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Under the core area of primary education, the issues like access of all the children in the school going age to quality schooling, disparities between social and gender groups, low enrollment and low retention would be take-up under Janmabhoomi Programme. Village Education Committees have to play a vital role in planning, implementation and monitoring of activities in the area of primary education. The broad goals of the activities in this area are “to reduce differences in enrollment, dropout and learning achievement among gender and social groups to less than five percent, to reduce overall primary dropout rates for all students to less than 10 percent and to raise average achievement links by at least 25 percent. It was opined by the state government that the situation of human development in Andhra Pradesh reveals the state’s position does not compare favourably with many other states and even with the national average in certain cases such as infant mortality, female literacy. So, the core issues under the area of primary health and family welfare will be, “(i) the provision of effective, accessible and affordable basic health care and family welfare services for all, (ii) implementation of rights of the child to ensure child survival, development and protection and (iii) empowerment of women to ensure equal status and opportunities’. The activities at community level under the core area of environment conservation will be (a) clean and green campaign at the village and town levels, (b) weekly sanitation maintenance drives, (c) plantation of trees in the institutions, house holds wastelands and (d) popularisation of non-conventional energy sources like bio-gas, smokeless chulhas, solar energy and wind-mills. Vana Samrakshana Samithis in every habitation would take up activities regarding forest management and protection. Apart from the community works identified by the Gram Sabhas, all the representations received from the people relating to the individual family needs, non-financial and financial community needs would be redressed within a maximum period of one month. If representations are sent to the district or state level for redressal, the same will be redressed with in three months. The progress made in the redressal of the felt needs would be incorporate in the Action Taken Reports to be presented in the Gram Sabhas in every round of JB. In this regard the existing rules and procedures would simplify within a suitable time frame. Each government department and agency will prescribe a Citizen’s Charter indicating the time frame, the quality and type of service to be provided to the citizens. Copies of all the rules, procedures, laws and the government orders will be made available to the people excepting those classified as confidential in the interest of the state.

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Operational amplifiers can be used to realize a linear system with an arbitrary biquadratic transfer function, as shown at the right. The complex variable s = jω, where ω = 2πf. This function is the ratio of two quadratic expressions in s. The denominator specifies the characteristic frequency ω0 and the Q-factor Q. The three arbitrary complex constants a0, a1 and a2 specify the filter properties in terms of the basic filter types of high pass, bandpass and lowpass, which occur when only one of the constants is nonzero. Combinations of these types create further filter types, such as notch and allpass filters. The parameter Q has an easily appreciated meaning in the case of the bandpass filter. The gain is maximum at the angular frequency ω0 and falls off at lower and higher frequencies. Near the centre frequency, the denominator can be written as (ω0 + ω)(ω0 - ω) + jωω0/Q, or approximately as 2ω0Δω + jω0ω/Q. The magnitude of the transfer function will be down by 1/√2 when these two terms are equal in magnitude, or Δω = ω0/2Q. Therefore, the total width of the peak at half maximum power (the square of this) is ω0/Q. A biquad transfer function can be realized straightforwardly with a pair of integrators in series, each introducing a factor 1/s, with their outputs added to the input signal in a summer, as illustrated in the circuit at the left. This circuit looks complex at first, but if you carry out a circuit analysis its operation will become clear. Assume that the signal at the output of the summer, the leftmost operational amplifier, is x. Then find the signals that are added at the summer in terms of x, and finally solve for x in terms of the input signal v1. You will find that the result is in the form of a high pass transfer function. The outputs of the following two amplifiers will be a bandpass function and a lowpass function. This amplifier realizes the three basic amplifier types, which can then be combined as desired. The effect of an integrator stage is illustrated at the right, to help in the analysis. The parameters f0, Q and the bandpass gain at the centre frequency are given in terms of the circuit parameters in the figure. These expressions are sufficient for the design of a filter. In any case, resistances should be 5k or greater to avoid overloading the operatonal amplifiers. The frequency-determining values of RF and C must be carefully matched if a high Q is to be realized. A circuit I tested used the following values: C = 0.01μF, RF = 16k, RG = R = 10k, RQ = 1k (not an op-amp load). The amplifiers were LM833 dual op-amps, which are intended for audio applications. This circuit should have f0 = 1kHz, Q = 5.5 and ABP = 1. I applied a 2V p-p input signal whose frequency was measured by a counter. The input and ouput were displayed on an oscilloscope. The HP, LP and BP outputs should all be examined as the frequency is varied to either side of 1 kHz. Note the peaks on the HP and LP responses, and the phase relation between input and output at the peaks. Estimate the Q from the BP response by finding the 1/&root;2 points. Some references show the input applied to the noninverting input of the summer. Of course, this changes the sign of the gains, but otherwise seems to work in about the same way. An accurate analysis is more difficult for this configuration. It does not seem to have any advantage over input to the inverting input. A different biquad filter is shown at the left. In this circuit, the first integrator is also used as the summer. One might think that in this case only two op-amps would be required, but unfortunately a signal sign change is necessary, so a unity-gain inverting amplifier is included. The inverting amplifier and the second integrator may be in either order. A drawback is that the highpass response is not available, only the bandpass and lowpass functions. It is instructive to analyze this circuit, which is straightforward since there is a virtual ground node at each amplifier. The feedback impedance of the first integrator is RB/(1 + jωRBC), which can be used in the usual expressions for the gain of an inverting amplifier. Some algebra is necessary, but the appropriate biquad transfer function is obtained. RF and C determine the centre frequency ω0. The value of R is unimportant; 10k is a usual value. RB determines Q = RB/RF and the bandpass gain ABP = RB/RG. The bandwith Δf = fo/Q = 1/2πCRB depends only on RB, which can be said to set the bandwidth instead of Q, independent of frequency. RF can be varied to change the centre frequency, perhaps using ganged rheostats. However, to maintain a high Q the resistances must track very accurately. For a test circuit, I used RF = 16k and C = 0.01μF as for the previous circuit. R was 10k, and RB = RG = 33k. These values gave fo = 995 Hz, Δf = 483 Hz, Q = 2.06 and ABP = 1. If you make a weighted sum of the lowpass and highpass functions of the first biquad filter with the circuit shown at the right, the result will be a notch filter with a notch at about 1.46 kHz. The gain at low frequencies will be +1.0, and at high frequencies about +0.5. The response goes through a maximum with gain about 2 at 917 Hz, while the phase shift is 90° at the corner frequency of 1.031 Hz. If the weighted sum is vHP + AvLP, it is easy to show that the notch frequency is given by fN/fo = √A. The notch in this case is just higher than the corner frequency. If A < 1, then the notch is lower than the corner frequency. The numerator of the transfer function is ω2 - Aωo2, and the notch occurs when this expression becomes zero. It is instructive to compare the biquad notch filter with the remarkable twin-T notch filter, which is a passive filter with a transmission zero in spite of not including inductance. The circuit shown uses op-amps to isolate the filter from its load, as well as to "bootstrap" it so the effective Q can be varied. The circuit I tested was constructed from random components and gave a reasonable zero, but not one as good as the biquad filter provided. For a good zero, the components must be very closely matched, using at least 1% resistors and capacitors. This circuit gives a zero at 1591 Hz. The general formula is fn = 1/2πRC. With the resistors and capacitors at the base of the T grounded, the effective Q is about 1/4. If the amount of bootstrapping is increased, Q increases, but the effect of mismatched components is greatly magnified, and the zero becomes quite poor. To analyze this circuit, write nodal equations for nodes a and b. If x = ωRC, we find vo = vi[(1 - x2)/(1 + 4jx - x2)], which is a biquadratic response with Q = 1/4. The gain approaches 1 for low frequencies, and -1 at high frequencies. You may want to review the articles on Time and Frequency Domains (8), Filters (16), and LC Filters (33). A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 2nd ed. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987), pp. 784-803. P. Horowitz and W. Hill, the Art of Electronics, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989, pp. 276-279. National Semiconductor, data sheet for LM833N. Composed by J. B. Calvert Created 1 September 2008 Last revised 8 September 2008

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Crusades - Battle of Hattin 1187 Mr. Odren Overview of Battle Area Background of Battle • Although Crusaders (they did not use the term until centuries later) still controlled Jerusalem and most areas of Holy Land, the Muslim forces under Saladin were uniting and growing. • There was increasing dissention in Jerusalem with the elevation of Guy of Lusignan to the throne in 1186. • Existed an uneasy truce with Saladin Background of Battle • Raynald of Chatillon continually raided Muslim caravans in the Holy Land leading Saladin to renew war. • Although there is dissention; King Guy of Lusignan is joined by leading knights, Raymond III of Tripoli, and Balian of Ibelin in support against Saladin. • They wanted to engage Saladin before he could gather an even larger army • They gather a Crusader army of around 20,000 men near Acre. Advancing, they occupied a strong position near the springs at Sephoria. Events leading up to Battle • The Crusader army decides under Guy leadership to leave their well defended and supplied position and advance across the desert to meet Saladin who is attacking Raymond's fortress at Tiberias on July 2 • This decision plays right into Saladin’s strength to fight in the open with his more mobile and better supplied army • Forces the heavily armed Crusaders to march across desert without proper water supply Battle of Hattin • Crusader army camps at Saffuriya about 6 miles from Tiberias • Have to cross a plain with little water supply • Army is tired and thirsty • As they march, they come under constant attacks by Saladin cavalry • Forced to stop advance • At night, harassed by Saladin through noise and at light burning brush which caused smoke to blow which covered Saladin troop movements and caused further discomfort to Crusader army Movement of Armies Knights Attack • Knights makes several attempts to break through Saladin lines to get to Hattin and water. No success.. • Raymond and small force do break through, but can provide no assistance, eventually leaving for Acre • Saladin forces used crescent shape maneuver to receive Crusader knight attacks, draw them in and surround them, eventually wear down tired and thirsty Crusader army • Foot soldiers make run for water, knights driven off their horses eventually either killed or captured by overwhelming force Battle at Hattin Victory for Saladin • Approx. 150 knights surrender including Guy, Reynald and Balian. • Many executed including Raynald, and all Templers and Hospitallers. • Large number sold into slavery • King Guy was later freed after literally paying a “king’s ransom” • Saladin victory partly due to failure of logistics, planning, and common sense of the Crusaders and due to Saladin’s patience and strategy Surrender at Hattin Aftermath • Beginning of the end for Crusaders • Some 30 Crusader castles fell within next year • Jerusalem left with small force under Balian who was released by Saladin. Eventually also surrenders. • The struggles for Holy Land would go on, but at Hattin the Crusaders threw away any advantage and perhaps their chances for winning in the long term.

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This Antibiotic Epidemic Review offers the significant facets of antibiotic resistance advancement in the last half century, using the oft restated conclusion that it’s time for you to act. To obtain finish restitution of healing applications of anti-biotics, there exists a will need for more information within the part of ecological microbiomes while in the increase of anti-biotic reluctance. In particular, imaginative techniques to the uncovering of innovative prescription antibiotics as well as their quick and managed overview of therapy are obligatory. Antibiotics are between by far the most normally approved medications in present day medicine. The word antibiotic is composed of two terms, anti suggests ‘against’ and bios implies ‘life’. Antibiotics also are named anti-bacterial, and they are medication especially used to treat infections brought on by bacteria; it really is necessary to recognize that antibiotics simply handle bacterial bacterial infections. Antibiotics are useless from viral bacterial infections for example the prevalent cold and fungus infections such as ringworm. Germs are extremely little bacteria which will from time to time trigger health issues to equally people and also wildlife. Antibiotics are regarded as wonder medicine. They can be our only guns against infected diseases brought about by organisms. Even so, numerous germs are actually capable to avoid the consequences of antimicrobial brokers. Antibacterial reluctance may be the capacity of microorganisms to face up to and conquer attacks by antibiotics. Raises in proof microbe variations are threatening to human overall health. In truth, these dilemma is squandering an already restricted wellbeing treatment useful resource, (WHO). Resistance was identified throughout the world as well as the record advised that a few key anti-biotics, considered one of that is typically accustomed to take care of people with life threatening infections, not function in additional than 50 percent from the persons staying dealt with in a few countries. The review in addition suggests that there desires being an increased compensation for pharmaceutical drug companies to develop latest antibiotics which can be certain absolutely free, affordable and tailored for the requirements of developing international locations. Developing prevention is all-natural for microbes nevertheless the procedure is currently being sped up as being a final result of antibiotics getting used way too broadly. This incorporates doctors over-prescribing them, people not ending their course, and their use to assist expansion in animal. Antibiotics deal with the ailments by eliminating or destroying micro organism. The 1st antibiotic from the background of medication was penicillin, which was uncovered out of the blue from a mould tradition. Inside our modern planet nowadays, about hundreds of unique antibiotics can be found to heal from insignificant to life frightening infections, like tuberculosis, salmonella, syphilis and several varieties of meningitis. Penicillin correlated prescription antibiotics are ampicillin, amoxicillin as well as benzyl penicillin, that are thoroughly applied today to treat a range of infections; these anti-biotics or anti-bacterial happen to be all around for any long time. Antibiotics are medicines utilized in the therapy of bacterial infections due to microbes, fungus, and parasitic organisms. While in the previous, treating bacterial bacterial infections was very hard. In reality, before the uncovering of prescription medication, a lot of patients getting bacterial bacterial infections in no way produced it out of medical center beds lively. This is why the invention of antibiotics was one of the most important wellness developments in individual historical past, (WHO). Antibiotics tend not to operate for each and every ailment, because it meant to get rid of the infections a result of microorganisms, so 1 ought to think about this fact even though getting any antibiotic. Physician’s prescription is quite critical for taking antibiotics due to the fact a health care provider can notify effectively should a affected individual has viral an infection or bacterial an infection. Important actions requirements to become taken up develop new drugs and stop infections, and changes should be created to the way we generate, suggest and rehearse anti-biotics. Moreover, research directly into comprehending just how micro organism gets to be ability to resist medicine, how man behaviour influences the distribute of opposition and developing new speedy diagnostic devices is likewise incredibly vital. Without the suitable steps getting taken it is inescapable that we’ll ultimately be unable to fight even one of the most slight of bacterial infections, that may bring about damaging consequences over a international scale. The over recommending, improve use, and improper use of prescription medication from the past 70 years has opened up the flood gateways to a growing amount of bacteria that happen to be resistant to antimicrobials, resulting in demise, amazing struggling, incapacity, along with a marked improve in wellness care expenses in line with the planet Wellbeing Corporation (WHO). Antibiotics should not be used for viral illnesses, including colds or maybe the flu, simply because through getting antibiotics in viral bacterial infections a single helps make the health issues worse because it permits the bacteria to stand up to the antibiotics. Go ahead and take prescription medication on Physician’s skilled approved so that 1 get advantage from this, the medication dosage in the antibiotics ought to be taken adequately and frequently because once client skip any dose then it could possibly end in the opposition through microorganisms, which will make the entire remedy pointless. There must be an answer to the swift improve in anti-microbial protected bacteria. In accordance with the WHO, there are two main components liable with the proliferation and unfold of resilient microbes. All those two elements are excessive use and wrong use of prescription antibiotics, and the distribute of resilient bacteria amongst individuals, towns, and countries. Like a end result of these findings, intense and also positive surgery are needed from the two places described. The earth Well being Group has recognized the 2 parts wanting interventions. Individuals a couple of regions are increasing antimicrobial apply and preventing indicate of resistant bacteria. The unneccessary use of antibiotics leads to Antibiotic reluctance and also bacterial prevention. Frequently, antibiotics destroy microorganisms or simply cease them from expanding; nonetheless, several of the germs are getting to be resistant to some types of antibiotics. What this means is which the antibiotics no more perform from these kinds of bacteria. Microbes become proof against antibiotics far more speedily whenever antibiotics are utilized also typically or are not used appropriately, by way of example, if an individual does not take the full training course of the distinct antibiotic approved by health practitioner, next the bacteria within his human body will develop a resistance against that precise antibiotic, this sort of micro organism might, then be handled with a few alternative antibiotic, today some sorts of bacteria are immune to every one of the antibiotics and unable to get taken care of. Furthermore, the unneccessary use of prescription antibiotics also can cause poisoning in the physique at unique cellular, structure or organ levels. Overall health care vendors must chorus from about suggesting anti-biotics to clients who could or else not will need this sort of treatment options. Physicians ought to limit the amounts of large spectrum anti-biotics recommended. A Current review observed that doctors are certainly fast to recommend extensive range antibiotics to take care of bacterial infections of unfamiliar beginnings. This really is such as treating bacterial infections thoughtlessly. Treating infections devoid of being aware of the type of microbes present is leading to antibiotic protected microbes to be on the rise. The examine located that undertaking so in fact raises the resistance of microbes that aren’t the concentrate on living thing getting wanted or perhaps the affected person responsible for triggering a selected an infection. For that reason, particular treatment should be considered when buying bacterium specific antimicrobial agents to take care of certain bacterial infections. Handle with the slim range in mind; really don’t an excessive amount of. Several of the indicators of oncoming of every bacterial an infection are purple tonsils and tonsils, issues in ingesting, nausea amounts above one hundred and one degrees, inflammed and even sore lymph nodes from the neck area, aggravation, shivers and then shaking with chilly sweats, usually feeling sick, vomiting and abdominal discomfort in little ones. Actually, antimicrobial treatments should be provided simply for a previous vacation resort. Before medical professionals buy or prescribe wide range anti-biotics, they ought to have antibiotic specific take a look at outcomes in the microbiology clinical. The micro laboratory checks for microbe the like to certain prescription medication. For that reason, physicians should not give any antibiotics before they get final results from the micro clinical, even though it’s large array. Nowadays, a lot of overall health treatment providers are offering huge spectrum antibiotics in advance of final results get there from your microbiology lab, certainly not an excellent practice with the containment of anti-microbial reluctant organisms (Murderer Tremendous Parasites). Several sufferers are miss getting anti-microbial agents on a substantial scale. A number of acquire it for the typical cold and also other conditions not warranting anti-bacterial solutions. A analyze carried out through the Infectious Disease Culture of The usa (IDSA) identified that sufferers had been a substantial source of proof creatures. The IDSA examine also discovered that sufferers are prepared to just take anti-biotics for conditions which can be virus-like in character rather than related to bacterial infections, such as the frequent cold, flu, a sore throat, cough, or earache. Not simply that, the review discovered that a small % of people definitely will help save aspect with the antibiotic system for long run use, even further adding resistant microorganism to their systems. To stop the facet effects of anti-biotic’s too much use, just one have to stay away from the too much use of anti-biotics in the beginning location. To regulate the prescription antibiotic too much use one must not rely upon the medical professional, control the antibiotic use by by yourself. The Antibiotic Epidemic is actually a potent herb dependent antimicrobials, medically examined, that can step approximately home plate and help us experience the growing threat of proof germs. You can find quite a few, many highly effective herb dependent antimicrobials, methodically examined, that can action around home plate and aid us face the increasing danger of resilient microbes. You might as well discover the top organic solutions to struggle frequent ailments such as… * Ear an infection – generate your personal calming ear declines to conquer distressing ear bacterial infections! * The Flu – this blend of 4 organic substances may have you sensation much better in report time! * Sinus infection – Simply add this fresh fruit extract to distilled incredibly hot h2o and inhale the healing heavy steam! * Upper body congestion – just some lowers of this oil is often extra to a scorching bathtub along with the heavy steam should help make coughs a lot more effective! * And a lot more… Is Antibiotic Epidemic a scam? Antibiotic Epidemic is not a scam. Antibiotic repellent bacterial infections might happen anyplace. Knowledge display that the majority take place inside the general group; on the other hand, most deaths associated with antibiotic resistance come about in health care settings these as medical centers and nurses place.

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Black women Black women in STEM inspiration legacies STEM 9 Black Women Game-Changers in the STEM Fields4/17/2015 by Juhanna Rogers Dominant historical accounts say that Europeans brought Africans to the New Wor... by Juhanna Rogers Dominant historical accounts say that Europeans brought Africans to the New World as slaves. However, history often leaves out that these “slaves” brought with them the knowledge they had from their previous lives. It’s no secret that Africans had pioneered advancements in agriculture, chemistry, mathematics, and engineering hundreds of years before being brought to the Americas. And we used these skills to help build new nations. Today, there is a stereotype that Black children—specifically Black girls—are unable to excel in areas like mathematics and science, because the concepts are too difficult. This could not be further from the truth. I am not a scientist, nor was I ever really interested in science. However, I have met a number of mentors and colleagues during my time in the academy who are leaders within the sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. I wonder if I had met them earlier in my life, maybe I would have had a greater interest. Nonetheless, I think it is important now as an educator that I expose my students to Black women who are scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and leaders within these and other related fields. Here are nine Black women who have or who currently are changing the world of STEM and serve as motivation for other Black and Brown girls to pursue their interests in the same fields. Mae C. Jemison, M.D. Dr. Mae Jemison was born in Alabama and raised in Chicago. Growing up, her parents made her spend many hours in the library reading about the sciences, which sparked her passion for STEM. The history-maker attended Stanford University, where she earned a degree in chemical engineering. Jemison would then go on to earn a medical degree from Cornell University. She worked as a physician in California for a few years after finishing medical school, before joining the Peace Corps to serve as a researcher and physician in Liberia and Sierra Leone. After returning to the United States, she decided to apply to NASA for its astronaut training program in 1987. In 1992, Mae Jemison became the first African-American woman to ever go to space with the Endeavour mission. Alexa Canady, M.D. Dr. Alexa Canady grew up in Michigan. Her father was a dentist and her mother an educator. Dr. Canady’s interest in science grew more intense after she participated in a pre-college program at the University of Michigan. She later went on to earn a degree in zoology and attended medical school at the University of Michigan. In 1980, she became the first African-American neurosurgeon and dedicated her career to pediatric patients in Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Michigan. In 1987, she became Chief of Neurosurgery at the Michigan’s Children Hospital until she retired in 2001. Dr. Canady returned to practice medicine part-time after learning her new community in Florida did not have a practicing African-American surgeon in pediatrics. Marie M. Daly, Ph.D. Dr. Marie Daly was born in 1921 to a family who was dedicated to her education. After her father had to leave Cornell University due to the steep tuition, he was determined to make sure his daughter was a success. Daly studied at Queens College and New York University, before becoming the first African-American to earn a doctorate degree in chemistry (from Columbia University). As a graduate student at Columbia, Daly studied under Dr. Mary L. Caldwell. Afterwards she continued to conduct research and teach at universities throughout New York City. Dr. Daly spent many years as faculty at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University. As a faculty member and researcher, she championed the need to support students of color interested in pursuing physics and chemistry at Queens College by establishing a scholarship fund in memory of her father. Majorie Lee Browne, Ph.D. In 1949, Dr. Marjorie Browne was the third African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics. During her time at the University of Michigan, she was a teaching assistant in her field, which was also a major accomplishment in the early 1940s. As a scholar, Dr. Browne received numerous prestigious awards and grants that helped to advance her research—including a grant from the Ford Foundation and funding from technology giant IBM. With the IBM funds, she became one of the first scientists to set up an electronic computer lab at a historically Black college in 1960—at what was then known North Carolina College (or North Carolina A&T University today). Norma Sklarek was born in Harlem, New York and was a graduate of Columbia University. Ms. Sklarek was the first African-American woman to earn an architect’s license in the state of New York. Not only did she build a lasting career in a field dominated by White men, but she was also an advocate for more women in the field. Later in her career, she started her own all-women architect firm. Norma Sklarek’s spirit and work left an imprint on the world as her work can still be seen nationally and internationally. For example, two of her most well-known projects are the American Embassy in Tokyo and Fox Plaza in San Francisco. Aprille J. Ericsson-Jackson, Ph.D. Aprille Ericsson-Jackson is a native of Brooklyn, New York. She attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology before attending graduate school at Howard University. She was the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Howard University and the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Engineering at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. As she continues her career at NASA, Dr. Ericsson-Jackson is also committed to educating and inspiring more African-American students to pursue careers in STEM. Ashanti Johnson, Ph.D. Dr. Johnson is the first African-American woman to graduate with a doctorate in oceanography from Texas A&M University. Dr. Johnson has taught at several universities across the country and currently serves as the Executive Director of the Institute for Broadening Participation and as the Assistant Vice Provost for Faculty Recruitment within the Division of Faculty Affairs at the University of Texas in Arlington. In January 2010, she received a Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring at the White House, in recognition of her professional achievements and diversity-related activities. Lisette Titre is a video game designer and education curriculum consultant with over 13 years of experience. Lisette graduated magna cum laude from Miami International University for Art and Design with a degree in computer animation. As a consultant for gaming companies she has left her mark on EA Sports and other major companies. Lisette has graced the cover of Black Enterprise magazine due to her entrepreneurial efforts. Recently, she partnered with Soledad O’Brien to encourage more young girls to consider education and jobs in STEM. Lisette is also a member of Blacks in Gaming, which seeks to get more African-Americans involved in the game design world. Aletha Maybank, M.D. Dr. Aletha Maybank is a young, highly respected physician. Her medical interests and areas of expertise include preventive medicine; nutrition and fitness; maternal and child health; cancer; HIV/AIDS; community health; and health inequities. Dr. Maybank focuses on creatively using her medical degree to make changes in the quality of healthcare nationally and internationally; therefore, instead of practicing in a hospital, she is making strides in the political arena. Dr. Maybank launched a campaign to bring the faces of real life African-American doctors to the popular children’s animated series, Doc McStuffins, in order to inspire young Black girls to pursue medical professions. Dr. Maybank also serves as Assistant Commissioner of Health for the New York City Department of Health. Juhanna Rogers is a regular contributor to For Harriet.

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Log In now to add this Gigapan to a group gallery. Log In now to add this Gigapan to a gallery. About This GigapanToggle - Taken by - Nick Spiker - Explore score - 0.05 Gigapixels - Date added - Sep 03, 2008 - Date taken - Sep 02, 2008 Bowman Lake lies in the northwestern portion of Glacier National Park. It is not commonly visited by most visitors to Glacier National Park, because it is located in one of the more remote areas of the park. It is more well-known among local residents. At 1,706 acres (6.9 km²), Bowman Lake is the third largest lake in the park, after Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake. Primary inflows : Various streams Primary outflows : Bowman Creek Length : 7 mi (11.25 km) Width : 0.5 mi (0.8 km) Area : 1,706 acres (6.9 km²) Elevation : 4,030 ft (1,228 m)

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Video: Eric Toussaint: European Colonialism This web page has the following sub-sections: This is a clip from the documentary The End of Poverty in which Eric Toussaint summarizes the effect of European colonialism and imperialism using the symbolic date of 1492 as a starting point for this process that led to Europe dominating the world for centuries. - The End of Poverty - Running time - 0m 41s - USA, November 01, 2009 - Cinema Libre Studio - About The End of Poverty The documentary, The End of Poverty argues that global poverty did not just happen. It began with military conquest, slavery and colonization that resulted in the seizure of land, minerals and forced labor. Today, the problem persists because of unfair debt, trade and tax policies — in other words, wealthy countries taking advantage of poor, developing countries. - About Eric Toussaint - Founder and president of CADTM (Committee for the Abolition of Third World Debt) Eric Toussaint, doctor in Political Science is the founder and president of CADTM (Committee for the Abolition of Third World Debt) and a fellow and frequent lecturer at the International Institute of Research & Education, Amsterdam. Due to his knowledge of the debt of developing countries he became the advisor of many governments and presidents like the ones of Mali, Venezuela or more recently Ecuador. He is the author of many books including: Your money [or] Your Life — The Tyranny of Global Finance, The Debt Scam — IMF, World Bank and Third World Debt, Globalization: Reality, Resistance & Alternatives, The World Bank — A Never-Ending Coup d’Etat.

