78 revolutions per minute is called a "78" by collectors. The materials of which discs were made and with which they were coated were also various; shellac eventually became the commonest material. Generally 78s are made of a brittle material which uses a shellac resin (thus their other name is shellac records). During and after World War II when shellac supplies were extremely limited, some 78 rpm records were pressed in vinyl instead of shellac (wax), particularly the six-minute 12" 78 rpm records produced by V-Disc for distribution to US troops in World War II. 78s come in a variety of sizes, the most common being 10 inch (25 cm) and 12 inch (30 cm) diameter, and these were originally sold in either paper or card covers, generally with a circular cutout allowing the record label to be seen. Since most 78 rpm discs were issued in paper sleeves with no additional accompanying materials, relatively limited information is provided by the items themselves. Earliest speeds of rotation varied widely, but by 1910 most records were recorded at about 78 to 80 rpm. In 1925, 78.26 rpm was chosen as a standard for motorized phonographs, because it was suitable for most existing records, and was easily achieved using a standard 3600-rpm motor and 46-tooth gear (78.26 = 3600/46). Thus these records became known as 78s (or "seventy-eights"). This term did not come into use until after World War II when a need developed to distinguish the 78 from other newer disc record formats. Earlier they were just called records, or when there was a need to distinguish them from cylinders, disc records. The durations of 78 RPM recordings is about three to five minutes per side, depending on the disc size: 12": ca. four to five minutes 10": ca. three minutes As late as the 1970s, some children's records were released at the 78 rpm speed. The older 78 format continued to be mass produced alongside the newer formats into the 1950s, but had faded from the scene by 1955. Before 1925, all 78s were recorded by means of the artist singing or speaking into a horn, the power of their voice directly vibrating the recording stylus and thus cutting the wax of the master disc. Collectors call these discs "acoustic" recordings. The acoustical era: 18771925 The earliest methods of sound recording are described as "acoustical" and employ only mechanical means for both recording and playback. The sounds to be preserved are directed into a large horn, which at its tapered end is connected to a cutting stylus. In response to the vibrations of air in the horn, the stylus cuts a spiral groove in the thick wax coating of a cylinder or disc, rotated steadily by means of a crank. The cutting process creates variations in the groove analogous to the varying frequency and amplitude of the vibrations; the stylus moves up and down in "hill-and-dale" or "vertical cut" recording and from side to side in "lateral cut" recording. Acoustical recording never yielded high fidelity, its dynamic range was limited. [By the 1910s] flat discs were the predominant medium for sound recording. Edison's Diamond Discs were available 1910 in 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 21 inch formats. They were played at around 78 rpm and contained up to 8 minutes of sound. The disc was made of an early plastic known as Amberol, which "gave it little surface noise and superb clarity, [but] was incompatible with any other system. It employed a vertical, rather than lateral cut, groove and could not be played on any other machine." Recording and playing speeds ranged from 72 to 86 rpm before the standard settled at 78 (though Columbia, for example, issued 80 rpm discs for some time after 1920). The electrical era: 192547 Electrical recording was first used in 1925. After about 1925, 78s were recorded by the artist singing or speaking into a microphone and amplifier which then cut the master record. This allowed a wider range of sound to be recorded. Records recorded by this process are called "electrical" recordings. Collectors can identify these discs by either by listening or by means of small marks in the record surface close to the label. The first electrical recording was issued in 1925. By around 1920 lateral cut recording was the norm; a less exacting technique than vertical cut, it produced a level of fidelity adequate to the standard of the equipment the general public could afford to buy. The physical format of electrical recordings remained the same as that of the many acoustical ones utilizing the lateral cut technique. The term "electrical recording" is normally used in contradistinction to "acoustical recording" (in the preceding era) and "magnetic tape recording" and "microgroove recording" (in the succeeding era) the term "electrical recording" is not customarily used after the introduction of magnetic tape in 1947. In electrical recording the sounds to be preserved are gathered by a transducer (a microphone) and the vibrations converted into an analogously varying electrical signal, which is amplified and applied to another transducer (a stylus), which cuts a spiral groove in a waxed or (later) lacquered disc. Hill-and-dale [vertical cut] recording.: A term applied to a sound-recording technique in which, in both recording and playback, the stylus moves up and down in the spiral groove on a cylinder or disc. Vertical cut recording: A term applied to a sound-recording technique that utilizes variations in the depth of the spiral groove on a cylinder or disc. Lateral cut recording.: A term applied to a sound-recording technique in which, in both recording and playback, the stylus moves from side to side in the spiral groove on a disc. 78 RPM sets Many 78 RPM sets, particularly electrical sets, were issued in up to three side couplings: ° Manual side ° Slide automatic ° Drop automatic In a hypothetical set comprising four records, the alignment of the sides would have been: ° Manual: 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 ° Slide automatic: 1/5, 2/6, 3/7, 4/8 ° Drop automatic: 1/8, 2/7, 3/6, 4/5

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Public-Private Partnerships Defined A public-private partnership (P3) is a contractual arrangement between a public agency (federal, state or local) and a private sector entity. Through this agreement, the skills and assets of each sector (public and private) are shared in delivering a service or facility for the use of the general public. In addition to the sharing of resources, each party shares in the risks and rewards potential in the delivery of the service and/or facility. 7 Keys to Successful P3s The following are to be considered “best practices” in the development of public-private partnerships (P3s). It is recognized that the methodology for implementation of P3s can vary, depending on the nature of a given project and local concerns. Given this, it is the position of the NCPPP that these are “best practices”: |1) PUBLIC SECTOR CHAMPION: Recognized public figures should serve as the spokespersons and advocates for the project and the use of a P3. Well-informed champions can play a critical role in minimizing misperceptions about the value to the public of an effectively developed P3. |2) STATUTORY ENVIRONMENT: There should be a statutory foundation for the implementation of each partnership. Transparency and a competitive proposal process should be delineated in this statute. However, unsolicited proposals can be a positive catalyst for initiating creative, innovative approaches to addressing specific public sector needs. |3) PUBLIC SECTOR’S ORGANIZED STRUCTURE: The public sector should have a dedicated team for P3 projects or programs. This unit should be involved from conceptualization to negotiation, through final monitoring of the execution of the partnership. This unit should develop Requests For Proposals (RFPs) that include performance goals, not design specifications. Consideration of proposals should be based on best value, not lowest prices. Thorough, inclusive value for money (VFM) calculations provide a powerful tool for evaluating overall economic value. |4) DETAILED CONTRACT (BUSINESS PLAN): A P3 is a contractual relationship between the public and private sectors for the execution of a project or service. This contract should include a detailed description of the responsibilities, risks and benefits of both the public and private partners. Such an agreement will increase the probability of success of the partnership. Realizing that all contingencies cannot be foreseen, a good contract will include a clearly defined method of dispute resolution. |5) CLEARLY DEFINED REVENUE STREAM: While the private partner may provide a portion or all of the funding for capital improvements, there must be an identifiable revenue stream sufficient to retire this investment and provide an acceptable rate of return over the term of the partnership. The income stream can be generated by a variety and combination of sources (fees, tolls, availability payments, shadow tolls, tax increment financing, commercial use of underutilized assets or a wide range of additional options), but must be reasonably assured for the length of the partnership’s investment period. |6) STAKEHOLDER SUPPORT: More people will be affected by a partnership than just the public officials and the private sector partner. Affected employees, the portions of the public receiving the service, the press, appropriate labor unions and relevant interest groups will all have opinions, and may have misconceptions about a partnership and its value to all the public. It is important to communicate openly and candidly with these stakeholders to minimize potential resistance to establishing a partnership. |7) PICK YOUR PARTNER CAREFULLY: The “best value” (not always lowest price) in a partnership is critical in maintaining the long-term relationship that is central to a successful partnership. A candidate’s experience in the specific area of partnerships being considered is an important factor in identifying the right partner. Equally, the financial capacity of the private partner should be considered in the final selection process.

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Find Vo in the circuit shown. Answer to relevant QuestionsA ductile hot-rolled steel bar has a minimum yield strength in tension and compression of 50 kpsi. Using the distortion-energy and maximum-shear-stress theories determine the factors of safety for the following plane stress ...Repeat Prob. 5–1 for a bar of AISI 1020 cold-drawn steel and: (a) σx = 180 MPa, σy = 100 MPa (b) σx = 180 MPa, τx y = 100 MPa (c) σx = −160 MPa, τx y = 100 MPa (d) τx y = 150 MPaRepeat Prob. 5–4 by first plotting the failure loci in the σA , σB plane to scale; then, for each stress state, plot the load line and by graphical measurement estimate the factors of safety.Find Vo in the network shown and explain what effect p1 has on the output. Determine the power dissipated in the 6-ohm resistor in the network shown. Post your question

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The Walking Dead-Modern Day Spartans By Rick Mowles Ancient Greece was made up of different cities or states. One of these states, Sparta, stood out amongst the others for its emphasis on discipline, self-denial and simplicity. They looked highly upon the virtues of moral values, human strength, and courage. In 480 BC, the empire of Persia was pushing towards Greece. The Greek state council met and decided that the Persians must be stopped. They elected the state of Sparta to be the defenders of Greece. Three hundred Spartan soldiers marched to the pass at Thermoplyae to stop the march of the gargantuan Persian army commanded by King Xerxes. The Persian army outnumbered the Spartans 100 to 1. The Spartans had picked this particular strategic area due to the topography. The pass was very narrow, and even though they were outnumbered, the pass prevented any large number of Persian soldiers to pass at one time. The Spartans fought courageously for three days killing many of the Persian soldiers. After three days, a traitor to the Spartans informed King Xerxes of a narrow pass in the mountains that bypassed the pass at Thermoplyae. The Persian army was able to divide its forces and surround the Spartans. The Spartans refused to surrender to King Xerxes even though their fate was doomed. They stayed and fought to the very last man against the many Persian soldiers. All the Spartans died at the end but they had inflicted such a heavy number of casualties on the Persian army that King Xerxes withdrew his army and the State of Greece was saved. In the annals of military history there are similar accounts of military units that have fought with unwavering valor, stamina and fortitude against insurmountable odds. In World War II, such units etched their way into history, such as Merrill’s Marauders, Darby’s Rangers and the Devil’s Brigade. In Korea, there was the “Frozen Chosin” of the 1st. Marine division. In Vietnam, a name emerged in the late 60s of a Marine unit nicknamed “The Walking Dead.” This name was associated with the 1st. Battalion 9th.Marines of the 3rd. Marine Division. The 9th Marine Regiment arrived in Vietnam in 1966. This unit had already established itself with the campaigns of World War II in the south Pacific. The unit was involved fighting the Japanese in the Northern Solomon’s, Guam, Bougainville, and Iwo Jima. The nickname of “Walking Dead” was associated specifically with the 1st Battalion 9th Marines. In investigating material for this article, it was found that there is some controversy about how this particular unit came up with this name. Rather than write on speculation, let it be said that there are several versions of how the term “Walking Dead” became associated with this unit. However, it does seem that between the years of 1966 and 1967, the term “Walking Dead” became associated with the 1st. Battalion 9th Marines. It also is apparent that during this period of time the classic image of the grim reaper, was seen on the Battalion flag. The “Walking Dead” earned many unit honors based on information obtained from the 1/9 Network. Though often outnumbered, the unit was in constant heavy engagement with the enemy. This would involve some of the most savage and prolonged fighting of the Vietnam War. During service in the Vietnam War, the 1st Battalion 9th Marines were engaged in combat for 47 months and 7 days from June 15, 1965, to October 19, 1966 and December 11, 1966 to July 14, 1969. The Marines and corpsmen of the “Walking dead” also suffered the highest casualty rate in the corps’s history while participating in several Vietnam campaigns, from Da Nang to Khe Sanh and the Ashau Valley. The Battalion’s heavy casualties during its Vietnam service included: 749 Killed in Action (KIA) and 2 were Missing In Action (MIA). Numerous military honors were bestowed upon the unit including the Presidential and Naval unit citations, the Vietnam Service Medal with two silver stars, the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry with Palm Streamer, and the Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citation Civil Action Medal. In August 1969, the Ninth Marine Regiment left Vietnam and was stationed at Camp Schwab, Okinawa. The unit was deactivated on September 9, 1994, with military honors at Camp Pendleton, California. The unit remained inactive from 1994 through 2004. In October 2005, the unit was reactivated as part of the 2nd. Marine division, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. In April 2006, alpha company 1st. Battalion 9th Marines was deployed to Forward Operating Base grizzly in Camp Ashraf, Iraq. Alpha company returned in October 2006 without the loss of any Marines. In late March 2008, the 1st. Battalion 9th Marines once again activated and was deployed to Ramadi, Iraq. Just as the 300 Spartans stood and fought courageously against far superior numbers at Thermoplyae in ancient Greece, the “Walking Dead” has established itself as a legendary group of elite warriors fighting and dying in the most horrendous conditions. We all must never forget the 747 of this elite unit that gave the ultimate sacrifice in the service of their country. This unit has etched itself into military history by its courageousness, aggressiveness and persistence. We must never forget what the 1st Battalion 9th Marines accomplished in its history. Colonel David H. Berger, assistant division commander for the 2nd. Marine division and commanding officer, 8th Marine Regiment said it accurately, “No other unit can claim more history or more heroic leaders than one-nine.”

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Learn something new every day More Info... by email Digital ink is a form of technology that allows handwriting and drawings to be added electronically to documents and be displayed on a computer monitor. Typically, a digital ink system utilizes a special digital pen or stylus to electronically record what is written onto digital paper — a pad designed specifically for that purpose. Handwriting can be converted through handwriting recognition technology to standard text or it can be saved in its original form. Similarly, drawings can be saved in their original form or manipulated with software. The terms digital ink and electronic ink, or E ink, often are used interchangeably, but there are specific nuances in meaning. Electronic ink refers to the ink portion of the inking technology used with electronic paper in general. In other words, a digital pen is used to create an electronic ink image on digital paper. E ink is a specific type of electronic paper manufactured by E Ink Corporation. Digital ink is a more general term that encompasses various technologies and processes of converting and displaying handwriting, text, and images. Digital ink was widely introduced into public use in the 1990s with use of portable e-terminals for signing for receipt of packages or making credit card purchases. Later uses included note-taking and data entry on tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, and eReaders. Digital ink systems have evolved over time to include drawing, animation, cameras, and touch-sensitive whiteboards, as well. Generally, digital ink systems have proven particularly useful in both real and virtual classrooms, allowing instructors to prepare detailed materials ahead of time and then make notes in the margins of on-screen slides or sketch in additional drawings as needed during the course of a lecture. Other practical applications include the use of digital forms and pens for polls, census-taking, and other information gathering. The use of the technology instead of paper forms saves paper and usually is considered more efficient for gathering, storing, retrieving, and transmitting many types of information. Digital forms have replaced some or all paper forms in many business, medical, and governmental offices. Similarly, digital ink and paint technology has replaced traditional ink and paint techniques in animation. The artists' original series of drawings are scanned into a computer for processing by software that allows artists and animators to make adjustments to colors, shapes, and other details. This process is also used to combine the drawings in layers with other drawings, soundtracks, and special effects. I have an iPad (I am using a first generation one) with an app called "Note Plus," for $9.00 (I tried all the rest). It writes your notes, converts handwriting to text if desired. Use in conjunction with Evernote (Free) for a perfect solution. My mother is a school principal and she ends up having to go to a conference pretty much every few months. For a long time, she's been hauling around her huge, old laptop. It has to go with her onto the plane, of course, and then she has to lug it to the hotel and on to the conference. In the end, she realized it was getting ridiculous and has now started looking for a cheap tablet so that she can take notes with it, and use it for anything else the laptop might have been needed for (storing files, etc). But it's really confusing when it comes to the lower level tablets. She can't afford an expensive one, which has all the features, so she has to pick and choose carefully to make sure she gets one that does what she needs it to do. In the end I directed her to an electronics forum, so she could ask people about it directly, because she really had no idea how to go about finding out the information she needed. It's amazing how little I think about it now when I'm asked to sign for something and they hand me a stylus and an electronic pad. And yet when I started reading this article I was thinking about what a new invention it was to be able to take notes on a tablet and have them be recorded. I guess it took a while for it to be worth putting this technology into everyday use for people, since paper and pen is so much cheaper, most people just (still) take notes using that. I do think it's a shame that most animation is done digitally now though. I like the new animation styles, but I also liked the old ones, and feel like something has been lost because of it. One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!

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- Planning and design. The Title I summer program for private school children was designed to meet the needs of Title I-eligible private school students after the U.S. Supreme Court's Aguilar v. Felton decision, which prevents the local Title I program from delivering on-site services at religiously affiliated private schools. The district's Title I specialist and principals of the local nonpublic schools identify prospective students for the program. An advisory team to the district Title I staff composed of the private school principals meets every other month to discuss planning and implementation issues, including academic content for the summer program, continuity of instruction, parent involvement, and the effectiveness of the Title I project consultant. Title I teachers work in primary and intermediate grade-level teams to plan all aspects of the program. - Academic focus. The curriculum in Beaverton schools emphasizes language arts instruction based on high-quality literature and thematic units that bridge disciplines. Thematic units chosen by program staff provide the framework for instruction in the summer program. Students read and write about themes that are interesting to them. For example, while studying the history of the Oregon Trail the students work individually and in groups to read historical accounts, write journals, and make maps of the trail. A project on local history engaged students in reading about quilting, writing a quilting song, and making a quilt. Under the direction of four Title I teachers and five instructional assistants, the students also learn strategies to improve their reading skills (e.g., retelling stories they read to monitor their own comprehension.) Classes meet for three-and-a-half hours a day, four days a week in the same building used by the district-sponsored summer school for special education students. The program director views this arrangement as mutually beneficial because it allows Title I students to improve their skills by reading to children with learning problems. Creative groupings also enhance learning opportunities; options include cross-age grouping according to interest, grouping according to needs, and heterogeneous grouping for cooperative learning. Ten to 15 "reading partners"--parents or community volunteers--offer regular, individualized help to students during the five-week session. They read to children, using high-quality literature and picture books and emphasizing the students' prior knowledge, reading comprehension, and ability to make predictions. Students use laptop computers to learn word processing and write reports, poetry, and new versions of favorite books. Students are allowed to take the computers home, although some parents have been reluctant to take responsibility for such expensive equipment. - Organizational management/structure. The program is managed by a Title I program specialist assisted by a Title I consultant. The consultant monitors the performance of students in the private schools during the school year, consults with students and teachers individually, and offers training sessions for teachers and parents at various nonpublic school sites. Four certified reading specialists and five instructional assistants, paid on an extended-year contract, work approximately six hours a day on program activities during the summer. Teachers and assistants choose to participate in the summer program and have some time off before and after summer school; according to the project director, the shortened workweek and workday help keep the year-round staff from experiencing burnout. Prospective students in the Beaverton private schools are identified by principals and teachers. The Title I consultant evaluates students whose teachers report that they are reading below grade level in order to determine their relative strengths. Students whose composite scores reveal serious deficiencies in advanced skills are invited to participate in the summer program. Parents are expected to help their children improve attitudes toward reading. Parents attend monthly training sessions between spring and fall, during which Title I specialists describe ways to support children's learning at home. - Parent and community involvement. Parents are encouraged to participate in home-based learning activities that increase their confidence and skills. Once summer school students are identified, their parents attend a meeting that introduces them to the program and describes ways in which they can help their children learn. Parent meetings are held monthly between spring and fall; child care is provided at every meeting so that single parents or both parents can attend. In a typical parent session, a consultant introduces parents to home-learning strategies such as using illustrations to impart meaning. The children then join them and teachers model the strategy. Parents are then encouraged to try the strategy themselves. During the summer, parents attend one or two "Open Houses" at which they view their children's work, participate in planned activities, and evaluate the program. At a recent open house, teachers set up learning centers in each classroom that represented Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences (e.g., musical or kinesthetic); in one, parents learned how to write a song using a keyboard, viewed songs written by students, and were encouraged to write a song with their children. Some parents also volunteer during summer school to work with students individually or become "reading partners." A local bookstore and two restaurants offer rewards for student achievement and food for parent involvement sessions. Each time a parent reports that a child has read five books, the student receives a coupon redeemable for one book at the participating bookstore. McDonald's and a local pizza place also offer coupons. The Kiwanis Club provides child care during the parent meetings. - Professional environment. The summer school staff consists mainly of trained professionals who work on an extended contract. Staff development for the summer school consists of one full day of training with one and a half days allotted for setting up and planning. After a training session introduced teachers and aides to "multiple intelligences" research and theories, teachers were encouraged to use the theories to assess each student's strengths and find ways to build on them. Staff usually receive one and a half hours a day to plan, organize, and assess their daily activities. - Funding. The summer program's $35,850 budget comes entirely from the Beaverton Title I program. The per-pupil expenditure is about $652. District buses provide transportation, but Title I funds pay for their use. The Beaverton school district supplies the site, within an already-existing summer school; it also offers copying privileges and some administrative support. Beaverton does not have a Title I program for private school students during the regular term. - Assessment and accountability. Teachers use frequent portfolio assessments to encourage students to review their own work critically and observe progress made over the course of the summer. The program uses a "Reading Miscue Inventory" to provide pre- and post-test results that measure student progress. Students show consistent gains in use of effective reading strategies such as backtracking (re-reading difficult passages), making meaningful substitutions, and self-correcting. Results from student self-assessments also indicate that students' perceptions of themselves as learners are enhanced by the summer school experience. Anecdotal information from principals and teachers indicates that the program improves student performance and self-esteem.

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What are the reasons diagnosing personality disorders is difficult? Personality Disorder Diagnosis A personality disorder diagnosis is a form of evaluation undertaken by psychologists, psychiatrists and experts in the field where the (Emergence Plus, 2014), "mental health professional makes a diagnosis of personality disorder based on criteria given in one of two psychiatric manuals. In the UK and the rest of Europe, most clinicians use ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (World Health Organisation, 1992). In America, clinicians use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -DSM IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). These manuals outline all mental health conditions and inform all diagnoses. The criteria for each of the different types of personality disorder from both manuals is combined and summarised below under ... The solution provides information and assistance in tackling the task (see above) on the topic of the difficulties in doing a personality disorder diagnosis. Resources are listed for further exploration of the topic.

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Parents & Teachers Free SAT & ACT Resources Center Whether you decide to work with me through Green Test Prep or not, these materials will teach you droves about the proper ways to be a good “test prep parent.” The information within this section will erase much of the uncertainty you’re feeling about the SAT/ACT prep process, and give you plenty of actionable advice that you can use today to improve your child’s scores. I encourage you to take advantage of all the guides below. I’ll start with my guide on when to begin your prep, since a long runway is the key to making this an enjoyable, successful process. From there, I tackle everything from motivating your child to setting up the proper study environment to getting the special accommodations your child may need. Thanks in advance for reading, and if you ever have any questions, or if you feel that there’s more information you’d like to see here, don’t hesitate to get in touch! A quick note on grammar: to avoid excessive “he or she / they” language, I’ll be using “he” and “him” for all singular examples. This is not a reflection of preferences, but simply a way to make this guide more easily readable. Teachers have a lot on their plates, and learning to teach your students the SAT and ACT is a time-consuming pain in the neck. Fortunately, it’s totally unnecessary! In this quick, info-packed seminar, I’ll show you exactly how to improve your students’ SAT and ACT scores without studying the minutiae and endless complications involved in these tests. Summer Prep Guide The summer isn’t just a great time to get a tan – it’s the perfect time to study for the SAT and ACT in a stress-free, flexible, and focused environment. Use this quick guide to set up a proper summer prep schedule and walk into the school year with amazing test scores and a serious load off your back! When to Get Started Timing is everything. Parents who start their kids early, plan carefully, and educate themselves fully are in for an easier, more successful, and less stressful test prep experience. In this brief guide, you’ll learn exactly when your child should start prepping for the SAT and ACT, how to begin, and how to build a proper college application calendar. Motivating Your Child Learning can’t take place without attention, and attention can’t exist without motivation. Properly motivated children get higher test scores, have an easier process, and deal with vastly less stress. This guide will teach you to build your child’s drive, covering everything from building INTERNAL motivation and goals to the best ways to monitor the SAT and ACT prep process. Getting nervous is natural – but undue anxiety can sabotage the performance of an otherwise well-prepared student. A relaxed, focused student will always outperform an anxious one. This guide will teach you the roots of testing anxiety, along with simple, practical action steps to eliminate it entirely. A small investment in time will reap big rewards by test day. Sleep and Nutrition Math, grammar, and strategy are only half the battle – high SAT and ACT scores also require a properly fueled, optimally maintained body and mind. Learn exactly how important sleep is for your child’s success, how to get your child more of it, and how to feed your child if you want his or her brain running at the highest possible level. Prep Materials and Environment In the competitive college game, you need every edge to succeed. A well-structured study environment, along with the proper study tools, will do wonders to enhance your child’s performance. Learn exactly what your child needs to thrive – this guide covers everything from the optimal study space and setting to the (very simple) tools he or she will need to succeed. Learning Disabilities and Extra Time If your child has any learning disabilities, or you think that he/she might, this guide is a must-read. Getting the proper accommodations is essential to any child’s success. This guide will teach you who qualifies for special accommodations, what types you can get, and exactly how to secure them in time for the SAT and ACT.

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Today's unprecedented levels of human migration present urgent challenges to traditional conceptualizations of national identity, nation-state sovereignty, and democratic citizenship. Foreigners are commonly viewed as outsiders whose inclusion within or exclusion from "the people" of the democratic state rests upon whether they benefit or threaten the unity of the nation. Against this instrumentalization of the foreigner, this book traces the historical development of the concepts of sovereignty and foreignness through the thought of philosophers such as Plato, Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau, Derrida, and Benhabib in order to show that foreignness is a structural feature of sovereignty that cannot be purged or assimilated. Understood in this light, foreignness allows for new forms of democratic political unity to be imagined that reject local practices which deprive individuals of political membership solely on the basis of national citizenship. This cosmopolitan model for citizenship provides a novel conceptual framework that simultaneously upholds the legal importance of democratic citizenship for political justice while ceaselessly contesting the exclusionary logic of the nation-state that reserves democratic rights for members of the nation alone.

