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Difference between Pediatrician and Family Doctor Almost every family has a family doctor that they routinely go to whenever a family member is ill. For families with young children however, a pediatrician is equally important. How do these two health professionals differ and what are their relative advantages and disadvantages? This comparison article explains everything. Pediatricians are medical doctors that specialize in the care and treatment of babies and young children. All pediatricians have gone through the required four years of medical school, but they should have had to go through three years of specialty training in pediatrics as well. Pediatricians will also have had to pass through a rigid qualifying exam in order to be board certified. Family doctors are health professionals that have had to go through the requisite four years of medical school as well, and three additional years of specialty training, but this time in general family health care. In addition, they will have had to undergo 150 hours of further education every three years. Training and Qualifications In addition to the aforementioned educational requirements, pediatricians will have to pass a board exam given by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Much of their additional training focuses on health care for people below 21 years of age. The clinics of these professionals as well as the personnel that staff them will be more focused on the needs of younger patients as well. In addition to the previously educational training, family doctors will have to pass a board exam given by the American Academy Of Family Physicians. These professionals are trained in providing health care to people of all ages. One of the most significant advantages of pediatricians is that they specialize only in children. This means that they are generally more familiar with health issues that children go through, and they are often better able to answer questions regarding the concerns of new parents. As for the family doctor, the most important advantage is that they are familiar with a broader range of illnesses, since they have been trained to care for adults as well as children. In addition, they are more likely to be familiar with all there members of your family, which may be beneficial in cases wherein a specific illness occurs in more than one family member. One of the potential disadvantages with a pediatrician is that he or she is less likely to recognize illnesses that are rooted in family history. The family doctor for his part has the disadvantage of having less experience in pediatrics than pediatricians. This may be an issue for first time parents, and those with specific concerns related to their children. Similarities and Differences - Medical doctors that specialize in the care and treatment of babies and young children - Have gone through the required four years of medical school and three years of specialty training in pediatrics - Have gone through four years of medical school and three additional years of specialty training in general family health care - Have to undergo 150 hours of further education every three years

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What is URI? URI : Uniform Resource Indicator. Used to access or send data in Android. Just like how we access the data stored in the web servers by using URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), Similarly we send or receive data in Android by using URI's Some of the examples for URI's: for telephone numbers we use "tel:<number>" for content stored in databases we use "content:// ...." for emails we use "email: <email>" This is similar to how we access gmail by using "http://gmail.com" Back To Top

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The OCO (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) provides space-based observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the principal anthropogenic driver of climate change. This mission uses mature technologies to address NASA's highest priority carbon cycle measurement requirement. OCO generates the knowledge needed to improve projections of future atmospheric CO2. The Observatory carries a single instrument that incorporates three classical grating spectrometers. Each spectrometer detects the intensity of radiation within a very specific narrow band at Near Infrared (NIR) wavelengths. The three spectrometers share a common structure, a cryogenic cooler, and an input telescope. The telescope consists of an 11 cm aperture, as well as a primary and a secondary mirror. The relay optics assembly includes a fold mirrors, dichromic beam splitters, band isolation filters and re-imaging mirrors. Each spectrometer consists of a slit, a two-lens collimator, a grating, and a two-lens camera. Each of the three spectrometers has an essentially identical layout. Minor differences among the spectrometers, such as the coatings, the lenses and the gratings, account for the different bandpasses that are characteristic of each channel. The focal ratios of the instrument optics range from f/1.6 to f/1.9. To implement an optically fast, high-spectral-resolution measurement system, the OCO instrument combines refractive and reflective optical techniques. Since the light in the common telescope and relay optics assembly has not yet been separated into the three distinct wavelength bands, these instrument subsystems primarily use reflective optics. On the other hand, the extremely narrow channel bandpasses make potential chromatic aberrations in the spectrometers negligible, which enables the use of refractive optics. To provide the mission with additional flexibility, the Observatory will acquire data in three different measurement modes. In Nadir Mode, the instrument views the ground directly below the spacecraft. In Glint Mode, the instrument tracks near the location where sunlight is directly reflected on the Earth's surface. Glint Mode enhances the instrument's ability to acquire highly accurate measurements, particularly over the ocean. In Target Mode, the instrument views a specified surface target continuously as the satellite passes overhead. Target Mode provides the capability to collect a large number of measurements over sites where alternative ground based and airborne instruments also measure atmospheric CO2. The OCO satellite was lost during launch as the payload fairing did not jettison. The replacement OCO-2 will be based on OCO to the extent possible. OCO-2 will be a dedicated spacecraft that carries a single instrument comprised of three high resolution grating spectrometers. The spacecraft will also be based upon the LeoStar-2 architecture. For OCO-2, also a Taurus-3110 launch vehicle has been selected, but has been dropped since, as NASA demands a recertification after another launch failure. NASA plans to develop and assemble spare materials from the successful development and launch of the OCO-2 in 2014 and host the OCO-3 instrument on the International Space Station or another space-based platform. |Type / Application:||Earth Science| |Contractors:||Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC)| |Equipment:||3 grating spectrometers| |Power:||2 deployable solar arrays, batteries| |Orbit:||708 km × 710 km, 98.21° (#2)| |OCO (ESSP 5)||2009-F01||24.02.2009||Va 576E||F||Taurus-3110| |OCO 2||2014-035A||02.07.2014||Va SLC-2W||Delta-7320-10C|

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How does Robert gray enable the reader to shape the speakers discovery and it’s concequences in “Flames and Dangling wire”?. The impact of a discovery can be far reaching and transformative for an individual and a broader society. As conveyed in Robert Gray’s poem, “Flames and Dangling Wire”, the audience is invited to discover both the grim experiences at a rubbish dump and in turn uncover the frightful vision of carelessness and environmental degradation in our world. From stanza one, we as an audience are presented with an the visual imagery of an ever burning rubbish dump. As a society, we are lead to believe that harsh environmental impacts are out of our reach, due to the far distance between us and the problem. From this oblivious mindset, we are often provoked to ignore the negative connotations, that we as humans are having on our earth, from simply being swept up in a daze of ignorance. From stanza one, we are introduced to see our world through a different perspective. We are placed mid action, in a scene where the protagonist is driving to a rubbish dump from the concrete jungle city. The protagonist is in turn, travelling from the familiar into the unfamiliar over the metaphorical border, which in turn enables him to rediscover and discover aspects of himself and in turn his surroundings. From stanza one, we are presented with an image of the distance between the rubbish dump always burning and the city, “driven like stakes into the earth..behind us”. This portraying that our waste is not in foreign locations, but in turn closer than we ever dare thought, like a predator slowly crawling towards its prey. In stanza 2, we are confronted with visual imagery of “Fog over the hot sun”. Unclear, and unable to see our true source of light, Gray references both our destruction of natural elements in life and in turn the suspension in horror films, where the moon is blanketed by a heap of clouds, to allow the true monsters to come out in the dark of night. In this situation, we are the “shadowy figures”, however we are not only out in the dark but also during the day. Further on in stanza 3 of the 7 line stanza, Gray introduces us to a hellish imagery. “Forking over rubbish on the dampened fires”, we as an audience are immediately engaged, due to the rubbish personifying us as people, being thrown into the fires by our own enemy “The devil”.

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Practicing and sharing a neoaboriginal lifeway—a synthesis of the experience and wisdom accrued over the past seven million years with evidence from contemporary scientific research—to foster awareness, connection, health, and self-reliance. Welcome to the web site of Arthur Haines and the Delta Institute of Natural History, a source for wild food and medicine instruction, primitive living skills mentoring, New England plant taxonomy and nomenclature, and natural history lessons. A major focus of the Delta Institute of Natural History is developing self-reliance that promotes awareness and eco-conscientiousness. This necessitates drawing on technologies that were first perfected many millennia ago, in some cases, prior to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a species. These technologies, often referred to as primitive skills or ancestral life ways, are the only technologies that have demonstrated they are sustainable. Further, they nourished and healed the body, produced a healthy and vital next generation, and promoted connection to the landscape (rather than distinction from). These outcomes were accomplished through an education system that fostered the development of important human characteristics, beginning with the perfection of nature-based skills, and progressing to thoughtful practices, ceremony, and, ultimately, service beyond self. Connect with the Delta Institute to understand how these skills are effective, timely, and rejuvenative.

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By submitting your personal information, you agree that TechTarget and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers. The NEC supercomputer, comprising 30 NEC SX-6 nodes, will be built in the Met Office's new purpose-built offices in Exeter in two major phases, said Joerg Stadler, NEC spokesman for the European Supercomputer Systems division. The first phase of the installation is expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2003, Stadler said. The NEC supercomputer will be capable of doing eight billion calculations per second on a single processor, and will have eight processors per node, or cabinet, with a total of 240 processors, Stadler said. Each node is capable of 64 billion calculations per second, a capacity that can be further increased when the nodes are connected together, Stadler said. "What NEC is building is a very specialised tool with custom-built erector processors for number crunching. It is a totally NEC-designed system, the largest we have built outside of Japan," Stadler added. The Met Office focuses on global weather and weather forecasts, as well as environmental sciences, such as hydrology and oceanography, and looks into the impacts of the weather on the environment, according to its Web site. The NEC supercomputer will replace the Met Office's two specialised supercomputers, both Cray T3Es, and will be six times more powerful than the two Cray computers combined, Stadler said. The computer upgrade will allow the Met Office to use higher-resolution models with improved computational and physical processing, allowing for increased accuracy in both short-term and long-term weather forecasts, the Met Office said. "The computer will gather data from weather stations from all over the world at very high speeds and will quickly be able to predict how the atmosphere will behave. The high-throughput performance of the SX-6 series comes from using the highest speed dynamic RAM (DRAM) available and large-scale integrated circuit (LSI) technology, both of which are state of the art," Stadler said. Last month, NEC's Earth Simulator supercomputer was named by the 17th International Supercomputer Conference in Germany, as the world's fastest supercomputer. The Earth Simulator is capable of 35 teraflops, or 25 million calculations per second and knocked last year's number one, IBM's Asci White (capable of seven teraflops per second), into second place. It was developed with the Japan Marine Science and Technology Federation to make predictions about the future of the earth's climate and crust. "There is no doubt, IBM is clearly our largest competitor in the supercomputer market and though Compaq has been making some powerful systems, it has always been a NEC-IBM battle. But I do admit, IBM has the most supercomputer systems actually out on the market," Stadler said. According to Stadler, what sets NEC and IBM apart is the different philosophies the companies hold about supercomputing. "We use specialised computers whereas IBM uses general purpose computers for supercomputing. As a result, the peak theoretical performance at any one time of an IBM supercomputer is 5% to 10% while for NEC it is 30% to 60%. That means the price performance is better on our machines," Stadler said. The cost of the Met Office supercomputer includes hardware, support on the software side and maintenance. Stadler expects installation will require an on-site hardware crew of three NEC employees, though that has yet to be finalised. When the final upgrade is completed in 2004, the NEC supercomputer will be 12.5 times more powerful than what the Met Office uses now, Stadler said.

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1. A river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine. 4. A large fleet. 10. Inquire about. 13. The 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. 14. Wet through and through. 15. Aircraft landing in bad weather in which the pilot is talked down by ground control using precision approach radar. 16. Two items of the same kind. 17. Something that is a source of danger. 18. Thigh of a hog (usually smoked). 19. Any plant of the genus Erica. 21. A religious belief of African origin involving witchcraft and sorcery. 23. An imaginary elephant that appears in a series of French books for children. 24. Tall perennial herb of tropical Asia with dark green leaves. 26. Toward the mouth or oral region. 28. Any member of Athapaskan tribes that migrated to the southwestern desert (from Arizona to Texas and south into Mexico). 32. An anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events and characterized by such symptoms as guilt about surviving or reliving the trauma in dreams or numbness and lack of involvement with reality or recurrent thoughts and images. 34. A radioactive element of the actinide series. 36. A sweet filling made of prunes or apricots. 37. A soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group. 38. A gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary. 39. Title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey). 42. Any of several small ungulate mammals of Africa and Asia with rodent-like incisors and feet with hooflike toes. 44. Cubes of meat marinated and cooked on a skewer usually with vegetables. 47. Green algae common in freshwater lakes of limestone districts. 51. (botany) Of or relating to the axil. 54. (Babylonian) God of storms and wind. 55. A condition (mostly in boys) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders. 58. Type genus of the Majidae. 59. A long thin fluffy scarf of feathers or fur. 60. A male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign). 62. A period of time spent sleeping. 63. Slender bristlelike appendage found on the bracts of grasses. 64. A large Yoruba city in southwestern Nigeria. 65. A loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 1. A unit of dry measure used in Egypt. 2. (Zoroastrianism) Title for benevolent deities. 3. South African shrub having flat acuminate leaves and yellow flowers. 4. The capital of Eritrea. 5. Fish eggs or egg-filled ovary. 6. The mansion of the lord of the manor. 7. Jordan's port. 8. Numbered or proceeding by tens. 9. A sweetened beverage of diluted fruit juice. 10. Title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey). 11. A fraudulent business scheme. 12. God of love and erotic desire. 20. One of a set of small pieces of stiff paper marked in various ways and used for playing games or for telling fortunes. 22. An accidental hole that allows something (fluid or light etc.) to enter or escape. 25. A medicinal drug used to evoke vomiting (especially in cases of drug overdose or poisoning). 27. Small European freshwater fish with a slender bluish-green body. 29. A sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain. 30. An ugly evil-looking old woman. 31. A period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event. 33. A hard gray lustrous metallic element that is highly corrosion-resistant. 35. A soft silver-white ductile metallic element (liquid at normal temperatures). 40. A port city in southwestern Iran. 41. A room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter. 43. Adopted in order to deceive. 45. Hinge joint between the forearm and upper arm and the corresponding joint in the forelimb of a quadruped. 46. A sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together muscles and organs etc. 47. A loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 48. A city in southern Turkey on the Seyhan River. 49. The seventh month of the Moslem calendar. 50. (Babylonian) A demigod or first man. 52. An aggressive remark directed at a person like a missile and intended to have a telling effect. 53. Port city in northwestern Belgium and industrial center. 56. An index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer. 57. South American wood sorrel cultivated for its edible tubers. 61. Half the width of an em.

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Some cite elevated rates of obesity and rising maternal age, which both increase the C-section risk. Nor do these studies address the structural and systematic issues that contribute to obesity, such as poverty and stress. According to new figures, the scale of the obesity crisis in the UK has been underestimated. The ‘obesity Epidemic’ Hits Coachella So do ‘Regis and the Philbins’ and several other made-up bands. This highly successful program reduces both hunger and obesity, and has prevented more than 500,000 babies from dying at birth. He was now nearly sixty, wearied by adversity, and a sufferer from gout and obesity. But bear in mind that obesity and stoutness are not synonymous terms. They were of an eagle-brown colour, and many of them appeared well conditioned, even to obesity. The Polynesian is more subject to obesity than the Melanesian. It is to this period, we suppose, we must refer his testimony to his own obesity in his "Epistle to my Lady Coventry." obesity o·be·si·ty (ō-bē'sĭ-tē) The condition of being obese; increased body weight caused by excessive accumulation of fat.

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World Health Organization Calls for Drug Decriminalization and Broad Drug Policy Reforms Recommendations Also Include Harm Reduction Measures and Banning Compulsory Treatment Statement from Ethan Nadelmann: U.S. Drug Policy Should Reflect WHO’s Health-Based Recommendations In a report published earlier this month, the World Health Organization (WHO) made a clear call for broad drug policy reforms, including decriminalization of drug use, harm reduction practices such as syringe exchange and opioid substitution therapy, and a ban on compulsory treatment for people who use drugs. This report by the United Nations’ leading health agency focuses on best practices to prevent, diagnose and treat HIV among key populations. “It’s good to see the WHO come out so strongly for decriminalizing drugs and rejecting compulsory treatment for people who use drugs,’ said Ethan Nadelmann, Executive Director of the Drug Policy Alliance. “Its recommendations, grounded as they are in science and public health, drive home the need for fundamental reforms in U.S. drug policies, in particular the growing reliance on drug courts to ‘treat’ people arrested for drug possession.” In a section titled “Good practice recommendations concerning decriminalization”, the WHO report makes the following recommendations: - Countries should work toward developing policies and laws that decriminalize injection and other use of drugs and, thereby, reduce incarceration. - Countries should work toward developing policies and laws that decriminalize the use of clean needles and syringes (and that permit NSPs [needle and syringe programmes]) and that legalize OST [opioid substitution therapy] for people who are opioid-dependent. - Countries should ban compulsory treatment for people who use and/or inject drugs. This follows on the heels of a report released in March by a key working group of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) discouraging criminal sanctions for drug use. The recommendations of the working group – which included Nora Volkow, head of the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) – highlight that “criminal sanctions are not beneficial” in addressing the spectrum of drug use and misuse. In 2016, the United Nations General Assembly will hold a special session on drugs (UNGASS) – an initiative proposed in 2012 by the then-president of Mexico, Felipe Calderon – in order to conduct a comprehensive review of the successes and failures of international drug control policy. Whereas the previous UNGASS in 1998 was dominated by rhetorical calls for a “drug-free world” and concluded with unrealistic goals regarding illicit drug production, the forthcoming UNGASS will undoubtedly be shaped by recommendations such as those in the WHO report. Last year, Uruguay followed on the heels of Colorado and Washington State and became the first country to legally regulate marijuana for recreational purposes. In June, the West Africa Commission on Drugs, initiated by former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan and chaired by former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasango, called for drug decriminalization and for treating drug use as a health issue. This was followed by an announcement by the Jamaican Minister of Justice that the Jamaican Cabinet had approved a proposal to decriminalize the possession of up to two ounces of marijuana and the decriminalization of marijuana use for religious, scientific and medical purposes. And earlier this month, the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), agreed to establish a commission to review marijuana policy in the region in order to assess the need for reforms to marijuana laws. The WHO recommendations are consistent with the long-standing policy objectives and mission of the Drug Policy Alliance, as well as with a surprisingly broad and rapidly-emerging coalition of stakeholders who are calling for drug decriminalization, including the American Public Health Association, International Red Cross, Organization of American States, NAACP, Human Rights Watch, National Latino Congreso, and the Global Commission on Drug Policy. Contact: Tony Newman (646) 335-5384 or Hannah Hetzer (917) 701-7060

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According to Chris Goodall in the new edition of ‘How to live a low carbon life’, a typical electric kettle uses a surprising amount of energy – about 150 Kwh/year. That is about 4% of the total electricity consumed in the home.(1) The problem of overfilling “If everybody boiled just the amount of water they needed for just one day, we could save enough energy to light every street lamp in the UK the following night.” Go Make a Difference(2) People often boil about twice as much water as they need and many kettles only boil a minimum of half a litre or more.(5) Kettles which help people use the right amount of water are therefore a step forward. The ECO Kettle, for example, has two compartments and you can release as little as one cup of water from one compartment to the other to be boiled. The Breville Hot Cup and Tefal Quick Cup are ‘hot water dispensers’ which also limit the amount of water that you boil at one time. Increasingly other electric kettles are being marketed as ‘Energy Efficient’ or ‘Energy Saving’ because they have a water level indicator that helps you to boil only a cupful at a time. Most new kettles now have 3kW heating elements rather than 2kW. Although this means that boiling a litre of water will use the same amount of energy, it will be one minute quicker. There is therefore less incentive not to overfill the kettle so as to reduce the boiling time. On the plus side, most electric kettles now have heating elements which are concealed by a stainless steel plate. This means you can put in just what you need rather than having to make sure you’ve covered the element. Another reason why we overfill new kettles is their shape, according to Chris Goodall.(1) The current fashion is for jug kettles to no longer be cylindrical but wider at the bottom which means that the minimum fill is greater. Chris Goodall argues that it’s important to fill your kettle accurately, de-scale it regularly to keep it energy efficient and boil it only once. Kettles with variable temperature settings will also save energy. Herbal teas and fresh coffee are meant to taste better when made with water just below boiling point. Morphy Richards’ Ecolectric and Intelliboil kettles and the ECO3 Kettle all have variable temperature settings. Green Electric Kettles - All the ECO Kettle models and the Tefal Quick Cup are Energy Saving Trust recommended. - ECO3 Kettle and Morphy Richards’ Intelliboil kettles both have variable temperature control and one cup water level indicator. Gas hob kettles According to Chris Goodall, in terms of carbon emissions and expense, the best option is a whistling kettle on a gas hob as the table below shows. The saving is however not a great one: an average household would only save £10 a year and 30kg of CO2.(1) The cost of boiling water ||amount used to boil 1 litre (kWh) ||price per kWh (p) ||cost per litre of boiled water (p) ||CO2 emitted per boiled litre (kg) Pit falls to avoid with gas hob kettles are: - Electric kettles turn themselves off, whilst hob kettles can be left boiling. It is possible to minimise this by getting a whistling kettle to alert you. - Some heat can be wasted up the sides of the kettle if not placed correctly. But this heat won’t be ‘wasted’ in the winter as it will help heat your home. - It is usually much harder to gauge how much you are filling a hob kettle – they don’t seem to come with water level guides. It seems the manufacturers have missed a trick here that their electric competitors have already cottoned on to. Green hob kettles Bodum make a glass kettle called Clara which means you can see how much you are putting in. Recycling and Disposal An electrical item can be recycled if it has a plug, uses batteries, needs charging or has the crossed out wheelie bin logo on it. If you have any small electrical items that fit the bill, find out where your nearest recycling centre is from the Recycle Now website or contact your local council. You can even arrange for your old equipment to be collected which some councils do for free. The WEEE Directive means that retailers and manufacturers have to either pay towards electrical recycling facilities at a council site or offer a service themselves. Ask whether they will take away your old item if you get a new one delivered from them, or whether you can bring it into the shop or send it back to the manufacturer for recycling. There are lots of other ways to dispose of those unused and unwanted electrical items that are tucked away in our drawers and cupboards. Electricals that are in good working order can be donated to selected branches of Cancer Research UK, Oxfam and British Heart Foundation. However, the British Heart Foundation and Cancer Research UK are two of a number of charities that conduct or fund medical test on animals, according to Animal Aid.(7) The Furniture Reuse Network has an interactive map which will find your nearest re-use charity, and many of these will take electrical goods. There is also the option of donating them to someone else through sites such as Freecycle. Did you know? Three out of every four of us have at least one old or unused electrical item in our home which could be recycled to help save precious resources.(8) Many of these items contain plastics and metals that can be recycled to make new products. For example, just one toaster can provide enough steel to make 25 new cans.(8) Supply chain policies A poor showing as per usual for the electrical equipment industry. Manufacture in the Far East is the norm and many of the bigger companies in this report (Siemens, Philips and Panasonic) have been criticised for using subcontractors there that have abused workers’ rights. For example, the following problems were detected at a Philips’ supplier factory in China: - Workers were not always allowed to resign unless the company were able to recruit new employees. - Wages were low and, after deductions for meals and dormitory fees, were often below the stipulated minimum wage. Even 50 hours of monthly overtime was not always enough to bring in enough money to cover daily expenditures. - The factory had a union, but according to interviewed workers it often favoured the management’s interest. - Some workers mentioned compulsory overtime. - Others complained that they sometimes had to stand for an entire 11 hours shift, and as a result of high productivity quotas, found it difficult to get pauses for short rests. - In addition wages were found to be docked even for minor offences. Although none of the top scorers in this report have been name checked in any critical reports, they are likely to be using subcontractors with similar problems. And if they don’t even have a supply chain policy, there is no evidence that this is even a concern for them. None of the top overall scorers had a policy or, in most cases, any mention at all of workers’ rights at supplier companies. Because we find this unacceptable, we have recommended companies lower down in the tables in our Best Buys. Home Retail Group (Argos and Cookworks) and John Lewis just miss getting our best rating for supply chain policy because of their lack of detail about independent auditing. Bialetti did not have a formal supply chain policy but did state that its coffee makers were made in Italy. The failure of the better scoring companies to have adequate supply chain policies means that none of the companies are currently eligible for our Best Buy label. Only ECO Kettle and Philips get our best rating for environmental reporting. Of the rest of the companies, it is the big players and poor overall scorers that do best and get a middle rating – John Lewis, Bosch/Siemens, Procter & Gamble, Home Retail and Panasonic. Animal rights group Uncaged lead a global consumer boycott of Procter & Gamble in protest at their continued use of animals in cruel and deadly toxicity tests for the sake of cosmetics and cleaning products. Rutland Partners, a UK private equity firm, owns the small domestic appliance brands which include Breville, Hinari, Bush and Dirt Devil. It says that its products are manufactured by third party suppliers in the Far East but there was no mention of a supply chain policy for workers’ rights. German companies Bosch and Siemens have a joint venture for domestic appliances. Robert Bosch is owned by a charitable foundation. Siemens constructs all sorts of power plants including nuclear and fossil fuel fired ones. There is a boycott of Siemens for supplying oil company Total with gas turbines in Burma. Japanese company Panasonic supplies meters and monitoring equipment to the nuclear industry. It came 6th out of 18 in Greenpeace’s latest ranking of electronics companies’ policies on toxics, recycling and climate change. It also appears in the Solar Panels report in this issue. Since the introduction of the ECO Kettle, Product Creation Ltd has concentrated on the design of energy saving products for the home. However, their website stated that the company’s ECO Kettle was manufactured in China – “the very best in European design together with the economic benefits of manufacturing in China”. We could not find any mention of safeguarding workers’ rights at supplier companies. The BODUM Group is a 100% family-owned business based in Switzerland. Today, it is owned by the daughter and son of the founder Peter Bodum and produces coffee presses (aka cafetières), teapots and electric kettles. The Italian company Bialetti has production plants in Italy, India, Turkey and Romania. It says its coffee makers are made in Italy where it manufactures the iconic Moka Express stove top espresso maker which was invented in 1933. It has patented a sound system for its Moka and Dama models which warns you when the coffee is ready. Silampos is a Portuguese company which owns the UK Judge and Stellar brands which are all stainless steel and come with a 25 year and lifetime guarantee respectively. La Cafetière is owned by the Welsh Greenfield Group which also owns a company that makes explosion prevention systems for industries such as oil, gas and petrochemicals – hence its Climate Change mark. La Cafetière distributes Bialetti products in the UK. US company Spectrum Brands not only owns Russell Hobbs but also Rayovac and Varta batteries, Remington shavers and several pet food companies. 1. How to live a low carbon life – Chris Goodall (Earthscan 2010) 2. Go make a difference – over 500 daily ways to save the planet (Think Publishing, 2006) 3. How bad are bananas? - the carbon footprint of everything: Mike Berners-Lee (Profile Books 2010) 4. Which? April 2010 5. The Guardian - 7th March 2008 6. Ms Harris’s Book of Green Household Management – Caroline Harris (John Murray, 2009) 7. Health Charities and Animal Testing – Animal Aid website 8. Recycle Now website 9. Burma Campaign Dirty List July 2010 10. Hoovers website May 2009 11. SOMO report - “Philips Electronics. Overview of controversial business practices in 2008”

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Bald Eagle Laying & Hatching Sequences Monday, April 06 2015 @ 07:12 PM EDT Contributed by: davidh Hi All: RE use of words '"synchronized" vs "asynchronized" to define Bald Eagle laying & hatching sequences. I don't think I would ever have chosen these words for defining the laying and hatching sequence of an individual pair of eagles. Bald Eagles generally lay their 2 or 3 eggs 3 days apart. After the mean 36 days of incubation then each egg would hatch 3 days after the previous egg. However, that assumes the female initiated incubation with the laying of the 1st egg. If the female did not initiate incubation until the clutch was finished then the eggs would all have a similar start date for embryonic development and for hatching. This latter example is customary for precocial species like wood ducks or geese whose broods need to all leave the nest together and follow mom. I do not consider that Bald eagles closely "synchronize" their egg laying. Adjacent pairs can be a month apart. On the other hand many eagle pairs precisely repeat, year after year, the same seasonality -- arriving back from migration, laying first egg etc. on the same or near same day. The adjacent pair is more likely to be 2 - 5 weeks different than synchronous with its neighbor. Many raptors have a different strategy. Generally they initiate incubation with the laying of the first egg so the chicks hatch at the same delayed period as they were laid - in eagles about 3 days apart. One of the big debates in biology is why have many species of predators evolved a system that often results in sibling mortality of the later hatched chicks? Starting incubation with the 1st egg insures protection of the 1st egg against predation by passing ravens. An alternative argument, particularly among those species that lay many eggs, is that this is "the species" insurance policy to facilitate large survivability during years of food abundance but gives further assurance during years of low food supply that the oldest chick(s) who are dominant get sufficient food to survive. In the years of low food availability only one or a few of the chicks survive by being the "food bullies" while the smaller last hatching chicks quickly wither and die. In other words the species decision has been it is better to raise 1 or 2 chicks than have everybody die of simultaneous starvation. The eagles have generally evolved a slight modification on the above strategies. While wilderness eagles along the British Columbia coast generally initiate incubation with the 1st egg, we have recently seen our "urbanized eagles" show a slight modification. These urban-suburban eagles seem to have modified their strategy. They sometimes seem to "partially cover the 1st egg" (offering protection from ravens?) yet don't seem to sit so tightly or consistently during the period between the 1st egg and the 2nd to not initiate embryonic development, and giving the 2nd eggs a "more similar incubation period to the 1st". Is this some kind of adaptive behavior to the urban environment where ravens are fewer and where food supply is often more abundant than in wilderness areas? Both elements may well be playing apart. As we saw a couple of years back, our Sidney Ma was away just less than 1 minute (53 seconds!!) when a raven took an egg. Yet, it seems apparent, though not spelled out scientifically, that the urban eagles seem to raise more young per nest than wilderness eagles. Note: I have always applied the terms "synchronous" vs "asynchronous" to how one bird of a group encouraged others nearby to have similar timing to their breeding. Concentrating the breeding cycle to a shorter season has several advantages. For example in flocking geese, a shorter breeding cycle insures more adults are peaking in their breeding cycle to insure fertility, and then the resulting clutches and broods offer a shorter period when they are vulnerable to predators. The predator has fewer days when eggs or chicks are most exposed. The same argument is given for the concentration or synchronous breeding and calving of wildebeest in Africa -- the helpless young are concentrated over a very short period reducing predation. I see our discussion forums have used the terms for slightly different meanings. Certainly various breeding behaviors, like "synchronous calls" between male and female eagles would surely be an activity to stimulate common timing of the pair. They need to be building nests, undertaking effective "copulations", etc. during the narrow time period prior to the egg emerging from the ovary to entering the fallopian tube etc. We know that eagles will copulate from the day of their arriving back on the breeding grounds (Oct. 6 was my earliest observation) from their northern migration to the days they depart after fledging their young (late July). Somewhere in that 10 months of mating is surely a narrower window when fertility is possible -- that mating is not just fun and bonding!

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Tax breaks for businesses are typically provided by government to promote a specific type of behavior, such as moving a plant to a part of the country where jobs are fewer or promoting a particularly good or service over another. Lately, it's been about promoting energy efficiency or being green. Indeed, the U.S. Department of Energy lists a number of tax breaks that the feds will give you for using energy-efficient technology. Also, the Energy Star program points out other tax credits for green technology, including geothermal heat pumps, solar panels, solar water heaters, small wind energy systems, and fuel cells. Moreover, in the strictly business side of things there are tax credits for energy-efficient commercial buildings. [ Get the no-nonsense explanations and advice you need to take real advantage of cloud computing in the InfoWorld editors' 21-page Cloud Computing Deep Dive PDF special report, featuring an exclusive excerpt from David Linthicum's new book on cloud architecture. | Stay up on the cloud with InfoWorld's Cloud Computing Report newsletter. ] There are already tax incentives for using some types of computing technology. For instance, Wikibon Energy Labs lets storage vendors verify the energy savings of certain products, making them eligible for utility rebates from PG&E. If we're providing tax credits for energy-efficient technology, then logically those using cloud computing should receive a tax break. This tax break should be pretty big, relatively to the benefit and the current tax breaks provided. Follow me here. What's different here is the huge "green effect" of cloud computing, typically well beyond any of the "traditional" green technology out there, such as hybrid cars and sealed windows. In a recent study (PDF) sponsored by SaaS provider NetSuite, it was clear that cloud computing has an obvious green impact that's easy to account for. Even keeping in mind the bias of the vendor sponsoring the study, the data points seems logical. The report stated that approximately 595 million kWh (kilowatt-hours) per year are saved by using cloud computing, the equivalent of the annual electricity consumption of more than 56,000 homes. This results in a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by more than 423,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year, which is equal to: - CO2 emissions produced by the consumption of more than 48 million gallons of gasoline - CO2 emissions produced by the consumption of approximately 985,000 barrels of oil - The yearly pollution caused by more than 77,000 automobiles That data is consistent with other cloud solutions and perhaps more so when considering the use of infrastructure as a service, which often saves even more energy dollars compared to SaaS. Moreover, this energy savings goes well beyond any benefit from geothermal heat pumps or an office building with tinted windows. In light of the huge and direct benefit, where is the tax break for cloud computing? It will be interesting to see if any federal or state lawmakers pick up on this. A tax break for the use of cloud computing seems logical and only fair to me. However, I won't hold my breath. This story, "Businesses should demand a tax break for cloud computing," was originally published at InfoWorld.com. Follow the latest developments in cloud computing on InfoWorld.com.

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Healthy adults exposed to secondhand smoke appear to be at higher risk of suffering psychological distress and future psychiatric illness requiring hospitalization, according to a major Scottish population study. The study, which tracked more than 8,000 adults over six years found that nonsmokers exposed to high levels of secondhand smoke, as measured by salivary levels of the nicotine breakdown product cotinine, were at a 49% higher adjusted risk of psychological distress (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.97) compared with nonsmokers who had undetectable salivary levels of cotinine, according to the report published online June 7 in the Archives of General Psychiatry. High exposure to secondhand smoke (a salivary cotinine level of greater than 0.70 μg/L and less than 15.00 μg/L) raised the risk of future hospitalization for psychiatric treatment nearly threefold for nonsmokers exposed to high levels of secondhand smoke (HR 2.84; 95% CI 1.07 to 7.59) and nearly four-fold for smokers (HR 3.74; 95% CI 1.55 to 8.98), after adjustment for multiple variables. In the U.S., an estimated 60% of nonsmokers have some biological evidence of exposure to secondhand smoke. "Even a low level of risk may have a major public health impact," Mark Hamer, PhD, of University College London, and colleagues wrote. Among the entire study cohort, 14.5% of smokers and nonsmokers reported psychological distress. "We found a robust dose-response association between objectively assessed nicotine exposure and psychological distress, which was apparent at low levels of secondhand smoke exposure and was strongest in current smokers," the authors commented. "This association was replicated in prospective analyses that demonstrated an association between secondhand smoke exposure, active smoking, and risk of psychiatric episodes over six years of follow-up." Hamer and colleagues noted that a growing body of research has linked secondhand smoke with adverse effects on physical health, but much of this evidence is based on crude, self-report measures, such as exposure in the workplace or through family members who smoke. "Recent studies using valid objective biochemical markers of secondhand smoke have reported associations with various health outcomes, including markers of inflammation, glucose control, and cardiovascular disease risk," the authors noted. "There is, however, very limited information on the association between objectively assessed secondhand smoke exposure and mental health in humans." Animal data suggest that tobacco may induce negative mood, and some human studies have identified a potential association between smoking and depression. To provide more evidence based on more objective measures, Hamer and colleagues studied 5,560 nonsmoking adults and 2,595 smokers who had participated in the Scottish Health Survey in 1998 or 2003. At the time of enrollment, participants did not have a history of mental illness. Smoke-free legislation was also not in effect in Scotland at that time. Nonsmokers with higher cotinine levels were significantly younger, had lower socioeconomic status, higher BMI, more chronic illness, less physical activity, and higher alcohol consumption than those with undetectable continine levels. The participants initially completed the General Health Questionnaire in 1998 as part of the health survey, which included questions to evaluate psychological distress and mental illness. At that time, participants' exposure to secondhand smoke was assessed using saliva levels of cotinine, the main product formed when nicotine is broken down by the body. In 2003, the participants completed the survey again, which allowed the researchers to evaluate changes in their mental health, including levels of psychological distress and admissions to psychiatric hospitals. "The prospective nature of our study adds considerably to the current evidence base," the authors wrote. "In our analyses, the association between nicotine exposure and risk of psychiatric events persisted despite adjustment for psychological distress at baseline, which was in itself strongly associated with psychiatric admissions." The authors cautioned that although they collected data on psychological distress using the questionnaire, they did not account for cases of psychiatric illness that may have required treatment but not hospitalization. They also noted that they did not collect follow-up measurements of cotinine levels and were thus unable to objectively assess participants' changes in smoking status. The researchers received funding from the National Institute for Health Research and the Wellcome Trust Career Development Fellow. They reported that they have no financial conflicts of interest. - Reviewed by Dori F. Zaleznik, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston and Dorothy Caputo, MA, RN, BC-ADM, CDE, Nurse Planner Archives of General PsychiatrySource Reference: Hamer M, et al "Objectively assessed secondhand smoke exposure and mental health in adults" Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; DOI:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.76

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2012-03-20 Vatican RadioThe International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination is observed annually on 21 March. On that day, in 1960, police opened fire and killed 69 people at a peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville, South Africa, against the apartheid "pass laws". Proclaiming the Day in 1966, the United Nations General Assembly called on the international community to redouble its efforts to eliminate all forms of racial discrimination. Since then, the apartheid system in South Africa has been dismantled. Racist laws and practices have been abolished in many countries, and an international framework for fighting racism, guided by the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has been drawn up. However still, in all regions of the world, too many individuals, communities and societies suffer from the injustice and stigma that racism brings. Linda Bordoni spoke to South African lawyer Mike Pothier about the significance of this annual observance. First of all, Pothier, who works at the Cape Town-based Catholic Parliamentary Liason Office, explains that the office is a unit of the Southern African Bishops Conference. It was set up in 1997 in order to provide a mechanism of communication between the Church in South Africa and the country's governing bodies. Pothier remembers the terrible events that put Sharpeville on the world map on that March day back in 1960, during which - he says - the apartheid regime perpetrated the single worst massacre of civilians during the apartheid struggle. This led, he continues, to the decision on the part of the liberation movvement to take up an armed struggle against apartheid, and of course it led to a great crackdown by the apartheid government against the liberation movement. And today, in 2012, eighteen years since the beginning of democracy in South Africa, Pothier says that in his work at the Parliamentary Liason Office he still deals with issues that are connected to racial issues. He says there are still deep seated racist attitudes in South Africa and this for example gives rise to criticism of the government based on racial prejudice. And he explains that one aspect of the Church's tasks is to try to educate people in that respect : that people are not competent or incompetent according to their race, but according to education, experience, and so on. From the other direction there are hints of a kind of counter-racism with the the policy of affirmative action - because it makes use of racial categories to qualify people for jobs, positions,admittance to university and so on. Pothier says the Government says this is a way to redress the balance. "We had well over 100 years of institutionalised racism in our legal system and before that more than 200 years of colonial racial discrimination. The Governemnt says that through affirmative action we are trying to undo some of that damage". Pothier says the Church in South Africa broadly supports that policy. But it is also critical when necessary or if it feels it s being exceeded or is being applied in an unjust way. Of course there are ohter areas across the world where there are examples of racial discrimination and racial thinking. Pothier remembers the document issued by the Pontifical Justice and Peace Commission back in 1988, in which racism is described as "a wound in humanity's side that mysteriously remains open". He says that is a very good way of describing it, maybe we don't understand why "it mysteriously remains open", but, Pothier says, "if we look in the Middle East we can see examples of it. If we look elsewhere in Africa, in the newest nation South Sudan, as it struggles to get to its feet we find what we can call tribalism or ethnic divides but they are also racially based: people are finding reasons to discriminate against each other, even to the point of killing each other, based on the the characteristics of language, geographical origins, of tribe, etc". In the US recent studies show that how that in the economic downtown African Americans were predominantly, or worst affected". So, in South Africa, Pothier continues, "we have made great strides". But we shouldn't think it was only in the systematised apartheid era that racism existed. It exists in a less systematic, less legalised way all over the world". Regarding the Internation Day Against Racial Discrimination, Pothier says it is a public holiday, and it has been so since 1995. It is known as Sharpeville Day and commemorative events take place all over the country. He says that if the very "acute manifestation of racism that occurred at Sharpeville 52 years ago can help people around the world to see that that kind of massacre of 69 people is the ultimate end of racial thinking and racial government, then hopefully it's a message that will serve some purpose all over the world." Pothier speaks of the new generation of South Africans - the "Born Frees" - the generation born after 1994 - that generation that is now entering its early twenties has not known institutionalised discrimination and it makes a huge difference and one can see how easily young people mix with one another. the situation is much much better, the only question is "why did it take us so long to reallse that?" listen to the interview...

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Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana) Sugar Pine Species Description This species is native to North America north of Mexico. Allergenicity: No allergy has been reported for Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana) species. Pollination: Occurs in following seasons depending on latitude and elevation: Spring. Gymnosperm: Any plant such as a conifer whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. Tree: A large plant, not exactly defined, but typically over four meters in height, a single trunk which grows in girth with age and branches (which also grow in circumference with age). Perennial: Living for many years. Woody Stem: Non-herbaceous. Lignified. Evergreen: Retaining leaves throughout the year including changing seasons. Sugar Pine Species Usage Chewing Gum: Used as a source of chewing gum or gum flavoring. More Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana) imagesby Jessie M. Harris from BONAP

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This prize-winning photo of the remains of Smeaton’s Harbour is by Kevin Bailey (courtesy of The White horse Photography Club – www.whitehorsephotographyclub. An Unfair Name Smeaton’s Harbour is a modern but misleading (and unfair) name for the New Harbour of Rye, an expensive 18th century project which aimed to join the waters of the Rother, Tillingham and Brede into a new channel at what is now known as Winchelsea Beach where the few remains of the outer channel, the east pier and the two pier heads are still visible. The project was an expensive catastrophe. The New Harbour took 63 years to build, was fully operational for perhaps 4 months and was abandoned in November 1787. John Smeaton FRS, known particularly for the construction of Eddystone lighthouse, was brought in as a consultant and reported in 1763, 39 years after work had commenced! Attempts to save Rye as a port The retreat of the sea, and the process of silting up, resulted in the abandonment of Winchelsea as a place of trade by the middle of the 16th century and the serious decline by the end of the century in the usefulness of that of Rye. So rapid was the retreat of the sea that Camber Castle, commanding the entrance to the harbours of both Winchelsea and Rye was abandoned in the 1640’s as it had ceased to serve any useful purpose. Frederico Genebelli, an Italian engineer, put forward a plan in 1593 for a western channel as a solution to the decay of the port of Rye; this channel is shown in this map based on Symonson’s map of 1594. (A copy of Symonson’s map hangs in Rye Town Hall). The corporation saw it as benefiting Winchelsea rather than Rye and refused further dealings with Genebelli. There was a steady polarisation of conflict between town and country interests in the 17th century. The former attributed the decay of the port to the inning of land by developers which hindered or stopped the scouring process of the tides and prevented navigation up the Appledore Channel. In 1698 Commissioners of the Navy and Elder Brethren of Trinity House concluded that Rye’s harbour was almost entirely lost and in no condition to be preserved. The project pre-Smeaton It seems that the country interest prevailed for in 1723 an Act of Parliament provided for the making of a new cut or channel from Winchelsea Channel (the Brede) to the sea. This was the third in a succession of Acts in the 18th century dealing with the Harbour of Rye. For 63 years work on the New Harbour was spasmodically in progress but marked by incompetence, indecision, financial difficulties, rivalry and nepotism. The prime source of information on the project for the New Harbour of Rye are the Minutes of the Harbour Commissioners. Correspondence, reports, accounts and papers have not yet been traced. The Minutes are often garbled and confused. It is by no means clear what the strategy or master plan was. John Smeaton writing in 1763 could only refer to ’what I apprehend to be the original scheme’, namely ’to bring the three rivers that now discharge themselves into the old harbour of Rye, through the new harbour’. The junction of the new cut with the Brede is close to the hair-pin bend on the road leading from the A259 to Winchelsea Beach. The new cut ran parallel to the road from the bend to Winchelsea Beach village centre and behind the present line of bungalows which face the road; the site of the great sluice is behind the Ship Inn a few yards down Willow Lane. In the village, just opposite the area where shops now stand, the cut swung 45 degrees to the left and the outer channel of the New Harbour is readily seen running up to the present sea wall . The remains of the east stone pier, and at low tide the two pier heads or harbour arms, are still visible. (Right and feature photo) It was at this critical stage that the advice of John Smeaton FRS (1724-1792) who had designed and built Eddystone lighthouse, was sought. His professional backing was seen as underpinning the project. Briefly he advised uniting the Rother, the Tillingham and the Brede and forcing the three rivers through the new cut to the sea. His plan involved making a new channel for the Rother to the north of the Town, although he accepted that a southern cut would be acceptable. Smeaton was never the resident engineer and his name has come to be associated with a technical and managerial failure, and worse. John Collard has written that orders were succeeded by counter-orders, construction was followed by demolition, dredging by siltation. The Commissioners had opted for the southern route for the Rother. In June 1787 the Commissioners ordered that no vessel was to pass up the old channel towards Rye after 14 July. All trade was then passed through the New Harbour, mostly to the Strand wharf. There were continual problems with keeping the harbour mouth open and free of accumulations of beach; there was evidence that land drainage into the new system was not proving successful. The autumn of 1787 was unusually wet, and all the levels became flooded to an alarming extent. The end of the affair On 6 November 1787 the Harbour Commissioners, who were also Commissioners of the different Levels, recorded their despair and resolved to abandon the New Harbour and to re-open the old. All dams and walls were to be removed, all work suspended and the workmen dismissed. In April 1789 the merchants tradesmen and owners of vessels recorded their sincere thanks to the Commissioners for having restored to them ’the Ancient Harbour of Rye’. If Smeaton’s recommendations had been pursued with professional and managerial competence and energy, would the New Harbour have been successful and would the drainage of the Levels have been adequate? Or would the forces of Nature still have proved too strong? We may surmise, but we can never know. Sources and further reading: Minutes of the Rye Harbour Commissioners: East Sussex Record Office KRA 1 1/1 h 1/2 John Meryon ,Account of the Origin and Formation of the Harbour of Rye: Rye Castle Museum L.A.Vidler, A New History of Rye. 1934 and 1971, pp.104-107 John Collard, A Maritime History of Rye 1978 (Ch.VI) Graham Mayhew, Tudor Rye, 1987 (Ch.7)

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The major function of sealing is to prevent the flow of water and polluting products towards the natural soil. Thanks to its very low permeability and high resistance to chemical agents, the Sealing function: Advantages of the use of the Sealing Range - Guarantees the seal of the structure - Strong impermeability of the material - Small thickness and economic use of materials - Easy installation - Control of the seal before and after laying

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День прав человека Message of UN Women Executive Director Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka on Human Rights Day UN Women Executive Director urges the world to prioritize the protection of women's human rights Дата: 9 декабря 2013 г. Today on International Human Rights Day, I call on men, women and young people around the world to join forces to protect the rights of women. And I pay tribute to those of you who are women human rights defenders. Twenty years ago, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action emphasized that the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights by women and girls is a priority for Governments and the United Nations. Important principles were reinforced, including the universality of human rights and the duty of States to uphold them. Since then, an extensive body of legal standards and recommendations on women’s human rights has been developed. And much progress has been made in the adoption of national laws, policies and programmes to promote women's human rights and equality. The international women’s rights treaty, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which is legally binding, has been ratified by 187 nations. Yet discrimination against women continues in law and in practice. Women human rights defenders are harassed and targeted with violence. And women throughout the world remain among the poorest and most marginalized. Today, on the final day of the 16 Days of Activism to End Violence against Women, we are reminded that one in three women worldwide is still subjected to violence. That is nothing short of a global pandemic and a massive human rights violation. I urge you all to match words with action. It is time to match laws, policies and programmes to protect women’s rights with adequate budgets to ensure their implementation. As we count down to 2015 to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, we know that greater progress depends on greater progress for women. I call on world leaders to prioritize women’s rights, women’s empowerment and gender equality every day, and in the post-2015 development framework. On this International Human Rights Day, let us take inspiration from the example set by Nelson Mandela. Madiba showed us that none of us are free unless all of us are free. Our hopes for a more just, safe and peaceful world can only be achieved when there is universal respect for the inherent dignity and equal rights of all members of the human family.