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Computer science and technology play a key role in every part of the modern world. The master’s programme in Computer Science is based on the need for computer scientists to master the theoretical foundations of the field and be able to integrate them with other technologies. In addition to core courses in theoretical computer science and programming, the programme includes elective courses, such as artificial intelligence, databases and data mining, the design and programming of computer games, information security, advanced computer graphics, human-computer interaction and theoretical computer science. Applicants are expected to have an adequate background in computer science and good programming skills. This programme is aimed at students with a bachelor’s degree in Computer Science. You will learn how to master the theoretical foundations of the field and integrate them with other technologies. Computer science is one of the most dynamic and expansive fields of science. In addition to having a deep understanding of the theoretical and technical foundations, professionals in this field must be able to apply the technology to challenging problems and integrate it with other technologies. Applicants are expected to have an adequate background in computer science and good programming skills. The first three terms include not only core courses in theoretical computer science and programming, but also elective courses, such as artificial intelligence, databases and data mining, the design and programming of computer games, information security, advanced computer graphics, human-computer interaction and theoretical computer science. Most courses feature lectures in theory and techniques, which are then applied in practical laboratory work. Some courses also feature projects and seminars. The programme offers five specialisations: - Visualisation and Computer Graphics (new 2016) - Artificial Intelligence and Data Mining - Computer Networks, Distributed Systems and Security - Embedded Systems - Programming and Software Methods. It is not mandatory to follow a specialisation: you may also tailor your own combination of courses, with full freedom of choice. All specialisations are given in Linköping, except Visualisation and Computer Graphics, which is given at Campus Norrköping. In the final term you write a thesis, either on your own or with a fellow student. The work involved may be carried out in collaboration with a company, or as a research project within the university. Linköping University is home to one of the most important centres of computer science and engineering in Northern Europe. With 20 full professors, it is renowned for top-quality research and education. Adjacent to the campus is Mjärdevi Science Park, an incubator with 300 knowledge-intensive companies where many of our alumni are employed. After completing this programme, you will have the necessary skills to find work at the forefront of modern software and computer systems technology, as an operating system designer, Internet security specialist, or with visualisation in fields such as medicine, business, and social sciences. You may also opt for a career in research or continued studies towards a doctoral degree. This school offers programs in: Last updated November 27, 2016

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Snipe hunting in North Carolina denotes one of two forms of recreation. The first, probably the more common, involves a practical joke wherein pranksters take an unsuspecting initiate into the woods at night to hunt for an imaginary bird, only to leave him or her confused and alone in the darkness. A second type of snipe hunting involves a bird that exists in reality rather than legend. The common snipe (Capella delicata), known variously as Wilson's snipe, bog snipe, and jacksnipe, inhabits both brackish and freshwater marshes in the coastal plain and affords rigorous winter sport to hunters who flush the birds while slogging through marshland and muddy fields in chest waders or hip boots. The common snipe's larger and more widely disseminated cousin, the woodcock (also known as the timberdoodle or swamp partridge), is more often than not called "snipe" by North Carolina hunters. In the northeastern states the woodcock is a major game bird, but in North Carolina it more often serves as a target of opportunity for quail hunters than as a specific object of pursuit. Raiford Trask, "Hit or Miss Snipe," Wildlife in North Carolina 55 (February 1991). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in NC: http://www.fws.gov/northcarolina/hunt.html Cornell Lab of Ornitology, All About Birds, Wilson's Snipe: http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/wilsons_snipe/id Cornell Lab of Ornitology, All About Birds, Woodcock: http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Woodcock/lifehistory Wilson's Snipe, Pungo Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Hyde Co., North Carolina, USA. Photo by David L. Govoni. Available from http://www.flickr.com/photos/dgovoni/6988361967/ (accessed August 6, 2012). 1 January 2006 | Mills, Jerry Leath

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GRATZ V. BOLLINGER AND GRUTTER V. BOLLINGER: A CASE STUDY The purpose of this study was to understand why the affirmative action university admissions legal cases of Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) took place at the University of Michigan and to analyze the cases to understand the legal implications for the University of Michigan and the nation. The study provides insight and understanding in the rationale of the University of Michigan’s unique history with race and its historical desire and need to defend diversity. This study chronicles the historical events and legal precedents that led to, and coincided with, the major events at the University of Michigan and at the Supreme Court. This study reviews and analyzes the Supreme Court cases of Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger and their importance to policy making and implementation at colleges and universities. This study begins by outlining the relevant historical events that shaped the perception of race and affirmative action in the United States. It provides the reader with various federal policies and social movements that shaped civil rights legislation and provides an historical context of race, education and the law. It is intended as a primer to better understand the law “behind” Gratz and Grutter and to introduce the reader to the history of affirmative action in university admissions. In order to provide the reader with the rationale for the motivation of the University of Michigan to become involved in the case, a brief history of three events at the University of Michigan—the admission of women, the Black Action Movements, and the Michigan Mandate—and the resulting policy decisions are examined. The study moves on to describe the events leading to the litigation and will examine both Grutter and Gratz. This research does more than retrace the history of race and affirmative action; it explores the link between past events and contemporary public policy. School:Bowling Green State University School Location:USA - Ohio Source Type:Master's Thesis Keywords:affirmative action gratz grutter law history race admissions Date of Publication:01/01/2007

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1. The Religious Roots of Gender Violence Violence Against Women| in Contemporary World Religion: Roots And Cures Daniel C. Maguire Professor of Moral Theology & Ethics, Marquette University, and President, The Religious Consultation On Population, Reproductive Health and Ethics Note: The following is quoted (with permission) from Violence Against Women in Contemporary World Religion: Roots And Cures, Daniel C. Maguire and Sa'Diyya Shaikh (Editors), Pilgrim Press, 2007, 248 pages. Excerpt from Chapter 7, "Muntu, Kintu, and the Pursuit of Bumuntu: Reflection on the Roots of Violence against Women in African Traditional Religions," by Mutombo Nkulu-N'Sengha, p. 132-133: "In our context, this means that religion is often used to legitimize "gender privileges" and rationalize violence used to maintain such patriarchal privileges. But what is meant by violence in this context? It is worth noting from the outset that violence against women takes myriad forms. In this regard, we can identify, among others, "ten plagues" of sexism in Africa: (1) polygamy, (2) excision, (3) dowry burden and "forced marriages" of young girls to men chosen by their parents, (4) menstruation stigma, (5) disregard for barren women, (6) wife battering, (7) various religious taboos, especially dietary laws, (8) marginalization of women in the political arena, (9) marginalization of women in the sphere of religious power, and (10) rigid gender roles ("girls don't do that") and the burden of domestic work and domestic stagnation." For further study and reflection on religion-induced gender violence: Colloquium On Violence & Religion (COV&R), Official website for exploration, criticism, and development of René Girard‘s Mimetic Theory. Violence Against Women: Philosophical and Religious Foundations of Gender Morality, James W. Prescott, New Perspectives, 1995. Faith Beyond Resentment: Fragments Catholic and Gay, James Alison, Crossroad, 2001. Religion, globalization and violence against women, Rose Uchem, Conversations for a Better World, 2009. A Cry for Dignity: Religion, Violence, and the Struggle of Dalit Women in India, Mary Grey, Equinox, 2010. The Masculinity Conspiracy, Joseph Gelfer, CreateSpace, 14 August 2011. The Forgiving Victim, James Alison, The Raven Foundation, July 2012. Reconsidering women in relation to religion, Ekklesia, 21 August 2012. International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, Ekklesia, 25 November 2012. Catholic Priest Blames Italy’s Stiletto Murders on Women, Barbie Latza Nadeau, The Daily Beast, 28 December 2012. Violence against women has no religious justification, Badria al-Bishr, Al Arabiya, 18 March 2013. Religion Can Advance Women’s Rights: Carter Center Conference Mobilizes Faith Groups to Advance Women's Rights, The Carter Center, 28 June 2013. For an interesting chronology of significant dates and events in overcoming patriarchy in various religious traditions, click here. For an extensive biblical exegesis on the original unity of man and woman in the mystery of creation, see Original Unity of Man and Woman: Catechesis on the Book of Genesis, John Paul II, St. Paul Editions, 1981. See also The Theology of the Body: Human Love in the Divine Plan, Pope John Paul II, Pauline Books, 1997. 2. Heterosexuals and Homosexuals in Religion Definition of Gender Balance Gender balance is 50/50 male/female presence in a group. So it is a matter of numbers, but it is more than just a matter of numbers. Gender balance is required in both responsibility and authority, in the family and in all human institutions. It must become internalized to the point in which patriarchal individualism and male hegemony are neutralized by a new sense of communion between men and women, and between humanity and nature. It must be a fully inclusive sense of communion that overcomes any exclusivism on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, or any other reason. It must be a communion that seeks the integral development of each and every human person, from conception to natural death. And it must be a communion in which all humans endeavor to take care of each other while also taking care of natural resources. Nothing in this world is perfect, and this new order of things will not be perfect but, far from being utopian, it is in fact inevitable if humanity is to survive in the long term. Gender Imbalance in Religion Patriarchy preceded all the major religions that exist today, and biased them all from the beginning in favor of heterosexual male hegemony and domination (Cf. Genesis 3:16). This section is a synopsis about the universality of the deeply ingrained prejudice - undoubtedly based on male-only images of God - that must be overcome if organized religion is not to become an obstacle to integral human development. Since their inception most religious traditions have absorbed the patriarchal mindset of male hegemony, and awareness that this is a prejudice to be overcome - rather than a sacred tradition to be conserved and transmitted - is a new phenomenon. Perhaps the impending economic and ecological crises, and the unavoidable need for all humans to collaborate in transitioning to a world of solidarity and sustainability, will induce a religious renewal and help to overcome pseudo-dogmatic resistance to change. - Religious Tolerance, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 1995-2011. This web site offers an excellent synopsis (with passage quotations, annotated citations, and links to other web sites) about the status of women in the Bible and in early Christianity. It is structured as follows: - During Old Testament times, when the roles of women were severely restricted - Hebrew scripture passages treating women as generally inferior to men - Hebrew scripture passages treating women as property of men - Hebrew scripture passages describing women in other negative terms - Hebrew scripture passages describing women as equal to men (very few) - Hebrew scripture passages describing women as leaders (but not as religious leaders) - During Jesus' public ministry to the people of Israel, when the roles of women were severely restricted in accordance with the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) traditions and practices - Changing roles of women after the execution and resurrection of Jesus (circa 30 CE) - Regressive statements by Christian religious authorities (all male) after the 2nd century CE By following these lists of biblical and post-biblical statements, the reader is able to verify the descriptive versus prescriptive passages about women, and the significant discontinuities that must be researched, as pointed out in Section 1. - The emerging field of women and gender studies now includes issues of men, masculinities, and spirituality. See, for example: - Sex on the Brain: The Biological Differences Between Men and Women, Deborah Blum, Penguin, 1998. - Two Wings of a Bird: The Equality of Women and Men, Bahá'í International Community, 1999. - Does Masculinity Thwart Being Religious?, Edward H. Thompson Jr. and Kathryn R. Remmes, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, September 2002. - Women, Power, and the Biology of Peace, Judith L. Hand, Questpath Publishing, 2003. - Biological Differences Between Men and Women With Respect to Social Stability and Aggression, Judith L. Hand, 2006. - Young Men, Religion and Attitudes Towards Homosexuality, Yasemin Besen and Gilbert Zicklin, Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality, Novermber 2007. - Guide to Graduate Work in Women's / Gender Studies, Joan Korenman and NWSA, 2009. - Contemporary Masculine Spiritualities and the Problem of Patriarchy, Joseph Gelfer, Equinox Publishing, 2009. - The Patriarch's Nuts: Concerning the Testicular Logic of Biblical Hebrew, Roland Boer, Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality, June 2011. - The Other Side of the Gender Equation: Gender Issues for Men in the Europe and Eurasia Region, Susan D. Somach, KDID Social Transitions, July 2011. - What "America's Pope" thinks of gay marriage, priestly celibacy, and women priests, CBS Sixty Minutes Overtime, 21 August 2011. - Was Jesus gay? Probably, Paul Oestreicher, The Guardian, 20 April 2012. - Church of England: Is error really better than uncertainty?, Savitri Hensman, Ekklesia, 4 August 2013. 3. Women and Religious Gender Roles in Judaism Based on the Wikipedia article on Women in Judaism: The role of women in Judaism is determined by the Hebrew Bible, the Oral Law (the corpus of rabbinic literature), by custom, and by non-religious cultural factors. Although the Hebrew Bible and rabbinic literature mention various female role models, religious law treats women differently in various circumstances. Relatively few women are mentioned in the Bible by name and role, suggesting that they were rarely in the forefront of public life. There are a number of exceptions to this rule, including the Matriarchs Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, and Leah, Miriam the prophetess, Deborah the Judge, Huldah the prophetess, Abigail who married David, and Esther. In the Biblical account these women did not meet with opposition for the relatively public presence they had. According to Jewish tradition, a covenant was formed between the Israelites and the God of Abraham at Mount Sinai. The Torah relates that both Israelite men and Israelite women were present at Sinai, however, the covenant was worded in such a way that it bound men to act upon its requirements and to ensure that the members of their household (wives, children, and slaves) met these requirements as well. In this sense, the covenant bound women as well, though indirectly. To continue reading the Wikipedia article, click here. The Wikipedia article includes a very comprehensive bibliography and a directory of links to Jewish religious sources. With regard to current trends on the role of women in Judaism, the following articles may be of interest: - The Dragon in the Belly: Patriarchs, Judges, and Kings, Susan Wunderink, Christianity Today, 25 April 2008. - Alina Treiger to become first female rabbi ordained in Germany since war, Kate Connolly, Guardian (Berlin), 3 November 2010. - Gender Segregation and Inequality inside Israel and Palestine, International Middle East Media Center, 30 November 2011. - Judaism 101: The Role of Women, Tracey R. Rich, 1995-2011. - God Behaving Badly: Is the God of the Old Testament Angry, Sexist and Racist?, David T. Lamb, IVP Books, 27 May 2011. - Rehovot film festival to focus on women and religion, Nirit Anderman, Haaretz, 3 October 2012. - Women Activists Held For Violating Ban At Jerusalem Western Wall, Staff, RTT, 11 April 2013 - The Women’s Wall, Elliott Horowiz, The Tablet, 30 April 2013 - Women of the Wall Prevail, Sara Hirschhorn, Sightings, 9 May 2013 - Twenty Vile Quotes Against Women By Church Leaders from St. Augustine to Pat Robertson, Valerie Tarico, Blog, 1 July 2013 - Eve: The Woman of Unique Distinction, BibleGateway, 22 July 2013 - Why Should Women Pray to a Male God?, Elissa Strauss and Scott Perlo, Forward, 16 November 2014 4. Women and Religious Gender Roles in Christianity Based on the Wikipedia article on Gender Roles in Christianity: Man Ray, Venere Restaurata, 1936 Even in some Christian churches, many women are still struggling for freedom (bound with rope), their voices and intellect often unheard (headless), their actions unappreciated (limbless), their vocations to sacramental ministry untested (precluded). Gender roles in Christianity vary considerably today as they have during the last two millennia. This is especially true with regards to marriage and ministry. Christianity traditionally has given men the position of authority in marriage, society and government. This position places women in submissive roles, and usually excludes women from church leadership, especially from formal positions requiring any form of ordination. The Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, and many conservative Protestant denominations assert today that only men can be ordained—as clergy and as deacons. Many progressive Christians disagree with the traditional "male authority" and "female submission" paradigm. They take a Christian egalitarian or Christian feminist view, holding that the overarching message of Christianity provides positional equality for women in marriage and in ministry. Accordingly, some Anglican and Protestant churches now ordain women to positions of ecclesiastical leadership and religious authority (ministers, pastors, priests, bishops). Despite these emerging theological differences, the majority of Christians regard women with dignity and respect as having been created alongside men in the Image of God. The Bible is seen by many as elevating and honoring women, especially as compared with certain other religions or societies. Women have filled prominent roles in the Church historically, and continue to do so today in spite of significant limitations imposed by ordination restrictions. To continue reading the Wikipedia article, click here. Christians for Biblical Equality Christians for Biblical Equality (CBE) is a nonprofit organization of Christian men and women who believe that the Bible, properly interpreted, teaches the fundamental equality of men and women of all ethnic groups, all economic classes, and all age groups, based on the teachings of Scriptures such as Galatians 3:28: “There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus” (NIV 2011). CBE affirms and promotes the biblical truth that all believers—without regard to gender, ethnicity or class—must exercise their God-given gifts with equal authority and equal responsibility in church, home and world. CBE's statement, "Men, Women, and Biblical Equality,” lays out the biblical rationale for equality, as well as its practical applications in the family and community of believers. The statement is available in 33 languages. To select a language and read the document, click HERE. MUST READ: Ideas Have Consequences: Faith, Gender, and Social Ethics, Mimi Haddad, Priscilla Papers, Volume 28, Number 1, Winter 2014, pp. 5-10. The Junia Project "The Junia Project is a community of women and men advocating for the inclusion of women at all levels of leadership in the Christian church and for mutuality in marriage. We believe that when interpreted correctly, the Bible teaches that both men and women are called to serve at all levels of the Church, and that leadership should be based primarily on gifting and not on gender." Some recent articles in the Junia Project blog: - The Origins of Sexism in the Church, Bob Edwards, 22 January 2014. - Christian Feminism: Friend or Foe? Part 1, Rachel Heston-Davis, 27 May 2014. - Christian Feminism: Friend or Foe? Part 2, Rachel Heston-Davis, 29 May 2014. - Co-Leadership in Marriage: What about Headship?, Tim and Anne Evans, The Junia Project, 3 June 2014. - Co-Leadership in Marriage: Let's Talk about Submission, Tim and Anne Evans, The Junia Project, 10 June 2014. - Co-Leadership in Marriage: Who’s in Authority?, Tim and Anne Evans, The Junia Project, 24 June 2014. 5. Women and Religious Gender Roles in Islam Based on the Wikipedia article on Women in Islam: The study of women in Islam investigates the role of women within the religion of Islam. The complex relationship between women and Islam is defined by both Islamic texts and the history and culture of the Muslim world. The Qur'an makes it clear that men and women are equal, however the Qu'ran states in 4:34, "Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has made one of them to excel the other, and because they spend from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient and guard in the husband's absence what Allah orders them to guard." Although the Quran does say this, the superiority of men is interpreted in terms of strength by the context - men maintain women. This verse however refers to a relationship between a husband and wife, not in society as a whole. Sharia (Islamic law) provides for complementarianism, differences between women's and men's roles, rights, and obligations. However neither the Quran nor Hadith mention women have to cook or clean. The majority of Muslim countries give women varying degrees of rights with regards to marriage, divorce, civil rights, legal status, dress code, and education based on different interpretations. Scholars and other commentators vary as to whether they are just and whether they are a correct interpretation of religious imperatives. To continue reading the Wikipedia article, click here. Some additional references: The Women of Islam, Lisa Beyer, Time Magazine, 25 November 2001. Mauritanian Islamic leaders ban genital mutilation, Mohamed Abdel Wedoud, Magharebia, 15 January 2010. Women in Islam, Catherine of Siena Virtual College, 2010. Gender Equity in Islam (Foundations of Spiritual and Human Equity), Jamal Badawi, Islam Online, 29 March 2011. Gender Equity in Islam (The Economic Aspect), Jamal Badawi, Islam Online, 30 March 2011. Gender Equity in Islam (The Social Aspect), Jamal Badawi, Islam Online, 4 April 2011. Gender Equity in Islam (The Legal/Political Aspect), Jamal Badawi, Islam Online, 7 April 2011. Gender Segregation and Inequality inside Israel and Palestine, International Middle East Media Center, 30 November 2011. International conference calls for gender equality in Muslim societies, Today's Zaman, Istanbul, 23 December 2011. Within, Without: Dialogical Perspectives on Feminism and Islam, Sara Ashencaen Crabtree and Fatima Husain, Religion & Gender, February 2012. Muslim Women in India Seek Gender Equality in Marriage, Nilanjana Roy, New York Times, 24 April 2012. Islamic Feminism: Method and Strategy, Lanny Octavia, Qantara, 28 June 2012. Egypt Revolution Makes It Worse for Women, Cam McGrath, IPS, 2 November 2012. 'Our Books and Our Pens Are Most Powerful Weapons', Malala Yousafzai, delivered this address on education to the United Nations Youth Assembly on 'Malala Day', her 16th birthday, 12 July 2013. The Ice is Breaking, A Sober Second Look, 17 October 2013. Malala Yousafzai and the Global Fight for Gender Equality, Knowledge Wharton High School, 17 October 2013. Does the Koran allow wife-beating? Not if Muslims don't want it to, Ayesha Chaudhry, The Globe and Mail, 27 March 2014. Scholar spotlight: Dr Zainab Alwani, reclaiming gender equality in Islamic scholarship, Omar Shahid, Aquila-Style, 10 October 2014. THE FOLLOWING IS TYPICAL OF THE PATRIARCHAL MINDSET THAT STILL PREVAILS IN MOST OF THE WORLD RELIGIONS Gender equality and how Islam sees it Muhammad Eusha, Dhaka Tribune, 24 September 2013 6. Women and Religious Gender Roles in Buddhism Based on the Wikipedia article on Women in Buddhism: "Women in Buddhism is a topic that can be approached from varied perspectives including those of theology, history, anthropology and feminism. Topical interests include the theological status of women, the treatment of women in Buddhist societies at home and in public, the history of women in Buddhism, and a comparison of the experiences of women across different forms of Buddhism. As in other religions, the experiences of Buddhist women have varied considerably. "The founder of the religion, Gautama Buddha, permitted women to join his monastic community and fully participate in it, although there were certain provisos or garudhammas. As Susan Murcott has commented: "The nun's sangha was a radical experiment for its time" [Murcott, Susan (1991). The First Buddhist Women:Translations and Commentary on the Therigatha. Parallax Press. page 4.] Dr. Mettanando Bhikkhu says of the First Buddhist council: "Perhaps Mahakassappa and the bhikkhus of that time were jealous of the bhikkhunis being more popular and doing more teaching and social work than the bhikkhus. Their anti-women prejudice became institutionalized at that time with the eight garudhammas, the eight weighty restrictions. We must discontinue that prejudice. There is no anti-women prejudice in Jainism and they survived in India; whereas Buddhism had prejudice and did not survive in India" [see The First Council and Suppression of the Bhikkhuni Order]. Although it must be said that this is factually incorrect, because there are jain sects like the Digambara sect, which believes that women are capable of spiritual progress, but must be reborn male, in order to attain final spiritual liberation. It is also highly doubtful that the garudhammas were motivated by Mahakaasapa's being jealous, as he is said to be an enlightened one and one of the principle disciples of the Buddha. Furthermore there's no support within canon, to suggest that the bhikkunis were more popular, taught more or that they did more social work than Bhikkhus. "The various schools and traditions within Buddhism hold different views as to the possibilities of women's spiritual attainments. Feminist scholars have also noted than even when a woman's potential for spiritual attainment is acknowledged, records of such achievements may not be kept - or may be obscured by gender-neutral language or mis-translation of original sources by Western scholars. According to Bernard Faure, "Like most clerical discourses, Buddhism is indeed relentlessly misogynist, but as far as misogynist discourses go, it is one of the most flexible and open to multiplicity and contradiction." To continue reading the Wikipedia article, click here. Some additional references: The Place of Women in Buddhism, Swarna de Silva, Enabling Support Foundation, 1994. A Grand Declaration of Gender Equality, Writings on Buddhism, Soka Gakkai International, 1996. Full Ordination of Women in Tibetan Buddhism, His Holiness the XIVth Dalai Lama, 2007. An Argument Against Gender Discrimination Within The Buddhist Sangha, Anthony Burns, International Buddhist College, Thailand, 2007. Buddhism and Women, BhudaNet (with links to other resources), 2008. The Position of Women in Buddhism , L.S. Dewaraja, Buddhist Pub Soc, Sri Lanka, 2011. Ordination of Women in Buddhism, Wikipedia, 2011. Buddhism Gender and Sexuality, Patheos, 2011. Buddhism After Half the Sky, Danny Fisher, Patheos, 17 March 2013. Thai Women Don Monks’ Robes, Simba Shani Kamaria Russeau, IPS, 1 November 2013. Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women in Theravada Buddhism, Ajahn Brahm, FABC, 25 May 2014. Putting an End to Buddhist Patriarchy, Ajahn Brahm, Tricycle, 30 January 2015. 7. Women and Religious Gender Roles in Hinduism Based on the Wikipedia article on Women in Hinduism: The role of women in Hinduism is often disputed, and positions range from equal status with men to restrictive. Hinduism is based on numerous texts, some of which date back to 2000 BCE or earlier. They are varied in authority, authenticity, content and theme, with the most authoritative being the Vedas. The position of women in Hinduism is widely dependent on the specific text and the context. Positive references are made to the ideal woman in texts such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, while some texts such as the Manu Smriti advocate a restriction of women's rights. In modern times the Hindu wife has traditionally been regarded as someone who must at all costs remain chaste or pure. This is in contrast with the very different traditions that have prevailed at earlier times in 'Hindu' kingdoms, which included highly respected professional courtesans (such as Amrapali of Vesali), sacred devadasis, mathematicians and female magicians (the basavis, the Tantric kulikas). Some European scholars observed in the nineteenth century Hindu women were "naturally chaste" and "more virtuous" than other women, although what exactly they meant by that is open to dispute. In any case, as male foreigners they would have been denied access to the secret and sacred spaces that women often inhabited. Mahabharata and Manusmriti asserts that gods are delighted only when women are worshiped or honoured, otherwise all spiritual actions become futile. There is a wide variety of viewpoints within the different schools and sects of Hinduism concerning the exact nature and gender (where applicable) of the Supreme person or being; there are even sects that are skeptical about the existence of such a being. Shaktism, for example, focuses worship on the goddess Devi as the supreme embodiment of power, or Shakti (feminine strength; a female form of God). Vaishnavism and Shaivism both worship Lakshmi with Vishnu and Parvati with Shiva respectively as beings on an equal level of magnitude (the male and female aspects of God). In some instances such as with Gaudiya Vaishnavism, specific emphasis is placed on the worship of God's female aspect (Radharani) even above that of her paramour Krishna. Thus it could be said that Hinduism considers God to have both male and female aspects, as the original source of both. To continue reading the Wikipedia article, click here. Some additional references: Landmark Step to Gender Equality, Bina Agarwal, The Hindu, 2005. Women in Hinduism, Hindu Wisdom, 2008. Gender equality is passé, let us usher in gender partnership, V. N. Mukundarajan, The Hindu, 2010. Shaming numbers, Editorial, The Hindu, September 2011. Global patriarchy and women of a lesser God, Birma Tirmizi, Express Tribune, 6 January 2014. Why Patriarchy?, Sarita Sarvate, India Currents, 17 January 2015. 8. The Resilience of Patriarchy in Religious Institutions Gender Imbalance in Religion and Religious Governance Persisting gender imbalance in religious thinking and leadership is a serious obstacle to the advent of post-patriarchal families. From the perspective of cultural evolution, religious patriarchy may now be the biggest obstacle; for gender equality and gender balance are by now well established as irreversible social trends due to practical economic incentives, but the collective unconscious is still deeply biased by religious practices and rites that perpetuate the mindset of male hegemony. In terms of human fertility, for example, it would be well for some institutions to stop fulminating condemnations about abortion and birth control methods, and start selling the value of virtues such as self-discipline and abstinence. But there is a fear, not entirely unreasonable, that we may throw the baby out with the bathwater when it comes to reforming religious traditions that have served humanity well since time immemorial. About 80% of the world population is "religious" in the broad sense of believing in God and adhering, at least to some extent, to one of the major world religions. However, it is time to recognize that all these religions were founded after the agricultural revolution (10,000 years or so ago) long after patriarchy had become normative; and they all were, from their inception, contaminated by the phallocentric syndrome as evidenced by the most ancient sacred texts. Given the limitations of human language, and official protestations about God transcending gender notwithstanding, "when God is male, the male is god." It is time to overcome the vexing resilience of patriarchal structures in religious institutions. Sharia Law - Source: Author Unknown Papal Apology - Source: Kirk Anderson [Christian Aid & ACNS, 29 July 2014] Excerpts: Being made male or female should be a gift of God, not a weapon of oppression says a new paper by Christian Aid, "Of the Same Flesh: exploring a theology of gender." The paper examines how global poverty affects women more than men and explores how Christian theology can provide a positive vision of gender which can make it a blessing not a curse. Author, the Revd Dr Susan Durber, Christian Aid’s theology advisor, said many Christian Aid partner organisations in developing countries are transforming the way in which gender is lived in their communities through engaging in theology and working with church leaders. “Christians believe that our being made ‘male and female’ is a gift of God, and should be experienced as joy for humankind”, she said. “It is a scandal then that our gender is so often experienced not as joy, but as a place of oppression. “When it becomes a source of persecution and fear, this is a distortion of God’s intention for creation. From machismo cultures that skew masculinity, to the striking evidence of the poverty and exclusion of women, there is a sense that the world is not as it should be in relation to gender. This is the common tragedy of humankind, but it is also the particular pain of the most poor and vulnerable.” “Turning to the Scriptures to shape a theology is not a straightforward process and interpretation should never be simplistic and naive. We need to read with care and learn how to become interpreters who can find the blessing within, behind or even sometimes apparently against the grain of the text.” “Theologians and church leaders have key voices in shaping the way that gender is understood, experienced and lived out in communities across the world”, Dr Durber said. “The Bible says that God made humankind in God’s image, male and female. This is not a generalised banality about an abstract ‘sameness’, but a radical celebration of a difference that should be strongly rooted in equality and justice.” The full report can be found here THEOLOGY OF THE BODY This may be the most promising theological development pursuant to gender balance in church and society Original Unity of Man and Woman: Catechesis on the Book of Genesis, John Paul II, St. Paul Editions, 1981. The Theology of the Body: Human Love in the Divine Plan, John Paul II, Pauline Books, 1997. Man and Woman He Created Them: A Theology Of The Body, John Paul II (Author), Michael Waldstei (Translator), Pauline Books, 2006. Theology of the Body International Alliance, Theology of the Body Institute, The Cor Project. Women's Ordination Worldwide| Third International Conference Gender, Gospel, and Global Justice Philadelphia, September 2015 WOW's third international conference is set to happen in Philadelphia in September 2015. Advocates for women's ordination from around the world will gather to celebrate, be inspired, and join together as we grow our movement and go forward. Our hosts will be our member group Women's Ordination Conference (WOC). For more information, visit the WOW 2015 conference website. 9. Gender Balance in the Priesthood and the Episcopacy |Ordination of Women in the Sacramental Churches Luis T. Gutierrez Working Paper, 11 February 2015 A sacrament is an outward and visible sign of an inward and invisible grace. In the sacramental churches, the main obstacle to the ordination of women is the idea that the masculinity of Jesus requires the priest to resemble him as a male. But this is a fallacy which is rooted in the patriarchal norm of the father as head of the family and not on divine revelation. "This is my body." What matters for the sacramental economy, and for the priest to be a visible sign of the acting presence of Christ, is not that Jesus is male but that in him the eternal Word assumed human nature in a human body, and "became flesh." The proper matter for the sacrament is "flesh," not "maleness." Therefore, the necessary and sufficient condition for outward resemblance is the human body, whether male or female. The advent of women priests and bishops is also required to make the church hierarchy a complete image of Jesus Christ as a divine Person who became incarnate and abides in the Trinity. All the sacraments are nuptial. None of the sacraments was instituted by Christ to be gender-exclusive. The choice of the 12 male apostles by Jesus is a particularity of his earthly mission to the people of Israel and should not remain normative as the church becomes incarnate in post-patriarchal cultures. Based on the Catechism of the Catholic Church and John Paul II's Theology of the Body, the ordination of women to the priesthood and the episcopate would be in perfect continuity with apostolic tradition. We need to reconsider the church as a family and recognize that the patriarchal church hierarchy is becoming an obstacle to evangelization as we enter the transition to a post-patriarchal society. Hierarchy is not the problem. Patriarchy is the problem. According to the dictionary, patriarchy is basically the rule of the father as head of the nuclear family, which extrapolates to all other social and religious institutions. In its radical form, it becomes the culture of male domination and control -- of women by men, of nature by humans. The exclusively male hierarchy is becoming stale as a symbol of the Christ-Church mystery. Granted that ordination to the priesthood is not a "human right" (for either men or women), Christ should be allowed to call those he wants here and now. Why should we keep the church frozen in the patriarchal culture Jesus had to deal with during his earthly mission to the people of Israel? Would Jesus, in today's world, select 12 males to represent the patriarchs of the 12 tribes of Israel? If Mary was called to divine motherhood, why is it that baptized women cannot be called to sacramental motherhood? "This is my body" Theology of the Body St. John Paul II's Theology of the Body (TOB) may provide a solid basis for solving the most pressing issues of human sexuality, both in families and in the Church as the family of God, including the ordination of women to the priesthood in the Catholic and Orthodox churches. The TOB endorses neither radical patriarchy nor radical feminism, and provides a vision of marriage, and gender relations in general, that can be summarized as unity in diversity ("original unity of man and woman"), individuality in community ("communion of persons") and equality in mutuality ("spousal meaning of the body"). The complementarity of man and woman is for reciprocity and mutual enrichment, not mutual exclusion. The TOB is not about radical feminism. It is not about radical patriarchy either, past or present. It should be noted that the letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis (1994), which is not a dogmatic definition of revealed truth, is entirely written in past and present tense, and says nothing about what the church can or cannot do in the future. The term "definitive," as used in this document with regard to the male-only priesthood, therefore applies to the past and the present, not the future, since the document says nothing about the future. Nothing essential (dogmatic) of the Catholic faith would have to change in order to ordain women to the priesthood and the episcopate. There is one (embodied) human nature and having a "body" is more fundamental to the structure of the personal subject than being somatically male or female (TOB 3:2, 8:1). Sexual differentiation is a gift but is also a limitation of the human condition. What matters for the sacramental economy is that we are body-persons, not that we are body-males or body-females. What matters for the sacrament of Holy Orders, and for the priest to be a visible sign of the acting presence of Christ, is not that Jesus is male but that in him the eternal Word assumed a human body, in the "flesh." Our Lord Jesus Christ is the head of the church because he is a body-Person and our Redeemer, not because he is a body-male; and the Blessed Virgin Mary is the typus (exemplary realization) of the church because she brought the eternal Word to the world, not because she is a body-female. What is needed is to clarify our sacramental theology to separate patriarchal ideology from revealed truth. Jesus never identified himself as a patriarch. The Holy Family was a not a patriarchy. The Trinity is not a patriarchy. The spousal, sacramental love of Christ for the church is not intrinsically patriarchal (as the TOB exegesis of the Ephesians 5 bridegroom-bride analogy clearly shows; see, e.g., TOB 97:2, 102:1), and Jesus Christ is head of the church because he is a divine Person and our Redeemer in the flesh, not because he is a human male. All the sacraments are nuptial, and none was instituted by Christ to be gender-exclusive. The fallacy of the traditional (with lower case "t") argument that only males can be ordained to act in persona Christi, because Christ is male, is that in persona Christi refers to a divine Person, not a human person. The second person of the Trinity was not a male before the incarnation. This divine Person became human as a male, but this was part of embracing all the limitations of the human condition ("like us in all things but sin"). Even after the incarnation and the redemption, Jesus Christ is one divine Person in two natures, divine and human. The Christ who transubstantiates the bread and wine into his own body and blood is a divine Person, not a human person. The body is a sacrament of the whole person, but is not the whole person. This applies for human persons, and even more so for a divine Person. The ordained priest acts in place of a divine Person who became human, not in place of an idolatrous male. Catechism of the Catholic Church The sacraments are efficacious channels of divine grace ex opere operato, i.e., their efficacy is not dependent on the holiness or any other human quality of the ordained minister. Why should they depend on the minister's gender? To act in persona Christi Capitis means to act in place of a divine Person. Neither men nor women are divine persons. Any baptized human person, male or female, can be ordained to act in persona Christi Capitis. "This is my body." From a sacramental perspective, having a human body is the necessary and sufficient condition for making the acting Christ outwardly visible. From a vocational perspective, all ministries, including ordained ministries, should be mediated by the church but must be based on vocational discernment and should be gift-based, not gender-based. The Catechism of the Catholic Church plainly states that the exclusively male priesthood is a choice, not a dogma (CCC 1598). The lesser doctrine that the choice of the 12 male apostles is normative (CCC 1577) is not proposed as a divinely revealed dogma, even though this choice is still prescribed by church law (CIC 1024). The door is closed at the moment, but it is not locked. The church does have the authority (by the "power of the keys") to ordain women to the priesthood as soon as the Pope, as the successor of Peter, decides that doing so is the will of Christ in today's world, for the glory of God and the good of souls. Such a decision would be in perfect continuity with apostolic tradition (Acts 10:48, 15:28). See also CCC 889-892, 2035, 2051. To reiterate, Ordinatio Sacerdotalis was not published in the "definitive manner" specified in CCC 892, for any of the following reasons: (1) it is addressed to the bishops and not to the entire church; (2) it doesn't say it is a dogmatic definition; (3) it was published as an apostolic letter, which is the lowest level of papal teaching; (4) it is entirely written in past and present tense, and says nothing about what the church can or cannot do in the future; (5) it didn't make clear it is an infallible definition at the time of publication, and a Vatican dicastery subsequently claiming it was doesn't make so. In brief, it is authoritative and requires the assent of acceptance ("religious assent") by Roman Catholics but does not require the assent of faith. This may sound like splitting hairs, but it is the kind of thing that can happen (CCC 937) when the supremacy of the Petrine office is challenged by belligerent demands for change and the Pope decides that the church is not ready for the change. For some reason, this erudite Pope decided that the fundamentalist argument in CCC 1577 is the best we have at the moment to justify the male-only priesthood, but see also the "more essential" doctrine in CCC 1598. The first sentence simply states that the male-only priesthood is a choice, and says nothing about this choice being a dogma of the faith; but the second sentence makes clear who can make the choice, because the church is "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic." It is not necessarily "male-apostolic," but it is "apostolic." From cover to cover, the Catechism of the Catholic Church mostly uses "man" to refer to humans, male and female. The words "body" and "flesh" (rather than "male" or "masculine") are invariably used to explain the mysteries of the incarnation and the redemption. The word "patriarchy" is never used, and it is clearly stated (239, 370, 2779) that "God transcends the human distinctions between the sexes" and cannot be reduced to human categories such as "father," "mother," "husband," "wife." Human beings are made in God's image, not the other way around. The eternal Word became "flesh" (John 1:14), the maleness of Jesus being a particularity of God becoming embodied and "like us in all sins but sin." Likewise, the choice of the 12 male apostles by Jesus is a particularity of his earthly mission to the people of Israel and, except for the very unpersuasive "reason" given in 1577, no justification is given for making that choice normative as the church becomes incarnate in post-patriarchal cultures. Equality & Difference Also from cover to cover, the Theology of the Body is focused on human beings, male and female, as images of God that fully share one and the same human nature as "body-persons." The entire book is devoted to show that Trinitarian communion becomes more clearly visible when man and woman, being of the same flesh, live in communion with each other and become "one flesh," either in marriage by sharing the gift of love and the gift of life, or in celibacy by sharing the same gifts spiritually "for the sake of the kingdom." Then the bridegroom-bride analogy really makes sense when referring to the Christ-Church mystery. It has nothing to do with patriarchal conditioning about man being the "head" of woman, or fathers being the "head" of the family, or "husbands" dominating "wives." The nuptial covenant is about subjection to one another in reciprocity, not one-sided domination. Literalist patriarchal interpretations of the bridegroom-bride analogy (as in Ephesians 5:21-33) ignore that analogies are about similarities and dissimilarities: Christ is the "head" of the church because he is a divine body-Person, not because he is a "husband" and the church is his "wife" as understood in patriarchal cultures. This nuptial meaning of the Christ-Church mystery as a communion of persons, in the image of the Trinity, applies to all the sacraments. The advent of women priests and bishops is required to make the church hierarchy a complete image of Jesus Christ as a divine Person who became incarnate, becomes "one flesh" with the church, grows as the "whole Christ" (Christus totus), and abides in the Trinity. In other words, man is a "giver-receiver" and woman is a "receiver-giver." The "complementarity" of man and woman is a matter of emphasis within the unity of one and the same human nature. This is the same human nature that the eternal Word assumed at the Incarnation, and becoming "flesh" as a male ("giver-receiver") and not as a female ("receiver-giver") is part of a divine Person assuming all the limitations of the human condition ("like us in all things but sin"). The real difference is between being a divine Person-Redeemer and being a redeemed human person. This real difference should be taken into account, and always kept in mind, when referring to the Bridegroom-Bride analogy about the mystery of Christ and the Church. When this real difference is noted, the male-only priesthood becomes an absurdity rooted in the patriarchal "binary," not in the deposit of faith. Christ is the "head" of the Church because he is a divine Person and our Redeemer, not because he is a "giver-receiver" rather than a "receiver-giver." We cannot reduce the mysteries of the life of Christ to human categories. What about the anointing in Bethany? In this case, it seems to me that the woman was the "giver-receiver" and Jesus was the "receiver-giver." So, in the sacramental economy, it is absurd to reduce the Christ-Church mystery to the patriarchal "binary." Vocational Discernment & Human Ecology The proper "matter" for the sacrament of Holy Orders is "flesh," not "maleness." In other words, the proper "matter" for the sacrament is the laying on of hands on a baptized body-person, male or female. In the sacramental churches, and specifically in the Catholic and Orthodox churches, the ordination of baptized women would be fully consistent with the deposit of faith, and apostolic succession would remain intact. Visceral patriarchy aside, there is no dogmatic obstacle to changing the choice from "baptized males" to "baptized persons." Viscerally conflating patriarchal ideology and revealed truth may be the most pervasive psychological problem in the Catholic and Orthodox churches. In the Anglican Communion, the advent of women priests and bishops has been traumatic for some people. What is the best way to help people overcome visceral patriarchy? Certainly not to ordain married men, that would reinforce the patriarchal mindset even more. It is suggested that qualified, vocation-tested celibate women be ordained first. With so many nuns who have the "signs of the priesthood," it is lamentable that they cannot be ordained for cultural reasons that have nothing to do with divine revelation. Ordaining nuns to the priesthood would be the right response to the "signs of the times" and the most sensible response to the shortage of priests. Furthermore, the ordination of women to the priesthood and the episcopacy would be instrumental for integral human development and fostering social and ecological justice. It has been said that "human development, if not engendered, is endangered." Likewise, human ecology without gender balance is endangered. As long as women are excluded from sacramental ministry, can we really say that the church is a sacrament of Christ's presence in our ecologically deteriorating world? Gender equality is about human solidarity for the good of humanity. The Catholic Church, with 1.2 billion members, could have a decisive influence for good by exemplifying gender equality in the hierarchy of persons with sacramental power to sanctify, teach, and govern in the person of Christ and in the name of the Church. This is the fundamental option that must be reconsidered (CCC 1598). It should be made clear that this is not about what women (or men) want. It is about discerning what Christ wants for the Church in the 21st century, for the glory of God and the good of souls. It is reasonable to think that Christ wants the Church to do what is good for humanity and the entire community of creation. Would Jesus, in today's world, choose 12 males to represent the patriarchs of the 12 tribes of Israel? ORDAIN THE NUNS! Code of Canon Law: A Text and Commentary, Canon Law Society of America, edited by James Coriden et al, Paulist Press, 1985. Text online at the VATICAN WEBSITE. Catechism of the Catholic Church, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Liguori Publications, 1994. Text online at the Man and Woman He Created Them: A Theology of the Body, John Paul II, translation by Michael Waldstein, Pauline Books, 2006. Text online at the Addendum: Plenary Assembly of the Pontifical Council for Culture The outline document for the Plenary Assembly of the Pontifical Council for Culture, Rome, 4-7 February 2015, is a sign of hope that the church may be more willing to reconsider the need for a patriarchal hierarchy. Women's Cultures: equality and difference PCC, Vatican, 4-7 February 2015 In the section "Theme IV: Women and religion: flight or new forms of participation in the life of the Church?," subsection "Today," the last two sentences read: "There is no discussion here of women priests, which according to statistics is not something that women want. If, as Pope Francis says, women have a central role in Christianity, this role must find a counterpart also in the ordinary life of the Church." Indeed, most women are not interested. But this is not about what women (or men) want. This is about discerning what Christ wants for the Church in today's world, for the glory of God and the good of souls!