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This scanning electron micrograph shows one of the molecule-weighing… (Caltech / Scott Kelber and…) Scientists have created a tiny measuring scale 300 times smaller than the width of a human hair that can weigh a single molecule at a time. The device may one day help doctors diagnose disease and illuminate the complex inner machinery of cells, its makers say. An international team led by Caltech researchers built the device to measure the mass of large molecules that are difficult to analyze through conventional mass spectrometry methods. The scale features a long, bridge-like structure that vibrates at a specific frequency. When molecules are fired at the bridge in succession, they alter the frequency according to their weight. "Think of it as a violin or a guitar string," senior author Michael Roukes said of the bridge-like resonator. "If you put a little blob of solder on it, the weight would make the frequency change, ever so slightly.... That's what we're measuring." Roukes, an experimental physicist, explained that electrostatic forces are used to "strum" the resonator as molecules are flung at it. The resulting dips in the frequency are recorded in hertz, or vibrations per second, on a computer. The scientists described their invention in last Sunday's issue of the journal Nature Nanotechnology and showed it could accurately weigh immunoglobulin M — an antibody produced by immune cells in the blood — and 5-nanometer gold particles. (A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter in length.) The device, called a nanomechanical system (NEMS) resonator, fills a gap in what Roukes calls a no man's land in molecular measurement. The accuracy of conventional mass spectrometry begins to fade with larger, albeit still tiny, objects. The NEMS resonator can weigh those heftier items, which include proteins, air pollution particles and viruses with masses more than 500 kilodaltons — equivalent to half a million hydrogen atoms. "There is certainly research that could be better addressed if we could get better measurements in that range," said Allis Chien, director of Stanford University's mass spectrometry laboratory, who was not involved in the study. "On the surface, it certainly sounds great, but I'd like to find out how accurate those measurements are. A lot depends on how much material you need and how difficult it is to prepare samples for it." The device, co-developed with researchers in France and India, represents roughly 12 years of research and is still being refined. Roukes estimated that within five years the system would be able to weigh extremely light objects in addition to heavier ones. "When that happens, we think that this will supplant existing techniques for doing mass spectrometry," he said. The researchers expect that the device will be most useful in the study of protein molecules, the workhorses of living cells. It could help analyze the vast array of proteins within a human — the so-called proteome. And since the line-up of proteins in a cell reflects its health, the device may one day be used as a diagnostic tool. "If you want to get an instantaneous snapshot of what your physiological state is, your proteome tells you that," Roukes said. "This technology is perhaps the first to offer a realistic prospect of being able to do a personalized proteome in a reasonable period of time." Such analysis would require hundreds — or tens of thousands — of scales working in parallel. Roukes said that because the device is constructed of silicon, it can be mass-produced the way computer chips are.

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Category: Society & Social Sciences| The author of the book: School Specialty Publishing Format files: PDF, EPUB, TXT, DOCX The size of the: 9.51 MB Date of issue: 9 February 2007 Description of the book "Vocabulary, Grade 5":Spectrum Vocabulary makes word analysis and vocabulary building easier than ever! The lessons, perfect for students in grade 5, strengthen phonics skills by focusing on concept and sensory words, context clues, root and base words, imported words, and more! Each book aides with classification, context, sensory, concept, and word structure strategies. They are also aligned to national and state standards and include a complete answer key. --Today, more than ever, students need to be equipped with the essential skills they need for school achievement and for success on proficiency tests. The Spectrum series has been designed to prepare students with these skills and PDF to enhance student achievement. Developed by experts in the field of education, each title in the Spectrum workbook series offers grade-appropriate instruction and reinforcement in an effective sequence for learning success. Perfect for use at home or in school, and a favorite of parents, homeschoolers, and teachers worldwide, Spectrum is the learning partner students need for complete achievement. Reviews of the Vocabulary, Grade 5Up to now in regards to the publication we've got Vocabulary, Grade 5 comments customers haven't however still left their particular review of the sport, you aren't read it still. But, should you have presently read this guide and you really are ready to create their particular studies convincingly request you to be tied to to leave an evaluation on our site (we will post equally negative and positive testimonials). Basically, "freedom of speech" We totally helped. Your current feedback to lease Vocabulary, Grade 5 -- additional readers can determine with regards to a publication. These guidance can certainly make people additional United! School Specialty PublishingRegrettably, currently we really do not have any information about the artist School Specialty Publishing. On the other hand, we'd appreciate if you have any kind of information regarding this, and are ready to supply the idea. Send it to us! The ways to access every one of the look at, and if every piece of information are usually true, we shall distribute on the web site. It's very important for individuals that all genuine about School Specialty Publishing. We all thanks a lot upfront to get ready to head over to fulfill you! Download EBOOK Vocabulary, Grade 5 for free

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en

Nabucco: an opera in four acts The libretto of Nabucco, written by Temistocle Solera, is based on a Bible story about the conquest of the Jews by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar, whose Italian name was Nabucodonosor, a.k.a. Nabucco. When the opera begins, the Jews are about to be defeated by the Babylonians, with Nabucco and his army at the gates of Jerusalem. The high priest Zaccharia asks his Chosen People to trust in God; in the meantime, Fenena--Nabucco's younger daughter, who is being held hostage by the Jews--is in love with her jailer, Ismaele, who was once saved by Fenena when he himself was being held hostage by the Babylonians. The two are preparing an escape when Abigaille, Nabucco's older daughter, gets wind of their plans and threatens to spill the beans unless Ismaele dumps Fenena and becomes her lover. The plot thickens when Nabucco enters, the high priest Zaccaria threatens to kill Fenena, and Ismaele saves Fenena from Zaccaria's dagger. As the story progresses, Abigaille learns that she was born a slave and adopted. Nabucco has appointed Fenena regent, and Fenena makes the locals happy by converting to the Jewish faith. Abigaille plots to seize the throne, Nabucco is stunned by heavenly lightning after declaring himself a god, and Abigaille picks up the crown. In Act Three, Abigaille has obtained a decree of death for the Jews (including Fenena) and wants Nabucco to sign it, but Nabucco begs for Fenena to be saved. Abigaille tears up the document that revealed her slave origins, takes her adoptive father prisoner, and prepares to have the Jews executed. The high priest Zaccharia trots out a prophecy to cheer up his people as they long for their distant homeland. The tension is cranked up in Act Four, when Nabucco regains his senses and seen Fenena being taken to the altar of Baal for sacrifice. He prays to the god of the Jews, leads a revolt against Abigaille, frees the prisoners, and promises to build them a new and bigger temple. Abigaille takes poison, seeks forgiveness, and dies; Zaccaria proclaims Nabucco the king of the world, and the curtain comes down on the happy multitude (including Fenena and Ismaele, who are now free to marry). Next page: The Bayerische Staatsoper 2008 cast Photos copyright © Wilfried Hösl. Copyright © 1996-2016 Durant Imboden and Cheryl Imboden. All rights reserved.

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[Kay Choe] can’t play the piano. Rather, he couldn’t, until he converted his keyboard to include LED-guided instruction. [Kay] is a microbial engineering graduate student, and the last thing a grad student can afford is private music lessons. With $70 in components and a cell phone, however, he may have found a temporary alternative. The build works like a slimmed-down, real-world Guitar Hero, lighting up each note in turn. We’ve seen a project like this before, with the LEDs mounted above the keys. [Kay]’s design, however, is much easier to interpret. He embedded the LEDs directly into the keys, including ones above each black key to indicate the sharps/flats. An Android app takes a MIDI file of your choice and parses the data, sending the resulting bits into an IOIO board via USB OTG. A collection of shift registers then drives the LEDs. For a complete novice, [Kay] seems to benefit from these lights. We are unsure whether the LEDs give any indication of which note to anticipate, however, as it seems he is pressing the keys after each one lights up. Take a look at his video demonstration below and help us speculate as to what the red lights signify. If you’re an electronics savant who wants to make music without practicing a day in your life, we recommend that you check out [Vladimir’s] Robot Guitar. Continue reading “LED-Guided Piano Instruction” If you’re new to hacking, Halloween is a great excuse to get started, and [Chuck] has put together an inexpensive animated Halloween decoration that you can show off on your front door. After scoring a $5 plastic Halloween doorknocker from Wal-Mart, [Chuck] gathered together a small pile of components and then set about breathing some life (death?) into its scary but motionless face. Though he opted to use a Digispark, you should be able to use any Arduino that is small enough to stuff inside the plastic head. [Chuck] cut some holes in the eyeballs and glued in two RGB LEDs, then cobbled together a quick-and-dirty mount in the mouth area to hold a small servo. The lights and the servo are wired to the Digispark, which turns the lights on and instructs the servo to slam the ring against the door. It’s is battery powered and currently has only two settings: on or off. This should be good enough to scare the kids for this year, but [Chuck] has plans to add a much-needed motion sensor and sound via a Bluetooth connection. As simple as this build is, it could be just the thing to get you in the holiday spirit, or to introduce the young hacker in your home to the world of electronics and coding. Check out the short video of the doorknocker after the break, then swing by [Chuck’s] website for detailed build instructions and his Github for the source code. If you’re having trouble finding this doorknocker at Wal-Mart, [Chuck] recommends a similar one on Amazon. Don’t stop now! Make some Flickering Pumpkins too, or if you want a challenge, hack together your very own Pepper’s Ghost illusion. Continue reading “Halloween Doorknocker Decoration Hack”

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Each time we travel extra miles in private cars, we emit more CO2, and we create more traffic related deaths and injuries (see data from the International Energy Agency and the World Health Organization). Each year 1.3 million die from traffic crashes on average; and the transport sector currently contributes approximately 13% of annual greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. The CO2 we emit with transport is a function of how much we travel –in kilometers, and of the emission rate of our vehicles -in grams per kilometer. Similarly, traffic crashes are also a function of the exposure -in kilometers driven, and of the level of traffic crashes death risk -fatalities per kilometer driven. While road infrastructure design, better vehicles and other risk reduction measures have proven effective in decreasing the traffic deaths risk, it is important not to overlook the potential for further safety improvements from reducing exposure. We need to reduce distance traveled in private cars, and as we do so, we will also reduce our carbon footprint. We are in a win-win situation when we reduce our travel: less fatal crashes and less CO2 emitted. Reducing distance traveled, increasing safety Most traffic fatalities are preventable and predictable. Most traffic crashes are not accidents and even some traffic authorities have removed the term “accident” from their reports. Reducing traffic fatalities is a matter of making trips safer and reducing the length of individual motorized trips. Sustainable transport, in the form of protected facilities for walking and biking and well designed and operated public transport systems with transport demand management strategies, has the opportunity to provide us with a way out of our problems. Sustainable transport can help reducing trips in individual motor vehicles and making these trips of good quality – less hazardous than driving a private vehicle to work, not only for the vehicle’s driver but for all road users. When looking at the reduction of distance traveled necessary to curb CO2 emissions, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has been looking at different scenarios. The reductions the IEA considers in distance traveled are calculated for their CO2 benefits. They project 151 billion vehicle kilometers saved by 2020, that is a 7% reduction. When we translate the targeted reductions in distance traveled into lives saved, we estimate that the reduced fatalities may be between 103,000 to 126,000 lives saved in year 2020 (the difference comes from different assumptions on risk rates[i]). This is a remarkable reduction, but it is not enough to meet the ambitious targets pledged by the United Nations in the Decade of Action of Road Safety. The UN calls for a 50% reduction in fatalities in 2020 from the 1.3 million accounted for in 2010. If we assume a reduction in the fatality risk per kilometer driven in 5% a year (more than the current trend of 1.95%), distance traveled would have to be reduced by 58%.[ii] This is 8 times the proposed vehicle kilometer reduction projected by IEA. Achieving these reduction targets on distance traveled and risk is not easy, but the synergies of combining the climate change and road safety agendas are clear and can provide incentives for the collaboration of the communities working on these critical issues. If we look closely, and further demonstrate the opportunities of collaborative work, then we can see sustainable transport and urban development initiatives as contributors to both the global road safety agenda and the climate change agenda. Road safety risk reduction Reducing road safety risks requires a complete set of policies and a systems approach as clearly laid out in the Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety. The actions involve five pillars: building road safety management capacity; improving the safety of road infrastructure and broader transport networks; further developing the safety of vehicles; enhancing the behavior of road users; and improving post-crash care. This involves defining clear targets and working on the different components of the safety issues, as has been suggested, for example in the “Safe System Approach” by the International Transport Forum and the World Bank. Reducing risk through integrated and systematic approaches can continue to be the main target of the road safety policy, but can be effectively complemented with policies to avoid individual motor vehicle travel and shift travel from less efficient to more efficient modes (see for example, the transport chapter of UNEP´s Green Economy Report and the Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013). Safer mobility also means less climate change If more effort is done to reach the Decade of Action road safety target (half of the 2010 road fatalities in 2020) through reductions in motor vehicle travel we can receive huge benefits in terms of reduced energy use and lower greenhouse gas emissions — a win-win situation. For instance a reduction in distance traveled in individual motor vehicles of 58%[iii] as compared with the IEA’s 4-degree scenario, would result in savings of 813 billion tons of oil equivalent and 2,857 million tons of CO2 eq.[iv] The level of energy consumption and GHG emissions would be 60% and 58.5%, respectively, of those in the IEA’s 4-degree scenario. This suggests that an effort on reducing exposure to road safety risks may also significantly lessen our burden on fossil fuels and place the planet much closer to avoiding the catastrophic impacts of climate change. The promise of sustainable transport This ambitious goal would have multiple benefits: not only we would escape the most daunting scenarios of extreme weather events, but we would also save hundreds of thousands of lives. We would also expect other improvements in the quality of life in cities resulting form reductions in congestion and in air pollution and eventual increases in physical activity. Thus, several important sustainability goals can be met through the same recipe. This is the challenge and the promise of sustainable transport. The high level estimations indicated in this note should be studied further. There are open questions like the feasibility of reducing motorized travel to the target levels, and the regional differences from developed countries reaching peak travel and emerging nations rapidly motorizing. Also understanding and advancing integrated policies for risk reductions, particularly for sustainable transport initiatives (see, for example Traffic Safety on Bus Corridors: Pilot Version – Road Test). There is also a role for compact, mixed used and accessible urban development in reducing the need for individual motor vehicle travel, among other interesting topics. EMBARQ will continue advancing knowledge on these issues and working with governments, international organizations and initiatives, like the Global Road Safety Partnership, in making the promise a reality. [i] IEA projects travel in 25,452 billion vehicle-km in the 4 degree scenario and 23,678 billion in the 2 degree scenario. The intrinsic fatality rate in 2010 is 71.1 deaths/billion veh-km (from data reported at http://www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/gbd/visualizations/country). If this rate is kept constant to 2020, the total number of fatalities would be 1,809,590 in the EIA´s 4 degree scenario and 1,683,462 in the 2 degree scenario. That is 126,128 lives saved in 2020.Nevertheless, the assumption of constant fatality rate may not hold, as the historic data has shown improvements over time. If the historic reduction in fatality rate of 1.95% per year observed form 2000-2010 continues during this decade, the risk would be 58.71 deaths/billion veh-km. With this rate the number of fatalities can be estimated at 1,481,531 in the IEA´s 4 degree scenario and in 1,381,990 in the 2 degree scenario. That means a 103,541 lives saved in 2020. [ii] In this hypothetical scenario the risk would be estimated at 43.13 deaths/billion veh-km in 2020 (26.1% less than in the vegetative decline scenario and 39% less than in 2010). With this risk rate we would need to have less than 15,401 billion vehicle-km to have 664,270 traffic fatalities. This a 58% reduction from the vehicle travel projected in the IEA´s 4 degree scenario.

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various ways can be done by way of palpation tub, see (trials = despite high prices ralatif) and feelings. Here we will try to choose a dove seen heights of physical characteristics: Choose a bird that has a large head and the front of the skull is higher than the back skull "Nonong", but choose who has the degree of slope between the base of the nose to the top of the cranium of 45-60, who do not have a 90 degree slope, because it usually forms the head spt is owned by the only good bird down on the head of the "middle" (direction jam12.00). different to that sloped 45-60, it's the head of a type OK down from any direction. besides the usual form of the head of a bird with the more intelligent (given to pigeons altitude indispensable feeling that having high levels of intelligence) Choose a beak-shaped "merit" (tapered at the ends), not too big and not too long. Choose the length of the nose has until the end half is slightly shorter than the distance of the base of the nose to the top of the skull. Eye as the primary weapon for the pigeons to find the movement would not be discounted in terms of his election. Choose a currency that has a pupil (eye ore) in solid black and responsive to light (will enlarge and shrink quickly when receiving light change stimuli). Choose which also has a circular ring attached to the eye ore (usually green) fourth ore roving eye hanging down in front. As for the color of the eyes, choose colors that have two eyes, usually a blend of amber with a light yellow, dark red with dark green, or pink with white. Choose a central color mwmpunyai more immersed than the outer color, so it would seem obvious difference between the two (if we look at the bird's eye shade / not exposed to direct light). if we look at the bird's eyes when exposed to direct sunlight, then the two will merge and eye color looks like titik2 color blends. If the area, by some friends, state, shape, and size of the nose is never ignored. but does not agree with that will pass, because according to experience, various forms has advantages and kelemehan nose. according nose also plays a role for pigeons find his way home (besides feelingnya), some other favorite nose: 1. big, long, puffy (not "Prambon" / derivative of carrier pigeons), with a nose shaped like this when it has colors such as lime and the base of the nose dark bottom protrudes backward. 2. big, long, "trepes" / attached to half (if the bird is "Prambon"), shaped like the nose such as this if you have a solid lime color but looks vaguely parallel garis2 throughout kemerah2an colored nose, and the bottom base of the nose protrudes backward. 3. small, bulging (strain Java, Java tentacle either Java or pure-bred), with a nose shaped like this when it has a solid lime color and the bottom base of the nose protrudes backward. As for when the base of the nose straight shape, this bird likes to "gaburan" / play at home, the birds usually do not require jauh2 distance to fly high, fly selection of partners is important that a draw and worth (even if birds with nasal types such as this will go home much longer when removed, even sometimes missing). is still argue that the neck is the main tool for pigeons to "methyl" / "njungkel" / "nunjem" / "nenggel" / "thel". select that neck strength and not too long, select the collar length slightly shorter than her sternum. also select forte neck bones, upright, tight and looked up (when the birds noticed something, usually movement), but will return slacken / bend as before. because that is always upright neck seemed stiff, and the quality of "methyl" less flexible than the type mentioned earlier that the neck bone. as the primary means of bird wings to fly benar2 should we have to choose the best, some examples al: 1. shoulder wings must be strong and flexible / not stiff, to be varied shapes, some rounded thick, muscular short. there are also who form a flat, wide muscular. 2. wing feathers are not thick wavy tight. which also select the width (Landung) a distance of one feather meetings with other reply. tapered tip of the feather. 3. Strong bones of the wing feathers a little bending on the tip bristles select also has wings that look a bit "mekongkong" when held. who do not have the wings closer to the body, because the quality will decline much faster that has a little wing "mekongkong". Choose form a V-shaped chest (when viewed from the front), which do not form O, especially elip flat / flat. bird with chest lettered V shape will usually fall winds from any direction. unlike anything shaped O (hny bgs down on kepala/jam12.00), because if you fall down the pace a bit skewed usually bird-shaped chest sptri will be reduced. Choose a breastbone that have long index finger is slightly longer than adult org, or at least as long. sseperti experience problems pny this form: 1. shaped like a 'tick': with blk sternum protrudes backward, so the birds are usually heart-shaped. birds with this type sprti sternum with other devices that typically adequate to calm down / not shake. 2. sprti boat-shaped: with other devices that adequate and "cekelan" contain dense, birds will come down with a "nggenjot-nggenjot" Some argue that the condition, size and shape distance "Sapit urang" does not affect the dove fly and turunny style, that from personal experience, when assessed from the flight of birds themselves are so far I have not found the influence of "Sapit urang" equal style flying birds. For problems but down sprtiny big impact. thickness and kuatny "Sapit urang" pigeon drop was also affected. sprti cont; pigeons with "Sapit URNG" meeting (no distance at all / "ganthet") biasany mempyai abilities that birds down, turunyny be slow. pigeons with "Sapit urang" is narrow, about 0.5-1cm (for large pigeons). 0.5 cm (for medium-sized pigeon) that birds mempyai down capabilities, will turunny megal-ol/goyang-goyang. distance pigeons with "Sapit urang" kira2> 1cm mempyai ability that birds down, going down with the "calm" / not goyang2, tentuny also supported measures "brutu" and ekorny form. conditions "Sapit URNG" who bent so far the experience: once pny birds at a distance "Sapit urang" kira2 1cm, before "Sapit URNG" crooked bird capable turung shoot fast and rough, because the shoot too hard, the bird down "ngebrok weak". then one of the "Sapit urangny" broken, undergo treatment after a few weeks "Sapit" disconnected but crooked door. since that time they will be still capable of birds fell down and shootny hny speed is reduced. Waist / Brutu differences in size and distance from waist / "brutu" pigeon tentuny if not impossible cool place apa2 influence on kinerjany. of which are large, small, medium, or who is meeting is tenuous. that from experience, is estranged from badanny waist will make the bird does not have that good balance. slow down the speed of birds, tentuny not be seen clearly ketidakseimbanganny with waist adany such as this. different birds with high-speed capability down / hard, if it has a loose waist such as this will be obvious when the bird fell head 12.00/atas o'clock. kemungklinan first bird will break down / turning halfway. The second possibility of birds descend at high speed without braking balance adany, akibatny birds will come down with hard (which has resulted in harm diriny Br). different from that berjarqk waist tightly, either a big or small has its advantages which sdr2. with other tools that support, the bird with the "brutu" small meetings, will have type down "calm" / not goyang2. bird with "brutu" big meeting, will have the type of looks goyang2 down, when all the tooling support sebenarny goyang2ny it is throwing body art bird / "nggenjot2" when down. thickness and shape of the tail when the bird we hold will tentuny bermacam2, from where we can sebenarny mengira2 down the power and style of the bird page. choose a bird that has a tail feather meetings, thick and long (thick here must be adapted to handle / "cekelan" bird, u / grade thickness tail feathers will be different from the "cekelan" solid / "kiyel", padded / ngapuk, loud / Rapet / "atos" that just will not u / in express in writing) with the selection of TPI and learning that berulang2 psti someday we will be able to easily distinguish sizes that fit. * When we hold the tail feathers will look together, the hallmark of "anus" small, such as tail shape is owned by a bird with down force "calm". * When we hold the tail feathers will appear dilated on ujungny / morbidly clump together into one, it ciri2 of "brutu" big, biasany tail shape is owned by birds such as the down force "". when we hold the tail merpatipun will cool place berbeda2 press down that, some "ndlosor", "ngawet" 45 degrees, and there is also that "ngawet" 90 degrees / place commonly called the "bengkuk". u / style fly: * Handle tail when the bird cool place "ngawet" 45 degrees: a bird with a tail such as this when the handle is released with a partner who handles the type of tail that same cool place, cool place style will be off / start playing rather broad and irregular (sometimes start yet birds are already heading higher toward a goal) * MMP grip when birds tail "ngawet" 90 degrees / "bengkuk": bird with tail handle this such as when removed with partners who handle the type of tail that same cool place, cool place style will be off / start playing "tight", such as insect repellent (biasany bird reaching new heights ttntu towards goal) * Handle tail when the bird cool place "ndlosor": bird with tail grip type cool place such as this fly style 2 possibilities. which first flew straight towards the goal. that both "nggandeng" / adherents partner. when it comes to foot arches merit rather, crisp / looks "mbesisik" & length (both feet and fingers) indented foot position when held / pushed backward parallel to the direction of the tail.

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Study: Using fire ant venom to combat soilborne pathogens Research by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has shown that certain alkaloid compounds in the venom of the fire ants —piperideines and piperdines—can impede the growth of the crop pathogen Pythium ultimum. Chemical fungicides, delayed plantings and crop rotation are among methods now used to control P. ultimum, which causes damping-off diseases that decay the seed or seedling of vegetable, horticultural and cucurbit crops. Despite such measures, damping-off remains a costly problem, and new approaches are needed, according to Jian Chen, an entomologist with USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS). ARS is USDA's chief intramural scientific research agency. Chen is coinvestigating the potential application of fire ant venom to manage soilborne pathogens like P. ultimum in collaboration with ARS microbiologist Xixuan Jin, and Shezeng Li of the Institute of Plant Protection in Baoding, China. Researchers used sophisticated extraction techniques to obtain purified amounts of piperideine and piperidine from the venom glands of both red and black imported fire ants, which are considered invasive pests and a dominant species on more than 320 million acres in the South as well as in other states and Puerto Rico. In petri dish trials, the researchers exposed P. ultimum's threadlike growth form, called "mycelium," to various concentrations of the alkaloids and monitored the effect on the pathogen's colony size. Its spore-forming structures, called sporangia, were similarly exposed. The results, reported in the December 2012 issue of Pest Management Science, include significant reductions in the growth and germination of the pathogen's mycelium. Both alkaloids performed equally well and retained their activity against P. ultimum for up to 12 weeks when stored at room temperature. Additionally, more than 90 percent of sporangia failed to germinate when exposed to the alkaloids at concentrations of 51.2 micrograms per milliliter. Synthetic versions of the alkaloids, called "analogs," have also inhibited several cultured human fungal pathogens. Read more about this research in the August 2013 issue of Agricultural Research magazine. To comment, login here Or register to be able to comment.