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Send the link below via email or IMCopy Present to your audienceStart remote presentation - Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present - People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account - This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation - A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation - Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article Do you really want to delete this prezi? Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again. Make your likes visible on Facebook? Connect your Facebook account to Prezi and let your likes appear on your timeline. You can change this under Settings & Account at any time. Transcript of Digital Citizenship By Alexander Yavornitzky Digital citizenship is the appropriate way to use technology while respecting yourself and others. For example, posting negative comments on a social networking site towards your family, friends, or another party is not being a good digital citizen. When posting comments about others it is best to be respectful. Various Aspects of Digital Citizenship 1. Digital Access Digital access refers to all people having the right and ability, within reason, to use the modern technology that we have in our society. Apple's 4th generation iPod Touch is an example of a device that provides digital access. 2. Digital Commerce Digital commerce is the aspect of digital citizenship that refers to the sale and purchase of digital technology, as well as the sale and purchase of items through digital technology. Internet shopping sites such as ebay.com and Amazon.com offer many goods that can be purchased via ditigal technology. 3. Digital Communication Digital communication refers to the way that modern societies communicate with one another via digital technology. There are many ways that societies communicate with each other through digital technology, such as E-mail, instant messaging, and texting. Yahoo mail is one of the world's most utilized E-mail providers, along with Microsoft's Hotmail and Google's Gmail. 4. Digital Literacy Digital literacy refers to being knowledgable about various aspects of digital technology. It is because of digital access that we are concerned about digital citizenship. Our shared access to technology creates the need for digital citizenship, or respecting yourself and others while using technology. Digital literacy is becoming increasingly important in many areas, especially schools. Computer labs such as this are being integrated into schools across the world, and digital literacy will become increasingly important. 5. Digital Etiquette Digital etiquette refers to being considerate and respectful to yourself and others while using digital technology. Social networking sites such as facebook.com often experience problems with digital etiquette, with many users failing to conduct themselves appropriately. It is therefore important to provide education and frequent reminders about this issue. 6. Digital Law 7. Digital Rights and Responsibilities 8. Digital Health and Wellness 9. Digital Security Digital law refers to rules and regulations established by the United States that outline acceptable use of digital technology. Users of digital technology have a responsibility for knowing and adhering to the digital law. Examples of digital law include: Copyright Law - The copyright law was created by the United States government to protect against unauthorized distribution of an author's work by another individual. Violation of the copyright law is the act of acquiring and distributing an author's work without authorization, in most cases for profit. Plagiarism - Plagiarism is the deliberate or unintentional act of stealing another's work and subsequently representing it as one's own. Hacking - Hacking is the intentional act of accessing another's files on a computer without their consent. Hacking can lead to many forms of damage including identity theft. The copyright law is one of the many laws set up by the United States government to protect the rights of all users of digital technology. The copyright logo. Similar to the Bill of Rights introduced to the United States Constitution in the year 1791, digital rights and responsibilities (although not an official document) emphasize the same fundamental message, 'equal rights for all'. Basic digital rights and responsibilities include such well-known principles as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and the protection against unreasonable search and seizure. An engraved tablet displaying The Bill of Rights. Digital rights and responsibilities might be considered an evolution of the original Bill of Rights. Digital security refers to the nescessary steps one must take to protect oneself while interacting with digital technology. Ways to protect oneself while using digital technology. Avoid unnecessary disclosure of personal information on any website (e.g., name, phone number, or home address). Never, unless with parental consent and accompaniment, agree to meet with any stranger you interact with online. Always consult with a parent or trusted adult before attempting to do anything with digital technology. Digital health and wellness involves keeping yourself both physically and psychologically healthy while engaged in digital technology. In order to maintain digital health and wellness, one must set limits on the amount of time spent using digital devices and/or tools such as video game consoles or the Internet. Setting limits and exercising good judgement are ways to avoid serious physical and psychological effects such as eye strain, carpal tunnel syndrome, anxiety, depression, and addiction to video games or texting. The twitter logo. Twitter is a popular social networking site in which users can post comments on any subject of their choosing. Apple's 4th Generation iPod Touch A sculpture of the ebay logo. A screenshot of a webpage that can be viewed via Amazon.com. A screenshot of a Yahoo Mail inbox. A screenshot of a Microsoft Hotmail inbox. A screenshot of a Google Gmail inbox. Modern computer labs containing Apple computers. The facebook logo. An Xbox 360 video game console. A a man texting while driving. The Apple logo. How To Be a Good Digital Citizen Get involved with programs and/or work with your local, state, or federal government to try and make technology more accessible to all people. Encourage digital communication as an environmentally conscious alternative to traditional mail. Never visit or purchase items from irreputable sites, and ensure that sites you do purchase goods from have recognized protections in place. Endeavor to learn as much as you can about digital technology, passing along what you learn to others. If using social networking sites such as facebook.com or myspace.com to communicate with others, make sure that you only post nonoffensive and wholesome comments. Be familiar with and adhere to all applicable digital laws. Respect the rights of all users of digital technology. Avoid discriminating against others based on gender, race, age, or other classes. Never, intentionally or otherwise, do anything with digital technology that could harm yourself or others. Ask yourself, "Might my actions lead to an undesirable consequence?" Always protect the privacy of yourself and others when using digital technology. Never give out your own or another person's personal information to anybody you interact with online. If these guidelines are followed you will be a responsible digital citizen, spreading the concept of good digital citizenship through your actions. By being good role models we can make a better technological world for everyone. Sources used to aid in the creation of this educational presentation http://www.digitalcitizenship.net/Nine_Elements.html www.ratical.org/co-globalize/BillOfRights.html Finally, just like all things in life, behavior is not just following the 'law,' but also conducting oneself well and doing the right thing. Digital citizenship entails the same basic principles. Will this post hurt myself or others? Ask yourself, for example... Would I feel comfortable allowing ANYONE to read it? Most importantly... Does this idea reflect my Christian ideals and lifestyle? Ultimately, most posts on the Internet are judgement calls, but can we back-up our judgement by a well-thought out consideration of the issue? Did we use good common sense? Does it support our values? The United States Capitol Building. Acquiring digital literacy involves not only learning technical information, but also learning how to use technology in a responsible manner.

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Corn is great for summer barbecues, but it first has to be protected from crows and others pests before it can be enjoyed. Crows are intelligent birds with sharp beaks and talons, making it possible for them to rip into growing corn stalks, damaging your harvest. Learn how to keep crows away from you corn, whether it’s a seedling or a growing stalk. Protecting Corn Seedlings It’s common for crows to dig up corn before the seeds have a chance to grow. It’s important to start corn bird control when planting. Make sure to plant the corn seed at least one and a half inches below the soil to help prevent this. You can also cover them with a wire plant cage until they grow too tall and crows are unable to rip it out of the ground. Protecting Corn Stalks There are multiple ways to prevent corn stalks, and It’s important to note that more than one bird control method should be taken to keep crows away. There are a variety of scare tactics that can be used to keep crows away. However, since they are intelligent animals, make sure to rotate the location of each scare tactic every five to seven days. Scare tactics include: - Aluminum pans and other shiny objects - Colorful streamers - Fake predators - Noise machines One of the most effective ways to keep crows out of your corn is to use a liquid bird repellent. Liquid bird repellents can safely repel birds away from the area. It’s important to look for a liquid bird repellent that is EPA-registered and safe to use around humans, animals and crops. Protect Corn with Avian Control Bird repellent is an effective way to repel crows and other birds away from corn. Avian Control liquid bird repellent spray is EPA-registered, non-lethal and non-toxic. You can be sure it won’t alter the growth, color or taste of the corn.

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Twister in the UK? People panic over ‘tornado’ spotted above Hartlepool Twister in Hartlepool? Wut— Kez (@KezT8) May 22, 2016 The UK is not commonly associated with tornados, hence the surprise and even alarm at Sunday’s weather system. Casual photo of a twister in Hartlepool pic.twitter.com/4BdRIyUClk— lliam (@LliamCasey99) May 22, 2016 However, BBC Weather was quick to dismiss the scary twister as a “funnel cloud.” A funnel cloud is a sort of pre-tornado. Tornados begin as funnel clouds: when the funnel cloud reaches the ground, it’s considered a tornado. Alternately, if the funnel hits water, it’s considered a waterspout, the Met Office points out. Funnel clouds originate from thunderstorm clouds, when rotating updrafts “lift the air into a vertical position and then rapid rotation starts to develop and a mesocyclone is born,” UK Weather Forecast explains. A number of funnel clouds have been spotted in the UK recently, prompting confusion among residents. It is not a tornado but just look like a funnel cloud with a weak EF0 tornado in Littlehampton, UK pic.twitter.com/RrCXMAUuny— Joint Cyclone Center (@JointCyclone) September 2, 2015 It may come as a surprise to learn that the UK has about 30 tornados per year, which is (when measured by land mass) more than the US. According to UK Weather Forecast, November 23, 1981, saw 105 tornadoes hit the UK in just six hours. Although UK tornados are generally of a smaller scale than those seen in movies like Twister and Sharknado, a 2005 Birmingham tornado caused a lot of damage. Despite this scary footage, it's nothing when compared to the tornados experienced in the US.

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These fall-themed consonant digraph games can be used as a literacy center or as small group games. There are three games in this pack that cover the sh, th, ph, and ch consonant digraphs. With these games students will practice: -sorting real and nonsense sh, th, ph, and ch words -sorting sh, th, ph, and ch words -building sh, th, ph, and ch words There are worksheets that accompany every game to provide a level of student accountability when working in centers or small groups.

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Sisyphus (1548-49) - Titian Sesame Street always strives to provide the highest quality in preschool education. While the characters who live on the street have their own lives and adventures, they must take time out of their day to teach something to the young viewers at home. Usually, through a catchy song or clever parody, children find themselves learning a wide range of subjects without becoming bored in the process. The more creative the inhabitants of the street are, the more memorable the information being passed down. But some concepts are impossible to relate to a younger audience. Poor Grover. He just wants to help children learn their opposites. When he is paired up with Kermit, he has an easier time, relying on the well-educated frog's support and knowledge. But when he is left by himself, he discovers the difficulties of being an educator. His Sisyphean task is to convey the difference between "near" and "far." On paper, this sounds simple. All he has to do is provide an example of each. This is "near." THIS IS "FAR!" An open and shut case. But, alas, this goes right over the head of his audience. Poor poor Grover! He has only practiced this one tactic. It is his only ammunition! He has no choice but to repeat it, hoping that eventually, it will click in the minds of the children. Over and over again. His pleas for comprehension become increasingly desperate. His voice becomes weaker and higher, cracking more often with each subsequent inquiry. "Do you understand?" No, Grover, we do not. Could you show us again? Near. Far. Near. Far. Back and forth. Back and forth. Up the hill. Down the hill. It never ends. His frustration grows and grows. His duty to teach is paramount to his pain and fatigue. Why must he suffer? What wrong-doings has he wrought to incur the wrath of the gods? Surely there must be some mistake. He has done no wrong! And yet, maybe there is no outside force. Perhaps he is doing this of his own volition. Like Sisyphus, he knows that there is no end to the madness, the torture. Yet he continues his pursuit. Why does he not just stop and walk away? Is it because he views the task as greater than himself? In his mind, he knows the last thousand times did not work, but he holds onto hope that...maybe this time. Maybe this time it will sink in. If I just keep pushing and pushing, it will settle in to the right spot and remain in place, permanently. There is no way to find out other than to keep on trying. You may call him stupid. You may think he does not know when to quit. But he is not going to give up that easily. He is determined. He shall persevere or die trying. And after that, he will just keep trying some more. Because, although he may not know the reason behind why it needs to be done, he will continue to do it until he accomplishes his task! For he is Grover, and he does not know the meaning of the word "resignation!" Maybe someone else could teach it to him.

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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2015 July 3 Explanation: On June 30 Venus and Jupiter were actually far apart, but both appeared close in western skies at dusk. Near the culmination of this year's gorgeous conjunction, the two bright evening planets are captured in the same telescopic field of view in this sharp digital stack of images taken after sunset from Poznań in west-central Poland. In fact, banded gas giant Jupiter was about 910 million kilometers from Poland. That's over 11 times farther than crescent Venus, only 78 million kilometers distant at the time. But since the diameter of giant planet Jupiter is over 11 times larger than Venus both planets show about the same angular size. Of course, 16th century Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus would also have enjoyed the simultaneous telescopic view including Jupiter's four Galilean moons and a crescent Venus. Observations of Jupiter's moons and Venus' crescent phase were evidence for the Copernican or heliocentric model of the solar system. Authors & editors: Jerry Bonnell (UMCP) NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply. A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC & Michigan Tech. U.

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Date: August 1, 1947 Creator: Schaefer, Manfred Description: This paper makes the following assumptions: 1) The flowing gases are assumed to have uniform energy distribution. ("Isoenergetic gas flows," that is valid with the same constants for the the energy equation entire flow.) This is correct, for example, for gas flows issuing from a region of constant pressure, density, temperature, end velocity. This property is not destroyed by compression shocks because of the universal validity of the energy law. 2) The gas behaves adiabatically, not during the compression shock itself but both before and after the shock. However, the adiabatic equation (p/rho(sup kappa) = C) is not valid for the entire gas flow with the same constant C but rather with an appropriate individual constant for each portion of the gas. For steady flows, this means that the constant C of the adiabatic equation is a function of the stream function. Consequently, a gas that has been flowing "isentropically",that is, with the same constant C of the adiabatic equation throughout (for example, in origination from a region of constant density, temperature, and velocity) no longer remains isentropic after a compression shock if the compression shock is not extremely simple (wedge shaped in a two-dimensional flow or cone shaped in ... Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Occupational noise is a widespread risk factor, linking it strongly to critical health hazards, such as hearing loss, psychiatric disorders, increased blood pressure, and harmful biochemical, immune system, and birth-weight effects. Hearing loss results in social isolation, lost productivity, increased injuries, and expenses for workers'compensation and hearing aids. High levels of occupational noise remain a problem in all regions of the world . In the United States, every year more than 30 million workers are exposed to hazardous noise. Noise-related hearing loss has been listed as one of the most prevalent occupational health concerns in the United States for more than 25 years . Thousands of workers every year suffer from preventable hearing loss due to high workplace noise levels. Since 2004, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has reported that nearly 125,000 workers have suffered significant, permanent hearing loss. In 2009 alone, BLS reported more than 21,000 hearing loss cases . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is committed to ensuring a safe and healthful working environment to all employees and others involved in or affected by its operation. NIOSH is interested in developing personal noise-exposure monitoring system that can immediately alert user when a sound hazard occurs. Current noise measurement procedures and devices, such as noise alert "badges" and personal sound exposure meters (noise dosimeters), cannot effectively alert the user when a noise hazard occurs because they typically do not have a noise hazard indicator located within the user's visual field or do not provide any indicator. To address this problem, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a novel Light-Alarming personal Noise Dosimeter (LAND) system that integrates a wearable noise dosimeter with an innovative light alarming device. Innovations in light alarming device design allow-without any modification to existing personal protective equipment-placing the color-coded lights in worker's field of view to provide real-time warning of dangerous noise condition and exceeded noise dose. Recorded "noise history" can be transferred to personal computers (PC) for later analysis. In Phase I POC will develop a LAND system architecture that provides accurate noise level and noise exposure measurement and effective visual alerts of sound hazard. POC plans to demonstrate the feasibility of the LAND concept by demonstrating a system prototype's ability to accurately measure and effectively alert users of hazardous noise level and exceeded exposure to noise;automatically collect, process, and store measured data, and transfer this data to a PC. Successful demonstration in Phase I of a proof-of-concept system prototype will lead to a commercially useful prototype in Phase II. A low cost LAND provides both noise level/exposure monitoring and real-time user alerting, thus it can be adopted widely to deal with this pervasive problem, preventing hearing loss and other environmental noise-related afflictions while reducing the cost of conducting noise surveys and hearing conservation programs. To help provide a safe and healthful working environment to all employees, the proposed LAND system will visually alert workers of dangerous noise conditions and accumulated noise doses, immediately when a noise hazard occurs. It also enables workers to widely participate in noise surveys and hearing conservation programs. These capabilities will help reduce hearing loss and other occupational noise-related ailments, such as psychiatric disorders, causing biochemical, immune system, birth-weight effects, etc.

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The human body is in many respects like an automobile. Each has its framework. The organs of the body correspond to the machinery of the automobile. Food furnishes the body with material for repairs and fuel for heat and energy. In the car, gasoline is carried in one tank for immediate use, and in another, the emergency tank, for reserve. The fat of the body is comparable to the gasoline in the emergency tank. Man is his own mechanic. He never leaves his machine. He makes all his own repairs. He is his own chauffeur. I do not hesitate to say that he is derelict in his duty. He does not study his task. He has given too little attention to repairs and fuel. He allows sand to clog the gear-box. He is a wonderful mechanism, capable of an immense amount of work. Great accomplishments are his just desert. How few develop their full powers. How few take themselves seriously. Too few know what are the dietetic or fuel requirements of the body. Many load themselves down with excess fat, while others are under nourished. In the repair work of the body, proteins are the chief requirement. Fifty grams daily are needed for this purpose. If all parts of the body were torn down at a proportionate rate, the entire protein content would be used up in 190 days. The body’s supply of sugars and starches is exhausted and replaced daily. In cases of complete fasting, about 1 1/2 pounds are lost in a day, if the person is lying quietly in bed. The human engine is more efficient than any invented by man. It may develop energy or work to the extent of 45 per cent. from the heat value of the fuel consumed. The Deisel oil engine develops 33 per cent energy. The best steam engine develops only 22 per cent.

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by Thomas Neville Bonner, 2nd ed, 335 pp, $42.50, ISBN 0-252-01760-9, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1991. This book presents a chronological history of medicine in Chicago and has separate chapters on schools, societies and publications, the Chicago Medical Society, hospitals, and public health. Any serious student of the history of medicine in Chicago needs six or seven specific books on his or her working shelf. When a new edition of one of these appears, it should be added. However, this book is not a new edition; it is essentially a reprint of the 1957 volume. The only "new" material in the 1991 volume is the nine pages of illustrations, the 25 pages of the chapter "Social and Political Attitudes of Chicago Physicians," and the two-page "A Note on Bibliography." Chapter 12 is an article that originally appeared in 1953 in the widely available Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. "A Note on Bibliography" contains some useful references but does not have many others. Beatty WK. Medicine in Chicago, 1850-1950: A Chapter in the Social and Scientific Development of a City. JAMA. 1991;266(20):2911. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470200125053

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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to Culex pipiens: Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, culex mosquito a subspecies complex of the abundant polytypic species, the brown house mosquito or rainbarrel mosquito of temperate climates, which breeds commonly in standing water, especially in artificial containers, and has a 5- to 6-day cycle under optimal conditions; closely related forms are found in tropical areas. The common house mosquito; it serves as a vector of several illnesses, including Wuchereria bancrofti and West Nile virus. See also: Culex a genus of mosquitoes found throughout the world; cause insect worry and many species transmit various infectious agents, e.g. microfilariae, apicomplexan parasites and viruses, such as those of Japanese encephalitis and equine encephalomyelitis. transmits the virus of fowlpox. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus a serious pest of poultry and carrier of a number of poultry diseases. transmits western equine encephalomyelitis. transmits Japanese encephalitis virus.

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How many first grade Dolch words can you find in word search puzzle #2? First grade Dolch words included in this puzzle are: just, know, let, live, may, old, once, open, over, put, round, some, stop, take, thank and them. I look little....but I PRINT Click the worksheet printer icon that says "Full Page Print" for a high quality printable word search worksheet. |Dolch Worksheets - First Grade Vocabulary Sight Words - Word Search

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I am a fourth grade teacher, and have a young man who is a brittle diabetic, and for his research on the inventive process, he would like to study someone who has invented medical devices that relate to diabetes. Do you have any starting points for us? It could be inventions from the past, or cutting edge technology. Thank you for any help that you can give us. He (and everyone concerned with diabetes), should read Michael Bliss's book about the best invention ever for diabetes: the discovery of insulin. (Interestingly, that's also the title of the book: The Discovery of Insulin. It was published in 1982 by McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The book was made into a TV movie a few years ago, with a different title: "Glory Enough for All.") Among the many other devices of great importance are blood glucose meters and insulin pumps. Suggest to your student that he call the 800 numbers in the latest issues of Diabetes Forecast and COUNTDOWN magazines, and ask the manufacturers if they can help. Original posting 9 Dec 95 Last Updated: Tuesday April 06, 2010 15:08:52 This Internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. If you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional. This site is published by T-1 Today, Inc. (d/b/a Children with Diabetes), a 501c3 not-for-profit organization, which is responsible for its contents. Our mission is to provide education and support to families living with type 1 diabetes. © Children with Diabetes, Inc. 1995-2016. Comments and Feedback.

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A reader asks if it is possible to generate a Gray code counter/sequence for any non-power-of-2 number (so long as it is an even number)? Do you recall the "How To" article I posted on Gray Codes a while back. Well, a reader has just emailed me with an interesting question. I'm up to my ears in alligators as usual (work-wise) and haven't had a moment free to ponder this, so I thought I'd pass it over to the heros in the field (that would be you). Here is the gist of the problem. Suppose we have a FIFO for which we have a read and a write pointer. As a starting point, assume that the size of the FIFO (the number of words it contains) is a power of 2 – let's say 2^4 = 16 words – which means that our read and write pointers are each going to be 4 bits wide. One way to implement these pointers would be as binary counters. The problem here is that multiple bits may change when transitioning from one value to another. For example, four bits change when when the pointer transitions from 7 to 8 (0111 to 1000 in binary). As an alternative, we can use a Gray Code counter, in which only one bit changes as we transition from one value to another. 1. Binary code versus 4-bit Gray code. Observe that when we reach the final (maximum) Gray code value of 1000, the next "count" will return us to our initial value of 0000, which means that – as we expect – only a single bit changes for this transition also. But now suppose that – instead of having 16 words – we wish our FIFO to contain only 10 words. If we use our original Gray code, the sequence will now be as follows: 0000, 0001, 0011, 0010, 0110, 0111, 0101, 0100, 1100, 1101. The problem is that three bits will change value on the next transition, which will return us to our starting value of 0000 from our current value of 1101. Our friend says that he believes that it is possible to create a Gray code sequence for any non-power-of-2 number (so long as it is an even number), but that he has not been able to track down any methods on how to generate such a sequence. I replied that if anyone knew how to do this, it would be the readers of Programmable Logic DesignLine (hint hint). Questions? Comments? Feel free to email me – Clive "Max" Maxfield – at firstname.lastname@example.org). And, of course, if you haven't already done so, don't forget to Sign Up for our weekly Programmable Logic DesignLine Newsletter.

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A 400-acre, 54 MW plant provides clean energy to more than 14,000 homes in Nevada via Acciona’s Nevada Solar One. Considered to be the third largest solar plant in the world, the plant has over 184,000 large mirrors which track the sun’s rays converting heat into clean energy. Fluid heats up to 735°F which flows through more than 18,240 receiver tubes located on the mirror’s focal line to produce steam. The steam in turns drives a conventional turbine that is connected to a generator to produce electricity. Built on a mission to demonstrate technical and economic stability of sustainable energy, Acciona has successfully met their expectations over the past year. They launched in June of last year. * Produces power during peak demand with near zero CO2 emissions * The first concentrating solar power (CSP) plant built in the United States in more than 17 years * The third largest CSP plant in the world * Has a nominal production capacity of 64 MW with a maximum capacity of 75 MW * Produces enough energy to power more than 14,000 households annually * All of the plant’s electricity production is being sold to Nevada Power Company and Sierra Pacific Power Company under long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs)

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|There is one thing more painful than learning from mistakes (our own or somebody else's): Not learning from them. - Barbara Johnson| |Home Current Situation Enhancement Plan Equipment Financial Plan Bibliography| Free Grant Writing Example - Equipment "A Reform-Based Model Classroom for To realize the benefits of technology we focused on planning for the full range of teaching methods and on change and flexibility, including various teaching methods (lecture, discussion, audio-visual delivery of lecture) and integrating technology into the curriculum via computer-based group instruction and self-paced learning. Each workstation will accommodate one personal computer for every three students; a total of 12 student PC systems and 1 instructor system are being requested. Each PC will be a Pentium 4 running at 1.7 MHz or better with 256 MB of RAM, a zip drive, 32 MB video, sound card and speakers with a R-RW CD-Rom and a 17” viewable SXGA LCD monitor with analog and digital input . To enable easier access to software both in their offices and labs three laptop computers would be supplied to faculty members directly involved in the preparation of teachers. The laptops would also be used to connect this project to inservice projects that these mathematics faculty do for the surrounding townships in the northeast Pennsylvania area. This intended workstation configuration was modeled after an existing classroom at the Pennsylvania State University . The three instructors of the mathematics courses for preservice teachers attended an iQuest technology-training program that was at Penn State and were excited about the technology resources and the instructional methods for which it provided. This configuration was chosen in order to maximize space in the classroom and at the computers themselves. Zip drives will allow students to bring in their own data disks so that they can easily upload their projects and presentations and make copies of classroom demonstrations. Hardcopy printing is essential . One color LaserJet printer should serve the major needs of students using the model classroom/laboratory. Digital Cameras are very useful in helping students to make mathematics connections with the real world. Teachers often send students on a scavenger hunt around campus in search of images of geometric shapes which they will include in a booklet to help them understand their course vocabulary. The Mathematics Department currently has no digital cameras. Display Units ($12,783.00) In redesigning the classroom a white board with two projection screens and two overhead projectors on carts, will be needed. The classroom itself needs to function well in this new environment. The white board will serve both as a screen onto which images may be projected by way of a multimedia projector and as a dry-erase chalkboard. The white board is a great tool for demonstrations. A projection system is needed including two overhead projectors and screens to allow viewing of an overhead calculator concurrently with an overhead transparency that explains the calculator. Chalkboards are standard in every classroom, however, they do not serve a dual purpose as the white board does. In addition, dust from chalkboards can be detrimental to the maintenance of computers and technology equipment. The purpose of the projector is to facilitate the use of literature, newspaper or other documents that are not easily scanned in or found on the web and to allow teachers to provide diverse content to all students in the classroom at the same time, allowing students to have a visual and colorful learning experience. It is an important teaching tool that is essential when covering visual topics like geometry and trigonometry. Two 35” wall-mounted television/computer monitors will be placed in the room to offer students a clearer view of the onscreen work . Usually these monitors will display the same image that is on the student’s PC , but they may be configured to display other information or videos. Participation in iQuest provided the opportunity to note how a program called Mimio, in conjunction with an electronic white board, enable teachers to capture alternative approaches to problem solving clearly. Utilizing special equipment, teachers can use the dry erase markers to write on a specific area of the white board, subsequently the mathematics problem is saved as an animated .gif file that can be transferred to each student’s workstation or placed on the instructor’s web page or Blackboard site. Although mathematics can be a tricky subject to show on the web, this program makes it interactive helping the students to better understand the problem . Some benefits of using an electronic whiteboard include capturing hand-drawn notes on a computer, emailing, printing or exporting notes to html, copying and pasting notes to any application as well as being able to replay and review notes stroke by stroke. We chose the converter program rather than the standard program because it is more efficient and utilizes the white board that is being requested above. To allow presentation of videos in the classroom, a standard videocassette recorder is needed to enhance the instruction in the classroom. Wireless and Internet Communication ($3,200.00) The Internet contains vast amounts of valuable and motivating mathematics resources for K-12 educators and students. The use of a wireless technology gives students exposure to the latest technology while also keeping the workstations streamline. The internet supports project-based learning and provides access to Web-based resources available for the math students. The importance of being able to contact people and places throughout the world and exchange information cannot be overestimated. The Internet provides educators with access to many mathematics resources outside the boundaries of their classrooms and offers opportunities to integrate technology into mathematics lessons. Internet access for all work stations would not only permit students to follow a teacher-led demonstration via Internet, but it would also allow students to pursue individual avenues of research to supplement their learning . A wireless Internet hub is requested as this classroom’s configuration . Instructional Materials and Software($14,325.00 ) Involvement in technology-related training programs and experience in providing instruction to preservice and inservice teachers helped us to carefully designed a technology plan and contributed to the selection of the items requested below. Procuring appropriate technological equipment and resources, including computers, chairs, desks, displays, and cable is number one on our list. Software appropriate to the requirements of the educators using the lab should be obtained in a timely manner and current, user-friendly software that is applicable to the needs of users is essential. Visual learning software tools such as Geosketchpad, Inspiration, PowerPoint, and Tesselmania are some of the programs being considered for purchase. Experiential education is based on the idea that active involvement enhances students' learning. As such, a variety of manipulatives have been acquired through grant programs over the past 10 years. Complete sets of grade-appropriate materials are still needed, however. Current resources will be inventoried and evaluated prior to ordering new materials. Worktables and computer-friendly furniture including ergonomic desks and chairs are requested. This will facilitate the establishment of a setting that will enhance cooperative learning behaviors . Mathematics educators favorably recognize collaborative learning practices, more project-based and less lecture-style teaching. However, our current campus resources are not suitable for conducting such instructional practices. Hexagonal tables will be created with the arrangement of the 12 trapezoidal tables. Two PCs for every six students will be placed at each hexagonal table and two utility tables will be used for the printers. A lockable storage cabinet and storage sets for the manipulatives are requested in order to organize and to secure instructional resources contributing to a better-organized classroom and more efficient delivery of instruction. Equipment on Hand for Project We previously described the status of current equipment in the Mathematics department and explained that the equipment is limited and is being fully utilized. In 2001 we purchased a color scanner and laminating machine that we will continue to use in the model classroom. The color scanner is capable of transforming text, graphics and transparencies into computer readable data enabling enable students to incorporate various media into presentations or projects. The laminating machine protects samples of preservice and inservice teachers’ work. Equipment Housing and Maintenance ($20,000.00) The equipment will be housed in an existing room in Wilson Hall on the campus of The University of XYZ. Initially the equipment will be covered by warranties. When these expire the Mathematics Department is required to enter into a maintenance agreement with the University’s Graphic and Technical Services. This contract is paid from the department’s budget at an approximate cost of $4,000 per year. Contact Us Tell Us About A Broken Link

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Create a cute rat clipart using a simple template as a reference in this easy tutorial accessible to anyone. Drawing a cartoon rat can be a fun experience if you have access to a great design that is easy to reproduce and visually interesting to look at. That's exactly what I am offering in this drawing lesson that even beginners can enjoy. Unlike mice, rats are made with smaller ears and a pointy nose. You also need to create a long and thin tail and add a blue/grey color inside the character to complete your illustration. You can see the final illustration below once all steps are completed. Ready? Let's begin working on this adorable cartoon character now! :) Great! Start by sketching a large rectangle to form the body of the rat. This shape can also be used to illustrate the head. Next, draw two small ears using oval shapes on top of the head. Finally, create the eyes and the pupils using large circular shapes. You can draw a thick outline on all shapes created so far (and also for future ones). Continue working on this fun cartoon rat by adding two feet made from small circles. The arms are done with short straight lines. The nose is done using a small circle and you can also draw two small line on each sides of the nose to complete this part of the cartoon character. It's now time to add more details to create a recognizable rat. First, you can add small patches inside the ears using more oval shapes. Whiskers are done from simple pointed lines. Complete this step by drawing a long curved tail using another pointed line. Great work! Let's add some colors now! The body and the head of the rat clipart can be filled with a grey color (with a little bit of blue in it). The nose and the patches inside the ears can be pink while the eyes are colored in blue. The feet are darker while the tail is almost black. Whiskers are filled with a light grey color. You worked hard and the result is a nice cartoon rat created from basic elements. Below you can see all four steps needed to illustrate this character properly. If you want to, you can also work with another cute cartoon rat made from circles and draw a second animal slightly more complex than this one. Have fun with both characters! :)

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This is an amazing story: "For eight years, Jessica Terry suffered from stomach pain so horrible, it brought her to her knees. The pain, along with diarrhea, vomiting and fever, made her so sick, she lost weight and often had to miss school. Her doctors, no matter how hard they tried, couldn't figure out the cause of Jessica's abdominal distress. Then one day in January, Terry, 18, figured it out on her own. In her Advanced Placement high school science class, she was looking under the microscope at slides of her own intestinal tissue -- slides her pathologist had said were completely normal -- and spotted an area of inflamed tissue called a granuloma, a clear indication that she had Crohn's disease. "It's weird I had to solve my own medical problem," Terry told CNN affiliate KOMO in Seattle, Washington. "There were just no answers anywhere. ... I was always sick." Terry, who graduated from Eastside Catholic School in Sammamish, Washington, this month, is now being treated for Crohn's, says her science teacher, MaryMargaret Welch." This really makes me wonder about her doctors. It's not like Crohns Disease is extremely rare.

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Published on : Oct 04, 2016 Nanosatellites and microsatellites are a relatively recent addition to the global space aviation market, but have become a key asset to the industry thanks to their many benefits. The size of satellites has reduced notably in the past decades due to the progression of computing technology, which enabled the creation of small computing units with as much or more power as the earlier versions, and the development of lightweight materials that could bear as much or more weight as conventional materials. This has resulted in the development of microsatellites, which weigh between 10 kg and 100 kg, and nanosatellites, which weigh between 1 kg to 10 kg. Nanosatellites and Microsatellites: The Pros Due to their small size, nanosatellites and microsatellites are: Cheaper to Construct: Nanosatellites and microsatellites naturally require less building materials than conventional satellites. Since they are often utilized as a cluster rather than as a standalone unit, manufacturing nanosatellites and microsatellites can be done through the use of mass manufacturing techniques, which further reduces the manufacturing costs. Cheaper to Launch: Due to their lower weight, nanosatellites and microsatellites need much less thrust than conventional satellites. This requires exponentially less fuel, significantly lowering the costs of launching them. The use of nanosatellites and microsatellites as a cluster also means individual satellites don’t require separate launches. Even launching an individual nanosatellite or microsatellite can be made much more economical by using the extra space in spacecraft commissioned to launch other, larger satellites. Since the primary mission of the launch vehicle does not concern the small satellite, its developers can enjoy significant economic benefits at the cost of the relatively minor inconvenience of being unable to alter any aspect of the launch schedule. … And the Cons However, despite their benefits, the small size of nanosatellites and microsatellites and their utility as a cluster come at a risk of magnifying the problem of space debris. While the amount of information they provide is much higher as a cluster than as an individual unit, it also increases the risk of a chain reaction in case of a failure. Space debris has already become a mounting concern for the space aviation industry and can be exacerbated to a possibly uncontrollable degree if nanosatellite and microsatellite clusters become the norm. Nevertheless, the advances brought about by nanosatellites and microsatellites in the fields of satellite imaging and communication are likely to drive their demand in the coming years.

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For Exercise 12.75, and using the levels of the assembly method factor as the horizontal axis and “units produced” as the vertical axis, plot and connect the cell means for the cells associated with the “classical music” level of the background music factor. On the same graph, plot and connect the cell means for the cells associated with the “rock music” level of the background music factor. Do the plots indicate the presence of interaction between the factor levels? Explain. Answer to relevant QuestionsEach of 12 undergraduate students has been randomly assigned to one of the 6 cells shown here. The purpose of the study is to test whether factor A (if a shopping bag is being carried) and factor B (mode of dress) have main ...The personnel director for a large firm selects a random sample consisting of 100 clerical employees, then finds out whether they have been with the firm for more than 5 years and how many shares of the company’s stock ...A testing agency is evaluating three different brands of bathroom scales and has selected random samples of each brand. For brand A, a test object was found to weigh 204, 202, 197, 204, and 205 pounds on the five scales ...Item C of the Springdale Shopping Survey, introduced at the end of Chapter 2, describes variables 7–9 for the survey. These variables represent the general attitude respondents have toward each of the three shopping areas, ...According to the Bureau of the Census, 18.1% of the U.S. population lives in the Northeast, 21.9% in the Midwest, 36.7% in the South, and 23.3% in the West. In a random sample of 200 recent calls to a national 800-number ... Post your question

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The plush lowland area is just outside the Bukit Tigapuluh national park on Sumatra. Though not protected, it is an important area for biodiversity and has been used since 2002 as a release point for 100 rehabilitated orang-utans — some orphaned when their mothers were killed by workers on nearby palm oil plantations. Peter Pratje of the Frankfurt Zoological Society said: "It took scientists decades to discover how to reintroduce orang-utans into the wild." He said it could take the company Asia Pulp & Paper "just months to destroy an important part of their new habitat". Asia Pulp & Paper could not be reached for comment. There are about 60,000 orang-utans left in the wild, about 10 per cent on Sumatra. The forests of Bukit Tigapuluh are also home to 100 of the last 400 Sumatran tigers in the wild.Reuse content

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Burma plans to conduct its first census in 31 years, a key step in political reforms that could have a big impact on the country’s marginalized minorities. Burma's minister of immigration and population Khin Yi signed a letter confirming his government's commitment to conduct the nationwide census by 2014. The letter says the first survey in 31 years will adhere to global standards, include "all national races," and give census workers access to all areas of the country. During the signing ceremony in Naypyitaw, U.N. Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon said he hopes ongoing ceasefire talks will make the census possible, and will involve minorities and civil society. Dave Mathieson, senior Burma researcher for Human Rights Watch, said an accurate count of the population is a critical part of the government’s political reforms. "Potentially, if you have a census that extends the right to vote to everyone in the country, you are going to have a far more equal and credible election in 2015," said Mathieson. "If you have actually empowered people enough that they can actually cast votes." Burma’s last official census in 1983 failed to count people living in areas where insurgencies were raging. Before that, the last credible census was conducted in 1931, during British rule. Official denial of the stateless Rights groups worry that if not conducted properly, the census could marginalize minorities such as the Rohingya or those living in one of Burma's many conflict areas. The United Nations estimates nearly one-million ethnic Rohingya Muslims live in Rakhine State. Myint Kyaing, Director General of Burma's Department of Population, an office which denies the existence of stateless people, is responsible for conducting the survey. "We have no stateless people in Myanmar and there is no Rohingya in Myanmar as well, because no Bengali people are residing in Myanmar," he said. A key test Analysts say resolving such classification disputes will be a key test of the census’ accuracy and the government’s commitment to reform. For years, economists and academics studying Burma have been forced to use the government's notoriously unreliable data. Professor Sean Turnell of Australia's Maquarie University, editor of Burma Economics Watch, said the census will allow the government to more accurately estimate key economic indicators such as GDP. "Under the previous government there was very little, even in pretense, about having the numbers right," said Turnell. "You know there were certain objectives that the government wanted to achieve and, when pressed, those numbers usually added up to achieving those ends. And so I think the classic example was GDP growth rates, which for decades were in double digits." Those GDP rates, he added, would have made Burma the best performing economy in the world. In the two years leading up to the data-collection period, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) will be assisting in surveyor training and drafting survey documents. UNFPA's country representative Mohamed Abdel-Ahad called it an especially steep challenge due to the amount of time elapsed since the last census, but one that is a critical step. "As you know the public does not know enough about the census," he said. "The census has not been taken for 30 years, so those who were born after 1983 in Myanmar do not know and have not gone through the experience of conducting census, and we need to inform them that it is their right to be counted." Abdel-Ahad said workers expect to carry out the census in April, 2014. The United Nations is expected to at least partially cover the estimated $53-million cost.

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Learn something new every day More Info... by email Sweet woodruff or Gallium odoratum is a shade-loving plant native to Eurasia and parts of North Africa. Historically, the plant has been used in a number of medicinal and culinary preparations, although most people today grow sweet woodruff as an ornamental plant. Some garden suppliers carry sweet woodruff, and the plant can also be grown from cuttings and shoots, for gardeners who know someone with a patch of sweet woodruff. You may also see the plant growing in the wild, depending on where you live, since it spreads and volunteers readily, even in areas where it is not native. This plant has a distinctive slightly sweet odor which reminds some people of freshly-cut hay, hence the name. It is also sometimes called “wild baby's breath,” referencing the small clusters of white flowers which resemble those of the cultivated plant known as baby's breath, and it is also known as Master of the Woods or simply woodruff. The plant typically grows very well in USDA zones four through eight, and can sometimes be found outside this range as well. The ideal location for sweet woodruff is a woodland, since woodlands typically have the slightly acidic, well-drained soil which this plant prefers, along with the shade. In the garden, people grow sweet woodruff under large shrubs and trees, and in regions which are shaded by structures, rocks, fences, and other obstacles. The plant often thrives in environments where other plants struggle, thanks to its ability to survive in slightly hostile soil. Sweet woodruff is a sprawling groundcover, developing long stems and whorls of narrow leaves which totally surround the stem. When well-nourished, sweet woodruff can grow to around eight inches (20 centimeters) in height, and it can sprawl out considerably in the garden. In fact, some people regard sweet woodruff as an invasive plant, because once it establishes itself, it can be very difficult to eradicate. This is something to consider when planting sweet woodruff, as the plant can overwhelm other plantings if it is not given enough room to grow. One of sweet woodruff's most famous historical uses was as a flavoring in German May Wine, although the plant has also been used in sedative teas and various other medical preparations. Sweet woodruff can actually be dangerous in high concentrations, and should only be used medicinally under supervision from an experienced herbalist or doctor. Growing woodruff, however, doesn't require an extensive knowledge of herbal medicine, and the plant can make a great green groundcover in shady areas where other plants seem to have difficulty thriving. One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!