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In the Garden: Coastal and Tropical South Bathers enjoy Gulf Shores, Alabama, before Ivan changed the landscape. Our region is facing unparalled challenges in the aftermath of hurricane season 2004. There's plenty to do, and some things to put off, to help gardens recover from serious storms. Cleaning up takes time, so make a plan that will get the work done safely. Removing trees and limbs is exhausting even for those who make a career of it. Tired muscles can make for slow reflexes, leading to accidents with chainsaws and machetes. Locate the essential hazards and remove them first, then work on the smaller problems in phases. Avoid working with power tools in slippery areas where leaves can cover holes and other debris that may trip you up. Be smart: let someone know where you'll be working, in case of trouble. Chop, if Possible Even in gardens not ruined by the storms, disposal of big, damaged plants can be a challenge. Where whole plantings have been flooded or ripped up, the amount of compostable material is huge, but the scale can be daunting. Rather than wait for that green matter to rot (and smell), use a version of sheet composting to dispose of it and renew the soil at the same time. In flowerbeds, fencerows, and hedge plantings, simply dig a shallow trench and bury up to 6 inches of rotten stems, leaves, and other green matter. Cover with the soil you dug out, and tamp down. When burying isn't possible, and the slime factor is gaining on healthy rot, use a stiff rake to turn the piles and sprinkle them with garden lime. The process may not go any faster, but the debris will be more pleasant to be around while you're cutting those limbs overhead. Better Days Ahead Gardens and beaches may not look like they once did, but don't give up too soon on plants; cut back, but don't remove anything that still has life in it. You may be surprised at your plants' resilience, and retaining a few old plant friends can be comforting. Change is inevitable, and gardeners make the most of it. When treasured trees finally reach mature height, we shift to shade-loving plants beneath them. If the tree is lost, a sunny patch emerges and we plant that, too. Care to share your gardening thoughts, insights, triumphs, or disappointments with your fellow gardening enthusiasts? Join the lively discussions on our FaceBook page and receive free daily tips!

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Croydon, in Sullivan County, N.H., is situated on the highland between the Connecticut and Merrimack rivers, is bounded on the north by Grantham, east by Springfield and Sunapee, south by Newport, and west by Cornish. Area, twenty-six thousand acres; distance from Concord, the Capital of the State, forty-five miles; from Lebanon, seventeen miles, and from Newport, nearest railroad station, seven miles. Much of its scenery is wild and picturesque. The soil is diversified. That bordering on Sugar River is rich and productive; as we rise gradually back upon the hills it yields excellent grass, wheat and potatoes, while, as we ascend still higher up the mountain sides, we find only pasturage and forests, and these are overtopped with lofty piles of granite. Mountains – Croydon Mountain, which extends across the western part of the town, is the highest elevation in the county, being nearly three thousand feet above the level of the sea. It commands an extensive and one of the most beautiful prospects in the State, and its charm are attested by its many and enthusiastic visitors. The other elevations are the Pinnacle and Sugar Hill in the central, Baptist Hill in the southern, Pine Hill in the northern, and Baltimore and Camel’s Hump on the southeastern part of the town. On the southern slope of the latter is a magnificent portrait of a human face, known as “Aaron,” supposed to be the sentinel placed there by the hand of a wise Providence to guide and protect a chosen people, the best view of which is obtained from the old Croydon Turnpike, above the church, at the Flat. Ponds – Long, Rocky Bound, and Spectacle in the eastern, and Governor’s in the southwestern part of the town, are the principal bodies of water, in some of which is excellent fishing. Rivers – The north branch of Sugar River flows through the town in a southwesterly direction, and affords some of the best water-power in the vicinity, although but little utilized at the present time. The other principal streams are Beaver, Ash Swamp and Long Pond brooks. Villages – Four Corners, being near the centre of the town and on the Croydon Turnpike, thus the great thoroughfare, and having a church, tavern, store, offices, and shops, was once the centre of trade; but railroads, diverting the travel, and the want of water-power, has caused its decline. East Village, situated on the northern branch of Sugar River at the head of Spectacle Pond, and on the main road from Newport to Lebanon, contains the town hall, a post-office, store, church, hotel, saw and grist-mill, carpenter and blacksmith’s shop. Here, also, is one of the best district schools in the county. Distant from railroad station, at Newport, seven miles, on the Concord and Claremont railroad. Croydon Flat, is situated on the north branch of Sugar River at its junction with Beaver Brook, and at the head of the extended meadows below. Here is a church, store, post-office and various mills and shops. From here large amounts of excelsior handles and lumber are shipped annually. Three and one-half miles from the railroad station, Newport. Charter – The charter of Croydon, signed by Benning Wentworth, and countersigned by Theodore Atkinson, is dated May 31, 1763. The following are the names of the original proprietors of Croydon: |Samuel Chase||Moody Chase| |Ephraim Sherman||Daniel Marsh| |James Wellman||Samuel Ayers| |Antipas Hollan||Joseph Vinson| |Enoch Marble||Timothy Darling| |Jonathan Chase||Jones Brown| |Thomas Dana||David Sherman| |John Stow||Ebenezer Rawson| |Moses Chase||Samuel Sherman| |Seth Chase||James Richardson| |Stephen Hall||Daniel Putnam| |Daniel Chase||Samuel Dudley| |Ephraim Sherman, Jr.||William Dudley| |John Temple||Abraham Temple| |Samuel Chase, Jr.||Benjamin Morse| |Ebenezer Waters||James Whipple| |Dudley Chase||Benjamin Morse, Jr.| |Gershom Waite||Joseph Mirriam| |March Chase||John Whipple| |Phineas Leland||Willis Hall| |Luke Drury||Benjamin Wallis| |Thomas M. Clening||Silas Hazeltine| |Solomon Aldridge||Jonathan Hall| |Daniel Chase, Jr.||Richard Wibird| |Jonathan Aldridge||John Downing| |James Taylor||Daniel Warner| |Joseph Whipple||Stephen Chase| |Silas Warring||—- Parsons| |Solomon Chase||David Temple| |Benjamin Wood||Solomon Leland| |Caleb Chase||John Holland| |Moses Whipple||William Waite| They held their first meeting at Grafton, Mass., June 17, 1763; their first meeting in Croydon, January 17, 1798; their last, January 17, 1810. Settlement – In the spring of 1766 Moses Whipple, Seth Chase, David Warren, Ezekiel Powers and others came to Croydon from Grafton, Mass., and made some preliminary preparations for a settlement. Soon after their return, Seth Chase, with his wife and child, started for this place. This was the first family established in town. They arrived June 10, 1766, and three days after (June 13) commenced the erection of their log-cabin. On the 24th of the same month, Moses Whipple and David Warren arrived with their families. The next year Moses Leland and Ezekiel Powers came to town. In the autumn of 1768, four more families arrived, and in 1769 the tide of emigration, setting this way, soon made them respectable in numbers. The first town-meeting was held March 8, 1768. (To avoid confusion, it appears that the first town meeting was held in 1768, while the first proprietors meeting held in Croydon was in 1798, unless the record by Wheeler should have said 1768.) Mr. Chase erected his cabin about one-half mile southwest of Spectacle Pond, on the farm now owned by Moses Barton (1886); Mr. Whipple, on the swell of land between the Four Corners and East Village, on the farm of Horace S. Fowler (1886), long known as the “Edward Hall Place;” Mr. Warren, on the north side of the Pinnacle, near the cemetery; Mr. Powers, on the Caleb K. Loverin farm (1886), near the East Village, and Mr. Leland in the north part of the town, on the farm now owned by Charles H. Forehand (1886). The Stowes and Metcalfs settled in the southwest part of the town, in a district called Brighton; the Wheelers, Jacobs, Townes and Hagars, in the south part, on an elevation known as Baptist Hill; the Kempstons at the Flat; the Ryders, in the southeast part, and the Goldthwaits and Benjamin Barton, in the northwest part of the town. The Putnams settled near the centre of the town south of the Pinnacle; the Halls, on the place where Peter Hurd now resides (1886), on the west side of Sugar Hill; the Coopers, on the northwest slope of Baltimore Hill. The pioneers were intelligent, honest, industrious and frugal, and were distinguished for more then their ordinary share of physical and mental endowments. As a result, it would be expected that their descendants would possess more or less the peculiarities of their parents. As a result of this inheritance, wherever you find them scattered abroad over the country, in whatever calling or profession, they usually maintain a high standard for proficiency and integrity, and reflect honor upon their native town.