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http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Mycotoxins/Articles/2013/8/Study-Using-fire-ant-venom-to-combat-soilborne-pathogens-1326708W/

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College Readiness: Address Academic and Financial Needs Meeting academic and financial needs As 3.2 million high school seniors earn diplomas this graduation season, nearly a million of their peers will watch from the sidelines, not having earned their diplomas yet. Many of the graduates, meanwhile, will still have their own struggles; some will be shut out of college because of the cost, while others will face a mountain of debt if they do enroll. Far too many of our high school students are not prepared either academically or financially for higher education. These twin scourges not only dim prospects for too many young people, but they also shortchange our democracy and the nation's long-term economic prospects. For years, public education reform efforts have focused on improving the quality and outcomes of K-12 education. For far too long, a child's ZIP code has dictated the quality of her education—largely determining whether she is taught by effective teachers, exposed to challenging curriculum, and immersed in a college-going culture. One's ZIP code also largely determines whether a child will go to college at all and how burdened with debt she will be if she does. Improving college readiness and increasing high school graduation rates are deservedly high on the education policy agenda. These goals remain critically important, but are we making a hollow promise to prepare students to be "college ready" if too many young people are denied a college education because of cost? Students need to be not only academically capable of doing college work, but also financially capable of attending college. Thus, the K-12 community also must take up the banner of access to college—academic, financial, and otherwise. Forty years ago, the United States was the unchallenged leader both in college-completion rates and economic dynamism. Today, our country is 12th among developed nations in the percentage of young people who complete college, and it faces unprecedented economic competition from a host of countries. The affordable higher education of the mid-20th century that propelled millions into the middle class is no more, contributing to America's poor record on social mobility relative to that of many European and Asian nations. In short, higher education—once the great ladder to success for so many Americans—is now more like a heavy gate that opens easily for some, opens with difficulty for others, and slams shut on millions more. Income inequality, which has risen since the 1970s, is compounded by the growing inequality in college access, as those with a four-year college degree now earn on average $1,053 per week compared with $638 a week for the average high school graduate, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Blocked access to college means blocked access to the American dream for much of the middle class and the poor, who are disproportionately people of color. While 59 percent of Asian-Americans and 43 percent of whites between the ages of 25 and 64 have two- or four-year college degrees, 27 percent of young African-Americans, and just 19 percent of Hispanics, hold degrees, according to a 2012 Lumina Foundation report. Lack of access to college also translates into enormous forgone national income. A 2009 McKinsey & Co. report estimated that, if the United States had raised its education performance to the level of South Korea and Finland, U.S. gross domestic product could have been more than $2 trillion higher in 2008. Looked at another way, it means skills undeveloped, lower productivity, and less innovation in America's workforce, which now must compete with better-educated new workers in many other countries. Another result is that, despite still-high unemployment, many jobs demanding advanced education go unfilled. Existing economic disparities will be perpetuated or exacerbated. Instead of boosting the nation's economy, those without college degrees will dampen national output, depend more heavily than others on government benefits, and pay less in taxes. Efforts to better facilitate the high-school-to-college transition need to be expanded. How can community organizations successfully work with schools to increase high school graduation and college-attendance rates, particularly for low-income and minority students whose parents did not attend college? There are several highly successful examples among Public Education Network's member local education funds, or LEFs. For example, as part of the Citi Postsecondary Success Program, LEFs in Philadelphia, Miami, and San Francisco are using the College Readiness Asset Analysis—a research-based framework to help schools understand how well they are supporting students, beginning in 9th grade, in developing the contextual skills, academic behaviors, core-content knowledge, and cognitive strategies that make a student college-ready. (Launched in 2008, the Citi Postsecondary Success Program is a five-year, $6 million initiative funded by the Citi Foundation to increase the number of low-income and first-generation students who access and succeed in postsecondary education.) Analysis results help schools, districts, and community partners improve coordination and quality, and point out where new strategies are needed. In Miami, principals say they want to see "asset maps" each year to monitor students' growth. The analysis has "really been changing the whole school culture, letting schools see these are the things that you need to have in place, and this is what research has shown will help children actually fulfill their dreams," Linda Lecht, the executive director of The Education Fund in Miami, reported. Another approach is to carefully monitor students' progress so students and families know throughout high school whether the students are on track to graduate. BPE, formerly the Boston Plan for Excellence, and New Visions for Public Schools, in New York City, have developed student-tracking tools. Thanks to BPE's Student Graduation Process Tracker, students have access to individually tailored reports starting in middle school that show their grade point averages, attendance records, standardized-test-score performance, credits earned, and course requirements remaining. Similarly, New Visions provides 9th graders in New Visions schools with a tool to track their attendance, grades, credits, and New York state regents' exam scores. A complementary "School Snapshot" enables school staff members to better follow and address students' needs. A student attending one of the Alliance College-Ready Public Schools in Los Angeles receives an "individual personal learning plan" to track her needs, interests, and progress on core-content standards, English-language development, and college readiness. The Consortium for Public Education in western Pennsylvania created MAPS, or My Action Plan for Success, which provides personalized plans for students. And there are other approaches. Helping more students complete college-prep courses and raising college test scores are goals of a Houston A+ Challenge initiative. The Bridgeport Public Education Fund, in Connecticut, pairs mentors from local colleges with high school students to help them set goals, plan for college, prepare for the SAT, and complete financial-aid forms. A program to help students find financial aid by the Achieve Minneapolis LEF significantly increased college enrollment among the students it serves. In short, the United States needs a multipronged approach to level the playing field so young people of all backgrounds can attend college. We need to reinvest in higher education and make it more affordable, but we also need high schools to do a better job of preparing and monitoring their students' college readiness. In this election year, making college more accessible to more Americans should be a front-and-center issue. There is a lot of talk about jobs and the economy, but good jobs and economic growth are predicated on having an educated population. Expanding the numbers of well-educated Americans is the most promising long-term economic-stimulus program. Vol. 31, Issue 35, Pages 30-32

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Basil only grows in warm weather so it is necessary to store it for use during the winter. Fresh basil is always better but dried or frozen will do until the weather gets warmer and the herb can be planted again. Basil can be stored for about one year before it starts to lose flavor, and there are several methods to preserve it. The most common method of preserving basil was to air-dry the leaves and then store them in bottles or jars for use in culinary dishes and for medicinal applications. Basil leaves were gathered in bundles and hung from rafters in the house or barn until they dried, but leaves did turn black. Physicians made infusions from fresh basil and added alcohol to them so they would keep for a few months. Basil was stored for the winter in salt, which preserved some of the flavor. Some of the green color of basil can be retained by drying in the oven. Place leaves on a baking sheet and put it in the oven at the lowest temperature setting. Stir the leaves occasionally and remove from the oven when the leaves feel crispy, after about three to four hours. They can also be dried in a microwave at 50 percent power for two minutes between paper towels. If not crispy, microwave at 100 percent at one-minute intervals until they are. Microwave drying retains color the best. Basil can be frozen, but when it thaws it tends to become limp. The taste will still be good. Do not wash basil before placing in freezer bags because the water will be retained and the leaves will become slimy. Wash it after thawing. Place half of a paper towel in the freezer bag with the basil and it will soak up some of the condensation and thawing liquid. Basil can be frozen in ice cube trays. Chop basil and put 2 tsp. in each compartment of the tray and fill with water. Once frozen, pop the cubes out and place in freezer bags. Most recipes call for 2 tsp. increments of basil, and this is perfect for soups or stews. Throw in the whole cube. Basil stored in oil will last about one month at room temperature and three months in the refrigerator. Place ½ cup of olive oil in a pan and warm it up enough to be uncomfortable if touched but not burning hot. Add ½ cup chopped basil, stir it around, and let it sit until cool. Store the oil in a glass jar. Containers for Storage The best containers for basil are glass jars or bottles with tight-fitting lids. Jelly jars, glass salad dressing bottles, pickle jars or canning jars are suitable. Dark-colored jars work very well because the light does not affect the herb inside and the flavor will last longer. Plastic containers also work well for storing in the freezer or at room temperature. They must have air-tight lids. Freezer bags work well in the freezer.

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Under a pale grey winter sky, a variety of figures enjoy ice skating, sledging and conversing. In the foreground, two men play colf, a traditional Dutch sport that is a cross between golf and ice hockey. Hendrik Avercamp, was the first Dutch artist to elevate watercolor and gouache drawings to the status of paintings. His skill is visible here in details like the fine pen and ink lines describing the figures, or the delicate gouache coloring suggesting shadows on the ice. His typical monogram is visible in the lower left (the letter H enclosing the letter A), indicating he saw this as a finished work, not a study. Avercamp was a prolific draftsman, and helped popularize such landscapes with seventeenth-century Dutch collectors. His contemporaries would have appreciated this winter scene on multiple levels. The skaters, some of whom have fallen on the ice, would have suggested the notion of de slibberachtigheyt van's menschen leven or "the slipperiness of human life," to remind viewers of life's brevity.

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(Science) – Congress is poised to approve a massive piece of legislation that would provide the National Institutes of Health (NIH) with $4.8 billion over the next decade for a set of research initiatives, including brain and cancer research and efforts to develop so-called precision medicine treatments that are tailored to an individual’s genetic makeup. The bill, known as 21st Century Cures, also includes a number of other provisions that could shape how federally funded researchers do their work. (Science) – The number of schoolchildren not vaccinated against childhood diseases in Texas is growing rapidly, which means that the state may see its first measles outbreaks in the winter or spring of 2018, Hotez predicted in a recent article in PLOS Medicine. Disgraced antivaccine physician Andrew Wakefield has set up shop in the Texan capital, Austin, and a political action committee (PAC) is putting pressure on legislators facing a slew of vaccine-related bills. (MIT Technology Review) – The deaths last month of two patients in a clinical trial testing a promising new type of cancer treatment are raising questions about the fate of therapies that use a patient’s own immune cells to fight off the disease. Juno Therapeutics, the Seattle company conducting the trial, announced it was halting its human tests of an experimental cancer therapy just before Thanksgiving after two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia died. Earlier this year, three patients died in the same clinical trial. But other investigators developing similar products are forging on with testing the new class of therapies, which have shown incredible promise for some patients with lethal cancers. (STAT News) – Excitement for stem cell treatments has been growing as scientists have learned more about how the cells could be coaxed into replacing damaged or dead cells throughout the body, with possible treatment applications for a wide range of injuries and diseases. But for now, the FDA officials said, the excitement is just that, echoing what many stem cell scientists have said about the field. (The Wall Street Journal) – There are more than 120,000 people in the U.S. waiting for an organ transplant and not enough donors. The dire shortage has led some researchers to consider an unusual solution: They are breeding genetically modified pigs whose organs could be compatible for human transplant. Researchers have been trying for decades to make animal-to-human transplants work, a process known as xenotransplantation. Pigs are a particularly promising source of organs. They produce big litters. Organs such as the kidney and liver are similar in size to those of humans. (NPR) – A nonprofit research group is giving scientists a new way to study the secret lives of human cells. On Wednesday, the Allen Institute for Cell Science provided access to a collection of living stem cells that have been genetically altered to make internal structures like the nucleus and mitochondria glow. “What makes these cells special is that they are normal, healthy cells that we can spy on and see what the cell does when it’s left alone,” says Susanne Rafelski, director of assay development at the institute. Under a microscope, “they are a wonder to behold,” she says. (The Economist) – Although the abortion rate is stable or falling in most rich countries, it is rising in Latin America and some parts of Africa and Asia (see chart 1). Former communist countries have some of the world’s highest rates. During Soviet times abortion was the only method of birth control, and in some countries the average woman would have five to eight abortions during her lifetime. By the time the Soviet Union fell apart it was spending about half of its reproductive-health budget on abortions and associated complications. (WFAA) – The U.S. Justice Department in the Northern District of Texas Thursday unsealed indictments against 21 individuals, some of them among the highest profile doctors in the City of Dallas. Prosecutors allege a bribery and kick-back scheme involving about $40 million in payments of all kinds. Some of these doctors are high-profile, some are not. The indictment named 21 individuals in all and all were not doctors. (The Atlantic) – Both drugs seemed effective in early tests until they were compared with a placebo control. In each case, about 30 percent of the participants in the placebo arm improved, which essentially canceled out the power of the drugs being tested. That number is not nearly as high as placebo responses seen in drug trials for pain or depression, but it is higher than expected for a condition that supposedly precludes placebo altogether. Several teams are starting to look more carefully at the placebo effect in people with autism. Their early results paint a fascinating picture of how belief affects not just people with the condition, but also their families. (The Atlantic) – Here’s an alarming statistic: Around one in four nurses has been physically attacked at work in the last year. Patients often kick, scratch, and grab them; in rare cases even kill them. In fact, there are nearly as many violent injuries in the healthcare industry as there are in all other industries combined. Healthcare workers make up 9 percent of the workforce. There are currently no federal rules mandating that hospitals attempt to protect nurses from violence in the workplace, though some states have passed them on their own. (ABC News) – Texas health officials have adopted a new rule that would require burials after many abortions conducted in the state — a decision that could have a profound effect on providers there. The rule, which was submitted to the Texas secretary of state by the Texas Department of Health Services last Monday, changes the manner in which fetal tissue can be disposed of following an abortion at a clinic, hospital or other medical setting. (New York Times) – Most cyborgs are disabled people who interface with technology. We depend on a computer for some major bodily function. The tryborg — a word I invented — is a nondisabled person who has no fundamental interface. The tryborg is a counterfeit cyborg. The tryborg tries to integrate with technology through the latest product or innovation. Tryborgs were the first to wear Google Glass. Today they wait in line for Snapchat Spectacles. The tryborg adopts the pose of a cyborg. But no matter how hard they try, the tryborg remains a pretender. (The Washington Post) – The technique used in swapping the genetic material was not immaculate: Some mutant DNA remained in the fertilized eggs and the ensuing replicating stem cell lines. In some of those stem cell lines the mitochondria reverted to the mother’s disease-carrying genetic code. That happened in about 10 to 15 percent of the stem cells, which was a surprise, because that hadn’t been seen in experiments with animal models. They concluded that, going forward, the donors of healthy mitochondrial DNA need to be carefully screened for compatibility with the mother’s mitochondrial DNA. (Australia Broadcasting Co) – There is significant support in Australia for commercial surrogacy to be legalised and professional guidelines drawn up to regulate the industry, a study has found. Currently all states, except the Northern Territory, only allow altruistic surrogacy, where the surrogate is reimbursed costs of the pregnancy. The study, being published in the December issue of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, found almost 60 per cent of people who had a view found the current ban unjustified. (Kaiser Health News) – Now hospitals, which consider the heater-cooler machines crucial in open-heart surgery, are scrambling for ways to protect patients. And authorities have urged hospitals from New Jersey to California to notify hundreds of people who underwent surgery in recent years that they might be harboring a dangerous infection. Patients have sued, claiming they were infected in Pennsylvania, Iowa, South Carolina and Quebec. Experts and patient advocates say these cases are only the latest to expose holes in the nation’s approach to spotting and responding to dangerous deficiencies in medical devices. (STAT News) – New data released by federal health officials Tuesday further demonstrated the value of needle exchanges, suggesting they had contributed to a major reduction in new HIV infections among people who inject drugs. But the report also included some warnings. There aren’t enough needle exchanges or clean needles being supplied, and few drug users use only sterile syringes, researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found. Plus, changes in the demography and geography of drug users suggest problems to come. (Reuters) – A three-parent IVF technique designed to reduce the risk of mothers passing hereditary diseases to their babies is safe enough to be offered to patients in special circumstances, a British expert review panel said on Wednesday. Britain’s parliament last year voted to change the law to allow the three-parent in-vitro-fertilisation (IVF) technique known as mitochondrial transfer, which doctors say could help prevent incurable inherited diseases. (The Wall Street Journal) – Every year on average we identify one new pathogen. And every day on average, we at CDC start a new investigation that could detect a new pathogen. But frankly, pandemic influenza is what worries us most. Bill Gates has said there are really only two things that could kill 10 million people around the world. Nuclear war and a biological event, either intentional or natural. (The Telegraph) – Scientists’ fear of being labelled sexist is putting women’s health at risk because researchers have ignored crucial gender differences in the brain, it has been claimed. Male and female brains react differently to drugs when it comes to some conditions, such as strokes, but research predominantly concentrates on men, the guest editor of this month’s Journal of Neuroscience Research said. The research is then generalised and widened out for women, despite there being evidence gender “matters fundamentally, powerfully and pervasively”. (Sacramento Bee) – For long-suffering patients such as Green, stem cells offer tantalizing hope. In the last few years, more than 570 stem cell clinics have popped up nationwide, advertising treatment for a range of maladies, from autism and Alzheimer’s to neuropathy and Parkinson’s disease, according to a recent UC Davis study. About 113 of those are operating in California. But do they really work? According to most stem cell experts and the federal government, there’s no way to know yet.

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Pacific Northwest coal battle ignites The US coal industry has settled on an unlikely candidate to build America's largest coal terminal. Bellingham is a small coastal city 32 kilometers south of the Canadian border known for being one of the few cities in the US to rely solely on solar and hydro-generated electricity and its innovative building efficiency program. Plans are now underway for a new $500 million bulk dry goods facility to ship 28 million tonnes of coal and potentially 8 million tonnes of potash to Asian markets and HuffingtonPost reports the plans have sparked a fierce fight in this otherwise quiet college town that also reflects the ongoing global concern over continued reliance on fossil fuels, particularly in the rapidly industrializing nations of Asia. National Geographic News reports Bellingham residents – including the mayor of this city of 81,000 – are focused on the noise, pollution, and traffic congestion raised by the Gateway Pacific Terminal project which will see an additional 18 trains rumble through town daily. Meanwhile, the port operator and labour unions emphasizes the promise of 1,250 permanent jobs and $200 million annually in new economic activity. CrossCut reports at full capacity, Gateway Pacific would export some 48 million tons of coal a year, from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming, shipped via the BNSF Railroad to the terminal. Another 8 million tons might be added, perhaps from grain or potash. The world's number one listed coal miner and trader Peabody Energy has contracted for the first 24 million tons if the project is built. HuffingtonPost reports on a study of by the University of British Columbia that identified a doubling of coal particles near a terminal in Robert's Bank, BC and research that suggest about 500 pounds of coal dust is estimated to blow off each open-top rail car on the trip from the Powder River Basin to the Pacific Coast. Because there will be approximately 150 rail cars in each train, that could amount to nearly 40 tons of coal per trip.

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ROS is a large project with many ancestors and contributors. The need for an open-ended collaboration framework was felt by many people in the robotics research community, and many projects have been created towards this goal. Various efforts at Stanford University in the mid-2000s involving integrative, embodied AI, such as the STanford AI Robot (STAIR) and the Personal Robots (PR) program, created in-house prototypes of flexible, dynamic software systems intended for robotics use. In 2007, Willow Garage, a nearby visionary robotics incubator, provided significant resources to extend these concepts much further and create well-tested implementations. The effort was boosted by countless researchers who contributed their time and expertise to both the core ROS ideas and to its fundamental software packages. Throughout, the software was developed in the open using the permissive BSD open-source license, and gradually has become a widely-used platform in the robotics research community. From the start, ROS was developed at multiple institutions and for multiple robots, including many institutions who received PR2 robots from Willow Garage. Although it would have been far simpler for all contributors to place their code on the same servers, over the years, the "federated" model has emerged as one of the great strengths of the ROS ecosystem. Any group can start their own ROS code repository on their own servers, and they maintain full ownership and control of it. They don't need anyone's permission. If they choose to make their repository publicly available, they can receive the recognition and credit they deserve for their achievements, and benefit from specific technical feedback and improvements like all open source software projects. The ROS ecosystem now consists of tens of thousands of users worldwide, working in domains ranging from tabletop hobby projects to large industrial automation systems.

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The cause of psoriasis is not fully understood, although malfunctions in the immune system may play a role in the disease. Treatments may help to improve symptoms, although there is no cure for psoriasis. Appearance of the Skin Skin affected by psoriasis may appear with red patches with silvery plaques covering the skin. This is attributed to the buildup of dead skin cells. The overproduction of skin cells is associated with psoriasis. New skin cells move to the surface quicker than normal and dead skin cells are not shed quick enough and build up on the surface. Dryness, cracking, bleeding, itching burning and soreness are also associated with psoriasis. Children with psoriasis may experience small scaly spots. Patients may also notice thick, pitted or ridged nails. Swollen, stiff joints have also been attributed to psoriasis. Types of Psoriasis Depending on the type of psoriasis, symptoms may differ. Plaque psoriasis is the most common form of psoriasis and is characterized by red patches (plaques) covered by silvery scales. Nail psoriasis affects the nails, while scalp psoriasis appears on the scalp. Patients suffering from scalp psoriasis may notice flakes of skin in their hair or on their shoulders. Guttate psoriasis usually affects patients under 30 and is characterized by sores on the arms, trunk, arms legs and scalp. It is commonly triggered by strep throat. Inverse psoriasis affects the armpits, skin under the breast and around the genitals. It is most common in overweight individuals and is worsened by sweating and/or fatigue. Pustular psoriasis is a rare form of the disease and is associated with pus filled blisters. Blisters usually go away within a couple of days, but may return after a couple of days or weeks. Erythrodermic psoriasis covers the entire body with a red rash that peels. It may itch and burn as well. Sunburn, corticosteroids and other types of poorly treated psoriasis may trigger the condition. This is the least common type of psoriasis. Psoriatic arthritis may cause pitted, discolored nails in addition to inflamed, scaly skin. Joint pain and swollen joints are also symptoms. It may also cause conjunctivitis. For more information about these symptoms and the different types of psoriasis, consult a licensed physician or skincare professional.

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Why Stem Cell Research Has Opposition Southern University in Shreveport Stem cell research is one of the most promising study that has been conducted in the past two decades. It has the potential to virtually wipe out the need for organ transplants, to restore motion to those suffering from paralysis, and so many other crippling diseases. Certain groups of people do not agree in the method that stem cells are collected and that causes the ethics behind this method to come into question. There are ways to avoid this argument all together by understanding the argument against stem cell research, avoiding that method, and then to use methods that will not go against others beliefs. Stem cell research deals with the study of how to manipulate stem cells so that they can restore an organ, to replace an organ, or to be used as a kind of patch work. The list of problems that stem cells are thought to be able to fix is endless. Stem cells are basically cells that have not started to develop into a certain kind of cell. This allows scientist to manipulate these cells so that they became what ever kind of cell that they desire. In the future, medical researchers anticipate being able to use technologies derived from stem cell research to treat a wider variety of diseases including , Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injuries, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and damage, amongst a number of other impairments and conditions. Today they use stem cells to treat diseases like leukemia and bone marrow transplants(Weise, 2005) . The possibility of being able to just produce any type of organ and then replace the bad organ, without the wait of of an organ donor. A person would think the knowledge of this kind of work and the possibility of living a longer more comfortable life would make people to support research and to push for funding into this type of...

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View of Toledo This piece, an oil on canvas painted in 1541 by El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulous) evokes strong emotions. It shows a storm overhead, with very little light breaking through the clouds. However, the city below is illuminated. In the top right corner, there is an urbanized city, with a Gothic cathedral. In the bottom left corner, there is a scene of daily life, people working at a river. These people are barely more that stick figures, however, the painting seems to be very detailed. The storm above, however, gives the piece a very eerie, supernatural, spiritual mood. The light on the city seems to be very eerie, supernatural and spiritual. It is very dark, however, bits and pieces of light shine through clouds. The painting seems to be very supernatural, in the sense that bizarre events where clouds and light and the world behave this way are rare. It seems spiritual as well, as though only tiny bits of God's light are shining through thick, dark clouds. The whole piece is lit in a very odd manner. The people who are at the river don't seem to notice or mind the crazy weather or lighting, they're more focused on daily tasks. The trees, buildings, palaces and cathedrals are very detailed. The Cathedral, which is Gothic, especially demands attention. It seems to be at the center of all of these supernatural happenings. In addition, El Greco changed its location, because normally it is on the other side of the palace. This was, perhaps to highlight it, and show the piece's spiritual importance. Also, the stylized landscape is very dramatically different from the realistic depictions of nature at the time, even in the romantic genre of the pastoral. Perhaps this painting with its almost psychedelic hues, purples and greens,

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Timothy, Agapius and Thekla of Palestine The martyrs Timothy, Agapius and Thekla suffered martyrdom in the year 304. They are commemorated by the church August 19. The Martyr Timothy was a native of the city of Caesarean Palestine. He studied the Holy Scripture, and having received a special gift of eloquence, he became a teacher of the Christian Faith. During the time of persecution against Christians under the co-emperors Diocletian (284-305) and Maximian (305-311), the martyr was brought to trial by the governor Urban. St Timothy fearlessly declared himself a Christian and spoke about the love of the Lord Jesus Christ for mankind and of His coming into the world for their salvation. The martyr was subjected to cruel torture, and when they saw that he remained down, they killed him. And in this same town and year the Martyrs Agapius and Thekla were condemned. They were thrown to be eaten by wild beasts, and suffering in this manner, they received their heavenly crowns.

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NRCS Honors Volunteers During National Volunteer Week National Volunteer Week is April 15-21, 2012. Temple, Texas, April 15, 2012 - USDA�s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is celebrating National Volunteer week by thanking and honoring its Earth Team volunteers for their service to conservation. Earth Team is the agency�s volunteer workforce. Nationally in fiscal year 2011, over 22,000 people donated 435,653 hours of service to NRCS worth $9.3 million. NRCS State Conservationist Salvador Salinas said Earth Team Volunteers are making an environmental impact in Texas. Last year 161 volunteers donated 5,052 hours in Texas. �That�s worth $107,910 of benefit to our customers and the taxpayers,� said Salinas. �These are impressive numbers and we are grateful for the help, but we also recognize much more conservation work needs to be done.� Earth Team is a program which partners volunteers with NRCS employees. It was created in 1985 and offers many opportunities to individuals over the age of 14 who are interested in volunteering to improve the nation�s natural resources. Earth Team volunteers help NRCS conservationists provide private landowners and others a range of services from conservation technical assistance to teaching and generating awareness about conservation through the use of community projects. �The NRCS theme for this year puts it best,� said Salinas. �We are �Celebrating Earth Team Volunteers in Action�. Earth Team Volunteers allow us to stretch available resources and help us put additional conservation practices on the ground. Their volunteer efforts help us improve our land and wildlife habitat, clean our water and air, and they help us improve the environment for everyone.� Salinas said he hopes National Volunteer Week will motivate others to volunteer to help NRCS with our conservation mission. �Earth Team volunteers work closely with our staff and they play an important role in our state�s conservation work. They take on a variety of conservation assignments and many Earth Team Volunteers tell us they find their volunteer work enjoyable and personally very rewarding.� Since being formed in 1985, over a half-million Earth Team Volunteers have donated $336 million worth of time helping NRCS with its conservation mission. *Note: The Value of Volunteer Time to the Agency is $21.36/hour as established by the Independent Sector and utilized by the Federal Interagency Team for Volunteerism. The $314 million figure uses 2010 dollars.

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Tips for Snow Shoveling: How to Avoid Back Pain Digging Your Way Through Winter Depending on where you live, the first few snowflakes may have started to fall early in November. Many people look forward to the first snow that often drapes the trees so elegantly. However, after weeks or months of snow, heavy snow, blowing snow, snow blizzards, snowdrifts…your eager attitude may have changed to—Enough snow already! Did you know in some parts of the US the average snowfall approaches 10 feet? That is a lot of snow to shovel. It is not surprising to learn that many people suffer from muscle fatigue, low back strain, vertebral disc damage, and even spinal fractures during the winter season. Some of these injuries result from excessive stress to spinal structures by slip and fall accidents. A study published by Brad Coffiner at Cornell University’s ergonomic department indicated “…when handling heavy snow with a shovel, the L5-S1 disc has been identified as the weakest link in the body segment chain. The most severe injuries and pain are likely to occur in the back region.” Recognizing the low back is especially susceptible to strain or injury; it would be prudent to review steps to prevent injury. Snow shoveling can be compared to weight lifting, and in some cases, the aerobic aspect of this activity is similar to a workout on a treadmill! To help your body function on demand, consider the following tips: - Be heart smart! Don’t eat or smoke before shoveling snow. Avoid caffeinated beverages. These are stimulants and may increase heart rate and cause blood vessels to constrict. - If you experience pain of any kind, stop immediately and seek assistance. - Pace yourself during shoveling activities. Take frequent breaks and drink plenty of water. Snow shoveling is strenuous work, and it is important to re-hydrate your body often. - If the ground is icy or slick, spread sand or salt over the area to help create foot traction. Be aware that some areas may be uneven and could cause you to slip, trip, or fall. Dress for Success! - Consider the weather when choosing outerwear. Dress in layers. Wear clothing that is easy to move in. - Wear a hat—a great deal of body heat is lost through the head. - If it's icy cold, consider breathing through a scarf, but don’t let it obstruct your view. - Proper boots are essential for keeping feet warm and dry while appropriate soles provide traction. Good boots can help you maintain your balance! - Choose gloves that will keep your hands warm, dry, and blister free—consider thicker gloves, which allow for a good grip on the shovel’s handle. Select a Shovel that's Right for You Shovels are made from different materials and come in many shapes and sizes. - Choose a shovel that is ergonomically correct—a shovel with a curved handle. Many hardware stores and home centers stock ergonomically designed snow shovels. These shovels help you to keep your back straighter reducing spinal stress. - Consider a shovel with a plastic blade instead of metal—plastic is lightweight—isn’t the snow heavy enough? - Sometimes a smaller blade is better. You will not be able to shovel as much snow per shovel load, but the load will weigh less, which puts less strain on the spine. - Get a shovel made to push snow. It is far easier to push snow than to lift it. There are shovels made expressly for pushing snow. See what is available at your hardware or home center store. Once you have your shovel, you might want to consider spraying a bit of silicon lubricant on the blade. This can help keep the snow from sticking to the shovel. The snow will slide off the shovel blade. Technique. Technique. Technique. - Warm muscles work better. So take some time to stretch to prepare your body for activity. - Just like with a golf club, hand placement on the shovel handle is very important! Don’t put your hands (grip) close to one another. Create some distance between the hands. This will give you more leverage and make it easier to lift snow. - Think about good posture and maintaining the natural curve of your spine. - Address your task directly. Stand with your feet about shoulder width apart to maintain balance. Try to keep the shovel close to your body. Bend at the knees—not the waist or back. Tighten your stomach muscles as you lift the snow. Lift with your legs—not your back. Do not twist your body. Dump the snow in front of you. If you need to move the snow to the side, move your feet—do not twist! According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, “If you must lift the snow, lift it properly. Squat with your legs apart, knees bent and back straight. Lift with your legs. Do not bend at the waist. Scoop small amounts of snow into the shovel and walk to where you want to dump it. Holding a shovelful of snow with your arms outstretched puts too much weight on your spine. Never remove deep snow all at once; do it piecemeal. Shovel an inch or two; then take another inch off. Rest and repeat if necessary.” - Don’t throw snow over your shoulder! Go forward with the snow. - Fresh snow is lighter in weight—so clear snow as soon as it has fallen. Snow becomes dense as it compacts on the ground. Wet snow is very heavy. One shovelful can weigh 20 pounds or more! - Pace yourself. Take frequent breaks to stretch your back and extremities. A snowblower is a terrific piece of machinery, but if it's not used correctly, you can strain or injure your back. Snowblowers are designed to remove snow at a particular rate of speed. Pushing or forcing the equipment to go faster is defeating its purpose—to do the work for you! Not everyone is able to shovel snow or operate a snowblower. Consider the disabled and some in the senior population. Fortunately, many communities across the US have organized volunteers to help people who need assistance during the winter season.