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English in Use/Glossary |General||Contents • Introduction| |Parts of speech||Articles • Nouns • Verbs • Gerunds and participles • Pronouns • Adjectives • Adverbs • Prepositions, Conjunctions and Interjections| |Other topics||Orthography • Punctuation • Syntax • Figures of Syntax • Glossary| Absolute — Not immediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence in government. Abstract — Considered apart from any application to a particular object. Abstract noun — A noun that denotes an idea, emotion, feeling, quality or other abstract or intangible concept. Active verb — A verb that expresses action as distinct from mere existence or state. Adjective — A word that modifies a noun or describes a noun’s referent. Adjunct — A clause in a sentence that amplifies its meaning. Adverb — A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or various other types of words, phrases, and clauses. Adverb of cause — Adverbs of cause are why, wherefore and therefore. Adverb of degree — Adverbs of degree are those which answer to the question, how much? how little? or to the idea of more or less. Adverb of manner — Adverbs of manner are those which answer to the question, how? or, by affirming, denying, or doubting, show how a subject is regarded. Adverb of place — Adverbs of place indicate where something happens. Adverb of time — Adverbs of time are those which answer to the question, when? how long? how soon? or how often? Affirmative — An answer that shows agreement or acceptance. Agreement — Rules that exist in many languages that force some parts of a sentence to be used or inflected differently depending on certain attributes of other parts. Antecedent — A word, phrase or clause referred to by a pronoun. Aorist — A temporal feature of the verb which denotes the speaker's standpoint of the event described by the verb, as from outside of the event and seeing it as a completed whole. Aphaeresis — The loss of letters or sounds from the beginning of a word, such as the development of special from especial. Apocope — The loss or omission of a sound or syllable from the end of a word. Apposition — A construction in which one noun or noun phrase is placed with another as an explanatory equivalent, both having the same syntactic function in the sentence. Appositive — Of or being in apposition. Archaism — The adoption or imitation of archaic words or style. Arrangement — Relative position of words in a sentence. Article — A part of speech that indicates, specifies and limits a noun (a, an, or the in English). Attribute — A word that qualifies a noun. Auxiliary — A verb that accompanies the main verb in a clause in order to make distinctions in tense, mood, voice or aspect. Capital — An uppercase letter. Cardinal adjective — A cardinal number used as an adjective. Case — A category of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives, specialized (usually by inflection) to indicate a particular syntactic relation to other words in a sentence. Clause — A word or group of words ordinarily consisting of a subject and a predicate. Collective noun — A noun which, though singular, refers to a group of things or animals. Common adjective — A common adjective is any ordinary epithet, or adjective denoting quality or situation: as, good, bad, peaceful, warlike, eastern, western, outer, inner. Common noun — A noun that can be preceded by an indefinite article, and denotes any member, or all members of a class; an ordinary noun such as dog or city. Comparative degree — Adverbial or adjectival forms modified by more or ending in er, used when comparing two things. Comparison — The ability of adjectives and adverbs to form three degrees. Compound — A lexeme that consists of more than one stem; for example laptop, formed from lap and top. Compound adjective — A compound adjective is one that consists of two or more words joined together, either by the hyphen or solidly: as, nut-brown, laughter-loving, four-footed; threefold, lordlike, lovesick. Compound personal — A compound personal pronoun. compound personal pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself. Compound relative — Compound relatives are whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, whatever, whatsoever. Compound sentence — A compound sentence is a sentence which is composed of at least two independent clauses. Conjugation — In some languages, one of several classifications of verbs according to what inflections they take. Conjunction — A word used to join other words or phrases together into sentences. Conjunctive adverb — An adverb that connects two clauses. Consonant — A sound that results from the passage of air through restrictions of the oral cavity; any sound that is not the dominant sound of a syllable, the dominant sound generally being a vowel. Continuous tense — Expressing an ongoing action or state. Declension — A way of categorizing nouns, pronouns, or adjectives according to the inflections they receive. Defective verb — A verb with an incomplete conjugation; for example, one that can only be conjugated in certain persons and numbers. Definite article — An article that introduces a noun and specifies it as the particular noun that is being considered; in English, the only definite article is the. Diaeresis — A diacritic placed over a vowel letter indicating that it is sounded separately, usually forming a distinct syllable, as in naïve, Noël, Brontë. Ellipsis — The omission of a grammatically required word or phrase that can be implied. Enallage — The substitution of one grammatical form for another one. Finite verb — A verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. First-future tense — The first-future tense is that which expresses what will take place hereafter. Gender — A division of nouns and pronouns (and sometimes of other parts of speech), such as masculine, feminine, neuter or common. Gerund — A verbal form that functions as a verbal noun. In English, a gerund has the same spelling as a present participle, but functions differently. Government — That power which one word has over another, to cause it to assume some particular modification. Grammar — A system of rules and principles for speaking and writing a language. Hyperbaton — An inversion of the usual or logical order of words or phrases, for emphasis or poetic effect. Imperative mood — The grammatical mood expressing an order. Indefinite article — A word preceding a noun to indicate that the noun is new or unknown. In English it can be a (before a consonant sound) or an (before a vowel sound) in the singular; in the plural an article isn't used at all, or the pronoun some is used instead. Independent clause — A clause that can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence. Indicative mood — The mood of a verb used in ordinary factual or objective statements. Infinitive — The uninflected form of a verb. In English, this is usually formed with the verb stem preceded by 'to'. Infinitive mood — The infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to. Inflection — A change in the form of a word that reflects a change in grammatical function. Interjection — An exclamation or filled pause; a word or phrase with no particular grammatical relation to a sentence, often an expression of emotion. Interrogative — A word (pronoun, pronominal adjective, or adverb) implying interrogation, or used for asking a question: why, who, when, etc. Introductory phrase — A phrase or clause that introduces a sentence. Irregular comparison — Comparison of adjectives which cannot be compared regularly. Irregular verb — A verb that does not follow the normal rules for its conjugation. Italic characters — A typeface in which the letters slant to the right. Letter — A symbol in an alphabet. Liquid — An l or r sound. Mimesis — The representation of aspects of the real world, especially human actions, in literature and art. Mood — A verb form that depends on how its containing clause relates to the speaker’s or writer’s wish, intent, or assertion about reality. Morphology — The forms of word formation. Multiplicative adjective — An adjective which expresses the multiplicity. Mute — A letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation. Neuter verb — A verb that expresses neither action nor passion, but simply being, or a state of being. Nominative — Giving a name; naming; designating; said of that case or form of a noun which stands as the subject of a finite verb. Non-finite verb — A verb form that is not limited by a subject and, more generally, is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. Note of exclamation — Punctuation used to denote excitement, surprise or shock; exclamation point. Note of interrogation — The punctuation mark "?", used at the end of a sentence to indicate a question. Noun — A word that can be used to refer to a person, place, thing, quality, or idea; one of the basic parts of speech in many languages, including English. Number — Of a word or phrase, the state of being singular, dual or plural, shown by inflection. Numeral — A numeral adjective. Numeral adjective — An adjective that expresses a definite number: as, one, two, three, four, five, six. Object — The noun phrase which is an internal complement of a verb phrase or a prepositional phrase. In a verb phrase with a transitive action verb, it is typically the receiver of the action. Objective — Of, or relating to a noun or pronoun used as the object of a verb. Ordinal adjective — An ordinal number used as an adjective. Paragoge — The addition of a sound, syllable or letter to the end of a word, either through natural development or as a grammatical function. Parenthetical phrase — A phrase in the sentence which is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Parsing — To resolve into its elements, as a sentence, pointing out the several parts of speech, and their relation to each other by government or agreement; to analyze and describe grammatically. Participial adjective — A participle used as an adjective, such as drowning in the drowning man and drowned in the drowned man. Participle — A form of a verb that may function as an adjective or noun. Part of speech — The function a word or phrase performs in a sentence or phrase. Passive voice — A grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb. Past participle — A past participle is usually identical to the verb's past tense form, though in irregular verbs the two usually differ. Past perfect tense — Tense of verb conjugated by adding had before the past participle of a verb. Perfect tense — A tense that expresses action completed at the present time; in English it is formed by using the present tense of have with a past participle. Period — The punctuation mark (“.”) indicating the end of a sentence or marking an abbreviation. Person — A linguistic category used to distinguish between the speaker of an utterance and those to whom or about whom he is referring; implemented in most languages by a variety of pronouns. Personal — Denoting person; as, a personal pronoun. Personification — A figure of speech, prosopopeia, in which an inanimate object or an abstraction is given human qualities. Phrase — A word or group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence, usually consisting of a head, or central word, and elaborating words. Pleonasm — A phrase in which one or more words are redundant as their meaning is expressed elsewhere in the phrase. Plural — A word in the form in which it potentially refers to something other than one person or thing; and other than two things if the language has a dual form. Possessive — A pronoun in the possessive case. Potential mood — A verbal construction or form stating something is possible or probable. Predicate — The part of the sentence (or clause) which states something about the subject. Prefix — That which is prefixed; especially one or more letters or syllables added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning; as, pre in prefix, con in conjure. Preposition — A closed class of non-inflecting words typically employed to connect a noun or a pronoun, in an adjectival or adverbial sense, with some other word. Propositional phrase — A phrase that has both a preposition and its object or complement; may be used as an adjunct or a modifier. Present participle — The present participle is identical in form to the gerund. Present tense — The form of language used to refer to an event, transaction, or occurrence which is happening now (or at the present time), or an object that currently exists. Preterit — The preterite tense, simple past tense: the grammatical tense that determines the specific initiation or termination of an action in the past. Progressive form — A form of a verb in which its gerund (or present participle) is used with any form of the verb to be. Examples: I am defining. It had been snowing. Pronominal — Of, pertaining to, resembling, or functioning as of a pronoun. Pronominal compound — An adjective herein, therein, wherein. Pronoun — A type of noun that refers anaphorically to another noun or noun phrase, but which cannot ordinarily be preceded by a determiner and rarely takes an attributive adjective. Proper adjective — An adjective derived from a proper noun, such as British derived from Britain. Proper noun — The name of a particular person, place, organization or other individual entity. Prosthesis — The prepending of phonemes at the beginning of a word without changing its morphological structure, as in nother from other. Quotation — A fragment of a human expression that is being referred to by somebody else. Radical — Of or pertaining to the root of a word. Redundant verb — A verb which has two forms for past tense. Regimen — A syntactical relation between words, as when one depends on another and is regulated by it in respect to case or mood; government. Regular comparison — Adjectives are regularly compared, when the comparative degree is expressed by adding er, and the superlative, by adding est to them. Regular verb — A verb which conjugates regularly. In English, a verb which uses an ed suffix to form its past participle. Relation — Reference of word to other words. Relative — A relative pronoun. Relative pronouns are who, which, what, that, whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, whatever, whatsoever. Remote — Not directly related. Roman characters — A serifed style of typeface. Upright, as opposed to italic. Second-future tense — The second-future tense is that which expresses what will have taken place at some future time mentioned. Semivowel — A sound in speech which has some qualities of a consonant and some qualities of a vowel. A letter which represents a semivowel sound, such as w or y in English. Sentence — A grammatically complete series of words consisting of a subject and predicate, even if one or the other is implied, and typically beginning with a capital letter and ending with a full stop. Sign — An auxiliary, suffix, etc. that modifies a word. Small letters — The minuscule or small letters (a, b, c, as opposed to the uppercase or capital letters, A, B, C). Subject — The word or word group (usually a noun phrase) that is dealt with. In active clauses with verbs denoting an action, the subject and the actor are usually the same. Subjunctive mood — A verb inflected to indicate that an act or state of being is possible, contingent or hypothetical, and not a fact. Superlative degree — The form of an adjective that expresses which of more than two items has the highest degree of the quality expressed by the adjective; in English, formed by appending est to the end of the adjective (for some short adjectives only) or putting most before it. Supposition — An assumption, conjecture, speculation or something supposed. Syllepsis — A figure of speech in which one word simultaneously modifies two or more other words such that the modification must be understood differently with respect to each modified word; often causing humorous incongruity. Synaeresis — The contraction of two vowels into a diphthong or a long vowel. Syncope — A missing sound from the interior of a word, for example by changing cannot to can't or Hawai'i from the root name Hawaiki. Syntax — A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences. Tense — Any of the forms of a verb which distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists. Thing sui generis — In a class of its own; one of a kind. Tmesis — The insertion of one or more words between the components of a compound word. Understood words — Words that are omitted by ellipsis. Unstressed numeral — A numeral in which one is replaced with indefinite article. Verb — A word that indicates an action, an event, or a state. Verbal — A verb form which does not function as a predicate, or a word derived from a verb. Voice — A particular mode of inflecting or conjugating verbs, or a particular form of a verb, by means of which is indicated the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses. Vowel — A sound produced by the vocal cords with relatively little restriction of the oral cavity, forming the prominent sound of a syllable. A letter representing the sound of vowel; in English, the vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y.

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https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/English_in_Use/Glossary

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From often amusing perceptions people have had through the ages about the world and the universe to the changing map of today, Davis shows how geography is really a great crossroads of many fields: biology, meteorology, astronomy, history, economics, and even politics. In this lively, entertaining, and endlessly fascinating presentation, you'll hear about the personalities that helped shape the world and learn the answers to questions that have vexed most of us since grade school. Along the way, Davis offers an affectionate ode to the earth: a celebration of the earth, a searching investigation of the destruction of our habitat, and a practical guide to saving our home planet. For anyone who has felt geographically ignorant ever since gas stations stopped handing out free maps, Don't Know Much About® Geography is enormously informative entertainment. The author of the successful Don't Know Much About History returns to correct his countrymen's lack of knowledge about geography, a lack established when Americans aged 18 to 24 scored lowest on a 1988 test of geographic literacy given to young people of all industrialized nations. Davis writes with an entertaining, breezy touch and encompasses such interesting considerations as the origin of the belief in a race of Amazons. Besides essential geographic information, chapters cover the history of geographical studies, an overview of large cities of the past and present, the effect of climate on developing civilizations and astronomy. Helpful lists, ranging from glossaries to current and former names of countries and U.N. membership are included. Davis's eminently readable treatise should help remedy an ignorance that has even been discussed in the U.S. Senate. Author tour. (Oct.)\

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30-day free trial Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. Subtracting a number from itself and Subtracting Zero Copy this to my account E-mail to a friend Find other activities The student will practice two kinds of math facts. list of terms used in these activities. This activity was created by a Quia Web subscriber. Learn more about Quia Create your own activities

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A group of people from CERN is using their spare time to build Cosmic Pi, a cosmic ray detector based on a Raspberry Pi. Their goal is to crowdsource the world’s largest cosmic ray telescope by getting the devices into the hands of people and organisations around the globe, collecting data that will help astrophysicists understand more about these rays, several of which have passed through your body in the time it has taken you to read this paragraph. A video the team made last year explains the idea nicely: Uploaded by Cosmic Pi on 2015-05-07. You can take a look at details of the team’s current Cosmic Pi prototype hardware and software, all available online. The cosmic-ray-detecting part consists of a scintillator, made of a material that absorbs energy from cosmic rays passing through it and then emits some of that energy in the form of photons; an optic fibre to trap these photons and carry them to the edges of the scintillator material; and a silicon photomultiplier at each end of the fibre to convert this light into an electrical signal that can be analysed by the computer. A blog post from the end of last year has more detail about the prototyping process and the current design. On the first week-end of October, we were at CERN´s Ideasquare participating in The Port 2015 hackathon. We gave an overview of the project in our final presentation, available to watch here and below. Our presentation at ThePort15 hackathon. Because atmospheric conditions influence the flux of cosmic rays at the Earth’s surface, the team decided that it would be worthwhile including temperature, pressure and humidity sensors to monitor the weather. They also added a GPS module to allow devices to log their location (allowing altitude, another factor influencing flux, to be recorded too), and an accelerometer and magnetometer to provide additional information about the device’s orientation and position. Currently, an Arduino Due microcontroller reads the sensor data and passes them to the Raspberry Pi, which pre-processes and stores them; the Cosmic Pi team is prototyping a HAT to combine as many components as possible in a single PCB. You can sign up to get notified when Cosmic Pi launches, which the team hope will happen with a Kickstarter campaign later in 2016, and they also intend to publish the design under an open source licence. They’re aiming to keep the cost of the whole package under $500, or about £350. While this is likely to be a bit steep for some individuals, we’d love to see organisations and groups like hackspaces using devices like this to contribute to what could be an amazingly valuable citizen science project. Keep an eye on the Cosmic Pi blog for updates!

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Haleakala National Park, Hawaii November 11, 2010 Ancient geomorphic forces and before-your-eyes weather patterns meet dramatically every day around and atop the volcano Haleakala (House of the Sun). Haleakala is the summit of the Hawaiian island of Maui, standing 10,023 feet (3,055 m) above sea level. Hawaii’s chain of islands formed as the earth’s crust moved over a magma hot spot in the mid-Pacific Ocean. Like all other Hawaiian volcanoes, Haleakala is a shield volcano, built up layer-by-layer from the ocean floor. During a long dormant period, wind, water and even ice eroded the volcanic cones, sometimes creating wide valleys that later filled with lava when Haleakala awoke from its torpor. The coral and apricot mounds shown at right center are cinder cones, each the site of a prior eruption. A serpentine highway climbs to the top of Haleakala affording visitors fabulous views of Haleakala National Park, Maui and the blue Pacific. Trade winds typically carry moisture upward and a skirt of morning mist begins to form at mid-mountain. By afternoon more substantial fogs and clouds can actually drop a little rain, even though the volcano’s top is cloud free. On average, the rain forest above Hana, on the island’s eastern coast, receives up to 400 inches (1,000 cm) of precipitation per year. However, Kihei, only about 15 miles (24 km) away but on the lee side of the island, manages but 10 inches (25 cm). Photo taken on October 18, 2010. Photo Details: Camera Maker: NIKON CORPORATION; Camera Model: NIKON D60; Focal Length: 18.0mm; Aperture: f/13.0; Exposure Time: 0.010 s (1/100); ISO equiv: 100; Exposure Bias: none; Metering Mode: Matrix; Exposure: aperture priority (semi-auto); Flash Fired: No; Color Space: sRGB.

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Jordan Wirfs-Brock/Inside Energy The duck curve has become shorthand for the challenges that utilities face as they add more solar power and other renewables to the grid. It comes to us from California, which has nearly half of the country’s installed solar generating capacity. When the sun goes down, that solar power has to be backed up by other power sources. A curve of how much conventional power – typically from gas-fired power plants – California needs throughout the day is high in the morning before sunrise, low all day long when the sun is shining, and high again at night after the sun sets. It looks like, well, a duck: For more on the duck curve, check out Inside Energy’s illustrated explanation from October of 2014. As California adds more solar, it grows more duck-like. That is, the daytime belly sags more. This leads to some technical challenges, like ramping up gas-fired power plants quickly, and making sure that too much solar power doesn’t overload the grid. Why is FERC talking about it now? The idea of the duck has been around for a long time: California’s utility, CAISO, first published its duck chart in 2013, and researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory modeled similar demand curves back in 2008 (although they didn’t call it a duck). Now, we’re seeing those projections play out in the real world. The FERC presentation included this chart, showing how the duck has deepened from January 2011 to January 2016: Seasonal planning, like the winter preparation discussed at last week’s FERC meeting, must take into account fluctuations in renewable generation, in addition to changes in how much energy people use. Paul Denholm, an analyst with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, points out that, “An important element of operating the power system in the future is being able to accommodate this new interesting shape.” States that have been adding a lot of wind generation, like Colorado, have to adapt to other new shapes – which means developing new strategies to balance power generation. For example, by running wind turbines at less than maximum capacity, grid operators can use the spare capacity as reserve power. “Wind used to be a completely uncontrollable resource,” said Denholm. But now, “wind is actually a schedulable, dispatchable resource.” Many of the lessons learned from living with the duck in California, or living with increasing wind generation in Colorado, can translate to other parts of the country as they add more renewables to the grid.

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On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court issued a decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, declaring that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” This decision was pivotal to the struggle for racial desegregation in the United States. This exhibition commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of this landmark judicial case. The physical exhibition was on view May 13 – November 13, 2004 This exhibition and its programming were made possible by the generous support of AARP, Anthony and Beatrice Welters, and AmeriChoice, a UnitedHealth Group Company. Look for these “Discover!” labels that will spotlight items of special interest to kids and families!

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Kakadu National Park is located 171 kilometers from the city of Darwin. This park has an area of 19,804 square kilometers. Kakadu National Park is the largest national park in Australia. It is extending from the mountains to the coast. Inside, there is a landscape that consists of slopes, wetlands, cascading waterfalls, abundant bird species as well as the rich history of Aboriginal culture. With an area of almost 20,000 square kilometers, Kakadu National Park has become a natural habitat for a variety of plants and animals endemic and rare in Australia. Some rare endemic plants that can only be found here for example is Eucalyptus koolpinensis. Here, you can find various types of water lily plants are beautiful, like a water lily blue, yellow, and white snow. The national park is also home to endemic species such as the black wallaroos, kangaroo Antilopine, rock-wallaby with short ears, a black neck crane, and much more. Not only that, this area has also been inhabited by a traditional population of Bininj Mungguy for more than 50 thousand years. This makes this park as one of the world heritage sites. Do not forget to enjoy the origin of Aboriginal sculpture, while you’re here. This place became the location of a collection of Aboriginal rock art in the world. Do not forget to see the cracks of stone carved by Dreamtime ancestors at Nourlangie Rock and some examples of the most beautiful X-ray art in the world at Ubirr Rock. Moreover, in Kakadu National Park, you can walk along the East Alligator River in Aboriginal cultural tour or paddling a canoe to the “Twin Falls” waterfall which was very amazing. In Kakadu, each season has a different menu. Different season, panorama presented will also be different. Here you can enjoy the view of the close, in the course of travel bushland, lakes or rivers. Enjoy views of the beautiful lotus flower to prehistoric crocodiles. Believe me, Kakadu National Park is full of treasures waiting for you to explore! The charm and uniqueness of Kakadu as an ancient cultural heritage has been recognized worldwide. Since 1981, this place has been listed as World Heritage. Then in 2011, Koongarra also included within the Kakadu National Park. Extensive areas of the largest National Parks in Australia are expected to protect the value of culture and heritage. So that it can continue to be enjoyed by future generations.

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Scrabble word: RHOMBOID In which Scrabble dictionary does RHOMBOID exist? Definitions of RHOMBOID in dictionaries: - noun - a parallelogram with adjacent sides of unequal lengths - noun - any of several muscles of the upper back that help move the shoulder blade - adj - shaped like a rhombus or rhomboid - A parallelogram with unequal adjacent sides. - noun - a type of geometric figure There are 8 letters in RHOMBOID: B D H I M O O R Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to RHOMBOID All anagrams that could be made from letters of word RHOMBOID plus a wildcard: RHOMBOID? Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word RHOMBOID 8 letter words 6 letter words 5 letter words 4 letter words 3 letter words 2 letter words Images for RHOMBOID SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.

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The long-term effects of alcohol (ethanol) consumption range from cardioprotective health ..... This inverse association was consistent across strata of age, sex, and body mass index." Frequenc... Drinking too much – on a single occasion or over time – can take a serious toll on your health. Here's how alcohol can affect your body: Brain: Alcohol interferes ... The effects of alcohol on a drinker's mind and body are many and can range from ... Alcohol abuse can also lead to alcoholism--diagnosed as alcohol use ... Oct 12, 2015 ... Find out how alcohol affects your body as it travels through your ... Thanks to its job breaking down toxins, your liver bears the brunt of heavy drinking. ... But if you start to overdo it, alcohol can certainly have negative effects. Alcohol effects every part of your body, including your brain, liver, stomach, and more. ... Alcohol consumption leads to slowed reflexes, reduced coordination, ... Dec 14, 2015 ... But why does it feel like the effects of drinking are so much worse post-40? ... Here's what else alcohol is doing to your body post-40. Alcoholism is currently listed as the third leading cause of death in our society. Many ... This stems from the sedative effect of alcohol being removed - the body. “I decided to stop drinking. I lay awake most of that night, and by noon the next day every bone in my body ached. In a blind panic, I nervously poured a glass full Drinking alcohol affects the body in many ways. These effects can lead to physical and mental changes that can put alcohol users and others at risk of injury or ... Experts describe 12 health risks linked to chronic heavy drinking. ... "Alcohol does all kinds of things in the body, and we're not fully aware of all its effects,"

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The waste containers distributed around the city promote selective waste disposal in a way that makes it easy and accessible for everyone. All containers used in Barcelona are user-friendly and made with absolutely safe materials. The containers have been placed so that everyone has a nearby disposal point. In November 2010, Barcelona's waste collection network finally incorporated waste disposal containers for organic matter, the brown ones. This has completed the range of selective waste disposal options, which already includes those for general household waste (grey), glass (green), paper (blue) and plastic packaging, tetra paks and other polycoat cartons, cans (yellow). In addition to containers, various "Punts Verds" (Household Waste and Recycling Centres, permanent or mobile collection facilities in each district) facilitate further separation of waste. Characteristics of Barcelona's waste container network - Close at hand - All residents have waste containers for selective collection within 100 metres of their homes. - The containers are adapted for use by everyone: they are ergonomic and accessible. - User friendly - The containers can be opened in two ways: by hand (lever) or with a foot (pedal), making them easier to use. - They also have a slow closing mechanism, designed so that they can be used with just one hand. - Adapted for the blind - Tactile symbols indicate the container's waste type. These were designed in conjunction with the Spanish National Organisation for the Blind (ONCE). containers for different types of waste Our aim is to encourage selective waste disposal by installing the whole range of waste containers around the entire city: Yellow: plastic packaging, tetra paks and other polycoat cartons, cans This waste is taken to sorting plants where the different materials are separated by means of a combination of visual, mechanical and manual techniques. The various sorted materials are compacted, packaged and distributed to recycling facilities. Tetra paks and other polycoat cartons are used to manufacture paper bags, cardboard and aluminium sheets, chipboard, cardboard for packaging, paper towels, and so on. Steel cans are melted down for use in the vehicle industry. Aluminium cans are used in making bicycles, home appliances, screws, etc. And plastic packaging is made into plastic bags, street furniture, signage, clothing, boxes and other containers for non-food applications (bleach, detergents, etc.) What belongs in the yellow container: plastic packaging (water bottles, plastic bags, yogurt pots, etc.), food and drink cans, tetra paks and other polycoat cartons, metal bottle tops and lids, aluminium foil and plastic wrap, expanded polystyrene trays, etc. What doesn't belong in the yellow container: toys, hoses, pipes and so on, materials such as videotapes, CDs, and hazardous materials packaging (such as for solvents and paints), which must be taken to one of the city's Household Waste and Recycling Centres. Glass collected selectively is taken to recycling plants where it is cleaned and ferrous material removed with a magnet. It is then crushed into powder (glass selected, cleaned and crushed) and used to manufacture glass containers identical to the originals: bottles, jars, light bulbs, etc. What belongs in the green container: glass containers and bottles. What doesn't belong in the green container: Broken glasses, sheet glass, mirrors, pottery, plates, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, etc., which must be taken to one of the city's Household Waste and Recycling Centres. Blue: paper and cardboard Paper and cardboard are taken to recycling plants where they are made into large bales of shredded paper. These bales are left to soak and strained to filter out the ferrous materials. The resulting pulp is dried, rolled out and stored on spools. These are distributed to paper mills, which use the pulp to make new boxes, wrapping paper, bags for the construction industry, stationery, and even toilet paper. What belongs in the blue container: cardboard packaging and boxes, newspapers, magazines, notebooks without a metal spiral, envelopes, paper bags, writing paper, wrapping paper, etc. What doesn't belong in the blue container: Dirty paper products, such as paper napkins or towels stained with oil, which go in the brown container. Tetra paks and other polycoat cartons and aluminium foil belong in the yellow container. Cardboard pizza boxes for home delivery go in the grey container. Brown: organic waste Organic residues are waste materials of plant and/or animal origin such as food scraps and garden trimmings, which decompose biologically. They make up a third of the waste generated in homes, a highly significant amount. Organic waste and clippings from pruning done around the city are taken to the ecoparcs, where they are turned into either compost or biogas. The better-quality organic waste is used to obtain compost, which can be used as an organic fertilizer in farming and gardening or as a soil structuring agent when restoring degraded areas. The rest is used to generate biogas, a renewable energy source that can generate electricity. What belongs in the brown container: Leftovers of meat, fish, bread, fruit, vegetables, seafood and nuts, eggshells, corks, tea bags, coffee grounds, paper towels and napkins stained with oil, garden waste, etc. What doesn't belong in the brown container: Sweepings, hair, nappies and animal faeces, which go in the grey container. Paper and cardboard, which go in the blue container. Grey: general household waste General household waste refers to all waste unsorted before collection. This waste is taken to the ecoparcs, where various processes are employed to sort out the paper/cardboard, containers, glass and other materials, in order to incorporate them into the recycling process. Non-recyclable waste is dumped in landfills or incinerated. Ideally, these latter options should serve only for waste that cannot be reused or recycled, but the limitations of the existing collection and treatment methods mean that some potentially reusable and recyclable waste cannot be sorted. What belongs in the grey container: Cigarette butts, sanitary towels, nappies, sweepings, cotton, hair, used pens and pencils, animal faeces. What doesn't belong in the grey container: Tea bags, paper towels soiled by cooking oil or food scraps (egg shells or leftovers of shellfish, etc.), which go in the brown container. Pieces of wood, CDs, packaging that contained toxic or hazardous materials, and clothing, which go to the Household Waste and Recycling Centres What is a Household Waste and Recycling Centre (Punt verd)? Household Waste and Recycling Centres are where waste is taken that must not be thrown away in the containers in the street. Using the city's Household Waste and Recycling Centres contributes to the recycling process and helps to preserve the environment. Green point of zone Green point of neighborhood Mobile green point Mobile green school and electric point More and photos available on: ZDROJ: Barcelona pel Medi Ambient

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Once a principal sign of wealth and a primary form of travel, horses in the United States have gone from coveted assets to unnecessary burdens over the course of a single century. In fact, thanks to the Bureau of Land Management, horses are made to suffer outrageous treatment in the 21st century that would likely have spurred violent opposition once upon a time, especially in the Old West. As reported by the Humane Society in a press release, an advisory panel to the BLM has recently recommended euthanasia for tens of thousands of wild horses and burros – as many as 45,000, to be exact – that are currently in government holding facilities. The reason? Because the masterminds at BLM have singular thought patterns when it comes to “managing” the country’s wild herds of horses and burros. Holly Hazard, the senior vice president of Programs & Innovations at the Humane Society, said the government’s BLM bureaucrats are less than creative when it comes to managing the herds. She says it is an “abdication of responsibility” to decide to kill the horses and burros instead of taking proper care of them, as they are a national asset. “The agency would not be in this situation but for their long-term mis-management [sic],” she said, adding that over the past two decades a number of alternatives to the euthanization program have been offered and summarily ignored. In fact, she said, the Humane Society stands ready, as usual, to help BLM implement the alternatives. Euthanasia first, foremost and always For 20 years, the animal rights group said, the government has pursued a round-up and removal policy as its go-to management option for wild horse and burro populations on Western rangelands, but that has led to a fiscally unsustainable Wild Horse and Burro Program. By putting so many resources into rounding up and removing horses and burros from the free range, instead of treating them on the range – with a sterilization program, to control population growth, for example – holding facilities around the country are overflowing. The BLM spent $49 million to maintain animals in off-range facilities in 2015. That constituted nearly half – 46 percent – of the BLM’s annual budget for the wild horse and burro program. Because that is such a large line item expense, it hampered the agency’s ability to properly manage wild horses and burros in their rangeland habitats. Fertility programs that limit population growth have long been an alternative recommendation by the animal rights group. Nowhere is this battle playing out more than in Nevada, which is entering its fifth straight year of drought. There, the BLM is working to round up and kill off herds quickly, because most of the available water is on privately held rather than government land. (The government currently owns nearly 85 percent of land in the state.) Controversial sterilization method stopped There, advocates for the wild horses and burros object to the BLM’s favoring of cattle when it comes to public lands, even though the horses and burros are supposed to be federally protected and free-roaming. They also object to how grazing allocations are decided, according to Return to Freedom, a group that acts as an advocate for wild horses and burros. One of the BLM’s natural obstacles to carrying out more roundups, however, is money: Because it costs so much to round up horses and burros and then feed and keep them, the agency will round up far fewer this year, Return to Freedom noted in a press release. But other groups disagree with some forms of forced sterilization. As reported by ABC News, the BLM has dropped controversial plans for surgical sterilization of about 200 mares at the Wild Horse Corral Facility in Hines, Oregon, after opponents sued the agency in court. BLM was considering three sterilization methods, but the most problematic for horse advocates involved sedating the mares and having a veterinarian go in through the vagina to sever and remove ovaries. * * *

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Click on the image for animation While NASA's Cassini spacecraft was pointed to study Saturn's F ring, it happened to catch a globular star cluster passing through the camera's field of view. This movie is a concatenation of 13 images each taken about three minutes apart that show NGC 5139, or Omega Centauri. Some of the cluster's stars can even be seen through the ring's narrow Keeler Gap near the end of the movie. The cluster was in Ptolemy's star catalogue but was officially discovered by Edmond Halley in 1677 and was recognized as a globular cluster by John Herschel. This view looks toward the northern, unilluminated side of the rings from about 53 degrees above the ring plane. The stars on average were brightened by a factor of 10 relative to Saturn's rings. The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on March 29, 2009. The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 1.2 million kilometers (746,000 miles) from Saturn and at a sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 57 degrees. Image scale is 7 kilometers (4 miles) per pixel. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.

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October 3, 2007 Scientists Amazed at Fish Tag Journey PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) - In 2005, a 2.9-inch steelhead left a Washington state hatchery in 2005 with a tiny implanted electronic tag. In April, Maori hunter Dale Whaitiri on Big Moggy Island off Southern New Zealand killed a young sooty shearwater chick, and found the tag. It had traveled 7,700 miles, fascinating scientists an ocean apart who are trying to figure out how it got there.The answer may reveal ecological connections stretching across the Pacific and illuminate the value Northwest salmon carry even thousands of miles away. "It is amazing it made it all that way," said Jen Zamon, a research fisheries biologist with the NOAA Fisheries in Hammond, near Astoria. "It's even more sort of miraculous that someone noticed it." Scientists believe the fish was eaten by an adult sooty shearwater, and have two theories about the tag: - That a shearwater off Oregon ate the young steelhead as it headed to sea, and the electronic tag from the fish lodged in the bird's stomach. There it remained for more than a year, until the bird, in New Zealand, regurgitated its stomach contents to feed its chick. - That the steelhead was inadvertently caught in a fishing net, perhaps near Japan or Russia, cut up on a factory ship or another fishing boat, and its remains and the tag were tossed overboard, to be eaten one of the masses of shearwaters that follow fishing vessels. "We know it went into the ocean, and we know it ended up in New Zealand," said Dave Marvin, who tracks Columbia River PIT tags for the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission in Portland. "But what happened in between is speculation." The tags are known as PIT tags, which is short for passive integrated transponder, and are similar to identification chips implanted in dogs and cats. Each tag carries an individual code that can be read by an electronic scanner. Nearly 2 million fish leave the Columbia system with such tags each year, most heading north and west on a more mundane circuit toward Alaska. Although shearwaters are not well known in Oregon, thousands migrate each year from nesting grounds in New Zealand to forage off the Oregon coast. They flying 40,000 miles a year, and more than 500 miles a day, in figure-eight patterns around the Pacific, according to tracking studies. In New Zealand, the shearwater is known as a muttonbird, or by its native Maori name, titi. The islands where the birds nest in tunnels among the roots of trees are called the Titi Islands. The masses of birds, which are related to the albatross, "carpet the surface of the ocean," said Zamon, who is studying the birds and the salmon they eat. Information from: The Oregonian, http://www.oregonlive.com

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A text equivalent for the audio track of a video would be similar to the textual transcript of the spoken voices recorded in an audio file. This can be either a synchronized text equivalent (as described in Checkpoint 1.3) - the preferred method, or a simple text file, as shown here: Go long, way out. Submitted for your consideration: the ball has been thrown, and you want to catch it. But how do you know where it will go so you can be there when it comes down? One way is to use this formula. It factors in velocity, acceleration and time to calculate the distance the ball will go. But then, you knew that. Your brain estimates all of these values in the first seconds of the ball's flight to calculate where you have to go to catch the ball. This math equation helps us understand the physical world and how we function in it. Whether you do it on the board or on the field, they both work. So, next time you go out for that long pass, remember: Math is everywhere. Math is everywhere! See QuickTime instructions for the movie clip on which this transcript is based. To Checkpoints for Guideline 1. Next slide: Example for Checkpoint 1.1n

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Three things that make SaniPath special | Source: SaniPath blog, April 21 2016 | The SaniPath team has created an exposure assessment tool to be used in urban low-resource areas with poor sanitation. It stands out as a resource for its accessibility, easy to understand results, and potential to influence policy making. 1. THE SANIPATH TOOL IS EASY TO USE AND UNDERSTAND The tool was designed with the goal that it would be able to be used independently by a variety of organizations interested in improving sanitation. It comes with a detailed manual describing the steps of the data collection and the analyses process than can be understood by anyone with a basic scientific background. Minimum requirements for use of the tool include: - A funding source (ex: local government or international organization) - A lab with the ability to detect E. coli and technicians to carry out the procedures in a sterile environment - A team with experience conducting surveys - A local group to assist with data collection and distribution Read the complete article.

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You must have Credits on your Balance to download this sample A Reflection on the Qur'an, Heritage and Education Religion and Theology Pages 6 (1506 words) Name Instructor Class 23 July 2012 A Reflection on the Qur’an, Heritage, and Education This book is based on a project called “Islam and Social Change.” Fazlur Rahman aims to study the main features and weaknesses of medieval Islamic educational system… This essay reflects on his ideas on the subjects of the Qur’an, laws, and education. It agrees with the foundations that the Qur’an laid for a comprehensive viewpoint on lawmaking and legal interpretation, as well as on a modern educational system that balances religious and rational sciences. The Qur’an is the foundation of Islam, which supports it as a way of life. The Qur’an is different from other religious texts, because it focuses on the moral development of humanity in a tangible and communal way (Rahman 2). It is different from Buddhist and Taoist texts that tend to be metaphysical or individualist in orientation. The Holy Bible of Christianity also attempts to morally guide Christians as individuals and as a community, but it does not attempt to affect the legal and political dimensions of human living. The Qur’an, on the other hand, is a blueprint not only for individual living, but how individuals should live together. It is a practical and moral guide for numerous issues, including peace, war, and various other public and private affairs (Rahman 2). This paper believes then that the basis of saying that Islam is a way of living is because the Qur’an provides for the direction of that way of living. In Christian societies, the Church and the law are separate, and so are the Church and legislative and executive functions of society. ... Not exactly what you need?

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African History Research Papers Research papers on African history begin by discussing the many divisions in Africa along historical time frames. You may want to present your term paper or research paper chronologically or ethnographically, which ever fits your topic best. Paper Masters helps students organize their projects by providing custom written academic writing on African history. The history of Africa is one of the longest and most complex chapters in human civilization. The hominid species first emerged in Africa, and these primitive apes began using tools about 2.3 million years ago. About 40,000 years ago, Homo sapiens began emerging out of Africa and migrated all over the Earth. The kingdoms of the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt began emerging in the Nile Valley around 3500 BCE. Egyptian history is divided into: - The Old Kingdom - Middle Kingdom - New Kingdoms This division lasted until Cleopatra’s reign was ended by the Romans. Urbanization increased across North Africa under the Romans. By the late Roman Empire, Augustine, Bishop of Hippo was able to expand the intellectual reach of Christianity. Early African History The Aksumite Empire encompassed modern-day Ethiopia between 500 BCE and 800 CE, establishing trade with the Romans and China. In West Africa, the Bantu people began migrating into the central regions, establishing the Kanem Empire in the 9th century. The rise of European exploration in the early modern period brought much of the continent under foreign colonial power, and an extensive network of European slave trading took many Africans to the New World. Colonialism did not loosen its grip on Africa until the mid 20th century, and the negative effects of this subjugation still plague many African nations.

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Just what your students need! This is a set of 16 winter themed task cards that are aligned to common core standards for grades 2 and 3. Also included are 3 different record sheets, an answer key and a set of blank task cards to help you further differentiate this set for your students. There also is a list of suggested ways to use task cards in your classroom. The problems represent each of the 12 different addition and subtraction problem types that second and third graders are responsible for under the common core. These task cards can be used for small group, large group or individual instruction. They make a great whole group activity but are equally as useful as a math center or for homework or extra practice. Also included are 4 problems that can be used for formative assessment, follow up or homework. Download the free preview to get a better look at the value you will get for your money. If your students need more practice with this skill, check out my fall themed set To learn more about how I find creative ways for kids to practice math, check out my blog . You can also find me on Facebook

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en

Length of Program “Yo ho, yo ho, a pirate’s life for me.” - From “Yo Ho (A Pirate’s Life for Me).” Lyrics by Xavier Atencio and music by George Bruns. Pirates are in vogue with today’s teens, in part due to the popularity of the Pirates of the Caribbean movies. This program fulfills the developmental need of teens for self-expression while exploring facts about piracy. In olden times, flags were the most important form of communication on the high seas. They identified ships as friend or foe. Pirate ships and privateers hung the Jolly Roger on their masts. The term “Jolly Roger” is believed to have originated from French words meaning “pretty red,” referring to the bloody skull and crossbones. In this program, teens will discover facts about pirates and create a personalized flag; their own Jolly Roger. Developmental Needs and Assets This program fulfills teens’ developmental needs for creative expression and self-definition, and their need to learn and achieve. It also provides opportunities for positive social interactions with peers and adults. Developmental assets supported by the program include constructive use of time, commitment to learning, and social competencies. For more information about positive developmental assets for young adults, visit the Search-Institute web site at http://www.search-institute.org/assets/forty.html. Gather materials for the flags, including paint, paper, butcher paper, t-shirts (or have teens bring their own t-shirts to use), magazine pages, glitter, markers, crayons, glue, string, etc., and set them out for the teens to use. Use the book Flags at Sea by Timothy Wilson to find historically accurate flags and make a couple as examples. If you do not have the book Flags at Sea, there are a number of vendors online that list the names and pictures of famous flags for you to use as an example. One such site is www.flagline.com. Refer also to the Awesome Stories web site, www.awesomestories.com/movies/pirates_caribbean/pirates_caribbean_ch1.htm, featuring primary documents and other resources related to pirates. For a longer program or if you need additional ideas, consult the professional resources listed at the end of this section. Books to Display - Buried Treasures of the Atlantic Coast: Legends of Sunken Pirate Treasures, Mysterious Caches, and Jinxed Ships from Maine to Florida by W.C. Jameson. - Daring Pirate Women by Anne Wallace Sharp. - Eoin Colfer’s Legend of Captain Crow’s Teeth by Eoin Colfer. - Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates by David Cordingly. - Under the Jolly Roger: Being an Account of the Further Nautical Adventures of Jacky Faber by L.A. Meyer. Books to Booktalk - The Buccaneers by Iain Lawrence. - Capt. Hook: The Adventures of a Notorious Youth by J.V. Hart. - Dead Reckoning: A Pirate Voyage with Captain Drake by Laurie Lawlor. - The Giant Rat of Sumatra: Or Pirates Galore by Sid Fleishman. Create a sea scene with several pirate ships in the middle and a banner saying “Arggh, Matey.” Use the book Flags at Sea by Timothy Wilson to find pictures of famous Jolly Roger flags and put them on the board with the name of the pirate to whom the flag belonged. Serve dry Cap’n Crunch™ cereal, Buccaneer Brownies (brownies bought from the store) and “grog,” made by mixing pineapple juice and ginger ale. Dover Publications, www.doverpublications.com, sells inexpensive pirate tattoo booklets. Check with the company for substantial discounts on large orders. Provide copies of the reader’s theater script “The Pirates’ Code” by Barrie Teague Alguire in the Reader’s Theater chapter of this manual. Stories to Tell These participatory stories from Scouting Bear’s Cave allow the group to help tell the story: - Blackbeard and the Pirates at www.scoutingbear.com/audience/pirate2.htm. - Peg Leg Pete's Predicament at www.scoutingbear.com/audience/pirate3.htm. - The Pirate Voyage at www.scoutingbear.com/audience/pirate1.htm. Jokes and Riddles Spice up your program with jokes and riddles about pirates from the Talk Like a Pirate FAQ at www.talklikeapirate.com/faq.html. Games and Activities Make Your Own Jolly Roger Talk about pirates and their historical impact. Explain that while we generally think of a Jolly Roger as having a skull and crossbones on it, in fact, many flags had other symbols. Then let the teens make a personal Jolly Roger flag. Display the Jolly Rogers around the library when the project is complete. Make a Jolly Roger that represents your library. Have the teens contribute ideas that would make your library flag unique. Get Pirattitude Costume Contest Have a pirate fashion show and invite the teens to dress as their own ideas of what pirates should look like. Have the participants and audience vote on the best costume and award ribbons or prizes. Have teens do a search on the Internet for the word "piracy" to discover how many different ways the word is used today. Start a discussion about how the pirates of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries compare with those of today. Talk Like a Pirate Crossword Puzzle and Word Match Game Copy and distribute the “Talk Like a Pirate” crossword puzzle provided, or develop a crossword puzzle using pirate slang from The Pirate’s Realm web site at www.thepiratesrealm.com/pirate%20talk.html or another website. A website for creating puzzles is the Crossword Puzzle Game at www.crosswordpuzzlegames.com/create.html. Or, create a word-match game using the pirate words and definitions below. - Abaft - Toward the back end or stern of the ship - Ahoy! - Hello! - Arrrgh! - A basic pirate utterance that sometimes means, “Yes, I agree.” - Avast! - Stop and pay attention! - Aye! - Yes, I agree! - Aye aye! - I'll get right to it! - Bilge rat - An insult, or a rat that lives in the lowest place in the ship - Black jack - Large leather drinking cup coated with tar - Cackle fruit - Chicken eggs - Duffle - Everything a sailor owns and the nickname for the bag that holds the possessions - Grog - Mix of water and rum - Hogshead - Large barrel or casket - Holystone - Bars of sandstone used to scrub the decks - Hornpipe - A musical instrument often found on pirate ships - Hornswaggle - To cheat or defraud - Jacob's Ladder - The rope ladder used to climb aboard the ship - Landlubber - Someone who does not go to sea, or an unskilled pirate - Mizzen - The middle of the ship - Monkey - A small cannon - Poop deck - The deck that is furthest and highest back - Powder monkey - Gunner’s assistant - Shiver me timbers - An expression of surprise This website for pirate books by Kim and Doug Kennedy includes online mazes, games, downloadable treasure map, and more. Online Pirate Quiz Let the teens test their knowledge of pirates with this quize on the Teen Space of the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. If you have public performance rights, show these videos and DVDs, or segments of them, to the teens. Otherwise, display them for home use. - Hook. (144 minutes) - Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. (143 minutes) - Treasure Island. (87 minutes) National Geographic Pirates! Set sail with pirates, read the Captain’s log, and check out the treasure maps. Flags at Sea by Timothy Wilson Although some areas of this site require registration, it’s easy and free to register your library. The story behind the movie, Pirates of the Caribbean, includes many maps and primary documents to supplement your program. Crossword Puzzle Game This website allows you to create a crossword puzzle that can be printed out. Dead Men Tell No Tales Links to list of pirate books, music, games, toys, decorations, crafts, costumes, accessories, artwork and more. This publisher sells inexpensive activity books. Howard Pyle's Book of Pirates : Fiction, Fact & Fancy Concerning the Buccaneers & Marooners of the Spanish Main The complete text of this book of pirate stories and pictures by nineteenth century artist-author Howard Pyle is online at the Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. Published in 1921, it is in the public domain. The New England Pirate Museum This site offers age-appropriate lesson plans and activities. Pirates and Privateers A guide to web sites with facts and fiction about pirates, buccaneers, and privateers. The Pirate’s Realm This site contains links to other sites that have free games, costume ideas, and historical information on pirates. Pirates of the Spanish Main This site provides historical information on some of the famous pirates, including literature guides and games. Shanties and Sea Songs Lyrics to traditional maritime songs, particularly sea shanties. Story Lovers SOS: Searching Out Stories Features compilation of more than fifty stories to tell about pirates. Talk Like a Pirate Features basic and advanced pirate slang, jokes, and more.