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25 Abraham had taken another wife, whose name was Keturah. 2 She bore him Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak and Shuah. 3 Jokshan was the father of Sheba and Dedan; the descendants of Dedan were the Ashurites, the Letushites and the Leummites. 4 The sons of Midian were Ephah, Epher, Hanok, Abida and Eldaah. All these were descendants of Keturah. 5 Abraham left everything he owned to Isaac. 6 But while he was still living, he gave gifts to the sons of his concubines and sent them away from his son Isaac to the land of the east. 7 Abraham lived a hundred and seventy-five years. 8 Then Abraham breathed his last and died at a good old age, an old man and full of years; and he was gathered to his people. 9 His sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the cave of Machpelah near Mamre, in the field of Ephron son of Zohar the Hittite, 10 the field Abraham had bought from the Hittites.[a] There Abraham was buried with his wife Sarah. 11 After Abraham’s death, God blessed his son Isaac, who then lived near Beer Lahai Roi. 12 This is the account of the family line of Abraham’s son Ishmael, whom Sarah’s slave, Hagar the Egyptian, bore to Abraham. 13 These are the names of the sons of Ishmael, listed in the order of their birth: Nebaioth the firstborn of Ishmael, Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam, 14 Mishma, Dumah, Massa, 15 Hadad, Tema, Jetur, Naphish and Kedemah. 16 These were the sons of Ishmael, and these are the names of the twelve tribal rulers according to their settlements and camps. 17 Ishmael lived a hundred and thirty-seven years. He breathed his last and died, and he was gathered to his people. 18 His descendants settled in the area from Havilah to Shur, near the eastern border of Egypt, as you go toward Ashur. And they lived in hostility toward[b] all the tribes related to them. 19 This is the account of the family line of Abraham’s son Isaac. Abraham became the father of Isaac, 20 and Isaac was forty years old when he married Rebekah daughter of Bethuel the Aramean from Paddan Aram[c] and sister of Laban the Aramean. 21 Isaac prayed to the Lord on behalf of his wife, because she was childless. The Lord answered his prayer, and his wife Rebekah became pregnant. 22 The babies jostled each other within her, and she said, “Why is this happening to me?” So she went to inquire of the Lord. 23 The Lord said to her, “Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples from within you will be separated; one people will be stronger than the other, and the older will serve the younger.” 24 When the time came for her to give birth, there were twin boys in her womb. 25 The first to come out was red, and his whole body was like a hairy garment; so they named him Esau.[d] 26 After this, his brother came out, with his hand grasping Esau’s heel; so he was named Jacob.[e] Isaac was sixty years old when Rebekah gave birth to them. 27 The boys grew up, and Esau became a skillful hunter, a man of the open country, while Jacob was content to stay at home among the tents. 28 Isaac, who had a taste for wild game, loved Esau, but Rebekah loved Jacob. 29 Once when Jacob was cooking some stew, Esau came in from the open country, famished. 30 He said to Jacob, “Quick, let me have some of that red stew! I’m famished!” (That is why he was also called Edom.[f]) 31 Jacob replied, “First sell me your birthright.” 32 “Look, I am about to die,” Esau said. “What good is the birthright to me?” 33 But Jacob said, “Swear to me first.” So he swore an oath to him, selling his birthright to Jacob. 34 Then Jacob gave Esau some bread and some lentil stew. He ate and drank, and then got up and left. So Esau despised his birthright. 26 Now there was a famine in the land—besides the previous famine in Abraham’s time—and Isaac went to Abimelek king of the Philistines in Gerar. 2 The Lord appeared to Isaac and said, “Do not go down to Egypt; live in the land where I tell you to live. 3 Stay in this land for a while, and I will be with you and will bless you. For to you and your descendants I will give all these lands and will confirm the oath I swore to your father Abraham. 4 I will make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and will give them all these lands, and through your offspring[g] all nations on earth will be blessed,[h] 5 because Abraham obeyed me and did everything I required of him, keeping my commands, my decrees and my instructions.” 6 So Isaac stayed in Gerar. 7 When the men of that place asked him about his wife, he said, “She is my sister,” because he was afraid to say, “She is my wife.” He thought, “The men of this place might kill me on account of Rebekah, because she is beautiful.” 8 When Isaac had been there a long time, Abimelek king of the Philistines looked down from a window and saw Isaac caressing his wife Rebekah. 9 So Abimelek summoned Isaac and said, “She is really your wife! Why did you say, ‘She is my sister’?” Isaac answered him, “Because I thought I might lose my life on account of her.” 10 Then Abimelek said, “What is this you have done to us? One of the men might well have slept with your wife, and you would have brought guilt upon us.” 11 So Abimelek gave orders to all the people: “Anyone who harms this man or his wife shall surely be put to death.” 12 Isaac planted crops in that land and the same year reaped a hundredfold, because the Lord blessed him. 13 The man became rich, and his wealth continued to grow until he became very wealthy. 14 He had so many flocks and herds and servants that the Philistines envied him. 15 So all the wells that his father’s servants had dug in the time of his father Abraham, the Philistines stopped up, filling them with earth. 16 Then Abimelek said to Isaac, “Move away from us; you have become too powerful for us.” 17 So Isaac moved away from there and encamped in the Valley of Gerar, where he settled. 18 Isaac reopened the wells that had been dug in the time of his father Abraham, which the Philistines had stopped up after Abraham died, and he gave them the same names his father had given them. 19 Isaac’s servants dug in the valley and discovered a well of fresh water there. 20 But the herders of Gerar quarreled with those of Isaac and said, “The water is ours!” So he named the well Esek,[i] because they disputed with him. 21 Then they dug another well, but they quarreled over that one also; so he named it Sitnah.[j] 22 He moved on from there and dug another well, and no one quarreled over it. He named it Rehoboth,[k] saying, “Now the Lord has given us room and we will flourish in the land.” 23 From there he went up to Beersheba. 24 That night the Lord appeared to him and said, “I am the God of your father Abraham. Do not be afraid, for I am with you; I will bless you and will increase the number of your descendants for the sake of my servant Abraham.” 25 Isaac built an altar there and called on the name of the Lord. There he pitched his tent, and there his servants dug a well. 26 Meanwhile, Abimelek had come to him from Gerar, with Ahuzzath his personal adviser and Phicol the commander of his forces. 27 Isaac asked them, “Why have you come to me, since you were hostile to me and sent me away?” 28 They answered, “We saw clearly that the Lord was with you; so we said, ‘There ought to be a sworn agreement between us’—between us and you. Let us make a treaty with you 29 that you will do us no harm, just as we did not harm you but always treated you well and sent you away peacefully. And now you are blessed by the Lord.” 30 Isaac then made a feast for them, and they ate and drank. 31 Early the next morning the men swore an oath to each other. Then Isaac sent them on their way, and they went away peacefully. 34 When Esau was forty years old, he married Judith daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and also Basemath daughter of Elon the Hittite. 35 They were a source of grief to Isaac and Rebekah. 8 When Jesus came down from the mountainside, large crowds followed him. 2 A man with leprosy[a] came and knelt before him and said, “Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean.” 3 Jesus reached out his hand and touched the man. “I am willing,” he said. “Be clean!” Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. 4 Then Jesus said to him, “See that you don’t tell anyone. But go, show yourself to the priest and offer the gift Moses commanded, as a testimony to them.” 5 When Jesus had entered Capernaum, a centurion came to him, asking for help. 6 “Lord,” he said, “my servant lies at home paralyzed, suffering terribly.” 7 Jesus said to him, “Shall I come and heal him?” 8 The centurion replied, “Lord, I do not deserve to have you come under my roof. But just say the word, and my servant will be healed. 9 For I myself am a man under authority, with soldiers under me. I tell this one, ‘Go,’ and he goes; and that one, ‘Come,’ and he comes. I say to my servant, ‘Do this,’ and he does it.” 10 When Jesus heard this, he was amazed and said to those following him, “Truly I tell you, I have not found anyone in Israel with such great faith. 11 I say to you that many will come from the east and the west, and will take their places at the feast with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven. 12 But the subjects of the kingdom will be thrown outside, into the darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” 13 Then Jesus said to the centurion, “Go! Let it be done just as you believed it would.” And his servant was healed at that moment. 14 When Jesus came into Peter’s house, he saw Peter’s mother-in-law lying in bed with a fever. 15 He touched her hand and the fever left her, and she got up and began to wait on him. 16 When evening came, many who were demon-possessed were brought to him, and he drove out the spirits with a word and healed all the sick. 17 This was to fulfill what was spoken through the prophet Isaiah: “He took up our infirmities and bore our diseases.”[b]

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CC-MAIN-2016-50

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Following Dan Kaminsky’s research on DNS insecurities, we saw attackers racing with their DNS servers to hijack network connections. It was only a matter of time before the bad guys decided that racing against DNS was not enough. DHCP is a widely used network protocol that has been around for a while—it’s used to automatically assign IP addresses on a local network. When you connect your laptop on the wireless router at your home or to your office network, it is most likely that a DHCP server assigns an IP address to your machine and will provide all of the important parameters such as a gateway IP and DNS servers. The DHCP protocol is simple, transparent, and efficient for end users, but it is also non-secure.

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en

A stirring account of the brave watermen defenders of Chesapeake Bay in the War of 1812 Set during the War of 1812, this is a skillfully crafted story about men grappling with battle-wrought changes to their souls and the bonds that drive them onward. Though they may not realize it, men fight and die not for a cause but for each other, and Star-Spangled Sailors is about the bonds that drive men onward even after a crushing defeat. It is a compelling theme, and the author explores it through such diverse characters as Mingo Jones, a resentful, free black man, two orphan teens, and the brash Captain Jack Webster. With its historically accurate backdrop, their stories unfurl like a battle flag in a stiffening breeze. Star-Spangled Sailors is the tale of the men and boys of the Chesapeake Flotilla during the darkest hours of the War of 1812. Scattered and demoralized when their boats are set aflame, their commodore wounded and captured by the hated British, they and the ragtag American army are on the verge of total collapse. From the unimpeded British march on Washington, D.C., and the burning of the president’s home, to the famous battle of Fort McHenry, men of the Flotilla play key roles in defending their fledgling country. But this book is more about these men grappling with battle-wrought changes to their souls than with the battles themselves. The characters and their travails in the face of overwhelming odds all ring true. For example, the destruction of the Flotilla nearly ruins the young Captain Webster, for he feels he has failed his commander. He suddenly doubts his courage and abilities. Yet Commodore Barney saw Webster fight valiantly and wishes he could tell the man that “now was the testing time, that a man is only a coward if he quits when he’s behind.” But Webster’s redemption can only come from within. Author Carey Roberts skillfully wends the novel’s story lines around the intertwining paths of her characters. For instance, as the characters become separated and are followed in various chapters, she returns to them before too many pages are turned, lest the reader forget the particular predicaments involved. Also, Roberts wisely avoids bogging down her brisk narrative by the overuse of nineteenth-century syntax and slang when the characters interact. And she lets the story breathe just enough between action sequences by delving into the psychological make-up and complex motivations of her characters. The reader can appreciate the conflicting feelings of these men as they strive to regroup after the initial defeat. For just as Captain Webster finds redemption in remembering his duty, the fiercely independent Mingo Jones comes to realize he is not truly free, either, for the two desolate boys need him. The author definitely knows her subject matter. She is a lifelong student of American history and her film script, Chesapeake Morning, is based on the story of the Star-Spangled Sailors. It won the 1996 Worldfest International Film Grand Award for Best Screen Play. This book will appeal to anyone who enjoys well-crafted historical fiction or to those who would like to learn more about one of the least-understood wars in American history. Disclosure: This article is not an endorsement, but a review. The author of this book provided free copies of the book and paid a small fee to have his/her book reviewed by a professional reviewer. Foreword Reviews and Clarion Review make no guarantee that the author will receive a positive review. Foreword Magazine, Inc. is disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 255.

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The 10-cent Preserve the Environment commemorative stamp was first placed on sale at Spokane, Washington, on April 18, 1974. The stamp commemorates Expo '74, which was held in Spokane, Washington, at the time the smallest city to have hosted a world's fair. The theme for the fair was preserving the environment. The stamp was designed by Peter Max and was issued in sheets of forty, with an initial printing of 140 million. Postal Bulletin (March 7, 1974). Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington. "History of Washington State & the Pacific Northwest." http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Course%20Index/Lessons/26/26.html.

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en

Late-night digging along the back roads of Bastar, a dense jungle region in India's northern state of Chhattisgarh, can only mean one thing if there's nothing to show for it the next day: Maoist rebel activity. So when a group of villagers in the state's Kanker district, the gateway to Bastar, were kept awake for nights on end last month by repeated chinking from metal striking rock on a nearby road, they knew something was up. They were right. The Maoists, commonly known in India as Naxalites, had dug a tunnel five feet under the surface of a paved back road that was used by security forces from the nearby Counter-Terrorism and Jungle Warfare College. The insurgents' tunnel's exit points, on the side of the road, were well concealed with alternating layers of sandbags and dirt. But before the Naxalites got around to booby-trapping the underground tunnel with improvised explosives cobbled together from scavenged pieces of iron and heisted explosive materials from state-owned mines, it had been filled in. The villagers had tipped off commandos from the college. Naxalite rebels, whose leaders claim to follow Maoist doctrine on armed people's struggle, have been waging a guerilla war against the Indian government since their first uprising in the West Bengal village of Naxalbari in 1967. For over three decades a phlegmatic response from central and state security organs did little to prevent the then isolated Naxal insurgency from foraying into underdeveloped forest and jungle regions in central and eastern India where it gained support of impoverished tribal groups and villagers. By 2001, some Naxalites had gained sway over 51 districts, and with the state response mechanism to their movements still weak, that number quadrupled in less than a decade. Naxals now operate in 223 districts, spread out over one-third of India along a vertical belt commonly referred to as the Red Corridor. In the 34 regions that the government considers to be the worst affected by Maoist activity, the rebel movement has taken on a particularly bloody dimension, with Naxalites orchestrating police massacres, bombings, bank and mine robberies, informant murders and kidnappings on a routine basis. By Nov. 2, "left-wing extremism" Delhi's euphemism for Naxal terrorism was responsible for 834 civilian, security-force and Naxal deaths throughout 10 states this year, according to data collected by the South Asia Terrorism Portal. As in previous years, Chhattisgarh took the biggest hit, sustaining 237 casualties. While last month's brazen attempt in the state to attack India's only anti-Naxal police training camp reveals how low the insurgents' perception is of the state's ability to fight them, it also, says the college's director, gives the institution further insight into how to fight this battle. "I've always told our men that they can't win the war against the Naxals without gaining the trust of the villagers and forest dwellers," says Brigadier Basant Ponwar, who served in the army for 35 years as a counterinsurgency specialist before going to Chhattisgarh in 2005 to set up the college. "Now we see that even right in our own backyard the villagers are our eyes and ears." Tucked away on 300 acres of hilly jungle terrain, just north of a notorious Naxal stronghold, the college is strategically positioned to drill police forces in a strategy that until recently was reserved for training select army special forces: fight a guerilla like a guerilla. "Police are trained for carrying out normal law-and-order duties. They're not prepared for jungle combat or jungle living, but that's precisely what they must know to take on Naxals," explains the state's director general of police, Vishwa Ranjan. For decades the state had dismissed the Naxal movement's creeping ascendancy over its southern districts and did little to buttress the strength of its security force. This year, the state's sanctioned police force stands at 46,000, more than double the number of officers on the ground in 2005, and all new recruits are being put through the college course in addition to basic training. The college has already taught 11,500 police personnel from eight states how to raid Naxal hideouts, conduct search-and-destroy operations at gun-manufacturing camps, clear roads of improvised explosives using sniffer dogs, set up roadside checkpoints and set up covert outposts in enemy territory. During the 45-day course, commandos-in-training get up at dawn for early morning conditioning, including three-mile runs up steep, rocky knobs plus strength training, yoga and meditation. (Ponwar insists that all officers who still have a paunch by the end of the course are failed.) To dispel officers' fear of the jungle, the forces are taught how to catch (and eat) snakes, distinguish edible plants from poisonous ones and make camouflaged lean-tos out of sticks and leaves. The college has been a bright spot in India's fight against the bloody insurgency. But Ajai Sahni, the executive director of the New Delhibased Institute of Conflict Management, says that the high level of corruption and inefficiency in the state security apparatus cancels out whatever inroads the school has made. "Only a fraction of those that go through the college's training are later used for what they are being trained for, so the effort is often for naught," Sahni laments, comparing the police commandos to students trained in neurosurgery who go on to become store clerks. Only half of the college's graduates from Chhattisgarh are deployed in areas with substantial Maoist activity and, according to Sahni, police corruption and grasping politicians are to blame. "It's a well-known fact that if a police officer doesn't want to be deployed to dangerous district, he bribes his way out," he says. "Many of the warfare college's commandos are also scooped up by VIP ministers and politicians who want to be surrounded by impressive security details." Meanwhile, national efforts to bring this decades-long insurgency to a swift end are also intensifying. India's new hard-line Home Minister, P. Chidambaram, is not convinced that states, if left to their own devices, will be able to reassert state authority over Naxal-dominated territories anytime soon. That's why this month, tens of thousands of paramilitary and border security forces were withdrawn from other regions and deployed in rebel districts in northern and central India. "Our newest strategy is to win complete control over small areas under Maoist influence, hold them, and not withdraw forces until development in the area is well under way," says director general of police Vishwa Ranjan. "We will repeat this pattern in other areas, a few at a time, until the enemy has nowhere to go. " Still, considering it's taken four decades to get to this point, the process is bound to be a gradual one. In recent years, the state's action plan was to establish a minimum police presence in all Naxal regions, and little attention was paid to increasing the size of the ranks or improving the meager force's fighting abilities. But without strength in numbers or combat skills, the police have been unable to curb the spread of Maoist violence and defend the state's isolated police outposts. At the Indian Economic Summit in New Delhi on Nov. 10, Chidambaram said all heavily affected states would completely reassert control over their Naxal-dominated areas within two or three years. Director general of police Ranjan thinks four years is a more realistic time frame. "We're not taking any more shortcuts," Ranjan says. "This is going to be a long, drawn-out battle."