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POULTRY PRODUCTION. Various types of poultry have been raised in Texas since the Spanish period, but commercial production did not begin until the 1840s and was extremely limited until the twentieth century. Most families raised their own poultry, and there was little market for any excess. The 1890 census shows 11,523,117 chickens, 535,916 turkeys, 528,140 geese, and 391,086 ducks on farms in Texas. A production of 32,466,433 dozen eggs was reported that year. In 1900 Texas ranked first among states in number of turkeys, third in geese, fourth in ducks, fifth in chickens, and ninth in eggs. In 1904 eggs averaged twelve cents a dozen, chickens twenty-two cents a pound, and turkeys twelve cents a pound (live weight). Many incubators were in use by 1904. The Texas Co-operative Poultry Producers' Association was organized by 1914. A census of poultry on Texas farms that year showed 12,719,572 chickens, 363,666 turkeys, 74,910 ducks, 244,991 geese, 170,107 guinea fowls, 95,625 pigeons, 12 ostriches, and 762 of all other types of birds. More than twenty million chickens were produced in 1926, and egg production was estimated at over 65,000,000 dozen. By 1926 Cuero in DeWitt County was the established commercial turkey-raising center, though fourteen other Texas cities shipped carload lots. In 1933 Texas was still the largest turkey producer in the nation. Many large poultry-dressing and egg-breaking plants were in operation. In 1929 89,465,537 dozen eggs were sold, and 36,275,063 chickens were raised. Shipments of turkeys in 1932 included 1,574 cars of dressed and eighty-eight cars of live turkeys. During the early 1950s Texas led the nation in the production of commercial turkey hatchery eggs. The leading turkey-raising counties during this time were DeWitt, Gonzales, and Fayette, but to a lesser extent turkeys were raised in all but three counties in the state. Eggs and chickens were produced in every county in the state in 1950; the leading counties were Fayette, Lavaca, Williamson, Washington, and Gonzales. The leading breed of chickens during the 1950s was the Leghorn, and the leading breed of turkeys was the broad breasted bronze. Many hatcherymen and poultrymen operated under the National Poultry Improvement Plan, which stressed the development of high-producing strains and pullorum-free flocks. There were approximately 640 hatcheries in the state during the early 1950s. Between 1953 and 1963 cash income from poultry, including chickens, broilers, eggs, and turkeys, ranged from $128 million to over $157 million annually. Commercial broilers normally exceeded 100 million birds per year. In 1960 126,885 farms raised chickens, 2,409 raised broilers, 49,620 sold eggs, and 11,297 raised turkeys. Leading counties in poultry sales during this period were Shelby, Nacogdoches, and Gonzales. The gross income from poultry production in 1963 was $163 million. In 1968 Texas ranked fifth in the nation in turkey raising, eighth in production of chickens and eggs, and sixth in broiler production. In all, poultry and egg production amounted to just over 7 percent of the state's farm income in 1968. In 1972 the gross income of Texas producers was $4,700,000 from farm chickens, $75,404,000 from eggs, $93,790,000 from broilers, and $33,794,000 from turkeys. Sales from turkey hatching eggs, ducks, geese, quail, pigeons, and other poultry items grossed approximately $5,000,000 annually. In 1974 Texas ranked ninth among states in number of hens and pullets, seventh in broiler production, tenth in egg production, and fifth in turkey production. The value of Texas exports in poultry products in 1978 was $16,800,000. By the late 1980s poultry and eggs annually contributed 6 percent of the average yearly cash receipts of Texas farmers. In 1987 cash receipts from production of broilers, eggs, chickens, and turkeys totaled $591,561,000. In 1988 Texas ranked seventh among states in broilers produced, tenth in hens, and seventh in eggs produced. In 1988 the state produced 3.36 billion eggs, valued at $144,000,000; the leading egg-producing counties were Angelina, Camp, Brazos, Fayette, Lavaca, and Gonzales. Broilers numbered 266,300,000 in 1988 and were valued at $448,000,000. The leading broiler-producing counties were Camp, Caldwell, Panola, Shelby, Titus, Upshur, and Wood. Image Use Disclaimer All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 related to Copyright and “Fair Use” for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Handbook of Texas Online, W. J. Moore, "Poultry Production," accessed December 03, 2016, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/agp02. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

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JETHRO COMES TO MOSES WITH ADVICE Memory Verse: 18:9 (N . W . 19:8————Lesson: Exodus 18:1-27 —by E. L. Bynum I. THE VISIT OF JETHRO. v. 1-12 A. Jethro Comes With Moses’ Wife. v. 1-7 1. Jethro heard what God did for Israel. v. 1 2. Moses’ wife was with Jethro. v. 2. Moses had sent his wife back to her father previously. Some teachers say that Moses sent his wife and children back to carry news after they left Egypt. We believe that it is more likely sent them back after the events recorded in 4:24-28. 3. The two sons of Moses. v. 3-4. Note the meaning of their names. Gershom means a stranger there. Eliezer means God is my help. 4. The time and place of the reunion. v. 5 5. The announcement of Jethro. v. 6 6. Thewarm and friendly meeting. v. 7. Moses carefully shows honor and respect to Jethro. B. Moses’ And Jethro’s Communion. v. 8-12 1. Moses told all that the Lord had done. v . 8 2. Jethro rejoiced in what the Lord had done. v. 9. Like Melchizedek, he was a Gentile priest. He knew the living and true God. 3. Jethro blessed the Lord. v. 10. Gen. 14:20, Melchizedek …blessed be the most high God, which hath delivered thine enemies into thy hand. And he gave him tithes of all. Gen. 24:27. 4. Jethro confesses the Lord above all gods. v. 11. The Hebrew word for “LORD” in v. 9-11 is “Jehovah,” which is the unique name of the God of the Hebrews. We know of no evidence that the heathen ever had a god by that name. While Jethro may have previously believed in other gods, it is apparent that at this time he does not. 5. Jethro offers sacrifice. v. 12 6. Communion before God. v. 12 C. Dispensational And Typical Lessons. 1. Moses is a type of the king (Christ) who is to reign. 2. Jethro is a type of the Gentiles who hear what God has done for Israel. v. 1. Psa. 18:43-44, Thou hast delivered me from the strivings of the people; and thou hast made me the head of the heathen: a people whom I have not known shall serve me. As soon as they hear of me, they shall obey me: the strangers shall submit themselves unto me. 3. Israel here is a type of the future Israel, restored and brought back to the Lord. a. Zipporah is a type of Israel, the wife of Jehovah. Isa. 54:5-6, For thy Maker is thine husband; the LORD of hosts is his name; and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel; The God of the whole earth shall he be called. For the LORD hath called thee as a woman forsaken and grieved in spirit, and a wife of youth, when thou wast refused, saith thy God. Jer. 31:32, Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the LORD. Hosea 2:2, Plead with your mother, plead: for she is not my wife, neither am I her husband: let her therefore put away her whoredoms out of her sight, and her adulteries from between her breasts. b. The Church is not in view in the Old Testament. Col. 1:26-27, Even the mystery which hath been hid from ages and from generations, but now is made manifest to his saints: To whom God would make known what is the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles; which is Christ in you, the hope of glory. 4. The sacrifice and communion is a type of that future communion and fellowship of believing Jews and Gentiles. Zech. 2:11, And many nations shall be joined to the LORD in that day, and shall be my people: and I will dwell in the midst of thee, and thou shalt know that the LORD of hosts hath sent me unto thee. Isa. 2:2-4, And it shall come to pass in the last days, [that] the mountain of the LORD’S house shall be established in the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow unto it. And many people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. Acts 15:13-18. And after they had held their peace, James answered, saying, Men and brethren, hearken unto me: Simeon hath declared how God at the first did visit the Gentiles, to take out of them a people for his name. And to this agree the words of the prophets; as it is written, After this I will return, and will build again the tabernacle of David, which is fallen down; and I will build again the ruins thereof, and I will set it up: That the residue of men might seek after the Lord, and all the Gentiles, upon whom my name is called, saith the Lord, who doeth all these things. Known unto God are all his works from the beginning of the world. 5. The plan of the kingdom government is typified in Ex. 18:13-27. It did not work well then, but it will work in the future kingdom when conditions are right. I Cor. 6:2, Do ye not know that the saints shall judge the world? and if the world shall be judged by you, are ye unworthy to judge the smallest matters? Luke 19:17, And he said unto him, Well, thou good servant: because thou hast been faithful in a very little, have thou authority over ten cities. Rev. 20:6, Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection: on such the second death hath no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with him a thousand years. II. JETHRO’S ADVICE TO MOSES AND ITS ADOPTION. v.13-27 A. Jethro’s Advice. v. 13-23 1. He observed and overworked Moses. v. 13 2. He enquires as to why it was that way. v. 14 3. Moses explains that he is a judge and teacher. v. 15-16 4. Jethro warns Moses of the consequences, if he continued to follow this method. v. 17-18 5. Jethro gives advice, but it does not come from God. v. 19-20 6. Jethro urges that thousands upon thousands of God fearing rulers be appointed. v. 21-22. (According to Ex. 12:37, there were 600,000 men. This would have taken 600 men over thousands; 6,000 men over hundreds; 12,000 men over 50; and 60,000 over 10. This would take a total of 78,600 men to take care of this job. Most commentators think this was a good plan, but we believe it was an awful bureaucratic system to throw on Moses and Israel). 7. Jethro promises success. v. 23 a. Jethro did advise Moses to make sure it was the command of God. b. We should adopt no policy until we know it is the will of God. Churches are following new methods without knowing that they agree with the will of God. James 3:13-18, Who is a wise man and endued with knowledge among you? let him shew out of a good conversation his works with meekness of wisdom. But if ye have bitter envying and strife in your hearts, glory not, and lie not against the truth. This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish. For where envying and strife is, there is confusion and every evil work. But the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, and easy to be intreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy. And the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace of them that make peace. c. It is dangerous to follow the plans of relatives, rather than God’s plans. d. God is able to supply all the help we need. Isa. 41:10, Fear thou not; for I am with thee: be not dismayed; for I am thy God: I will strengthen thee; yea, I will help thee; yea, I will uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness. Psa. 55:22, Cast thy burden upon the LORD, and he shall sustain thee: he shall never suffer the righteous to be moved. B. Moses’ Adoption Of The Plan. v. 24-27 1. Moses hearkened unto his father in law. v. 24 2. Moses implemented the plan. v. 25-26 a. We have no doubt but what Jethro meant well. b. There is no indication that God approved. 3. The failures of Moses. a. He failed to remember who made him leader. b. He failed to remember the source of his strength. Isa. 41:10, Fear thou not; for I am with thee: be not dismayed; for I am thy God: I will strengthen thee; yea, I will help thee; yea, I will uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness. Psa. 55:22, Cast thy burden upon the LORD, and he shall sustain thee: he shall never suffer the righteous to be moved. c. He failed to see the danger of following relatives, instead of God. d. We know the plan was wrong, for God set up His own order and ignored Jethro’s plan. Num. 11:14-17, I am not able to bear all this people alone, because it is too heavy for me. And if thou deal thus with me, kill me, I pray thee, out of hand, if I have found favour in thy sight; and let me not see my wretchedness. And the LORD said unto Moses, Gather unto me seventy men of the elders of Israel, whom thou knowest to be the elders of the people, and officers over them; and bring them unto the tabernacle of the congregation, that they may stand there with thee. And I will come down and talk with thee there: and I will take of the spirit which is upon thee, and will put it upon them; and they shall bear the burden of the people with thee, that thou bear it not thyself alone. 4. Jethro departs to his own land. v. 27. We see the real attitude of Jethro in Num. 10:29-30, when Moses tried to get him to go with Israel. He preferred his own land, rather than to sojourn with the people of God. This reveals that Jethro was a dangerous man to follow. —by E. L. Bynum 1. Give the three names used of Moses’ father in law. 2. Why was Moses’ wife with her father? 3. Name Moses’ wife. 4. What did Moses tell his father in law? 5. How did he respond to what Moses told him? 6. What evidence in this chapter do we have that Moses’ father in law believed in the God of Israel? 7. What did Moses’ father in law do that the elders of Israel joined in doing? 8. Moses is a type of _________________. 9. His father in law is a type of the _______________________. 10. Moses’ wife is a type of the_______________. 11. What advice did Moses’ father in law give to him? 12. Why or how do we know that this advice was not the will of God? 13. In what way did Moses fail in this? Incoming search terms: - the first thing jethro urges moses to do is - what is the first thing jethro urges moses to do - first thing jethro urges moses to do - moses and jethro sunday school - what advice did jethro give moses - jethro and spirit of moses - jethro visits moses for kids - lesson on exodus 18 moses - what does jethro tell moses Posted in GLEANINGS IN EXODUS • • Top Of Page

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College and Career Ready, Growth Mindset, Digital Literacy, Data-Driven Instruction, Rigor, Project Based Learning… We have all heard the buzzwords, but there is often one thing holding us back; the time and energy it takes to manage our classrooms. The key to getting to all these great things lies in our ability to prevent disruptive behaviors in our schools and provide character education that puts value on being a responsible student. The Positive Discipline Support Plan (PDSP) is the next step in making this happen. Research has shown that the tiered systems that use school wide supports make a greater impact on behaviors than punitive discipline methods. The heart and soul of all discipline must be the best interests of each child combined with well-informed decisions to balance our obligation to provide safe, secure learning environments for all children. Each one of us is responsible for making sure that every child is at school every day receiving a first class education. The most effective classroom management, including discipline, is achieved when children know both schoolwide and classroom expectations, and receive meaningful instruction, one teacher at a time. You must understand that the greatest burden of leadership is to do the right thing because it’s the right thing. The right decision is not often the easiest or most popular solution. Different discipline decisions based on race, class, or gender are bad decisions. Inconsistent decisions compromise fairness, justice, and equality. Consistency is the watchword of fairness. Let’s remember three fundamental beliefs: - The purpose of all discipline is self-discipline. - Each child is filled with infinite potential. Every child is unique and gifted and we need to build strengths based instruction to explore and celebrate their gifts and talents. - Each one of us shares responsibility to empower each child with the knowledge, skills, character, and work ethic to achieve his or her American Dream. We have a moral obligation to end hopelessness among children of poverty and must share responsibility to end the school to prison pipeline. At the impressionable age of 8 years old, “Anna Boone’s daughter” inscribed upon my mind the strong need to share egalitarian principles with all children, from those I taught and coached to those I lead as a Principal and those I was charged to protect and educate as a school superintendent and charter school management company owner. Each one of us has a sacred trust to make sure every child receives the best possible education. Our goal should be to make sure each of our students achieves and exceeds career and college ready goals, including social and emotional skills needed at the next level of education and in the workplace. No matter how frustrated we become, our collective knowledge and caring best serves the educational and developmental needs of each child. Traditional Discipline has grown and matured into the Positive Discipline Support Plan or PDSP for short. PDSP is now a component of our character education program, Character Choices. PDSP is a Response to Intervention based discipline system that redirects the traditional discipline model from being punitive to becoming a constructive, character building, social skills based program. Allow me to share an anecdote from the day I realized we had to rewrite traditional discipline to be a RtI-based program that saves our children, rather than sustaining traditional discipline that devolved toward punitive decisions. A parent at one of our high at-risk PK-8 schools appealed a suspension decision to me. I spent a day trying to answer why I was troubled by the “routine” suspension “for shoving and hitting.” I admit that I got in my car, drove to Benton Harbor, “took” the Ruby Payne Understanding Poverty CD from the Principal’s Office, and left. As I drove to Detroit, I listened to the CD, smiled, and handled the discipline appeal with confidence and understanding for the plight of both the teacher and the child. And most importantly, we were able to get the student back in the classroom immediately. I needed a refresher course in educating (including disciplining) children of poverty. I then invited and met with every parent who complained to the Board of Directors and who called my office from February to June 2015 that chose to meet with me. I got an earful, learned a lot, and started rewriting our discipline model with five “ghost” critiquers. The result is Positive Discipline Support Plan. Kristin Molyneux was my writing partner in converting all of the ideas into PDSP and to merging it with the Character Choices program. Chris Ruiter is now our champion of implementation and PDSP leadership. Nothing important has changed. Consistency still breeds fairness. Discipline needs to be consistent, firm, and fair. The child who wants an education is to receive a first class education free of disruption and free of fear. Each school leader is expected to demonstrate knowledge of the PDSP model, including processes, practices, and attitudes through their actions and decisions to meet the needs of students. Each teacher is expected to have a classroom management plan, including cooperatively developed classroom rules, and to make classroom management decisions with the PDSP. All children are expected to use good social skills and when they don’t, our job is to teach, and help them learn responsible behavior & good social skills. Parents are our most important partners. Each of us has the responsibility to be a role model for all children, our peers, and the community. What has changed is our focus. Previously, suspensions were our first line of correction, now we look for alternatives to suspension and use individual student discipline plans. These plans outline corrective actions that develop responsible behavior and good social skills. Punitive practices are now replaced by comprehensive opportunities to prevent each child from losing his or her right to an education while providing them the tools to make it beyond the classroom. Parents send us the best children they have and each parent expects the best that we have for their child. Our job is to deliver a highly effective education for every child in a safe, secure learning environment. To do that, we must understand children of poverty, we must not allow microaggressions in our classrooms, hallways, cafeterias, play areas, and bathrooms or in our interactions, and we must be the source of security for every child entrusted to us. Each one of us is important to our children. Parents are our most important partner in fulfilling our obligation to maximize the education provided all children through academic results. Equal to providing academic excellence is protecting the safety and security of our students and employees. We’re up to the charge to integrate the interests of society with our emphasis on academic achievement. Thank you for accepting this responsibility with me.

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Crops the display of a selected image to a specified boundary. The clipping boundary determines the portion of a raster image that is hidden, either outside or inside the boundary. The visibility of the clipping boundary is controlled by the IMAGEFRAME system variable. The boundary you specify must be in a plane parallel to the image object. List of Prompts The following prompts Turns on clipping and displays the image clipped to the previously defined boundary. Turns off clipping and displays the entire image and If you reclip the image while clipping is turned off, clipping is automatically turned back on. You are prompted to delete the old boundary even when clipping is turned off and the clipping boundary is not visible. Removes a predefined clipping boundary and redisplays the full original image. Defines a rectangular or polygonal clipping boundary, or generates a polygonal clipping boundary from a polyline. NoteYou can only create a new clipping boundary for a selected IMAGE underlay after the old boundary is deleted. Defines the boundary with the selected polyline. The polyline can be open but must consist of straight line segments and cannot intersect itself. Defines a polygonal clipping boundary with three or more points that you specify for the vertices of a polygon. Defines a rectangular boundary with the points that you specify for opposite corners. - Invert Clip Inverts the mode of the clipping boundary: objects are clipped either outside the boundary or inside the boundary.

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The KQED blog in San Francisco that covered my using inquiry-driven project-based learning teaching entrepreneurship at NYU recently covered something more remarkable: a student-created program in a high-school where the students create and do their projects on their schedule. The article, “This Is What a Student-Designed School Looks Like,” speaks for itself, describing how a Massachusetts high school student saw engagement and mastery lacking in his classmates at his high school and proposed a program to use project-based learning to evoke it. I recommend reading it if you are interested in leadership, motivation, education, and how to improve any of them. The article alluded to but didn’t spell out a major enduring benefit of that style of learning that I want to point out. It said students who have gone through the program “became better at managing their time.” Readers of this blog know statements about how much time you have are statements about priorities and values. When someone says they wish they had more time for something, they mean they prioritize something else more—if they didn’t do the other things keeping them from it, they’d have time. When they say they can’t manage their time, they’re saying they don’t know their priorities—if they knew what they valued most, they’d work on their priorities. Most people don’t understand the connection between time and values. They blame time—a part of nature they have no control over—for their ignorance and confusion. People who do what they only wish they could have no more time in their days and live just as short lives. When the article says students managed their time better, that means they understood and acted on their priorities and values better. Knowing your priorities and values better means you can create meaning, value, importance, and purpose in your life better, and in the lives of those around you better too. How would a high-school program teach values? First let’s see how a lecture-based program can stifle learning values. In a lecture-based program the teacher decides what’s important, on what schedule to work, and what information is relevant. For that matter, that style decides that information is important—the most important thing to learn. That style tells the student what to value. It deprives the student of the chance to work out their values. If the student has different values, imposing the teacher’s values on them motivates them to rebel, disengage, or something similar. Since you can’t expect everyone to agree on all these values, lecture-based teaching motivates them to rebel and disengage. The institution views this rebellion as a disciplinary issue. I view it as a necessary consequence of imposing values on a student (I don’t mean to imply that other teaching styles don’t have other challenges and problems). The program the article described forces students to figure out their priorities in several ways. Since they have to finish something and no one else is figuring out their schedule for them, they have to figure out their schedule, which means figuring out their priorities. That’s part of the project-based part. They also have to choose to work on something they’ll feel motivated to complete, which means they have to figure out what motivates them. That’s part of the inquiry-driven part. I expect this style of teaching teaches far more than mere academic information. I expect they emerge with leadership skills many people don’t develop until they enter the working world.

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American scientists cheered loudly as their spacecraft, called Juno, entered Jupiter’s orbit Monday night. “Juno, welcome to Jupiter!” The scientists are with the U.S. space agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. They carefully watched the spacecraft make it safely into orbit around the fifth planet in our solar system. Operating on solar power, Juno had traveled 2.8 billion kilometers over five years to get to Jupiter. It was a proud -- and emotional -- moment for NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This artist's rendering shows NASA's Juno spacecraft making one of its close passes over Jupiter. Diane Brown is NASA’s Juno program executive. “I mean it’s overwhelming -- the team, the amount of time and effort everyone put into this and the risks that were overcome. It’s amazing. I mean, the more you know about the mission you know just how tricky this was and (to) have it be flawless, I mean I can’t really put it into words.” NASA scientists said Juno hit its target almost perfectly. Aiming for an area that was just tens of kilometers wide, Juno was only one second off its target. The spacecraft is relatively small — the size of a basketball court — but Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. Jupiter is called a “gas giant” because it does not have a solid surface. Scott Bolton, the principal investigator of Juno, is from the Southwest Research Institute in Texas. He explained the importance of Jupiter and its more than 60 moons. “This is the king of our solar system, and its disciples going around it. It’s also representative of nature. This is how we look, that’s a mini solar system. And so, I think, to me it’s very significant because we’re finally able to see, with real video, real pictures, this motion. And we’ve only been able to imagine it up until today.” Juno will make 37 trips around Jupiter over the next 20 months. It will produce maps of the huge planet and study its surface from just 4,667 kilometers above its clouds. NASA says it hopes the data from Juno will tell scientists more about the planet's beginnings, structure, atmosphere and magnetosphere. Scientific equipment on Juno will examine Jupiter’s very active atmosphere, which is covered by thick clouds. They will also record information about the planet’s gravitational pull. And they will gather information about its magnetic field, which is 20,000 times stronger than that of Earth. One danger Juno faces is intense radiation from Jupiter. Over the planned lifetime of its mission, Juno will face the same amount of radiation as a dental patient would experience in over 100 million X-rays. The solar-powered Juno spacecraft, built by Lockheed Martin, was designed for harsh environments. So scientists protected the spacecraft’s computer with strong titanium walls that are almost 1.27 centimeters thick and weigh 172 kilograms. Scientists hope this thickness will protect it from the extreme radiation. Without that protection, experts say the spacecraft’s electronic brain would likely be destroyed before the end of the very first orbit around the planet. Scientists say Jupiter is mostly composed of two gases, hydrogen and helium, like the sun. They say the levels of oxygen and water in the atmosphere may tell how the planet and our solar system were formed. Researchers also hope to learn if Jupiter has a solid center. In addition to carrying scientific instruments, the spacecraft has a camera. It has already sent back images of the planet’s larger moons. NASA says it will work with the public and take suggestions on where to point the camera. Hubble Telescope captures auroras in Jupiter's atmosphere Many people will want a closer look at the colorful orange, red, white and brown clouds moving quickly across the planet. Scientists will also get a close-up view of the “giant red spot” Jupiter is famous for -- it is a storm larger than the size of Earth. Juno will and begin sending information from its seven instruments to NASA next month. Steve Levin, a Juno project scientist, said he wants to see that data. “What I’m really looking forward to is getting up close and personal with Jupiter, in about 53 days on August 27 with all of our science instruments on and taking data, and uh, see what we can find.” Juno is the second NASA spacecraft to reach Jupiter. The Galileo spacecraft orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003. Galileo studied the planet and its four largest moons -- Europa, Ganymede, Io and Callisto. Earlier spacecraft flew by Jupiter as they traveled to the outer parts of our solar system. Juno will circle and study Jupiter until 2018, when it will enter the planet’s atmosphere. That action is expected to destroy the spacecraft. I’m Anne Ball. VOA Correspondent Mike O’Sullivan reported this story from Pasadena, California. VOA’s Richard Green in Washington provided additional reporting. Christopher Jones-Cruise and Anne Ball adapted their reports for Learning English. George Grow was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section, or visit our Facebook page. Words in This Story solar - adj. relating to the sun orbit – n. a circular path flawless – adj. without any mistakes disciple – n. someone who spreads the teachings of a famous person significant – adj. important magnetosphere – n. an area of space surrounding an object in space that is dominated by the object’s magnetic field