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Evolutionarily, animals that use tools have an leg up on their competition: they can access hard-to-get food items, learn more about their environment, and better protect and defend themselves. But exactly how much of an evolutionary edge does tool use provide? In a new article in Science, a group of researchers set out to answer this question, and were surprised at how much of an advantage tool use can provide. The scientists studied New Caledonian crows, a bird species that is particularly well known for its tool use. These crows often use sticks to find and extract beetle larvae from holes, much like chimpanzees use sticks to “fish” for termites. This is a very specialized task, because the crows fish for just one beetle species (the wood boring longhorn beetle) in the trunk of a single species of tree (the candlenut tree). Learning to use these stick tools is costly, since it takes young crows a considerable amount of time and effort for to become proficient at fishing for the larvae; in fact, even experienced adults take a relatively long time to catch each larvae. However, the slow learning curve and long handling time are worthwhile because the grubs that the crows catch in this way are extremely nutritious. The study's authors wanted to determine exactly how advantageous tool use is for these crows. Since the birds are extremely shy and live in a heavily-forested habitat, New Caledonian crows are notoriously hard to observe, so the scientists had to figure out another way to answer their question. The team captured wild crows and took both feather and blood samples. By analyzing the stable isotope profiles of these samples, they could figure out how much of the omnivorous crows’ diet came from beetle larvae, and how much came from other sources such as lizards, carrion, nuts, and fruit. The larvae constituted about as much of the birds’ protein as the other food sources; however, the grubs provided far more fat than the other foods did, providing nearly 50 percent of the crows’ total lipid intake. Clearly, spending a little extra time and energy on tool use provides a large nutritional benefit. The researchers took the question one step further and, using the average nutritional value of the beetle larvae, calculated how many larvae a crow would need to catch to satisfy its total daily nutritional needs. Surprisingly, they found that catching merely three larvae would provide a crow with more than enough energy for an entire day. With this kind of nutritional advantage, it's no wonder tool use spread through the population at some point in the past and is still maintained today. The authors close the paper with an interesting idea: since these nutritionally-rich beetle larvae come from a single tree species that was introduced to New Caledonia by humans, it’s possible that tool use in these crows is actually at least partly due to anthropogenic influence. Listing image by Simon Walker

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Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. In the early 1980’s, I had the good fortune of being chosen to help set up the exhibits in Jungle World, a new Bronx Zoo building highlighting Southeast Asian wildlife. Leaf Insects, Sunbirds, Marsh Crocodiles, Giant Soft-shell Turtles, Proboscis Monkeys, Tapirs…all came under my care, but it was a mangrove marsh exhibit that became my favorite. It housed a variety of unique animals, including Mudskippers, Fiddler Crabs and Monos, but the real stars were a school of Banded Archerfish (Toxotes jaculatrix). Visitors especially enjoyed watching me service the exhibit…the Archerfishes would invariably squirt water at the movement of my eyes as I looked down at them, and they never missed! Seven archerfish species have been described. They range from India to Malaysia and Australia, ofrten in association with brackish water mangrove swamps, but most also enter freshwater and the ocean. Archers and other species that move between salt and fresh water for other than breeding purposes are known as amphidromous fishes. At least 1 species, the 5 inch-long Smallscale Archerfish (Toxotes microlepis), spends most of its time in the freshwater. The giant of the genus is the 16 inch-long Largescale or Spotted Archerfish (T. chatareus). Both occasionally appear in the pet trade, where they are often confused with the Banded Archerfish (please see below). Squirting Water: How and Why? The environments inhabited by archerfishes are home to an enormous number of insect-eating competitors. In response, archerfishes have evolved a most unique way to exploit a resource unavailable to other fishes. Archerfishes spend most of their time scanning overhanging branches for insects. When one is sited the fish stops, “takes aim” and forcibly ejects a stream of water at its target. The fish rarely misses, and the dislodged insect falls into the water. The speed with which the archerfish reaches its prize – less than 50 milliseconds according to one study – must be seen to be believed. The archerfish accomplishes this amazing feat by extending its lower jaw and raising the tongue so that it presses against the roof of the mouth. The bony plates that cover the gills, known as the opercula, are then closed. This process pressurizes water held within the mouth and allows the archerfish to hit insects as far as 6-9 feet away. The Banded Archerfishes under my care were accurate at 2-4 feet; unfortunately, I did not have a chance to test their maximum range. Just as fascinating as the actual water-shooting process is the fact that, when taking aim at its moving target, the archerfish must somehow allow for the distortion of light as it enters the water! Archerfishes are also very athletic jumpers, and often leap out of the water to snatch insects from branches…I assume there is a “leap or shoot” decision process, but I’ve not read of any related studies. Learning to Hunt: Interesting Observations This technique is obviously quite complex, and recent studies have shown that young archerfishes may learn from others, and that their accuracy improves over time if they are able to observe successful hunters. Researchers have even been able to train captives to be better “archers”! Young fish school together, and there is evidence that many will shoot at a single insect in an attempt to improve their chances of obtaining a meal. The Banded Archerfish, Toxotes jaculatrix The Banded Archerfish is most commonly seen in the pet trade. It may reach 12 inches in length, but I’ve not seen individuals exceeding 7.5 inches. The deep, oblong body is silvery-white on the sides and bottom, and sometimes tinged with yellow. The upper body is olive-green to brown in color, and four to six broad, dark, wedge-shaped bands extend down the sides. The large eyes are close set, allowing for an unusual (for fishes) degree of binocular vision, and the mouth is long and pointed. Range and Habitat The Banded Archerfish occupies a huge range that extends from India to Indonesia, the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea and northern Australia. It is most commonly found in mangrove swamps (please see photo). Despite its wide distribution, the Banded Archerfish may face an uncertain future, as the mangrove swamps upon which it depends are among the earth’s most threatened habitats. It seems a shame to house these fascinating fishes in a situation that does not allow for the use of their unique abilities. They are, therefore, best kept in a “tall style” or very large aquarium that is a half filled with water, over which has been positioned branches and plants. Archers are accomplished jumpers, so the aquarium should be well-covered. Being quite active, they should be given as much room as possible. Several individuals under my care reached 8-10 years of age; some may now be much older, but I’ve not had a chance to check with their current keepers. Banded Archerfishes will do well in typical brackish water aquariums at a specific gravity of 1.005. Fluctuations in salinity (i.e. between 1.002 and 1.007) are well-tolerated and may even be beneficial. Archerfishes thrive at temperatures of 76 – 85 F; I have found 82 F to be ideal. Although they get along well with each other and other similarly-sized brackish water fishes, Archers are aggressive feeders. Therefore, pay particular attention to each individual at feeding time. I’ve successfully kept Banded Archerfishes with Mudskippers, Scats, Monos, Bumblebee Gobies, Hermit and Fiddler Crabs and various snails. Although they are insect specialists, Banded Archerfishes have expansive appetites and will readily consume all manner of flake, pelleted and frozen fish foods. They do, however, relish live insects above all else, and will put on quite a show if crickets are released onto the branches overhanging their aquarium. Archers will also benefit from occasional meals of wild-caught grasshoppers, moths, spiders, beetles and earthworms. If live insects are not available, base the diet on frozen prawn, clams and other “meaty” foods. Canned insects marketed for captive reptiles are also worth investigating. Individuals maintained on flakes and pellets alone do not do as well as those provided a diet comprised of insects and frozen marine invertebrates. Distinguishing the Species The Largescale and Smallscale Archerfishes, which occasionally appear in the trade, are superficially similar to the Banded Archerfish. The Largescale Archer has five dorsal spines as opposed to the Banded Archer’s four spines. It is darker in color, spotted, and its bands are shorter than those of the Banded Archerfish. The bands of the Smallscale Archer do not extend to the dorsal fin, as do those of the Banded Archerfish. Banded Archerfish image referenced from wikipedia and originally posted by ChRumps Mangrove Swamp image referenced from wikipedia and originally posted by Fanny Schertzer Largescale Archerfish image referenced from wikipedia and originally posted by Esquilo

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Mastery of anything begins by first learning the basics, and body language is no different. A solid structure can not be built without first forming and pouring a solid foundation. This chapter is aimed at accomplishing just that, as we tackle the basic, but very important rules of body language. It might seem as though reading body language is as easy and simple as just reading cues and postures, but it isn’t. At times it can be downright confusing, although the aim here is to simplify the language by breaking it apart then reassembling it, but not until the cues are first put through a strong filter. One of the filters we use is based on the five cardinal rules of body language which says that we need to use the rule of four. This rule tells us that we need at least four related cues to form a conclusion. We also need the cues to ‘jive’ called congruence, they must be taken in context, fit along some baseline of behaviour and finally must not be filter through a bias, meaning that they must be true rather than created fictitiously for an ulterior purpose. We will examine the five cardinal rules in detail in the pages to follow. Just like regular spoken language or written language, silent speech or nonverbal communication also has what is called flow. Body language has rhythm, syntax and all the other nuances associated with general communication and ignoring this flow is akin to throwing away valuable information. We will also see that body language is much more reliable than spoken words because people generally pay little attention to it, and because of this, people will monitor it less readily allowing it to appear naturally and untainted. We will see that when body language and spoken language contradict one another, we should rely more heavily on what is happening non-verbally. We will also cover the differences in body language reading ability between men and women, how age can influences reading, which may or may not be surprising and how leaders or alpha members of our society call the shots even when it comes to body language. We will touch a bit on good posture, how best to use touching, and how body language relieves pent up energy and displaces it. Finally we will touch briefly on the meaning of fashion and how it plays into nonverbal communication.

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Author: Colette Benoudji, LEAD Tchad The Chad government’s decision last year to ban the use of firewood for cooking was a brave attempt to reduce deforestation, but it has caused significant hardship among those who depended on it. A campaign to distribute solar cooking stoves has given thousands of women across the country a much-needed alternative, demonstrating how technological innovation can provide a neat solution to environmental and development problems. Like other countries in the African Sahel, the semi-arid region bordering the Sahara, Chad is threatened with creeping desertification. Years of low rainfall have allowed the sands to advance on areas that used to hold vegetation. Evaporation and the diversion of water for agriculture have caused Lake Chad to shrink from 25,000 square kilometers in the early 1960s to just 3,000 square kilometers today, with the Sahara sands moving southwards across its northern shores. As a result of the effects of drought and desertification on agriculture, the UN and other experts have predicted a food shortage that could affect several million people later this year. The government says desertification has been hastened by the indiscriminate cutting down of trees for charcoal, used widely for cooking. Last year, the country’s president, Idriss Déby, issued a decree banning the use of firewood and charcoal for cooking in an attempt to stem the loss of tree cover. This has been strictly enforced, and families have been forced to burn everything from furniture to plant roots to cook. The government has been encouraging the use of gas, but few Chadians have gas equipment. Lead Tchad received training from the non-profit KoZon Foundation in The Netherlands to work on a technology-based solution to this problem, one that could help save trees as well as giving families an alternative means of cooking: solar stoves. These consist of a foil-covered cardboard reflector which directs sunlight onto a dark pot. The pot is kept in a plastic bag to retain the heat. They cost less than US$10 eachand are easy to use . Lead Tchad team started to train groups of women in Chad in how to use the stoves. This led to a meeting with the ministry of women’s affairs, at which we convinced them that solar stoves could help ease the hardship that the government’s ban on charcoal was causing women across the country, especially those in poor rural areas . During National Women’s Week last year , we launched a national campaign to distribute solar stoves to women attending the event. Since then, the KoZon Foundation, the Government of Chadthroughout the Ministry of Women Affairs and other groupshave distributed more than 2,000 solar stoves to women in Chad, largely to women coming from the rural areas. The technology is playing a crucial role in helping the government cut deforestation rates, while offering people an alternative, affordable source of energy for cooking. The stoves are being used everywhere, though there have been problems. Some women are nervous of trying the new technology and the cooking styles it demands. Furthermore, the stoves work less effectively during the rainy season. Thanks to this initiative, Lead Chad received funds from AED/USAIDfor supporting women in 3 rural villages in Chad with solar stoves project. Women in rural Chad are 90% illiterates so that Lead Tchad try to link this project with adult women alphabetization. - Innovative technologies can play a vital role in changing destructive habits such as the unsustainable use of resources. - Legislation prohibiting the use of natural resources can cause hardship especially for the poor unless alternatives are made available. - One of the keys to the introduction of solar stoves is training: people need to be familiarized with a new technology and shown its advantages before they will adopt it.

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|Picture Scramble # 3 ||31 March 2000 Filaments of hot, flourescing gas, and dark silhouetted clouds of cold molecules dominate this picture. (20 pieces) Use the arrow keys to shift the image left, right, up or down. Display Finished Picture Scramble This image of the Keyhole nebula was taken by the Hubble space telescope. This region, about 8000 light-years from Earth, is located adjacent to the famous explosive variable star Eta Carinae, which lies just outside the field of view toward the upper right. The Carina Nebula also contains several other stars that are among the hottest and most massive known, each about 10 times as hot, and 100 times as massive, as our Sun. For more information about this Light and Shadow in the Carina Nebula. CRpuzzles.com. Copyright © 2000-2007 by Calvin J. Hamilton & Randall L. Whipkey. All rights reserved.

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Image courtesy of Library of Congress One of the longest-serving House Members in history, Congressman Emanuel Celler of New York dedicated nearly 50 years of service to his Brooklyn-area constituents. On this date in 1962, the House passed the 24th Amendment, outlawing the poll tax as a voting requirement in federal elections, by a vote of 295 to 86. At the time, five states maintained poll taxes which disproportionately affected African-American voters: Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas. The poll tax exemplified “Jim Crow” laws, developed in the post-Reconstruction South, which aimed to disenfranchise black voters and institute segregation. Some critics of the legislation thought the amendment did not go far enough to protect black voting rights in state and local elections. Representative John Lindsay of New York contended, “If we’re going to have a constitutional amendment, let’s have a meaningful one.” Judiciary Chairman Emanuel Celler of New York dismissed the criticism and proceeded with the bill as introduced. On January 23, 1964, the 24th Amendment became part of the Constitution when South Dakota ratified it.

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How To Learn English - Pronunciation, Spelling and Grammar GHOTI - this was the word used by a German friend when she was learning English which encapsulates perfectly the vagaries of spelling and pronunciation in the English language. For the word GHOTI is pronounced fish. Looks impossible, doesn't it ? Take the words cough, rough, tough and the end two letters are pronounced as the letter F so foreign language students could assume that all words ending in gh are pronounced in the same way except that it does not work with bough and although and in Ireland gh in the names of loughs is pronounced as ck as in lock! The letter O has two sound - o as in hot and O as in low but in the written word it has 2 more sounds - O as in now and in the word women it becomes and i and when there are 2 os together they become U as in July and in the verb to come they sound like the U in put. The letters TI should not present a problem - TI as in tin and it changes when the vowel e is added after the letter N then it becomes tine. When a O or an A is added after the N it then becomes an E as in Tina. Did I mention that when ti is followed by on as in mention it then sounds like the letters sh as in sheep! Hence GHOTI becomes fish. One reasonably easy aspect of the English language is the fact that verbs do not have a personal pronoun ending as in most other European languages, the only change being to the ending of the third person singular to which the letter s or es in the case of the verbs to go and to do. In modern English there is no distinction between made you in the singular or familiar or you in the plural or formal (polite) forms especially in the written form. It is interesting to note that the exception to this does occur in the more rural parts of Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire where thee, thou and thine is still used by some of the older generation when talking among themselves e.g What's thou doing? Is thee going to town? and in the latter case the third person singular of the verb 'to be' is used. It is also notable in these parts that the possessive pronouns mine (which stays the same) yours, theirs, ours, his and hers have the letter n added and so become yourn, theirn, ourn, hisn and hern. 'Our' in the singular becomes 'us' as in 'What time do we have us dinner?The use of the third person singular as a polite form e.g 'Would Sir prefer tea or coffee? is seldom used today. Generally speaking the past imperfect tense adds 'd' or 'ed' as in'baked' and 'slaked' to just to make things more difficult take and shake become 'took' and 'shook' and then in the perfect tense take an 'n' as in 'taken' and 'shaken'. There are the usual irregular verbs such as 'to be' 'to do' and these are best learned by rote. English is the only language as far as I am aware that, as a general rule, uses the verb to be with another verb to express action as in 'I am making a cake' 'Are you asking a question?' In Italian it is sometimes used for emphasis e.g 'Io sto parlando',( I am talking ) but means 'shut up, I am talking' The sentence structure in English is not rigid. It is quite acceptable and usual to say 'Please give me the book' or 'I gave her a cake' where the book and the cake are the direct objects in the sentence and her and me are the indirect objects. To be grammatically correct the order of the words should be changed to 'Please give the book to me' and 'I gave a cake to her' so the correct order of the sentence grammatically is subject(personal pronoun) verb, object, indirect object but as there are no declension of nouns in the English language the word order is not crucial. To any student learning English as a foreign language I would suggest that the best way to learn the correct pronunciation is to listen to the BBC world service. It may not be the most exciting thing you will hear but it will improve your spoken English. More by this Author Any woman over the age of fifty will no doubt remember the sewing or needlework classes at school where the first project, after proving you knew how to do running and hemstitching, would be to make an apron for the...

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Educational status may protect women living in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas against obesity, finds a new study in the American Journal of Health Promotion. The study adds to previous studies showing an inverse association between body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES). Generally, researchers have discovered that women in areas with fewer economic resources have higher BMIs than women in more affluent communities. Income and education are frequently used as markers for studying health inequalities, although they are "conceptually distinct," said the new report's authors. "It is possible that education is a marker of an individual's access to health information, capacity to assimilate health-related messages, and ability to retain knowledge-related assets, such as nutrition knowledge." "Education is particularly important for women with low incomes who live in deprived areas," said lead author Lauren K. Williams, Ph.D., formerly of the Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences at Deakin University in Victoria, Australia. Williams said the research team mailed surveys to a large random sample of more than 4,000 women, ages 18 to 45, living in low-income towns and suburbs in Victoria. Women reported height, weight, education and personal income. The authors wanted to examine the role of amplified disadvantage—defined in the study as having a disadvantage in both education and income—and of status inconsistency, defined as disadvantage in either education or income, on BMI, Williams said. Women of amplified disadvantage, those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods with both low education and personal income, may be at higher risk for high BMI, the authors determined. Those factors "should be at the forefront of obesity prevention initiatives," they wrote. "This is a carefully conducted analysis of Australian data," said Frederick J. Zimmerman, Ph.D., who is the Fred W. and Pamela K. Wasserman Professor and Chair of the Department of Health Policy & Management in the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health. "Because only low-income women were studied, it isn't clear to what extent the results would apply to higher-income women, to men or to non-Australians. It has often been suggested that obesity happens because low-income people cannot afford high-quality food. Yet this study's results suggest an alternative narrative: that it is education, and not income, that constrains people's ability to eat healthfully." Explore further: Obesity linked to economic status in developing countries

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We think you have liked this presentation. If you wish to download it, please recommend it to your friends in any social system. Share buttons are a little bit lower. Thank you! Presentation is loading. Please wait. Published byJamal Bender Modified about 1 year ago 1 - 1© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Operations and Productivity PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer and Render Operations Management, Eleventh Edition Principles of Operations Management, Ninth Edition PowerPoint slides by Jeff Heyl 1 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 - 2© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Outline ▶ What Is Operations Management? ▶ Organizing to Produce Goods and Services ▶ The Supply Chain ▶ Why Study OM? ▶ What Operations Managers Do ▶ Productivity Measurement 1 - 3© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▶ Operations: is the process of transforming inputs into outputs. What is Operations? 1 - 4© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▶ Example: the healthcare process in a hospital can be considered as an operations system. Doctors, nurse Hospital Medical suppliers Equipment Laboratories Healthy patients Examination Surgery Monitoring Medication Therapy Monitoring / Control Input Transformation Process (Activity) Output What is Operations? 1 - 5© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▶ Example: the food processing in a company is considered as an operations system. Raw vegetables Water Labor Energy Building/Equipment Canned vegetables Cleaning Cutting Cooking Packing Making cans Monitoring / Control Input Transformation Process (Activity) Output What is Operations? 1 - 6© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Operations Management? Operations management (OM) is the set of activities that create value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs 1 - 7© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ten Strategic Decisions TABLE 1.2 DECISIONCHAPTER(S) 1. Design of goods and services5, Supplement 5 2. Managing quality6, Supplement 6 3. Process and capacity design7, Supplement 7 4. Location strategy8 5. Layout strategy9 6. Human resources and job design10 7. Supply-chain management11, Supplement Inventory management12, 14, Scheduling13, Maintenance17 1 - 8© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▶ What is Operations Management? ▶ Operations managers determine what type of process is best suited to fulfill our customers needs. ▶ Operations managers needs to have knowledge of the facts and how to interpret information ▶ By measurement, operations managers can decide if their process is the most efficient for their product or service Video 1 - 9© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organizing to Produce Goods and Services ▶ Essential functions: 1.Marketing – generates demand 2.Production/operations – creates the product 3.Finance/accounting – tracks how well the organization is doing, pays bills, collects the money 1 - 10© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organizational Charts Figure 1.1 1 - 11© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organizational Charts Figure 1.1 1 - 12© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▶ Supply Chain (SC): the global network of organizations and activities involved in designing, transforming, consuming and disposing of goods and services. Supplier } Mfg.Dist.RetailerCustomer The Supply Chain FarmerSyrupBottlerDistributorRetailer producer 1 - 13© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▶ Supply Chain Management (SCM): is management of the processes and relationships in a supply chain ▶ Members of the supply chain collaborate to achieve high levels of customer satisfaction, efficiency and competitive advantage The Supply Chain 1 - 14© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Study OM? 1.OM is one of three major functions of any organization, we want to study how people organize themselves for productive enterprise 2.We want (and need) to know how goods and services are produced 3.We want to understand what operations managers do 4.OM is such a costly part of an organization 1 - 15© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What Operations Managers Do Basic Management Functions ▶ Planning ▶ Organizing ▶ Staffing ▶ Leading ▶ Controlling 1 - 16© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▶ Technology/methods ▶ Facilities/space utilization ▶ Strategic issues ▶ Response time ▶ People/team development ▶ Customer service ▶ Quality ▶ Cost reduction ▶ Inventory reduction ▶ Productivity improvement What Operations Managers Do 1 - 17© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 - 18© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Certifications ▶ APICS, the Association for Operations Management ▶ American Society for Quality (ASQ) ▶ Institute for Supply Management (ISM) ▶ Project Management Institute (PMI) ▶ Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals ▶ Charter Institute of Purchasing and Supply (CIPS) 1 - 19© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Operations for Goods and Services ▶ Manufacturers produce tangible product, services often intangible ▶ Operations activities often very similar ▶ Distinction not always clear ▶ Few pure services 1 - 20© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Differences Between Goods and Services TABLE 1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SERVICESCHARACTERISTICS OF GOODS Intangible: Ride in an airline seatTangible: The seat itself Produced and consumed simultaneously: Beauty salon produces a haircut that is consumed as it is produced Product can usually be kept in inventory (beauty care products) Unique: Your investments and medical care are uniqueSimilar products produced (iPods) High customer interaction: Often what the customer is paying for (consulting, education) Limited customer involvement in production Inconsistent product definition: Auto Insurance changes with age and type of car Product standardized (iPhone) Often knowledge based: Legal, education, and medical services are hard to automate Standard tangible product tends to make automation feasible Services dispersed: Service may occur at retail store, local office, house call, or via internet. Product typically produced at a fixed facility Quality may be hard to evaluate: Consulting, education, and medical services Many aspects of quality for tangible products are easy to evaluate (strength of a bolt) Reselling is unusual: Musical concert or medical careProduct often has some residual value 1 - 21© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Productivity Productivity is the ratio of outputs (goods and services) divided by the inputs (resources such as labor and capital) The objective is to improve productivity! Productivity= Outputs Inputs 1 - 22© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Improving Productivity at Starbucks A team of 10 analysts continually look for ways to shave time. Some improvements: Stop requiring signatures on credit card purchases under $25 Saved 8 seconds per transaction Change the size of the ice scoop Saved 14 seconds per drink New espresso machinesSaved 12 seconds per shot 1 - 23© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Improving Productivity at Starbucks A team of 10 analysts continually look for ways to shave time. Some improvements: Stop requiring signatures on credit card purchases under $25 Saved 8 seconds per transaction Change the size of the ice scoop Saved 14 seconds per drink New espresso machinesSaved 12 seconds per shot Operations improvements have helped Starbucks increase yearly revenue per outlet by $250,000 to $1,000,000 in seven years. Productivity has improved by 27%, or about 4.5% per year. 1 - 24© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Productivity Single-factor Output Output Output Output productivity Labor Material Capital Energy Multifactor Output Output productivity Labor + Material Labor + Capital + Energy (total factor Productivity) 1 - 25© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Productivity Example 1.1: 4 workers installed 720 square yards of carpeting in 8 hours, What is the labor productivity in square yards per hour? Productivity =Yards of carpet installed Labor-hours worked Productivity =720 square yards 4 workers * 8 hours/worker =720 square yards 32 hours =22.50 yards/hour 1 - 26© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Productivity Example 1.2: A machine produced 68 usable pieces in two hours, What is the single-factor productivity of machine in pieces per hour? =34 pieces/hour Productivity =Usable pieces production time Productivity =68 pieces 2 hours 1 - 27© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Productivity Example 1.3: 7040 units produced, sold for $1.10/unit Cost of labor: $1,000 Cost of materials: $520 Overhead: $2000 What is the multifactor productivity in dollars per dollar? MFP =2.20 dollar/dollar MFP =Price of all units Labor + Materials + Overhead MFP =(7040 units)*($1.10/unit) $ $520 + $2000 1 - 28© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Productivity ▶ Productivity increase rate is more appropriate than productivity itself as an index of an organization’s operation efficiency over time. Productivity Increase Rate = New Productivity – Old Productivity Old Productivity 1 - 29© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Productivity Example 1.4: Collins Title Insurance Ltd. wants to evaluate its labor and multifactor productivity with a new system. The company has a staff of four, each working 8 hours per day (for a payroll cost of $640/day) and overhead expenses of $400 per day. Collins processes and closes on 8 titles per day. The new system will allow the processing of 14 titles per day. Although the staff, their work hours, and pay are the same, the overhead expenses are now $800 per day. 8 titles/day Overhead = $400/day Old System: 14 titles/day Overhead = $800/day New System: 8 titles/day 32 labor-hrs = Old labor productivity = New labor productivity =.25 titles/labor-hr 14 titles/day 32 labor-hrs Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/dayPayroll cost = $640/day =.4375 titles/labor-hr = Productivity Increase Rate – =.75 75% increase in labor Productivity 8 titles/day Overhead = $400/day Old System: 14 titles/day Overhead = $800/day New System: Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/dayPayroll cost = $640/day = Productivity Increase Rate – =.26 26% increase in multi-factor Productivity 8 titles/day $ titles/day $ = Old multifactor productivity = New multifactor productivity =.0077 titles/dollar =.0097 titles/dollar 1 - 32© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. EX in Class A company has introduced a process improvement that reduces processing time for each unit, so that output is increased by 25% with less material, but one additional worker required. Under the old process, five workers could produce 60 units per hour. Labor rate is $12/hour, and material input was previously $16/unit. For the new process, material is now $10/unit. Overhead is charged at 1.6 times direct labor cost. Finished units sell for $31 each. What is the productivity growth rate associated with the process improvement? Operations Management Production is the creation of goods and services Operations management is the set of activities that creates goods and services through. Introduction to Operations Management Contents 1- What is Operations Management (OM)? 2- Importance of OM. 3- OM decisions. 4- OM's contributions to. 1 OPERATIONS The term production and operations tend to be interchangeable today the main feature of operations is that there is an input, process, output. Operations management is concerned with producing the right goods and services at the right quality and quantity. They need to turn the factors of production. Chapter 6 Service costing 6-1 Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Management Accounting 5e by Langfield-Smith Prepared by. Chapter 13 Planning for Electronic Commerce. Learning Objectives In this chapter, you will learn about: Planning electronic commerce initiatives Strategies. Learning Objectives 11.1 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the most common forms of business ownership Identify the stakeholders of a. Chapter 1 Principles of Control in a Foodservice Operation. WORKSHOP Conducted by : Mr. Irfan Abdullah Pre-Production Planning & Apparel Engineering Pre-Production Planning & Apparel Engineering. Building Competitive Advantage through Functional Level Strategy Chapter 4. Chapter Eight Producing Quality Goods and Services 8 | 1. Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU Why some companies succeed While others fail Walmart Vs. Sears/JC Penny Boeing missed production deadline … 1 Channel Management / Distribution. 2 STUDENTS WILL…. Understand the concepts and processes needed to identify, select, monitor, and evaluate sales channels. BA240: Operations Management Overview Manufacturing & Services Process Mapping The Role of Technology POM Software Demo Measuring Productivity Exercises. You are surrounded by simple, obvious solutions that can dramatically increase your income, power, influence and success. The problem is, you just don't. 1 Operations Management Lesson 1 Fundamentals of Operations Management Prepared by Sudarsan Jayasingh. 4 – 1 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Process Analysis 4 For Operations Management, 9e by Krajewski/Ritzman/Malhotra. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved BUSINESS PLUG-IN B16 Operations Management. MGMT14 marketing U U … mnm institute … makes sense. 1 Chapter 13 Information Technology Economics. 2 Learning Objectives Identify the major aspects of the economics of information technology. Explain the. E-Marketing, 3rd edition Judy Strauss, Adel I. El-Ansary, and Raymond Frost Chapter 2: Strategic E-Marketing © Prentice Hall 2003. Unit 2: Managing a business People in business Improving organisational structures Chapter 19. 1 Business Processes and their Improvement. 2 Session Objectives n Develop an understanding of business processes n Review process modeling basics n Introduce. Tutor2u tutor2u GCSE Business Studies Revision Presentations 2004 tutor2u tutor2u GCSE Business Studies Revision Presentations 2004 What is a Business? 3.1 © 2010 by Pearson 3Chapter Information Systems, Organizations, and Strategy. HL OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT PRODUCTION PLANNING IB BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT - A COURSE COMPANION: P Chapter 8 Order Management and Customer Service Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following: Understand the. 1 Chapter 2 Operations Strategies in a Global Economy. Chapter 13 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE. Management Talk Our company today is leaner, faster, more flexible and more efficient – in short much more competitive. © 2016 SlidePlayer.com Inc. All rights reserved.

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Being an evolving ape, I feel obligated to respond to the claims by geographer Akhil Bakshi that blacks, whites and Asians have different ape ancestors. There are several robust arguments for the ”out of Africa theory”, a theory that Bakshi seems to oppose. But we do not even have to use any of those arguments to scrutinise Bahshi’s claims. Instead we can simply look at the number of chromosomes in apes and humans. All six species of apes (orangutan, gorilla and chimpanzee, two species each) have 24 pair of chromosomes, whereas humans have only 23 pairs. If black, whites and Asians evolved separately from different ape ancestors, than the three different groups have had to lose one pair each, independently of one and other. The odds for this happening are so slim that we are talking in terms of monkeys on typewriters… And moreover, we could be pretty sure that there would be an irreversible reproduction barrier between the groups, making it impossible for black, white and Asian people to cross mate with each other. But as far as I can see there are still babies born by “multiple group” couples.

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The village of Aldborough in North Yorkshire was once the site of one of the northernmost urban centres of the Roman Empire, known then as Isurium Brigantum. Founded in the 2nd century, perhaps under the Emperor Hadrian, the Roman walled town acted as a focus of the Brigantes, the largest tribe in Roman Britain. Using archaeological evidence, this guidebook attempts to describe what life must have been like for the Brigantes under Roman rule. The mosaic pavements uncovered at the site, together with jewellery and numerous other finds now housed in the site museum, suggest that Isurium must have been a thriving, prosperous town. The book includes reconstruction drawings and photographs of the sites and museum exhibits.

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SCENAR-therapy is effectively applied for treatment of headaches (caused by brain vessels spasm, over-strain and contusion), nervous exhaustion, depression, pain syndromes of neurologic character, muscle spasms, initial stages of any inflammatory process, impotence caused by nervous exhaustion. These are conditions of functional disorders, i. e. disorders of functioning. SCENAR-therapy is not a panacea. Above all, its action is aimed at normalization of the disordered body functions, while providing harmony in the body and stimulation of its defense potentials. Considered as a biological object, a human body is an organized complex of functionally related cells, tissues, organs and systems. Their correlation provides vital functions of the body under constantly modifying conditions. A human body may be considered as a system with a number of subordinate according to a certain hierarchy feedbacks. This system is half-open to external environment. The biological system is constantly exchanging its substance, energy and information with the external environment. Conditions of the environment are continuously changing, which may require maximum use of the adapting abilities of a human being. At the same time, a human body is a great information system. Every functional system of a living body — from central nervous system to cells and cell parts — is supplied with controlling, executive, and monitoring elements and feedback system. Control of every system can be carried out by two ways: changing its structure or conditions of functioning. The first way is rather complicated. The second one, which suggests control of the systems, is carried out with SCENAR. This method is aimed at restoration of the optimal activity of cells, tissues, organs, and systems of the body. A living body reveals amazing potential during complicated processes of regulation. The success of regulation mostly depends on the cutaneous integument. For a long time skin has been considered as a regulator of various physiological functions. Irritating different reflexive areas it is possible to eliminate pain, cramps, increase or decrease metabolism, accelerate or decelerate cardiac rhythm. Body reaction depends upon the irritated area, due to peculiarities of the nervous system adapting the body and its systems to the conditions of external environment. There are certain cutaneous integuments of increased physiological activity which are applied for treatment of various disorders by SCENAR-therapy methods. The most complicated engineering (like spaceship) is crammed with thousands of sensors and receptors controlling and monitoring units, modules, etc. Skin has much more sensors and receptors carrying minute data, concerning all the processes in the internals and their condition, and receiving important information from the environment. Cutaneous integument indicates condition of the internals and regulation systems. After proper processing, this information gives a full picture of the processes occurring in the body. The cutaneous integument perceives external signals significant for vital activity of the body and control of malfunctions of the internal systems. Changes in the body are possible on energy and information levels. The action can be conducted upon both the systems and their correlations. The method of acting with information is more accurate and universal since it promotes control of energy, humoral and other processes. Skin has a unique ability to combine functions of a diverse sensor and a receptor for different by their physical nature signals. For example, the cutaneous integument perceives signals of such irritants as mechanical (acupuncture and massage) or thermal action, electric current, magnetic field, biological field, laser ray, or ultrasound. As a receptor, skin can perceive external information in the form of electric, optical, thermal, chemical, magnetic, mechanical and other signals, preprocess it, form appropriate coded signals, and transmit them into control systems of the human body. More significant for SCENAR-therapy are transmission of information in the form of electric signals (the quickest way) and transmission of the signals through membranes (which is a slower and less studied way). The irritant is amazingly small, but its energy is unequal to the body response — organism total reaction, because while receiving information, the skin acts as an input circuit of hypersensitive power amplifier, i. e. a human body. As has been proved by physiologists, reticular formation in the centre of the brain, which is our energy centre, amplifies signals of any origin received by our body. Input signal level is extremely small, but being a control signal, it causes significant energy changes in a human body which has its own power supplies (reticular formation). It is known that malfunction of any organ causes change of conduction, capacity, and temperature of certain areas of the cutaneous integument. Increased skin sensitivity manifests in painful contact. This variability of signals at the input and output of cutaneous integument testifies to perfection of creations of nature. Now when information processing can be automated with computers, we can carry out profound study of a human body and create efficient medication-free methods of treatment. As a rule, biological processes are accompanied by electric currents of very low voltage. Thus, to act upon biological processes occurring in a human body, it would be expedient to apply electric signals in the form of microcurrents of low voltage, with parameters similar to the currents accompanying biological processes. Electric current of microampere range provides reflexive action upon the central nervous system which enables influencing vital processes at the cell level by stimulation and inhibition, transferring charges or ions, and, sometimes, by destruction or creation of individual cell formations. Such action can be put into practice by various devices providing low voltage direct current of microampere range and alternating current of certain frequency and intensity. In contrast to this, SCENAR-therapy acts upon the body with voltage pulses similar to biological ones. The action is focused on harmonization of body vital activity and stimulation of its defensive potential by invoking the idle body reserves. One should always bear in mind that our body is coded for maintaining its homeostasis, i. e. coordination of organs and systems. First of all, the method is effective for treatment of functional disorders. Amazing results of SCENAR-treatment of various acute and chronic conditions is hardly explainable from the scientific point of view. But the facts are stubborn things — patients do recover! This is obviously promoted by the following: Information in a human body is transmitted in the form of bipolar short pulses of electric current without direct current level. Cutaneous integument and organs of sense are an information field connecting external environment and complicated processes occurring inside the human body. A human body can be considered as a hierarchic system with a number of feedbacks, which exist on every level and are related both across and down. This provides self-regulation, connection >with the external environment, and enables reaction upon the changes of the latter. The internal environment is focused on preserving its homeostasis. That is why, mobile system of a human body should be acted upon by the identical self-regulating mobile system, like SCENAR. SCENAR may put into practice the views, ideas and hypotheses supporting a unified theory of diseases origin. Two similar systems — a human body and SCENAR — can cooperate with each other. Of course, a human body is a leader in this interaction, and SCENAR is a means executing the body commands and providing help. Such harmonious cooperation contributes to successful treatment of many diseases and pathological conditions with SCENAR series devices. The Healing Blanket – an energy regulator, pain management device and cell regulator for the body. The Healing Blanket acts as a regulator of energy and cells, as well as being an effective device for pain management. As with the SCENAR, the Healing Blanket’s origin lies in the Cold War Soviet space program, with the technology adapted for marketable products in today’s complementary medicine industry. The Healing Blanket works around the principle of acupuncture meridians to both regulate and unblock the flow of energy around the body. Our energy may fluctuate when exposed to high electrical radiation emitted by devices such as computer monitors and cell phones. The Healing Blanket protects the body from external electromagnetic and electrostatic fields to help the body to rebalance its own electrical charge and energy. This protection can re-energise the body and relieve pain, over time. How the Healing Blanket works? The Healing Blanket itself is made up of a series of membranes that allow the body to retain its natural bio-energetic state, reducing the dissipation of energy into the environment. The Healing Blanket works on several different levels, providing the user with several beneficial outcomes. Treatment covers redistribution of charge, pain management and extremely high frequency (EHF) therapy. Redistribution of Charge with the Healing Blanket Redistribution of charge relates to meridians, as used in acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine. These are the channels of energy flow throughout the body which can be manipulated at specific points (acupuncture points). The Healing Blanket uses acupuncture points to tap additional energy into the channels where it is lacking, or release energy through the points where there is an excess, thereby helping to keep the energy flow in equilibrium. The apparatus within the Healing Blanket which makes this possible is called the ‘energizer’, which simultaneously helps reduce the reoccurrence of energy blockages. The Healing Blanket & Pain Management The Healing Blanket uses infra-red (IR) radiation to increase blood flow and energy emission. This IR radiation has beneficial effects on the body, increasing the potential for tissue repair. More importantly the IR radiation increases the vital activities in pain management systems through the release of neuropeptides, thereby altering pain receptors and making the removal of pain causing cell metabolites more efficient. Various positive side-effects may also occur such as a local and systemic boost to the immune system and a reduction in inflammation. Healing Blanket EHF Therapy The third and final function of the Healing Blanket is the production of Extremely High Frequencies (30-300 GHz). As many energetic medicine devices identify, a living cell vibrates at a particular frequency, between 30-300 GHz. When a cell becomes ‘ill’ it will resonate at a frequency determined by the individual malady, e.g. a cell group with mercury poisoning will resonate differently to a group damaged in a sports injury. It is through the detection of these different frequencies that energetic medicine systems such as the QXCI act as diagnostic devices. The Healing Blanket uses EHF to bring the cell frequency back to normal, enabling the cell to repair more quickly, or emit toxins more efficiently. It should be stated however that this is very much a gradual effect after using the Healing Blanket for many sessions. The Healing Blanket is effective, in combination with other therapies, for the treatment of a wide range of disorders, including: Increasing of the resistance to stress Reduction of the muscular spasms Prolonging the action of medicines, followed by reduction in doses of drugs and supporting therapy without drugs When comparing the Healing Blanket to other SCENAR type devices, it becomes apparent that whereas the SCENAR is best used for direct cell/tissue regeneration and local pain management, the Healing Blanket is best used over a series of therapy sessions, producing gradual positive results. Healing Blanket Therapy protocol The client can be treated systemically or locally where appropriate, by applying the Healing Blanket to whole body or the specific area concerned (on the neck, back, shoulders, etc). The Healing Blanket therapeutic protocol is fairly straight forward. The client lies covered by the Healing Blanket for around 40 minutes, 2 – 3 times a day over a course 15 – 20 days. In order to achieve the best result, the course should be resumed after a one week break. In rare cases, adverse reactions such as pain, headache, dizziness or nausea may occur. In this case the treatment course should be continued until disappearance of discomfort, even if whole procedure will be extended up to 50 minutes. If the client can’t sustain the discomfort, the time for the procedure should be reduced by 10 minutes. The duration of each following procedure should be extended by three or four minutes, gradually building up to a 30–40 minute session. Use of the Healing Blanket is contra-indicated in patients with acute infectious diseases, feverish conditions with unclear diagnosis, active Tuberculosis, acute heart attack, cardiac or pulmonary insufficiency. Healing Blanket Overview The Healing Blanket is particularly useful for the treatment of non-ambulant conditions, i.e. when the client is unable to do much more than lie wrapped in the Healing Blanket for extended periods. In these cases, the Healing Blanket may provide not only a comforting therapeutic experience, but also positive physiological benefits.

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Being overweight or obese could impair memory Being overweight or obese has long been linked to heart problems and diabetes - and now researchers have found it could also harm your memory. In particular, researchers found a link between a high body mass index (BMI) and poor episodic memory, which is the ability to recall past events. BMI has been linked to not being able to recall events It is thought excess weight gain could change the structure and function of the brain. The news comes as the Welsh Government revealed how lifestyle factors can impact the risk of developing dementia. The University of Cambridge researchers tested 50 participants aged 18 to 35 whose BMIs ranged from 18 to 51. Obesity has been linked to diabetes A BMI of 18-25 is normal, while 25-30 is overweight and over 30 considered obese. Participants were asked to take part on a treasure-hunt task. They had to hide items, and recall when and where they were hidden. Author Dr Lucy Cheke said: “Understanding what drives our consumption and how we instinctively regulate our eating behaviour is becoming more and more important given the rise of obesity in society. "We know that to some extent hunger and satiety are driven by the balance of hormones in our bodies and brains, but psychological factors also play an important role - we tend to eat more when distracted by television or working, and perhaps to 'comfort eat’. "Increasingly, we're beginning to see that memory - especially episodic memory - is also important. "How vividly we remember a recent meal, for example today's lunch, can make a difference to how hungry we feel and how much we are likely to reach out for that tasty chocolate bar later on." Researchers say it might help portion and food regulation The researchers believe this lack of memory could impair an overweight person’s ability to regulate meal consumption and the study goes some way in to understand the influences on feeding behaviour and appetite regulation. Dr Cheke added: “We're not saying that overweight people are necessarily more forgetful, but if these results are generalisable to memory in everyday life, then it could be that overweight people are less able to vividly relive details of past events – such as their past meals. “Research on the role of memory in eating suggests that this might impair their ability to use memory to help regulate consumption.” The research is published in the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.

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It's estimated that $100 million goes up in smoke each month in North Dakota. Thanks to NASA we have an out-of-this-world glimpse of these flames. That shocking picture (shown to the right) appears to be just a large city in North Dakota, however, the fact of the matter is that very few people live in that part of the country. The casualty of the boom What's happening is that the oil boom in North Dakota is producing an enormous amount of associated natural gas as a byproduct. Overall, about a billion cubic feet of gas is produced each day in the state. However, because it's less valuable than oil and the industry doesn't have enough infrastructure in place, it's flaring off a massive amount of natural gas. As much as 36% of the state's natural gas is currently being flared off each month. That's gas that could have been used to heat homes, make higher valued products or even used as a transportation fuel. Instead, it's being burned off because that's actually much more environmentally friendly than simply venting the gas into the atmosphere. However, we're still talking about 13 billion pounds of carbon dioxide per year, which is wasted emissions as this is enough gas to offset three coal-fired power plants. Coming to the rescue The problem of flaring isn't lost on anyone. The industry is working on solutions to reduce the amount of gas that's flared. In fact, about 100 Bakken Shale wells were shut-in earlier this year to reduce flaring as the industry awaited the start-up of an expanded natural gas processing plant. Just last week Hess (NYSE:HES) announced that the newly expanded natural gas processing plant would soon start up. The plant has been shut down since late last year as Hess finished the expansion, which has been delayed several weeks due to severe weather. Once the plant is fully operational it will be able to handle about 250 million cubic feet of gas, which was twice the original design. The expansion of the Hess plant is a step in the right direction. However, it isn't the only step the industry is taking to reduce flaring. A more unique solution is under way as General Electric (NYSE:GE) is working with Norway's Statoil (NYSE:STO) on a low-cost prototype to compress and store natural gas. GE calls this C.N.G in a box, and it was originally designed to be used as a mobile natural gas filling station for cars, trucks and buses. In the case of the Statoil project, the plan is to use the GE boxes to fuel drilling rigs that are being converted to run on natural gas. Statoil believes that if all the Bakken rigs were converted to run partially on natural gas the industry would use more than 60 million cubic feet of natural gas per day. That's about 20% of the flared volume that would be used to offset some of the diesel fuel used by the industry, which would lower emissions as well as potentially lower costs for producers. The industry really needs to reduce flaring in North Dakota. It might be the most environmentally friendly way to deal with the excess gas, but it's far from the industry's only viable option. By processing and using more gas the industry will only improve the already exceptional economics of the region. Further, using field gas to offset the emissions from diesel used in drilling rigs is a real win-win solution for producers as it would take gas the industry is wasting and put it to much better use. One step closer to OPEC's demise Matt DiLallo has no position in any stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool recommends Statoil (ADR). The Motley Fool owns shares of General Electric Company. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.