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Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. |Comanche County, Oklahoma| Location in the state of Oklahoma Oklahoma's location in the U.S. 1,084 sq mi (2,808 km²) 1,069 sq mi (2,769 km²) 14 sq mi (36 km²), 1.34% 114/sq mi (44.2/km²) |Time zone||Central: UTC-6/-5| Comanche County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Built on former reservation lands of the Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache in Indian Territory, Comanche County was open for settlement on August 16, 1901 by lottery. The region has three cities and seven towns as well as the Fort Sill military instillation and Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. The landscape of the county is typical of the Great Plains with flat topography and gently rolling hills, while the areas in the north are marked by the Wichita Mountains. Interstate 44 and three major US Highways serve the county by ground, while the Lawton-Fort Sill Regional Airport serves the county by air. According to the 2010 US Census, the population of the county was 124,098. It is included in the Lawton Metropolitan Statistical Area with the city of Lawton as its county seat. Comanche County's economy is largely based in the government sector which consist of half of the county's Gross Domestic Product. The governance of the county is led by a three commission board, which are elected in four year staggered terms. The county is served by several school districts and Cameron University in education as well as three hospitals for health care. The land that is present day Oklahoma was first settled by prehistoric American Indians including the Clovis 11500 BCE, Folsom 10600 BCE and Plainview 10000 BCE cultures. Western explorers came to the region in the 16th century with Spanish explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado visiting in 1541. Most of the region during this time was settled by the Wichita and Caddo people. Around the 1700s, two tribes from the North, the Comanches and Kiowas, migrated to the Oklahoma and Texas region. For most of the 18th century, the Oklahoma region was under French control as Louisiana. In 1803, the Louisiana Purchase by Thomas Jefferson brought the area under United States control. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which removed American Indian tribes and relocated them to Indian Territory. The southern part of the territory was originally assigned to the Choctaw and Chickasaw until 1867 when the Medicine Lodge Treaty allotted the southwest portion of the Choctaw and Chickasaw’s lands to the Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache tribes. Fort Sill was established in 1869 by Major General Philip Sheridan who was leading a campaign in Indian Territory to stop raids into Texas by American Indian tribes. In 1874, the Red River War broke out in the region when the Comanche, Kiowa and Southern Cheyenne left their Indian Territory reservation. Attrition and skirmishes by the US Army finally forced the return of the tribes back to Indian Territory in June 1875. In 1891, the United States Congress appointed a commission to meet with the tribal leaders and come to an agreement allowing white settlement in the region. Years of controversy and legal maneuvering ensued before President William McKinley issued a proclamation on July 4, 1901, that gave the federal government control over 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km2) of surplus Indian land. Three 320-acre (1.29 km2) sites in Kiowa, Caddo and Comanche Counties were selected for county seats with Lawton designated as the Comanche County seat. Non-Indian settlement was opened through an auction of lots beginning on August 6, 1901. In December 1906, the south regions of the county reserved for grazing land reserved for American Indian livestock, Big Pasture, were open for settlement. In 1910, the western portion of Comanche County and southern part of Kiowa County were used to create the short lived county of Swanson. After a lawsuit brought by Comanche County, Swanson County was dissolved by the Supreme Court on June 27, 1911. In 1912, the southern portion of Comanche County, which at the time extended to the Red River, were used to create the new county of Cotton County. Comanche County lies in an area that is typical of the Great Plains with prairie, few trees, and generally flat topography with gently rolling hills. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,084 square miles (2,807.5 km2), of which 1,069 square miles (2,768.7 km2) is land and 14 square miles (36.3 km2) (1.34%) is water. The north region of the county consists of the Wichita Mountains including Mount Scott and Mount Pinchot the area's highest peaks. The area consists mostly of Permian Post Oak Conglomerate limestone on the northern sections of the county. In the south sections of the county, Permian Garber sandstone is commonly found with some Hennessey Group shale. Area creeks including East Cache Creek and West Cache Creek contain deposits of Quaternary Alluvium. To the northwest, the Wichita Mountains consist primarily of Wichita Granite Group from the Cambrian era. There are three cities in Comanche County. The largest, Lawton is located in the center of the county and is the county seat. According to the US census, the population of Lawton was 96,867 in 2010, which is 78 percent of the county's population. Cache is located to the west of Lawton on US Highway 62 and has a population of 2,796. In the northeast, Elgin is located along Interstate 44 and has a population of 2,156. Several towns dot the county including: Fletcher, Sterling in the northeast, Medicine Park in the north central region, Indiahoma in the west, Geronimo in the southeast, and Chattanooga and Faxon in the southern regions of the county. Also located in Comanche County is Fort Sill. The 90,000 acre instillation is home to the US Army Field Artillery Training Center and the Air Defense Artillery. Protected areas in Comanche County include the 59,020 acre Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. Established in 1901 the refuge is one of the 546 wildlife refuges throughout the United States to provide a natural habitat for native grazing animals like the Bison, Elk, and Texas longhorn cattle. Comanche County lies in a dry subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with frequent variations in weather daily, except during the constantly hot and dry summer months. Frequent strong winds, usually from the south or south-southeast during the summer, help to lessen the hotter weather. Northerly winds during the winter can occasionally intensify cold periods. The average mean temperature for the southwest Oklahoma is 61.9 °F (16.6 °C). The summers can be extremely hot with an average 21 days with temperatures 100 °F (37.8 °C) and above. The winter months are typically mild, though there can be periods of extreme cold. The area averages 8 days that fail to rise above freezing. The region receives about 31.6 inches (800 mm) of precipitation and less than 3 inches (80 mm) of snow annually. Typically in late April through early June, Comanche County is prone to severe weather which can include tornadoes. Notably in 1957, a F4 tornado and again in 1979 a F3 tornado struck the southern region of Lawton. As of the census of 2010, there were 124,098 people, 44,982 households, and 30,303 families residing in the county. The population density was 116 people per square mile (45/km²). There were 50,739 housing units at an average density of 47 per square mile (18/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 64.5% White, 17.5% Black or African American, 5.9% Native American, 2.2% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 3.0% from other races, and 6.5% from two or more races. 11.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 44,982 households out of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.07. In the county, the population was spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 13.6% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31.3 years. For every 100 females there were 106.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.3 males. The median income for a household in the county was $43,817, and the median income for a family was $51,564. Males had a median income of $37,423 versus $31,913 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,048. About 14.3% of families and 17.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.4% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over. Law and governmentEdit Comanche County has a county commission comprising three members elected by district. Commissioners from each district serve four-year staggered terms in partisan elections. Boundaries are set once every 10 years following the federal census. The Board is responsible for inspecting and approving county programs and facilities, supervise the performance county officials, maintaining the county infrastructure, as well as overseeing the financial affairs of the county. In 2011, the commissioners were District 1 Gail Turner, District 2 Ron Kirby, and District 3 Don Hawthorne. In addition to the county commissioners, other elected county officials include: District Attorney, County Sheriff, Treasurer, Assessor, County Clerk, and Court clerk. At the federal level, Lawton lies in Oklahoma 4th Congressional district, represented by Tom Cole. In the State Senate, the county is represented by District 31 (Don Barrington) and 32 (Randy Bass). In the House, District 50 (Dennis Johnson), 62 (T.W. Shannon), 63 (Don Armes), 64 (Ann Coody), 65 (Joe Dorman) covers the county. Economy and workforceEdit Comanche County's economy is primarily centered on government, manufacturing and retail trade industries. The Lawton MSA has a Gross Domestic Product of $4.89 Billion in 2010 with half (2.66 Billion) in the Government sector. Private industries accounted for 2.23 Billion in GDP in which Manufacturing (451 Million), Real estate and rental and leasing (305 Million), and Retail Trade (255 Million) were the largest fields. In May 2010, it was estimated there were 41,720 people employed. The largest occupation fields included, the Office and Administrative Support Occupations field which had 6,760 employed, the Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations which employed 4,630, and the Sales and Related Occupations which had 4,150 employed. The Lawton Constitution is the only daily newspaper published in the county and has a circulation of 30,000. In addition the Fort Sill newspaper, The Cannoneer, is published weekly primarily for military personnel as well as the newspaper The Cameron Collegian whose main audience is Cameron University students. Additionally, Okie Magazine is a monthly magazine that focuses on news and entertainment in the Southwest Oklahoma area. Radio stations in Lawton include, two AM Stations KKRX 1050 and KXCA 1380 as well as several FM stations including, NPR affiliate KCCU 89.3, KZCD 94.1, KMGZ 95.3, KJMZ 97.9, KBZQ 99.5, KLAW 101.3 and KVRW 107.3 Comanche County is located in the Wichita Falls and Lawton Media Market which encompasses 154,450 households with a television, making it the 149th largest in the nation according to Nelson Media Research in 2009-2010. KSWO-TV channel 7, an ABC affiliate, is the only broadcast television station in the area that provides local news. All other major stations including, KFDX-TV 3 (NBC), KAUZ-TV (CBS), and KJTL-TV (Fox) are based in Wichita Falls. Comanche County is primarily served by Interstate 44, designated as the H. E. Bailey Turnpike. It connects the county to Oklahoma City to the northeast and to Wichita Falls, Texas to the south. The county is also connected by US Highway 62, which connects to the regional towns of Altus to the west and Anadarko to the north. Other major thoroughfares include US Highway 277 and 281, which parallels the H. E. Bailey Turnpike to Wichita Falls to the south and leads to regional towns of Anadarko and Chickasha, respectively, to the north. Several State Highways cross the county including, State Highway 7 which connects Lawton to Duncan. State Highway 17 starts at US Highway 62 and connects the city of Elgin to the town of Sterling and leads to Rush Springs in Grady County. State Highway 36 connects the towns of Chattanooga to Faxon and has its eastern terminus at Interstate 44. State Highway 49 enters the county from Kiowa County and becomes unsigned through the Wichita Wildlife refuge heading east. Leaving the refuge it becomes signed and leads through Medicine Park to its eastern terminus at Interstate 44. State Highway 58 connects to Carnegie in Caddo County to State Highway 49 near Medicine Park. State Highway 115 leads from Mountain View in Kiowa County through Meers to the Wichita Mountain Refuge. There it becomes unsigned as it leads to the south. Exiting the refuge, it becomes signed and leads to its southern terminus north of Cache on US Highway 62. Lawton Area Transit System (LATS) provides public transit locally for Lawton and Fort Sill. LATS main terminal is located near the Lawton Public Library and provides five major routes throughout the city. By air, Comanche County is served by the Lawton-Fort Sill Regional Airport (LAW, KLAW). At present, it offers daily American Eagle flights to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and is also used for military transport. Education and healthcareEdit The county has ten independent school districts. The largest is Lawton Public Schools which had 16,398 in 2009. The district operates two pre-kindergarten centers, twenty-six elementary schools, four middle schools, and three high schools – Eisenhower, Lawton, and MacArthur. Other major school districts in the area include Cache Public Schools and Elgin Public Schools. Cache Public Schools had an enrollment of 1,648 and consists of five schools. Elgin Public Schools had an enrollment of 16,98 and three schools. Other public school districts in the region include, Bishop Chattanooga, Fletcher, Flower Mound, Geronimo, Indiahoma, and Sterling. Comanche County includes several private schools. The largest is Lawton Christan School with an enrollment of 426 students in 2009. Lawton Academy of Arts & Science offers classes from PK-12 and had an enrollment of 115. St. Mary's Catholic School offers classes for elementary and middle school. Trinity Christian Academy offers classes from K-3 through the 8th grade. There is one university in Comanche County, Cameron University. Cameron is the largest four year, state-funded university, in southwest Oklahoma, offering more than 50 degree programs in areas of Business, Education, Liberal Arts and Science and Technology. Founded in 1909, Cameron has an average fall enrollment of 6,000 students with 70 endowed faculty positions. Comanche County is also served by the Great Plains Technology Center, which is part of the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education System. Great Plains provides occupational education, training, and development opportunities to area residents. Comanche County has three major hospitals in the area. The largest, Comanche County Memorial Hospital, is a 283-bed non-profit hospital that employs 250 physicians. Southwestern Medical Center is a 199-bed hospital with a staff of 150 physicians. In addition, the US Public Health Lawton Indian Hospital is located in the city to provide health services for the large American Indian population. It has 26 beds with a staff of 23 physicians. Notable residents include country singers: Bryan White, Kelly Willis, and Leon Russell, Grammy nominated jazz trombonist Conrad Herwig, and Flaming Lips drummer Steven Drozd. Notable authors include Pulitzer Prize winning author N. Scott Momaday, poet Don Blanding, and Hugo Award winner, C.J. Cherryh. Politicians from Comanche County include: US Senator Thomas Gore, US Representatives: Scott Ferris, L. M. Gensman, Toby Morris, and Elmer Thomas. Other politicians include Democratic State Senator Randy Bass and former US Ambassador to Czechoslovakia Julian Niemczyk. Other notable residents include: WWII Comanche Code Talker Charles Chibitty, WWII Nurse and POW Col. Rosemary Hogan, Academy Award winning actress Joan Crawford, WWII ace Robert S. Johnson, three time NBA champion Stacey King, former NBA All-Star Michael Ray Richardson, Miss America 2007 Lauren Nelson, infamous University of Oklahoma quarterback Charles Thompson, NFL Pro Bowlers Will Shields and Jammal Brown - ^ a b National Association of Counties. "Comanche County, OK". http://www.uscounties.org/cffiles_web/counties/county.cfm?id=40031. Retrieved 2011-09-30. - ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-07. - ^ a b Oklahoma Department of Libraries. "Oklahoma Almanac 2005 - Oklahoma History" (pdf). pp. 687–691. http://www.odl.state.ok.us/almanac/2005/14-histry.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-25. - ^ Kappler, Charles (1903). Indian Affairs: Laws and treaties, Volume 2. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 755. http://books.google.com/books?id=GdEUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA755#v=onepage&q=lodge&f=false. - ^ a b Fort Sill, Globalsecurity.org (accessed May 23, 2010). - ^ Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 U.S. 553 (1903). - ^ Kappler, Charles (1904). Indian Affairs: Laws and treaties, Volume 1. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 1012. http://books.google.com/books?id=H4UTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1012#v=onepage&q&f=false. - ^ Kutchta, Howard (2001). Lawton, a centennial history, 1901-2001. Bell Books. p. 7,8. - ^ a b c Oklahoma Historical Society. "Comanche County". http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CO035.html. Retrieved 2011-09-18. - ^ "Chronicles of Oklahoma Swanson County". http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v009/v009p412.html. Retrieved 2011-09-18. - ^ "Oklahoma's Climate: an Overview" (pdf). University of Oklahoma. http://climate.mesonet.org/county_climate/Products/oklahoma_climate_overview.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-17. - ^ US Fish and Wildlife Service. "Frequently Asked Questions". http://www.fws.gov/southwest/refuges/oklahoma/wichitamountains/faq.html#trails. Retrieved 2011-09-17. - ^ Oklahoma Geological Survey. "Reconnaissance of the Water Resources of the Lawton Quadrangle, Southwestern Oklahoma" (pdf). http://www.ogs.ou.edu/MAPS/HA1-12/HA6plate1.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-17. - ^ National Association of Counties. "Places in Comanche County, OK". http://www.uscounties.org/cffiles_web/counties/citiescounty.cfm?countyid=40031. Retrieved 2011-09-17. - ^ Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Official State Highway Map [map], 2010 edition. - ^ Global Security. "Fort Sill". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/fort-sill.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-18. - ^ US Fish and Wildlife Service. "Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge". http://www.fws.gov/southwest/refuges/oklahoma/wichitamountains/index.html. Retrieved 2011-09-18. - ^ a b "Oklahoma's Climate: an Overview" (pdf). University of Oklahoma. http://climate.mesonet.org/county_climate/Products/oklahoma_climate_overview.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-22. - ^ a b c "Climatography of the United States NO. 20 1971–2000：Lawton, OK". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ok/345063.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-22. - ^ Rodger Edwards, Storm Prediction Center. "Tornado Climatology". http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/index.html#Climatology. Retrieved 2011-09-22. - ^ National Weather Service - Norman. "Comanche County, OK Tornadoes (1875–2009)". http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=tornadodata-county-ok-comanche. Retrieved 2011-09-22. - ^ "Comanche" (pdf). Oklahoma Department of Libraries. http://www.odl.state.ok.us/almanac/2005/counties/comanche.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-29. - ^ US Census Bureau. "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Oklahoma's 2010 Census Population Totals". http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn33.html. Retrieved 2011-09-17. - ^ Comanche County, Oklahoma. "Board of Commissioners". http://www.comanchecounty.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79&Itemid=97. Retrieved 2010-06-18. - ^ Comanche County, Oklahoma. "District 1". http://www.comanchecounty.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=80&Itemid=118. Retrieved 2011-03-20. - ^ Comanche County, Oklahoma. "District 2". http://www.comanchecounty.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81&Itemid=119. Retrieved 2011-03-20. - ^ Comanche County, Oklahoma. "District 3". http://www.comanchecounty.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=120. Retrieved 2011-03-20. - ^ "2002 Congressional Districts". Oklahoma House of Senate. http://www.oksenate.gov/Senators/images/districts/2002_cong_districts.gif. Retrieved 2011-09-17. - ^ "Senate District 31" (pdf). Oklahoma Senate. http://www.oksenate.gov/Senators/districts/dist31/dist31_map.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-17. - ^ "Senate District 32" (pdf). Oklahoma Senate. http://www.oksenate.gov/Senators/districts/dist32/dist32_map.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-17. - ^ "House Districts by County" (pdf). Oklahoma House of Representatives. http://www.okhouse.gov/Documents/Districts/DistrictsByCounty.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-17. - ^ Bureau of Labor and Statistics. "Gross Domestic Product by Metropolitan Statistical Area - Lawton MSA". http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTableHtml.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7001=2200&7002=2&7003=200&7004=NAICS&7005=-1&7006=30020&7007=2010. Retrieved 2011-09-19. - ^ Bureau of Labor and Statistics. "May 2010 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates Lawton, OK". http://stats.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_30020.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-19. - ^ a b Lawton Fort Sill Chamber of Commerce. "Communications". http://www.lawtonfortsillchamber.com/index.php?submenu=CommunityServices&src=gendocs&ref=Communications. Retrieved 2011-09-23. - ^ MondoTimes. "Okie Magazine". http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/36/2014/20896. Retrieved 2010-11-11. - ^ Nelson Media. "Local Television Market Universe Estimates" (pdf). http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/2009-2010-dma-ranks.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-23. - ^ KSWO-TV. "About KSWO-TV". http://www.kswo.com/Global/story.asp?S=5441509&nav=menu495_12. Retrieved 2011-09-23. - ^ Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Official State Highway Map [map], 2010 edition. - ^ Lawton Area Transit System. "RIDE LATS". http://www.ridelats.com/. Retrieved 2010-05-24. - ^ Lawton Metropolitan Area Airport Authority. "American/American Eagle Airlines". http://www.flylawton.org/travel. Retrieved 2011-04-03. - ^ AirNav. "Lawton-Fort Sill Regional Airport". http://www.airnav.com/airport/KLAW. Retrieved 2010-05-24. - ^ a b c d National Center for Education Statistics. "search for public school districts". http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_list.asp?Search=1&details=1&InstName=&DistrictID=&Address=&City=&State=40&Zip=&Miles=&County=comanche&PhoneAreaCode=&Phone=&DistrictType=1&DistrictType=2&DistrictType=3&DistrictType=4&DistrictType=5&DistrictType=6&DistrictType=7&NumOfStudents=&NumOfStudentsRange=more&NumOfSchools=&NumOfSchoolsRange=more. Retrieved 2011-09-18. - ^ Lawton Public Schools. "Schools". http://www.lawtonps.org/Schools/. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ Cache Public Schools. "School Sites". http://www.cache.k12.ok.us/index.php?pageID=584&. Retrieved 2011-09-19. - ^ a b National Center for Education Statistics. "Search for Private Schools". http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/privateschoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&State=40&County=comanche. Retrieved 2011-09-18. - ^ Lawton Christian Schools. "About Us". http://www.lcscrusaders.com/about/index.cfm. Retrieved 2010-05-14. - ^ St. Mary's Catholic School of Lawton. "Home". http://www.stmaryslawtonok.com/about_us. Retrieved 2011-04-25. - ^ Trinity Christian Academy. "Student Application". http://www.tcalawton.org/site/cpage.asp?cpage_id=180021118&sec_id=180001609. Retrieved 2011-04-04. - ^ Cameron University. "Academic Information". http://www.cameron.edu/academic. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ Cameron University. "CU Fast Facts". http://www.cameron.edu/fastfacts. Retrieved 2010-04-23. - ^ Great Plain Technology Center. "About GPTC". http://www.greatplains.edu/about/. Retrieved 2010-04-23. - ^ "About US". Comanche County Memorial Hospital. http://www.memorialhealthsource.com/body.cfm?id=6. Retrieved 2011-05-05. - ^ Capella Healthcare. "Lawton, Ok". http://www.capellahealth.com/our-communities/lawton-ok/. Retrieved 2011-04-27. - ^ Indian Health Services. "Lawton Service Unit". http://www.ihs.gov/oklahoma/index.cfm?module=dsp_okao_su_lawton. Retrieved 2011-04-03. - ^ Bryan White. "About Bryan White". http://www.bryanwhite.com/index.php/about. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ The Internet Movie Database. "Kelly Willis (I)". http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0932371/. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ Country Music Television. "Leon Russell". http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/russell_leon/bio.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ Conrad Herwig. "Press Materials". http://www.conradherwig.com/pressmaterials.php. Retrieved 2011-04-25. - ^ Chancellor, Jennifer (February 16, 2010). "In his element: Drozd in tune as a master teacher". Tulsa World (Tulsa Oklahoma). http://www.tulsaworld.com/twpdfs/2010/FINAL/W_021610_D_3.PDF. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ Oklahoma State Digital Library. "MOMADAY, N. SCOTT". http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/M/MO007.html. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ Goins, Charles; Goble, Danney and Morris, John W. (2006). Historical Atlas of Oklahoma. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 232. http://books.google.com/books?id=dCWjHf71PFgC&lpg=PA232&dq=Don%20Blanding%20lawton&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q=Don%20Blanding%20lawton&f=false. - ^ Oklahoma State Digital Library. "CHERRY, CAROLINE JANICE". http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH026.html. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ Oklahoma State Senate. "Senator Randy Bass - District 32". http://www.oksenate.gov/Senators/biographies/bass_bio.html. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ The Notable Names Database. "Julian M. Niemczyk". http://www.nndb.com/people/249/000130856/. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ Holley, Joe (July 26, 2005). "Comanche Code Talker Charles Chibitty Dies". The Washington Post (Washington DC). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/25/AR2005072501542.html. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "HOGAN, ROSEMARY". http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/H/HO007.html. Retrieved 2011-09-24. - ^ Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "CRAWFORD, JOAN". http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CR003.html. Retrieved 2011-04-03. - ^ Air University. "Robert S. Johnson". http://www.au.af.mil/au/goe/eagle_bios/1996/johnson_1996.asp. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ Basketball Reference. "Stacey King NBA & ABA Statistics". http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/k/kingst01.html. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ "Where is Micheal Ray Richardson?". 2011-08-17. http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/6863828/where-micheal-ray-richardson. - ^ The Internet Movie Database. "Lauren Nelson". http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1632772/. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ "SPORTS PEOPLE: FOOTBALL; Thompson Released". The New York Times (New York City, NY). February 16, 1989. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/16/sports/sports-people-football-thompson-released.html. Retrieved 2010-07-07. - ^ Nebraska Athletics Official Web Site. "Retired Jersey: #75". http://www.huskers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=100&ATCLID=119. Retrieved 2010-05-30. - ^ Pro Football Reference. "Jammal Brown". http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BrowJa55.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-20. - Comanche County - City of Lawton - Fort Sill Military Reservation - Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Comanche County |This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Comanche County, Oklahoma. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.|

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The Malawi Ministry of Health says that cholera has killed 9 people in the country since December 19, 2015. Last week we learned that it has reached one of the northern communities that CPAR is working in partnership with UNICEF in Nkhatabay Elbind Woanze, 25, lives with her husband and six children in Gessess Kebele in Dibate district. Elbind and her fellow Farmers Field School (FFS) members have long been reliant on physically impure seeds, growing whatever is available nearby. For years, her sesame productivity remained poor because of low seed quality despite her efforts to manage the crop well. Elbind and her crop FFS group members had long experience of sesame production in the area but they were not aware of differences in seed quality. The new project that will focus on improving food security and increasing awareness of the causes and consequences of environmental degradation in Rubana River Catchment area in the in Bunda District, Mara Region of northern Tanzania. FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Nutrition challenges are not only about a lack of food. Malnutrition often arises when there is a gap in knowledge about positive nutrition behaviours – including what to eat, the importance of a balanced diet, and how to prepare foods to retain nutrients. Where CPAR works, diets are typically heavily starch based, limited to one or two food groups and locally available nutritious foods have been overlooked. This is why CPAR integrates nutrition and health education into all of our programming. WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE – IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF CPAR’S WORK TO BUILD HEALTHY COMMUNITIES IN AFRICA. “Water and Sanitation is one of the primary drivers of public health. I often refer to it as “Health 101”, which means that once we can secure access to clean water and to adequate sanitation facilities for all people, irrespective of the difference in their living conditions, a huge battle against all kinds of diseases will be won.” Dr. Lee Jong-wook, past Director-General of the World Health Organization

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Presentation on theme: "PHARMACOLOGY CH.2 FPP Ch. 4, PT Ch. 7 and 18. Routes of Administration The method that the drug is introduced into the body for absorption and distribution."— Presentation transcript: PHARMACOLOGY CH.2 FPP Ch. 4, PT Ch. 7 and 18 Routes of Administration The method that the drug is introduced into the body for absorption and distribution. Factors affecting the chosen route: -Age -Physical state of patient -Medical condition -Time for desired results -Reduction of side effects Oral Administration Most common route Most medications are available as this route Includes: tablets, capsules, caplets, liquids, emulsions. Advantages of oral administration: - Readily available - Less Expense - Safe, convenient, easily stored - Available in immediate or extended release - Easy to use Oral Administration Cont. Disadvantages: -Limited ability to swallow i.e. unconscious, ventilated, or digestive issues - Take longer to provide effect - Limited age use Enteric coated drugs can help prevent irritation and increase compliance. Chewable tablets are more readily available to aid in age limitations Buccal and Sublingual are formulations that decrease time needed for effectiveness. Transdermals. Medication administered across the skin AKA “percutaneous” Two types of patches: -patch that has a controlled rate of delivery to the skin and bloodstream -patch that is designed so the skin controls the rate of delivery Examples: Ortho Evra, Transderm Scop, Duragesic, Nicoderm. Inhalations Inhaled medications in a gas, liquid, or powder form, administered through the mouth directly to the lungs. Most common condition: Asthma Intranasal medications: inhaled through the nose. Provides fast relief of symptoms, usually congestion Nasal medications reach the bloodstream more quickly than oral route Transderm and Inhalation Rectal and Vaginal Rectal administration is absorbed into the lower gastrointestinal tract Can be solid, liquid, semisolid, aerosol. Inserted into the vagina for absorption and distribution Dosage forms include solutions, suppositories, tablets, creams, ointments Parenterals Four injection routes: subsutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal Quick absorption and distribution, rate of delivery can be fast also Disadvantage: fear, infection at injection site, and sometimes time consuming Dosage forms: suspensions, solutions, and emulsions Parenterals cont. Subcutaneous- AKA hypodermic injection, injected under the skin Intravenous- most common, injection into the vein Intramuscular- injection into the muscle, slower absorption than IV Others: implant(under the skin), intra-arterial, intraarticular, intracardiac, intraderaml, intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intraventricular, intraventricular, intravesicular, intravitreous, intrathecal Topicals Applications are administered externally Used to cool, soothe, dry, cleanse, disinfect, and protect the skin Dosage forms: ointments, creams, lotions and emulsions Otic/Ophthalmic Otic: administered into the ear canal Usually to treat infection, inflammation, and wax build-up. Either a solution or suspension Ophthalmic: administered into the eye Dosage forms: solution, suspension, ointment, gel Quicker relief of symptoms then oral medications Drugs Classification Based on: -Chemical ingredients -method drug is used -the organ treated Two major groupings: -Therapeutic Usefulness -Pharmacologically Pregnancy Categories CategoryDescription ANo known risk or harm to fetus BNo known risk in animal studies CStudies show risk DCause harm, but may prove benefit if now alternative XSignificant risk to women and fetus Pregnancy categories are determined based in the potential risk of harm to the unborn fetus. Drug Names Generic is written in lowercase letters and describes the active ingredient Brand/Trade is capitalized and is the name given by the pharmaceutical company that developed the drug.

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Pamela Miller, Contributor The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped nodule found in the neck just under the Adam’s apple. This organ is the largest in the endocrine system, a system of glands responsible for releasing hormones such as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) that control necessary body functions. Thyroid cancer is characterized by malignant growth resulting from the division of abnormal thyroid cells. The disease is not very common in the United States — 95% of reported nodule growths turn out to be benign and not cancerous. In addition, most thyroid cancers are very treatable. However, the disease shows very few symptoms so it takes a bit of time to diagnose. Thyroid Cancer Symptoms As thyroid cancer grows, it presses against nearby organs and tissues, causing these symptoms: Changes in the voice, such as prolonged hoarseness Constant cough not caused by colds or other infections Difficulty in breathing and swallowing A growing lump in the neck that can be felt through the skin Neck and throat pain that sometimes spreads to the ears Many of these symptoms can also be caused by non-cancerous thyroid disorders. Still, it is important to immediately identify and address thyroid problems, so you should talk to your doctor if you are experiencing any of these symptoms. Thyroid cancer can sometimes be detected by a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. The disease can also be diagnosed by extracting the thyroid and having a pathologist examine it under a microscope. Risk factors linked to thyroid cancer are limited to iodine deficiency, a history of radiation to the head and neck, and family history of endocrine tumor syndrome. Types of Thyroid Cancers The most common, papillary cancer, accounts for 75 to 85% of thyroid cancer cases. It occurs more frequently in women and is the predominant cancer type in children with thyroid cancers. A typical papillary cancer is very slow growing, but it can sometimes metastasize to the surrounding lymph nodes. Fortunately, this does not affect prognosis and patients can still live healthy, normal lives. Follicular and Hurthle cell cancers are the second most commonly occurring type of thyroid cancer. They make up about 5% of all reported cases. Follicular cell cancer can spread through blood vessels and other organs like the lungs. Hurthle cell cancer can spread to the lymph nodes, but is less likely to do so compared to papillary cancer. Medullary cancer accounts for 3% of all thyroid cancer cases. The abnormal cells for this type of cancer originate from the parafollicular cells (C cells) that produce the thyroid hormone calcitonin. Patients with this disease also suffer from diarrhea, in addition to the usual symptoms. Anaplastic cancers are rare, aggressive, and exhibit rapid growth. These only account for 1% of thyroid cancer cases, but they have a high recurrence rate and low survival rate. Anaplastic cancer cannot be cured by surgery, so complete removal of the thyroid cannot prolong the patient’s life. Once the cancer cells metastasize to the lymph nodes, the patient will need a tracheostomy or gastrostomy. Ask questions and do your research. About the Author Pamela Miller works as a marketing manager for Saint John’s Health Center. She contributes health and wellness articles to different websites. She also actively participates in helping cancer patients in her community. PLEASE take a moment to ‘Like’ us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter and Periscope. You can also listen to Tiffany and I on Thyroid Nation RADIO, every Sunday. Questions or anything to add about thyroid cancer? We want your thoughts in the comments section–Please!

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Killing the American Buffalo in the 1800s January 17, 2013 Estimates are that as many as 100 million bison roamed North America in large herds before Native Americans began hunting them. Within 100 years however, the bison had almost disappeared from western ranges. The near extinction of bison from North America was significant for several reasons. Primarily, the removal of the main source of meat for Native Americans meant that they would be more easily persuaded to move to reservations, allowing for increased settlement in the West. The railroads also wanted to see the bison herds thinned to decrease the danger they posed to locomotives in the region, allowing for more efficient and less dangerous use of the rails for transportation. Professional hunters were happy to oblige both the government and the railroads because bison hides were valuable at the time in making commercial items such as robes and rugs.

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On 26 October 1912, the first aviation fairs were held in Cadiz, at Victoria Beach. They were repeated in 1913 with flights over Cadiz and Jerez de la Frontera. In the 1920, seaplanes prevailed over land craft. In March 1929, the airspace over the port and bay of Cadiz was opened to official and private air traffic. The commencement of the Spanish Civil War produced massive movements of troops from the north of Africa to mainland Spain. The Jerez Aerodrome, located in the area of Zarandilla, two kilometres southeast of the city, is put into service as an improvisional airport for the first time on 29 July 1936. During the conflict, a group of wine merchants raised funds to purchase an aeroplane, however, the funds were finally dedicated to building an aerodrome. On 8 May 1937, work began on levelling out an area of eight kilometres to the northwest of Jerez. The works concluded in November and a Transformation School was set up at the new aerodrome to train pilots from the beginner schools. In 1983 the facilities were given the name of Haya Aerodrome. In 1946 the aerodrome was opened to civil and all domestic and international tourist air traffic as well as for technical layovers for commercial traffic. In 1951, with two landing runways comprised of sandy substrate, 04-22 and 13-31, Jerez Aerodrome became the Polymotor Aircraft School, which motivated the construction of a firm runway, 03-21, in October 1952. Over the following years the air station facilities were completed: the runway was extended, link runways and aircraft parking areas were built, navigational aids and communications equipment were installed, etc. In August 1968, Jerez Air Station was opened to international passenger traffic, and later that same year work began on the construction of a passenger terminal. In 1969 the aeronautical limitations were published and a year later work began to extend the runway. On 8 September 1975, the airline company Aviaco inaugurated its scheduled Madrid-Jerez / Cadiz-Madrid route. From then onwards, traffic began to slowly consolidate and at the end of 1991, Aena began remodelling the airport in order to adjust its infrastructures to the new air transport demands. The project included the construction of an apron with space for six aircraft and linked directly to the runway by a link runway, a new power plant, a water purifying plant, a fire prevention building and a new two-storey passenger terminal. It also has a new road access and a parking area for private cars and buses. The new terminal and associated facilities were inaugurated on 7th May 1992. On 30 June 1993 the Jerez Air Station was officially closed down, all its staff were transferred to Moron (Seville), and Aena took over the management of the facilities. For further information, you can purchase the work of Marcos García and Luis Utrilla, Historia del Aeropuerto de Jerez de la Frontera. With the help of

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Q: I have a foster child whom I suspect may have Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. What are the symptoms, and do school programs exists to support education for children with this diagnosis? A: There are no simple answers to your questions about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). First of all, the Syndrome is the result of the fetus being exposed to alcohol in utero by the mother's abuse of alcohol during pregnancy. FAS itself is diagnosed, with difficulty, only if the alcohol exposure is known. It is a syndrome that has a wide range of manifestations. Some children have very few problems while others have severe deficits, such as facial abnormalities, low IQ, learning disabilities, ADHD (attention deficit hyperativity disorder)-like symptoms. The diagnosis must be made by an experienced clinician. No treatments are universally effective for FAS or the variants on the continuum which includes the designation, Fetal Alcohol Effects. I know of no specifically designed school programs that address Fetal Alcohol syndrome, exclusive to other types of learning and behavior problems. Most school programs for special needs are problem-focused, such as BD (Behavioral Disorder) programs for children with behavior problems, or special education programs that focus on the learning disabilities. Programs and medical interventions need to be tailored to the child's needs. Counseling and therapy services are available at the Alegent Health Psychiatric Associates. We have many convenient locations. Call 402-717-HOPE (4673) for more information.