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Working with Students who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing Some of our students are deaf or hard of hearing. Here's some information about ASL, sign language interpreters, and best classroom practices for working with these students. What's the difference between "deaf" and "hard of hearing?" - Deaf: A condition in which perceivable sounds (including speech) have no meaning for ordinary life purposes. - Hard of Hearing: A condition in which the sense of hearing is defective but functional for ordinary for life purposes. Most hard of hearing people can understand some speech sounds (usually with the help of a hearing aid). Note: Terms such as "deaf and dumb" or "deaf mute" are considered offensive to deaf people. How else do these students differ? Students who are deaf or hard of hearing are like all other students in that some are very successful in college and some are not. Their intelligence and communication skills are comparable to the normal distribution of the hearing population. Factors such as personality, family environment, age of onset, degree of hearing loss, etc., play a key role in the kind of communication the student uses. Also, not every student with the same disability will receive the same accommodation. Accommodations must be tailored to the individual. What is American Sign Language? American Sign Language (ASL) is a vehicle that enables signers to communicate their thoughts, ideas, and feelings through a gestural/visual modality. In contrast, English, is a vehicle that permits speakers to communicate their thoughts, ideas, and feelings through the speech/auditory pathway. English and ASL are not different expressions of the same language. ASL contains phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax and pragmatics just like spoken languages. It's a visual language expressed with combinations of hand shapes, palm orientations, movements of the hands, arms and body, and facial expressions. Note: ASL is not a universal sign language. Different sign languages are used in different countries or regions. For example, British Sign Language (BSL) differs notably from American Sign Language. What do I need to know about ASL interpreters? An ASL interpreter is a person who interprets between ASL and English. The source language and target language depend on who is "speaking." For example, interpreters may interpret from English to ASL—usually from you to the deaf student—or ASL to English—from the deaf student to you and the class. An interpreter is accessible to all parties in a classroom setting. Note: Be aware of "process time," which is the time required to process information into another language. Recognize that there is a processing time of 5-10 seconds between what you say and the time that an interpreter signs the material to students. This has significant implications, particularly in an interactive classroom. If you ask for class participation (to answer questions, state opinions, give examples, etc.) allow the necessary time for your statement to be interpreted before calling on a student. This will provide an equal opportunity for participation. What about accommodations? Students who are deaf or hard of hearing, like other students with disabilities, must provide instructors with an Accommodation Request Form if they are requesting any accommodations beyond the use of a sign language interpreter. If a deaf student approaches you about accommodations, refer him or her to Disability Services. Accommodations are never "automatic" and are always provided on a case by case basis. For example, because it is very difficult to watch an interpreter and take notes at the same time, a deaf or hard of hearing student may need an individual to take notes for him/her. Upon presentation by the student of an Accommodation Request Form, a professor may ask the class for a volunteer note taker. Top Ten 'Best Practices' When Working with Students who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing - When addressing a deaf or hard of hearing student, speak directly to him/her. Avoid saying “Tell him . . .” or “Ask her . . .” This is particularly important if you encourage class discussion and student participation because it establishes a feeling of direct communication. - Direct all questions regarding the student’s progress or grade to the student. Speak naturally and clearly. There is no need to exaggerate lip movements or volume. Of course, the interpreter will be more than happy to interpret for you if you feel the need to speak with the student, and all information will be confidential. - Speaking with your back to the student while writing on the chalkboard is especially problematic. An overhead is often a good alternative. Since vision is a deaf person’s primary channel for receiving information, visual aids are a tremendous help. - During group discussions encourage and remind students not to talk over each other, and to allow a slight pause before the next speaker begins. Check to see if the interpreter has completed each individual’s message before proceeding to the next comment. - In situations where a video will be shown, contact Media Services for assistance with closed captioning. Keep in mind, light levels need to be bright enough in the classroom so the deaf or hard of hearing student can see what the interpreter is signing. - Treat students equally. When students register for your class they are all there to learn. You are not required or expected to lower your academic standards for students with disabilities. It is best to maintain high expectations. However, in some cases the instructor and student may need to work together to find alternate methods of accomplishing required tasks. - Have Power Point and lecture notes available to the student(s) before class. Providing these materials before class makes it easier for deaf and hard of hearing students to prepare for class and as importantly provides a context for class discussions. Make sure the interpreter has access to these materials too – either through a hard copy or web distribution. - While using Power Point slides, overheads, or other similar material, give students time to read them before moving on. This pause allows students to absorb information before you begin to explain the content and will help minimize later confusion. Allow ample time for deaf and hard of hearing students to read presented media before you begin to speak. - Don’t use words like “this” and “that” as referents in the class or lab. Instead use proper names including technical terminology when referencing items in this fashion, for example: “Move the small beaker to the table by the window.” Allow time for the student(s) and interpreter to reference the item or location so that the proper association is made. When you are more specific it helps all students, hearing or deaf, to understand. - If you sense that the interpreter is struggling with classroom content, talk with him/her after class; this communication will foster better access for the students. Allow the interpreter freedom to ask questions or bring up concerns. * Information provided by Class Act (www.rit.edu/classact), a project of the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, Rochester Institute of Technology (NTID/RIT), Rochester, New York.

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February 26, 2005 by Kevin Caruso Clinical Depression requires treatment. Period. And untreated depression is the number one cause for suicide. But my concerns are high that many tsunami survivors will not receive the help that they need. The reason: There aren’t enough psychiatrists in the affected countries to treat those who are depressed. For those who live in the United States and look in the phone book, there will be pages upon pages of listings for psychiatrists, but trying to find a psychiatrist in Sri Lanka or Indonesia is a different matter. Let’s look at the numbers. The population of Indonesia is about 225 million and there are about 450 psychiatrists, which equates to one psychiatrist per 500,000 residents. The population of Sri Lanka is about 20 million and there are 30 psychiatrists, which equates to one psychiatrist per 667,000 residents. Economic and cultural considerations are the reasons for the great disparity between the number of psychiatrists in the U.S. and those countries. And one of the cultural differences is this: “Talk” therapy with a professional is a foreign concept for many residents in Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Thus, some officials in Indonesia and Sri Lanka believe that bringing in psychiatrists from other countries is not necessary; and that counseling of ANY kind is not necessary, and even potentially harmful. Dr. Athula Sumathipala, chief of the Psychosocial Department in Sri Lanka, is opposed to offering counseling to those who are suffering psychologically because of the tsunami. He contends that social and religious traditions as well as close family and community ties should help carry people through their tsunami “hardships.” But Colonel Geerhan Lantara, the military commander in Meulaboh, Indonesia, stands in strong opposition to that idea. He wants as many psychiatrists as possible to be brought into Indonesia. He has seen the residents suffer and he knows that they need professional intervention. “Too many surgeons have been sent to us and not enough psychiatrists…we need psychiatrist,” he said emphatically. Both countries are developing some mental health outreach programs, however, especially for children. They are using some of the foreign aid money to train teachers, doctors, nurses, and others to recognize signs of depression and to provide help when needed. And some health professionals are taking it upon themselves to reach out to tsunami victims. Sujeewa Amarasena, a Sri Lankan doctor, organized an outreach program to offer tsunami survivors emergency pshychological help. She is working with doctors and psychiatrists to provide counseling to those in need. One of her objectives is to prevent as many suicides as possible. So what do I think about all of this? Sujeewa, and others like her, are doing the right thing. She is a hero. She is not only intelligent and compassionate, but is using common sense and is TAKING ACTION. I have enormous respect for her. On the other hand, Dr. Athula Sumathipala, the chief of the Psychosocial Department in Sri Lanka, who was mentioned above as saying that tsunami survivors do not need counseling, is espousing an extremely ignorant, very outdated, and patently dangerous view. Hopefully there will be many more Sujeewas, who understand the need for professional intervention, than there will be Sumathipalas, who will sit back, do nothing, and think that “family ties” will somehow cure clinical depression, severe anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The reality is evident, however: Many tsunami survivors will not receive the mental health treatment that they need. And I pray every night that they will not die by suicide. If you or someone you know is suicidal because of the tsunami (or for any reason) please click below for immediate help: Prevent Suicide Now.com

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Bachelor of Physiotherapy - BPT Physiotherapy courses deal with the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of disease and disability through physical means. Physiotherapy is the most important rehabilitative service needed in a community and a vital therapeutic supplement of the medical profession, integral to the treatment of most patients. Physiotherapy may be defined as a science that seeks to improve movement dysfunction, promote optimal health and functions of the human body. Physiotherapy helps in optimal functioning of the body. Physiotherapy is strongly recommended for people with degenerative disorders, the physically challenged, sportspeople and those suffering from arthritis and neurological disorders. This preventive and remedial procedure is very often used as a supplement with oral medicines. It could also include heat radiation, water therapy, massages, diathermy, traction and other procedures.

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The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn An Examination of Religion in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A hackneyed expression states that one should never discuss religion or politics in certain social settings. Religion has been, is, and always will be a topic of debate and disagreement. Literature is a major media in which religious sentiments are discussed. The description of one boy and his adventures allows Mark Twain the opportunity to impart his views on religion to his readers. In his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses such literary devices as satire, humor, and irony throughout his work to convey his aversion for religion and religious practices. In various scenes in the novel, Twain's distaste for religion is quite obvious, as traditionally serious practices are portrayed as comical. Huckleberry Finn, the main character, is either directly involved in these scenarios or otherwise a viewer and subsequent narrator of these humorous events. By writing his novel through the eyes of Huckleberry Finn, a young runaway who has had a very limited education, Mark Twain creates a character with quintessential juvenile innocence. This innocence allows Twain to satirize religious sentimentality and superficiality with abandon. Miss Watson and Widow Douglas, Huck's unofficial guardians who try to... Join Now to View Premium Content GradeSaver provides access to 733 study guide PDFs and quizzes, 4298 literature essays, 1417 sample college application essays, 178 lesson plans, and ad-free surfing in this premium content, “Members Only” section of the site! Membership includes a 10% discount on all editing orders. Already a member? Log in

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Oral history and student learning Oral history enriches historical knowledge; enhances research, writing, thinking, and interpersonal skills; gives students a connection to the community; and helps all students feel included. Oral history not only enriches our understanding of the past, but it also holds the potential to dramatically enrich the classroom experience. Oral history projects can help students from early primary grades through the college level learn an amazing range of content knowledge and skills. Oral history can help students learn new historical content. Through oral history, students can reinforce their knowledge of the historical content presented in the Standard Course of Study by hearing about historical events from people who remember them and can make a personal connection for them. But they can also extend their knowledge of history beyond what’s in their textbooks. Through oral history, students can learn about the everyday people who don’t appear in history books, uncover the ways in which major historical events reshaped their own communities, and document history that is too new to appear in books, recording events that are still unfolding. Oral history can help students learn research skills. Oral history is a valuable historical research tool, one that students could use in research projects for classes in junior high, high school, college, and beyond. Done well, oral history also involves a substantial amount of background research prior to each interview, enabling students to gain familiarity with more traditional written sources and the use of library resources. Oral history can support good writing skills. When students write up their projects, whether in a formal research paper, an informal reaction paper, or a journal entry, they can develop writing skills that will serve them well in the future. I have found that while students often put little effort or creative energy into standard historical term papers, they do some of their best writing on oral history assignments. In part, I think this is because they have another person’s words to inspire them — when they interweave the interviewee’s comments with their own words, their own writing seems to rise to the level of their interviewee’s narrative. But they also seem to write about these projects with a greater sense of commitment because they come to care about the subject of their paper through the interview process. While it’s easy to dismiss the importance of a paper about the causes of the War of 1812, for example, it’s much harder to write a thoroughly disinterested and sloppy essay based on riveting stories your much-loved grandfather told you about his Korean War experience (especially when that grandfather has asked if he can read the paper when you’re done with it!). Oral history can teach students valuable critical thinking skills. By its very nature, oral history raises important questions about what matters about the past. By focusing on everyday people, oral history fundamentally challenges the historical canon which, too often, assumes that the only important stories about the past are those that are told by or happened to powerful and "important" people like presidents, generals, business leaders, and activists. Oral history also introduces contradiction into the historical record. If you ask twenty people of various races and economic classes what it was like to live in the South under segregation in the 1950s, they will invariably tell you twenty different stories, many of which conflict with one another. Despite their differences, however, each of these stories may be thoroughly true from the perspective of the teller. Oral history, then, questions the idea that there is a single monolithic truth about the past and, instead, posits that there are multiple truths that bear consideration, each of which can tell us only a piece of the whole story. Students may have to grapple with a contradiction between what their book says about an event and what their interviewee reports, finding ways of explaining the differences and deciding which account they find more credible or persuasive. Learning how to interrogate sources, compare varied accounts of the same event, and consider the biases and perspectives inherent in any research source can help students not only understand their interviews, but also think more critically in a broader sense. Oral history can help all students feel included. Oral history can allow students with less well-developed reading and writing skills to learn a great deal about the past and produce successful, motivating projects. Often, students who do poorly on library research-based assignments in my classes have outshone their peers as interviewers, in part because interviewing relies on a substantially different skill set than meticulous library research. Creative options for final projects, like performances, websites, documentary films, museum-like exhibits, or slide-shows with audio clips from interviews, can help students with learning differences or other reading and writing limitations to demonstrate their historical understanding and their analytical skills without feeling discouraged by their academic weaknesses. Oral history projects that allow students to interview family members or people in their own communities can also help international students and recent immigrants share their community’s story and educate their classmates about their culture, perhaps easing the transition to American schools. Oral history can help students feel a personal connection to the past and to the life of their community. When students sit down to talk to an older person in their community about the past, history ceases to be that anonymous sequence of meaningless names and dates and starts being something that happened to (and because of!) real people like themselves — people with feelings, hopes, and aspirations much like their own. Oral history allows students to understand the past in a first-person way and to gain a palpable sense of the joy, pain, sorrow, fear, and hope that others experienced as history unfolded. Far more often than I ever would have expected, my students tell me that after finishing an oral history assignment for my class, they decided to go back and interview other people about the same event, or to conduct further interviews with their interviewee to get "the whole story." Others remark that they never knew that their grandmother was such a fascinating person, or that their hometown had such an interesting past. Building these kinds of connections between students and older people in their hometowns not only creates a better understanding of history in our students, it also creates stronger communities, a goal far more worthwhile than a score on any standardized test. Oral history can help students develop valuable interpersonal skills. Oral history forces students away from the Internet, video games, and television and into the presence of living, breathing human beings. Good interviewers have to be outstanding listeners and careful observers in order to ask thoughtful follow-up questions and constantly evaluate their interviewee’s responses, emotional state, and stamina. They must also be carefully attuned to the messages they are sending with their own body language, tone of voice, phrasing, and vocabulary. They need to be able to put another person at ease and to develop a relationship of trust and honesty with the person their interview. Becoming a skilled interviewer not only helps students succeed on an oral history assignment, it also helps them become better conversationalists, more mature listeners, and more poised speakers under pressure, skills that will serve them well in college or job interviews as well as daily interactions with others. In short, oral history is both a critical methodology for the historian and a valuable pedagogical tool for the social studies teacher. Through oral history projects, students can reap tremendous rewards both educationally and personally, and teachers can enjoy watching students come to care about a subject that was previously dismissed as boring and irrelevant. These kinds of projects require careful planning, instruction in not only history but also interviewing technique, and patience, but they are well worth the time and effort.

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Welcome to THIS IS AMERICA in VOA Special English. I'm Faith Lapidus. BOB DOUGHTY: And I'm Bob Doughty. November eleventh is Veterans Day. A veteran is anyone who has served in the armed forces. Veterans Day honors the living. A separate holiday, Memorial Day in May, is for those who died in military service. This week on our program, we tell you about a group of women veterans who as pilots played a special part in American military history. Earlier this year, the first female pilots ever to fly American military aircraft were finally recognized for their service. They were called Women Airforce Service Pilots, or WASP for short. In March, surviving members of the group received Congress' highest civilian honor, the Congressional Gold Medal. WASP veteran Deanie Parrish spoke at a ceremony held in the United States Capitol building. DEANIE PARRISH: "Over sixty-five years ago we each served our country without any expectation of recognition or glory. And we did it without compromising the values that we were taught as we grew up -- honor, integrity, patriotism, service, faith and commitment. "We did it because our country needed us. I believe I speak for every WASP when I say that it was both a privilege and an honor to serve our country during some of the darkest days of World War Two." Many people did not believe women should be permitted to join the military. Even fewer thought women should serve as pilots. But in the early days of World War Two there was a severe shortage of male pilots. Jacqueline Cochran was a well-known female pilot in the United States at that time. She believed that training women to serve as support pilots at home could free up men to fly combat operations overseas. General Hap Arnold was chief of what was then called the Army Air Forces. Jackie Cochran persuaded him that women were just as able to fly planes as men. Women Airforce Service Pilots served their country by flying fighters, bombers and transport aircraft. They trained other pilots, flew test flights and pulled targets for shooting practice. They transported planes as well as troops and supplies, including parts of the atomic bomb. In all, they flew more than ninety-six million kilometers. More than twenty-five thousand women applied for the program. About one thousand eight hundred of them were accepted. And of those, about sixty percent completed the training. Women were required to take their own flying lessons before they could be admitted to the program. The first group of women began their military flight training in November of nineteen forty-two. The following year, twenty-five women were trained to fly an airplane known as the "Widowmaker." Some male pilots had refused to fly it because so many of the planes crashed during training. Several pilots were killed. The military believed the planes were safe if they were flown correctly. The women were asked to prove it. Deanie Parrish's daughter Nancy says they knew the dangers, but volunteered anyway in what she called a very important experiment. NANCY PARRISH: "Airplanes don't know the difference between men and women. They only know that you're a good pilot or you're not a good pilot. And these women were all very good pilots." Yet the Women Airforce Service Pilots were never officially recognized as members of the military. The WASP program was canceled a few weeks after the last class graduated in nineteen forty-four. For one thing, the war was nearing an end. The women had paid their own way to get to the training base in Sweetwater, Texas. Now dismissed, they had to pay their own way to get home. Thirty-eight women lost their lives in the WASP program. There were no military honors for these women. Their own families had to pay for their burials. One of the pilots who died was named Mary Howson. Nancy Parrish retells the story of what Mary Howson's mother told WASP trainees in Texas shortly after her daughter's death. NANCY PARRISH: "'I came because I thought it was important. It's important for you to know so you can tell your families what to expect if something happens to you.' "She said 'I'm going to read you the telegram that I got from the United States government when Mary was killed.' And she pulled it out and she unfolded it and she read it to this group of trainees. "And this is what it said, 'Your daughter was killed this morning. Where do you want us to ship the body?'" The Women Airforce Service Pilots fought for years to get the recognition they had earned. World War Two ended in nineteen forty-five. But not until nineteen seventy-seven were the women fully recognized as military veterans. And only now are they being honored for their service. Fewer than three hundred are still alive. More than two hundred of them attended the Congressional Gold Medal ceremony. Some wore their old uniforms. Deanie Parrish accepted the medal for the group. She said the award itself was not as important as what it represents. DEANIE PARRISH: "All we ever asked for is that our overlooked history would someday no longer be a missing chapter in the history World War Two, in the history of the Air Force, in the history of aviation, and most especially the history of America." Today, most military jobs are open to women, although there are still restrictions on combat duty. More than two and a half million women have served in the military since the American Revolution in the seventeen hundreds. There are several stories of women who pretended to be men so they could join the military. For example, a woman named Deborah Sampson changed her name to Robert Shurtlief so she could fight in the Revolution. From that time through the end of World War Two, more than one hundred thousand women served as military nurses. Hundreds of thousands of others served as cooks, coders, telegraphers, signalers and spies. But the military did not officially accept women as pilots until nineteen seventy-six. That was more than thirty years after the service pilots of World War Two. And it was still several years before their story became widely known. Deanie Parrish and her daughter Nancy launched the organization Wings Across America. The purpose is to educate Americans about the WASP program. They have interviewed more than one hundred of the women who served. And they hope to interview the nearly two hundred other surviving members while there is still time. Parts of the interviews can be seen in a video at wingsacrossamerica.org. In two thousand, the Library of Congress launched its own Veterans History Project. Congress wanted the nation to hear the stories of its older veterans and to keep those memories alive. More than one thousand veterans die each day. The American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress collects recorded stories and written histories from veterans. It also collects memorable objects from their service days. The project includes veterans who served in the first and second world wars, Korea and Vietnam. It also includes men and women who served in the Persian Gulf War and the continuing wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Veterans Day started as Armistice Day on November eleventh, nineteen nineteen. That was the first anniversary of the armistice or cease-fire agreement that ended hostilities in the first world war. In nineteen fifty-four President Dwight Eisenhower signed legislation to change the name to Veterans Day. Today there are about twenty-two million veterans in the United States, including one and a half million women. Over the years Congress has passed legislation like the "GI Bill of Rights." The GI Bill helped many World War Two veterans pay for college and buy a home. But America has long had a mixed and sometimes sorry record of how it treats its veterans. These include service members who came home wounded or disabled from Iraq and Afghanistan. The United States is now in its tenth year of war -- longer than any other time in American history. On Veterans Day, communities take time for parades and speeches in honor of those who served their country. At the same time, many Americans will think of family members and friends still serving in harm's way. Our program was written and produced by June Simms. I'm Bob Doughty. And I'm Faith Lapidus.

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The number of Americans diagnosed with celiac disease has quadrupled since the 1950s, and the condition "is emerging as a substantial public health concern," Mayo Clinic researchers warn. People who had the gluten-intolerance disease and didn’t know it were four times more likely to have died during the past few decades than those without it, Reuters reports. Europe has seen comparable increases. “Getting more patients and health professionals to consider the possibility of celiac disease is important,” says the senior author of a new report, who notes that the soaring numbers may correlate with environmental circumstances—perhaps including the “hygiene hypothesis,” which says less germy lifestyles may have boosted allergies. The way food is processed and how we eat it may also be factors.

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California Science Center officials hope the next major exhibit will be a summer blockbuster. Beginning July 1, 2010 the museum’s opening its largest-ever collection of mummies. More than 100 of them, and their artifacts, traveled nearly 6,000 miles across the globe for the “Mummies of the World” exhibition. Traveling on a 13-mile ride from LA International Airport to the Science Center, the mummies received better red carpet treatment then some A-list Hollywood talent. One hundred fifty mummies and various artifacts were carefully packed in climate-controlled containers, guarded by men in black. William Harris, senior vice president for exhibits at the California Science Center, said the display didn’t just originate in Egypt. “We’ll have an actual family found in a crypt in Bosch Hungary,” said Harris. “They lived in the 1700s and we now know they all died of consequences of tuberculosis. So for the first time we’re actually going to study them and do cat scans telling more about tuberculosis in the 1700s.” The mummies also hail from South America, Asia and Germany where the museum project began several years ago. Researchers used DNA testing, CT scanning and radio carbon dating to learn more about how humans – and animals - lived and died thousands of years ago. James Delay, vice president of American Exhibitions, said one of the most remarkable discoveries on display will be a child mummy from Peru. “The oldest right now is a mummy that’s well over six thousand 500 years old," Delay said. "It’s a small mummy that because of science it was radio carbon dated to show that it’s well over 6,500 years old. Quite a bit older than King Tut or even Otzi, the Ice Man in Italy.” During the next several weeks, curators will fly to LA from around the world to help unpack the remains and prepare them for their close encounters with museum visitors. The “Mummies of the World” exhibit will travel to seven cities over the next three years.

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MORE THAN 20,000 people were evacuated from their homes in the city of Dortmund, western Germany, as authorities prepared to defuse a massive bomb left over from World War II. The 4,000-pound (1,800-kilogram) bomb was discovered after experts analysed old aerial photographs while searching for unexploded ordnance dropped by Allied aircraft over Germany’s industrial Ruhr region. City authorities said they expect the operation to defuse the bomb to be completed within hours. While unexploded WWII-era bombs are regularly discovered in Germany, they are rarely as big as this one. A similar bomb find two years ago prompted the evacuation of some 45,000 people in the city of Koblenz along the Rhine river.

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The goals of testing are: - To diagnose the presence of neuropathy and distinguish it from other conditions that may cause similar symptoms - Identify the cause of neuropathy, where possible - Evaluate the location, extent, and severity of the nerve damage and assess organ function - Identify underlying conditions that make neuropathy worse - Detect and evaluate complications The diagnostic workup for neuropathy begins with a thorough medical history and physical exam. - The medical history may include questions about symptoms, work environment, lifestyle habits, exposure to toxins, alcohol use, risk of HIV or other infectious diseases, and family history of neurological diseases. - The physical exam is likely to include a neurological exam to check tendon reflexes, muscle strength and tone, and the ability to sense vibration, light touch, body position, temperature, and pain. Depending on the results of the medical history and physical/neurological exam, one or more of the following tests may be ordered: - Nerve conduction tests – to evaluate nerve transmission and measure the degree of damage in large nerve fibers (both sensory and motor) - Electromyography (EMG) – to detect abnormal electrical activity in muscles and help differentiate between muscle and nerve disorders - Other nerve function tests – may include tests to record autonomic nerve function, a sweat test, and tests that record the ability to sense touch, vibration, cooling, and heat - Nerve biopsy – to evaluate damage to nerve fibers - Skin biopsy – to determine the number of nerve endings present and identify damage in small nerve fibers Imaging tests, such as computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be performed to identify tumors, herniated discs, or other abnormalities that could be exerting pressure on nerves and causing neuropathy. See RadiologyInfo.org for more information about imaging tests. If autonomic nerve involvement is suspected, additional testing may be performed to evaluate heart rate, blood pressure, the digestive tract, pupil response, and sweating. Laboratory testing is used to look for underlying conditions that may cause or contribute to a neuropathy, detect complications, and evaluate organ function. Testing may include: - Blood glucose – to detect diabetes and evaluate glucose control - Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) – to evaluate liver, kidney, and other organ function; to detect metabolic problems - Vitamin B12 – and other vitamin tests as indicated to detect vitamin deficiencies - Thyroid panel – to detect hypothyroidism - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis – to detect abnormalities or infections in the central nervous system - Specific tests for autoimmune disorders, such as antinuclear antibody (ANA) - Specific tests for infectious conditions, such as shingles (varicella zoster virus), Lyme disease, HIV/AIDS, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus, and syphilis - Heavy metal tests – to detect toxin exposure - Tests for medications such as phenytoin, long-term use of which can cause peripheral neuropathy - Complete blood count (CBC) – to detect blood cell abnormalities, infection, and metabolic problems - Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) – to rule out monoclonal gammopathy and, if indicated, followed by immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) or an equivalent test (e.g., capillary zone electrophoresis-based immunotyping) - Paraneoplastic antibodies, if recommended by a specialist (e.g., neurologist) - Rarely, genetic testing to identify certain inherited disorders Some labs offer a panel of antibody tests, such as a motor neuropathy antibody panel and a sensory neuropathy antibody panel, to aid in diagnosis. Elevations in certain antibodies have been associated with various neuropathies.

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The International Robot Exhibition concluded recently in Japan, where the world’s robot manufacturers displayed their most advanced and, in some cases, human-like creations. The emotional response to robots was discussed by roboticist Masahiro Mori in 1970, who created the theory of the Uncanny Valley. He argued that that as a robot is made more humanlike in its appearance and motion, the emotional response of humans will become increasingly positive and empathic. This is until a point at which the response suddenly becomes strongly repulsive, owing to the uncanny ‘not quite human’ aspect of the robot’s behaviour. This is the point known as the Uncanny Valley (see graph as pop-up). However, as the appearance and motion are made to be indistinguishable to that of human being, the emotional response becomes positive once more and approaches human-to-human empathy levels. Mori’s theory is controversial, with some researchers rejecting it out of hand. Nevertheless, it seems intuitively plausible, and still influences robot design and engineering.