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Part 1 out of 5 Life of Browning by William Sharp The Following Books relating to Robert Browning are now online: Corson, Hiram. An Introduction to the Study of Robert Browning's Poetry, This book is primarily concerned with Browning's poems. Advantages: This book is an excellent introduction to Browning. Orr, Mrs. Sutherland. Life and Letters of Robert Browning, 2nd edition. This book is primarily concerned with Browning's life. Advantages: As a close friend, the author has a good grasp of the facts, and is meticulous in her treatment of the material. Disadvantages: As a close friend, the author is sometimes partisan. Sharp, William. Life of Robert Browning. Despite the title, this book is as much a critique of Browning's works as it is a biography of the poet. Advantages: Further removed from poet, the author is willing to make some criticisms. As an early and frequently quoted work on the subject, this book is a good resource. Disadvantages: Due to carelessness on the part of the author and his publisher, a number of factual and other errors were made. Although this electronic text has corrected many of the obvious errors, they are frequent enough to leave misgivings. [Note on text: Italicized words or phrases are capitalised. Some obvious errors may have been corrected.] Life of Robert Browning by William Sharp. London, Robert Browning's birthplace; his immediate predecessors and contemporaries in literature, art, and music; born May 7th, 1812; origin of the Browning family; assertions as to its Semitic connection apparently groundless; the poet a putative descendant of the Captain Micaiah Browning mentioned by Macaulay; Robert Browning's mother of Scottish and German origin; his father a man of exceptional powers, artist, poet, critic, student; Mr. Browning's opinion of his son's writings; the home in Camberwell; Robert Browning's childhood; concerning his optimism; his fondness for Carravaggio's "Andromeda and Perseus"; his poetic precocity; origin of "The Flight of the Duchess"; writes Byronic verse; is sent to school at Peckham; his holiday afternoons; sees London by night, from Herne Hill; the significance of the spectacle to him. He wishes to be a poet; writes in the style of Byron and Pope; the "Death of Harold"; his poems, written when twelve years old, shown to Miss Flower; the Rev. W. J. Fox's criticisms on them; he comes across Shelley's "Daemon of the World"; Mrs. Browning procures Shelley's poems, also those of Keats, for her son; the perusal of these volumes proves an important event in his poetic development; he leaves school when fourteen years old, and studies at home under a tutor; attends a few lectures at University College, 1829-30; chooses his career, at the age of twenty; earliest record of his utterances concerning his youthful life printed in `Century Magazine', 1881; he plans a series of monodramatic epics; Browning's lifework, collectively one monodramatic "epic"; Shakespeare's and Browning's methods compared; Browning writes "Pauline" in 1832; his own criticism on it; his parents' opinions; his aunt's generous gift; the poem published in January 1833; description of the poem; written under the inspiring stimulus of Shelley; its autopsychical significance; its importance to the student of the poet's works; quotations from "Pauline". The public reception of "Pauline"; criticisms thereupon; Mr. Fox's notice in the `Monthly Repository', and its results; Dante Gabriel Rossetti reads "Pauline" and writes to the author; Browning's reference to Tennyson's reading of "Maud" in 1855; Browning frequents literary society; reads at the British Museum; makes the acquaintance of Charles Dickens and "Ion" Talfourd; a volume of poems by Tennyson published simultaneously with "Pauline"; in 1833 he commences his travels; goes to Russia; the sole record of his experiences there to be found in the poem "Ivan Ivanovitch", published in `Dramatic Idyls', 1879; his acquaintance with Mazzini; Browning goes to Italy; visits Asolo, whence he drew hints for "Sordello" and "Pippa Passes"; in 1834 he returns to Camberwell; in autumn of 1834 and winter of 1835 commences "Sordello", writes "Paracelsus", and one or two short poems; his love for Venice; a new voice audible in "Johannes Agricola" and "Porphyria"; "Paracelsus", published in 1835; his own explanation of it; his love of walking in the dark; some of "Paracelsus" and of "Strafford" composed in a wood near Dulwich; concerning "Paracelsus" and Browning's sympathy with the scientific spirit; description and scope of the poem; quotations therefrom; estimate of the work, and its four lyrics. Criticisms upon "Paracelsus", important one written by John Forster; Browning meets Macready at the house of Mr. Fox; personal description of the poet; Macready's opinion of the poem; Browning spends New Year's Day, 1836, at the house of the tragedian and meets John Forster; Macready urges him to write a play; his subsequent interview with the tragedian; he plans a drama to be entitled "Narses"; meets Wordsworth and Walter Savage Landor at a supper party, when the young poet is toasted, and Macready again proposes that Browning should write a play, from which arose the idea of "Strafford"; his acquaintance with Wordsworth and Landor; MS. of "Strafford" accepted; its performance at Covent Garden Theatre on the 26th May 1837; runs for five nights; the author's comments; the drama issued by Messrs. Longman & Co.; the performance in 1886; estimate of "Strafford"; Browning's dramas; comparison between the Elizabethan and Victorian dramatic eras; Browning's soul-depictive faculty; his dramatic method; estimate of his dramas; Landor's acknowledgment of the dedication to him "Profundity" and "Simplicity"; the faculty of wonder; Browning's first conception of "Pippa Passes"; his residence in London; his country walks; his ways and habits, and his heart-episodes; debates whether to become a clergyman; is "Pippa Passes" a drama? estimate of the poem; Browning's rambles on Wimbledon Common and in Dulwich Wood, where he composes his lines upon Shelley; asserts there is romance in Camberwell as well as in Italy; "Sordello"; the charge of obscurity against "Sordello"; the nature and intention of the poem; quotations therefrom; anecdote about Douglas Jerrold; Tennyson's, Carlyle's, and M. Odysse Barot's opinions on "Sordello"; "enigmatic" poetry; in 1863 Browning contemplated the re-writing of "Sordello"; dedication to the French critic, Milsand. Browning's three great dramatic poems; "The Ring and the Book" his finest work; its uniqueness; Carlyle's criticism of it; Poetry versus Tour-de-Force; "The Ring and the Book" begun in 1866; analysis of the poem; kinship of "The Ring and the Book" and "Aurora Leigh"; explanation of title; the idea taken from a parchment volume Browning picked up in Florence; the poem planned at Casa Guidi; "O Lyric Love", etc.; description and analysis of "The Ring and the Book", with quotations; compared as a poem with "The Inn Album", "Pauline", "Asolando", "Men and Women", etc.; imaginary volumes, to be entitled "Transcripts from Life" and "Flowers o' the Vine"; Browning's greatest period; Browning's primary importance. Early life of Elizabeth Barrett Browning; born in 1820;* the chief sorrow of her life; the Barrett family settle in London; "The Cry of the Children" and its origin; Miss Barrett's friends; effect on her of Browning's poetry; she makes Browning's acquaintance in 1846; her early belief in him as a poet; her physical delicacy and her sensitiveness of feeling; personal appearance of Robert Browning; his "electric" hand; Elizabeth Barrett discerns his personal worth, and is susceptible to the strong humanity of Browning's song; Mr. Barrett's jealousy; their engagement; Miss Barrett's acquaintance with Mrs. Jameson; quiet marriage in 1846; Mr. Barrett's resentment; the Brownings go to Paris; thence to Italy with Mrs. Jameson; Wordsworth's comments; residence in Pisa; "Sonnets from the Portuguese"; in the spring they go to Florence, thence to Ancona, where "The Guardian Angel" was written; Casa Guidi; W. W. Story's account of the rooms at Casa Guidi; perfect union. * This date is a typographical error, but the date given in the text itself, 1809, is also incorrect -- it should be 1806. Mr. Sharp's lack of knowledge on this subject is understandable, however, as, to quote from Mrs. Orr's "Life and Letters of Robert Browning" (1891): "She looked much younger than her age, which [Robert Browning] only recently knew to have been six years beyond his own." -- A. L., 1996. March 1849, birth of Robert Wiedemann Barrett Browning; Browning writes his "Christmas Eve and Easter Day"; "Casa Guidi Windows" commenced; 1850, they go to Rome; "Two in the Campagna"; proposal to confer poet-laureateship on Mrs. Browning; return to London; winter in Paris; summer in London; Kenyon's friendship; return in autumn to Casa Guidi; Browning's Essay on Shelley for the twenty-five spurious Shelley letters; midsummer at Baths of Lucca, where "In a Balcony" was in part written; winter of 1853-4 in Rome; record of work; "Pen's" illness; "Ben Karshook's Wisdom"; return to Florence; (1856) "Men and Women" published; the Brownings go to London; in summer "Aurora Leigh" issued; 1858, Mrs. Browning's waning health; 1855-64 comparatively unproductive period with R. Browning; record of work; July 1855, they travel to Normandy; "Legend of Pornic"; Mrs. Browning's ardent interest in the Italian struggle of 1859; winter in Rome; "Poems before Congress"; her last poem, "North and South"; death of Mrs. Browning at Casa Guidi, 28th June 1861. Browning's allusions to death of his wife; Miss Browning resides with her brother from 1866; 1868, collected works published; first part of "The Ring and the Book" published in November 1866; "Herve Riel" written; Browning's growing popularity; Tauchnitz editions of his poems in 1872; also first book of selections; dedication to Lord Tennyson; 1877, he goes to La Saisiaz, near Geneva; "La Saisiaz" and "The Two Poets of Croisic" published 1878; Browning's later poems; Browning Society established 1881; Browning's letter thereupon to Mr. Yates; trips abroad; his London residences; his last letter to Tennyson; revisits Asolo; Palazzo Rezzonico; his belief in immortality; his death, Thursday, Dec. 12th, 1889; funeral in Westminster Abbey; Sonnet by George Meredith; new star in Orion; R. Browning's place in literature; Summary, etc. In all important respects I leave this volume to speak for itself. For obvious reasons it does not pretend to be more than a `Memoire pour servir': in the nature of things, the definitive biography cannot appear for many years to come. None the less gratefully may I take the present opportunity to express my indebtedness to Mr. R. Barrett Browning, and to other relatives and intimate friends of Robert Browning, who have given me serviceable information, and otherwise rendered kindly aid. For some of the hitherto unpublished details my thanks are, in particular, due to Mrs. Fraser Corkran and Miss Alice Corkran, and to other old friends of the poet and his family, here, in Italy, and in America; though in one or two instances, I may add, I had them from Robert Browning himself. It is with pleasure that I further acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. Furnivall, for the loan of the advance-proofs of his privately-printed pamphlet on "Browning's Ancestors"; and to the Browning Society's Publications -- particularly to Mrs. Sutherland Orr's and Dr. Furnivall's biographical and bibliographical contributions thereto; to Mr. Gosse's biographical article in the `Century Magazine' for 1881; to Mr. Ingram's `Life of E. B. Browning'; and to the `Memoirs of Anna Jameson', the `Italian Note-Books' of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Mr. G. S. Hillard's `Six Months in Italy' (1853), and the Lives and Correspondence of Macready, Miss Mitford, Leigh Hunt, and Walter Savage Landor. I regret that the imperative need of concision has prevented the insertion of many of the letters, anecdotes, and reminiscences, so generously placed at my disposal; but possibly I may have succeeded in educing from them some essential part of that light which they undoubtedly cast upon the personality and genius of the poet. Life of Robert Browning. It must, to admirers of Browning's writings, appear singularly appropriate that so cosmopolitan a poet was born in London. It would seem as though something of that mighty complex life, so confusedly petty to the narrow vision, so grandiose and even majestic to the larger ken, had blent with his being from the first. What fitter birthplace for the poet whom a comrade has called the "Subtlest Assertor of the Soul in Song", the poet whose writings are indeed a mirror of the age? A man may be in all things a Londoner and yet be a provincial. The accident of birthplace does not necessarily involve parochialism of the soul. It is not the village which produces the Hampden, but the Hampden who immortalises the village. It is a favourite jest of Rusticus that his urban brother has the manner of Omniscience and the knowledge of a parish beadle. Nevertheless, though the strongest blood insurgent in the metropolitan heart is not that which is native to it, one might well be proud to have had one's atom-pulse atune from the first with the large rhythm of the national life at its turbulent, congested, but ever ebullient centre. Certainly Browning was not the man to be ashamed of his being a Londoner, much less to deny his natal place. He was proud of it: through good sense, no doubt, but possibly also through some instinctive apprehension of the fact that the great city was indeed the fit mother of such a son. "Ashamed of having been born in the greatest city of the world!" he exclaimed on one occasion; "what an extraordinary thing to say! It suggests a wavelet in a muddy shallow grimily contorting itself because it had its birth out in the great ocean." On the day of the poet's funeral in Westminster Abbey, one of the most eminent of his peers remarked to me that Browning came to us as one coming into his own. This is profoundly true. There was in good sooth a mansion prepared against his advent. Long ago, we should have surrendered as to a conqueror: now, however, we know that princes of the mind, though they must be valorous and potent as of yore, can enter upon no heritance save that which naturally awaits them, and has been made theirs by long and intricate processes. The lustrum which saw the birth of Robert Browning, that is the third in the nineteenth century, was a remarkable one indeed. Thackeray came into the world some months earlier than the great poet, Charles Dickens within the same twelvemonth, and Tennyson three years sooner, when also Elizabeth Barrett was born, and the foremost naturalist of modern times first saw the light. It is a matter of significance that the great wave of scientific thought which ultimately bore forward on its crest so many famous men, from Brewster and Faraday to Charles Darwin, had just begun to rise with irresistible impulsion. Lepsius's birth was in 1813, and that of the great Flemish novelist, Henri Conscience, in 1812: about the same period were the births of Freiligrath, Gutzkow, and Auerbach, respectively one of the most lyrical poets, the most potent dramatist, the most charming romancer of Germany: and, also, in France, of Theophile Gautier and Alfred de Musset. Among representatives of the other arts -- with two of which Browning must ever be closely associated -- Mendelssohn and Chopin were born in 1809, and Schumann, Liszt, and Wagner within the four succeeding years: within which space also came Diaz and Meissonier and the great Millet. Other high names there are upon the front of the century. Macaulay, Cardinal Newman, John Stuart Mill (one of the earliest, by the way, to recognise the genius of Browning), Alexandre Dumas, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Ampere, Quinet, Prosper Merimee, Sainte-Beuve, Strauss, Montalambert, are among the laurel-bearers who came into existence betwixt 1800 and 1812. When Robert Browning was born in London in 1812, Sheridan had still four years to live; Jeremy Bentham was at the height of his contemporary reputation, and Godwin was writing glibly of the virtues of humanity and practising the opposite qualities, while Crabbe was looked upon as one of the foremost of living poets. Wordsworth was then forty, Sir Walter Scott forty-one, Coleridge forty-two, Walter Savage Landor and Charles Lamb each in his forty-fifth year. Byron was four-and-twenty, Shelley not yet quite of age, two radically different men, Keats and Carlyle, both youths of seventeen. Abroad, Laplace was in his maturity, with fifteen years more yet to live; Joubert with twelve; Goethe, with twenty; Lamarck, the Schlegels, Cuvier, Chateaubriand, Hegel, Niebuehr (to specify some leading names only), had many years of work before them. Schopenhauer was only four-and-twenty, while Beranger was thirty-two. The Polish poet Mickiewicz was a boy of fourteen, and Poushkin was but a twelvemonth older; Heine, a lad of twelve, was already enamoured of the great Napoleonic legend. The foremost literary critic of the century was running about the sands of Boulogne, or perhaps wandering often along the ramparts of the old town, introspective even then, with something of that rare and insatiable curiosity which we all now recognise as so distinctive of Sainte-Beuve. Again, the greatest creative literary artist of the century, in prose at any rate, was leading an apparently somewhat indolent schoolboy life at Tours, undreamful yet of enormous debts, colossal undertakings, gigantic failures, and the `Comedie Humaine'. In art, Sir Henry Raeburn, William Blake, Flaxman, Canova, Thorwaldsen, Crome, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Constable, Sir David Wilkie, and Turner were in the exercise of their happiest faculties: as were, in the usage of theirs, Beethoven, Weber, Schubert, Spohr, Donizetti, and Bellini. It is not inadvisedly that I make this specification of great names, of men who were born coincidentally with, or were in the broader sense contemporaries of Robert Browning. There is no such thing as a fortuitous birth. Creation does not occur spontaneously, as in that drawing of David Scott's where from the footprint of the Omnipotent spring human spirits and fiery stars. Literally indeed, as a great French writer has indicated, a man is the child of his time. It is a matter often commented upon by students of literature, that great men do not appear at the beginning, but rather at the acme of a period. They are not the flying scud of the coming wave, but the gleaming crown of that wave itself. The epoch expends itself in preparation for these great ones. If Nature's first law were not a law of excess, the economy of life would have meagre results. I think it is Turgeniev who speaks somewhere of her as a gigantic Titan, working in gloomy silence, with the same savage intentness upon a subtler twist of a flea's joints as upon the Destinies of Man. If there be a more foolish cry than that poetry is on the wane, it is that the great days had passed away even before Robert Browning and Alfred Tennyson were born. The way was prepared for Browning, as it was for Shakespeare: as it is, beyond doubt, for the next high peer of these. There were `Roberts' among the sons of the Browning family for at least four generations. It has been affirmed, on disputable authority, that the surname is the English equivalent for Bruning, and that the family is of Teutonic origin. Possibly: but this origin is too remote to be of any practical concern. Browning himself, it may be added, told Mr. Moncure Conway that the original name was De Bruni. It is not a matter of much importance: the poet was, personally and to a great extent in his genius, Anglo-Saxon. Though there are plausible grounds for the assumption, I can find nothing to substantiate the common assertion that, immediately, or remotely, his people were Jews.* * Fairly conclusive evidence to the contrary, on the paternal side, is afforded in the fact that, in 1757, the poet's great-grandfather gave one of his sons the baptismal name of Christian. Dr. Furnivall's latest researches prove that there is absolutely "no ground for supposing the presence of any Jewish blood in the poet's veins." As to Browning's physiognomy and personal traits, this much may be granted: if those who knew him were told he was a Jew they would not be much surprised. In his exuberant vitality, in his sensuous love of music and the other arts, in his combined imaginativeness and shrewdness of common sense, in his superficial expansiveness and actual reticence, he would have been typical enough of the potent and artistic race for whom he has so often of late been claimed. What, however, is most to the point is that neither to curious acquaintances nor to intimate friends, neither to Jews nor Gentiles, did he ever admit more than that he was a good Protestant, and sprung of a Puritan stock. He was tolerant of all religious forms, but with a natural bias towards Anglican Evangelicalism. In appearance there was, perhaps, something of the Semite in Robert Browning: yet this is observable but slightly in the portraits of him during the last twenty years, and scarcely at all in those which represent him as a young man. It is most marked in the drawing by Rudolf Lehmann, representing Browning at the age of forty-seven, where he looks out upon us with a physiognomy which is, at least, as much distinctively Jewish as English. Possibly the large dark eyes (so unlike both in colour and shape what they were in later life) and curved nose and full lips, with the oval face, may have been, as it were, seen judaically by the artist. These characteristics, again, are greatly modified in Mr. Lehmann's subsequent portrait in oils. The poet's paternal great-grandfather, who was owner of the Woodyates Inn, in the parish of Pentridge, in Dorsetshire, claimed to come of good west-country stock. Browning believed, but always conscientiously maintained there was no proof in support of the assumption, that he was a descendant of the Captain Micaiah Browning who, as Macaulay relates in his `History of England', raised the siege of Derry in 1689 by springing the boom across Lough Foyle, and perished in the act. The same ancestral line is said to comprise the Captain Browning who commanded the ship `The Holy Ghost', which conveyed Henry V. to France before he fought the Battle of Agincourt, and in recognition of whose services two waves, said to represent waves of the sea, were added to his coat of arms. It is certainly a point of some importance in the evidence, as has been indicated, that these arms were displayed by the gallant Captain Micaiah, and are borne by the present family. That the poet was a pure-bred Englishman in the strictest sense, however, as has commonly been asserted, is not the case. His mother was Scottish, through her mother and by birth, but her father was the son of a German from Hamburg, named Wiedemann, who, by the way, in connection with his relationship as maternal grandfather to the poet, it is interesting to note, was an accomplished draughtsman and musician.* Browning's paternal grandmother, again, was a Creole. As Mrs. Orr remarks, this pedigree throws a valuable light on the vigour and variety of the poet's genius. Possibly the main current of his ancestry is as little strictly English as German. A friend sends me the following paragraph from a Scottish paper: -- "What of the Scottish Brownings? I had it long ago from one of the name that the Brownings came originally from Ayrshire, and that several families of them emigrated to the North of Ireland during the times of the Covenanters. There is, moreover, a small town or village in the North of Ireland called Browningstown. Might not the poet be related to these Scottish Brownings?" * It has frequently been stated that Browning's maternal grandfather, Mr. Wiedemann, was a Jew. Mr. Wiedemann, the son of a Hamburg merchant, was a small shipowner in Dundee. Had he, or his father, been Semitic, he would not have baptised one of his daughters `Christiana'. Browning's great-grandfather, as indicated above, was a small proprietor in Dorsetshire. His son, whether perforce or from choice, removed to London when he was a youth, and speedily obtained a clerkship in the Bank of England, where he remained for fifty years, till he was pensioned off in 1821 with over 400 Pounds a year. He died in 1833. His wife, to whom he was married in or about 1780, was one Margaret Morris Tittle, a Creole, born in the West Indies. Her portrait, by Wright of Derby, used to hang in the poet's dining-room. They resided, Mr. R. Barrett Browning tells me, in Battersea, where his grandfather was their first-born. The paternal grandfather of the poet decided that his three sons, Robert, William Shergold, and Reuben, should go into business, the two younger in London, the elder abroad. All three became efficient financial clerks, and attained to good positions and fair means.* The eldest, Robert, was a man of exceptional powers. He was a poet, both in sentiment and expression; and he understood, as well as enjoyed, the excellent in art. He was a scholar, too, in a reputable fashion: not indifferent to what he had learnt in his youth, nor heedless of the high opinion generally entertained for the greatest writers of antiquity, but with a particular care himself for Horace and Anacreon. As his son once told a friend, "The old gentleman's brain was a storehouse of literary and philosophical antiquities. He was completely versed in mediaeval legend, and seemed to have known Paracelsus, Faustus, and even Talmudic personages, personally" -- a significant detail, by the way. He was fond of metrical composition, and his ease and grace in the use of the heroic couplet were the admiration, not only of his intellectual associates, but, in later days, of his son, who was wont to affirm, certainly in all seriousness, that expressionally his father was a finer poetic artist than himself. Some one has recorded of him that he was an authority on the Letters of Junius: fortunately he had more tangible claims than this to the esteem of his fellows. It was his boast that, notwithstanding the exigencies of his vocation, he knew as much of the history of art as any professional critic. His extreme modesty is deducible from this naive remark. He was an amateur artist, moreover, as well as poet, critic, and student. I have seen several of his drawings which are praiseworthy: his studies in portraiture, particularly, are ably touched: and, as is well known, he had an active faculty of pictorial caricature. In the intervals of leisure which beset the best regulated clerk he was addicted to making drawings of the habitual visitors to the Bank of England, in which he had obtained a post on his return, in 1803, from the West Indies, and in the enjoyment of which he remained till 1853, when he retired on a small pension. His son had an independent income, but whether from a bequest, or in the form of an allowance from his then unmarried Uncle Reuben, is uncertain. In the first year of his marriage Mr. Browning resided in an old house in Southampton Street, Peckham, and there the poet was born. The house was long ago pulled down, and another built on its site. Mr. Browning afterwards removed to another domicile in the same Peckham district. Many years later, he and his family left Camberwell and resided at Hatcham, near New Cross, where his brothers and sisters (by his father's second marriage) lived. There was a stable attached to the Hatcham house, and in it Mr. Reuben Browning kept his horse, which he let his poet-nephew ride, while he himself was at his desk in Rothschild's bank. No doubt this horse was the `York' alluded to by the poet in the letter quoted, as a footnote, at page 189 [Chapter 9] of this book. Some years after his wife's death, which occurred in 1849, Mr. Browning left Hatcham and came to Paddington, but finally went to reside in Paris, and lived there, in a small street off the Champs Elysees, till his death in 1866. The Creole strain seems to have been distinctly noticeable in Mr. Browning, so much so that it is possible it had something to do with his unwillingness to remain at St. Kitts, where he was certainly on one occasion treated cavalierly enough. The poet's complexion in youth, light and ivory-toned as it was in later life, has been described as olive, and it is said that one of his nephews, who met him in Paris in his early manhood, took him for an Italian. It has been affirmed that it was the emotional Creole strain in Browning which found expression in his passion for music.** * The three brothers were men of liberal education and literary tastes. Mr. W. S. Browning, who died in 1874, was an author of some repute. His `History of the Huguenots' is a standard book on the subject. ** Mrs. Sutherland Orr, in her "Life and Letters of Robert Browning" (1891), (now available online) refutes these statements. -- A. L., 1996. By old friends of the family I have been told that Mr. Browning had a strong liking for children, with whom his really remarkable faculty of impromptu fiction made him a particular favourite. Sometimes he would supplement his tales by illustrations with pencil or brush. Miss Alice Corkran has shown me an illustrated coloured map, depictive of the main incidents and scenery of the `Pilgrim's Progress', which he genially made for "the children".* * Mrs. Fraser Corkran, who saw much of the poet's father during his residence in Paris, has spoken to me of his extraordinary analytical faculty in the elucidation of complex criminal cases. It was once said of him that his detective faculty amounted to genius. This is a significant trait in the father of the author of "The Ring and the Book". He had three children himself -- Robert, born May 7th, 1812, a daughter named Sarianna, after her mother, and Clara. His wife was a woman of singular beauty of nature, with a depth of religious feeling saved from narrowness of scope only by a rare serenity and a fathomless charity. Her son's loving admiration of her was almost a passion: even late in life he rarely spoke of her without tears coming to his eyes. She was, moreover, of an intellectual bent of mind, and with an artistic bias having its readiest fulfilment in music, and, to some extent, in poetry. In the latter she inclined to the Romanticists: her husband always maintained the supremacy of Pope. He looked with much dubiety upon his son's early writings, "Pauline" and "Paracelsus"; "Sordello", though he found it beyond either his artistic or his mental apprehension, he forgave, because it was written in rhymed couplets; the maturer works he regarded with sympathy and pride, with a vague admiration which passed into a clearer understanding only when his long life was drawing near its close. Of his children's company he never tired, even when they were scarce out of babyhood. He was fond of taking the little Robert in his arms, and walking to and fro with him in the dusk in "the library", soothing the child to sleep by singing to him snatches of Anacreon in the original, to a favourite old tune of his, "A Cottage in a Wood". Readers of "Asolando" will remember the allusions in that volume to "my father who was a scholar and knew Greek." A week or two before his death Browning told an American friend, Mrs. Corson, in reply to a statement of hers that no one could accuse him of letting his talents lie idle: "It would have been quite unpardonable in my case not to have done my best. My dear father put me in a condition most favourable for the best work I was capable of. When I think of the many authors who have had to fight their way through all sorts of difficulties, I have no reason to be proud of my achievements. My good father sacrificed a fortune to his convictions. He could not bear with slavery, and left India and accepted a humble bank-office in London. He secured for me all the ease and comfort that a literary man needs to do good work. It would have been shameful if I had not done my best to realise his expectations of me."* * `India' is a slip on the part either of Browning or of Mrs. Corson. The poet's father was never in India. He was quite a youth when he went to his mother's sugar-plantation at St. Kitts, in the West Indies. The home of Mr. Browning was, as already stated, in Camberwell, a suburb then of less easy access than now, and where there were green trees, and groves, and enticing rural perspectives into "real" country, yet withal not without some suggestion of the metropolitan air. "The old trees Which grew by our youth's home -- the waving mass Of climbing plants, heavy with bloom and dew -- The morning swallows with their songs like words -- All these seem clear. . . . . . . most distinct amid The fever and the stir of after years." Another great writer of our time was born in the same parish: and those who would know Herne Hill and the neighbourhood as it was in Browning's youth will find an enthusiastic guide in the author of `Praeterita'. Browning's childhood was a happy one. Indeed, if the poet had been able to teach in song only what he had learnt in suffering, the larger part of his verse would be singularly barren of interest. From first to last everything went well with him, with the exception of a single profound grief. This must be borne in mind by those who would estimate aright the genius of Robert Browning. It would be affectation or folly to deny that his splendid physique -- a paternal inheritance, for his father died at the age of eighty-four, without having ever endured a day's illness -- and the exceptionally fortunate circumstances which were his throughout life, had something to do with that superb faith of his which finds concentrated expression in the lines in Pippa's song -- "God's in His Heaven, All's right with the world!" It is difficult for a happy man with an imperturbable digestion to be a pessimist. He is always inclined to give Nature the benefit of the doubt. His favourite term for this mental complaisance is "catholicity of faith", or, it may be, "a divine hope". The less fortunate brethren bewail the laws of Nature, and doubt a future readjustment, because of stomachs chronically out of order. An eminent author with a weak digestion wrote to me recently animadverting on what he calls Browning's insanity of optimism: it required no personal acquaintanceship to discern the dyspeptic well-spring of this utterance. All this may be admitted lightly without carrying the physiological argument to extremes. A man may have a liberal hope for himself and for humanity, although his dinner be habitually a martyrdom. After all, we are only dictated to by our bodies: we have not perforce to obey them. A bitter wit once remarked that the soul, if it were ever discovered, would be found embodied in the gastric juice. He was not altogether a fool, this man who had learnt in suffering what he taught in epigram; yet was he wide of the mark. As a very young child Browning was keenly susceptible to music. One afternoon his mother was playing in the twilight to herself. She was startled to hear a sound behind her. Glancing round, she beheld a little white figure distinct against an oak bookcase, and could just discern two large wistful eyes looking earnestly at her. The next moment the child had sprung into her arms, sobbing passionately at he knew not what, but, as his paroxysm of emotion subsided, whispering over and over, with shy urgency, "Play! play!" It is strange that among all his father's collection of drawings and engravings nothing had such fascination for him as an engraving of a picture of Andromeda and Perseus by Caravaggio. The story of the innocent victim and the divine deliverer was one of which in his boyhood he never tired of hearing: and as he grew older the charm of its pictorial presentment had for him a deeper and more complex significance. We have it on the authority of a friend that Browning had this engraving always before his eyes as he wrote his earlier poems. He has given beautiful commemoration to his feeling for it in "Pauline": -- And she is with me -- years roll, I shall change, But change can touch her not -- so beautiful With her dark eyes, earnest and still, and hair Lifted and spread by the salt-sweeping breeze; And one red beam, all the storm leaves in heaven, Resting upon her eyes and face and hair, As she awaits the snake on the wet beach, By the dark rock, and the white wave just breaking At her feet; quite naked and alone, -- a thing You doubt not, nor fear for, secure that God Will come in thunder from the stars to save her." One of his own early recollections was that of sitting on his father's knees in the library, and listening with enthralled attention to the Tale of Troy, with marvellous illustrations among the glowing coals in the fireplace; with, below all, the vaguely heard accompaniment -- from the neighbouring room where Mrs. Browning sat "in her chief happiness, her hour of darkness and solitude and music" -- of a wild Gaelic lament, with its insistent falling cadences. A story concerning his poetic precocity has been circulated, but is not worth repeating. Most children love jingling rhymes, and one need not be a born genius to improvise a rhyming couplet on an occasion. It is quite certain that in nothing in these early poemicules, in such at least as have been preserved without the poet's knowledge and against his will, is there anything of genuine promise. Hundreds of youngsters have written as good, or better, Odes to the Moon, Stanzas on a Favourite Canary, Lines on a Butterfly. What is much more to the point is, that at the age of eight he was able not only to read, but to take delight in Pope's translation of Homer. He used to go about declaiming certain couplets with an air of intense earnestness highly diverting to those who overheard him. About this time also he began to translate the simpler odes of Horace. One of these (viii. Bk. II.) long afterwards suggested to him the theme of his "Instans Tyrannus". It has been put on record that his sister remembers him, as a very little boy, walking round and round the dining-room table, and spanning out the scansion of his verses with his hand on the smooth mahogany. He was scarce more than a child when, one Guy Fawkes' day, he heard a woman singing an unfamiliar song, whose burden was, "Following the Queen of the Gipsies, O!" This refrain haunted him often in the after years. That beautiful fantastic romance, "The Flight of the Duchess", was born out of an insistent memory of this woman's snatch of song, heard in childhood. He was ten when, after several `passions malheureuses', this precocious Lothario plunged into a love affair whose intensity was only equalled by its hopelessness. A trifle of fifteen years' seniority and a husband complicated matters, but it was not till after the reckless expenditure of a Horatian ode upon an unclassical mistress that he gave up hope. The outcome of this was what the elder Browning regarded as a startling effusion of much Byronic verse. The young Robert yearned for wastes of ocean and illimitable sands, for dark eyes and burning caresses, for despair that nothing could quench but the silent grave, and, in particular, for hollow mocking laughter. His father looked about for a suitable school, and decided to entrust the boy's further education to Mr. Ready, of Peckham. Here he remained till he was fourteen. But already he knew the dominion of dreams. His chief enjoyment, on holiday afternoons, was to gain an unfrequented spot, where three huge elms re-echoed the tones of incoherent human music borne thitherward by the west winds across the wastes of London. Here he loved to lie and dream. Alas, those elms, that high remote coign, have long since passed to the "hidden way" whither the snows of yester year have vanished. He would lie for hours looking upon distant London -- a golden city of the west literally enough, oftentimes, when the sunlight came streaming in long shafts from behind the towers of Westminster and flashed upon the gold cross of St. Paul's. The coming and going of the cloud-shadows, the sweeping of sudden rains, the dull silvern light emanating from the haze of mist shrouding the vast city, with the added transitory gleam of troubled waters, the drifting of fogs, at that distance seeming like gigantic veils constantly being moved forward and then slowly withdrawn, as though some sinister creature of the atmosphere were casting a net among all the dross and debris of human life for fantastic sustenance of its own -- all this endless, ever-changing, always novel phantasmagoria had for him an extraordinary fascination. One of the memorable nights of his boyhood was an eve when he found his way, not without perturbation of spirit because of the unfamiliar solitary dark, to his loved elms. There, for the first time, he beheld London by night. It seemed to him then more wonderful and appalling than all the host of stars. There was something ominous in that heavy pulsating breath: visible, in a waning and waxing of the tremulous, ruddy glow above the black enmassed leagues of masonry; audible, in the low inarticulate moaning borne eastward across the crests of Norwood. It was then and there that the tragic significance of life first dimly awed and appealed to his questioning spirit: that the rhythm of humanity first touched deeply in him a corresponding chord. It was certainly about this time, as he admitted once in one of his rare reminiscent moods, that Browning felt the artistic impulse stirring within him, like the rising of the sap in a tree. He remembered his mother's music, and hoped to be a musician: he recollected his father's drawings, and certain seductive landscapes and seascapes by painters whom he had heard called "the Norwich men", and he wished to be an artist: then reminiscences of the Homeric lines he loved, of haunting verse-melodies, moved him most of all. "I shall never, in the years remaining, Paint you pictures, no, nor carve you statues, Make you music that should all-express me: . . . verse alone, one life allows me." He now gave way to the compulsive Byronic vogue, with an occasional relapse to the polished artificialism of his father's idol among British poets. There were several ballads written at this time: if I remember aright, the poet specified the "Death of Harold" as the theme of one. Long afterwards he read these boyish forerunners of "Over the sea our galleys went", and "How they Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix", and was amused by their derivative if delicate melodies. Mrs. Browning was very proud of these early blooms of song, and when her twelve-year-old son, tired of vain efforts to seduce a publisher from the wary ways of business, surrendered in disgust his neatly copied out and carefully stitched MSS., she lost no opportunity -- when Mr. Browning was absent -- to expatiate upon their merits. Among the people to whom she showed them was a Miss Flower. This lady took them home, perused them, discerned dormant genius lurking behind the boyish handwriting, read them to her sister (afterwards to become known as Sarah Flower Adams), copied them out before returning them, and persuaded the celebrated Rev. William Johnson Fox to read the transcripts. Mr. Fox agreed with Miss Flower as to the promise, but not altogether as to the actual accomplishment, nor at all as to the advisability of publication. The originals are supposed to have been destroyed by the poet during the eventful period when, owing to a fortunate gift, poetry became a new thing for him: from a dream, vague, if seductive, as summer-lightning, transformed to a dominating reality. Passing a bookstall one day, he saw, in a box of second-hand volumes, a little book advertised as "Mr. Shelley's Atheistical Poem: very scarce." He had never heard of Shelley, nor did he learn for a long time that the "Daemon of the World", and the miscellaneous poems appended thereto, constituted a literary piracy. Badly printed, shamefully mutilated, these discarded blossoms touched him to a new emotion. Pope became further removed than ever: Byron, even, lost his magnetic supremacy. From vague remarks in reply to his inquiries, and from one or two casual allusions, he learned that there really was a poet called Shelley; that he had written several volumes; that he was dead. Strange as it may seem, Browning declared once that the news of this unknown singer's death affected him more poignantly than did, a year or less earlier, the tidings of Byron's heroic end at Missolonghi. He begged his mother to procure him Shelley's works, a request not easily complied with, for the excellent reason that not one of the local booksellers had even heard of the poet's name. Ultimately, however, Mrs. Browning learned that what she sought was procurable at the Olliers' in Vere Street, London. She was very pleased with the result of her visit. The books, it is true, seemed unattractive: but they would please Robert, no doubt. If that packet had been lost we should not have had "Pauline": we might have had a different Browning. It contained most of Shelley's writings, all in their first edition, with the exception of "The Cenci": in addition, there were three volumes by an even less known poet, John Keats, which kindly Mrs. Browning had been persuaded to include in her purchase on Mr. Ollier's assurance that they were the poetic kindred of Shelley's writings, and that Mr. Keats was the subject of the elegiac poem in the purple paper cover, with the foreign-looking type and the imprint "Pisa" at the foot of the title-page, entitled "Adonais". What an evening for the young poet that must have been. He told a friend it was a May night, and that in a laburnum, "heavy with its weight of gold," and in a great copper-beech at the end of a neighbour's garden, two nightingales strove one against the other. For a moment it is a pleasant fancy to imagine that there the souls of Keats and Shelley uttered their enfranchised music, not in rivalry but in welcome. We can realise, perhaps, something of the startled delight, of the sudden electric tremors, of the young poet when, with eager eyes, he turned over the pages of "Epipsychidion" or "Prometheus Unbound", "Alastor" or "Endymion", or the Odes to a Nightingale, on Melancholy, on a Grecian Urn. More than once Browning alluded to this experience as his first pervasive joy, his first free happiness in outlook. Often in after life he was fain, like his "wise thrush", to "recapture that first fine carefree rapture." It was an eventful eve. "And suddenly, without heart-wreck, I awoke As from a dream." Thenceforth his poetic development was rapid, and continuous. Shelley enthralled him most. The fire and spirit of the great poet's verse, wild and strange often, but ever with an exquisiteness of music which seemed to his admirer, then and later, supreme, thrilled him to a very passion of delight. Something of the more richly coloured, the more human rhythm of Keats affected him also. Indeed, a line from the Ode to a Nightingale, in common with one of the loveliest passages in "Epipsychidion", haunted him above all others: and again and again in his poems we may encounter vague echoes of those "remote isles" and "perilous seas" -- as, for example, in "the dim clustered isles of the blue sea" of "Pauline", and the "some isle, with the sea's silence on it -- some unsuspected isle in the far seas!" of "Pippa Passes". But of course he had other matters for mental occupation besides poetry. His education at Mr. Ready's private academy seems to have been excellent so far as it went. He remained there till he was fourteen. Perhaps because of the few boarders at the school, possibly from his own reticence in self-disclosure, he does not seem to have impressed any school-mate deeply. We hear of no one who "knew Browning at school." His best education, after all, was at home. His father and mother incidentally taught him as much as Mr. Ready: his love of painting and music was fostered, indirectly: and in the `dovecot' bookshelf above the fireplace in his bedroom, were the precious volumes within whose sway and magic was his truest life. His father, for some reason which has not been made public, but was doubtless excellent, and is, in the light in which we now regard it, a matter for which to be thankful, decided to send his son neither to a large public school, nor, later, to Oxford or Cambridge. A more stimulative and wider training was awaiting him elsewhere. For a time Robert's education was superintended by a tutor, who came to the house in Camberwell for several hours daily. The afternoons were mainly devoted to music, to exercise, and occasionally to various experimental studies in technical science. In the evenings, after his preparatory tasks were over, when he was not in the entertaining company of his father, he read and assiduously wrote. After poetry, he cared most for history: but as a matter of fact, little came amiss to his eager intellectual appetite. It was a period of growth, with, it may be, a vague consciousness that his mind was expanding towards compulsive expression. "So as I grew, I rudely shaped my life To my immediate wants, yet strong beneath Was a vague sense of powers folded up -- A sense that though those shadowy times were past, Their spirit dwelt in me, and I should rule." When Mr. Browning was satisfied that the tutor had fulfilled his duty he sent his son to attend a few lectures at University College, in Gower Street, then just founded. Robert Browning's name is on the registrar's books for the opening session, 1829-30. "I attended with him the Greek class of Professor Long" (wrote a friend, in the `Times', Dec. 14:'89), "and I well recollect the esteem and regard in which he was held by his fellow-students. He was then a bright, handsome youth, with long black hair falling over his shoulders." So short was his period of attendance, however, and so unimportant the instruction he there derived, that to all intents it may be said Browning had no University training. Notwithstanding the fact that Mr. Browning but slightly appreciated his son's poetic idols and already found himself in an opposite literary camp, he had a profound sympathy with the boy's ideals and no little confidence in his powers. When the test came he acted wisely as well as with affectionate complaisance. In a word, he practically left the decision as to his course of life to Robert himself. The latter was helped thereto by the knowledge that his sister would be provided for, and that, if need be, there was sufficient for himself also. There was of course but one way open to him. He would not have been a true poet, an artist, if he had hesitated. With a strange misconception of the artistic spirit, some one has awarded the poet great credit for his choice, because he had "the singular courage to decline to be rich." Browning himself had nothing of this bourgeois spirit: he was the last man to speak of an inevitable artistic decision as "singular courage". There are no doubt people who estimate his resolve as Mr. Barrett, so his daughter declared, regarded Horne when he heard of that poet having published "Orion" at a farthing: "Perhaps he is going to shoot the Queen, and is preparing evidence With Browning there never could have been two sides to the question: it were excusable, it were natural even, had his father wavered. The outcome of their deliberations was that Robert's further education should be obtained from travel, and intercourse with men and foreign literatures. By this time the poet was twenty. His youth had been uneventful; in a sense, more so than his boyhood. His mind, however, was rapidly unfolding, and great projects were casting a glory about the coming days. It was in his nineteenth year, I have been told on good authority, that he became ardently in love with a girl of rare beauty, a year or two older than himself, but otherwise, possibly, no inappropriate lover for this wooer. Why and when this early passion came to a close, or was rudely interrupted, is not known. What is certain is that it made a deep impression on the poet's mind. It may be that it, of itself, or wrought to a higher emotion by his hunger after ideal beauty, was the source of "Pauline", that very unequal but yet beautiful first fruit of Browning's genius. It was not till within the last few years that the poet spoke at all freely of his youthful life. Perhaps the earliest record of these utterances is that which appeared in the `Century Magazine' in 1881. From this source, and from what the poet himself said at various times and in various ways, we know that just about the time Balzac, after years of apparently waste labour, was beginning to forecast the Titanic range of the `Comedie Humaine', Browning planned "a series of monodramatic epics, narratives of the life of typical souls -- a gigantic scheme at which a Victor Hugo or a Lope de Vega would start back aghast." Already he had set himself to the analysis of the human soul in its manifold aspects, already he had recognised that for him at least there was no other study worthy of a lifelong devotion. In a sense he has fulfilled this early dream: at any rate we have a unique series of monodramatic poems, illustrative of typical souls. In another sense, the major portion of Browning's life-work is, collectively, one monodramatic "epic". He is himself a type of the subtle, restless, curious, searching modern age of which he is the profoundest interpreter. Through a multitude of masks he, the typical soul, speaks, and delivers himself of a message which could not be presented emphatically enough as the utterance of a single individual. He is a true dramatic poet, though not in the sense in which Shakespeare is. Shakespeare and his kindred project themselves into the lives of their imaginary personages: Browning pays little heed to external life, or to the exigencies of action, and projects himself into the minds of his characters. In a word, Shakespeare's method is to depict a human soul in action, with all the pertinent play of circumstance, while Browning's is to portray the processes of its mental and spiritual development: as he said in his dedicatory preface to "Sordello", "little else is worth study." The one electrifies us with the outer and dominant actualities; the other flashes upon our mental vision the inner, complex, shaping potentialities. The one deals with life dynamically, the other with life as Thought. Both methods are compassed by art. Browning, who is above all modern writers the poet of dramatic situations, is surpassed by many of inferior power in continuity of dramatic sequence. His finest work is in his dramatic poems, rather than in his dramas. He realised intensely the value of quintessential moments, as when the Prefect in "The Return of the Druses" thrusts aside the arras, muttering that for the first time he enters without a sense of imminent doom, "no draught coming as from a sepulchre" saluting him, while that moment the dagger of the assassin plunges to his heart: or, further in the same poem, when Anael, coming to denounce Djabal as an impostor, is overmastered by her tyrannic love, and falls dead with the too bitter freight of her emotion, though not till she has proclaimed him the God by her single worshipping cry, `Hakeem!' -- or, once more, in "The Ring and the Book", where, with the superbest close of any dramatic poem in our literature, the wretched Guido, at the point of death, cries out in the last extremity not upon God or the Virgin, but upon his innocent and murdered wife -- "Abate, -- Cardinal, -- Christ, -- Maria, -- God, . . . Pompilia, will you let them murder me?" Thus we can imagine Browning, with his characteristic perception of the profound significance of a circumstance or a single word even, having written of the knocking at the door in "Macbeth", or having used, with all its marvellous cumulative effect, the word `wrought' towards the close of "Othello", when the Moor cries in his bitterness of soul, "But being wrought, perplext in the extreme": we can imagine this, and yet could not credit the suggestion that even the author of "The Ring and the Book" could by any possibility have composed the two most moving tragedies writ in our tongue. In the late autumn of 1832 Browning wrote a poem of singular promise and beauty, though immature in thought and crude in expression.* Thirty-four years later he included "Pauline" in his "Poetical Works" with reluctance, and in a note explained the reason of his decision -- namely, to forestall piratical reprints abroad. "The thing was my earliest attempt at `poetry always dramatic in principle, and so many utterances of so many imaginative persons, not mine,' which I have since written according to a scheme less extravagant, and scale less impracticable, than were ventured upon in this crude preliminary sketch -- a sketch that, on reviewal, appears not altogether wide of some hint of the characteristic features of that particular `dramatis persona' it would fain have reproduced: good draughtsmanship, however, and right handling were far beyond the artist at that time." These be hard words. No critic will ever adventure upon so severe a censure of "Pauline": most capable judges agree that, with all its shortcomings, it is a work of genius, and therefore ever to be held treasurable for its own sake as well as for its significance. * Probably from the fact of "Richmond" having been added to the date at the end of the preface to "Pauline", have arisen the frequent misstatements as to the Browning family having moved west from Camberwell in or shortly before 1832. Mr. R. Barrett Browning tells me that his father "never lived at Richmond, and that that place was connected with `Pauline', when first printed, as a mystification." On the fly-leaf of a copy of this initial work, the poet, six years after its publication, wrote: "Written in pursuance of a foolish plan I forget, or have no wish to remember; the world was never to guess that such an opera, such a comedy, such a speech proceeded from the same notable person. . . . Only this crab remains of the shapely Tree of Life in my fool's Paradise." It was in conformity with this plan that he not only issued "Pauline" anonymously, but enjoined secrecy upon those to whom he communicated the fact of his authorship. When he read the poem to his parents, upon its conclusion, both were much impressed by it, though his father made severe strictures upon its lack of polish, its terminal inconcision, and its vagueness of thought. That he was not more severe was accepted by his son as high praise. The author had, however, little hope of seeing it in print. Mr. Browning was not anxious to provide a publisher with a present. So one day the poet was gratified when his aunt, handing him the requisite sum, remarked that she had heard he had written a fine poem, and that she wished to have the pleasure of seeing it in print. To this kindly act much was due. Browning, of course, could not now have been dissuaded from the career he had forecast for himself, but his progress might have been retarded or thwarted to less fortunate grooves, had it not been for the circumstances resultant from his aunt's timely gift. The MS. was forthwith taken to Saunders & Otley, of Conduit Street, and the little volume of seventy pages of blank verse, comprising only a thousand and thirty lines, was issued by them in January 1833. It seems to us, who read it now, so manifestly a work of exceptional promise, and, to a certain extent, of high accomplishment, that were it not for the fact that the public auditory for a new poet is ever extraordinarily limited, it would be difficult to understand how it could have been overlooked. "Pauline" has a unique significance because of its autopsychical hints. The Browning whom we all know, as well as the youthful dreamer, is here revealed; here too, as well as the disciple of Shelley, we have the author of "The Ring and the Book". In it the long series culminating in "Asolando" is foreshadowed, as the oak is observable in the sapling. The poem is prefaced by a Latin motto from the `Occult Philosophy' of Cornelius Agrippa, and has also a note in French, set forth as being by Pauline, and appended to her lover's manuscript after his death. Probably Browning placed it in the mouth of Pauline from his rooted determination to speak dramatically and impersonally: and in French, so as to heighten the effect of verisimilitude.* * "I much fear that my poor friend will not be always perfectly understood in what remains to be read of this strange fragment, but it is less calculated than any other part to explain what of its nature can never be anything but dream and confusion. I do not know, moreover, whether in striving at a better connection of certain parts, one would not run the risk of detracting from the only merit to which so singular a production can pretend -- that of giving a tolerably precise idea of the manner (genre) which it can merely indicate. This unpretending opening, this stir of passion, which first increases, and then gradually subsides, these transports of the soul, this sudden return upon himself, and above all, my friend's quite peculiar turn of mind, have made alterations almost impossible. The reasons which he elsewhere asserts, and others still more cogent, have secured my indulgence for this paper, which otherwise I should have advised him to throw into the fire. I believe none the less in the great principle of all composition -- in that principle of Shakespeare, of Raphael, and of Beethoven, according to which concentration of ideas is due much more to their conception than to their execution; I have every reason to fear that the first of these qualities is still foreign to my friend, and I much doubt whether redoubled labour would enable him to acquire the second. It would be best to burn this, but what can I do?" -- (Mrs. Orr.) "Pauline" is a confession, fragmentary in detail but synthetic in range, of a young man of high impulses but weak determination. In its over-emphasis upon errors of judgment, as well as upon real if exaggerated misdeeds, it has all the crudeness of youth. An almost fantastic self-consciousness is the central motive: it is a matter of question if this be absolutely vicarious. To me it seems that the author himself was at the time confused by the complicated flashing of the lights of life. The autobiographical and autopsychical lines and passages scattered through the poem are of immediate interest. Generously the poet repays his debt to Shelley, whom he apostrophises as "Sun-treader", and invokes in strains of lofty emotion -- "Sun-treader -- life and light be thine for ever." The music of "Alastor", indeed, is audible ever and again throughout "Pauline". None the less is there a new music, a new poetic voice, in "Thou wilt remember one warm morn, when Winter Crept aged from the earth, and Spring's first breath Blew soft from the moist hills -- the black-thorn boughs, So dark in the bare wood, when glistening In the sunshine were white with coming buds, Like the bright side of a sorrow -- and the banks Had violets opening from sleep like eyes." If we have an imaginary Browning, a Shelleyan phantasm, in "I seemed the fate from which I fled; I felt A strange delight in causing my decay; I was a fiend, in darkness chained for ever Within some ocean-wave:" we have the real Browning in "So I will sing on -- fast as fancies come Rudely -- the verse being as the mood it paints. . . . . . I am made up of an intensest life," and all the succeeding lines down to "Their spirit dwelt in me, and I should rule." Even then the poet's inner life was animated by his love of the beautiful Greek literature. Telling how in "the first dawn of life," "which passed alone with wisest ancient books," Pauline's lover incorporated himself in whatsoever he read -- was the god wandering after beauty, the giant standing vast against the sunset-light, the high-crested chief sailing with troops of friends to Tenedos -- his second-self cries, "I tell you, nought has ever been so clear as the place, the time, the fashion of those lives." Never for him, then, had there been that alchemy of the soul which turns the inchoate drift of the world into golden ore, not then had come to him the electric awakening flash from "work of lofty art, nor woman's beauty, nor sweet nature's face" -- "Yet, I say, never morn broke clear as those On the dim clustered isles in the blue sea: The deep groves, and white temples, and wet caves -- And nothing ever will surprise me now -- Who stood beside the naked Swift-footed, Who bound my forehead with Proserpine's hair." Further, the allusion to Plato, and the more remote one to Agamemnon, the Loved for itself, and all it shows -- the King Treading the purple calmly to his death," and the beautiful Andromeda passage, afford ample indication of how deeply Browning had drunk of that vital stream whose waters are the surest conserver of the ideal loveliness which we all of us, in some degree, cherish in various guises. Yet, as in every long poem that he has written (and, it must be admitted, in too many of the shorter pieces of his later period) there is an alloy of prose, of something that is not poetry, so in "Pauline", written though it was in the first flush of his genius and under the inspiring stimulus of Shelley, the reader encounters prosaic passages, decasyllabically arranged. "'Twas in my plan to look on real life, which was all new to me; my theories were firm, so I left them, to look upon men, and their cares, and hopes, and fears, and joys; and, as I pondered on them all, I sought how best life's end might be attained, an end comprising every joy." Again: "Then came a pause, and long restraint chained down my soul, till it was changed. I lost myself, and were it not that I so loathe that time, I could recall how first I learned to turn my mind against itself . . . at length I was restored, yet long the influence remained; and nought but the still life I led, apart from all, which left my soul to seek its old delights, could e'er have brought me thus far back to peace." No reader, alert to the subtle and haunting music of rarefied blank verse (and unless it be rarefied it should not be put forward as poetry), could possibly accept these lines as expressionally poetical. It would seem as though, from the first, Browning's ear was keener for the apprehension than for the sustained evocation of the music of verse. Some flaw there was, somewhere. His heart, so to say, beat too fast, and the singing in his ears from the o'er-fevered blood confused the serene rhythm haunting the far perspectives of the brain, "as Arab birds float sleeping in the wind." I have dwelt at this length upon "Pauline" partly because of its inherent beauty and autopsychical significance, and partly because it is the least familiar of Browning's poems, long overshadowed as it has been by his own too severe strictures: mainly, however, because of its radical importance to the student who would arrive at a broad and true estimate of the power and scope and shaping constituents of its author's genius. Almost every quality of his after-verse may be found here, in germ or outline. It is, in a word, more physiognomic than any other single poem by Browning, and so must ever possess a peculiar interest quite apart from its many passages of haunting beauty. To these the lover of poetry will always turn with delight. Some will even regard them retrospectively with alien emotion to that wherewith they strive to possess their souls in patience over some one or other of the barbarisms, the Titanic excesses, the poetic banalities recurrent in the later volumes. How many and how haunting these delicate oases are! Those who know and love "Pauline" will remember the passage where the poet, with that pantheistic ecstasy which was possibly inspired by the singer he most loved, tells how he can live the life of plants, content to watch the wild bees flitting to and fro, or to lie absorbent of the ardours of the sun, or, like the night-flowering columbine, to trail up the tree-trunk and through its rustling foliage "look for the dim stars;" or, again, can live the life of the bird, "leaping airily his pyramid of leaves and twisted boughs of some tall mountain-tree;" or be a fish, breathing the morning air in the misty sun-warm water. Close following this is another memorable passage, that beginning "Night, and one single ridge of narrow path;" which has a particular interest for two notes of a deeper and broader music to be evolved long afterwards. For, as it seems to me, in "Thou art so close by me, the roughest swell Of wind in the tree-tops hides not the panting Of thy soft breasts ----" (where, by the way, should be noticed the subtle correspondence between the conceptive and the expressional rhythm) we have a hint of that superb scene in "Pippa Passes", where, on a sinister night of July, a night of spiritual storm as well as of aerial tempest, Ottima and Sebald lie amid the lightning-searcht forest, with "the thunder like a whole sea overhead." Again, in the lovely Turneresque, or rather Shelleyan picture of morning, over "the rocks, and valleys, and old woods," with the high boughs swinging in the wind above the sun-brightened mists, and the golden-coloured spray of the cataract amid the broken rocks, whereover the wild hawks fly to and fro, there is at least a suggestion, an outline, of the truly magnificent burst of morning music in the poet's penultimate volume, beginning -- "But morning's laugh sets all the crags alight Above the baffled tempest: tree and tree Stir themselves from the stupor of the night, And every strangled branch resumes its right To breathe, shakes loose dark's clinging dregs, waves free In dripping glory. Prone the runnels plunge, While earth, distent with moisture like a sponge, Smokes up, and leaves each plant its gem to see, Each grass-blade's glory-glitter," etc. Who that has ever read "Pauline" will forget the masterful poetry descriptive of the lover's wild-wood retreat, the exquisite lines beginning "Walled in with a sloped mound of matted shrubs, tangled, old and green"? There is indeed a new, an unmistakable voice here. "And tongues of bank go shelving in the waters, Where the pale-throated snake reclines his head, And old grey stones lie making eddies there; The wild mice cross them dry-shod" . . . . What lovelier image in modern poetry than that depictive of the forest-pool in depths of savage woodlands, unvisited but by the shadows of passing clouds, -- "the trees bend O'er it as wild men watch a sleeping girl." How the passionate sexual emotion, always deep and true in Browning, finds lovely utterance in the lines where Pauline's lover speaks of the blood in her lips pulsing like a living thing, while her neck is as "marble misted o'er with love-breath," and ". . . her delicious eyes as clear as heaven, When rain in a quick shower has beat down mist, And clouds float white in the sun like broods of swans." In the quotations I have made, and in others that might be selected (e.g., "Her fresh eyes, and soft hair, and `lips which bleed like a mountain berry'"), it is easy to note how intimate an observer of nature the youthful poet was, and with what conscious but not obtrusive art he brings forward his new and striking imagery. Browning, indeed, is the poet of new symbols. "Pauline" concludes with lines which must have been in the minds of many on that sad day when the tidings from Venice sent a thrill of startled, half-incredulous, bewildered pain throughout the English nations -- "Sun-treader, I believe in God, and truth, And love; . . . . . . but chiefly when I die . . . All in whom this wakes pleasant thoughts of me, Know my last state is happy -- free from doubt, Or touch of fear." Never again was Browning to write a poem with such conceptive crudeness, never again to tread the byways of thought so falteringly or so negligently: but never again, perhaps, was he to show so much over-rapturing joy in the world's loveliness, such Bacchic abandon to the ideal beauty which the true poet sees glowing upon the forlornest height and brooding in the shadow-haunted hollows of the hills. The Browning who might have been is here: henceforth the Browning we know and love stands unique among all the lords of song. But sometimes do we not turn longingly, wonderingly at least, to the young Dionysos upon whose forehead was the light of another destiny than that which descended upon him? The Icelanders say there is a land where all the rainbows that have ever been, or are yet to be, forever drift to and fro, evanishing and reappearing, like immortal flowers of vapour. In that far country, it may be, are also the unfulfilled dreams, the visions too perfect to be fashioned into song, of the young poets who have gained the laurel. We close the little book lovingly: "And I had dimly shaped my first attempt, And many a thought did I build up on thought, As the wild bee hangs cell to cell -- in vain; For I must still go on: my mind rests not." It has been commonly asserted that "Pauline" was almost wholly disregarded, and swiftly lapsed into oblivion. This must be accepted with qualification. It is like the other general assertion, that Browning had to live fifty years before he gained recognition -- a statement as ludicrous when examined as it is unjust to the many discreet judges who awarded, publicly and privately, that intelligent sympathy which is the best sunshine for the flower of a poet's genius. If by "before he gained recognition" is meant a general and indiscriminate acclaim, no doubt Browning had, still has indeed, longer to wait than many other eminent writers have had to do: but it is absurd to assert that from the very outset of his poetic career he was met by nothing but neglect, if not scornful derision. None who knows the true artistic temperament will fall into any such mistake. It is quite certain that neither Shakespeare nor Milton ever met with such enthusiastic praise and welcome as Browning encountered on the publication of "Pauline" and "Paracelsus". Shelley, as far above Browning in poetic music as the author of so many parleyings with other people's souls is the superior in psychic insight and intellectual strength, had throughout his too brief life not one such review of praiseful welcome as the Rev. W. J. Fox wrote on the publication of "Pauline" (or, it may be added, as Allan Cunningham's equally kindly but less able review in the `Athenaeum'), or as John Forster wrote in `The Examiner' concerning "Paracelsus", and later in the `New Monthly Magazine', where he had the courage to say of the young and quite unknown poet, "without the slightest hesitation we name Mr. Robert Browning at once with Shelley, Coleridge, Wordsworth." His plays even (which are commonly said to have "fallen flat") were certainly not failures. There is something effeminate, undignified, and certainly uncritical, in this confusion as to what is and what is not failure in literature. So enthusiastic was the applause he encountered, indeed, that had his not been too strong a nature to be thwarted by adulation any more than by contemptuous neglect, he might well have become spoilt -- so enthusiastic, that were it not for the heavy and prolonged counterbalancing dead weight of public indifference, a huge amorphous mass only of late years moulded into harmony with the keenest minds of the century, we might well be suspicious of so much and long-continued eulogium, and fear the same reversal of judgment towards him on the part of those who come after us as we ourselves have meted to many an one among the high gods of our fathers. Fortunately the deep humanity of his work in the mass conserves it against the mere veerings of taste. A reaction against it will inevitably come; but this will pass: what, in the future, when the unborn readers of Browning will look back with clear eyes untroubled by the dust of our footsteps, not to subside till long after we too are dust, will be the place given to this poet, we know not, nor can more than speculatively estimate. That it will, however, be a high one, so far as his weightiest (in bulk, it may possibly be but a relatively slender) accomplishment is concerned, we may rest well assured: for indeed "It lives, If precious be the soul of man to man." So far as has been ascertained there were only three reviews or notices of "Pauline": the very favourable article by Mr. Fox in the `Monthly Repository', the kindly paper by Allan Cunningham in the `Athenaeum', and, in `Tait's Edinburgh Magazine', the succinctly expressed impression of either an indolent or an incapable reviewer: "Pauline; a Fragment of a Confession; a piece of pure bewilderment" -- a "criticism" which anticipated and thus prevented the insertion of a highly favourable review which John Stuart Mill voluntarily wrote. Browning must have regarded his first book with mingled feelings. It was a bid for literary fortune, in one sense, but a bid so handicapped by the circumstances of its publication as to be almost certainly of no avail. Probably, however, he was well content that it should have mere existence. Already the fever of an abnormal intellectual curiosity was upon him: already he had schemed more potent and more vital poems: already, even, he had developed towards a more individualistic method. So indifferent was he to an easily gained reputation that he seems to have been really urgent upon his relatives and intimate acquaintances not to betray his authorship. The Miss Flower, however, to whom allusion has already been made, could not repress her admiration to the extent of depriving her friend, Mr. Fox, of a pleasure similar to that she had herself enjoyed. The result was the generous notice in the `Monthly Repository'. The poet never forgot his indebtedness to Mr. Fox, to whose sympathy and kindness much direct and indirect good is traceable. The friendship then begun was lifelong, and was continued with the distinguished Unitarian's family when Mr. Fox himself ended his active and beneficent career. But after a time the few admirers of "Pauline" forgot to speak about it: the poet himself never alluded to it: and in a year or two it was almost as though it had never been written. Many years after, when articles upon Robert Browning were as numerous as they once had been scarce, never a word betrayed that their authors knew of the existence of "Pauline". There was, however, yet another friendship to come out of this book, though not until long after it was practically forgotten by its author. One day a young poet-painter came upon a copy of the book in the British Museum Library, and was at once captivated by its beauty. One of the earliest admirers of Browning's poetry, Dante Gabriel Rossetti -- for it was he -- felt certain that "Pauline" could be by none other than the author of "Paracelsus". He himself informed me that he had never heard this authorship suggested, though some one had spoken to him of a poem of remarkable promise, called "Pauline", which he ought to read. If I remember aright, Rossetti told me that it was on the forenoon of the day when the "Burden of Nineveh" was begun, conceived rather, that he read this story of a soul by the soul's ablest historian. So delighted was he with it, and so strong his opinion it was by Browning, that he wrote to the poet, then in Florence, for confirmation, stating at the same time that his admiration for "Pauline" had led him to transcribe the whole of it. Concerning this episode, Robert Browning wrote to me, some seven years ago, as follows: -- St. Pierre de Chartreuse, . . . . . "Rossetti's `Pauline' letter was addressed to me at Florence more than thirty years ago. I have preserved it, but, even were I at home, should be unable to find it without troublesome searching. It was to the effect that the writer, personally and altogether unknown to me, had come upon a poem in the British Museum, which he copied the whole of, from its being not otherwise procurable -- that he judged it to be mine, but could not be sure, and wished me to pronounce in the matter -- which I did. A year or two after, I had a visit in London from Mr. (William) Allingham and a friend -- who proved to be Rossetti. When I heard he was a painter I insisted on calling on him, though he declared he had nothing to show me -- which was far enough from the case. Subsequently, on another of my returns to London, he painted my portrait, not, I fancy, in oils, but water-colours, and finished it in Paris shortly after. This must have been in the year when Tennyson published `Maud', for I remember Tennyson reading the poem one evening while Rossetti made a rapid pen-and-ink sketch of him, very good, from one obscure corner of vantage, which I still possess, and duly value. This was before Rossetti's marriage."* * The highly interesting and excellent portrait of Browning here alluded to has never been exhibited. As a matter of fact, as recorded on the back of the original drawing, the eventful reading took place at 13 Dorset Street, Portman Square, on the 27th of September 1855, and those present, besides the Poet-Laureate, Browning, and Rossetti, were Mrs. E. Barrett Browning and Miss Arabella Barrett. When, a year or two ago, the poet learned that a copy of his first work, which in 1833 could not find a dozen purchasers at a few shillings, went at a public sale for twenty-five guineas, he remarked that had his dear old aunt been living he could have returned to her, much to her incredulous astonishment, no doubt, he smilingly averred, the cost of the book's publication, less 3 Pounds 15s. It was about the time of the publication of "Pauline" that Browning began to see something of the literary and artistic life for which he had such an inborn taste. For a brief period he went often to the British Museum, particularly the Library, and to the National Gallery. At the British Museum Reading Room he perused with great industry and research those works in philosophy and medical history which are the bases of "Paracelsus", and those Italian Records bearing upon the story of Sordello. Residence in Camberwell, in 1833, rendered night engagements often impracticable: but nevertheless he managed to mix a good deal in congenial society. It is not commonly known that he was familiar to these early associates as a musician and artist rather than as a poet. Among them, and they comprised many well-known workers in the several arts, were Charles Dickens and "Ion" Talfourd. Mr. Fox, whom Browning had met once or twice in his early youth, after the former had been shown the Byronic verses which had in one way gratified and in another way perturbed the poet's father, saw something more of his young friend after the publication of "Pauline". He very kindly offered to print in his magazine any short poems the author of that book should see fit to send -- an offer, however, which was not put to the test for some time. Practically simultaneously with the publication of "Pauline" appeared another small volume, containing the "Palace of Art", "Oenone", "Mariana", etc. Those early books of Tennyson and Browning have frequently, and somewhat uncritically, been contrasted. Unquestionably, however, the elder poet showed a consummate and continuous mastery of his art altogether beyond the intermittent expressional power of Browning in his most rhythmic emotion at any time of his life. To affirm that there is more intellectual fibre, what Rossetti called fundamental brain-work, in the product of the younger poet, would be beside the mark. The insistence on the supremacy of Browning over all poets since Shakespeare because he has the highest "message" to deliver, because his intellect is the most subtle and comprehensive, because his poems have this or that dynamic effect upon dormant or sluggish or other active minds, is to be seriously and energetically deprecated. It is with presentment that the artist has, fundamentally, to concern himself. If he cannot PRESENT poetically then he is not, in effect, a poet, though he may be a poetic thinker, or a great writer. Browning's eminence is not because of his detachment from what some one has foolishly called "the mere handiwork, the furnisher's business, of the poet." It is the delight of the true artist that the product of his talent should be wrought to a high technique equally by the shaping brain and the dexterous hand. Browning is great because of his formative energy: because, despite the excess of burning and compulsive thought -- "Thoughts swarming thro' the myriad-chambered brain Like multitudes of bees i' the innumerous cells, Each staggering 'neath the undelivered freight ----" he strikes from the FUROR of words an electric flash so transcendently illuminative that what is commonplace becomes radiant with that light which dwells not in nature, but only in the visionary eye of man. Form for the mere beauty of form, is a playing with the wind, the acceptance of a shadow for the substance. If nothing animate it, it may possibly be fair of aspect, but only as the frozen smile upon a dead face. We know little of Browning's inner or outer life in 1833 and 1834. It was a secretive, not a productive period. One by one certain pinnacles of his fair snow-mountain of Titanic aim melted away. He began to realise the first disenchantment of the artist: the sense of dreams never to be accomplished. That land of the great unwritten poems, the great unpainted pictures: what a heritance there for the enfranchised spirits of great dreamers! In the autumn of 1833 he went forth to his University, that of the world of men and women. It was ever a favourite answer of his, when asked if he had been at either Oxford or Cambridge, -- "Italy was my University." But first he went to Russia, and spent some time in St. Petersburg, attracted thither by the invitation of a friend. The country interested him, but does not seem to have deeply or permanently engaged his attention. That, however, his Russian experiences were not fruitless is manifest from the remarkably picturesque and technically very interesting poem, "Ivan Ivanovitch" (the fourth of the `Dramatic Idyls', 1879). Of a truth, after his own race and country -- readers will at once think of "Home Thoughts from the Sea", or the thrilling lines in "Home Thoughts from Abroad", beginning -- "Oh, to be in England, Now that April's there!" -- or perhaps, those lines in his earliest work -- "I cherish most My love of England -- how, her name, a word Of hers in a strange tongue makes my heart beat!" -- it was of the mystic Orient or of the glowing South that he oftenest thought and dreamed. With Heine he might have cried: "O Firdusi! O Ischami! O Saadi! How do I long after the roses of Schiraz!" As for Italy, who of all our truest poets has not loved her: but who has worshipped her with so manly a passion, so loyal a love, as Browning? One alone indeed may be mated with him here, she who had his heart of hearts, and who lies at rest in the old Florentine cemetery within sound of the loved waters of Arno. Who can forget his lines in "De Gustibus", "Open my heart and you will see, graved inside of it, Italy." It would be no difficult task to devote a volume larger than the present one to the descriptive analysis of none but the poems inspired by Italy, Italian personages and history, Italian Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, and Music. From Porphyria and her lover to Pompilia and all the direful Roman tragedy wherein she is as a moon of beauty above conflicting savage tides of passion, what an unparalleled gallery of portraits, what a brilliant phantasmagoria, what a movement of intensest life! It is pleasant to know of one of them, "The Italian in England", that Browning was proud, because Mazzini told him he had read this poem to certain of his fellow-exiles in England to show how an Englishman could sympathise with them. After leaving Russia the young poet spent the rest of his `Wanderjahr' in Italy. Among other places he visited was Asolo, that white little hill-town of the Veneto, whence he drew hints for "Sordello" and "Pippa Passes", and whither he returned in the last year of his life, as with unconscious significance he himself said, "on his way homeward." In the summer of 1834, that is, when he was in his twenty-second year, he returned to Camberwell. "Sordello" he had in some fashion begun, but had set aside for a poem which occupied him throughout the autumn of 1834 and winter of 1835, "Paracelsus". In this period, also, he wrote some short poems, two of them of particular significance. The first of the series was a sonnet, which appeared above the signature `Z' in the August number of the `Monthly Repository' for 1834. It was never reprinted by the author, whose judgment it is impossible not to approve as well as to respect. Browning never wrote a good sonnet, and this earliest effort is not the most fortunate. It was in the `Repository' also, in 1835 and 1836, that the other poems appeared, four in all. The song in "Pippa Passes", beginning "A King lived long ago," was one of these; and the lyric, "Still ailing, wind? Wilt be appeased or no?" afterwards revised and incorporated in "James Lee", was another. But the two which are much the most noteworthy are "Johannes Agricola" and "Porphyria". Even more distinctively than in "Pauline", in their novel sentiment, new method, and generally unique quality, is a new voice audible in these two poems. They are very remarkable as the work of so young a poet, and are interesting as showing how rapidly he had outgrown the influence of any other of his poetic kindred. "Johannes Agricola" is significant as being the first of those dramatic studies of warped religiosity, of strange self-sophistication, which have afforded so much matter for thought. In its dramatic concision, its complex psychological significance, and its unique, if to unaccustomed ears somewhat barbaric, poetic beauty, "Porphyria" is still more remarkable. It may be of this time, though possibly some years later, that Mrs. Bridell-Fox writes: -- "I remember him as looking in often in the evenings, having just returned from his first visit to Venice. I cannot tell the date for certain. He was full of enthusiasm for that Queen of Cities. He used to illustrate his glowing descriptions of its beauties, the palaces, the sunsets, the moonrises, by a most original kind of etching. Taking up a bit of stray notepaper, he would hold it over a lighted candle, moving the paper about gently till it was cloudily smoked over, and then utilising the darker smears for clouds, shadows, water, or what not, would etch with a dry pen the forms of lights on cloud and palace, on bridge or gondola on the vague and dreamy surface he had produced. My own passionate longing to see Venice dates from those delightful, well-remembered evenings of my childhood." "Paracelsus", begun about the close of October or early in November 1834, was published in the summer of the following year. It is a poem in blank verse, about four times the length of "Pauline", with interspersed songs. The author divided it into five sections of unequal length, of which the third is the most extensive: "Paracelsus Aspires"; "Paracelsus Attains"; "Paracelsus"; "Paracelsus Aspires"; "Paracelsus Attains". In an interesting note, which was not reprinted in later editions of his first acknowledged poem, the author dissuades the reader from mistaking his performance for one of a class with which it has nothing in common, from judging it by principles on which it was not moulded, and from subjecting it to a standard to which it was never meant to conform. He then explains that he has composed a dramatic poem, and not a drama in the accepted sense; that he has not set forth the phenomena of the mind or the passions by the operation of persons and events, or by recourse to an external machinery of incidents to create and evolve the crisis sought to be produced. Instead of this, he remarks, "I have ventured to display somewhat minutely the mood itself in its rise and progress, and have suffered the agency, by which it is influenced and determined, to be generally discernible in its effects alone, and subordinate throughout, if not altogether excluded: and this for a reason. I have endeavoured to write a poem, not a drama." A little further, he states that a work like "Paracelsus" depends, for its success, immediately upon the intelligence and sympathy of the reader: "Indeed, were my scenes stars, it must be his co-operating fancy which, supplying all chasms, shall connect the scattered lights into one constellation -- a Lyre or a Crown." In the concluding paragraph of this note there is a point of interest -- the statement of the author's hope that the readers of "Paracelsus" will not "be prejudiced against other productions which may follow in a more popular, and perhaps less difficult form." From this it might fairly be inferred that Browning had not definitively adopted his characteristic method: that he was far from unwilling to gain the general ear: and that he was alert to the difficulties of popularisation of poetry written on lines similar to those of "Paracelsus". Nor would this inference be wrong: for, as a matter of fact, the poet, immediately upon the publication of "Paracelsus", determined to devote himself to poetic work which should have so direct a contact with actual life that its appeal should reach even to the most uninitiate in the mysteries and delights of verse. In his early years Browning had always a great liking for walking in the dark. At Camberwell he was wont to carry this love to the point of losing many a night's rest. There was, in particular, a wood near Dulwich, whither he was wont to go. There he would walk swiftly and eagerly along the solitary and lightless byways, finding a potent stimulus to imaginative thought in the happy isolation thus enjoyed, with all the concurrent delights of natural things, the wind moving like a spirit through the tree-branches, the drifting of poignant fragrances, even in winter-tide, from herb and sappy bark, imperceptible almost by the alertest sense in the day's manifold detachments. At this time, too, he composed much in the open air. This he rarely, if ever, did in later life. Not only many portions of "Paracelsus", but several scenes in "Strafford", were enacted first in these midnight silences of the Dulwich woodland. Here, too, as the poet once declared, he came to know the serene beauty of dawn: for every now and again, after having read late, or written long, he would steal quietly from the house, and walk till the morning twilight graded to the pearl and amber of the new day. As in childhood the glow of distant London had affected him to a pleasure that was not without pain, perhaps to a pain rather that was a fine delirium, so in his early manhood the neighbourhood of the huge city, felt in those midnight walks of his, and apprehended more by the transmutive shudder of reflected glare thrown fadingly upward against the stars, than by any more direct vision or even far-borne indeterminate hum, dominated his imagination. At that distance, in those circumstances, humanity became more human. And with the thought, the consciousness of this imperative kinship, arose the vague desire, the high resolve to be no curious dilettante in novel literary experiments, but to compel an interpretative understanding of this complex human environment. Those who knew the poet intimately are aware of the loving regard he always had for those nocturnal experiences: but perhaps few recognise how much we owe to the subtle influences of that congenial isolation he was wont to enjoy on fortunate occasions. It is not my intention -- it would, obviously, be a futile one, if entertained -- to attempt an analysis or elaborate criticism of the many poems, long and short, produced by Robert Browning. Not one volume, but several, of this size, would have to be allotted to the adequate performance of that end. Moreover, if readers are unable or unwilling to be their own expositors, there are several trustworthy hand-books which are easily procurable. Some one, I believe, has even, with unselfish consideration for the weaker brethren, turned "Sordello" into prose -- a superfluous task, some scoffers may exclaim. Personally, I cannot but think this craze for the exposition of poetry, this passion for "dissecting a rainbow", is harmful to the individual as well as humiliating to the high office of Poetry itself, and not infrequently it is ludicrous. I must be content with a few words anent the more important or significant poems, and in due course attempt an estimate by a broad synthesis, and not by cumulative critical analyses. In the selection of Paracelsus as the hero of his first mature poem, Browning was guided first of all by his keen sympathy with the scientific spirit -- the spirit of dauntless inquiry, of quenchless curiosity, of a searching enthusiasm. Pietro of Abano, Giordano Bruno, Galileo, were heroes whom he regarded with an admiration which would have been boundless but for the wise sympathy which enabled him to apprehend and understand their weaknesses as well as their lofty qualities. Once having come to the conclusion that Paracelsus was a great and much maligned man, it was natural for him to wish to portray aright the features he saw looming through the mists of legend and history. But over and above this, he half unwittingly, half consciously, felt the fascination of that mysticism associated with the name of the celebrated German scientist -- a mysticism, in all its various phases, of which he is now acknowledged to be the subtlest poetic interpreter in our language, though, profound as its attraction always was for him, never was poet with a more exquisite balance of intellectual sanity. Latest research has proved that whatsoever of a pretender Paracelsus may have been in certain respects, he was unquestionably a man of extraordinary powers: and, as a pioneer in a science of the first magnitude of importance, deserving of high honour. If ever the famous German attain a high place in the history of the modern intellectual movement in Europe, it will be primarily due to Browning's championship. But of course the extent or shallowness of Paracelsus' claim is a matter of quite secondary interest. We are concerned with the poet's presentment of the man -- of that strange soul whom he conceived of as having anticipated so far, and as having focussed all the vagrant speculations of the day into one startling beam of light, now lambently pure, now lurid with gross constituents.* * Paracelsus has two particular claims upon our regard. He gave us laudanum, a discovery of incalculable blessing to mankind. And from his fourth baptismal name, which he inherited from his father, we have our familiar term, `bombast'. Readers interested in the known facts concerning the "master-mind, the thinker, the explorer, the creator," the forerunner of Mesmer and even of Darwin and Wallace, who began life with the sounding appellation "Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus ab Hohenheim", should consult Browning's own learned appendical note, and Mr. Berdoe's interesting essay in the Browning Society Papers, No. 49. Paracelsus, his friends Festus and his wife Michal, and Aprile, an Italian poet, are the characters who are the personal media through which Browning's already powerful genius found expression. The poem is, of a kind, an epic: the epic of a brave soul striving against baffling circumstance. It is full of passages of rare technical excellence, as well as of conceptive beauty: so full, indeed, that the sympathetic reader of it as a drama will be too apt to overlook its radical shortcomings, cast as it is in the dramatic mould. But it must not be forgotten that Browning himself distinctly stated he had attempted to write "a poem, not a drama": and in the light of this simple statement half the objections that have been made fall to the ground. Paracelsus is the protagonist: the others are merely incidental. The poem is the soul-history of the great medical student who began life so brave of aspect and died so miserably at Salzburg: but it is also the history of a typical human soul, which can be read without any knowledge of actual particulars. Aprile is a projection of the poet's own poetical ideal. He speaks, but he does not live as Festus lives, or even as Michal, who, by the way, is interesting as being the first in the long gallery of Browning's women -- a gallery of superbly-drawn portraits, of noble and striking and always intensely human women, unparalleled except in Shakespeare. Pauline, of course, exists only as an abstraction, and Porphyria is in no exact sense a portrait from the life. Yet Michal can be revealed only to the sympathetic eye, for she is not drawn, but again and again suddenly silhouetted. We see her in profile always: but when she exclaims at the last, "I ever did believe," we feel that she has withdrawn the veil partially hiding her fair and generous spirit. To the lover of poetry "Paracelsus" will always be a Golconda. It has lines and passages of extraordinary power, of a haunting beauty, and of a unique and exquisite charm. It may be noted, in exemplification of Browning's artistic range, that in the descriptive passages he paints as well in the elaborate Pre-Raphaelite method as with a broad synthetic touch: as in "One old populous green wall Tenanted by the ever-busy flies, Grey crickets and shy lizards and quick spiders, Each family of the silver-threaded moss -- Which, look through near, this way, and it appears A stubble-field or a cane-brake, a marsh Of bulrush whitening in the sun. . . ." But oftener he prefers the more succinct method of landscape-painting, the broadest impressionism: as in "Past the high rocks the haunts of doves, the mounds Of red earth from whose sides strange trees grow out, Past tracks of milk-white minute blinding sand." And where in modern poetry is there a superber union of the scientific and the poetic vision than in this magnificent passage -- the quintessence of the poet's conception of the rapture of life: -- "The centre-fire heaves underneath the earth, And the earth changes like a human face; The molten ore bursts up among the rocks, Winds into the stone's heart, outbranches bright In hidden mines, spots barren river-beds, Crumbles into fine sand where sunbeams bask -- God joys therein. The wroth sea's waves are edged With foam, white as the bitten lip of hate, When in the solitary waste, strange groups Of young volcanoes come up, cyclops-like, Staring together with their eyes on flame -- God tastes a pleasure in their uncouth pride. Then all is still; earth is a wintry clod: But Spring-wind, like a dancing psaltress, passes Over its breast to waken it, rare verdure Buds tenderly upon rough banks, between The withered tree-rests and the cracks of frost, Like a smile striving with a wrinkled face; The grass grows bright, the boughs are swoln with blooms Like chrysalids impatient for the air, The shining dorrs are busy, beetles run Along the furrows, ants make their ado; Above, birds fly in merry flocks, the lark Soars up and up, shivering for very joy; Afar the ocean sleeps; white fishing gulls Flit where the strand is purple with its tribe Of nested limpets; savage creatures seek Their loves in wood and plain -- and God renews His ancient rapture." In these lines, particularly in their close, is manifest the influence of the noble Hebraic poetry. It must have been at this period that Browning conned over and over with an exultant delight the simple but lordly diction of Isaiah and the other prophets, preferring this Biblical poetry to that even of his beloved Greeks. There is an anecdote of his walking across a public park (I am told Richmond, but more probably it was Wimbledon Common) with his hat in his left hand and his right waving to and fro declamatorily, while the wind blew his hair around his head like a nimbus: so rapt in his ecstasy over the solemn sweep of the Biblical music that he did not observe a small following consisting of several eager children, expectant of thrilling stump-oratory. He was just the man, however, to accept an anti-climax genially, and to dismiss his disappointed auditory with something more tangible than an address. The poet-precursor of scientific knowledge is again and again manifest: as, for example, in "Hints and previsions of which faculties Are strewn confusedly everywhere about The inferior natures, and all lead up higher, All shape out dimly the superior race, The heir of hopes too fair to turn out false, And man appears at last."* * Readers interested in Browning's inspiration from, and treatment of, Science, should consult the excellent essay on him as "A Scientific Poet" by Mr. Edward Berdoe, F.R.C.S., and, in particular, compare with the originals the references given by Mr. Berdoe to the numerous passages bearing upon Evolution and the several sciences, from Astronomy to Physiology. There are lines, again, which have a magic that cannot be defined. If it be not felt, no sense of it can be conveyed through another's words. "Whose memories were a solace to me oft, As mountain-baths to wild fowls in their flight." "Ask the gier-eagle why she stoops at once Into the vast and unexplored abyss, What full-grown power informs her from the first, Why she not marvels, strenuously beating The silent boundless regions of the sky." There is one passage, beautiful in itself, which has a pathetic significance henceforth. Gordon, our most revered hero, was wont to declare that nothing in all nonscriptural literature was so dear to him, nothing had so often inspired him in moments of gloom: -- "I go to prove my soul! I see my way as birds their trackless way. I shall arrive! What time, what circuit first, I ask not: but unless God send His hail Or blinding fireballs, sleet or stifling snow, In some time, His good time, I shall arrive: He guides me and the bird. In his good time." As for the much misused `Shakespearian' comparison, so often mistakenly applied to Browning, there is nothing in "Paracelsus" in the least way derivative. Because Shakespeare is the greatest genius evolved from our race, it does not follow that every lofty intellect, every great objective poet, should be labelled "Shakespearian". But there is a certain quality in poetic expression which we so specify, because the intense humanity throbbing in it finds highest utterance in the greatest of our poets: and there is at least one instance of such poignant speech in "Paracelsus", worthy almost to be ranked with the last despairing cry of Guido calling upon murdered Pompilia: -- "Festus, strange secrets are let out by death