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Carbon emissions from 2015 fires in Southeast Asia greatest since 1997: New study 28 June 2016 – A new study of the forest and peatland fires that burned across maritime Southeast Asia in 2015 has found that the carbon emissions were the largest since 1997, when an even stronger El Niño also resulted in extended drought and widespread burning. Using a pioneering combination of regional satellite observations, on-the-ground measurements in Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) modeling framework, the study’s authors determined that the daily carbon emissions released by the fires in September and October 2015 were higher than those of the entire European Union (EU) over the same period. The study, published in Scientific Reports, was carried out by a team led by Vincent Huijnen of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute and Martin J. Wooster of King’s College London and the NERC National Center for Earth Observation, and included Daniel Murdiyarso and David Gaveau from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). In September and October 2015, dry conditions and the delayed onset of seasonal rains contributed to extensive landscape fires, with the resulting smoke strongly impacting air quality in the region and the health of millions of people. This research team is the very first to have measured the ground-level smoke composition from active peatland burning in the region. They combined that data with satellite information to derive the first greenhouse gas emissions estimates of the 2015 fires, finding that 884 million tons of carbon dioxide was released in the region last year – 97% originating from burning in Indonesia. The corresponding carbon emissions were 289 million tons, and associated carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions 1.2 billion tons. Satellites provided data on the heat output being radiated by the fires, as well as information on the amount of carbon monoxide present in the surrounding atmosphere. From this, the total carbon emissions were calculated by combining those measurements with the newly determined emission factors of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane measured at fires burning in October 2015 outside of Palangka Raya in Central Kalimantan province – one of the hardest-hit fire sites. “There have been some isolated studies before where people artificially set fires in the lab to try to understand the chemical characteristics of peatland fire smoke in Indonesia. But no one had done this on natural fires, and especially not on the kind of extreme fires seen in 2015. We are the first people to do that,” said Wooster. The results indicate that regional carbon dioxide emissions from landscape fires were 11.3 million tons per day in September and October 2015, exceeding the EU’s daily rate of 8.9 million tons. Further, 77% of the regional fire carbon emissions for the year occurred during that time – at the peak of the fires. The scientists also compared their results to those of the 1997 El Niño-related fires in the region. “In 1997 the drought lasted longer, the fires were more severe and a lot more forest burned. In 2015, fires mostly burned on degraded peatland covered with shrubs and wood debris,” said CIFOR scientist David Gaveau. The study’s results have wide implications for future research, whether it is in respect to studies of landscape burning or the impacts of fire emissions on climate and public health, and they contribute to better understanding the need for fire prevention and improved landscape management. “What is important is the applicability of a study like this in helping policy makers to use more accurate fire emission factors to design policy and act to prevent further fires and greenhouse gas emissions,” CIFOR scientist Daniel Murdiyarso said. Martin J. Wooster King’s College London and NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia and Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia Email: firstname.lastname@example.org; Tel: +62-251-8622622 (Office)

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All those celebrating Purim are familiar with the story of the Persians (modern day Iran) who tried to destroy the Jewish people. Providing a twist on the traditional tale, Rachel Stern Siegman investigates how wine once united ancient Iran and Israel, and gives suggestions as to how your wine choice can reflect these ancient vino-loving cultures. Rachel Stern Siegman, Special to The CJN It has long been said that the earliest origins of wine date back to the Middle East. As the legend goes, a Persian princess who was part of the king’s harem was depressed after losing favour with the king. As her depression culminated she desired to take her own life, and went out to the garden in search of the means. Blue cracked berries caught her eye and she quickly snatched up a fistful of what she believed to be poisonous fruit. As luck would have it, these blue cracked berries were really fermented grapes, and rather than take her life, they lifted the princess’ depression. Once in better spirits she gained favour with the king, and the widespread fermentation of wine began. Persia began to expand its winemaking abilities, cultivating the popular Syrah, otherwise known as Shiraz, grapes that were likely named after the Persian city of Shiraz. Over the border, ancient Canaan, or modern day Israel, too began to reap the benefits of its superior wine- making abilities. Many believe that Chardonnay originated in Israel before making its way to Europe. In the midst of his departure back to Europe, a crusader noticed an interesting vine, and jumped off his horse to snatch it. Upon return home, the grapes were termed “Sha’ar Adoni”, Gate of God, after the land in which the vine was first spotted. Due to common vernacular, Sha’ar Adoni became “Chardonnay.” Winemaking flourished in the Second Temple period and the historian Josephus Flavius wrote of the Galilee, in the north, as producing “fruits in a wondrous manner.” He described the vine and the fig as “the kings of all the fruit trees” and to this day, archeological ruins of wine presses are found scattered across northern Israel, the country’s winemaking capital. Up a camel-shaped cliff nestled in the hills of the Golan Heights lie ruins of the city of Gamla. This ancient town was a Jewish cosmopolitan hub, particularly famous for its lush vineyards. The wine and olive oil presses of this once thriving city can still be explored today. During the rule of the Ottoman Empire, all winemaking in the reigning areas was strictly abolished and vineyards were utterly destroyed. Therefore, despite the fact that many wine varieties may have originated in Middle Eastern states, such as Iran and Israel, every contemporary Israeli winery had to begin the entire process of winemaking, including cultivating the land, anew. With the resurrection of Israel’s flourishing wine industry, this Purim it is possible to return to wine’s ancient Middle Eastern roots. The Megillah describes Achashverosh’s boisterous, lavish feasts in great detail, and our sages teach us that the Persian king drank out of vessels brought from Israel. Celebrate this year like the kings of yore by choosing wines from the ancient wine region, Israel. Persians and Canaanites were known to have favoured sweet wines. One such wine, Yarden Muscat, whose grapes are grown in the southern heights of the Golan region, is considered to be one of the most popular and beloved sweet wines in the marketplace. Those who are looking for a rich, sweet red wine should fill their glass with the Yarden T2, a fortified port wine style whose festive taste can transport drinkers back to the original feasts the Megillah describes. To truly experience a wine which fully tells the story of its place of origin, one should turn to the superior quality single vineyard wines produced in Israel. Single vineyard wines would have been most commonplace in ancient Israel as the winepress was generally located near or within the individual vineyards, avoiding the unnecessary transportation of ripe fruit. Note a single vineyard wine by the presence of the vineyard’s name on its label. The Yarden Chardonnay Odem is an example of an excellent Israeli single vintage white wine that has received international acclaim. This wine won the Vinitaly Grand Gold Medal for its superior quality and is a true testament to just how far Israel has come since the Persians planned to obliterate us. Additional premium Israeli single vineyard wines include Yarden Cabernet Sauvignon Yonatan, Yarden Merlot Kela, and Yarden Syrah Avital. New to the beloved Gilgal series is the Gilgal Rosé Syrah, an impeccable accompaniment to any festive Purim feast. The Gilgal Rosé Syrah is a delicious fruity, young wine, launched now for the first time, perfect for the celebration of Purim. It has an aromatic mix of strawberry, cherry and watermelon and its light pink sparkle only adds to the festivity. This Purim look to the bubbly side of life to commemorate the miracles of the time and the historical ties that once were. As the seats at the feast fill up, celebrate the Jewish-Persian relationship in the most authentic manner, simply with a l’chaim.

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“The Milky Way is nothing else but a mass of innumerable stars planted together in clusters.” — Galileo Galilei It's sad that there is so much light pollution in most cities that many people have never seen the Milky Way. On a clear night away from lights the view is of a bright white river of stars. You don't need a telescope or even binoculars to see it. The view of the Milky Way is so bright because you're looking at the stars in your own galaxy. The Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way Galaxy, which is our galaxy. The Milky Way is made of millions of stars along with a lot of gas and dust. It looks different from other galaxies because we are looking at the main disk from within the galaxy. Astronomers estimate that the Milky Way contains 200 to 400 billion stars. Shape and Size Although it is difficult to know what the shape of the Milky Way Galaxy is because we are inside of it, astronomers have identified it as a typical spiral galaxy containing about 200 billion to 400 billion stars (Figure below). An artist’s rendition of what astronomers think the Milky Way Galaxy would look like seen from above. The Sun is located approximately where the arrow points. Like other spiral galaxies, our galaxy has a disk, a central bulge, and spiral arms. The disk is about 100,000 light-years across and 3,000 light-years thick. Most of the Galaxy’s gas, dust, young stars, and open clusters are in the disk. What evidence do astronomers find that lets them know that the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy? 1. The shape of the galaxy as we see it (Figure below). An infrared image of the Milky Way shows the long thin line of stars and the central bulge typical of spiral galaxies. 2. The velocities of stars and gas in the galaxy show a rotational motion. The central bulge is about 12,000 to 16,000 light-years wide and 6,000 to 10,000 light-years thick. The central bulge contains mostly older stars and globular clusters. Some recent evidence suggests the bulge might not be spherical, but is instead shaped like a bar. The bar might be as long as 27,000 light-years long. The disk and bulge are surrounded by a faint, spherical halo, which also contains old stars and globular clusters. Astronomers have discovered that there is a gigantic black hole at the center of the galaxy. The Milky Way Galaxy is a big place. If our solar system were the size of your fist, the Galaxy’s disk would still be wider than the entire United States! Where We Are Our solar system, including the Sun, Earth, and all the other planets, is within one of the spiral arms in the disk of the Milky Way Galaxy. Most of the stars we see in the sky are relatively nearby stars that are also in this spiral arm. We are about 26,000 light-years from the center of the galaxy, a little more than halfway out from the center of the galaxy to the edge. Just as Earth orbits the Sun, the Sun and solar system orbit the center of the Galaxy. One orbit of the solar system takes about 225 to 250 million years. The solar system has orbited 20 to 25 times since it formed 4.6 billion years ago. Astronomers have recently discovered that at the center of the Milky Way, and most other galaxies, is a supermassive black hole, although a black hole cannot be seen. This video describes the solar system in which we live. It is located in an outer edge of the Milky Way galaxy, which spans 100,000 light years. The Universe contains many billions of stars and there are many billions of galaxies. Our home, the Milky Way galaxy, is only one. - We view the Milky Way Galaxy from within so it looks like a river of stars. - From outside the galaxy, the Milky Way would appear as a spiral. - A supermassive black hole resides at the center of the galaxy, just like within most other galaxies. - Why do astronomers think that the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy? - Where is Earth within the Milky Way Galaxy? - What are some of the features found within the Milky Way Galaxy?

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If you are a parent struggling to get fruit in your kids’ diets you have probably tried the technique of sneaking fruits and vegetables in their food, or even giving the vegetables funny names which I spoke about “in the news” for our Natural Health newsletter. According to a study done by Dutch researchers, one effective way to get kids to eat their produce is to make the food look appealing and fun. In children ages 4 to 7 years old, kids ate close to twice as much when the fruit was presented in a fun and likable way. In the test, one group of apples, grapes and strawberries were skewered with flagged cocktail sticks and stuck into watermelon for kids to grab. The other group of fruit was just put out on a regular plate. The research team was not able to conclude why, when the fruit was more visually appealing, kids ate significantly more, especially when they knew that regardless of presentation the food would taste the same. In the end it may not be about the taste of the fruit, but making the fruit fun for kids to eat. The research team from Maastricht University in the Netherlands wrote about the study in the current issue of the journal Appetite and stated that “Parents, schools, supermarkets and food producers should take advantage of these results and offer children fruits and vegetables that are presented in a visually appealing manner.” Based on the study results it sounds like parents need to be more creative in the way that they serve their kids fruits and vegetables, and that should hopefully ensure they are cleaning their plates. This innovation could help to boost kids’ fruit and vegetable consumption with the daily recommended allowance being to eat 1 to 2 cups of fruit a day. Break out those cookie cutters, put on your creative hat and let’s get kids chowing down!

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Critics of Keystone XL have long argued that building the pipeline would aggravate global warming because crude made from the Canadian oil sands releases about 17% more carbon dioxide than the average crude refined in the U.S. The critics also worry that Keystone XL could contaminate water supplies because it passes through the Ogallala Aquifer, which irrigates a large part of the central United States. On the opposite side, Keystone XL supporters say that the pipeline is figuratively the best house on a bad block. The world needs oil. The oil sands in Alberta have oil and will be developed whether the Keystone XL pipeline is built or not. The supporters also argue that Alberta's oil sands won't contribute to climate change. With current technology, currently 170 billion barrels of the total 1.8 trillion barrels in Alberta's oil sands are economically retrievable. Scientists estimate burning those 170 billion barrels would only increase the global temperature by about 0.03 degrees Celsius. The supporters also argue that transporting oil through pipelines is safer and less likely to cause oil spills than transporting oil through railroads. The Canadian full-court press Because of the inadequate infrastructure to transport oil away from the oil sands, Canada is leaving a fortune on the table. At one point last year, Canadian heavy oil traded at a $41 per barrel discount to West Texas Intermediate. Given the large sums of money involved, Canada has put full-court press on the Obama administration. The foreign affairs minister, John Baird, has demanded that the U.S. make the pipeline decision soon. Sources report that Prime Minister Stephen Harper will personally ask President Obama to approve Keystone XL on Feb. 19 at the North American Leaders' Summit. The shale revolution According to the EIA, U.S. oil production increased to a 25-year high last year, while imports fell to a 25-year low. The EIA predicts that crude oil output will continue to grow annually by 800,000 b/d until 2016 when it tops out. When domestic oil production is increasing, people care less about energy security. When it tops out, people care more. Energy security is still important, and is a major reason why we still use 10% ethanol for gasoline. Canada is more stable than many current trading partners and orders of magnitude friendlier, which means that using Canadian oil is safer than using foreign oil from other sources. Winners and losers If Keystone XL is approved, Canadian oil sands producers such as Suncor Energy (NYSE:SU) will benefit along with pipeline operator TransCanada (NYSE:TRP). The Canadian oil sands producers will get more for its oil, while TransCanada will collect more fees from the oil that passes through the pipeline. Unlike shale plays that run out fairly quickly, given the 170 billion barrel oil-sands reserves, the 730,000 b/d pipeline is likely to generate profits for TransCanada for a long time to come. Railroads such as Canadian Pacific Railway (NYSE:CP) that otherwise would have transported the oil should also see lower revenue as a result. The bottom line Keystone XL is a potent and contentious symbol. Politicians don't like potent and contentious issues, especially if those issues could tarnish their legacy. Given that the president has postponed the decision for almost six years and mid-term elections are coming up, I believe it's unlikely that Keystone XL will be approved while he is in office. If this is the case, it will undoubtedly be a major election issue for his prospective successors. Jay Yao has no position in any stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.

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Eating correctly in midlife may prevent dementia later on, according to a new thesis published by the University of Eastern Finland. Results indicated that those who consumed healthy foods at the average age of 50 had a nearly 90 per cent lower risk of dementia in a 14-year follow-up study compared to those who did not eat healthfully. Researchers used a healthy diet index based on eating a variety of foods. The “healthy” foods included vegetables, berries/fruits, fish and unsaturated fats from milk products and spreads. The “unhealthy” foods included sausages, eggs, salty fish, sugary drinks, desserts/candy and saturated fats from milk products and spreads. Eating a large amount of saturated fats was linked to decreased cognitive function and increased dementia risk. Those who eat a diet high in saturated fats and carry the epsilon 4 variant of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene are also at risk. This gene is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. "Even those who are genetically susceptible can at least delay its onset by favouring vegetable oils, oil-based spreads and fatty fish in their diet," says thesis author Margo Eskelinen, MSc. The thesis was based on the population-based Finnish Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) study.

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Contributing editor Edward Mendelson wanted to format a cell in Excel so that if its value is positive, it is formatted with the Accounting format and looks like this: "$ 456 ". But in the Accounting format, a zero is displayed as "$ -", which was not suitable for his purposes. He wanted the cell to display a zero as the Currency format does, like this: "$0", but to look like the Accounting format: "$ 0". Luckily, Excel's custom number formats are very flexible. An Excel number format can have up to four distinct sections separated by semicolons that define formatting for positive numbers, negative numbers, zero, and text items. Expressed as a custom format, the Accounting format with no decimals looks like this: _($* #,##0_);_($* (#,##0);_($* "-"_);_(@_) Each underscore creates a space the width of the character that follows it (the character itself is not displayed). In the Accounting format, negative values are enclosed in parentheses. The format for positive numbers ends with an underscore followed by a parenthesis, creating a space the width of the parenthesis. This keeps positive and negative numbers aligned with one another. An asterisk within a number format creates as many repetitions of the character that follows it as are needed to fill the available space. Here the asterisk followed by a space has the effect of "pushing" anything before the asterisk to the left edge of the cell. To create your custom format, first format one cell with the Accounting format. Then select Custom. The current format will be copied into the custom format area. Modify the Accounting format to change the single dash to a zero, thus: _($* #,##0_);_($* (#,##0);_($* "0"_);_(@_) One more thing: If you wish, you can color-code any or all of the four portions. For example, it's not uncommon to show negative numbers in red: _($* #,##0_);[Red]_($* (#,##0);_($* "0"_);_(@_) Only eight colors are available: Black, Blue, Cyan, Green, Magenta, Red, White, and Yellow.

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Canadian Red Cross strongly discourages Canadians from trying to hold their breath under water for extended periods of time. How long you can safely hold your breath depends on a number of factors including age, body mass and overall health. Most people can hold their breath comfortably for about 1-2 minutes. Trying to hold your breath for much longer than this, especially under water, may be dangerous. Our bodies need both oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to survive. The impulse to breathe is triggered by a balance of O2 and CO2 in our blood stream. Many people will take several large, forced breaths or a series of short, fast breaths before trying to hold their breath under water for a long period of time. This is called hyperventilating, and it can disrupt the balance of O2 and CO2 in your body, fooling your brain into thinking that it doesn’t need to take another breath. If this happens, your body can quickly use up most of its available oxygen, and you can easily pass out. After you have passed out, the body’s natural responses will take over: you will gasp for breath, or you may stop breathing all together. Either way, if this occurs underwater, you are at serious risk for drowning. People have drowned in Canada in less than 15 centimetres of water. We encourage Canadians to swim safely: swim with a buddy, swim in supervised areas, enrol in a Red Cross Swim course.

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Places of Interest nearby Number of texts: 2 The zero meridian was not always in Greenwich. For a long time, France and other countries used their own zero meridian, going through the Observatory of Paris. You can still see a line in the Cassini-room. Linked characteristics: Did you know..., Child friendly, Bad weather suitable Linked themes: History, Monumental constructions, Geography Linked groups: Méridienne Verte / Green Meridian, Guide for mappers The first public exhibition of a Foucault pendulum took place in February 1851 in the Meridian Room of the Paris Observatory, by the French physicist Léon Foucault. Linked themes: Science

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[SANTIAGO] Insects whose bite can transmit a deadly parasite to people could be completely eradicated from six South American nations within five years, said scientists last week. By 2010, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay should all be free of the 'assassin bugs', which transmit the parasite that causes Chagas disease, they said. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Chagas disease affects 13 million people in Latin America. Each year, about 21,000 of them die, usually from heart failure caused by the chronic form of the disease. Scientists from the region reported significant reductions in its impact at a meeting to discuss advances against the disease, held in Santiago, Chile on 6-8 October. The reduction is due in part, they said, to international initiatives launched in the 1990s. These were coordinated by the Pan American Health Organization and intergovernmental committees of technical staff from health ministries in the affected countries. Techniques included spraying pesticides and making homes less appealing to assassin bugs by replacing mud walls and palm roofs with plastered walls and zinc roofs. Myriam Lorca of the Chilean Chagas Disease Surveillance Programme, who organised the meeting, says assassin bugs were so abundant in Chile in the 1980s that people used shovels to remove them from their houses. Today, she says, only 300 specimens are caught each year. In 1999, the WHO said that Chagas disease was no longer being transmitted in Chile by either assassin bugs or by another potential route of infection — blood transfusions. Uruguay was certified free of transmission two years earlier, and Brazil is likely to be certified free by 2006, says Lorca. But for the WHO to consider a country totally free of assassin bugs, none must have been found for three years. Lorca says the six 'southern cone' countries should achieve this by 2010, followed shortly by Andean countries and some years later by those in Central America. A new weapon expected to play a role in this fight was unveiled at the Santiago meeting. British and Paraguayan scientists have developed a way to eliminate assassin bugs by luring them to a trap with chemicals the insects use to attract mates. "This strategy has never been used before, as it would only be useful in areas where the number of assassin bugs has already been greatly reduced," Lorca told SciDev.Net."We plan to start distributing the traps in Chile by November and some months later in Uruguay".

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Definition of 10Base5 in The Network Encyclopedia. How a 10Base5 network Works 10Base5 networks are wired together in a bus topology—that is, in a linear fashion using one long cable. The maximum length of any particular segment of a 10Base5 network is 500 meters, hence the 5 in 10Base5. If distances longer than this are required, two or more segments must be connected using repeaters. Altogether, there can be a total of five segments connected using four repeaters, as long as only three of the segments have stations (computers) attached to them. This is referred to as the 5-4-3 rule. A 10Base5 segment should have no more than 100 stations wired to it. These stations are not connected directly to the thicknet cable as in 10Base2 networks. Instead, a transceiver is attached to the thicknet cable, usually using a cable-piercing connector called a vampire tap. From the transceiver, a drop cable is attached, which then connects to the network interface card (NIC) in the computer. The minimum distance between transceivers attached to the thicknet cable is 2.5 meters, and the maximum length for a drop cable is 50 meters. Thicknet cable ends have N-series connectors soldered or crimped on them for connecting segments together. 10Base5 networks were often used as backbones for large networks. In a typical configuration, transceivers on the thicknet backbone would attach to repeaters, which would join smaller thinnet segments to the thicknet backbone. In this way, a combination of 10Base5 and 10Base2 standards could support sufficient numbers of stations for a moderately large company. 10Base5 networks are legacy networks that are no longer implemented, although some companies might choose to maintain them for cost reasons. The complexity and bandwidth limitations of 10Base5 networks render them obsolete. If you are wiring an office for a small LAN with low bandwidth requirements, use 10BaseT instead. For moderate to high bandwidth requirements, try using Fast Ethernet. If you are implementing a backbone for today’s high-speed enterprise networks, try using Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), or some other advanced technology. The two ends of a 10Base5 bus must be properly terminated. If they are not, signals will bounce and network communications will be impossible.

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Backyard Bird Predators Who Is The Number One Backyard Bird Predator? - The number one backyard bird predators are fed and housed by people. Many people think of "birds of prey" as the number one enemy of backyard birds, but they are not! - This predator kills more wild birds than any other predator. - It is responsible for the deaths of 1.4 to 3.7 billion birds a year in the US alone. - That is a huge number when the estimated total for wild birds in North America is 10 - 20 billion. House Cats & Homeless/Feral Cats are the #1 Predator The most common peril for backyard birds are house cats and feral cats. They kill more wild birds than any other predator. This presents a difficult dilemma for “kitty” owners and their neighbours who want to feed the birds in their backyards. If you have a cat there are ways that you can control the risk of your cat becoming a backyard bird predator. - Keeping your cat indoors permanently will of course completely solve the problem, as far as your animal being the perpetrator is concerned. - You can put a bell around your cat's neck. - Keep your pet on a leash while it is outdoors. - De-clawing your cat may also reduce the danger somewhat, but I have heard it’s not much of a deterrent for some cats. Cats are backyard bird predators by nature and will do what they do best. And... is it the best thing for your pet? Then there are the other cats which live in your neighbourhood. They are harder to control. You may try speaking to your neighbourhood cat owners about keeping their pets indoors. Good luck with that! Or… Then There’s The Neighbourhood Cats How to Protect Birds in Your Backyard? Hang your bird houses or feeders in locations where they cannot be easily reached. - You can mount them on an isolated pole in your yard. - Use baffles placed over the top or under the house or feeder to prevent backyard bird predators from reaching your bird house or feeder. (Just remember raccoons are larger and larger baffles are needed to keep them at bay.) - Use seed catchers under your feeders to prevent the seed from falling to the ground where birds who like to feed on the ground will dine. More on this to come next. What Particular Problems do Bird Feeders Pose? pose a special problem where cats are concerned because the birds often toss seed, deliberately or inadvertently from feeders. food for ground feeding birds, which is good, but it also serves well for felines, drawing wild birds where they are easy prey, which we want to avoid. A wide tray to catch the seed mounted under the feeder will work well if it is high enough that the cats cannot jump to it. Chicken wire can be used to make a fence around the bird feeding area, high enough that cats cannot jump over. How high can some house cats jump? 6 feet! What Problems are Specific to Bird Houses? - Predator guards are available which can be mounted over the hole of a bird house. Some make a tunnel entrance to the bird house. This makes it difficult for the arms and heads of predators, such as cats, raccoons and squirrels, to reach in to grab eggs or young birds. - And some predator guards are flat pieces of metal which prevent predators from chewing the entrance hole bigger. - Removing perches from bird house entrances will help prevent predatory birds such as Starlings, Black Birds and Blue Jays, from getting into the house.They are not clinging birds and will find it much harder to get close enough to the entrance to reach inside if there isn’t a perch. - Most birds which use bird houses are clinging birds and will not be hindered in anyway from using the bird house if it does not have a perch. How to Protect Songbirds from Birds of Prey? Hawks and other birds of prey pose another problem which may be harder to control. Some birds of prey feed primarily on songbirds. The following results were reported for percentage of songbirds making up the whole diet of these birds of prey: How can we help in the unfair advantage that our feeders present? Placing bird feeders and bird houses in a location that is not visible from above and close to cover for escape will help. answer to this backyard bird predator problem may be to stop using bird houses and more importantly bird feeders for a couple of weeks. taking your feeders in for a while the hunter may move on to other You really have no choice though, with a bird house once a family takes up residence. You may just have to accept the course of nature. Even in a situation where there are no human feeding stations involved, songbirds will feed regularly at natural sources which become favourite hunting grounds for predatory birds. What is the Danger from Snakes? Snakes pose the biggest problem at bird houses. They like to eat eggs and young birds too. Baffles will provide a solution to this problem by using one that has a surface snakes find hard to navigate which is too smooth and slippery for them to navigate. Most people who attract backyard birds will encounter a problem with backyard bird predators at one time or another. A reader wrote a note to me from our “contact us” page relating their experience with a predator. I only recently started bird watching when my husband and I had to move for his job. I knew no one in the area, so I set up a bird feeder. The next week I asked for another, now I have four, and can't wait to put out my hummingbird feeder! I love your web site, it is very informative, and interesting. We live about one mile from a river, so we get a lot of activity. I even had a hawk snare a finch off the feeder!! It both saddened and excited me. This is my story... We have had a Red-tailed Hawk around our home for a few years. We often see and hear it flying over head. One day, as I was sitting on our deck, I heard “thump” and looked up to see a flurry of activity. Three or four Mourning Doves were flying in every direction. The Red-tailed Hawk was in their midst. It appeared to be “frozen” in mid air. Perhaps its braking position was because it had suddenly noticed me. Then I saw a Mourning Dove lying on the ground under the dining room window. It had turned in its moment of terror in the wrong direction and struck the dining room window, causing the “thump” I had heard. As the reader above mentioned, witnessing an event like this is filled with mixed emotions. BUT, no matter what steps you take to prevent casualties from backyard bird predators, there is no sure solution. Animals will follow their natural instincts, even the "kitty" living in your home, or next door. How To Fix Other Backyard Bird Feeding Problems Home> Overcome Bird Feeding Problems> - Window Bird Strikes Most people who feed wild birds will unfortunately experience birds flying into their windows from time to time. It is a very distressing occurrence and one that can be avoided. Let’s find out how. - Starlings & Blackbirds The starlings and black birds are taking over my feeders. What can I do? - Unwelcome Guests at Hummingbird Feeders Hummingbird feeder nectar can attract other creatures too besides the little birds they are intended to feed. Backyard Bird Predators Looking for a particular product? Search here!