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I was tempted to title this piece “The DNA of the United States of America, Part 3.” What stimulated my writing of this current article was the arrival of a book I ordered, The Adams-Jefferson Letters, which contains letters between the men, and between Abigail Adams and Jefferson, from 1777 until the deaths of the two men in 1826. I was recently reminded of these letters while viewing the HBO television series, John Adams on Swedish TV. I also subsequently ordered and viewed a videotape of the musical play 1776, which I had seen several decades ago. The play was centered on John Adams and his relentless efforts to get the Second Continental Congress to declare independence from Great Britain. I find this period in our country’s history endlessly fascinating. I return often to the biographies and histories of the most well-known figures and, now, some of the lesser known but no less important, such as Dr. Benjamin Rush who was the instrument through which Adams and Jefferson resumed their friendship after many years of bitter enmity, at least on the part of Adams who was the more emotional of the two men. So, I bravely wrote the first draft of this article, focusing on the implications of the frequency and of the time line the letters occupy, and forwarded it to a friend for criticism. (He, coincidentally, is currently in the process of viewing the same six-part HBO series on John Adams). His remarks are so cogent and pithy I asked to use them here, and he consented. I learned from the video that Jefferson was a bit of a libertarian radical for his time, and Adams a bit of a buttoned-down conservative. One aspect of all this is that it took the magic of George Washington’s leadership to keep them all together for the sake of the country, and that may be an…important lesson for today — that we lack a real leader like Washington. I don’t see these protagonists’ philosophical differences as akin to the political warfare we have today. In Jefferson and Adams’ day, no matter the philosophical differences, each person knew the stakes were unimaginably high. We were a small and fragile nation, always vulnerable to attack from within or without. There was no guarantee we would prevail or even survive, and the Founding Fathers faced up to this reality with courage and discipline, as well as a keen sense of reality. Today our politicians live in a Never Never Land where America is transcendent, there is no real perceived risk to us or our way of life, and debates are based on academic philosophies that have not been vetted in the real world. Today’s politicians lack the seriousness of people who know they are playing for life-and-death stakes. With my friend’s remarks as Introduction, I now offer some detail, derived from the Letters, to reveal some of the personal dynamics between these two men, without whom we would not be enjoying the liberties our independence from Great Britain afforded us, to whatever degree these liberties remain. The Declaration of Independence In June of 1776 Adams and Jefferson were appointed by the Second Continental Congress, along with Benjamin Franklin and two others, to write a declaration of independence from Great Britain. Here is Adams’s account of how Jefferson became the writer of the initial draft: The subcommittee met. Jefferson proposed to me to make the draft. I said, ‘I will not,’ ‘You should do it.’ ‘Oh! no.’ ‘Why will you not? You ought to do it.’ ‘I will not.’ ‘Why?’ ‘Reasons enough.’ ‘What can be your reasons?’ ‘Reason first, you are a Virginian, and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business. Reason second, I am obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular. You are very much otherwise. Reason third, you can write ten times better than I can.’ ‘Well,’ said Jefferson, ‘if you are decided, I will do as well as I can.’ ‘Very well. When you have drawn it up, we will have a meeting.’ (Source). From this beginning Adams and Jefferson became friends and, after the death of Jefferson’s wife Martha Wayles Jefferson in 1782, Jefferson was sometimes a guest in the home of Abigail and John Adams where Abigail and Jefferson also became friends. The friendships between the Adamses and Jefferson resulted in a total of 380 letters written from one to the other, between 1777 until the death of the two men on July 4, 1826, exactly 50 years after they had signed the Declaration of Independence (along with 54 others). After Independence and before the Constitution It should be remembered that although we became independent of Great Britain by declaration in 1776, we did not have a governmental constitution until 1789. During this period the decisions of Continental Congress and then, by adoption in 1781, the Articles of Confederation, provided the framework for governance of the combined states. There were 14 presidents of the Continental Congress (two served twice) until George Washington was inaugurated as the first U.S. president, on April 30, 1789 under the new Constitution, with John Adams as his Vice President. Washington as first President and the formation of political parties around differing views of the role of the Federal Government Although there were not organized political parties until the election of 1796, there were those who called themselves Federalists and those who identified themselves as Democratic-Republicans. These groups, and later parties, had importantly differing views on the proper role of the new federal government. Simply put, the Federalists wanted more power centralized in the federal government, and the Democratic-Republicans wanted the minimum necessary accruing to the central government for the purposes laid out in the Constitution. Adams was for the Federalists and Jefferson was for the Democratic-Republicans. As they became political rivals, these differences put a cloud over their friendship which was not cleared until well after both had been out of power. The 380 Letters A mentioned above, the letters began in 1777, but were few in number until year 1785 when there were 69 letters between them, plus eight each between Abigail Adams and Jefferson. In the following two years there were 42 and 43 letters, respectively. In 1788 there were 12 letters. While Adams was Vice President in the eight years 1789 through 1796, when Adams was elected President to succeed Washington, they averaged slightly over three per year between them. Because of the odd method of choosing vice presidents (since improved) Jefferson was Adams’s Vice President from 1796-1800. There were no letters between them during this period. Jefferson was elected President over Adams in 1800, and they returned to an intermittent and scanty correspondence in 1801 and 1804. Jefferson was reelected, again over Adams and others, in 1804. The two men did not correspond again for eight years until January, 1812 when Madison was elected to his second term as fourth President of the USA. The cause of their renewed correspondence and, concomitantly, their even deeper friendship was by the agency of their mutual friend Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Here is some background to this initiative from commentary in the book (excerpted and edited): One of the more bitter aspects of the retirement of John Adams from the presidency in 1800 was the fact that several of those with whom he had early co-labored during the Revolution had become his fervent adversaries. This was especially true in the case of Thomas Jefferson who, although serving closely with Adams during the Revolution, had become one of his chief enemies during President Washington’s administration. This feud not only deeply embittered Adams emotionally but it also troubled Dr. Rush, who was still a close friend of both Adams and Jefferson. In his concern over the relationship between these two, one night several months after Jefferson’s retirement from the Presidency in 1809, Dr. Rush had a dream about the two which he felt was important. On October 17, 1809, he wrote down an account of that dream and sent it to John Adams. At the time this letter was written, Jefferson and Adams were still vehement opponents. Adams received the dream from his dear friend with an open heart. Shortly after this letter, Rush, who was also a dear friend of Jefferson, initiated a correspondence with Jefferson on the same topic, attempting to reconcile the two. Jefferson, too, listened to Rush with an open heart, and tentatively reached out to Adams with a gracious letter. Adams, as he had promised, did “not fail to acknowledge and answer the letter,” and thus began a cordial renewing of a warm and sincere friendship between the two. Source Adams took the first step by writing a brief letter to Jefferson on New Year’s Day, 1812, the subject being a “Packett containing two Pieces of Homespun” which Adams sent under separate cover to Jefferson. Jefferson responded on January 21 and they exchanged 13 letters in this year. Year 1813 saw an explosion of pent-up expression from Adams who wrote 29 letters to Jefferson; the latter, as was his habit, wrote fewer but longer letters, only 6. Abigail and Jefferson also exchanged one letter between them this year. They continued a regular, but less frequent correspondence until their deaths in 1826. Abigail and Jefferson also exchanged, typically, one letter per year until her death in 1818. I offer, in closing, two excerpts from the book of letters, chapter 9, headed: “Whether you or I were right posterity must judge:” Even in retirement Adams could not view the political scene… with the detachment that Jefferson achieved. Charges of corruption against the Republican Presidents Adams treated with contempt, even though he told Jefferson, “in the Measures of Administration I have neither agreed with you or Madison.” As for non-importation, non-intercourse (with other nations) embargoes, the structure of the judiciary, or neglect of the Navy, “whether you or I were right Posterity must judge (May, 1912)… “By the summer of 1813 their accord was re-established, despite a few old wounds exposed and irritated. But their mutual friend who had brought about the rapprochement died on April 19. As Adams and Jefferson mourned Rush’s death, they took count of the surviving signers of the Declaration of Independence. Beside themselves, only six (of the 58) were alive. I think there is a lesson here for our present-day representatives, in the two branches of government where the people directly choose: there can be strong and completely opposing points of view, hard fought in public and privately, but public benefit can be maintained through disciplined argument, and through the respect such argument can engender among men of good will. I am again reminded to honor and revere the memory and the contributions of these two men, of disparate background and disposition, to our nation and to our freedom from tyranny. But, as my friend points out, strong and purposeful leadership, mindful of the endless dangers in the world, is the key ingredient in maintaining our liberties.

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Submitted to: American Journal of Health Behavior Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 4/1/2002 Publication Date: 11/1/2002 Citation: Baranowski, T., Cullen, K., Nicklas, T., Thompson, D., Baranowski, J. 2002. School-based Obesity Prevention: A Blueprint for Taming the Epidemic. American Journal of Health Behavior. 26(6):486-493. Interpretive Summary: Technical Abstract: In this study the investigators reviewed the literature on school-based obesity prevention programs to identify what can be done to minimize the increasing levels of obesity. Twenty articles reporting school-based dietary or physical activity change programs were identified that used BMI or skinfolds as part of the evaluation. In the results it was shown that seven studies obtained change in BMI and differed from those not finding change in 3 ways: program implementers were not classroom teachers; intervention targeted middle or high schools; and inactivity reduction was promoted. An 8-step research strategy was delineated to develop and evaluate programs with a maximum chance of taming the obesity epidemic.

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en

Falling prey to diseases is perhaps among the most unpleasant phases of our lives. While diseases such as, fever, flu, upset stomach and the like are common and hardly require any special medical attention, certain other life-threatening diseases are capable of disrupting our daily affairs and render our lives upside down. Among the many diseases, cancer is one such disease that manages to induce a feeling of uncertainty and fear by the mere mention of the term. Although rare in occurrence as compared to other diseases, gallbladder cancer is one such disease that has the capability of disrupting the entire system. This article explains what is gallbladder cancer, and the causes, symptoms, stages, epidemiology, risk factors, prognosis, survival rate and treatment of gallbladder cancer. Gallbladder Cancer: An Overview The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ that is located in the right side of the abdomen, just underneath the liver. It can be seen as a storehouse of bile that is secreted by the liver which facilitates the process of digestion. Gallbladder cancer initiates in the gallbladder and is considered to be quite a rare disease. It often poses a certain level of difficulty in diagnosis with the symptoms not being clearly manifested, leading to the diagnosis of the disease at the last stage when cure becomes almost impossible. The 'hidden' location of the organ may also be seen as a factor behind the undetected growth of the cancerous cells. Symptoms of Gallbladder Cancer Gallbladder cancer might prove to be difficult to detect in the early stages owing to the location of the gallbladder deep inside the body which results in the symptoms not showing up. Certain signs and symptoms that are manifested may belong to other diseases and might be related to some kind of stomach virus. The cancer in the organ is often detected after the gallbladder is removed for some other purpose such as gallbladder stone. However, there are certain signs and symptoms that one could look out for- - A feeling of nausea accompanied by vomiting and abdominal bloating and pain, specifically in the upper right area. - Fever often accompanied by conditions associated with jaundice such as, yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eye. - Loss of appetite accompanied by unexpected loss of weight. Getting relieved of the symptoms of gallbladder cancer forms an important part of cancer treatment and is also known as symptom management or palliative care. Stages of Gallbladder Cancer The stage of cancer determines the extent to which the cancer has spread in the body and the treatment that has to be provided to the patients. There are two approved ways of staging gallbladder cancer, viz., the TNM process and the number system. The TNM stage of gallbladder cancer can be defined as Tumor, Node and Metastasis and describes- - The size and the extent to which the gallbladder tumor has spread. - Whether the cancer cells have extended to the lymph nodes. - If the cancer has extended to other organs of the body. The number system divides gallbladder cancer into four major stages, namely stage 1 to 4 with some doctors even going in for a stage 0. - Gallbladder Cancer Stage 0: This is one of the earliest gallbladder cancer stages where the cancer has just begun to affect the gallbladder tissue lining. The risk of the cancer spreading to other organs of the body is negligible at this stage. - Gallbladder Cancer Stage 1: The earliest stage of invasive cancer, the internal layers of the tissue lining the gallbladder is affected and has not yet spread to the lymph nodes, neighboring tissues and other organs. - Gallbladder Cancer Stage 2: The next stage of gallbladder cancer is where the cancer spreads to the layer of muscles of the gallbladder wall and into the connective tissue beneath but has not yet extended to the outer part of the organ. - Gallbladder Cancer Stage 3: This stage of the gallbladder cancer can be divided into Stage 3A and Stage 3B. - Stage 3A Gallbladder Cancer: This stage indicates the growth of cancerous cells along the gallbladder walls but has not yet extended into the lymph nodes. - Stage 3B Gallbladder Cancer: This stage indicates that the cancerous cells have spread along the walls of gallbladder and has also spread to the neighboring lymph nodes. - Gallbladder Cancer Stage 4: This stage of gallbladder cancer is also divided into two sub-stages, viz., Stage 4A and Stage 4B. - Stage 4A Gallbladder Cancer: This refers to the fact that the cancerous cells have penetrated into one of the major blood vessels leading into the liver and/or more organs other than the liver. The lymph nodes might or might not be affected at this stage. - Stage 4B Gallbladder Cancer: This means that the cancer has managed to penetrate into the lymph nodes located further from the gallbladder but has not yet penetrated to other distant organs of the body. However, the possibility of the disease spreading to other organs distant to the liver cannot be completely ruled out. Prognosis and Survival Rate of Gallbladder Cancer The prognosis and treatment procedure of patients suffering from gallbladder cancer depends on a number of factors viz:- - The gallbladder cancer stage, that is, if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. - If the cancer can be absolutely eliminated by means of surgery. - The kind of gallbladder cancer that the patient is suffering from. - If the patients is suffering from cancer for the first time or if it is a recurrence. Prognosis for gallbladder cancer is generally found to be poor for patients diagnosed with gallbladder cancer in the final stage. A marked improvement has been found in the overall 5-year survival rates by the advent of gallbladder cancer staging. The fact that gallbladder cancer often remains undetected as well as inaccurately detected is an unfortunate fact. Around 10 out of every 100 people suffering from gallbladder cancer survive for 5 years or more. Around 80 out of 100 people in the Stage 0 of gallbladder cancer, that is, the cancer is detected only in the internal lining of the gallbladder are likely to survive for 5 years or more. However, this number reduces to 50 once the cancer spreads to the muscles, that is, when patients enter into stage 1 of cancer. The survival statistics among patients in the stage 2 of gallbladder cancer show even lower survival rates with 25 out of 100 people surviving for 5 years or more. The survival rates decreases drastically in patients suffering from stage 3 or stage 4 of gallbladder cancer with less than 10 out of 100 people surviving for 5 years or more. Epidemiology of Gallbladder Cancer Parts of South America such as, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia along with certain areas of India, Korea, Pakistan and Japan are known to manifest high rates of gallbladder cancer with Chile showing the highest mortality rates in the world. Gallbladder cancer has been considered to be a rare disease in North America. This disease is also more likely to affect women than men with the rate being 2 to 6 times higher in the former than the latter. Causes and Risk Factors of Gallbladder Cancer The initiating point for Gallbladder Cancer is the internal lining of the gallbladder also known as glandular cells. Gallbladder cancer that originates from this point is also known as adenocarcinoma. The mutation in the DNA of the healthy gallbladder cells result in the uncontrolled multiplication and growth of cells which would have otherwise died. The accumulation of these cells gives rise to the formation of tumor which proves to be malignant in nature and spread to other parts of the body. The specific reason behind this development is not known. However, there are certain risk factors which might act as catalysts in the development of gallbladder cancer. Age and Gender as a Risk Factor for Gallbladder Cancer Though young people are also at potential risk, there remains the fact that gallbladder cancer is seen occurring more among older people, especially people above 72 years of age. 2 out of every 3 people with gallbladder cancer are found to be over 65 years of age. Women are more susceptible to developing gallbladder cancer than men as suggested by studies. Obesity Increases the Risk for Gallbladder Cancer Obesity can be counted as one of the many risk factors associated with gallbladder stones, thereby, leading to increased chances of gallbladder cancer. Gallstone as a Potential Risk Factor for Gallbladder Cancer Ascertained to be the most common risk factor for gallbladder cancer, gallstones can be defined as small pebble-like accumulation of cholesterol and other things in the gallbladder leading to chronic inflammation. 3 out of every 4 patients diagnosed with gallbladder cancer are found to be suffering from gallbladder stones. However, it should be noted that not all people suffering from gallbladder stones develop gallbladder cancer. Family History as a Risk Factor for Gallbladder Cancer People with a family history of gallbladder cancer are more susceptible to the disease than other people. However, this disease being a rare one, the chances of development of the cancerous cells is also quite low. Gallbladder Polyps as a Potential Risk Factor for Gallbladder Cancer Gallbladder polyps may be defined as a growth that protrudes from the surface of the internal gallbladder wall. While the smaller tumors are benign in nature, polyps larger than 1 cm can prove to be cancerous thus, increasing the risk factor. Abnormalities in the Pancreas and Bile duct as a Risk factor for Gallbladder Cancer The pancreas along with the bile duct acts as facilitators of digestion by releasing fluid into the smaller intestine. The pancreas secretes this fluid which reaches the small intestine via a duct which often joins up with the bile duct. These secretions from the pancreas are seen to reflux or flow backwards into the bile duct in people with abnormalities in this system. This abnormality also increases the chances of development of gallbladder cancer. Diagnosis of Gallbladder Cancer The health-care expert is likely to conduct certain tests in order to ascertain if the patient is suffering from gallbladder cancer. - Blood Test: Blood tests are done for the evaluation of the functions of the liver, which helps the doctors in determining the cause of symptoms so manifested. - Image Tests: Computerized Tomography, Ultrasound Imaging and MRI are some of the tests that the patients are likely to undergo. Diagnosis of the extent of cancer is the next step in the diagnosis process. The doctor determines the stage of cancer that the patient is in and treatment progresses accordingly. The tests that are conducted in order to determine the stage of cancer are- - Exploratory Surgery: The doctor inspects the organs surrounding the gallbladder in order to detect the extent of the spread of cancer by performing a laparoscopic incision. - Bile Duct Examination: The health-care expert might also conduct tests on the bile duct by inserting dye into the organ in order to detect blockages. Treatment of Gallbladder Cancer The treatment that gallbladder cancer patients will depend on the stage of the gallbladder cancer the patient is in. The goal of the treatment for Gallbladder Cancer at the onset is to altogether eliminate the cancer. However, if that is not possible, other therapies can be resorted to. - Treatment in the initial stages of gallbladder cancer includes the surgical removal of the gallbladder occasionally accompanied by a portion of the liver as well. - Surgical procedures prove to be ineffective in removing gallbladder cancer that has spread to other areas of the body. Therefore, the later stages of the cancer is treated with- - Chemotherapy: Here, chemicals are utilized to kill off the cancerous cells. - Radiation therapy: High-power energy beams such as X-rays are used to kill the cancerous cells. Lifestyle and Coping with Gallbladder Cancer Patients suffering from gallbladder cancer need to modify certain aspects of their lifestyle. This is also true for patients who have already recovered from the cancer. Making certain healthier choices can be considered as one of the major changes that you could bring about. Reducing alcohol intake, quitting smoking and the like are some of the changes that could take you a long way. Patients also need to watch what they eat as gallbladder, a significant organ of the digestive system has been affected and it's obvious that one would now have to take better care. While patients are likely to feel fatigued after gallbladder cancer treatment, it is best to indulge in certain light exercises to keep the physique fit.

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CC-MAIN-2016-50

https://www.epainassist.com/abdominal-pain/gallbladder/gallbladder-cancer

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en

New and emerging technologies such as nanotechnology can offer huge benefits in poverty alleviation. The challenges lie in taking these technologies from the laboratory to the bottom of the pyramid (BoP). This study was conducted to understand what prevents these technologies from benefiting the masses especially with respect to providing access to safe drinking water. Phase 1 of the study adopted a two-pronged approach of desk research and stakeholder consultations to identify the barriers and explore approaches that can mitigate them. During the study, it was found that nanotechnology has made huge strides in providing solutions for safe drinking water. However the widespread roll out of these solutions especially to the BoP is impeded by a few barriers. Key among them is the lack of awareness among the target group; first, on the status of their water resources and its health impacts, and second on effective ways to address this issue. The study found that nanotechnology research benefits can reach the BoP, through innovative and appropriate delivery models. Though the scientific community is divided about the perceived risks of nanotechnology, they are unanimous in stating that mankind should reap the benefits of nanotechnology research provided risks are managed through precautionary and pro-active policy to practice connect. Therefore, in Phase 2 of this research the focus would be to pilot these approaches and test their scalability potential. The learnings from the ground will feed into developing a regulatory framework complemented by a set of exemplary package of practices for risk management. The report is structured into four themes. The first theme reflects on the potential nanotechnology has to offer to water purification, keeping a focus on the BoP populations. There is a vast amount of research being carried out in India and abroad on the application of various nanomaterials including metal oxides, noble metals, magnetic particles, carbon nanotubes etc. for water purification. A few technologies harnessing the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles have also been marketed in India, catering to both the BoP (starting at £ 9) and higher income groups (at £ 130). While the potential of the application of nanotechnology is apparent, the roll out is not very widespread. The second theme highlights the barriers that impede the realization of the potential. The sector is plagued by both supply end barriers of costs, logistics and risk management as well as demand side issues related to the awareness levels and the (felt and latent) needs of the community. There is a need to explore successful service delivery models and absorptive capacities of the population to overcome these barriers. The next theme touches upon emerging approaches that have found varied degrees of success in reaching the BoP from different sectors like water, energy, ICT etc. Design elements which run common in these approaches as well as validated through consultations are culled out and presented. Finally the report brings out the key research gaps that need to be filled in order to ensure that technology benefits reach the BoP. Incubation support and funding are impediments for productizing a proven technology. The policy environment also needs to consider risks and benefits of these technologies and be moulded so as to protect the end user and the environment. Finally the delivery mechanisms that will reach the BoP need to be explored. While we have pointers towards creating a mechanism that works, there is a need to test its potential to be scaled up. The study reiterated the need for in-depth translational research in ensuring that the basic needs of the BoP are met. It is time for research to move away from being a stand alone activity to work with diverse stakeholders in the field to solve real issues. Development Alternatives Group, New Delhi, India, 31 pp.

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CC-MAIN-2016-50

https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs/access-to-safe-water-approaches-for-nanotechnology-benefits-to-reach-the-bottom-of-the-pyramid-final-technical-report-may-2011

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en

Running an Android app is different from other sorts of Java applications. In a Java console application, you start with a main() method in a single class. An Android consists of both Java code and many other kinds of resources. As a developer, you should understand the basics of how an app is packaged for deployment, and how it starts up at runtime. - View Offline - [Voiceover] When you write Java code for an Android app,…you start off with the same sort of files as you do…for other Java application platforms.…You write your code in text files…with the .java file extension…and you can combine your custom code…with existing libraries that are…pre-compiled into .class bytecode files…and are usually organized into JAR files.…From there, you go through the same sort of steps…as in other platforms using the javac command…that's a part of the Java development kit…to compile your source code into java bytecode…in class files.… The next step is optional,…and when you're packaging an app…it's common to use a tool called ProGuard.…This tool minimizes and obscures your java code.…It goes through all of your code and renames…identifiers, class and interface and method names…to shrink them down to a smaller size.…It can also obscure your java code…so that if somebody tries to decompile that code,…it won't be of much use to them.…Now, if you're working in another java development…platform, this might be your last compilation step.… Watch these Java tutorials to learn smarter, more efficient methods for Android app development. - Preparing the development environment - Packaging and running Android apps - Optimizing Java code for Android - Implementing event handler interfaces - Defining custom callback methods - Working with the Android SDK's Java packages - Storing data - Reading text files - Parsing JSON and XML data - Managing device sensors - Playing audio

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CC-MAIN-2016-50

https://www.lynda.com/Java-tutorials/Packaging-running-Android-apps/440958/480903-4.html