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21 апреля 2009 | Автор: Admin | Рубрика: Художественные книги » Мемуары. Биографии | Комментариев: 0 Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science Publisher: The Mathematical Association | Pages: 568 | ISBN 088385547X | DJVU | 9 MB This biography of Gauss, by far the most comprehensive in English, is the work of a professor of German, G. Waldo Dunnington, who devoted most of his scholarly career to studying the life of Germany's greatest mathematician. The author was inspired to pursue this project at the age of twelve when he learned from his teacher in Missouri that no full biography of Gauss existed at the time. His teacher was Gauss’s great granddaughter, Minna Waldeck Gauss. Long out of print and almost impossible to find on the used book market, this valuable piece of scholarship is being reissued in an augmented form with introductory remarks, an expanded and updated bibliography, and a commentary on Gauss’s mathematical diary, by the eminent British mathematical historian, Jeremy Gray. Free mirror provided - so Follow the rules - No More Mirrors

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Nidderdale is located on the eastern flanks of the Yorkshire Pennines stretching from the high moorland of Great Whernside south and east towards the edge of the Vale of York. The area is crossed by deep pastoral, often wooded dales of the Washburn, Laver, Burn and the long majestic dale of the Nidd itself. Reservoirs add a further dimension to the beauty of the dale. Rich, rolling and wooded pastoral scenery, with stone settlements like Lofthouse and Kirkby Malzeard, contrast with bleak heather moorland which is broken by craggy gritstone outcrops, including the curious shapes of Brimham Rocks. To the east, in the wooded pasture lands of the Skell Valley, stands the internationally renowned and much visited Studley Royal, with the picturesque ruins of Fountains Abbey. The landscape is dominated by its millstone grit geology giving it a typically dark, sometimes sombre appearance which is reflected in the stone of buildings and walls, in the heather moorland and in the characteristic grasslands that occur on this type of formation. Glaciation and the differential resistance to weathering of the sand, shale and gritstones produces some of the most dramatic features such as cut off crags on valley sides and wide U-shaped valleys. This is in contrast with the pastoral landscapes of the dales and upland fringes running down to the dale. Hamlets and villages built in local stone contribute greatly to the character of the area.