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A few years ago, Black Friday was only an American thing; just like baseball, no one else could see what all the fuss was about. How things have changed. In the UK especially, Black Friday and its digital cousin Cyber Monday, are becoming a staple of the shopping calendar, with Black Friday increasingly acknowledged as an unofficial beginning to the festive season. This year, Black Friday is scheduled a month from the festive season on 25th November. Where did it all start? Black Friday falls the day after the US Thanksgiving holiday, which is always the fourth Thursday of November, and can be traced back to the 1930s when retailers noticed a regular upswing in trading on this date. Originally the increase in shopping footfall was attributed to the date’s proximity to the festive period and the fact that many US workers take holiday leave to extend Thanksgiving into a four-day weekend. Retailers then began to exploit this happy coincidence by offering large discounts on stock; a price war ensued, and now Black Friday (so called because it gives retailers the chance to move their account balance from ‘the red’ to ‘the black’) is the busiest shopping day of the year. Cyber Monday is a more recent addition with a focus on online retailers who commonly extend and increase their discounts from Black Friday to keep the sale event going a few days more and encourage customers to keep spending. Cyber Monday has been used by many online retailers as an opportunity to get one-up on their traditional high-street counterparts, by putting longer-lasting and more convenient deals right at their customers’ fingertips. Back to Britain In the UK, both of these day-long shopping events have attracted excitement and criticism in equal measure. There seems to be something decidedly un-British about clamouring over one another to reach a discounted toaster, and the media was quick to point out the undignified nature in which some shoppers have conducted themselves. In addition, business and economics commentators have argued that engaging in Black Friday is an exercise in futility for businesses, who are simply concentrating trade on one particular day, and making less profit from goods than they might otherwise have. Another question that many critics on this side of the Atlantic have raised is simply ‘why’? Thanksgiving is an American tradition first and foremost, so the factors which created the conditions for Black Friday to evolve in the US never existed here. When it was first introduced as ‘a thing’ by supermarket ASDA (owned by American retailer Walmart) the business world gave a collective snort of scepticism; surely the idea would never take off here? But it did, and whilst the grumblings will continue, and some retailers will boycott it (as they did last year) there is no doubt that Black Friday will create opportunities for a pre-festive sales boost. Whether or not this boost in sales is of benefit to your business, is largely down to how carefully you plan your strategy. We talked to David Clark, Finance Director at online retailer Jewellery Box, who are based at The Biscuit Factory, about their preparations for this year. Read our full interview with David here. “Cyber Monday is super exciting for us as a retailer; however operationally it needs a lot of prep work,” said David. “Last year we sold an item of jewellery every 44 seconds over the 24-hour period. “Dealing with that volume of orders in one day really pushes us to the max with everyone in the team mucking in to get parcels out to be delivered for the next day. It truly feels like you’re Santa’s little helpers!” That doesn't sound like a bad position for a business to be in, so... How to prepare your business for Black Friday and Cyber Monday Set your objectives Do not take part simply because it is the ‘done thing’. Unless you can identify how being involved will create significant benefits it’s not worth your time or energy. Aside from giving your sales a boost in the short term, Black Friday can help reinvigorate your marketing, particularly online where a high level of engagement can increase your customer following. But you don’t have to actively take part to reap some of the marketing benefits. For example, in 2015 US Apparel company REI made an opportunity out of their objections to Black Friday by closing all its stores and encouraging their customers to enjoy outdoor activities instead via their #OptOutside social-media campaign. Their strategy was highly successful in highlighting the brand with over one million people taking their pledge to enjoy the outdoors on Black Friday. Research your competitors Make no mistake, your customers will be shopping around. You should do the same to avoid being out done. Online is a good place to start with a number of Twitter accounts and deal aggregators already being updated with Black Friday discounts. Offer of the Day is a particularly good resource because its search functionality allows you to not only filter results by item, but also by retailer, giving you a better chance of undercutting your rivals. Set targets and prepare the staff Both before the event and during it, targets will help to keep the forward momentum going, giving the whole team something positive to work towards. Train your staff for the challenges that large sales events can bring, but also be sure to create and highlight incentives which will get them excited and keep them engaged. Deliver a strong marketing campaign Standing out against the competition will be all the more challenging on Black Friday and Cyber Monday, so invest time to make sure your marketing strategy is on point. But don’t show your hand too early - your competitors will be very interested to learn your intentions, so hold back some trump cards until it’s too late for them to react, but early enough to engage your customers. American businesses seem to have got the hang of this better than British ones; an excellent example being Kohl’s week-long Twitter Trivia Sweepstake, which claimed the social top spot in 2015 by engaging customers over several days before Black Friday. Have contingency plans What are you going to do if X,Y and Z happen? Will a technical fault shut down your sales event early, or will you have a backup plan already in place? This is particularly important if you are an online retailer, where heavy traffic can quickly cripple your capabilities if you’re not prepared for every eventuality. Get any site maintenance completed now and take the necessary steps to avoid potential problems. But what if you’re not a retailer? If you are not a retailer in the traditional sense of the word, you’ve really got to be creative to take advantage of Black Friday and Cyber Monday. A great example of a non-retail business taking advantage of Black Friday was UBER and their “5 Days of Giving” campaign in which drivers delivered free luxury gifts to passengers in New York who entered the code ‘TAPGETGIVE’ through the Uber app. There are many reasons why businesses like UBER are so keen to be involved: - Everyone is aware of Black Friday and Cyber Monday, so they are a ready-made opportunity to give sales a boost through discounts and offers - Many industries have been slow to pick up on the potential of these sales events, seeing them as only for retailers; this year could be your opportunity to shake things up a bit - It can be much less labour intensive for non-retailers to create these one-off sales events, since many are service based and do not need to put special measures in place to meet demand - These sales events create an opportunity to reinvigorate sales teams, and to reestablish contact with lapsed clients. If you're more of a consumer than retailer this Black Friday, be sure to keep your eyes peeled to the HomeWork hub this month as we’ll be teasing some top tips to help shoppers get the very best Black Friday deals.

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In 1997 Karlsruhe, in the South West of Germany, made the headlines when the first museum for interactive multimedia art was opened. The museum is part of the Centre for Art and Media (ZKM), which also comprises five research institutions. Inside, is the famous work of Nam June Pike of a Buddha watching television, and many other interactive exhibits, where the visitor can use hands-on devices. But what do these works really mean? Multimedia art is so new and strange to most of us that it still takes a lot of explaining. A European research project called SCALEX has recognized that what was needed was not only a new way to exhibit multimedia art, but also a new way of guiding visitors through a museum like the ZKM. SCALEX is an adaptation of the traditional museum audio-guide to the multimedia world. Instead of using headphones and push-buttons receive information, the museum visitor of the 21st century will be able to browse through information, pick and choose the interesting parts and receive the information in several formats, whether text, sound, pictures or videos. The museum guide of the future will provide more that just an audio function. It will talk about a piece of art, giving background information, details of related works, and cross-referencing to other exhibits in the museum. For this, a multimedia device is needed. Orphan Kipcak, Media Designer and Professor at the Fachhochschule Joanneum in Graz, Austria, has been one of the driving forces behind the development of SCALEX. He is convinced that the system will one day replace traditional audio guide systems: “Museums will benefit from such technologies, because it will enrich the entire way museums can communicate with their audiences. The main problem”, he says, “is that museums are traditionally conservative, they need to collect and conserve. But the development of new technologies will continue, and as people get used to these new technologies, the museums will also have to react and adapt to new solutions.” The researchers behind SCALEX first had to think of a way to manage such a device and consider how the user would retrieve his information. In Karlsruhe, they opted for two versions. ZKM’s Technical Support Engineer, Dirk Heesakker, installed a traditional computer terminal in the exhibition, where everyone could use to retrieve information of the pieces of art included in this test run. But the project engineers wanted more, and installed a network, so that the personal digital assistants (PDAs) could be used to retrieve information as the museum visitors browsed through the exhibition. According to Dirk Heesakker the philosophy of the museum and its new guiding system are very similar: “As we are in a museum with many hands-on experiences, the art is not clearly defined but part of the interaction with the visitor. With SCALEX it is the same, there is no predefined route to follow, but everyone can choose and pick what interests them in particular.” In order to get the most out of SCALEX, the user has to choose from three user profiles: a quick overview, an in-depth guide, or a multimedia handbook for children. Then the system automatically pre-selects information and presents it in a suitable format to the user. Each of the profiles uses the same database of images, videos, sounds and texts, and so the system can be easily expanded and changed when the exhibits change. But one hurdle still remains: the PDA is clearly the best way to be guided through the museum, but it requires computer literacy. This problem has already been addressed by the developers, and Orphan Kipcak wants to see the integration of the system to the most common multimedia device on the street today: “Next we would like to adapt SCALEX for the mobile phone, a device almost everyone is familiar with, and a device that also has an increasing multimedia function – ideal for a new multimedia guidance tool.” It is no surprise that the Centre of Art and Media in Karlsruhe was chosen as one of three museums as a testing platform for SCALEX - the others are the Technical Museums of Prague and Vienna. Once more ZKM has put itself in the technological limelight, but this time it was not art and media that inspired the museum. If Orphan Kipcak is right, we will soon see SCALEX in many more exhibitions around Europe. youris.com provides its content to all media free of charge. We would appreciate if you could acknowledge youris.com as the source of the content.

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Tomb Of King Herod Discovered At Herodium The long search for Herod the Great’s tomb has ended with the exposure of the remains of his grave, sarcophagus and mausoleum on Mount Herodium’s northeastern slope, Prof. Ehud Netzer of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Archaeology just announced. The podium, or base, of Herod’s tomb. (Credit: Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Herod was the Roman-appointed king of Judea from 37 to 4 BCE, who was renowned for his many monumental building projects, including the reconstruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, the palace at Masada, as well as the complex at Herodium, 15 kilometers south of Jerusalem. . Herodium is the most outstanding among King Herod’s building projects. This is the only site that carries his name and the site where he chose to be buried and to memorialize himself — all of this with the integration of a huge, unique palace at the fringe of the desert, said Prof. Netzer. Therefore, he said, the exposure of his tomb becomes the climax of this site’s research. The approach to the burial site – which has been described by the archaeologists involved as one of the most striking finds in Israel in recent years – was via a monumental flight of stairs (6.5 meters wide) leading to the hillside that were especially constructed for the funeral procession. The excavations on the slope of the mountain, at whose top is the famed structure comprised of a palace, a fortress and a monument, commenced in August 2006. The expedition, on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, was conducted by Prof. Netzer, together with Yaakov Kalman and Roi Porath and with the participation of local Bedouins. The location and unique nature of the findings, as well as the historical record, leave no doubt that this was Herod’s burial site, said Prof. Netzer. The mausoleum itself was almost totally dismantled in ancient times. In its place remained only part of its well built podium, or base, built of large white ashlars (dressed stone) in a manner and size not previously revealed at Herodium. Among the many high quality architectural elements, mostly well decorated, which were spread among the ruins, is a group of decorated urns (made in the form of special jars that were used to store body ashes). Similar ones are to be found on the top of burial monuments in the Nabatean world. The urns had a triangular cover and were decorated on the sides. Spread among the ruins are pieces of a large, unique sarcophagus (close to 2.5 meters long), made of a Jerusalemite reddish limestone, which was decorated by rosettes. The sarcophagus had a triangular cover, which was decorated on its sides. This is assumed with certainty to be the sarcophagus of Herod. Only very few similar sarcophagi are known in the country and can be found only in elaborate tombs such as the famous one at the King’s Tomb on Selah a-Din Street in East Jerusalem. Although no inscriptions have been found yet at Herodium, neither on the sarcophagus nor in the building remains, these still might be found during the continuation of the dig. Worthy of note is the fact that the sarcophagus was broken into hundreds of pieces, no doubt deliberately. This activity, including the destruction of the monument, apparently took place in the years 66-72 C.E. during the first Jewish revolt against the Romans, while Jewish rebels took hold of the site, according to Josephus and the archaeological evidence. The rebels were known for their hatred of Herod and all that he stood for, as a “puppet ruler” for the Romans. The search for Herod’s tomb, which actively began 30 years ago, focused until the middle of 2006 at Lower Herodium, in an area which was, no doubt, especially built for the funeral and burial of the king – the “Tomb Estate.” In order to reveal there the remains from Herod’s days, the expedition was “forced” to first expose a large complex of Byzantine structures (including a church), an effort that demanded many years of digging. The Tomb Estate included two monumental buildings and a large ritual bath (mikveh) as well as the large route (350 meters long and 30 meters wide) which was prepared for the funeral. When no sign of the burial place itself was found within the Tomb Estate, the expedition started to search for it on the slope of the hill, although there seems to be no doubt that the initial intention of the king was to be buried in the estate and that only in a later stage of his life – apparently when he grew old – did he change his mind and asked to be buried within the artificial cone which gave the hill of Herodium its current volcano-shape. The main historical source of the Second Temple’s days, the historian Josephus Flavius, has described the site of Herodium in detail, as well as the funeral in the year 4 BCE, but not the tomb proper. He wrote as follows: “The king’s funeral next occupied his attention. Archelaus, omitting nothing that could contribute to its magnificence, brought forth all the royal ornaments to accompany the procession in honor of the deceased. The bier was of solid gold, studded with precious stones, and had a covering of purple, embroidered with various colors; on this lay the body enveloped in purple robe, a diadem encircling the head and surmounted by a crown of gold, the scepter beside his right hand. Around the bier were Herod’s sons and a large group of his relations; these were followed by the guards, the Thracian contingent, Germans and Gauls, all equipped as for war. The reminder of the troops marched in front, armed and in orderly array, led by their commanders and subordinate officers; behind these came five hundred of Herod’s servants and freedmen, carrying spices. The body was thus conveyed for a distance of two hundred furlongs to Herodium, where, in accordance with the directions of the deceased, it was interred. So ended Herod’s reign.” Jewish Wars, 1,23,9 Prof. Netzer started his archaeological activity at Herodium in 1972, at first on a small scale. The scope of his work widened with the decision to turn Herodium (the mount together with Lower Herodium) into a national park, which was due to occupy 125 acres. (Until that stage only the mount was proclaimed as a national park and was operated by the Nature and Parks Authority.) The enlargement of the park started in 1980; unfortunately the activity at the site stopped as a result of the first Intifada, but not before the complex of tunnels from the days of Bar-Kokhba, within the mount, were opened to the public. The archaeological excavations at the site, which also stopped in 1987, were renewed 10 years later and continued until 2000, and after a second break, were renewed at the end of 2005. Prof. Netzer gained his first “intimate” acknowledgement of Herodian architecture while joining Prof. Yigael Yadin (in 1963-66), in his expedition at Masada. Netzer’s Ph.D. dissertation in archaeology, guided by Prof. Yadin, brought him to initiate excavations both at Lower Herodium and at Jericho — at the complex of Hasmonean and Herodian Winter Palaces. (The site at Jericho, following Netzer’s excavations, includes three palaces of Herod and a hitherto unknown large complex of Hasmonean winter palaces). Additional Herodian structures in other parts of the country were also uncovered by him. He has written various books and articles on the topic of Herodian architecture. Yaakov Kalman, archaeologist and farmer, participated in many excavations throughout the country and took an active part in Netzer’s excavations at Masada, Jericho and Herodium. Roi Porath took an active part in the survey of the Judean Desert caves and has many significant finds in his record. The current excavations benefited from donations of private individuals, and the assistance of the Israel Exploration Society and the Israel Nature and Parks Authority.

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Send the link below via email or IMCopy Present to your audienceStart remote presentation - Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present - People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account - This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation - A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation - Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article Do you really want to delete this prezi? Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again. Make your likes visible on Facebook? Connect your Facebook account to Prezi and let your likes appear on your timeline. You can change this under Settings & Account at any time. The Impacts of Climate Change in Africa Transcript of The Impacts of Climate Change in Africa rise in sea levels rise in Carbon Dioxide emissions extreme weather conditions But. . . dependence on rained agriculture High levels of poverty Low levels of human and physical capital Poor infrastructure. . . Africa is the continent that contributes the Least to global warming However its Make it highly damaged by Climate Change Climate change will impact vegetation Impacts on Humans The population of Africa is very vulnerable This is because all of the countries in it are LEDCS. Climate Change is a fundamental threat to people's livelihoods. In Africa there is a degree of change higher than the global average high levels of forest and agricultural dependency low adaptive capacity of the population. All due to POVERTY Will all be affected by Climate Change water agriculture food natural resources development of coastal zones Water is needed in agriculture, for domestic use and hydroelectric power. Many countries in Africa already suffer from water stress. There is no access to secure water supplies. Ongoing water conflict where water is scarce. Increasing population will only make the problem worse. Prediction of 1,500 million by 2050 Climate change is reducing lakes Ziway Shala basin of Ethiopia has seen a lowering of 50 m Shorelines of lakes like Chad Victoria will recede too. River flows are also predicted to decrease along with the melting of the tropical glaciers in East Africa. Lack of water will contribute to forest degradation. (Kenya) The snow of Mt. Kilimanjaro will continue to melt till its gone. Gran majority of African countries are dependent on agriculture. There will be a longer growing season, affecting production. 3/4 of Africa's agriculture is rain-based. Rain-based yields will reduce by 50% by 2020. = economic loss and death. Agricultural losses will be most severe in South Africa Economic losses Sub-Saharan Africa's production will drop. By 2050: Rice -14% Wheat -22% Maize -5% = Great economic struggle recurring droughts have been occurring in Africa's great cattle regions. (Ethiopia-Kenya-Somalia boarder) food security is measured by four dimensions: food systems Decline of agricultural production + difficulty to access = food shortages if the climate continues to change: 70% of population (sub. farmers) will not be able to feed themselves. by 2050 in Sub-Saharan Africa: The number of calories per day will fall to 500 the amount of children affected by malnutrition will rise to 52 million Plagues will threaten food supplies. Health Climate change will cause the death rate to increase: Warmer conditions allow diseases to spread easily. Water-born diseases will flourish. Heat waves kill many. (longer or more intense wet periods) Areas that used to be too cold for mosquitoes' reproduction are now warm enough . Animal life Vegetation animals of Africa Habitats and ecosystems are changing How is animal life being affected by the change in climate? Loss of woodlands, savannas and meadows. Almost extinct species Impact on the environment Africa contains 1/5 of all the world's species of plants and animals. It also has a wide range of land. from grasslands, to mountains, To forests and oceans. How Would climate change affect Africa's vegetation? Changes in climate = extinction of some species. vegetation shift: in Sahel. Woodlands giving way to grass lands. In Kruger national park they are in danger of loosing 60% of their species. King Portea South Africa's national flower. The Dragon Tree. animals migrate to where the conditions suit them ecosystems change Wild animals wander into private property and kill cattle or are killed themselves. humans and other animals are infected by disease. Future of Africa very hard to work against climate change in the conditions Africa is in. Foreign investment World Bank operations to assess the water situation in Africa. Develop using new green technologies, away from carbon based industries. Increase water availability to all of the population. Conservation policies to protect wildlife Investment in services to develop and adapt Africa into the modern world. Polices of forest restoration and management.

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Glorious and Free Making Canada a model nation for the treatment of refugees This past spring, the world sat transfixed as pro-democracy movements swept through the Middle East. Witnessing the bravery of protesters who took to the streets and demanded political reform was inspiring, but for the tens of thousands of North Africans who sought to escape the chaos by fleeing to Europe, the Arab Awakening produced a bleak outcome. To stem the tide of migrants from Tunisia, many of whom crossed the Mediterranean by boat, Italy announced in April that it would institute tougher border control measures; 650 Tunisians were deported in the first few weeks of the operation, and Italy stopped granting temporary visas to newcomers. The Tunisians, many of whom had risked their lives to leave, were not asked whether they feared persecution in their homeland, a factor that distinguishes asylum seekers from other migrants. Amnesty International was quick to criticize Italy’s actions, pointing out the many ways the country had violated “international, regional, and domestic human rights and refugee law.” To anyone familiar with recent Italian history, the episode had an air of déjà vu. Although the country’s constitution includes the right to asylum, in 2009 Italian authorities intercepted numerous boats carrying thousands of African migrants and sent them back to Libya, their point of departure, without determining whether those on board had legitimate claims for asylum. Italy hardly stands alone in its treatment of refugees. Many nations have grown increasingly intolerant of asylum seekers, those who make it to a safe country and file refugee claims. Yet even as opportunities for asylum dwindle, the demand for that protection persists. More than 837,000 claims were filed around the world in 2010, by people running from violence in nations such as Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan. The world urgently needs a country to set an example by upholding the rights of these migrants. Given current trends, it won’t likely be the United States, Australia, or any European state. Canada, however, has distinctive legal and cultural conventions that could enable it to develop a new, more humane asylum system. So how might we extend justice to refugees, and live up to what is highest and best in our traditions of law and belonging? The modern institution of asylum arose after World War II, when European nations had to contend with millions of people displaced by the conflict and redrawn borders; hundreds of thousands remained trapped in camps for years. International efforts to solve the problem resulted in the 1951 Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, which committed signatory states to recognize that refugees have the right of “non-refoulement,” that is, to not be returned to a place of danger. Today, however, they are routinely refouled by countries that have vowed not to do so. The 9/11 terrorist attacks escalated the poor treatment of immigrants and refugees, but the most exclusionary actions predate 2001. For decades, the American response to Haitians trying to reach Florida in rickety boats has been to send the US Coast Guard to intercept them at sea and send them back. In 1981, when the government instituted this interdiction policy, over concerns about border security, it promised to conduct shipboard interviews to identify refugees. Yet Amnesty International and other NGOs have noted copious problems with the interview procedures, and that’s if the Coast Guard even bothers to perform them. Some 1,850 Haitians were interdicted in 2005; nine were interviewed, and only one was eventually recognized as a refugee. Of the tens of thousands who have been returned to Haiti, hundreds if not thousands have likely been legitimate refugees. Other countries have followed suit. Australia has engaged in the widespread detention of refugees since the 1990s. In 2001, when a Norwegian freighter rescued more than 400 asylum seekers (predominantly Afghans) from another vessel sinking south of Indonesia, Australia prevented the freighter from entering its waters. (After being sent to an Australian-sponsored detention centre on Nauru, a Pacific micro-state, most of the asylum seekers were resettled in New Zealand and, eventually, Australia.) Meanwhile, the United Kingdom reformed its asylum system on six occasions between 1993 and 2006, each time making it more restrictive. According to the UK charity Asylum Aid, British refugee cases are now judged according to a standard of proof “which is not only impossible to obtain in circumstances of flight, but contrary to international law.” A 2008 survey of the world’s worst places for refugees listed the European Union alongside Bangladesh and Iraq. According to the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, which conducted the study, “European countries have crafted policies that essentially deny access by making it as difficult as possible to enter their territory. Countries on Europe’s periphery had the harshest policies, protecting their wealthy neighbours to the north and west, often for money.” Indeed, it is increasingly common to hear of asylum seekers being trapped in European airports for months. In one case, a Palestinian man named Ibrahim Zijad spent almost seven months in the transit zone of Prague’s airport, living off meal tickets provided by a Czech airline and washing himself in public restrooms, before finally receiving asylum in Germany. Ironically, the countries that can best afford to admit refugees are the least likely to do so. In 2010, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated the global refugee population at more than 10 million. That year, 358,800 asylum claims were made in industrialized countries. Of those, Canada received 23,200, low for us. The overwhelming majority of refugees lived in the developing world: Kenya was home to over 400,000, while Pakistan, Iran, and Syria each had refugee populations of more than one million. One of the primary reasons Western states are reluctant to liberalize their policies is an apprehension about granting asylum to people who are not refugees but are trying to pass themselves off as such. Particular countries have been known to produce large numbers of doubtful claims, as was the case with Bulgaria and Romania after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Another rationale for tougher measures is protection of the welfare state. Relaxed policies, the view holds, would overwhelm a receiving country’s ability to provide such services as health care and education. Furthermore, asylum seekers are often seen as a threat to national identity and social cohesion. Fostering such xenophobic views has become the stock-in-trade of politicians like France’s Jean-Marie Le Pen, Patrick Buchanan of the US, and Australia’s Pauline Hanson. These fringe figures rarely lead governments, but their populist appeal has been noted by mainstream parties, who have adopted their own anti-immigrant and anti-refugee policies. It was no coincidence that Australia turned away the migrants on the Norwegian freighter shortly after Hanson’s One Nation party mounted its first insurgency in the polls. And because the displaced can’t vote, they pose little risk to politicians who make a show of getting tough on asylum policy, even when doing so has a disastrous impact on genuine refugees. One serious negative effect of the collapse of Western asylum is that it has emboldened governments in the developing world to enact their own anti-refugee measures. In the early 1990s, for example, the American interdiction policy became the subject of a legal challenge, brought forward by a group of lawyers and law students representing Haitians who had been denied entry to the US; ultimately, the Supreme Court ruled that the policy was legal, which spurred other nations to toughen their own laws. The government of Thailand said the American policy demonstrated that the principle of asylum was a “Machiavellian device designed to satisfy and calm the conscience” of Western governments. Soon after, it expelled thousands of Burmese and Cambodian refugees. An even more dramatic shift occurred in Tanzania in 1995, when roughly 40,000 Burundians tried to enter the country. Once one of the most welcoming African states for refugees, Tanzania responded by closing the border to prevent half of the Burundians from entering, and announced plans to expel all refugees living in the country. Speaking at a conference six months after the border closure, Tanzania’s foreign minister singled out the American interdiction program as a precedent that had inspired his government. According to a report of the minister’s speech, “He said that it was a double standard to expect weaker countries to live up to their humanitarian obligations when major powers did not do so whenever their own national rights and interests were at stake.” As Arafat Jamal, a former refugee analyst with the UN, has noted, “Nations that absorb the most refugees in Africa will often cite the EU or US tightening their policies as a rationale for them to tighten their own policies.” Modelling a better example to governments in the developing world, where refugees number in the millions, would give a state a form of moral suasion most Western countries lack. It is also in every nation’s interest to see better treatment of refugees in poor countries, which would reduce the strain on Western peacekeeping efforts and asylum systems, as well as inhibit the instability and extremism that often accompany refugee crises. The final reason to improve asylum policy is self-interest. People who have fled repressive regimes have made significant contributions to American intellectual and cultural life, as evinced by such figures as the political theorist Hannah Arendt (from Hitler’s Germany) and the economist George Borjas (Cuba). In Canada, our two previous Governors-General, Adrienne Clarkson and Michaëlle Jean, arrived here as child refugees. Developing a more humane policy would be a boon for any state far-sighted enough to do so. And in Canada’s case, it would continue our tradition of being what Jean has called “a country of so many possibilities.” Canada’s record, however, is far from spotless: we engage in our own form of interdiction, albeit one conducted at foreign airports rather than on the high seas, by trying to prevent the departure of anyone on their way here to seek asylum. But a close inspection of Canada’s asylum policies reveals intimations of a better alternative. Canada’s multiculturalism policy goes hand in hand with being a country of immigration. As in the US and Australia, being open to newcomers is part of how we understand ourselves. By comparison, countries such as the UK and France admit migrants but do not view their integration as a feature of the national identity. An even stronger contrast can be seen in Japan, which resists accepting immigrants as full members of its society. Not surprisingly, the country has the world’s most unwelcoming asylum system. During Japanese refugee hearings, applicants must meet an unusually high standard of proof: they are asked, for instance, to present documents such as arrest records—as if the governments out to kill them would be only too happy to help with their asylum paperwork. Their lawyers are only permitted to attend hearings at the discretion of the hearing officer, and a negative decision can be delivered without any rationale. No wonder obtaining asylum in Japan is a rare event. The US recognized 19,766 asylum claims in 2005, compared with Japan’s 145—and that year’s level was unusually high for Japan. Between 1993 and 2002, the country recognized an average of 27 asylum claims per year; between 1994 and 1997, it accepted just one a year. Japan serves as an extreme example. But in other countries with a descent-based model of belonging, refugees also receive a hostile reception, no matter how well founded their claims. Israel, for example, whose law of return makes it welcoming to Jewish migrants, has a poor record regarding Arab and African asylum seekers. Germany has also historically had a low acceptance rate, an outcome due in large part to its tight model of citizenship, which sees the country as the homeland of people of German descent. Canada is the anti-Japan. Where countries in continental Europe had an average acceptance rate of approximately 24 percent from 2004 to 2008, Canada’s rate during the same period averaged around 40 percent (and was even higher in the past). For all that has been written and said about multiculturalism, its life-and-death benefit for some of the world’s most vulnerable people is one of its least appreciated features. Canada also initiated an important innovation in refugee rights, one that, if broadened and extended, would significantly increase the probability of refugees receiving a fair hearing. The 1985 Supreme Court decision Singh v. Minister of Employment and Immigration represents a historic breakthrough. It found that people seeking asylum in Canada have constitutional rights—protections they do not possess in most other countries. In particular, it recognized that claimants have the right to an oral hearing. Another strength of Singh is that the court ruled that even if people were recognized as convention refugees, Canada didn’t have to keep them here. Indeed, while the decision upholds the rights of those seeking asylum, it also recognizes our prerogative to enforce our borders, because it doesn’t stipulate where a refugee hearing must take place. Canada could, for example, relocate an applicant to the US, Sweden, or New Zealand—any country other than the one he or she is fleeing—provided the receiving country gives the person a hearing. This brings us to the final innovative aspect of Singh: it presents a template for enforcing other refugee rights beyond Canada’s borders. To fortify this decision, I would argue for two additional rights: the first is the right to representation at hearings by a lawyer, with counsel provided for free to those who need it. The second is protection from arbitrary detention. The mass internment of asylum seekers as practised in Australia treats refugees like criminals; prior to reforms made in 2005, there were cases of people being detained for over five years. (Canada also detains refugees, but in a more selective and moderate fashion.) Anyone held for more than a few days should be entitled to some form of judicial review, to ensure a legitimate reason for the continued confinement exists. That these rights could be exercised both within and outside Canada is crucial. Consider safe third country agreements, which permit nations that receive asylum seekers to turn them back at the border to have their cases heard in safe countries they passed through on their flights from persecution. In 2004, Canada and the US implemented such an agreement, which applies to asylum seekers who arrive at Canadian land borders; they now must return to the US to have their cases heard there instead of in Canada. The circumstances under which such relocations are made raise concerns. Here in Canada, about 85 percent of refugee applicants receive some form of legal aid—another factor, beyond multiculturalism, that makes our acceptance rate higher than the global average. No guaranteed legal aid for asylum seekers exists in the US. While lawyers do take on cases pro bono, many people end up going through the system with no representation. Harvard University law professor Deborah Anker estimates that refugee claimants who don’t have lawyers are four to six times less likely to be accepted than those who do. Canada’s third country agreement is like most, in that it allows officials to adopt an out of sight, out of mind attitude toward the asylum seekers they turn away. A reformed agreement would attach conditions to ensure that any third country would uphold the same procedural safeguards. In Canada, asylum seekers would have the same three fundamental rights—to an oral hearing, legal aid, and a judicial review of detention decisions—whether their case was heard here or elsewhere. Each right would follow a relocated asylum seeker to wherever he or she was transferred, even if the destination country did not ordinarily supply refugee claimants with such protections. A system of rights built on the Canadian approach would achieve its greatest chance of success, paradoxically, if it were combined with stronger provisions for deportation. In many Western countries, such orders are not always followed through. In 2007, for example, Canada slated 63,000 people (not only failed refugee claimants, but also those who overstay tourist and other visas) for deportation, but the whereabouts of 41,000 of them was unknown. This is in part why so many countries implement such harsh no-entry policies. As Matthew Gibney, an asylum scholar at the University of Oxford has put it, “Inclusion and exclusion are two sides of the same coin.” Because of the perception that failed refugee claimants may not be deported, not admitting them in the first place is often seen as the only way to prevent their long-term residency. Between 2002 and 2007, Canada increased the number of deportations it carried out every year, from 8,683 to 12,636, but here, as elsewhere, there is room for improvement. Other challenges remain, including the treatment of asylum seekers intercepted at sea. To exercise their rights, they need to make it to a new country; many nations go to considerable lengths to ensure migrants never reach their shores. Canadian laws and legal ideas have a long history of being emulated by other countries. Australia implemented a Canadian-inspired multiculturalism program in 1973, while in 1992 Israel inserted into its Basic Laws a provision similar to the notwithstanding clause in our Charter of Rights, which permits Parliament to temporarily override some rights. Canada leads other nations in producing laws that become subject to “legal transplantation.” According to University of Virginia law professor Frederick Schauer, “Canadian ideas and Canadian constitutionalists have been particularly influential, especially as compared with the United States. One reason for this is that Canada, unlike the United States, is seen as reflecting an emerging international consensus rather than existing as an outlier.” Schauer wrote that in 2000, before the George W. Bush administration and its many extreme legal measures—from the Patriot Act to legalized torture—reduced the United States’ global standing as a supporter of human rights. For Canada, modelling best asylum practices to the world would merely continue its ongoing tradition of international legal innovation. Canada has, haltingly, begun bringing this new approach to asylum seekers’ rights into being. The current government, however, seems committed to marching in the opposite direction. Last year, immigration minister Jason Kenney and public safety minister Vic Toews announced plans for a new asylum policy that Amnesty International has characterized as containing “blatant, egregious Charter violations.” The primary concern is a mass detention scheme that would see designated groups of asylum seekers held for up to one year with no chance of judicial review. The government’s measures may prove so extreme that the Supreme Court will strike them down, much as Singh overturned the unjust practices of a previous generation. But whatever the outcome of these misguided proposed reforms, Canada’s current system has long contained the foundations of a better way—a foundation, one hopes, that will remain. This appeared in the October 2011 issue.