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en

Written: Written in February 1901 Published: Published in April 1901 in Iskra, No. 3. Published according to the Iskra text. Source: Lenin Collected Works, Progress Publishers, 1964, Moscow, Volume 4, pages 420-428. Transcription\Markup: R. Cymbala and D. Walters Public Domain: Lenin Internet Archive (2003). You may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit “Marxists Internet Archive” as your source. Other Formats: Text • README Forty years have passed since the peasants were emancipated. It is quite natural that the public should celebrate with particular enthusiasm February 19, the anniversary of the fall of old feudal Russia and the beginning of an epoch which promised the people liberty and prosperity. But we must not forget that besides genuine loathing of serfdom and all its manifestations, there is also much unctuousness in the laudatory orations delivered on the occasion. The now fashionable estimation of the “great” Reform as “the emancipation of the peasantry accompanied by a grant of land with the aid of state compensation” is utterly hypocritical and false. Actually, the peasants were emancipated from the land, inasmuch as the plots they had tilled for centuries were ruthlessly cut down and hundreds of thousands of peasants were deprived of all their land and settled on a quarter or beggar’s allotment. In point of fact, the peasants were doubly robbed: not only were their plots of land cut down, but they had to pay “redemption money” for the land left to them, and which had always been in their possession; the redemption price, moreover, was far above the actual value of the land. Ten years after the emancipation of the peasantry the landlords themselves admitted to government officials investigating the state of agriculture that the peasants had been made to pay, not only for their land, but for their personal liberty. Yet, although the peasants had to pay redemption money for their liberation, they were not granted real freedom; for twenty years they remained “temporarily bound”; they were left—and have remained to this day—the lowest social-estate, subject to flogging; liable to special taxes; bereft of the right freely to leave the semi-feudal commune, freely to dispose of their own land, or freely to settle in any part of the country. Our peasant Reform, far from manifesting magnanimity of the government, on the contrary, serves as a great historical example of the extent to which the autocratic government befouls everything it touches. Under pressure of military defeat, appalling financial difficulties, and menacing discontent among the peasantry, the government was actually compelled to liberate the peasants. The tsar himself admitted that the peasants had to be emancipated from above, lest they emancipate themselves from below. But in embarking on emancipation, the government did everything possible and impossible to satisfy the greed of the “injured” serf-owners; it did not even stop at the base device of reshuffling the men who were to carry out the Reform, although the men selected had come from among the nobility itself! The first body of mediators was dissolved and replaced by men incapable of refusing to help the serf-owners cheat the peasantry in the very process of demarcating the land. Nor could the great Reform be carried out with out resort to military punitive action and the shooting-down of peasants who refused to accept the title-deeds to the land. It is not surprising, therefore, that the best men of the time, muzzled by the censors, met this great Reform with the silence of condemnation. The peasant, “emancipated” from corvée service, emerged from the hands of the reformers crushed, plundered, degraded, tied to his allotment, so much so that he had no alternative but “voluntarily” to accept corvée services. And so he began to cultivate the land of his former master, “renting” from him the very land that had been cut off from his own allotment, hiring himself out in the winter for summer work in return for the corn he had to borrow from the landlord to feed his hungry family. The “free labour,” for which the manifesto drawn up by a jesuitical priest called upon the peasantry to ask the “blessing of God,” turned out to be nothing more nor less than labour-service and bondage. To oppression by the landlords, which was preserved thanks to the magnanimity of the officials who introduced and carried out the Reform, was added oppression by capital. The power of money, which crushed even the French peasant, emancipated from the power of the feudal landlords, not by a miserable, half-hearted reform, but by a mighty popular revolution—this power of money bore down with all its weight upon our semi-serf muzhik. He had to obtain money at all costs—in order to pay the taxes which had increased as a result of the beneficent Reform, to rent land, to buy the few miserable articles of factory-made goods which began to squeeze out the home manufactures of the peasant, to buy corn, etc. The power of money not only crushed the peasantry, but split it up. An enormous number of peasants were steadily ruined and turned into proletarians; from the minority arose a small group of grasping kulaks and enterprising muzhiks who laid hands upon the peasant farms and the peasants’ lands, and who formed the kernel of the rising rural bourgeoisie. The forty years since the Reform have been marked by this constant process of “de-peasantising” the peasants, a process of slow and painful extinction. The peasant was reduced to beggary. He lived together with his cattle, was clothed in rags, and fared on weeds; he fled from his allotment, if he had anywhere to go, and even paid to be relieved of it, if he could induce anyone to take over a plot of land, the payments on which exceeded the income it yielded. The peasants were in a state of chronic starvation, and they died by the tens of thousands from famine and epidemics in bad harvest years, which recurred with increasing frequency. This is the state of our countryside even at the present time. One might ask: What is the way out, by what means can the lot of the peasantry be improved? The small peasantry can free itself from the yoke of capital only by associating itself with the working-class movement, by helping the workers in their struggle for the socialist system, for transforming the land, as well as the other means of production (factories, works, machines, etc.), into social property. Trying to save the peasantry by protecting small-scale farming and small holdings from the onslaught of capitalism would be a useless retarding of social development; it would mean deceiving the peasantry with illusions of the possibility of prosperity even under capitalism, it would mean disuniting the labouring classes and creating a privileged position for the minority at the expense of the majority. That is why Social-Democrats will always struggle against senseless and vicious institutions such as that which forbids the peasant to dispose of his land, such as collective liability, or the system of prohibiting the peasants from freely leaving the village commune or freely accepting into it persons belonging to any social-estate. But, as we have seen, our peasants are suffering not only and not so much from oppression by capital as from oppression by the land lords and the survivals of serfdom. Ruthless struggle against these shackles, which immeasurably worsen the condition of the peasantry and tie it hand and foot, is not only possible but even necessary in the interest of the country’s social development in general; for the hopeless poverty, ignorance, lack of rights, and degradation, from which the peasants suffer, lay an imprint of Asiatic backwardness upon the entire social system of our country. Social-Democracy would not be doing its duty if it did not render every assistance to this struggle. This assistance should take the form, briefly put, of carrying the class struggle into the countryside. We have seen that in the modern Russian village two kinds of class antagonism exist side by side: first, the antagonism between the agricultural workers and the proprietors, and, secondly, the antagonism between the peasantry as a whole and the landlord class as a whole. The first antagonism is developing and becoming more acute; the second is gradually diminishing. The first is still wholly in the future; the second to a considerable degree already belongs to the past. And yet, despite this, it is the second antagonism that has the most vital and most practical significance for Russian Social-Democrats at the present time. It goes without saying, it is an axiom for every Social-Democrat, that we must utilise all the opportunities presenting themselves to us to develop the class-consciousness of the agricultural wage-workers, that we must pay attention to the migration of urban workers to the countryside (e.g., mechanics employed on steam threshing machines, etc.) and to the markets where agricultural labourers are hired. But our rural labourers are still too closely connected with the peasantry, they are still too heavily burdened with the misfortunes of the peasantry as a whole to enable the movement of the rural workers to assume national significance, either now or in the immediate future. On the other hand, the question of sweeping away the survivals of serfdom, of driving the spirit of social-estate inequality and degradation of tens of millions of the “common people” out of the whole of the Russian state system is already a matter of national significance, and the Party which claims to be the vanguard in the fight for freedom cannot ignore it. The deplorable condition of the peasantry has now be come (in a more or less general form) almost universally recognised. The phrase about “the defects” of the Reform of 1861 and the need for state aid has become a current truism. It is our duty to point out that peasant distress arises precisely from the class oppression of the peasantry; that the government is the loyal champion of the oppressing classes; and that those who sincerely and seriously desire a radical improvement in the condition of the peasantry must seek, not aid from the government, but deliverance from its oppression and the achievement of political liberty. There is talk of the redemption payments being excessively high, and of benevolent measures on the part of the government to reduce them and extend the dates of payment. Our reply to this is: all payment of redemption money is nothing more nor less than robbery of the peasantry by the landlords and the government, screened by legal forms and bureaucratic phrases; it is nothing more nor less than tribute paid to the serf-owners for emancipating their slaves. We will put forward the demand for the immediate and complete abolition of redemption payments and quit-rents, and the demand for the return to the people of the hundreds of millions which the tsarist government has extorted from them in the course of the years to satisfy the greed of the slaveowners. There is talk of the peasants not having sufficient land, of the need for state aid to provide them with more land. Our reply to this is: it is precisely because of state aid (aid to the landlords, of course) that the peasants in such an enormous number of cases were deprived of land they vitally needed. We put forward the demand for restitution to the peasants of the land of which they have been deprived, a condition that still binds them to forced labour, to the rendering of corvée service, i.e., that virtually keeps them in a state of serfdom. We will put forward the demand for the establishment of peasant committees to remove the crying injustices perpetrated against the emancipated slaves by the Committees of Nobles set up by the tsarist government. We will demand the establishment of courts empowered to reduce the excessively high payment for land extorted from the peasants by the landlords who take advantage of their hopeless position, courts in which the peasants could prosecute for usury all who take advantage of their extreme need to impose shackling agreements upon them. We will utilise every opportunity to explain to the peasants that the people who talk to them about the tutelage or aid of the present state are either fools or charlatans, and are their worst enemies; that what the peasants stand most in need of is relief from the monstrous oppression of the bureaucratic power, recognition of their complete and absolute equality in all respects with all other social-estates, complete freedom of movement from place to place, freedom to dispose of their lands, and freedom to manage their own communal affairs and dispose of the communal revenues. The most common facts in the life of any Russian village provide a thousand issues for agitation in behalf of the above demands. This agitation must be based upon the local, concrete, and most pressing needs of the peasantry; yet it must not be confined to these needs, but must be steadily directed towards widening the outlook of the peasants, towards developing their political consciousness. The peasants must be brought to understand the special positions occupied in the state by the landlords and the peasants respectively, and they must be taught that the only way to free the countryside from tyrannical oppression is to convene an assembly of representatives of the people and to overthrow the arbitrary rule of the officials. It is absurd to assert that the demand for political liberty would not be understood by the workers; not only the workers who have engaged the factory owners and the police in direct battle for years and who constantly see their best fighters subjected to arbitrary arrests and persecution—not only these workers, who are already imbued with socialism, but every sensible peasant who thinks at all about the things he sees going on around him will understand what the workers are fighting for, will understand the significance of a Zemsky Sobor which will emancipate the whole country from the unlimited power of the hated officials. Agitation on the basis of the direct and most urgent needs of the peasants will fulfil its purpose—i.e., carry the class struggle into the countryside—only when it succeeds in combining every exposure of some “economic” evil with definite political demands. But the question arises whether the Social-Democratic Labour Party can include in its programme demands like those referred to above. Can it undertake to carry on agitation among the peasantry? Will it not lead to the scattering and diversion of our revolutionary forces, not very numerous as it is, from the principal and only reliable channel of the movement? Such objections are based on a misunderstanding. We must definitely include in our programme demands for the emancipation of our countryside from all the survivals of slavery, demands capable of rousing the best section of the peasantry, if not to engage in independent political action, then at all events consciously to support the working-class struggle for emancipation. We should be making a mistake if we defended measures that would have the effect of retarding social development or of artificially shielding the small peasantry against the growth of capitalism, against the development of large-scale production; but we should be committing a much more disastrous mistake if we failed to utilise the working-class movement for the purpose of spreading among the peasantry the democratic demands of which the Reform of February 19, 1861, fell short because of its distortion by the landlords and the officials. Our Party must include such demands in its programme if it is to take the lead of the whole people in the struggle against the autocracy. But the inclusion of these points does not mean that we would call active revolutionary forces from the towns to the villages. Such a thing is out of the question. There can be no doubt that all the militant elements of the Party must concentrate on work in the towns and industrial centres; that only the industrial proletariat is capable of conducting a steadfast and mass struggle against the autocracy, of employing such methods of struggle as organising public demonstrations, or of issuing a popular political newspaper regularly and circulating it widely. We must include peasant demands in our programme, not in order to call convinced Social-Democrats from the towns to the countryside, not in order to chain them to the village, but to guide the activities of those forces that cannot find an outlet anywhere except in the rural localities and to utilise for the cause of democracy, for the political struggle for freedom, the ties which, owing to the force of circumstances, a good many faithful Social-Democratic intellectuals and workers have with the countryside—ties that are necessarily increasing and growing stronger with the growth of the movement. We have long passed the stage when we were a small detachment of volunteers, when the reserves of Social-Democratic forces were limited to circles of young people who all “went to the workers.” Our movement now has a whole army at its command, an army of workers, engaged in the struggle for socialism and freedom—an army of intellectuals who have been taking part in the movement and who can now be found over the whole length and breadth of Russia—an army of sympathisers whose eyes are turned with faith and hope towards the working-class movement and who are prepared to render it a thousand services. We are confronted with the great task of organising all these armies in such a manner as will enable us, not only to organise transient outbreaks, not only to strike casual and sporadic (and therefore not dangerous) blows at the enemy, but to pursue the enemy steadily and persistently, in a determined struggle all along the line, to harass the autocratic government wherever it sows oppression and gathers a harvest of hatred. Can this aim be achieved without sowing the seeds of the class struggle and political consciousness among the many millions of the peasantry? Let no one say it is impossible to sow these seeds! It is not only possible, it is already being done in a thousand ways that escape our attention and influence. This process will evolve much more widely and rapidly when we issue a slogan that will bring our influence to bear and when we unfurl the banner of the emancipation of the Russian peasantry from all the survivals of shameful serfdom. Country people coming to the towns even today regard with curiosity and interest the workers’ struggle, incomprehensible to them, and carry news of it to the remotest parts of the land. We can and must bring about a situation in which the curiosity of the bystanders is replaced, if not by full understanding, then at least by a vague consciousness that the workers are struggling for the interests of the whole people, by a growing sympathy for their struggle. And when that has been done, the day of the victory of the revolutionary workers’ party over the police government will come with a rapidity exceeding our own anticipation. We have drafted a Social-Democratic programme which includes the above-mentioned demands. We hope—after this draft has been discussed and amended with the participation of the Emancipation of Labour group—to publish it as the draft programme of our Party in one of our forthcoming issues. —Lenin The article, “The Workers’ Party and the Peasantry,” was written in connection with the elaboration of the agrarian programme of the R.S.D.L.P., published in the name of the Editorial Board of Iskra and Zarya in the summer of 1902 and adopted by the Second Congress of the R.S.D.L.P. in 1903. A quarter or beggar’s allotment—a quarter of the so-called “maximum” or “decree” allotment, the amount established by law for a given district at the time of the Reform of 1861. Some of the peasants received these tiny parcels of land from the landlords wit out payment of redemption money. Such allotments were, therefore, also called “gift allotments” and the peasants who received them were called “gift peasants.” Temporarily bound peasants—peasants who were still compelled to carry out certain duties (payment of quit-rent or performance of corvée service) for the use of their land even after the Reform and until they started paying redemption money to the landlord for their allotment. From the moment the redemption contract was concluded, the peasants ceased to be “temporarily bound” and joined the category of “peasant property-owners.” These title-deeds were documents defining the land-owning relations of temporarily bound peasants and landlords upon the abolition of serfdom in 1861. The title-deed indicated the amount of land used by the peasant before the Reform and the land and other properties that remained in his hands after “emancipation”; the deed also listed the duties the peasant had to perform for the land lord. The amount of redemption money to be paid by the peasant was determined on the basis of this title-deed.

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Advice from Dr Karuna Keat - Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, generally refers to seasonal symptoms in a condition that afflicts up to 40% of Australians. Allergic rhinitis can also occur all year round (perennial) with worsening symptoms during autumn and spring. It may be mild, or moderate to severe (affecting normal daily activities such as work, sleep and study), episodic or persistent (more than 4 days per week and more than 4 weeks at a time). It occurs as a result of allergies to things you breathe in; usually dust mites, grass pollen, mould and animal hair. Allergic rhinitis occurs when there is an abnormal immune response to something in the environment (allergen). This causes the symptoms of sneezing and an itchy, blocked and runny nose. Seven out of ten of people with allergic rhinitis also suffer from allergic conjunctivitis (inflamed itchy eyes). What to do? Allergen avoidance measures include wearing sunglasses, if you have allergic conjunctivitis, from a grass pollen allergy or asking someone else to vacuum regularly if you have a dust mite allergy. Reliable education and management information is provided by the ASCIA (Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy) website at allergy.org.au Treat mild symptoms with non-sedating antihistamines such as Zyrtec (cetirizine) or Claratyne (loratadine), if you are only occasionally bothered by the symptoms. However the majority of sufferers will need to use intranasal steroid sprays (eg. Nasonex, Avamys, Rhinocort). Regular use is safe and effective in managing your symptoms. Up to ten percent of individuals may have mild nasal irritation. You can use antihistamines in addition to the nasal steroid sprays safely. These medications can be prescribed by your family doctor and a lower strength dose may be bought over the counter. These steroid sprays should not be confused with decongestants such as Drixine and Otrivin which should not be used longer than three days. Immunotherapy or desensitization may be effective and should be supervised by a trained allergist (specialist doctor) in conjunction with your family doctor. Immunotherapy is an option in those who have allergic rhinitis and where the symptoms are not controlled by medications or medication is intolerable due to the side effects. Immunotherapy can also be used in children to reduce their chances of developing further allergies, and reduce their chance of developing asthma by approximately half. Hay fever facts There is no cure for hayfever There is no magical cure for allergic rhinitis - don’t believe anyone who says this - apart from living in a bubble. The closest we have to a cure is immunotherapy under the supervision of a trained and experienced doctor. There are ways to manage the symptoms using regular intranasal steroid sprays such as Nasonex (mometasone), Avamys (fluticasone) or Rhinocort (budesonide). Hay fever is a significant health issue Allergic rhinitis causes about 1 in 50 visits to the doctor. Allergic disease (of which allergic rhinitis is by far the most common) costs Australia around $5.6 billion in lost productivity each year (Access Economics, 2007). Persistent, severe symptoms result in people being unproductive at work and having difficulty sleeping. Hay fever that is not properly controlled can contribute to a worsening of asthma. Children do not grow out of hay fever Children do not grow out of allergic rhinitis, if anything, they may become more allergic if symptoms are not controlled and can be more likely to develop asthma if symptoms are not adequately managed. Allergic rhinitis is common in children (from as young as 2 years old) and adults.

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The curious method of sourdough bread is the big, acid-tongued elephant in this space that we don't talk about, squeezed to one side by quick cakes, loaves and biscuits. Though it's easy to make when you know how – and, once you get the hang of it, arguably more flexible to make than a commercially yeasted loaf – explaining how to do it would take at least a page, if not the whole, of this magazine. Even so, Christmas is a good time to get one started. Put very simply, sourdough is made by mixing flour milled from the whole grain – dark rye or wholemeal, say – with water and leaving it for a few days until you see the first pinhead-sized bubble of life, as the yeast cells and bacteria exhale and start to puff tiny pockets of carbon dioxide into the mixture. Some bakers make a ball of dough from flour and water, and bury it in a flour-filled pot, so that when it bubbles to life, it cracks the surface like a gentle hidden earthquake; others, like me, make a flour and water batter and wait for life to occur. Once that happens, discard most of the mixture and replace it with fresh flour and water, then leave for a day at room temperature to puff more (again, as a liquid or a dough). Repeated daily removal and replacement of most of the batter, known as "feeding", will get the budding microflora multiplying and turn what was a lifeless mixture into your first natural leaven – what bakers call a starter. Soon your sourdough will smell brightly acidic from the lactic bacteria, and bubble easily. From this point, add about 150g-250g of starter to 500g bread flour, together with enough water to turn everything to a soft but manageable dough. Leave for 10 minutes, then knead in one to two teaspoons of salt. Leave until risen by half, shape, place on a tray, then leave again until risen by half: both rises will take many hours. Slash the top of the loaf and bake at 230C (210C fan-assisted)/450F/gas mark 8 for 20 minutes, then lower the heat to 200C (180C fan-assisted)/390F/gas mark 6 and bake for 20 minutes more. A small tray of boiling water, filled and put into the oven just after you get the loaf in, will give the crust a rich colour. Simple, yes, and getting it perfect takes practice and a heck of a lot of patience, but the result is an outstanding loaf with a complex flavour, a thick, chewy crust and a sense of wonder that you've created all of this from just flour and water.

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Student or Learner Would you be kind enough to tell me whether I am right with my interpretation of the expressions in bold in the following sentences? London and Manchester are no longer called even cities, theyíre conurbations, or bunches of towns. conurbation = a predominantly urban region including adjacent towns and suburbs; a metropolitan area How can he afford a car, he hasnít got a penny to his name. to his name = in his possession Itís a bare four kilometers, we can walk it in less than an hour. a bar ten kilos = scarcely ten kilos, not abit more than ten kilos The alarm went off at six, but Iím afraid I didnít hear it. gone off = the bell of an alrm clock is said to go off, not ring I hipe youíre not going to do any back-seat driving, Fred. back-seat driving = the tendering of advice to the driver by a person sitting behind him, a dangerous habit that has caused many road accidents, since it distracts the driverís attention. Here we go, now weíll keep at a steady crawl almost all the way to Dtratford. After that itís all plain sailing. plain sailing = easy going; straightforward, unobstructed progress I havenít seen your father for years; howís he keeping? Howís Tom keeping? = What is the state of Tomís health? Is he keeping in good health? That evening gown must have set her back at least five hundred euros. Set your back = reduces (i.e. sets back) youe bank balance Yes, I did promise to seee him today, now I come to think of it. Now I come to think of it. = Now that I remember it. Thank you for your efforts.

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But that's not all. When stomata are closed, a plant is not pulling water from its roots, up through its veins and into its leaves, which further contributes to the "stressed" appearance of the plants. Without water transpiring through open stomata, nothing is being drawn up from the root zone, including nutrients. Without nutrients growth is slowed and flowers and fruit may even fall from the plant, a common complaint of those who grow summer tomatoes. By understanding how water is used in plants, you will be able to use it more wisely. Often, more water applied to the roots may not help. Maybe just a spritz is all the plant needs. RON VANDERHOFF is the nursery manager at Roger's Gardens in Corona del Mar. Question: Last year I went to the OC Master Gardener fall Gardening Seminar in Huntington Beach. When is it this year?

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Engaging Students in Learning As the fall semester begins, it's time to rethink behavior standards. If schools don't, they are unwittingly setting students up to act out or drop out ("Far more kids would succeed in school if we didn't bore them to death," Citizen Ed, July 28). That's because so much disruptive behavior is the result of students seeing no connection between what they are taught and their lives. It doesn't take a study to confirm that fact. But just in case, the Promise Alliance surveyed nearly 2,000 students and found that 25.9 percent of them dropped out because they were bored, and 20.3 percent dropped out because their classes didn't relate to their lives. Those who are bored but stay in school become disruptive, depriving other students of their right to learn. We've got to get real if we ever expect to raise the graduation rate. We can begin by differentiating students. That includes tracking in academic classes. Yes, all students are educable. But the goal is to find out what they are interested in learning. There will always be a few teachers who are able to engage all their students. However, they are outliers. When I taught English, the only tracking involved remedial students. Grouping them together minimized disruptive behavior because they didn't feel the material was too difficult. I never tried to teach them Julius Caesar. It would have been a prescription for disengagement. Yet there are reformers who claim that eliminating Shakespeare shortchanges students. I say that they need to get real.

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Active components of removable orthodontic appliance The force (F) delivered by a spring is expressed by the formula F adr4//3, where d is the deflection of the spring, r is the radius of the wire and / is the length of the spring. Radius and wire length, therefore, have most effect on wire stiffness. Where the teeth needed for retention of the appliance are those to be moved, a screw rather than springs may be useful. However, screws are more expensive than springs and also make the appliance bulky. They also exert large intermittent forces, but this is tolerable because of the small (0.2 mm) activation with each quarter turn. Elastic traction from intraoral elastics designed for orthodontic purposes should be avoided for overjet reduction with removable appliances as it tends to flatten the arch; in addition, the elastics may slide up the tooth surface and impinge on the gingivae. Elastic traction is best used with fixed appliances.

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I am a registered nurse at the Meigs County Health Department and the director for the Child & Family Health Services grant, which aims to improve the health status of women, infants and children in Ohio. Infant mortality is a major concern across Ohio, and Meigs County is no different. Every week in Ohio, three babies die in unsafe sleep environments. That may not sound like a high number, but to put that into perspective, sleep-related deaths outnumber deaths of Ohio children of all ages from car crashes. These sleep-related deaths are those that happen suddenly and unexpectedly. Causes include SIDS, accidental suffocation, falls, positional asphyxia, overlay and undetermined causes. The CFHS program is working to help combat this problem by conducting a community education campaign for the infant safe sleep message. This campaign includes a variety of different types of activities, such as safe sleep classes for families and presentations, social media posts, public service announcements, community events and billboards, and targets expecting families and families with young infants to help educate them on ways to reduce risk. The infant safe sleep tips are as follows: - The safest place for your baby to sleep is in the room where you sleep, but not in your bed. - Never place babies to sleep on adult beds, chairs, sofas, waterbeds, pillows, cushions or soft surfaces. - Dress your baby in sleep clothing, such as a sleep sack, and do not use a blanket. - Avoid letting the baby get too hot. - Keep room temperatures in a range comfortable for a lightly clothed adult. - Infants should receive all recommended vaccinations. Breastfeeding is recommended to help to reduce the risk of SIDS. - Avoid smoke exposure during pregnancy and after birth. - Place the crib in an area that is always smoke free. - Supervised, awake tummy time is recommended daily to facilitate development. - Consider using a pacifier at nap time and bed time, once breastfeeding is well established. - Talk to those who care for your baby, including child care providers, family, and friends, about placing your baby to sleep on his back for every sleep. - Obtain regular prenatal care, and avoid alcohol and illicit drug use during pregnancy and after birth. If a family cannot afford a safe place for their baby to sleep, the MCHD also can help families locate a crib if they qualify. For more information on the CFHS program or local safe sleep efforts and activities, call me at 740-992-6626, or visit the MCHD website at www.meigs-health.com. Juli Simpson is a registered nurse at the Meigs County Health Department.

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For example, applying certain materials over a sticky object could prevent an object from becoming contaminated—a handy feature for medical instruments. Secondary exposure to a copper nitrate solution would give an object a metallic sheen, useful in electronics such as flexible displays. In another application, water polluted with mercury or lead could be passed through a column of beads coated in the adhesive. The metals would stick to the beads, allowing clean water to flow out the other side. (Read more about threats to the world's freshwater supplies.) "Each of these applications involves pretty much the same first step but a different second step," Messersmith noted. He and his colleagues are now trying to determine the limits of the technology and where to focus their development efforts. Herbert Waite is a marine biologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who studies how each ingredient in the mussels' protein cocktail comes together to make the mollusks so sticky. He said Messersmith's team deserves credit for reducing the complex ingredients to "two very simple features" to make their sticky coating. "It's nice that the mussel inspired it with its own highly evolved adhesive technology," he said, "but it isn't the same thing as mussel adhesion." If a mussel just squirted dopamine, the chemical would simply diffuse into the large volume of surrounding seawater, he noted. "What works for man would not have worked for the mussel." Free Email News Updates Sign up for our Inside National Geographic newsletter. Every two weeks we'll send you our top stories and pictures (see sample). SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES

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About Reclaimed Wood photo courtesy of Katie Bofshever What is reclaimed wood? Reclaimed wood, or repurposed wood, is any wood that is recycled from one use, like an apartment building, and turned into something different, like a dining table. Where does reclaimed wood come from? Reclaimed wood comes from everywhere! Old barns, pallets, apartment buildings, dunnage, railroad ties; any and all of the above. At Croft House we’re currently getting our material from barns in Wisconsin and Ohio, an apartment building in Gramercy Park, New York, and various local architectures here in Los Angeles. How old is reclaimed wood? It varies. Since reclaimed wood is technically any wood that is reused, it can be relatively young. Most the reclaimed wood Croft House uses is from Architecture erected prior to WWII, which means the age of the wood is estimated in the 100’s of years old. Why use reclaimed wood? Reclaimed wood can be useful for a number of reasons. The wood that Croft House uses is all old growth wood, which is hard to access outside of reclaimed sources. So in order to get beautiful old growth markings naturally, it has to be through reclaimed(or fallen) material. Another great reason to use reclaimed wood is the sustainability of the material. Instead of cutting down new trees, Croft House uses wood that was cut down hundreds of years ago. This helps to keep our footprint very low, and preserve tens of thousands of board feet in lumber per year. What is “Old Growth” wood? Old growth wood is wood that contains certain markings that denote it is a specific number of years old. Most new trees are grown sustainably and are chopped down at a younger age than was practiced in the past. This causes the lumber to look different, and deprives it of some of the textures and characteristics that can only be found in older trees. These older trees are protected, so one of the only ways to attain this look naturally is through reclaimed materials. Why does reclaimed wood vary? Reclaimed wood varies in both color and texture because each piece of wood has seen different elements than each of the others. Some boards were sawn rougher, some were stained deeper, while others have bigger knots. Each board has different defining characteristics, which makes every piece of furniture unique. Can reclaimed wood look like new wood? In short, yes. Take any beam of reclaimed wood and you’re likely to find a chipped, painted, weather worn, rustic piece; if you were to split that board in half you’ll find something entirely different. Beneath the rustic, what we call ,“skin” of the wood is essentially new wood. It’s never seen the elements or a paint brush. The only distinguishing characteristics are the old growth markings, and possibly some of the deeper nail holes. This material can be utilized to create sustainable pieces, without the rustic look! Have more questions about Reclaimed Wood? Feel free to ask! Email us at firstname.lastname@example.org.

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Rural Poverty: The Depression in the South Rosalynn Carter: Religion, Social Issues and Reform Skill: High School/College Time Required: At least three class periods Both Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, as children, grew up in the South during the leanest years of the Great Depression. Attention is often centered on the business and banking aspects of the Depression years; however, another side of the story is the issue of rural poverty.

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It’s not possible to be more truly Southern culturally than the residents of the state of Alabama. That’s why it’s surprising to realize that one Alabama county did not support secession and refused to join the Confederacy willingly. Winston County is located in a hilly area in the northwestern part of the state. As described in “Fact and Fiction in the Free State of Winston“, settlement came late to this little corner, with the first permanent settlers of European descent arriving only in 1814. They had more in common with the rugged, independent pioneers of Appalachia and the Tennessee Valley than they did with the genteel plantation owners further downstate, and they were ardent supporters of Andrew Jackson and his populist views. Residents established their county seat in Houston and later (and presently) in Double Springs. With the Civil War looming there were only 14 slave holders with 122 slaves in all of Winston County, a minuscule part of the population. Even today the African-American population is less than four tenths of a percent. When Alabama joined the confederacy, Winston County did not follow. They passed a resolution that included a strong affirmation of their beliefs: We agree with Jackson that no state can legally get out of the union; but if we are mistaken in this, and a state can lawfully and legally secede or withdraw, being only a part of the Union, then a county, any county, being a part of the state, by the same process of reasoning, could cease to be a part of the state. We think that our neighbors in the South made a mistake when they bolted, resulting in the election of Mr. Lincoln, and that they made a greater mistake when they attempted to secede and set up a new government. However, we do not desire to see our neighbors in the South mistreated, and, therefore, we are not going to take up arms against them; but on the other hand, we are not going to shoot at the flag of our fathers, “Old Glory,” the Flag of Washington, Jefferson, and Jackson. Therefore, we ask that the Confederacy on the one hand, and the Union on the other, leave us alone, unmolested, that we may work out our political and financial destiny here in the hills and mountains of northwest Alabama. A confederate sympathizer sarcastically referred to this resolution as the creation of the “Free State of Winston” and the name stuck. In actuality, while desiring neutrality, the residents of Winston County never received this courtesy and its men were conscripted into the Confederate army under threat of arrest, imprisonment and execution.