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Natural Health News — Being overweight is bad – right? Well, maybe not as bad as we thought according to a new analysis in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). In a review that included approximately 3 million adults from around the world, relative to normal weight, being overweight, even to the point of obesity was associated with significantly lower risk of death from all-causes. These results, which are not unique, challenge deeply entrenched medical thinking – as well as the foundations upon which a multi-billion pound global weight loss industry is built. In addition, estimates of the risks associated with normal weight, overweight, and obesity drive many medical decisions such as what drugs are prescribed and what surgeries and other procedures are recommended. Since each of these actions carries with it the risk of adverse effects, knowing the real risks is important. The US researchers analysed 97 high quality studies that that included people from the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, China, Taiwan, Japan, Brazil, Israel, India and Mexico. What they were looking for was a relationship between body mass index (BMI) and early death. For decades doctors have relied on a grading system which says that a BMI 18-25 is normal, a BMI of greater than 25 is overweight , and a BMI of more than 30 is considered obese. Physicians’ oft repeated mantra is that the risk of dying is much greater for everyone who crosses the BMI 25 threshold. Not all overweight is the same In general this was the conclusion of this analysis which found an overall 18% higher risk of death associated with a BMI of over 25. However the researchers did something that few others have done, which is to not lump all overweight people into one single category but to further divide those with a BMI of over 25 into different grades. Thus: What they found was: In other words, compared to a person of normal weight, a person needed to be morbidly obese to be at a significant risk of death. The authors note that these findings suggest that generalised warnings about the risk of death associated with being overweight may be greatly overstated and certainly not applicable to everyone carrying a few extra pounds. The body of evidence Lead researcher Katherine M. Flegal, of the National Center for Health Statistics of the US Centres for Disease, Ccontrol, has produced two previous analyses – both of which have shown similar results and which have caused huge debate amongst those whose default position is ‘thin is good, fat is bad’. In 2005 she found that being both very underweight (BMI of less than 18.5) and very overweight (BMI of greater than 30) raised one’s risk of death, compared to those of normal BMI. Then, in 2007, she produced a second study, dividing participants into three categories: What she found was, compared to those in the normal BMI range, being underweight was associated with significantly more deaths from non-cancer causes and non-cardiovascular causes (such as kidney disease, diabetes, respiratory infections and disease and injuries), but not associated with death from cancer or cardiovascular disease. In contrast, being overweight was associated with significantly fewer deaths from non-cancer causes and non-cardiovascular causes and was also not associated with death from cancer or cardiovascular disease. Being obese was associated with significantly more deaths from cardiovascular disease, but did not increase the number of deaths from cancer, non-cardiovascular disease or non-cancer causes. Only by combining the overweight and obese individuals could the study find an association between weight and increased risk of death from diabetes and kidney disease and from cancers considered related to weight – though there was still a decreased risk of death from all other non-cancer and non-cardivascular causes. So how do we make sense of all this? Responses to the study have varied with some experts suggesting that the definition of “normal” BMI should be revised, excluding its lowest ratings, which might be too thin. Others have suggested that our concepts of fat need to be re-evaluated, since not all fat is the same and not all fat is ‘bad’ or a threat to one’s health. An editorial accompanying the latest study asked whether overweight, as defined by BMI, could even have a protective effect. It noted that in the presence of a wasting disease, heart disease, diabetes, renal dialysis, or even with older age carrying extra weight has not been shown to increase mortality. It continues: “The optimal BMI linked with lowest mortality in patients with chronic disease may be within the overweight and obesity range. Even in the absence of chronic disease, small excess amounts of adipose tissue may provide needed energy reserves during acute catabolic illnesses, have beneficial mechanical effects with some types of traumatic injuries, and convey other salutary effects that need to be investigated in light of the studies by Flegal et al and others.” If you are overweight but otherwise healthy (and happy) the chances are you don’t need to turn to crash dieting. BMI is only one very narrow measurement of how fit you are. Many other aspects of your lifestyle such as exercise, stress relief, not smoking or voluntarily taking in other poisons, and avoiding exposure to toxic chemicals may be just as influential, if not more so than how much you weigh. Sign up here to receive regular updates from us

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Polymerase chain reaction is a medical device used in genetics, genetic engineering and molecular biology research. These are used to amplify single or copy of a piece of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Polymerase chain reaction technologies help in generating thousands to millions of copies of DNA sequencing. Polymerase chain reaction technologies are used in various fields such as biotechnology, drug discovery and clinical diagnostics. These are used for DNA sequencing and DNA cloning procedures in microbiology and molecular biology. In addition, polymerase chain reaction technologies are also used in forensics to identify criminals and child identity. Polymerase chain reaction technologies are also used in diagnosis of disease such as tuberculosis, AIDS, middle ear infections and lyme diseases. Polymerase chain reaction technologies identify and cultures microorganism which causes the diseases. Some of the polymerase chain reaction technologies products include consumables, reagents, software and services. Digital polymerase chain reaction, real time Q- polymerase chain reaction, standard polymerase chain reaction, assembly polymerase chain reaction, inverse polymerase chain reaction, multiplex polymerase chain reaction and hot start polymerase chain reaction are some of the key polymerase chain reaction technologies available in the market. North America is the largest market for polymerase chain reaction technologies followed by Europe due to increasing demand for fast, accurate and affordable diagnosis in healthcare. In addition, rising investments in companion diagnostics in North America is also boosting the growth of polymerase chain reaction technologies markets. In recent time there is increased use of polymerase chain reaction technologies due to increasing number of hospitals and research centers. Rise in government funding for R&D, increased number of patients suffering from infectious diseases and rising investments in gene therapy and human genome projects are some of the key factors driving the growth of the global polymerase chain reaction technologies market. In addition, increasing applications of polymerase chain reaction technologies in the field of life science, clinical diagnostics and others is also fuelling the growth of polymerase chain reaction market. However, growth of non-validated home brew test and reimbursement issues is the key factors restraining the growth of global polymerase chain reaction technologies market. Accurate and timely results for real time polymerase chain reaction instrument is one of the key challenge for the global polymerase chain reaction technologies market. Miniaturisation of the polymerase chain reaction process would develop new opportunity for global polymerase chain reaction technologies market. New product launches is recent market trend in the global polymerase chain reaction technologies market. Some of the major companies operating in global polymerase chain reaction technologies market are Abbott Laboratories, Roche, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Maxim Biotech, Kapa Biosystems, Agilent Technologies, GE Healthcare, Becton and Sigma-Aldrich Corp. Key points covered in the report The report covers geographic segmentation

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Many studies have linked diabetes with the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and now a team of investigators appears to have found direct experimental evidence connecting the conditions. “Our study identifies emergence of AD pathology in brain and retina as a major consequence of diabetes, implicating dysfunctional insulin signaling in late-onset AD, and a potential relationship between amyloid beta-derived neurotoxins and retinal degeneration in aging and diabetes, as well as AD,” the authors wrote in a study published online on July 11, 2012, in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease The researchers sought to determine how diabetes instigates late-onset AD. They examined diabetic rabbits displaying AD-type pathology for 15 weeks. After this time, investigators observed a diabetes-induced buildup of amyloid beta oligomers in the brains and retinas of the animals. Oligomers are the neurotoxins thought to cause memory loss in AD. Another study, published in the April 2, 2012, edition of Journal of Clinical Investigation, found that the characteristics of type 2 diabetes, including abnormal glucose use, metabolic dysregulation, and insulin resistance or deficiency, are seen in the early stage of AD independent of type 2 diabetes. The new study’s findings may have important implications for future investigation of AD pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics. To read more articles in this watch, click: Psoriasis Associated With Increased Risk of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Drug Shown to Prompt New Cell Growth

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The idea of planets orbiting other stars doesn’t seem like a particularly novel idea today but it’s only recently that we’ve been able to definitively prove that there are planets outside our own solar system. Whilst there was the beginnings of evidence surfacing back in 1988 the first, definitive proof we had of an extrasolar planet came in 1992, a mere 2 decades ago. As our technology has increased in capability the number of planets we discover year by year has increased dramatically and, even cooler still, the different types of planets we’re discovering is also increasing. Heck we’ve even found planets that don’t have a parent star, something which was almost a fantasy as they were thought to be nearly impossible to detect. What the last decade has revealed is that planets are not only a common occurrence in the universe but systems like are own, ones with multiple planets in them, are also commonplace. Initially most of the exoplanet discoveries were limited to certain types of planets, namely large gas giants with short orbital periods, but as our technology has improved we’ve been able to discover smaller bodies that orbit further out. Depending on the size of the star and the planet they could end up in what we refer to as the habitable (or Goldilocks) zone, the area where liquid water could exist on the surface. Finding one of these is cause for celebration as that closely matches our own solar system so you can imagine the excitement when we found 3 potentials orbiting Gliese 667C. Gliese 667C is actually part of a ternary star system which means that each of these planets technically has 3 suns, although the other 2 appear to more like bright stars that have the same illumination capacity as the full moon does here on earth. The diagram above makes it look like there’s potentially 5 planets in the habitable zone (just barely for H and D) but those ones are far more likely to be closer to Venus and Mars respectively. C, F, and E on the other hand are what we call super earths, rocky planets that have a mass around 2 to 10 times that of earth. Typically they’re also quite a bit larger than earth as well which means that the gravity on these kinds of planets is actually quite comparable. Out of all of them Gliese667Cf is the best candidate for habitability and thus extraterrestrial life. What’s particularly exciting for me is this provides more evidence for the idea that other stars are typically swamped in planets, making the configuration of our solar system quite common. This adds fuel to the already intense discussion that surrounds the Drake Equation which I’d argue has now been tipped towards increasing the left hand side dramatically. Of course you can’t consider that equation without also considering the Fermi Paradox since, as far as we can tell, we’re still all alone out here. The only solution is for us to visit these planets and to see if there is anything there although doing so in an acceptable time frame is still beyond the current limits of our technical ability (but not our theoretical capacity, however). It’s really quite amusing to see the stuff of science fiction rapidly turn into science fact. As time goes on it seems that the wildest things we could dream of, like planets with multiple suns, are not only real but may not be that unusual either. Hell it’s almost an inevitability that we’ll one day go to places like this just because it’s there. It might not be this century or heck even this millenium but we’ve shown in the past that we’re a stubborn race when it comes to things like this and we’ll be damned if anything will stop us from achieving it. I can only hope medical science advances enough for me to be able to see that and, hopefully, experience such planets for myself. I can remember sitting in one of my university lectures a long time ago being taught about development philosophies. It was all pretty standard stuff, we were walked through the “traditional” methods of development (basically the once through, waterfall technique) and then brought up to speed on the more modern iterative approaches. However one little soundbite always stuck out in my head and that was when the lecturer asked us who pays for rework when a product doesn’t fit a customer’s expectations? The simple answer was you, the one who developed it and it’s something that always plays over in my head when I’m working on a project, especially those ones I do at home. I’ve been paying extensively for rework with my latest forays into the world of game development. My regular readers and Twitter followers would’ve noticed that I cheerfully announced my success in cracking the stable orbit problem. Indeed in a round about way I had, basically my Unity scripts would push the planet around until it hit a stable orbit and afterwards would calculate the required velocity before turning off completely, letting the heavenly body orbit in a near perfect circle around its star. This worked for the 2 planets I had in there but unfortunately the equations I had developed didn’t generalize very well and adding in planets at random locations with random weights led to all sorts of wobbly orbits with planets meeting both fiery deaths and cold extinctions at the cruel hand of my orbit stabilizer. I was back to square one and I spent most of the weekend trying to figure out a fix. Eventually I came back around to the idea that my smart-ass subconscious came up with a while ago. I had tried to implement it before but I gave up in frustration when the results I got were no different than from my far more complicated “find the angle between the sun and body, increment it a bit, find the new position, create a vector to it then apply force in that direction” when in reality the fault lied in the orbit stabilization code. All that pushing and pulling that made the orbit look stable was in fact imparting all sorts of wild forces on the poor little planet, when in fact the best way is just to simply let gravity do the work for you. With this in mind I re-implemented my perpendicular force calculations and then devised a rudimentary equation that combined the mass, radius and a fudge factor that let me hand stabilize the orbit. In the past attempting to do this stuff manually took me an hour or so per planet, with this revised code I was able to do one in minutes and have developed a new equation that is able to accurately send a planet into a stable orbit no matter where I place it in the game. This solution was far more simple and elegant than what I had been trying to do previously but the cost in terms of rework was tremendously high. I’m lucky in this respect in that the client for this is just myself and my friend at the moment but had this been for someone else with whom I had a contractual relationship with that kind of rework would’ve been extremely costly. Of course I could try to make the client pay for it but ask anyone who’s gone back to a client asking for more money after saying they could do it for a certain price and you’ll usually be laughed out of the office, if not walked out of there by security. Working around this isn’t easy as clients will usually want to have a strict set of deliverables and time frames which seems to rule out any iterative or agile development methodology. It also pushes a team dangerously towards suffering from analysis paralysis as you agonize over every requirement to make sure it’s covered off in the final product. A healthy amount of analysis is good for any project, especially if it makes the product easy to maintain or modify, but it’s also incredibly easy to fall into a never ending spiral of pointlessness. Thankfully however I’ve noticed that clients are far more receptive to the idea of milestones these days which lines up well with any iterative process, skirting around these problems easily. Going after the most simple and elegant solution might seem like the best idea at the time but in my experience it’s those kinds of solutions that take the longest to achieve. It’s almost always worth it, especially if all you’re spending is your own time, but when you’re working for someone else they might not be so keen for you to spend inordinate amounts of time chasing your white whale solution. This probably explains why a lot of software contains incomprehensible code riddled with bugs, but that’s a whole ‘nother ball game and a blog post for another day.

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Vegetarian diets have hidden benefits Vegetarians and vegans can vouch that if the most frequently asked question about their diet isn't, "Why?" then it is mostcertainly, "How do you get everything you need?" What the inquisitor doesn't realize is that vegetarians often end up with a more balanced diet than mostAmericans, whorarely consider how much of each food group they consume on a daily basis. Vegetarians aren't justkeeping pace with meat-eaters in the health department; they are beating them in nutritional value. Due to the restrictive nature of their diet, vegetarians are forced to pay more attention to what they eat and they endup meeting more of theirnutritional daily values than those with unrestricted diets. Congress recently slacked the nutritional requirements in public schools, claiming that the tomato sauce on a piece of pizza counts as one serving's worth of vegetables. On Nov. 21, Seth Meyers designated an entire segment of "Saturday Night Live" to this topic, saying, "Really Congress? Cafeteria pizza barely qualifies as a pizza; it has the same nutritional value as the tray it is served on." USF and Meyers may see eye to eye on this point, as the University works to educate its students about healthy choices with promotions of "Meatless Mondays" and byinstalling designated vegetariansections in three out of the four dining halls on campus. In 2009, USF was ranked 5th in the nation by Peta2 in their MostVegetarian-Friendly College Competition and continuesbringing new meatless options tostudents' tables. The success is also apparent in the numbers. Recent studiesprovide counter evidence to thecommon misconceptions thatvegetarians are malnourished,finding that vegans andvegetarians have a lower incidence of diabetes by 50 percent and vegetarians have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease mortalityby 24 percent, according to a study published in the journal Antioxidants and Redox Signaling (ARS). Data from a combination of studies involving more than 220,000 participants indicated that a person's risk of cardiovascular disease decreases 4 percent for each daily serving of fruit and 7 percent for eachserving of vegetables added to their regular diet, according to ARS. Because of these results, many claim that the absence of meat in a vegetarian diet is a mere correlation, not to be confused with the cause of their lower risk for disease. That being the case, meateaters would be able to share the same health benefits thatvegetarians do without forgoinganimal products in their diets. However, meat and animal fats are primary sources ofcholesterol, which leave depositsin blood vessels that cause heart attacks. So risk ofdisease is dampened byeating not only more fruits andvegetables, but also less meat. These studies should comfort vegetarians who find themselves defending their diet choice and overall well being from skeptics. A vegetarian diet is not required to maintain a healthy balanceof nutrients, but it certainly doesn't hurt. Julia Rauchfuss is a freshman majoring in biomedical science. Get Top Stories Delivered Weekly More usforacle News Articles Recent usforacle News Articles Discuss This Article MOST POPULAR USFORACLE GET TOP STORIES DELIVERED WEEKLY FOLLOW OUR NEWSPAPER LATEST USFORACLE NEWS - Quinton Flowers wins AAC Offensive Player of the Year - BOT formally approves Genshaft bonus - Top 10 moments of the fall semester - Netflix: No Wi-Fi needed - USF Health Services sees spike in clients as exams near - USF System President Genshaft up for performance-based stipend - USF students reflect on fall semester FROM AROUND THE WEB - Got Tech Neck? Here's Some Advice. - Three Simple Swaps for a Healthier Lunch - Epilepsy Awareness Day 2016 Largest Turnout Ever - Give the Gift of Connectivity, Without the Stress - New Cancer Treatment Continues to Progress By Filing for... - How Many Years Does it Take to Become a Doctor of... - Many Working Mothers Can't Afford Their Health Insurance... - A Date with Destiny: Video Games Teach Kids Life Lessons - The Magic Number for Millennials: $51,000 - A New Read on Literacy: The 3 Keys to Building Lifelong... COLLEGE PRESS RELEASES - PEPSICO AND 21ST CENTURY FOX ANNOUNCE "THE SEARCH FOR HIDDEN FIGURES" - The Most Popular Entry-Level Jobs and Companies for College Graduates - National Meningitis Association Urges Students to take Pledge2Prevent - American Cancer Society and CVS Health Foundation Award Grants to Help 20 Colleges and Universities Go Tobacco-Free in Largest Initiative of Its Kind - BPU Offers Sentiment Analysis Free to Universities

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en

Packaging is a very important form of advertising. A package can sometimes motivate people to buy products. For example，a small child might ask for a breakfast food contained in a box with a picture of a TV character. The child is more interested in the picture than in breakfast food. Pictures for children to color or cut out，games printed on a package，or a small gift inside a box also motivate many children to buy products—or to ask their parents to buy for them. Some packages suggest that a buyer will get something for nothing. Food products sold in reusable containers are examples of this. Although a similar product in a plain container might cost less，people often prefer to buy the product in a reusable glass or dish，because they believe the container is free. However，the cost of the container is added to the cost of the product. The size of a package also motivates a buyer. Maybe the package has“Economy Size”or“Family Size”printed on it. This suggests that the larger size has the most product for the least money. But that is not always true. To find it out，a buyer has to know how the product is sold and the price of the basic unit. The information on the package should provide some answers. But the important thing for any buyer to remember is that a package is often an advertisement. The words and pictures do not tell the whole story. Only the product inside can do that. 56. “A buyer will get something for nothing”in paragraph 2 most probably means that______. ［A］a buyer will not get what he pays for ［B］a buyer will get more than what he pays for ［C］a buyer will get something useful free of charge ［D］a buyer will get more but pay less 57. From the passage we know the buyer pays more attention to______. ［A］the size of a container ［B］a container with attractive picture ［C］a welldesigned container ［D］a plain container with low cost 58. What suggestion does the author give in the passage？ ［A］It‘s not good to buy the product which is sold in a glass or dish. ［B］The quality of a container has nothing to do with the quality of the product. ［C］The best choice for a buyer is to buy a product in a plain package. ［D］A buyer should buy what he needs most rather than a welldesigned package. 59. Which of the following sentences is NOT true according to the passage？ ［A］In fact glasses or dishes used for packaging do not cost money at all. ［B］“Family Size”printed on the package means that it is rather economic. ［C］To a child，even to an adult，the form is far more important than the content. ［D］Words and pictures written on the package are thought to be an advertisement. 60. What is the best title for the passage？ ［A］How to Package a Product. ［B］How to Make an Advertisement. ［C］How to Sell Product. ［D］How to Attract More Buyers.

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en

This blog is about chemical and energy developments of interest to me and, I trust, also to readers following these posts. Since I have wondered for some time about how 3D printing works, I decided to investigate and this is the result. (Full disclosure: this post is largely taken from an article about the same subject I recently wrote for the Scarsdale Inquirer, my hometown newspaper.) The most important thing to know is that 3D Printing is an “additive” technology used to produce a very large variety of objects that are currently made in a traditional manner from many different materials. Thus, objects now made from metals like steel, brass, or aluminum or from wood or marble start as a block and are cut, machined or chiseled to form the desired shape .This is termed a “subtractive” technology, where material not wanted is removed to create the desired object. Other items may be made using a mold, but the mold itself is made using “subtractive” technology. The 3D printer (which really isn’t a “printer” at all) is a machine controlled by specialized software that is coded to lay down successive, additive microscopically thin layers of rapidly solidified or solid material that represent “slices” of the object that is being produced in an “additive” manner. The software is created with a computer-aided design package or with a 3D scanner. The material used to feed the printer is called the “filament”. Imagine making a tapered vase with base using a 3D printer. Thinking in two dimensions, you would see (if you could look into the machine) that the first material laid down by instantly solidifying polymer is a small circle (the base) that rapidly rises to a quarter inch or so in height as successive hypothetical horizontal “slices” are added to form the base of the vase. Then, even smaller hollow rows of circles start to build, expanding as the object rises a number of inches to form the tapered vase. This, of course happens with great speed. Voilà, a vase made by 3D printing! Such a vase could have easily been made with a mold, but as shapes become more complex, molds become more difficult to design and 3D printing overcomes this problem. Change the example to a pitcher with handle. The software will faithfully copy the two-dimensional image and build up the handle as part of the pitcher as it directs the “printer” to add the successive layers of the handle part now part of the “slice”. That is how 3D printing can be used to make complex objects. 3D printing can produce an extremely complicated metal part that is almost impossible to make with subtractive technology, which would usually include some welding. A great variety of 3D printing processes have been and are being developed, using a large variety of materials. Stereolithography is a laser-based process that works with photopolymers, laser-sintering and laser melting works with powdered materials, (including metals), fused deposition modeling uses extrusion of thermoplastic materials and material jetting is a technology somewhat similar to the way ink jet printers work. That technology allows simultaneous deposition of a range of different materials. An important point is that for most of these technologies, materials, and applications some post-processing steps are required, including curing, sanding, polishing, and painting. Plastic resins such as ABS, polylactic acid and nylon are currently the most common materials used. But they also include titanium and cobalt chrome alloys, aluminum, metal and ceramic powders, etc. An important advantage of 3D printing versus subtractive manufacturing processes is that in the additive process no material is wasted, while in the subtractiv process up to 90 percent of the original block of material may be wasted. 3D printing is an “enabling technology that drives innovation while being a tool-less process that reduces costs and lead times”. More and more applications are being developed for various industries. Examples include hip and knee implants, hearing aids, orthotic insoles for shoes, surgical guides for specific operations and jewellery(e.g. glass fiber-filled nylon), food and the fashion industry(mannequins, face models, shoes, hats, bags). The aerospace industry has been an early user of the technology with GE (turbine parts), Airbus, Rolls Royce and Boeing high profile users to make first-of-a-kind parts. Car companies are also early adopters of 3D printing technologies. A drivable prototype of an electric car has been 3D printed(!). Another excellent application is making spare parts for cars, appliances, and other consumer items that are old and out of stock. Mass customization and competition will make the cost of 3D printers, filaments and software come down fairly rapidly. At a reasonable cost, it will be a fun thing to have around the house.

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- An organisation seeking to influence decision-makers in relation to a particular issue, or policy. Unlike political parties, pressure groups do not stand for elected office. - A political system where a wide range of beliefs, ideologies and ideas is tolerated and allowed to flourish. It also implies a society where many different groups are active and free to operate. Similarities with Parties - Develop policies they hope to implement. - Develop policies across a wide range of concerns. - (PG) e.g. trade unions, Confederation of British Industry (CBI). - Put candidates up for election. - (PG) e.g. Right to Life, anti-European groups. - Recognisable philosophy. - (PG) e.g. UK Independence Party (UKIP), Referendum Party. - Formal organisation. - (PG) e.g. trade unions, CBI. Differences with Parties - Parties pursue governmental power. - PGs influence. - Parties put up candidates for office. - Most PGs do not fight elections. - Parties adopt policies covering all aspects of government responsibility. - PGs have a narrow range of concerns. - Parties must act responsibility and respect democratic process. - PGs can use direct action e.g. fuel protects (Autumn 2000). - Party financing is legally controlled. - PGs no financial constraints. Minor parties such as UKIP & the Green Party (started as pressure group) blur the distinction between a political party and a pressure group. - Effective channels of communication between people and government. - Provide opportunities for political participation by wide variety of people. - Ensure minority interests are represented. - Act as a control on power of the state. - Provide opportunities for active citizenship. - Help institutionalise peaceful conflict and so preventing disorder and instability. - Act as vehicle for 'vested interests', promoting own welfare at the expense of the majority. - Some wield disproportionate amount of influence, not justified by their size. - May not be internally democratic, reflecting views of mass membership over small elites. - Insider - close and regular contact with decision-makers, and government ministers e.g. National Farmers Union, who have always had a close working relationship with the Ministry of Agriculture. - Sponsorship of MPs. - Direct lobbying of ministers. - Participation in official committees. - Representation on quangos. - Evidence to parliamentary committees. - Outsider - little or no contact with decision-makers, often due to ideological differences e.g. Animal Liberation Front are considered so extreme that no mainstream political party would bring them into political process. - Mass public demonstrations. - Campaigns of civil disobedience. - Media campaigns. - Illegal activities to gain publicity. - Promotional (cause) - represents, or promotes, a specific…

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3 Answers | Add Yours The theme of belonging revolves around the relationship between father and son. Even though there has been a severe disbanding of all social orders in the wake of landscape of desolation, the father and son experiences the belonging between one another to help restore some level of values and structure to this world. The father teaches the son to be generous towards others and maintains the relationship with him to develop the idea of belonging. We can sense that at some point, there was a level of belonging shared with the wife, but now that has translated to father and son. The ultimate hope would be that this shared belonging is something that can be replicated by others in this new setting. In Cormac McCarthy's The Road, a dreary picture is painted where belonging is a rare thing. If you survived whatever event or series of events that occurred to create the wasteland that is presented, then usually, belonging is something that is as elusive to find as is survival. If you "belong," it is usually amongst two main groups: the barbaric cannibals that roam the country in hoards, looking for lone surivivors to kill, or, the groups of people that the father and the son witness locked up in an abandoned house, that are slowly being harvested for meat. It's pretty awful. There are also vague rumors of other groups of people, civilized people, that are surviving together, but they only hear about this through the old man, and only in a very guarded way. The son, adopted by the family at the end, might have found another place to belong also. The father and the son are lucky, very lucky indeed to have each other. Because the other exists, they belong. As long as they have each other, they can fight through their existence. Belonging is a gift that they give each other every day of their lives. The father spends his days trying to teach his son how to survive in their world, how to belong in the eventuality that he might one day die. He hopes that his son can feel a sense of belonging in that world, even if he isn't around. I hope that those thoughts helped a bit; good luck! In the book The Road the father and son are traveling a road alone in a world that has undergone a cataclysmic disaster. There are almost no known people anymore. Those that they come across are few and far between and alone with the exception of the people who travel in groups and kill other people for food. Frequently the two talk about having each other. The boy is fearful that he will lose his father and often wakes up calling for him. His father is also fearful of losing his son and states this when his son becomes feverish. Each one has the other to rely on. The mother/wife ended her life because she found no joy or hopes in the world and could not mentally go on without hope. The father and son give each other "the fire." After reading through the story several times, I believe the fire is the hope and will to go on. The son often asks his father about other people. He does not want it to be just him and his father in the world as the only two good guys. Even as the father lays dying the reader worries about the son because he will be alone. The only hope and salvation that comes in the end is that a good guy comes along to bring the boy to be with him and his family. The reader is left with no hope for a better existence for the people on the earth, but there is some relief that the boy is not alone. We’ve answered 318,915 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question

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Originally, circuits operated with open switches, which only had an insulated grip and thus did not provide adequate protection against accidental contact. With the invention of the light bulb by Edison and the advent of electric installations , the need arose for a safe switch to use in home appliances. First, rotary switch developed that minimized the sparks with a spring mechanism and at shoulder height (about 1.50 m) were mounted. For standardization of the electrical installation, the present height of 1.05 m has been proposed. The rotary switches were initially replaced by toggle switches, as these are easier to use. Later more easily operated rocker switch came on. Modern switches with extensive rocker are called surface switch. The latest development, switches, switch the switch contacts when actuated and retain this shift position, while the rocker returns to its previous state after actuation. During the development we came off the assembly earlier mainly applied onto the wall (surface) and now used largely sunk mounted switches (flush), since this type of termination reduces the risk of damage and thus possible exposure of live parts. On the other hand increase recessed electric wires, the risk of electric shock when wall work (eg nailing or drilling). To minimize this risk, installation zones have been established. Refer to installation . A special version is the damp-proof switch Home Appliance , which is available also for surface or flush mounting. Early light switches were made of porcelain made in the surface-mounted version and serves as a rotary switch with a rotating mechanism, then came those from Press Fiberboard (because of the impact sensitivity of chinaBakelite ) on. Today they are made of modern plastics . Chance are, especially in hospitals and other public facilities, even light switches from antimicrobially effective materials such as copper used to prevent infections Electrical cables are for concealed installation in the so-called installation zones postponed. Since this installation zones are standardized, one can assume that outside this range no lines are laid. (Again, exceptions to the rule, so be careful!) Installation zones reduce the risk of accidents and damage during subsequent alterations, renovations, etc. During installation, according to electrical codes (see also VDE ) of the outer conductor to switch the appliance so that after switching off no voltage is applied more. Switches for lighting systems are usually designed for a current of 10 A. In practice, lighting and socket circuits to be backed up frequently combined with 16A. The fusing of the switch appliance with 16 A for fixed lighting is admissible because it can be assumed that the current conditional 10 A will not exceed the design of the luminaire. In the DIN VDE 0100-510: 2012-06 it says this in the section 512.1.2: “When choosing a piece of equipment of the intended operating current (at AC the rms value to be considered), the should lead it in undisturbed operation […]” For switching the outlets there are two options: use of overcurrent protective devices with a rated current of I n ≤ 10 A or using installation switches with a rated current of I n ≥ 16 A (mostly multipolar switch). Light switches used in the household home appliance installation is mostly in three parts: use , frame and rocker . The insert is of the non-visible part that contains the technical function. The rocker refers to the visible switch , the frame the border, so the transition to wall. Frames are one to five times and group switches, dimmers, sockets of all kinds, control and sensor into one unit. This component has at least two end positions, in which the switch remains after pressing and so depending on the construction and position closes the circuit or interrupting. This type of control of the lighting is mainly used in homes. The switch has an input and an output and two positions: “open” (open circuit) and “closed” (closed circuit). Off switch can be found, for example, directly on the luminaire or in the connecting line, in the house installation in rooms with only a light switch. As component of the household wiring pure off are often not provided because can also be used as a switch for home appliances. The changeover switch has one input and two outputs; but it can also be operated with two inputs and one output. He alternates between output A and output B. That is, when the circuit is closed over A, it is interrupted by B. According to DIN VDE 0100-460: 2002-08 Section 465.1.2 single-pole switches may not be used in the neutral conductor. The misappropriation of change-over switches for the previously frequently used Hamburger circuit does not meet the current standards and is therefore prohibited. Location: With two-way switches a lamp from two locations can be operated. Between the two switches at least two lines have to be drawn. In the cross-connect also two AC switches are used at the ends in home appliances. A series switch denotes a double switch, so two independently operable switch to a common input and a respective output for each of the individual switch. Externally can this seen through a divided rocker. It can be replaced by two off switch. The term series switches back to the time in which the switch in the form of rotary switches were made with four switching positions. Location: serial connection , for example, lamps with two groups of lamps, 2 lighting groups The intermediate switch has two inputs and two outputs, which are connected with two switch positions straight or crossed either, that is either input A with output A and B with B or A input with output B and B connected with A.Intermediate switch can also be used as a toggle switch or switch. Location: In cross-connects as the third and further switch between two AC switches , for example, in rooms with light switches on the door and on each side of the bed. Cross circuits today often surge circuits with switches andpulse relay is replaced, because the wiring effort is lower here. The button has only a basic position, in which he falls back by spring force as soon as you let go. So he sends only one signal (NO) or interrupts the current circuit (break) for a brief moment, he needs in the lighting control still is an additional control, a bistable relaywhich then the circuit keeps open or closed until the next control signal. Location: switch circuits are used in the stairwell lighting and wherever more than two locations, the light is to be served. Dimmers are light switches that allow addition to switching on and off the lighting and setting the brightness of the backlight by using a dial – or touch or dimmers by touching a sensor surface. They are also commonly used in table or floor lamps installed. They contain a phase control (for incandescent lamps and transformers) or phases from angle control (phase dimmer, z. B. for electronic transformers of low-voltage halogen systems) Location: Wherever full or subdued lighting is needed. Off switch can be except for fluorescent lamps replaced by a suitable dimmer; in those with an electronic ballast dimming is required. Twilight switch off automatically when an adjustable brightness value is exceeded or undershot. They are used as a light switch or roller shutter switch for shading. They have a hysteresis and usually delay circuits, not continuously switched on and off, if the ambient brightness varies little Motion replace today increased external light switch. To turn the camera detects movement detection space, so for example when a person approaches the automatic outdoor lighting and after an adjustable time again. Powered wireless light switches transmit the switching signal via radio to a receiver module that turns the lighting circuit on and off. The energy required for this is obtained from the switch operation: By pressing the switch, a piezoelectric element (is piezoelectricity ) actuated mechanically converted into electromagnetic energy. Energy-saving electronics makes it possible to produce from this energy coded radio signals having approximately 30 m range inside buildings (outdoor up to 300 m). Through the coding, a clear allocation between transmission and reception module is ensured. Location: Without limitation. Particularly suitable for office buildings, in which the interior is often changed. Battery-less light switches can be mounted z. B. to glass walls or on wood, because no cable feed is needed. Also suitable for use in older buildings where no cable ducts must be created for this type of switch, or – for the same reason – in wooden houses. They work similar to the battery-free devices, however, have as an energy source, usually a button cell . The battery life expectancy is up to about 10 years. Then a change of cell is needed. Opposite batteryless devices these often have the advantage of greater functionality. Furthermore, the sensed pressure point in battery-powered switches softer, since only one electrical contact must be closed here. For this reason, the installation height of battery-powered switches is now the same as ordinary switches during batteryless switches still have a significantly higher construction.

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en

Using Bullet Points in List Articles By Joan Whetzel List articles are easy to write they consist of a set of steps (as in how-to articles) or a simple list of items, examples or ways to do things. List articles are easy to read, which makes them a great way to impart information to your readers, not only in articles but in letters, memos and emails as well. There are two ways to make list articles one is the numbered list the other involves the use of bullet points. List Articles with Bullet Points How many times have you picked up a magazine off the rack to read about “15 Ways to Organize your Kitchen”? Were the “15 ways” listed in bullet point format? Bullet points, which are visually appealing, make it easier for readers to find the information they are looking for quickly. List articles give us a list of ways to do things, of things to accomplish, of ideas, of things to avoid. There are so many ways to use the list article format, the ideas are virtually limitless. Small lists (3 to 5) are great because they let readers know there are only a few steps needed to accomplish their goal. Long lists (101 ways to annoy your neighbors) gives readers lots of choices when it comes to accomplishing a task. Bullets Vs. Numbers Yes, there is a difference between numbering and bullet points when it comes to list. Numbering a list implies that things should be done or read in a specific order. Using numbers or letters (1-2-3, a-b-c) are used frequently used in how-to articles, recipes, business letters, and science experiments to name a few, applications where the order is important. Bullet point lists don’t have an order in which they should be read or accomplished. These lists are simply a group of related item that don’t fall into sequential order or where the points share equal importance. Types of Bullet Points Bullet points can be anything from a simple point or dot to a square, open circle, squiggle, asterisk, diamonds, dash, arrow, or check mark. They are used to visually display a speakers points on PowerPoint slides as well as in list articles. Word for Windows and other word processing programs usually have a whole group of bullet point choices to use. Creating the Bullet Point List Article When writing a list article: - always begin with an introduction. - organize the items for your list in a way that makes sense. - present the points make up a bullet pointed list. - add further explanation for each point if necessary. - finish with a concluding point, if you feel the article needs one to wrap it up. The above list could technically be created as a numbered list because it lists the order in which the article will appear. But since there are writers who don’t write their article in the order in which they appear, the list can also be written as shown – bullet style. By the way, the bulleted list can also be used in Power Point displays and term papers or school essays. Jones, Dee. Yahoo Voices. How to Write List Articles Fast. Lay, Kathryn. The Dabbling Mum. How to Write List Articles. Russell, Wendy. About.com. Definition of Bullet. Hibbard, Catherine S. Sales Vantage. Using Bullet Points and Lists. Resume Writing Tip: Bullet Points Are Your Friend . Word 2007 Indenting & bullet points . More by this Author Narrative and Descriptive essays are two of the types of essays that students learne to write in elementary and middle school. The use unique formats and styles to tell short stories. Once you're in high school or college, you will be assigned many, many, many essays. The best way to get good grades, then, is to learn how to write essays that will impress your teachers. Plexiglass and tempered glass are great for using in situations where you don't want broken glass with sharp edges going everywhere. THey have functions and uses that are unique to each type of glass.

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7.2. Internal and External Dust The dust in external galaxies may not have exactly the same extinction properties as in our interstellar medium. In particular, some of the broad extinction features, such as the one centered at 2200Å, may be weak or absent in other galaxies. The amount of extinction will be estimated assuming a galactic dust-to-gas ratio and a simple, -1 extinction law. Thus, for a dust on the line of sight to the source, the extinction in magnitude, for a gas column density Ncol, is Dust can also be mixed in with the gas, absorbing both the external incident radiation and the internally produced line photons. The first and large effect on the emergent spectrum is the extinction of the ionizing radiation in a wavelength dependent way. This can be incorporated into the photoionization calculations provided the extinction properties of the dust at 912Å are known. Internal dust can also destroy line photons with an efficiency that depends on the wavelength and the optical depth of the line in question. For forbidden lines, intercombination lines, and all other lines of negligible optical depth, the absorption probability is simply [1 - exp(-dust)] and depends only on the line frequency. This is not the case for resonance lines and other lines of considerable optical depth, where the lengthening of the path before escape is considerable (about a factor of 5, see section 4.4.2) due to the large number of scatterings. Such line photons are easily destroyed by dust and the result is a considerable weakening of the large optical depth lines compared with all other lines. AGN observations do not show any large reduction in the strength of L, CIV1549, and other optically thick lines, compared with the calculated intensity of the intercombination lines like CIII]1909. Therefore, the amount of internal dust, at least in the BLR clouds, cannot be large. It is easy to incorporate these effects into the calculations using the formalism described in chapter 4 (equations 42-46). The main complication is the unknown dust distribution, which may not be uniform. In particular, the neutral gas zone is a more likely location for the dust particle to survive the intense radiation of the central source. Finally, internal dust can also change the hydrogen line spectrum in a low density gas, by providing a de-excitation mechanism for some high energy levels, decreasing, in this way, the effective optical depth of the Lyman lines.

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Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Individual differences | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Human-computer interaction (HCI) or, alternatively, computer-human interaction (symbolized as Χ χ Chi, the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet) is the study of interaction between people (users) and computers. It is an interdisciplinary subject, relating computer science with many other fields of study and research. Interaction between users and computers occurs at the user interface (or simply interface), which includes both software and hardware, for example, general purpose computer peripherals and large-scale mechanical systems such as aircraft and power plants. Aspects and goalsEdit Combined with computer science and information technology are fields including: - Artificial intelligence - Cognitive science - Computer vision - Human factors - Library and information science - Social psychology - Speech-language pathology A basic goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users and computers by making computers more user-friendly and receptive to the user's needs. Specifically, HCI is concerned with - methodologies and processes for designing interfaces (i.e., given a task and a class of users, design the best possible interface within given constraints, optimizing for a desired property such as learnability or efficiency of use) - methods for implementing interfaces (e.g. software toolkits and libraries; efficient algorithms) - techniques for evaluating and comparing interfaces - developing new interfaces and interaction techniques - developing descriptive and predictive models and theories of interaction A long term goal of HCI is to design systems that minimize the barrier between the human's cognitive model of what they want to accomplish and the computer's understanding of the user's task (see CSCW). Professional practitioners in HCI are usually designers concerned with the practical application of design methodologies to real-world problems. Their work often revolves around designing graphical user interfaces and web interfaces. Researchers in HCI are interested in developing new design methodologies, experimenting with new hardware devices, prototyping new software systems, exploring new paradigms for interaction, and developing models and theories of interaction. - HCI vs CHI. The acronym CHI (pronounced kai), for computer-human interaction, has been used to refer to this field, perhaps more frequently in the past than now. However, researchers and practitioners now refer to their field of study as HCI (pronounced as an initialism), which perhaps rose in popularity partly because of the notion that the human, and the human's needs and time, should be considered first, and are more important than the machine's. This notion became increasingly relevant towards the end of the 20th century as computers became increasingly inexpensive (as did CPU time), small, and powerful. Since the turn of the millennium, the field of human-centered computing has emerged as an even more pronounced focus on understanding human beings as actors within socio-technical systems. - Usability vs Usefulness. Design methodologies in HCI aim to create user interfaces that are usable, i.e. that can be operated with ease and efficiency. However, an even more basic requirement is that the user interface be useful, i.e. that it allow the user to complete relevant tasks. - Intuitive and Natural. Software products are often touted by marketeers as being "intuitive" and "natural" to use, often simply because they have a graphical user interface. Many researchers in HCI view such claims as unfounded (e.g. a poorly designed GUI may be very unusable), and some object to the use of the words intuitive and natural as vague and/or misleading, since these are very context-dependent terms. - Data Density and Information Absorption. The rapid growth in the density of computer screen real estate has created an opportunity to accelerate "information absorption" to much higher levels. Classic "data density" on a computer is 50-100 data points, recent advances in data visualization enable thousands of data points to be presented in forms which can be rapidly absorbed. Interfaces such as virtual reality will give further growth the potential density of information presented. A number of diverse methodologies outlining techniques for human-computer interaction design have emerged since the rise of the field in the 1980s. Most design methodologies stem from a model for how users, designers, and technical systems interact. Early methodologies, for example, treated users' cognitive processes as predictable and quantifiable and encouraged design practitioners to look to cognitive science results in areas such as memory and attention when designing user interfaces. Modern models tend to focus on a constant feedback and conversation between users, designers, and engineers and push for technical systems to be wrapped around the types of experiences users want to have, rather than wrapping user experience around a completed system. - User-centered design: User-centered design (UCD) is a modern, widely practiced design philosophy rooted in the idea that users must take center-stage in the design of any computer system. Users, designers, and technical practitioners work together to articulate the wants, needs, and limitations of the user and create a system that addresses these elements. Often, user-centered design projects are informed by ethnographic studies of the environments in which users will be interacting with the system. - Contextual Usability: Contextual Usability (CU) is a framework also arising from the ‘ethnographic turn’ in the human, social and computer sciences and during the 1990s, although statistical direct observation methods and system-logging also play a role in its analysis. CU seeks to privilege neither users nor technology within a use or usage process. As such it links usability, ergonomics and user experience design to ideas emerging from social studies of science and technology such as actor-networks and sociotechnical constituencies . It seeks to locate motivations, instances and circumstances of use against social, cognitive and cultural influences. These can promote or negate the formation of usage patterns and periodicities. It views usability as a project (in design) and an experience (in use), one which is 'just outside' the boundaries of design affect and 'just inside' a potential or actual users whole experience of an artifact or service. It generates data according to a quadrant which includes use, usability, usage, and usefulness. It is most associated with the work of Derek William Nicoll. One of the top academic conferences for new research in human-computer interaction, especially within computer science, is the annually held ACM's Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, usually referred to by its short name CHI (pronounced kai, or khai). CHI is organized by ACM SIGCHI Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction. CHI is a large, highly competitive conference, with thousands of attendants, and is quite broad in scope. There are also dozens of smaller, more specialized HCI-related conferences held around the world each year. - UIST 2005 — ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology - NIME — International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression - Australian HCI Conference - Human computer interface - Topics in human-computer interaction - Seven stages of action - Usability Engineering - User interface - User Interface Modeling - Ronald M. Baecker, Jonathan Grudin, William A. S. Buxton, Saul Greenberg (1995): Readings in human-computer interaction. Toward the Year 2000. 2. ed. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco 1995 ISBN 1-558-60246-1 - William S. Bainbridge, ed. (2004): Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. 2 volumes. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire. http://www.berkshirehci.com. ISBN 0-9743091-2-5 - Stuart K. Card, Thomas P. Moran, Allen Newell: The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. Erlbaum, Hillsdale 1983 ISBN 0-89859-243-7 - Alan Dix, Janet Finlay, Gregory D. Abowd, and Russell Beale (2003): Human-Computer Interaction. 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall, 2003. http://hcibook.com/e3/ ISBN 0-13046-109-1 - Brad A. Myers: A brief history of human-computer interaction technology. Interactions 5(2):44-54, 1998, ISSN 1072-5520 ACM Press. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/274430.274436 - Jakob Nielsen: Usability Engineering. Academic Press, Boston 1993 ISBN 0-12-518405-0 - Donald A. Norman: The Psychology of Everyday Things. Basic Books, New York 1988 ISBN 0-465-06709-3 - Jef Raskin: The humane interface. New directions for designing interactive systems. Addison-Wesley, Boston 2000 ISBN 0-201-37937-6 - Ben Shneiderman: Designing the User Interface. Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction. 3. ed. Addison Wesley Longman, Reading 1998 ISBN 0-201-69497-2 - Bruce Tognazzini: Tog on Interface. Addison-Wesley, Reading 1991 ISBN 0-201-60842-1 - Julie A. Jacko and Andrew Sears (Eds.). (2003). Handbook for Human Computer Interaction. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates. ISBN 0-8058-4468-6 - ACM SIGCHI Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction - Australian Special Interest Group in CHI - ACM SIGCHI's definition of HCI - List of books on HCI at HCI Bibliography - Database of HCI in Popular Culture (movies, books, drama, television, and music) - Usability Views - Bad Human Factors Designs - useit.com: Jakob Nielsen on Usability and Web Design - HCI and User Interface Design Resources. - OK/Cancel A popular online comic strip targeted at human-computer interaction experts. - Interaction-Design.org - an open-content, peer-reviewed Encyclopedia covering terms from the disciplines of HCI, Interaction Design, Design, Human factors, Usability, Information architecture, and related fields. - Human-Centered Computing Education Digital Library - a repository of freely-available Human-Centered Computing and HCI educational materials. Includes lectures, syllabi, videos, sample tests and assignments from a variety of institutions. - EServer TC Library: HCI - UI Hall of Shame A blog which analyzes examples of poor user interface design. |This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

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Presentation on theme: "Method To determine the multiplicity parameter and the magnetization parameter one can use the dependence on the visible position of the core of the."— Presentation transcript: Method To determine the multiplicity parameter and the magnetization parameter one can use the dependence on the visible position of the core of the jet from the observation frequency [5-9]. This effect is associated with the absorption of the synchrotron photon gas by relativistic electrons in a jet. The apparent position of the nucleus is determined by the distance at which for a given frequency the optical depth reaches unity. Such measurements were performed in for 20 objects (see Table 1). Observations at nine frequencies allowed to approximate the apparent position of the nucleus as a function of frequency where r 0 is the position of the bright area of the emission, r is the apparent position of the nucleus in mas, and is the frequency. Here, the quantities , measured in mas, and , measured in mas·GHz, are the measured parameters of this approximation. Knowing this dependence and assuming the equipartition of energy between the particles and the magnetic field, one can write down Here D L (Gpc) is the object distance, (rad) is the opening angle of ejection, (rad) is the angle of view, is the Doppler factor, z is the red-shift, and K is the dimensionless function of the minimum and maximum Lorentz factor of electrons in their power-law distribution in energy . Thus, for the 20 objects for which parameter was measured, we can estimate the magnetization parameter . Introduction One of the most important parameters in magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) models of relativistic jets is the dimensionless multiplicity parameter = n/n GJ, which is defined as the ratio of the particle concentration n to the so-called Goldrech-Julian (GJ) concentration n GJ = B/2 ce (i.e., the minimum concentration required for the screening of the longitudinal electric field in the magnetosphere). It is important that the multiplicity parameter associates with the magnetization parameter , which determines the maximum possible bulk Lorentz factor of the flow, which can be achieved , where Here W tot (erg/s) is the total energy losses of the compact object. If the inner parts of the accretion disc are hot enough, these electron-positron pairs can be produced by two-photon collisions, the photons with sufficient energy delivering from the inner parts of the accretion disk . In this case, ~ –10 13, and the magnetization parameter ~ 10 2 – The second model takes into account the appearance of the region where the GJ plasma density is equal to zero because of the GR effects that corresponds to the outer gap in the pulsar magnetosphere [3, 4]. This model gives ~ 10 2 –10 3, and ~ – Conclusions Table 1. The apparent frequency-dependent shift of the nuclei, the multiplicity parameter and the magnetization parameter . Here is taken from observations of 20 objects , the red-shift z is taken from , and the distance to the object was determined from the redshift. For the five objects for which the red-shift is unknown, we took z = 1. As the half-opening angle, the angle between the jets and the line of sight (viewing angle) and Doppler factors were taken typical values: = 6, = 9 o, = 2 o, except for objects and Doppler factor and the angle of view for the source was taken from , and the half opening angle of jet of this object was taken from . Doppler factor and viewing angle for is taken from . In addition, we have put for the full power losses W tot = erg/s, which corresponds to the Eddington luminosity for the central object mass 10 9 M sun. Determination of a magnetization parameter of the parsec-scale AGN jets V.S. Beskin 1, Y.Y. Kovalev 1, E.E. Nokhrina 2 1 P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia; 2 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia The obtained values of the multiplicity parameter of the order –10 14 are consistent with the model . At the same time, this value corresponds to the concentration of particles which were found in . The magnetization parameter of the order of 10 or several dozen is in agreement with the Lorentz factor values estimated from VLBI jet kinematics measurements. Additionally, for Lorentz factor is suggested to be equal to 9.5 , whereas we found = For we have = 8.1 and = In both cases < . For different types of objects (quasars, blazars, and radio galaxies) found in the average Lorentz factors range from 2 to 17, that is about ten, which support our point of view as well. Thus: 1. By measuring the apparent shift of the core jet emission as a function of frequency for 20 objects we obtained the estimates of the multiplicity ~ 10 13, which corresponds to the effective production of secondary particles. 2. For most objects the magnetized parameter ~ 10, which is in good agreement with the observed superluminal motion. The frequency-dependent shift of the apparent parsec-scale AGN jet’ base allows us to determine a magnetization of jets. Results of the first estimate of the magnetization parameter are presented and discussed. Abstract The observed shift of the core of the relativistic AGN jets as a function of frequency allows us to evaluate the number density of outflowing plasma and, hence, the multiplicity parameter = n/n GJ. The value ~ obtained from the analysis of more than 20 sources shows that for most of jets the magnetization parameter ~ 10–100. Since the magnetization parameter is the maximum possible value of the Lorentz factor of the relativistic bulk flow, this estimate is consistent with the observed superluminal motion. References Beskin V.S. Phys. Uspekhi, 53, 1199 (2010) Blandford R., Znajek R.L., MNRAS, 179, 433 (1977). Beskin V.S., Istomin Ya.N., Pariev V.I. Sov. Astron., 36, 642 (1992). Hirotani K., Okamoto I., ApJ, 497, 563 (1998). Lobanov A.P., A&A, 330, 79 (1998). Howatta T., Valtaoja E., Tornikoski M., Lähteenmäki A., A&A, 498, 723 (2009). Gould R.J., A&A, 76, 306 (1979). Hirotani K., ApJ, 619, 73 (2005). Marscher A.P., ApJ, 264, 296 (1983). Kovalev Y.Y., Lobanov A.P., Pushkarev A.B., Zensus J.A., A&A, 483, 759 (2008). Savolainen T.,Homan D.C., Hovatta T., Kadler M., Kovalev Y.Y., Lister M.L., Ros E., Zensus J.A., A&A, 512, A24 (2010). Jorstad S.G. et al. Astron.J., 130, 1418 (2005). Sokolovsky, K.V., et al., A&A, in press; arXiv: (2011). Cohen, M.H., et al., ApJ, 658, 232 (2007).