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The Whitworth Screw Thread System by Robert E. Reilly, P.E. Did you ever start to do some mechanical work on your Jaguar and discover that none of your wrenches seem to quite fit on the bolt head? A friend of mine recently bought a pre-war SS Jaguar, and he made that comment to me. I then introduced him to the Whitworth wrench, of which he had never before heard. These tools with the strange and incomprehensible markings were once common enough that even Sears Roebuck and Snap-On carried them. Now they are getting harder to find as people's memories of what they were all about fade into the mists of outdated engineering. Many owners of earlier Jaguars are to varying extents familiar with the Whitworth screw thread system, but some are not. Perhaps some other readers will find a refresher course in the Whitworth system helpful and interesting. Before the mid-nineteenth century, nuts and bolts were individually hand-made, specifically matched and were generally not interchangeable. Serious efforts to standardize screw threads began in 1841, when Sir Joseph Whitworth proposed a standard screw thread form based on a constant thread angle of 55 degrees. This became known as the Whitworth thread, and gained acceptance in British industry. Outside diameters of bolts began at 1/8" and increased by fractional inch increments, with a whole number of threads per inch specified for each diameter. The peak and root of the thread are rounded to a radius of r=0.1373 x pitch. The depth of the thread is d=0.6403 x pitch. Pitch is the number of inches per thread, or the inverse of threads per inch. About the same time, an American named William Sellers developed a screw thread system based on a 60 degree thread angle, which was originally called the Sellers thread, then the United States Standard or USS thread, and finally in 1948 the Unified National Series, including UNC (coarse), UNF (fine), and UNEF (extra-fine). The UNF series is sometimes called SAE (for Society of Automotive Engineers) or ANF (for American National Fine). These threads have flat peaks and roots, with the depth of the thread being d=0.649519 x pitch. The Germans, Swiss and French each developed their own metric screw thread forms. The metric world eventually agreed in 1898 on the Systeme Internationale (SI) metric thread series, with a 60 degree thread angle, but the watchmakers and optical measuring instrument makers each still have their own special threads. The British Standard Whitworth (BSW), British Standard Fine (BSF), British Standard Parallel Pipe (BSPP), and British Standard Tapered Pipe (BSTP) are all thread series based on the Whitworth screw thread form. British Association (BA) screw threads have a thread angle of 47-1/2 degrees and are based on the Swiss Thury thread. Screw threads in these series are found on all older British vehicles. BSF is commonly used on engines and drive train components and body fasteners, BA is used to attach small clips and electrical parts, BSPP is found on the banjo bolts of water pumps and SU carbs and fuel pumps, but the Jaguar parts catalogues call out ANF sizes for many large suspension fasteners. In 1965 the British Standards Institution approved a policy statement urging British industry to regard BSW, BSF, and BA as obsolescent, to be gradually replaced by International Standards Organization (ISO) metric thread. For some reason now lost in obscurity, the distance across the flats of Whitworth hex nuts and bolt heads is not nice sensible fractions of an inch, nor is it millimeters, nor does it follow any discernable pattern such as a percentage of the bolt diameter. You are supposed to use special Whitworth sized wrenches. The sizes stamped on Whitworth wrenches refer not to the distance between the flats, but to the diameters of the nuts and bolts they are intended to fit. In practice it turns out you can get away with using metric wrenches in most cases. It is very important to realize that it is not safe to repair damaged Whitworth threads with UNF taps and dies, or to mix and fit BSF and UNF fasteners together. The pitch or number of threads per inch is the most obvious difference, but more important and potentially disastrous is the reduction in surface contact area between the threads, which can lead to binding when torquing, loosening in vibration or complete failure under load. BSW and UNC sizes in most cases have the same number of threads per inch, so it is very possible to get these mixed as well. If you have a ruined fastener, especially a stud or nut on the engine or in the suspension, it is worth the trouble to get the right one rather than take a chance on something else getting ruined. One source Robert E. Reilly, P.E. 2. Machinery's Handbook, 14th ed. (1951) and 23rd ed. (1988), Industrial Press 3. Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 8th ed. (1978) McGraw-Hill 4. Standard Handbook of Fastening and Joining, (1989) McGraw-Hill 5. Tool Engineer's Handbook, 1st ed. (1949) McGraw-Hill 6. Metric & Multistandard Components Corp. sales catalogue, copyright 1977, 1994 After this article was published in the Classic Jaguar Association newsletter, another member from the Table of British Screw Threads British Thread Nominal Size/ No. Threads Hex Head Width comment Designation Outside Diameter per Inch Across Flats 1/8 BSW 0.125" 40 3/16 BSW 0.1875 24 1/4 BSW 0.25 20 0.438 - 0.445" 5/16 BSW 0.3125 18 0.518 - 0.525 3/8 BSW 0.375 16 0.592 - 0.600 7/16 BSW 0.4375 14 0.702 - 0.710 1/2 BSW 0.5 12 0.812 - 0.820 9/16 BSW 0.5625 12 0.912 - 0.920 5/8 BSW 0.625 11 1.000 - 1.010 3/4 BSW 0.75 10 1.190 - 1.200 7/8 BSW 0.875 9 1.288 - 1.300 1" BSW 1.0" 8 1.468 - 1.480 3/16 BSF 0.1875" 32 -.340” 7/32 BSF 0.2187 28 non-preferred 1/4 BSF 0.25 26 0.438 - 0.445" 9/32 BSF 0.2812 26 non-preferred 5/16 BSF 0.3125 22 0.518 - 0.525 3/8 BSF 0.375 20 0.592 - 0.600 7/16 BSF 0.4375 18 0.702 - 0.710 1/2 BSF 0.5 16 0.812 - 0.820 9/16 BSF 0.5625 16 0.912 - 0.920 5/8 BSF 0.625 14 1.000 - 1.010 3/4 BSF 0.75 12 1.190 - 1.200 7/8 BSF 0.875 11 1.288 - 1.300 1" BSF 1.0" 10 1.468 - 1.480 0 BA 6.0 mm, 0.2362" 25.4 1 BA 5.3 mm, 0.2087" 28.2 2 BA 4.7 mm, 0.185" 31.4 3 BA 4.1 mm, 0.1614" 34.8 4 BA 3.6 mm, 0.1417" 38.5 5 BA 3.2 mm, 0.126" 43 6 BA 2.8 mm, 0.1102" 47.9 7 BA 2.5 mm, 0.0984" 52.9 8 BA 2.2 mm, 0.0866" 59.1 9 BA 1.9 mm, 0.0748" 65.1 10 BA 1.7 mm, 0.0669" 72.6 1/16 BSPP 0.3041" 28 1/8 BSPP 0.383" 28 1/4 BSPP 0.518 19 3/8 BSPP 0.656 19 1/2 BSPP 0.825 14 5/8 BSPP 0.902 14 non-preferred 3/4 BSPP 1.041 14 7/8 BSPP 1.189 14 non-preferred 1" BSPP 1.309 11 Improve your Jag-lovers experience with the Mozilla FireFox Browser! View the latest posts from our Forums via an RSS Feed! ©Jag-loversTM Ltd / JagWEBTM 1993 - 2016 All rights reserved. Jag-lovers is supported by JagWEBTM Use of the Jag-lovers logo or trademark name on sites other than Jag-lovers itself in a manner implying endorsement of commercial activities whatsoever is prohibited. Sections of this Web Site may publish members and visitors comments, opinion and photographs/images - Jag-lovers Ltd does not assume or have any responsibility or any liability for members comments or opinions, nor does it claim ownership or copyright of any material that belongs to the original poster including images. The word 'Jaguar' and the leaping cat device, whether used separately or in combination, are registered trademarks and are the property of Jaguar Cars, England. Some images may also be © Jaguar Cars. Mirroring or downloading of this site or the publication of material or any extracts therefrom in original or altered form from these pages onto other sites (including reproduction by any other Jaguar enthusiast sites) without express permission violates Jag-lovers Ltd copyright and is prohibited

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Instead of counting calories when dieting, you should be concerned with the energy density of their foods, according to "The Volumetrics Eating Plan." The book, a New York Times Bestseller by Barbara Rolls, Ph.D., recommends low energy density foods over foods that are high in energy density. Energy density refers to calories per gram. Foods that have low energy density are bulkier but have less calories. They are high in fiber and water content, making you feel full after consuming them. Fruits and Vegetables Fruits and vegetables are full of fiber and water. Rolls calls water the "secret ingredient" to weight loss because it makes foods more bulky. When eating these foods you will feel full, but you will not be consuming any excess calories. Rolls recommends snacking on fruits and vegetables and adding them to meals. Replace potato chips with vegetables and low-fat dip. Add vegetables to other dishes that normally don't call for vegetables, such as macaroni and cheese. Rolls' research showed that adding a salad to a meal reduces total calories consumed, according to Newsweek.com. To stay on the plan when eating salad, use light cheese and fat-free dressing. Make substitutions, like replacing syrup with raspberry sauce. Try adding fruits to foods that don't normally contain them, such as grapes to a chicken salad sandwich. The plan emphasizes moderate consumption of lean meats instead of high-fat red meats. Lean meats are an important source of protein and essential vitamins and minerals. Choose poultry and fish most of the time. If consuming red meat, look for cuts labeled "lean,""extra lean," "choice" or "select." Trim any visible fat before preparing the meat. When buying ground beef, look for packages labeled 90 percent or higher lean meat. Choose whole wheat instead of refined white flour. The diet highly recommends making your own food instead of eating prepackaged food. Try making macaroni and cheese yourself the Volumetrics way. Use whole wheat pasta, rich in fiber. The recommended serving size is 1/2 cup, at 100 calories. Add nonfat milk and reduced-fat cheese. Then, add some low energy density food to the meal by adding vegetables. Fats are an important part of any diet. They aid in nutrient absorption and are a major source of energy. The trick is to watch what kind of fat you eat. The "good" fats are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. The "bad" fats are saturated and trans fats. "Good" fats lower total and LDL cholesterol, the unhealthy type of cholesterol, while "bad" fats increase total and LDL cholesterol. "Good" fats are found in nuts, seafood, canola, olive, corn, soy, safflower and sunflower oils. "Bad" fats are found in animal products, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, commercially packaged foods and commercially fried foods. While no food is off limit on the Volumetrics plan, omit unhealthy oil and butter from recipes and substitute healthy fats instead. Dairy products are important because they are a good source of calcium, certain vitamins and minerals and protein. Milk, yogurt and cheese are the best sources of calcium. "The Volumetrics Eating Plan" recommends consuming dairy products, but doing so in moderation and choosing low-fat or fat-free options. Choose nonfat milk over whole milk. It has the same amount of calcium, but 64 fewer calories per 8-ounce glass.

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Fact Check: LED TVs There seems to be confusion and misinformation about LED TVs. This is a fact-check for those of you who seem to be confused. 1. CCFL (Cold-Cathode Florescent Light) based LCDs won't last 30 to 35 years. This is the same technology used in laptops since the 80's, and under normal use, you will see significant dimming (maybe as much as 50%) within 5 years. If you keep the brightness down and take really good care of it, you might get a couple more years past that. Since they are illuminated by a florescent tube, they have the lifespan of a florescent tube. In some cases, and certainly not a "user-replaceable" process, the CCFL can be replaced, but this would not be cheap or easy to do. 2. Both traditional LCD (CCFL-based) and LED use a Liquid Crystal Display matrix consisting of Red, Green and Blue pixels to construct an image. Some newer LCDs use other colors such as Yellow or Magenta to enhance the color display. In either case, the pixels themselves do not produce light, and must be "back lit" for the viewer to actually see the picture being rendered by the LCD matrix. LED TVs use Light Emitting Diodes for backlighting instead of CCFL backlighting. LEDs are solid-state, require about 1/20th the power of a CCFL, and last for a very long time without dimming. You won't get 30 years out of an LED, but you will definitely get 10. So both of these technologies are really LCD. When we say "LCD", we mean "CCFL-LCD", and when we say "LED", we mean "LED-LCD". 3. The advantages of LED-LCD over CCFL-LCD are: a. They require much less power to operate. Less power means less heat. Less heat means longer life of the electrical components. A plasma TV gives off as much heat as 2-3 people standing in the room, and CCFLs, although more efficient, still require a lot of power and give off much more heat than LED-LCDs. Both of these will help you save money on electricity -- unless you're using your plasma to help heat the basement in winter, in which case your heating bill will go up. b. They weigh much less. This means that they can be mounted more easily, provide more flexibility for location, and don't necessarily require professional installation. If you mount a 200+ lb plasma to the wall, you better make sure it's not going to fall. A 60 lb LED-LCD, however, is easily a 1 person job, and the risk is much lower that you will break the equipment or injure someone. CCFLs are lighter than plasmas, but still weigh double or more compared to an equivalent LED-LCD. c. They last much longer. LEDs are solid-state, and are much less subject to dimming. Traditional incandescent bulbs, including the mercury-vapor projection bulbs used in rear-projection units have parts that literally burn up over time. CCFLs also have parts that erode, wear, or break over time. LEDs are made out of plastic, can't break, and don't wear out. Over time, surge current can erode the light-emitting materials, causing dimming, but you can expect 10+ years out of any LED. d. Newer LED-LCDs have what is called "local-dimming", which is an array of LEDs that provide dynamic back-lighting, effectively dividing the screen up in to many small back-lit squares. This significantly improves contrast ratio, but can produce "blocking" effects, where you see the back-light rather than the LCD pixels. CCFL-LCDs are side-lit, and do not support dimming. 4. There is a technology called Organic Light Emitting Diode or OLED, made from organic materials, and whose pixels emit light directly without a backlight. This technology is new, expensive, and has a short lifespan due to the organic materials that degrade over a few years of use. As OLED improves, it promises to provide significantly more vivid pictures and consume even less power than LED-LCD displays. OLEDs are typically printed on flexible material, and the possibility exists for "panorama" displays similar to what you see in movies. The manufacturing process is not very cost-effective today, and the organic materials break down over 1-2 years, making OLED a very poor investment today, but definitely a technology to watch for tomorrow. Editor's Update December 2012: For a more complete and precise explanation of the pros and cons of LED TVs vs. LCD TVs, please refer to our Plasma vs. LCD vs. LED TVs guide. This takes into account the latest developments in the different TV display technologies to better reflect where each fits best. Click here to view other interesting articles from other great home theater sites.

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A new and powerful satellite has given researchers a way to see into the dark interiors of supernovae. Their observations of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A shed more light on the mechanics of these explosions. “The new Cas A images give us new information about not only the elements that are created in a supernova, but the structure of these giant explosions,” says Stephen Reynolds, North Carolina State University astrophysicist, member of a team of scientists helping interpret data collected by the NuSTAR satellite and co-author of a paper describing the research. “These data will help us refine our models of these explosions to be more consistent with what actually happens when a star explodes.” Much of what astrophysicists have observed from supernovae comes from X-ray imaging of the materials produced in the explosion. However, instruments usually cannot detect these materialsunless they are hot. This poses a problem, as the material from the explosion cools rapidly as it expands. The cool material therefore becomes mostly invisible – at least until it catches up and slams into material ahead of it that has already been forced to slow down by surrounding matter, like a chain-reaction freeway collision. This collision, called a “reverse shock wave,” heats the material around the expanding edge of the supernova, rendering it visible again. Researchers from the California Institute of Technology developed NuSTAR (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray), the first X-ray satellite capable of making true images of more energetic, or “harder” X-rays, including those produced by radioactive titanium. Unlike the X-rays described above, which show material that is hot, radioactive titanium glows in X-rays no matter what, making it visible wherever it is. In a paper published today in Nature Communications, CalTech and Berkeley researchers detail their findings from Cas A. Cas A is a supernova remnant located about 10,000 light years away from earth. It is a Type IIb supernova, meaning that the original star was a red giant about 20 to 25 times the weight of our sun that collapsed after losing most of its hydrogen envelope. Cas A went supernova around 1680 (as observed from Earth), making it the second youngest supernova known in our galaxy – so young that the radioactive titanium formed in the deep interior of the supernova is still decaying and producing X-rays. Previous X-ray readings from Cas A showed a jet of silicon emanating from one side of the blast. Scientists believed that this deforming jet of material pointed to major asymmetry in the supernova’s structure. The more detailed NuSTAR images, however, revealed that this silicon jet was actually just a small deformation. The distribution of radioactive titanium in the interior of Cas A pointed to a more moderately asymmetric structure. This finding in turn confirms a model of supernovae where the matter does not all collapse perfectly inward, but “sloshes” around in a more disorganized way. However, the finding also creates a new puzzle. Theorists believed that titanium and iron are created close to one another in supernovae, but the images produced by NuSTAR show that this is not the case, suggesting that we still have much to learn about these explosions. NuSTAR is a Small Explorer mission led by the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, also in Pasadena, for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The research was funded by NASA. F.A. Harrrison, from CalTech, is the primary investigator. Co-investigators from CalTech include B.W Grefenstette, K.K. Madsen, K. Forster, P.H. Mao, H. Miyasaka and V. Rana. Berkeley co-investigator S.E. Boggs also contributed to the work. Note to editors: An abstract of the paper follows. “Asymmetries in core collapse supernovae revealed by maps of radioactive titanium in Cas A” Authors:B. W. Grefenstette, F. A. Harrison, K. K. Madsen, K. Forster, P. H. Mao, H. Miyasaka, V. Rana, California Institute of Technology; S. E. Boggs, A. Zoglauer, W. W. Craig, University of California, Berkeley; S. P. Reynolds, NC State University; et al Published: Nature Communications Asymmetry is required by most numerical simulations of stellar core collapse explosions, however the nature differs significantly among models. The spatial distribution of radioactive 44Ti, synthesized in an exploding star near the boundary between material falling back onto the collapsing core and that ejected into the surrounding medium, directly probes the explosion asymmetries. Cassiopeia A is a young, nearby, core-collapse remnant from which 44Ti emission has previously been detected, but not imaged. Asymmetries in the explosion have been indirectly inferred from a high ratio of observed 44Ti emission to that estimated from 56Ni, from optical light echoes, and by jet-like features seen in the X-ray and optical ejecta. Here we report on the spatial maps and spectral properties of 44Ti in Cassiopeia A. We find the 44Ti to be distributed non-uniformly in the un-shocked interior of the remnant. This may explain the unexpected lack of correlation between the 44Ti and iron X-ray emission, the latter only being visible in shock heated material. The observed spatial distribution rules out symmetric explosions even with a high level of convective mixing, as well as highly asymmetric bipolar explosions resulting from a fast rotating progenitor. Instead, these observations provide strong evidence for the development of low-mode convective instabilities in core-collapse supernovae.

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SHS (Self-propagating High-temperature Synthetic process) ceramic lined steel pipe and elbow create a new generation of abrasion and corrosion resistant engineering pipeline.The composite steel pipe is composed of three layers: ceramic, intermediate, and steel layers. The ceramic layer is formed by molten alumina at a temperature above 2500 degree. The molten alumina produced from the reaction Fe2O3+2Al=2Fe+Al2O3 spreads on the inside wall of the steel pipe under the influence of a centrifugal force, then solidifies, so the ceramic layer has high density and smooth surface and bonds to the steel pipe. Abrasion Resistant Ceramic Lined Pipes have been uniformly produced by a thermite reaction induced under the influence of a centrifugal force ("Centrifugal Thermite Process") without any high-temperature furnace facilities. The characteristic feature of the present process for forming uniform ceramic layers is in its reaction propagation as well as the reaction heat and centrifugal force. It is very important in improving the quality of the ceramic lined pipes to find the proper conditions of the reactant and centrifugal force; the former mainly determines the produced ceramic layer quality and the latter the achievement of layer separation and the mechanical properties of the pipes. Ceramic lined tube has great resistance against corrosion, abrasion and thermal shock. Features and Advantages: 1). High Abrasion Resistant: Vickers hardness of the corundum lining is HV1100 to1500, as high as that of tungsten-cobalt hard alloys, and the abrasion resistance is 20 times as carbon steel pipes. The composite ceramic lined steel elbow was used in a mining plant for about fifty thousands hours. The general service life of common steel elbow is about 700 hours. 2). Corrosion Resistant: Corundum is a neutral material, and is acid-proof and fouling -free. 3). Heat Resistant: Ceramic lined composite steel pipe can work under circumstances of -50 to 800 Celsius degree . 4). Lower Weight and Convenient Installation: The ceramic lined steel pipes are lighter than alloy pipes, cast iron pipes, and cast stone pipes and can be welded or connected through flanges, which reduces the expense of transportation and makes the pipes easier to install. For the pipes with the same sizes, types and length, the weight of ceramic pipe is about 1/2 of the wearable cast alloy steel pipe's, while the cost has reduced 10%~20% per meter. The weight of ceramic lined steel pipe is about 1/3 of the cast stone bent pipe's, 1/2 of the cast stone straight pipe's. 5). Lower Cost : Ceramic lined pipes can take place of expensive stainless steel, titanium, nickel, cast stone or alloy pipes. Extended service life can also reduce maintenance cost. Tube diameters:50 to 1020mm Elbow angle: 22.5, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150 degrees, etc. Three way pipes: Y shaped, Y lateral and other special shapes Four way pipes: straight cross, reducing cross. Ceramic lining thickness (including transition layer): 3 to 8mm Contact Name: Sum Xu Company Name: Sunny Steel Enterprise Ltd. Street Address: No. 273, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200081, China Member name: sunnysteel Member Since: 16 August 2010 Total Leads: 74 sunnysteel Import Export Business Leads Business focus: Seamless Tubes, Welded Pipe, Alloy Tube, Stainless Pipes, Abrasion Resistant Pipe, Fittings, Flange, Pipe Valves Verify: Safe Import Export Tips

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Most of us have heard the adage: “You are what you eat.” Now in a new study, the true extent of this sentiment has been revealed. Over the years we have found that we are more than just a product of our genes, and we know that the environment also plays a massive role in shaping who we are. Researchers from the University of Cambridge have established that practically all of our genes may be influenced by the food we eat. According to a University of Cambridge news release: “The study, carried out in yeast — which can be used to model some of the body’s fundamental processes — shows that while the activity of our genes influences our metabolism, the opposite is also true, and the nutrients available to cells influence our genes.” While the study focused on yeast cells, the findings are likely to have implications for humans. It has shown us how our metabolism and gene expression are intertwined in a way not seen before. The international team of researchers, led by Dr. Markus Ralser at the University of Cambridge and the Francis Crick Institute, London, manipulated the levels of important metabolites — the products of metabolic reactions — in the yeast cells, and examined how this affected the behavior of the genes and the molecules they produced, the University wrote. “Almost nine out of ten genes and their products were affected by changes in cellular metabolism.” Dr. Ralser said in a statement: “Cellular metabolism plays a far more dynamic role in the cells than we previously thought. Nearly all of a cell’s genes are influenced by changes to the nutrients they have access to. “In fact, in many cases the effects were so strong, that changing a cell’s metabolic profile could make some of its genes behave in a completely different manner. “The classical view is that genes control how nutrients are broken down into important molecules, but we’ve shown that the opposite is true, too: how the nutrients break down affects how our genes behave.” According to the researchers, the findings, which were published in the journal, Nature Microbiology, may have wide-ranging implications, like how we respond to certain drugs. In cancers, for example, tumor cells develop multiple genetic mutations, which change the metabolic network within the cells. This, in turn, could affect the behavior of the genes, and may explain why some drugs fail to work for some individuals, the University writes. Dr. Ralser explains: “Another important aspect of our findings is a practical one for scientists. Biological experiments are often not reproducible between laboratories, and we often blame sloppy researchers for that. “It appears, however, that small metabolic differences can change the outcomes of the experiments. We need to establish new laboratory procedures that control better for differences in metabolism. This will help us to design better and more reliable experiments.”

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I wanted to find out where the aluminium in my beer can came from. And I ended up in Gladstone in Queensland, Australia, one of the greenhouse-gas emissions hubs of the world. Smelting aluminium is one of the most energy-hungry industrial activities on the planet. It uses 2% of the world's electricity. In Gladstone, one of the world's biggest mining companies extracts the metal from the ore bauxite. This is mined across the state at Weipa, where 10% of the world's bauxite is stripped from land that used to be native bush. Most aluminium smelters use hydroelectricity. But Rio Tinto gets its power from a 30-year-old power station in the town that burns cheap Queensland coal. In Gladstone, the bauxite arrives by barges which thread their way around the Great Barrier Reef. First it is refined into aluminium oxide – alumina. Then the alumina goes to one of three giant smelting halls, each 900 metres long. Stepping into an aluminium smelter is like going back to an earlier industrial era. "The Hall-Herout smelting process is virtually unchanged since it was invented in the 1880s," production manager Alan Milne told me. The process heats the alumina to almost 1000° C and then subjects it to an immense electric current delivered through thousands of carbon anodes, each weighing more than one tonne. The current strips the oxygen from the alumina and combines it with the carbon from the anodes. Result: pure aluminium ingots and a great deal of carbon dioxide gas. Combining the CO2 emissions from the smelting and the 900 megawatts of coal-fired power needed to sustain the process, you get 17 tonnes of CO2 for every tonne of aluminium. That's 270 grammes of CO2 per aluminium drinks can. Gladstone makes enough aluminium for almost 40 billion cans a year – six for every person on the planet. In doing that, it emits 10 million tonnes of CO2 a year – as much as a typical European city of one million people. Besides using one-fifth of the Queensland state's electricity, around the world, Rio Tinto smelters use one-sixth of New Zealand's power, a quarter of Tasmania's and a tenth of Wales's. Not surprisingly, Rio Tinto is growing worried about its CO2 emissions. They don't fit well with its new environmentally- and socially-aware image. And even though Australia is currently a Kyoto refusenik, the company reckons the government will soon sign up to future emissions reduction targets. So what is it doing? Last year it announced plans to build a new smelter in Abu Dhabi, powered by natural gas. Rio Tinto is not alone. As its managing director pointed out: "The Middle East is fast becoming a key region in the global aluminium smelting business." Why so? It's a no-brainer. As the company's head of climate change told me when I asked about the new geography of aluminium smelting: "Abu Dhabi is outside the Kyoto protocol." It has no emissions targets. Silly me. But don't despair. There could be salvation for the aluminium business. Its green credentials are not as bogus as you might imagine. Guess why. Answer in my next blog in a fortnight.Fred Pearce, senior environment correspondent Fred's previous footprints: Jeans from Dhaka, Where prawns meet the mafia, How fair is fair-trade coffee?, The cost of gold, Old phones offer new hope in Africa , A dollar a day for wrecked lungs , Green beans and old computers , Cottoning on to FairTrade

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