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In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a medical procedure whereby fertilisation takes place artificially. Either the human sperm and egg are united outside the body and then implanted in the womb or the sperm is implanted in the womb by means other than sexual intercourse. Buddhism does not object to this procedure as such because it helps to alleviate a particular type of human suffering (the distress of not being able to have children) and it does not contravene the third Precept . However, there are several aspects of IVF which could be ethically problematic. Some religions object to IVF because the sperm is obtained through masturbation which they consider to be a sin . Buddhism does not raise this objection firstly because while it does not consider masturbation to be skilful it does not see it as evil , and secondly, while it may be unskilful, in this case the intention behind it would be a good one. A more serious objection to IVF is this. Usually more than one egg is fertilised so that if the first attempt at implantation does not succeed others will be available. If the implantation succeeds, the spare eggs are either destroyed, frozen for possible later use or used for experimentation. According to the Buddha, life begins at conception or soon after and so the destruction of fertilised eggs would probably be an infringement of the first Precept. IVF also raises several serious legal, economic and emotional concerns (e.g. ownership of the unused eggs, the excessive expense of the procedure meaning that the poor are usually unable to afford it and the low success rate of approximately 15%. Perhaps couples unable to have children but strongly wishing to do so would do better to consider adoption.

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There is a family of brightly colored fish called wrasse. God’s creativity in this particular family had biologists puzzled for a long time. Evolution could provide no explanation. In the early days of marine biology, scientists often identified the male and female wrasse as totally different species. They don’t even look like they are related. Biologists noticed that they had a mystery on their hands when they discovered that they had ended up designating some species that had only males, and others that had only females. Eventually, observation cleared up the confusion – only to result in more confusion! Scientists had found certain wrasse who looked neither like males nor females. Scientists also found that schools around some small reefs had no young males. It seemed as if the males just appeared, fully grown, without ever growing up. And in a way, they had. For among these wrasse, when there is a shortage of males, one of the females will turn into a fully functional male! In Scripture, the word “understanding” often refers to a deep and detailed knowledge of how different things work together. The special and highly creative arrangements that God has provided for the wrasse are an excellent example of His understanding as well as the unlimited range of His imagination!

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National statistics are not designed to show how fortunes are made in today's world. This should not surprise historians. Wealth always has sought to make itself invisible so as to avoid being taxed or regulated. Its aversion to statistical sunlight makes public policy blind (or at least, shortsighted) when it comes to measuring asset-price (‘capital’) gains or rentier income (economic rent and interest) in contrast to profits made by direct capital investment to increase output. Finance capital in particular prefers to hide its role in economic bubbles by depicting itself as part and parcel of industrial capital formation rather than as inflating asset prices. Even for the economy's largest category, real estate, national statistics do not distinguish what portion of wealth comes from asset-price gains rather than new construction. Nor is it clear how much stock and bond market valuation stems from price gains rather than new issues and book value. The Federal Reserve's Balance Sheet of the Economy (Table Z in its Flow of Funds statistics) quantifies the overall value of US real estate, stocks, bonds, and savings, along with debt and net worth, but does not report asset-price gains separately from tangible capital formation. What makes these distinctions so important is that since 1980 new investment has become much more debt-leveraged. Seeking capital gains rather than current income, investors have left their creditors with current income in the form of interest. To describe this phenomenon and trace its consequences, this paper outlines an accounting format to: measure ‘total returns’ by adding ‘capital’ gains to national income as reported in the national income and product accounts (NIPA), in Section 2; isolate economic rent (headed by land rent), interest, and other rentier income from profits on tangible capital formation; and based on these two measures, isolate asset values that stem from (a) capital gains and (b) rent-extracting activities, in Section 3; trace the rise in interest relative to taxes and net earnings so as to show the ‘declining rate of profit’ and fiscal squeeze that occur under financialization, in Section 4; and explain how debt-leveraged asset-price inflation gives way to debt deflation and negative equity, yet also a rising ‘saving rate’ as financialization ‘crowds out’ new spending and investment in the ‘real’ production-and-consumption economy, in Section 5. Section 6 provides a conclusion. 2 THE CHANGING COMPOSITION OF TOTAL RETURNS, FROM CURRENT INCOME TO CAPITAL GAINS Most of what has been applauded as wealth creation over the past generation consists of financialized ‘capital’ gains, not tangible capital accumulation. Most of these asset-price gains reflect debt leveraging at falling rates of interest and on looser credit terms. This phenomenon is clearest in real estate. Even in the wake of the Industrial Revolution and post-industrial service society, it remains the economy's largest asset. It has been democratized on credit, obliging homeowners and commercial investors to pay out its rental value as interest in order to obtain the loans needed to buy it. So the rental income that empowered landed aristocracies in times past is now paid to financial rentiers. This means the post-industrial economy is now dominated by the Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate (FIRE) sector. A key analytic problem is to impute how much of the rising property net worth comes from higher prices rather than from new construction. With regard to property prices, how much of the change reflects the land's site value relative to the cost of buildings? An analogous question applies to the stock and bond markets: how much of their net worth reflects rising price–earnings ratios as compared to new issues or retirements, and tangible capital investment? Also relevant are changes in property tax rates, because whatever the tax collector relinquishes is available for new buyers to pledge to the banks for the mortgages needed to buy the property. Classical economics envisioned that land prices would rise as a result of population growth increasing the man–land ratio, as well as from higher prosperity and public investment in services that increase neighborhood site values. But the value of a property, stock, or bond is whatever a bank will lend against it. The loosening of bank credit therefore has played a key role. As the Federal Reserve drove down interest rates from their highs of 1980 (when the prime rate for US corporate borrowers was over 20 percent), bankers capitalized real estate, business, and personal income at rising multiples. This produced an accelerating debt-fueled bubble in bond, stock, and real estate prices, which increasingly diverged from the course of tangible capital formation. Most of the growth in real estate asset value during this period reflects falling interest rates from their 1980–1981 highs to today's lows. Easing their credit terms, banks made interest-only loans that did not oblige borrowers to pay down the balance, leaving all their income to be used to pay interest. During the peak of the real estate bubble, borrowers did not even have to put down any money of their own as down-payments were lowered from the traditional 30 or 20 percent to zero by 2007. Bank mortgages thus were extended against the property's entire value, not just 70 or 80 percent of it. To top matters, false valuations of borrowers' income (‘liars’ loans') and false appraisal values fueled the junk mortgage market. Under the ‘light touch’ bank regulation of Alan Greenspan in the United States and Gordon Brown in Britain, a rising wave of fraudulent appraisals and fictitious accounting practices spread after 2004, capped by the ability of banks to block financial regulation and even prosecution for financial fraud. 2.1 Estimating the economy's total returns: net income + capital gains From the time of William Petty in the mid seventeenth century down through the 1960s, a rental property was worth the discounted value of its revenue yield, on a par with government bonds (rentes in French). But looser lending terms raised the capitalization ratio for real estate by more than rents were rising. It therefore paid investors to borrow, as long as the capital gains exceeded the interest charge. The larger this disparity grew, the more speculators engaged in debt leveraging. Prospective homeowners were panicked into buying before real estate prices soared yet further out of range. Many buyers even factored in the anticipated capital gain into their price bids (Figure 1). Banks encouraged owners to think of their homes as a ‘bank account’ to save and build up equity – or to borrow against the price rise by taking out ‘equity loans’ to spend on consumption. By 2006, speculators were accounting for an estimated one-sixth of the residential real estate market. As new absentee owners sought renters to carry their carrying charges, rents drifted downward even as real estate prices rose, inverting the classical relationship between rental income and property prices from 2004–2008. In a market where everyone was scrambling to buy homes, few families wanted to rent when they could buy with nearly no money down, and join what seemed to be a financial free lunch. This inverse relationship continued during 2009–2012: residential real estate prices plunged while rents rose as the number of renters increased. Home ownership rates retreated from 69.0 percent in September 2006 to 65.5 percent 6 years later, in September 2012, showing the futility of trying to raise home ownership rates on credit terms that increase the share of housing costs to over 40 percent of wage income for many families (Figure 2). It was the banks that got rich. For corporate and partnership real estate investors as well as home owners, the NIPA report debt service absorbing a rising share of the rental cash flow (Figure 3), as measured by EBITDA: earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. Debt-to-value ratios soared to over 60 percent for US real estate as a whole by early 2012, making banks virtual owners of residential real estate as creditor claimants. The capital gains that homeowners and many residential property speculators expected to provide total returns became net losses when property's declining net worth exceeded its income. 2.2 Conceptual problems in defining capital gains in real estate The Federal Reserve's balance-sheet statistics distinguish the value of land and buildings. But by treating land as a residual – after inflating the value of buildings by the annual construction price index – the Fed's methodology estimates land value far below what it otherwise would be. In fact, it makes land-price gains disappear to such an extent that in 1994 the Fed produced a negative $4 billion estimated value for all the corporately owned land in the United States! Assigning the price rise to buildings runs counter to IRS depreciation practice that pretends that buildings are losing value even while overall property prices are soaring. My own estimates show that US land valuation should be doubled, reducing building estimates by a similar amount. Adding the land's imputed price gain to the NIPA's estimate of real estate EBITDA to derive a measure of total returns to the real estate sector (Figure 2) shows how far land-price gains (or since 2008, price losses) exceed reported earnings and cash flow. Capital gains were the main source of new ‘wealth creation’ during the 1990s and 2000s. 2.3 Policy conclusion This explains why real estate investors have aimed mainly for capital gains since the end of World War II. For the past generation, capital gains have out-paced all other forms of economic surplus. Investors have ridden the wave of asset-price inflation, and have translated their gains into the political power to cut taxes on this dynamic, distorting industrial economies to favor speculation. It is a distortion because it is much easier to aim for such gains than to invest in tangible capital formation. It is easier to buy an industrial company and extract financial gains than to undertake new direct capital investment and develop new markets. Classical economics viewed the economic surplus as taking the form of profits on tangible capital, rents on land, natural resources and monopolies, and wages over and above basic subsistence levels. Savings and wealth were assumed to be accumulated out of these surpluses. From the Physiocrats through Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, and the Progressive Era, classical reformers sought to tax resource rents, which they viewed – along with interest on financial capital – as being paid out of this surplus. Classical economists would have treated most (but not all) of this revenue as a subtrahend from output. Frederick Soddy characterized financial claims and other rentier claims for payment as ‘virtual wealth’: an asset to creditors (or rent extractors), but a debt to their clients. Today's NIPA reflect the post-classical counter-revolution by treating all rentier income as ‘earnings,’ including that of the FIRE sector, which ‘earns’ this income for providing a ‘service,’ ipso facto. Capital gains are the result of lower taxes as well as lower interest rates. The early US income tax treated these gains as normal income, on the logic that they added to net worth just as did income. But as financial and real estate lobbyists gained increasing tax favoritism, subsequent fiscal policy taxed asset-price gains at only about half the rate charged on normal income. The ‘Reagan Revolution’ of 1980 made real estate investment revenue almost entirely exempt from income taxation, while further lowering taxes on capital gains. This tax shift has left more rental cash flow available to pay bankers as interest. Reversing this shift by taxing the land's ‘unearned increment’ (the rise in site valuation) would leave less rental value to be capitalized into bank loans (thereby lowering real estate prices), while enabling government to avoid taxing labor, capital, or retail sales (thereby lowering the break-even cost of employment as well as consumer prices). 3 FIRE-SECTOR REVENUE CONTRASTED WITH NON-RENTIER EARNINGS Distinguishing cost value from market price enabled classical economists to contrast profits and wages with ‘unearned’ economic rent. Their aim was to contrast wealth accumulated from industrial capital formation (whose cost ultimately was reduced to that of labor) from property rights and privileges (economic rents) whose income has no counterpart in technologically or economically necessary costs of production. Economies become more competitive by investing in productive capital formation while minimizing extractive ‘virtual wealth’ in the form of property rights to receive rent or creditor claims to receive interest. Such rentier income is merely a transfer payment, siphoning off revenue from the economy at large rather than being necessary for production to occur. In this view, economies should tax away rentier income or socialize the relevant functions into the public sector to provide on a less exploitative basis. Landowners, monopolists, and their financial backers preferred the approach of J.B. Clark in the United States and contemporary late nineteenth-century marginalists who treated all income as being earned, by definition, for providing a service. Rents were rationalized as being paid for providing landlord services, natural resource rents for organizing mines and forests to produce income, and interest to bankers and bondholders for providing credit and other financial services. 1 This is the logic that today's NIPA adopt by treating all forms of income as ‘earnings’ that have a counterpart in ‘product.’ The concept of economic rent as unearned income does not appear, leaving no basis for distinguishing between real estate income stemming from land rent – or monopoly gains at the expense of the non-rentier ‘real’ economy – as compared to the return on capital invested in buildings and other improvements. So there is no means to isolate asset valuations for real estate or monopolies that capitalize revenue from rent extraction. 3.1 The FIRE sector as the economy's largest and most paradigmatic rentier sector The NIPA usually have grouped real estate and financial activities together, for example mortgage brokerage, assessing, and property insurance. This relationship grew even closer after Glass–Steagall was repealed in 1999, permitting financial conglomerates to extend into real estate and insurance, starting with Citibank's precipitous merger with Travelers. Mortgage-lending accounts for some 80 percent of bank loans in the United States, most other English-speaking countries, and Scandinavia, making real estate by far the largest bank client. This makes focusing on the FIRE sector the simplest starting point to estimate rentier income from existing statistics. Given the present accounting format, this is as far as one practically can go, because the FIRE sector does not include economic rents from mining, oil and gas, other natural resources (forests and fisheries), or the broadcasting spectrum and its bandwidth frequencies. Nor does it include monopoly rent from intellectual property rights, natural monopolies such as toll roads, or financialized public utilities. In theory these rentier functions could be broken out as a layer of the economy alongside the FIRE sector. Breaking out this sector shows: The rising role of rentier income and capital gains relative to wages and profits on capital. The rising proportion of real estate cash flow paid as interest to the financial sector (rather than to the tax collector as envisioned by most classical economists), reflecting The rising proportion of real estate value represented by debt leveraging. Bank mortgages now account for nearly 60 percent of residential real estate value in the United States. In 2008, US homeowners' equity plunged below 50 percent for the first time on record. The rising proportion of asset values from capitalizing rent-extraction privileges on credit rather than commodity price inflation. Wages and other prices remained fairly stable while property prices, stock, and bond markets boomed as a result of bank credit expansion. This has become the distinguishing feature of bubble economies: instead of wealth being saved up out of profits on capital investment or out of wages, it takes the form of rising asset values relative to the rise in debt – until the phase of debt deflation takes over and pushes debt-leveraged assets and investments into negative equity. 3.2 Policy conclusion Most tax systems favor rentier income and capital gains over profits and wages. US real estate investors are allowed to pretend that their buildings are losing value, for which they receive a ‘depreciation’ credit set high enough to render rental property exempt from having to pay income tax. New buyers are permitted to start depreciating buildings afresh each time they change hands. The same building can be depreciated again and again, at a higher depreciation base each time land and property prices rise. No capital gains tax needs to be paid if the seller reinvests the gain to buy yet more property. The fiction at work is that buildings lose value. The reality is that landlords typically spend about 10 percent of rental income on maintenance and repairs. Indeed, local tenant protection laws typically require maintenance. The Federal Reserve's flow-of-fund statistics use a construction price index to impute how much building values increase each year. But as noted above, while this assumption helps justify depreciation at rising price estimates, it creates another economic fiction by underestimating the land's residual site value. By indulging in these accounting fictions, national statistics support tax policies favoring real estate. The effect is to leave more revenue to be paid to the banks. Freeing land and other rentier assets from taxation reverses classical doctrine that sought to make economic rent the tax base. Untaxing land leaves rental income and capital gains to be capitalized into larger bank loans, raising housing prices as well as obliging cities, states and the federal government to make up the shift by imposing income and sales taxes on business and labor. The classical aim was to tax away prices over and above value. Taxing the rent attributable to land (as distinct from tangible capital improvements) has two effects. First, it prevents this revenue from being available to capitalize into bank loans. Assuming the land's site value to represent about half the typical property's cost, taxing ground rent would cut mortgage loans – and hence, property prices – roughly in half. It also would enable state and local governments to avoid taxing income or sales. This would minimize the cost of living and hence of employing labor. It therefore would make economies more competitive by bringing prices in line with cost-value – the intrinsic costs of production – instead of letting them be swollen by rentier charges diverting income from being spent in the ‘real’ economy. 4 FINANCIALIZATION, THE FALLING RATE OF PROFIT, AND THE TIME FRAME OF PRODUCTION The concept of depreciation (the return of capital to investors) was added to classical value theory and national income analysis by none other than Karl Marx (Hudson 2010; Marx 1952). His critique of Quesnay's Tableau Économique pointed out that investors needed to recover their original investment as well as make profits on this investment. As production became more capital-intensive – and as machinery obsolesced more rapidly as technological innovation raised capital productivity – it followed that depreciation and amortization of capital equipment would increase relative to profit as a proportion of EBITDA. This ‘falling rate of profit’ was in-keeping with the belief that industry (as well as agriculture and other spheres of production) would become more capital-intensive – or ‘roundabout’ in Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk's terminology. To the Austrians, interest and profits were payments rewarding savers and investors for their ‘patience’ in preferring more returns at a later point of time as production periods lengthened. However, recent trends have not been more capital-intensive or reflected long-term patience. Information technology, inventory control systems and schlocky building practices have been ‘capital-saving,’ reducing the role of depreciation (except in real estate as noted above, where new buyers can depreciate buildings repeatedly at higher valuations). To cap matters, as economies have become more financialized, the business time frame has become more short-term, stripping assets by using depreciation credit and even borrowing to pay bondholders and stockholders, or simply for stock buy-backs to create capital gains. What has increased as a proportion of cash flow ‘crowding out’ profit is interest and related debt service. The ‘magic of compound interest’ tends inexorably to expand the debt overhead. This debt leveraging and related financial short-termism of the US, British, and other highly debt-leveraged economies did not deter the build-up of fortunes as long as falling profits and rising indebtedness were more than offset by capital gains fueled by easy credit. But rising debt–income ratios divert wages and profits to pay creditors, leading ultimately to debt deflation. Markets shrink, limiting sales and profit opportunities. Rates of return on real estate have been revived since 2008 by de-leveraging. All-cash purchases by hedge funds and real estate investment trusts (REITs) have accounted for a reported one-third of the market, mainly to buy rental properties seeking the rental income formerly paid to mortgage bankers as interest. While their purchases have created a ‘bounce’ of capital gains, de-financialization has reversed the falling rate of profit – at least while the new institutional buyers package and sell their revenue streams into new bondholders. 5 SAVING RATES IN FINANCIALIZED ECONOMIES The US saving rate declined to zero by the time the bubble economy peaked in 2008. Netting out foreign investment in US securities left the domestic saving rate at a negative 2 percent of national income. Despite the outcry about national profligacy, most investors (and homeowners) felt that they were growing richer. Asset prices were rising more rapidly than debt was growing, producing Total Returns entirely by capital gains. This debt leveraging and its cannibalization of net revenue by the financial sector is a characteristic of economic bubbles. The disconnect between the national income concept of saving and balance-sheet capital gains (or after 2008, losses) has marked the post-bubble downturn as well, but in reverse. Banks extended little new mortgage credit after 2008, but received amortization pay-downs. The net US saving rate turned positive, to 3 percent. However, this saving has not taken the form of money in the bank or new tangible capital formation. It simply reflects debt repayment – a financial ‘negation of a negation’ counted as positive. 2 About a third of the net US debt reduction is the result of writedowns, not actual repayment. This is not ‘saving,’ but the Internal Revenue Service treats it as taxable income for beneficiaries of debt writedowns. The logic is that if it improves their balance sheet, it is income. But this principle is not applied to recipients of capital gains, which are taxed at a lower rate! To explain this asymmetry, it helps to view our economy as being multi-layered, with the wealthiest 1 percent acting as a creditor class holding the non-financial population in debt. This dynamic can be described only by grounding economic analysis in the balance sheet of wealth and debt to see who benefited most and who ended up owing most as ‘total returns’ were inflated before 2008, and subsequently deflated as the bubble economy gave way to debt deflation. Integrating balance-sheet analysis with the NIPA shows that the economy normally performs either much better or much worse than is reflected in GDP and the NIPA alone. 6 CONCLUSION: WEALTH VERSUS OVERHEAD Classical economists sought to free industrial capitalism from the legacy of feudalism, above all from the rentier privileges of privatized land rent, natural resource rent, monopoly rent, and financial charges. As policy reformers, their value and price doctrine sought to guide economies to minimize ‘price without value,’ treating rentier revenue as an overhead, not as having a counterpart in ‘service’ product. The public sector was to collect the land's site value and natural resource rents, which it would use to pay for transportation, schools and other public services. Rather than extracting rent, governments would provide these public services at cost, on a subsidized basis, or freely and hence ‘out of the market.’ Under this scenario all profits would indeed be ‘earnings’ for actually providing services. In this sense, socialism aimed at making economies more competitive as well as more fair. Lower costs of living and doing business would mean lower labor costs, and hence lower prices for the products that labor makes. The aim was to free economies from unearned income. What is ironic is that, as currently structured, the NIPA would apply most appropriately to a socialist economy in which this policy aim has been achieved! The NIPA accounting format depicts the world that classical economists envisioned: an economy that has freed itself from economic rent in private hands. This aim was rejected, along with the progressive tax policy it advocated, as economic theory was turned largely into a lobbying effort to rationalize rentier privileges and gains. Instead of finance being industrialized, industry was financialized. Most wealth in today's economies continues to be rentier savings and legal privileges. Bankers and bondholders have replaced landlords as the main recipients of economic rent, extracting it in the form of interest paid by the real estate, natural resources, and monopolies – rental revenue that classical economists hoped to make the tax base. This flow of interest has been re-lent, along with new bank credit, to fuel an exponential debt-financed purchase of assets. This makes it easier to make gains by debt leveraging and riding the wave of asset-price inflation – and by putting up rent-extracting tollbooths at key access points for basic services and monopolies – than to invest in new production. A realistic set of national accounts should quantify and pinpoint this dynamic, and provide a format to trace how economic rent that is not taxed becomes ‘free’ for banks to capitalize into loans. Banks find it easier to lend against real estate already in place, and stocks and bonds already issued, than to estimate the viability of loans to finance new means of production. (New construction and film financing are fortunate exceptions.) They find willing borrowers as long as investors expect asset prices to rise above the interest charge. The result is that credit is extended mainly to load the economy's assets down with debt while bidding up asset prices. Balance-sheet gains and losses thus need to be added to the NIPA to explain why financial bubbles accelerate while paving the way for subsequent debt deflation – in which saving rates ‘recover.’ M. Hudson, 'Saving, asset-price inflation, and debt-induced deflation', in L. Randall Wray and Matthew Forstater (eds), Money, Financial Instability and Stabilization Policy, (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA 2006) 104-124 reprinted in The Bubble and Beyond: Fictitious Capital, Debt Deflation and Global Crisis (ISLET, 2012). Michael Hudson - University of Missouri, Kansas City, and Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, USA

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Snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata), a common houseplant also known as mother-in-law's tongue, produces stiff, upright, strap-shaped foliage and enjoys fame for its tolerance of low light and neglect. Snake plant became popular in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s, when Woolworth's, an American department store, began offering the plant for sale. Available in several shapes and colors, the plant's foliage typically appears in some combination of green, gray, white and yellow. Snake plant reaches up to 30 inches in height and requires only minimal care to thrive indoors. Plant snake plant in a container filled with a growing medium made of one part potting soil, one part peat moss and one part perlite to provide the proper fertility and drainage. Keep in a location that receives indirect sunlight throughout the day. Water snake plant once every 7 to 10 days during spring, summer and fall, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between applications. Snake plant can tolerate drought more easily than soggy soil. Reduce watering frequency to once every 14 days during winter. Feed the plant once per year during spring, just as active growth resumes. Use an all-purpose houseplant fertilizer to provide proper nutrition for rapid growth. Follow the manufacturer's application instructions for the best results. Transfer the plant outdoors to an area that receives partial to full shade during summer to maximize growth, as long as temperatures remain below 80 degrees F. Bring the plant back indoors temporarily prior to any severe weather such as strong winds or thunderstorms. Transfer the plant back to its original location indoors before temperatures drop below 65 degrees F. Propagate snake plant by cutting a leaf into horizontal pieces about 2 inches in length, then placing each piece in a container filled with potting soil. Place the entire container in a plastic bag with several holes to increase humidity; the leaf cuttings will take root in a few weeks. Once roots form, remove the container from the plastic bag and resume normal care.

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7 . science museum(翻译)___________ 8 . 电视台记者（翻译）_______________ 姓名： _________________ 班级：______________ 得分：__________________ 9 . 交通灯(翻译)_____________ 10 . go to the cinema（翻译）_____________ 四、单项选择。（18分） （ ） 1 .My pen pal likes _________. 一、找出划线部分读音与众不同的一项。（10分） （ ）1 . A .ruler B . blue C . fruit D . run （ ）2 . A . teacher B . bread C . cleaner D . read （ ）3 . A . who B . what C . when D . where （ ）4 . A . mouth B . fifth C . then D . thin （ ）5 . A . by B . family C . my D . why 二、根据括号内的提示，用适当的形式完成下列句子。（12分） 1 . Mr. Wang goes to work_____________________.(坐公共汽车) 2 . My brother and my sister ___________ in the study .(be) 3 . Look! The boys ____________(watch) TV in the sitting room . 4 . She likes ___________(sing) songs. 5 . My father and mother _____(go) to work by bus. 6 . Look! The boys __________ in the zoo .(照相) 三、把下列单词按要求进行变换。（10分） 1 . come(现在分词)_____________ 2 . do(第三人称单数)_______________ 3 . can not (缩略形式)___________ 4 . actress (对应词) ________________ 5 . by(同音词) _______________ 6 . Let’s(完整形式)________________ ） ） ） ） ） ） ） ） A . draw pictures B .rideing a bike C . collecting stamps 2 . ______ does your father work ? In a post office. A . Where B . What C . How 3 . She goes to work _______ foot . A . by B . with C . on 4 .Usually I go to school on foot , ____ my home is near . A . and B . but C . because 5 . ____ does your brother do ? He is a student . A . Where B . How C. what 6 . _____ she teach English in your school ? A . Do B .Does C . Is 7 . The park is _____ the cinema . A . in front of B . on C . near to 8 . You can see the sprout in sever _______ . A . months B . hours C . days 9 . Australia _________ be fun ! A . can B . must C . should （ （ （ （ （ （ （ （ （对划线部分提问） ________________________________________________ 对划线部分提问) ________________________________________________ 3 . There are three old bikes under the tree .(改为单数句子) _________________________________________________ 4 . the, to , It’s, post , office , next .(连词成句) _________________________________________________ 5 . Does Bill work in a car company?(肯定回答) Hello! My name is Anna. I am a .I live in Shanghai with my family . I walk to school Monday to Friday . I like school .My father is English teacher . He in a university .My mother is an engineer . She likes pictures . She works in a car factory . She designs .She goes to work car . I love my and they love ,too. ( ) 1 . A . teacher B . student C . worker ( ) 2 . A . on B . at C . from ( ) 3 . A . an B . a C . the ( ) 4 . A . work B . works C . working ( ) 5. A . draw B . draws C . drawing ( ) 6 . A . cars B . bikes C . trains ( ) 7 . A . buy B . by C . bye ( ) 8 . A . parent B . parents C . father ( ) 9 . A . I B . my C . me The Smith Family The Smiths live at 68 Chang an Street . In the morning, Mr Smith goes to work and the children go to school . He takes them to school every day .Mrs Smith stays at home .In the afternoon, She usually sees her friends. They often drink tea together. In the evening, the children come home from school . Mr Smith comes home from work .He comes late .At night ,the children always do their homework . Then they go to bed . Mr Smith usually reads his newspaper , but sometimes he and his wife watch TV. ( ) 1 . Mr Smith goes to work and the children play at home every day. ( ) 2 . Mrs Smith does not go to work and does the housework every day. ( ) 3 .Mrs Smith often drinks tea with her friends in the afternoon. ( ) 4 . At night, the children always do their homework and then watch TV. 八、书面表达。（短文字数不少于50个词语）（10分） 以“My Parents”为题，写一篇描写你父母的短文，告诉我们下面的情况： What do your parents do? Where do they work? What is their hobbies? How do they go to work? When do they come home?

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When did the greatest climate change occur? The greatest climate change ever recorded by the world over the last 100,000 years has been the transition from the ice age to the warm interglacial period. New research from the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen indicates that, contrary to previous opinion, the rise in temperature and the rise in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) follow each other closely in terms of time. In the warmer climate, the atmospheric content of CO2 is naturally higher. CO2 is a green-house gas that absorbs heat radiation from the Earth and thus keeps the planet warm. In the shift between ice ages and interglacial periods the atmospheric content of CO2 helps to intensify the natural climate variations, the journal Climate of the Past reports. It had previously been thought that as the temperature began to rise at the end of the ice age approximately 19,000 years ago, an increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere followed with a delay of up to 1,000 years, according to a Copenhagen statement. "Our analyses of ice cores from the ice sheet in Antarctica shows that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere follows the rise in Antarctic temperatures very closely and is staggered by a few hundred years at most," explains Sune Olander Rasmussen, associate professor and centre coordinator at the Centre for Ice and Climate at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen. The research, which was carried out in collaboration with the University of Tasmania, Australia, is based on measurements of ice cores from five boreholes through the ice sheet in Antarctica. The ice sheet is formed by snow that doesn't melt, but remains year after year and is gradually compressed into kilometres-thick ice.

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terz (dim`ah; dakrua): In the instances recorded in Scripture weeping is more frequently associated with mental distress than with physical pain. Eastern peoples show none of the restraint of emotion in lamentation which is characteristic of modern Occidentals, and there are many records of this manifestation of woe, even among men accustomed to hardships and warfare, such as David and his soldiers. The flow of tears is the evidence of sorrow in prospect of approaching death in Ps 39:12; 2Ki 20:5; Isa 38:5, and of the suffering consequent on oppression (Ec 4:1), or defeat in battle (Isa 16:9), or hopeless remorse, as with Esau (Heb 12:17, probably referring to Ge 27:34). The Psalmist describes his condition of distress metaphorically as feeding on the bread of tears and having tears to drink (Ps 80:5; 42:3). Tears in the figurative sense of anxiety for the future are referred to in Ps 126:5; Mr 9:24 the King James Version, and the tears accompanying penitence in Lu 7:38 (44 the Revised Version margin). Jeremiah is sometimes called the "weeping prophet" on account of his expressive hyperbole in Jer 9:1,18 (see also Jer 14:7; 31:16; La 1:2; 2:11,18 and ten other passages). Conversely the deliverance from grief or anxiety is described as the wiping away of tears (Ps 116:8; Isa 25:8; Re 7:17; 21:4). The expression in Ps 56:8 in which the Psalmist desires that God should remember his wanderings and his tears has given rise to a curious mistake. There is a paronomasia in the passage as he pleads that God should record his wanderings (Hebrew, nodh) and that his tears should be put into God's no'-dh (receptacle or bottle). No'dh literally means a leathern or skin bottle, as is evident from Ps 119:83 and Jos 9:4-13. The request is obviously figurative, as there is no evidence that there was even a symbolical collection of tears into a bottle in any Semitic funeral ritual, and there is no foundation whatever for the modern identification of the long, narrow perfume jars so frequently found in late Jewish and Greek-Jewish graves, as "lachrymatories" or tear bottles.

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Valve gate hot runner technology produces better-quality plastic parts and faster cycle times by offering the most accurate gate control available. Valve gate systems are also an essential tool for automated injection molding because they enable faster mold start-ups, a wider processing window, and clean gates with no stringing or drooling of melt (see Figure 1). Valve gate systems regulate the flow of material into the mold cavity using mechanical shut-off pins that allow the hot runner nozzle to open and close at the tip. The pin is moved into the open and close position using a valve gate actuator, which is available as an electric, hydraulic or pneumatic unit. To help ensure the proper selection of a valve gate actuator, there are five common factors to consider. 1. Wear Resistance and Reliability The same factor that allows injection molds to turn liquid plastic into a solid part is what breaks down most valve gate actuators: heat. Nozzles and manifolds are heated by electric heaters to temperatures ranging from 200 to 400°C (400 to 750°F). Other parts of the mold can be insulated from this heat and cooled using water. Although heat and friction are what ultimately damages most actuators, wear problems can often be traced back to a cooling-related issue (see Figure 2). For example, if a waterline clogs or fittings corrode because of impurities and minerals in the water, the mold will not function properly. But not all molds run on cooling water. Some applications experience mold temperatures as high as 200°C (400°F). All mold components, including actuators, must be able to perform reliably for years at ambient mold temperature. 2. Valve Pin Movement and Accuracy Different types of valve gate actuators generate different amounts of force, or the strength with which the valve pin closes. A certain amount of force is required to overcome melt pressure and to ensure the gate seals off or that the pin “comes home.” This is especially important when tough-flowing or high-viscosity materials are being molded. Stroke, or how fast and how far the valve pin (or valve needle) can travel, also differs among valve gate methods. This can determine how much you control the melt flow with each shot, and valve gate response time in multi-cavity molds is important for achieving uniform and consistent cavity fill. Cascade and sequential cavity fill also requires highly accurate and repeatable actuation. The height adjustment of the valve pin, or its position relative to the gate, also is a critical function. How easy is it to fine-tune your gate by moving the valve pin slightly up or down? This feature is no minor detail due to the effects of thermal expansion. It can also cost you hours of mold maintenance and setup time. Consider carefully how user-friendly an actuator unit is in this regard. It can make your life a lot easier in the long run. How big the actuator unit is relative to its performance also is important. Space inside any injection mold is valuable, so actuators should be as compact as possible. In order to accommodate gates on contoured part surfaces, some manifold configurations require special angles, and smaller components offer design flexibility. Some single actuators can also drive multiple pins for compact close-pitch applications, such as those with multi-tip valve gate nozzles. 4. Mold Integration and Maintenance How the valve gate actuator is integrated into the mold is another key factor to consider. Are the pistons machined directly into the top clamp plate? What happens when the mold (or tool) operates at mold temperatures of 100-200°C (200-400°F)? The best mold components are modular, which means they can be easily and quickly removed, repaired, replaced, swapped, upgraded and/or reused. Actuators are no exception. An actuator should be a standalone unit, top-mounted onto the manifold or, even better, integrated directly into the nozzle body. 5. Cost Performance What is better performance and reliability worth to you? All injection molding projects must strike a balance between short-term and long-term investments and gains. Quality plastic parts should produce a healthy return on investment. In the end, you usually get what you pay for. One way to cover your hot runner investment is to make sure your supplier offers a warranty that guarantees long-term performance. Valve Gate Actuator Options Now that some criteria for measuring the quality of a valve gate actuator have been established, let’s move onto the various actuator options. Electric. Electric valve gate actuators are powered by electric servo or stepper motors. The technology involved in creating electric valve gates is relatively straightforward and widely available from suppliers of electric motors. The advantage of this power option is that it offers a certain degree of control when it comes to the pin’s position and motion. Some technology offers gate control that allows processors to adjust the flow rate out of the nozzle/gate at any time during the fill process to dampen or cushion sudden changes in the melt pressure. This function can have a subtle effect on part quality, but it is useful only in a very limited number of applications with non-shear-sensitive materials. In the case of electric actuators of comparable size (to pneumatic and hydraulic), this control comes at the price of slow pin speeds and limited force. Compact electric actuators can only generate enough force for smaller pin and gate diameters. Variable pin speed is a feature also available in some advanced air-actuated hot runners, without the speed, temperature and force limitations of electric motors. High-speed pneumatic actuators offer larger pin diameters of 2.5-8.0 mm and gate diameters of 0.8–6.0 mm. Another, more important concern related to electric actuators is their heat sensitivity. Electric valve gate actuators cannot handle the temperatures commonly reached inside injection molds. Generally, suppliers specify a maximum operating temperature of 130°C (265F°), but it is not recommended to run the electric motor at that temperature for any practical duration. Some suppliers specify a safe operating temperature of only 70°C (160°F). The fact is, at higher temperatures, electric motors begin to fail. This is why they are not more widely used. One way to work around this temperature limitation is to mount the actuators externally, as far away from the mold heat as possible. One such method employs a plate that can actuate multiple cavities simultaneously. Mold design and maintenance for such systems is generally cumbersome, however. Also, this method cannot be used for cascade or sequential injection since the nozzles are attached to the same plate and cannot be individually controlled. Another approach is to mount the electric motor on the top of the mold and mechanically transfer the movement to the pins using a belt drive (similar to what you find in a car). Again, this type of actuation is complex from a maintenance perspective and does not allow individual nozzle control for sequential or cascade fill. Hydraulic. Hydraulic valve gate actuators, or cylinders, operate using oil pressure. These systems offer the most force relative to their size. This is something to consider when you need to shear long glass fiber material at the gate, which is common in automotive applications. However, the amount of force required for these or other applications can also be achieved using some newer air-actuated cylinders (see Figure 3, page 23). Dealing with hydraulics can be extremely messy, which eliminates it as a solution for medical molding applications. Lines can leak and then require bleeding whenever any work is performed on them. Also, it takes time for hydraulic fluid temperature to reach equilibrium, and maintaining the fluid requires special equipment and maintenance. The added cost for high-pressure oil fittings, hydraulic hoses and hydraulic units is significant, and it’s not included in the mold price. In addition, hydraulic actuators require water cooling, and they are not very energy-efficient compared to electric and pneumatic actuation. Pneumatic. Pneumatic valve gate actuators use compressed air to move a piston inside a cylinder into the open and closed positions. This is the most reliable and practical form of valve gate actuation, since pressurized air is a clean, low-cost and universally available medium. Most manufacturing facilities already have air compressors installed. Also, air offers an easy-to-connect, accurate control circuit with maximum flexibility for opening and closing an unlimited number of individual valve gate nozzles. Conventional pneumatic valve gate actuators rely on air pressure, using a lubricated piston with elastomeric seals. For best results, it’s highly recommended that molders use nonlubricated air at 6-10 bar (85-145 psi). These systems perform well across all applications. Traditional valve gates can be limiting, as they require the cylinder to remain cool to operate or to keep seals from breaking due to heat and friction. Even with cooling in place, elastomeric seals will wear out and need to be replaced, which leads to machine downtime and maintenance costs. Seals can also be damaged or destroyed if the correct start-up or shut-down procedures are not followed. More valuable machine time and energy is wasted waiting for cooling to run until the cylinders reach a safe temperature. Another problem with cooling lines is corrosion and contamination. Pure distilled water is required, and cooling water quality must be maintained to ensure that it is pH neutral and contaminant-free so the systems will not stop functioning over time. Even potable tap water can cause problems in regions with high mineral content in the water supply. All of these issues can be mitigated through proper preventative maintenance, filters, additives and quality control. Increasingly, automotive, medical and electronics manufacturers are turning to high-temperature plastics such as PEEK, LCP, PSU, PEI and PPS for the special properties these materials offer. Processing them requires melt temperatures as high as 450°C (850°F) in the hot runner and mold temperatures higher than 200°C (400°F). Today’s cooling-free pneumatic valve gate hot runners offer precision performance in these hot conditions without cooling or wear (see Figure 4). These cooling-free hot runners can offer all the advantages of air actuation without any of the issues associated with water cooling (hydraulic or electric) and are appropriate for all valve gate applications, including high-temperature and cleanroom molding. The actuators perform under extreme operating conditions while doing away with elastomeric seals, lubricants and cooling. Cooling-free systems are characterized by their durability and ease of maintenance. No more production outages to replace seals. This particular feature makes cooling-free cylinders especially attractive for continuous operation in high-endurance tools running mass production. By contrast, cylinder maintenance for conventional valve gate actuators is complicated in high-temperature environments, especially in stack molds and tandem molds. In addition, the instantaneous switching accuracy of cooling-free valve gate cylinders is in the millisecond range and much faster than that of electric actuators. Synchronicity across multiple mold cavities ensures that each part fills with absolute consistency. Their speed and reliability make cooling-free pneumatic actuators ideal for cascade injection and sequential valve gating, and they are also well-suited for sterile high-cavitation molds running in cleanroom settings because there is no abrasion of sealing material or contamination from lubricants. Internal valve gate technology places the valve gate actuator directly inside the nozzle. This way, no more external actuators are required and nozzles can be placed back to back for extremely compact stack mold layouts. This technology is available in many sizes, so all valve gate mold designs can benefit from its compact and robust features (see Figure 5, page 25). The air and melt for these systems are supplied directly through the hot runner manifold, eliminating the need for external plumbing. No cooling is required because the actuator is made to operate at temperatures ranging to 400°C (750°F). If run to specification, the nozzles require zero preventative maintenance. The force and speed of actuation produced by these units exceeds those of conventional valve gate hot runners. Hot runner technology like this can deliver improved performance and should help drive innovative mold design in the future.

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