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Yesterday, on International Women’s Day, people around the world celebrated the latest triumphs in the global struggle for women’s rights and recommitted to the pursuit of gender equality. Indeed, tremendous progress has been made since World War II in codifying women’s rights and gender equality within the law at both the international and individual country levels. Unfortunately, limited progress has been made in realizing those rights. Although women and girls today tend to enjoy better health, more rights, and longer lives than their grandmothers did, for far too many women, human rights still are not a reality. In particular, many women do not enjoy full reproductive rights. These rights are recognized as human rights because women cannot fully participate in society unless they are able to control the number, spacing, and timing of their children, and they cannot enjoy general health and well-being unless they have reproductive and sexual health. The overwhelming majority of the world’s nations have committed to promoting and protecting these rights, but governments often shirk their responsibilities—and it is women who pay the price. Surviving pregnancy and childbirth is inherent to the right to life, liberty, and security. Yet pregnancy itself poses a grave health risk to women around the world: Complications during pregnancy are the leading cause of death globally for young women aged 15 to 19, and women die of pregnancy-related causes at a rate of about one per minute, or approximately 536,000 maternal deaths worldwide in 2005. The right to decide the number and spacing of children is also recognized as a human right itself. All too often, women have little to no say over how many children they will bear or even if, when, or how frequently they will become pregnant. Two hundred million women lack access to contraceptives globally. The United Nations Population Fund estimates that universal access to contraception would save the lives of one in three women who die of causes related to pregnancy and childbirth, or roughly 160,800 women per year. The right not to be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment or punishment is enshrined in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. This right is violated when women are denied sexual and reproductive self-determination. Rape, especially when used as a tool of war, is a clear infringement of this right. Forced sterilizations are another example. During the 1990s, for instance, the Peruvian government undertook a “massive, compulsory, and systematic” sterilization campaign targeting the country’s most marginalized population—the indigenous and poor. Thousands of women, as well as some men, were coerced by government officials into undergoing sterilization. Many women died as a result of botched surgeries, and the Peruvian government was eventually forced to acknowledge its responsibility in violating the reproductive rights of these women. Bans on abortion violate not only the right to health, but rights to life, liberty, bodily integrity, privacy, nondiscrimination and equality, as well as the right to choose the number and spacing of children. Abortion bans do not, however, prevent women from terminating pregnancies. In fact, abortion remains one of the most common medical procedures in the world, regardless of whether it is legal. Approximately 70,000 women per year die from unsafe abortions, and at least 5 million others suffer serious injury. These deaths and injuries are almost entirely preventable. The consequences of a 2006 decision in Nicaragua to criminalize abortion under all circumstances—even when necessary to save a woman’s life—demonstrate the consequences to women’s lives when these rights are denied. A Human Rights Watch investigation carried out shortly after the ban was implemented found that, despite protocols requiring doctors to treat certain obstetric emergencies, a pervasive fear of prosecution among health care providers resulted in the delay or denial of care. Women who were refused treatment suffered sterility, maiming and, in at least 80 cases, death. In the United States, the Supreme Court established a right to legal abortion in 1973. Yet today this right is effectively denied to poor women as a result of subsequent policies and court rulings. Since 1976, the Hyde Amendment has limited public funding for abortion in most circumstances, leaving approximately 12 million women of reproductive age enrolled in Medicaid without coverage for the procedure. Almost all of these women are poor, and a majority are women of color. These women and others affected by similar funding bans struggle to find the money they need for abortion care; they forgo food, shelter, and other necessities; and often they delay treatment, which increases their health risks. The international community must work to ensure that governments adhere to their existing commitments to reproductive rights standards and to guarantee reproductive autonomy for all. For decades, a vibrant global network of committed advocates has worked tirelessly to promote the right of women and men to control their own reproduction and sexuality. Thanks largely to their persistence, reproductive rights are now accepted as integral to human rights. But now these rights must be recognized as even more: integral to a life lived with dignity. Women around the world are demanding the ability to control their own bodies; it is time for their leaders to listen. An expanded version of this column will appear in the forthcoming contributed volume, A Pivotal Moment: Human Population, the Environmental Crisis and the Justice Solution, edited by Laurie Mazur (Island Press). Jacqueline Nolley Echegaray is the Associate for International Programs at the Moriah Fund.

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Learn about this topic in these articles: physiography of the Central African Republic ...country’s highest point, before declining eastward into sandstone plateaus. In the north the most significant mountains are those of the Dar Challa range, which rise to 4,350 feet (1,326 metres) at Mount Ngaya near the border with Sudan. In the southeast is a plain cut by a number of rivers.

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scroll to top Stuck on your essay? Get ideas from this essay and see how your work stacks up The Theme of Impact of the World War I on the Lives of Soldiers in All Quiet on the Western Front by Remarque Word Count: 764 All Quiet on the Western Front is the internationally famous novel that tells of the impact of the World War I experiences on the lives of the millions of soldiers involved In the novel Remarque the author highlights the horror and uselessness of war giving detailed descriptions of the negative physical and psychological damaging effects it has upon the soldier The main character represents the millions of other normal men who were caught up in the battle of the First World War Through his first person narration he expresses Remarques the author own opinion of the worthlessness of war and the vicious effects it had upon a persons physical and mental health The novel not only describes the horror that took place throughout the war it also portrays the horror and despair that take place after the war has finished A terrible feeling of foreignness suddenly rises up within me I cannot find my way back Ch 7 p 149 In this quote Paul is on leave sitting in his room alone he should be happy to be home to see all his family again but he cannot relate to the things in his past Turning him over one saw that he could not have suffered long his face had an expression of calm as though almost glad the end had come Ch 12 p248 This proves that a soldiers mindset is altered they have seen too many gruesome sights and cannot bear to live with it so much that dying doesnt seem so bad a generation of men who even though they may have escaped its shells were destroyed by the war Remarque stated in the prologue above and successfully positions the reader to recognise that the youth were victims in the war he achieves this by using a combination of techniques including writing in first person the use of language and characterisation which effectively engages the audience by positioning them to @Kibin is a lifesaver for my essay right now!! - Sandra Slivka, student @ UC Berkeley Wow, this is the best essay help I've ever received! - Camvu Pham, student @ U of M If I'd known about @Kibin in college, I would have gotten much more sleep - Jen Soust, alumni @ UCLA

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The bike was bought new so we may never know how well the bikes brakes were functioning or if Robert knew how to properly manage his front and rear brakes going down a steep hill. If there is any lesson to be learned from this tragedy it is that stronger bicycle education efforts are needed in our schools. One of the first things that kids are taught in bike education classes such as BCGP's Safe Routes Philly Program is to inspect a bicycle using the ABC Quick Check. Bike New York's Rich Conroy demonstrates the ABC Quick Check in Bike New York's Savvy Cyclist class. The Bicycle Coalition extends our sympathies to Robert's family.

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Source: Jewish Educational Leadership (11:1) In the first part of this article, the author makes a case for why Jewish environmental education should be an important part of Jewish education. The second part of the article explores what organizations are currently providing resources and training to empower Jewish educators to teach this topic. The third part of the article provides an example of a Jewish environmental teaching, on the topic of reuse of resources. What are the resources available to Jewish educators to further engage in Jewish environmental programming? First, Jewish Eco Seminars. Its Israel-based programs deliver Israel-focused Jewish environmental programming to U.S. groups and educators visiting Israel, including day and Hebrew school teachers, and offer follow-up programming upon their return to the U.S. Its North American-based programs present professional development workshops for Jewish educators to deliver new educational materials and practical tools to integrate the teachings. Jewish Eco Seminars also facilitates dynamic seminars in the U.S. on Jewish environmental education for education directors, rabbis, and teachers at congregational and Hebrew schools, and JCC staff. The seminars provide access to curriculum modules plus a teacher's resource manual with lesson plans, articles, experiential activities, source sheets, and background materials on a wide array of Jewish teachings on the environment. Jewish Eco Seminars also offers follow-up support to interested educators to assist them in teaching topics on Judaism and the natural environment in the term following the seminar, including consultation from Jewish Eco Seminars staff and regular conference calls prior to each curriculum module on the Jewish calendar. Second, Canfei Nesharim, which connects traditional Torah texts with contemporary scientific findings, educates and empowers Jewish individuals, organizations and communities to take an active role in protecting the environment in order to build a more sustainable world. It offers leadership training which utilizes new tools to empower the Jewish environmental community. It has also produced robust Jewish environmental materials on a range of topics, including Jewish holidays, each of the 54 weekly Torah portions, and key Jewish environmental topics. Third, Jewcology is a new web portal for the global Jewish environmental community. It has created a comprehensive set of core Jewish resources on teachings from the Torah regarding environmental sustainability This set of resources on eighteen core topics is an in-depth Torah-based exploration of Jewish-environmental laws and values, and is being used by Jews of all denominations and affiliations to understand the relevance of Jewish tradition to current environmental challenges. Fourth, the Teva Learning Alliance works to fundamentally transform Jewish education through experiential learning that fosters Jewish and ecological sustainability. Their annual Teva Seminar on Jewish Environmental Education is held at Surprise Lake Camp in Cold Spring, NY. It is described as “the premiere professional development opportunity for adults of all ages to explore Jewish environmental education, environmental sustainability, camping, gardening, or simply enjoying nature with others.” Fifth, Hazon’s Jewish Food Education Network (JFEN) is a way for educators all over North America to connect with, share and learn from each other with the help of Hazon’s innovative food education resources and support. Hazon has developed a diverse library of curricula and source books that can be used in the classroom, at home, or as experiential programs. Its tools are geared towards various age groups and have been used in Synagogues, Day Schools, JCCs, and camps around the world. Read the entire article in Jewish Educational Leadership.

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Focus on the mechanics of life processes and their application by learning how genes affect human health, food safety and environmental quality. This multidisciplinary field has a proud impact on almost every aspect of human life. Learn the principles of nutrition and education by guiding people into eating healthier diets by means of therapy, research, hospitals, schools or outreach. Develop an understanding of how economic, political and sociocultural forces are transforming U.S. communities, while building skills to improve the quality of communal life. Explore how to grow, process, pack, store and distribute food while building skills to create tastier, more nutritious foods that meet market demands and consumer needs. Gain an understanding of how culture, economics, and technology affect agriculture and build the skills and knowledge to help produce and distribute food to the people of developing countries.

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Tropical fruits are those that are usually grown and originate in frost-free areas of the world. Common examples include bananas, pineapples, papayas. Others, such as durian and mangosteen, aren't as well known world-wide, and often limited to a smaller geographical area. Sites listed here are about growing these fruits in home gardens and greenhouses. Related categories 1 Cape Trib Exotic Fruit Farm: Tropical Fruit Provides a list of more than 60 different exotic fruit, and each is linked to another page providing detail on how to recognise each fruit, grow them, eat them, and some recipes Information about the tree and its fruit: description, propagation and culture, characteristics of cultivars, and culinary uses. Know & Enjoy Tropical Fruit Article about the casimiroa, black persimmon and mabolo, including varieties and recipes. Tropical Fruit Database Uses, cultivation, and origin. Sorted by scientific and common names. Last update:September 3, 2015 at 8:05:09 UTC

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Cheese is loved the world over. It is served as an appetiser, an ingredient in entrees and is an important feature in many desserts. Akawi cheese, also known as Akkawi cheese, is a brine cheese native to the historical region of Palestine in modern day Israel. It is typically made from cow milk, but can also be made using goat or sheep milk. It is a soft, white cheese with a smooth texture and mild, slightly salty, taste. Akawi cheese is served with fruit, alone as a table cheese, fried or as an ingredient in desserts. - Skill level: Other People Are Reading Things you need - Double boiler - Rennet capsules - Paper towels Fill the bottom section of the double boiler with water. Fill the top of the double boiler with 3.750 litres (1-gallon) of milk. Add 2-teaspoons of salt and two rennet capsules to the milk. Bring to a boil, following the rennet manufacturer's instructions. Rennet is a complex of enzymes that aids in the curdling of the milk. Strain the curdled milk, using a kitchen strainer. This separates the liquid, known as whey, from the curds. Lay the curds on a section of cheesecloth. Wrap the curds and tightly squeeze, over the kitchen sink, releasing as much remaining moisture as possible, Remove the curds from the cheesecloth. Gather the curds together and form a ball. Set the ball in a glass or Pyrex container. Cover with a layer of cheesecloth. Put the covered bowl in a cool spot, away from light, for two weeks. An ideal temperature is 7 to 10 degrees C (45 to 50 degrees F). This begins the ageing process. Bring the container of cheese into the kitchen after the two-week period. Create a brine by adding 450g (one pound) of salt to 1.9 litres (1/2-gallon) of room temperature water. Stir or shake the solution to thoroughly mix. Generously wipe the surface of the ageing cheese with the brine, using a piece of cheesecloth. Cover and replace the cheese in its ageing spot for another two weeks. Repeat this process every two weeks for a total of eight weeks. For a sharper taste, repeat this process for up to an additional four weeks beyond the eight-week ageing period. Tips and warnings - Rennet tablets are available at large grocery outlets and online. - Salt slows down or stops the bacteria cultures in the cheese, producing the ideal amount of acid for proper curd ripening. It also pulls the moisture from the cheese surface, contributing to the formation of the rind. Salt also adds to the cheese's flavour and tends to inhibit mould growth. - 20 of the funniest online reviews ever - 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites - Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for

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What if the traditional ways of using classroom teaching and homework were swapped around? Where children learn the basics of a subject at home allowing them to tackle the more complicated problems in class with the teacher? In this edition of Learning World we meet pioneering teachers who use modern technology to the fullest to tackle learning from a different angle. “Flipped” learning allows teachers to monitor the progress of students even better, as well as allowing each student the chance to progress at their own speed. Salman Khan is one of the leaders in the world of video teaching. His global internet school contains thousands of free video tutorials that are watched by millions of people every month from all over the world. In Norway Anne Cathrine Gotaas makes video lessons on mathematics, to help teach her students at an Oslo high school. She too has “flipped” her lessons and her methods have been recognised internationally.

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There I was, enjoying a delicious green smoothie when an article about oxalates in spinach and other leafy greens caught my attention. Is there a hidden danger lurking in my delicious, beloved green smoothie? Oxalic acid (also referred to as oxalates) are found in many foods and are a controversial subject among nutritionists and health experts. Finding a definitive answer online regarding the potential safety or dangers of this substance can make your head spin (as most cutting-edge nutrition research will). What Is Oxalic Acid? Oxalic acid is a naturally occurring chemical in plants and animals and is also consumed in a variety of different foods such as leafy greens, nuts, seeds, most berries, certain fruits, soy and soy products, meat and dairy products. In large amounts, oxalic acid is poisonous, but toxic levels are not found in foods that we normally eat. The main controversy surrounding oxalic acid in food is whether or not they contribute to the formation of kidney stones. About 80% of the kidney stones formed by adults in the U.S.A. are composed of calcium oxalate. Oxalic acid binds with other minerals such as calcium which form a salt known as an oxalate. Oxalic acid interferes with the absorption of calcium in foods because they bind with it, making it unusable by your body. Without oxalic acid, foods such as spinach and kale would have a much higher, bio-available calcium content than they do because it is bound up with oxalic acid. These oxalates are usually passed though the urine but in vulnerable individuals, they may crystallize, forming larger stones that cause excruciating pain and require medical attention. What Foods Contain Oxalates? Many foods contain oxalic acid, especially leafy greens such as spinach, kale, chard, parsley, collards and beet greens. Spinach has the highest levels of oxalic acid – 750 milligrams per 100 gram serving. So, should you be concerned about the oxalate content of your spinach green smoothies? Should You Be Concerned? The short answer is “generally, no”. There are a few rare medical conditions such as Primary Hyperoxaluria and Enteric Hyperoxaluria where one would need to restrict their dietary intake of oxalic acid. Also, those who are susceptible and have been treated for calcium-oxalate kidney stones, and therefore at risk of forming them again, should watch their intake of oxalate-containing foods. Otherwise, oxalic acid is not believed to be a health concern for most people. Keep in mind that your body regularly produces oxalic acid, often synthesizing other substances such as vitamin C into oxalic acid. Whether you eat foods that contain it or not, your body maintains a naturally-occurring level of oxalic acid and regularly produces it whether you consume it in your diet or not. Health Experts Weigh In Most mainstream diet and nutrition experts do agree that oxalic content of foods should not be a concern to healthy individuals. The nutritional benefits of eating oxalate-containing foods such as spinach outweigh the minute risk of forming kidney stones. Dietitians and nutritionists generally do not steer people away from dark, leafy greens because they contain oxalic acid. Some raw food diet experts take the oxalate debate one step further by suggesting that oxalic acid is actually beneficial when consumed from raw, organic greens. They claim that it is the cooking of foods that contain oxalic acid which lead to problems in humans. If You Are Concerned About Oxalates If you have a history of kidney stones or a medical condition that is complicated by the consumption of oxalate-rich foods, you should contact your doctor or health practitioner for advice. There is some helpful information on the web which lists oxalate levels of many foods which can help you plan your diet should you feel the need to reduce your intake of oxalic acid-containing foods. In general, replacing oxalate-rich greens such as spinach and kale with Romaine lettuce or other lettuces will lower exposure, but also lower overall nutrient density of your smoothies. My Approach To Oxalates In Green Smoothies Since I do not have Hyperoxaluria or any history of kidney stones, I am not going to worry about oxalic acid in my green smoothies. The amount I consume on a daily basis is not toxic. The research that exists does not conclusively point to oxalates as the absolute cause or even a leading contributing factor in the possible formation of kidney stones. What I will do, however, is rotate my greens so that I am not always eating spinach, which contains the highest levels of oxalates. Simply rotating or mixing spinach with lower-level oxalate-containing foods will help even things out and lower my overall exposure. Besides, rotating greens and other foods regularly helps to limit over-consumption of any one nutrient and provides health-promoting variety in the diet. Do not become obsessed with lowering oxalate exposure though. It’s silly to choose one green over another based on oxalic content if you do not have a preexisting medical condition that should warrant such a choice. Also, isolating one substance in food that may or may not cause a health problem when consumed in excess is a narrow way of looking at health and nutrition. Eating a whole foods diet provides a wide spectrum of nutrients, phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals and trace elements that work together to make a perfect, whole food that nourishes the body. Your body, when given whole food and proper nutrition, works effectively to process the foods you eat, eliminate the substances it doesn’t need and protect itself against disease and other health problems. Enjoy Your Green Smoothies! Green smoothies have a wide range of health benefits, many of these from the potent antioxidants found in spinach, kale, chard, blueberries, strawberries, carrots, oranges, tomatoes and other foods – all of which have oxalic acid. So go ahead and enjoy your green smoothies and the health benefits they provide! Return to the Green Smoothie FAQ.

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This Day in History - June 5 Today is the 156th day of 2014 There are 209 days left in the year. 1981: The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that five gay men in California are suffering from a rare pneumonia found in patients with weakened immune systems. These are the first recognized cases of what became known as AIDS. 1783: Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier demonstrate their hot-air balloon. 1794: Congress passes the Neutrality Act, prohibiting Americans from enlisting in the service of a foreign power. 1849: Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy with a parliament and freedom of press, association and religion. 1884: Civil War hero General William T Sherman refuses the Republican presidential nomination, saying:"I will not accept if nominated and will not serve if elected." 1885: British establish protectorate over Niger River region, now Nigeria. 1915: Danish women win voting rights. 1933: The US goes off the gold standard. 1947: US Secretary of State George C Marshall calls for a massive programme of foreign aid to help the European states recover after World War II. It becomes known as the Marshall Plan. 1967: Israel launches airstrikes on Egypt, destroying most of that country's air force on the ground to open the six-day Middle East War. Syria, Jordan and Iraq enter the conflict 1968: US Senator Robert F Kennedy is shot and mortally wounded just after claiming victory in California's Democratic presidential primary. Gunman Sirhan Bishara Sirhan was immediately arrested. 1975: Suez Canal in Egypt reopens to international shipping for first time since 1967 Arab-Israeli War. 1988: Australian Kay Cottee becomes the first woman to sail alone non-stop around the world. 1995: Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic says he has convinced Bosnian Serbs to release the 235 UN personnel held hostage in Bosnia after airstrikes against the Serbs. The hostages are later gradually released. 1996: In their first exchange, new Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu tells Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat that there will "never" be a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. 1999: NATO and Yugoslav officers meet for the first time in Macedonia to discuss the withdrawal of Serb forces from Kosovo. 2000: Rebels on one side of an ethnic conflict in the Solomon Islands capture the prime minister, put up roadblocks around the capital and overrun key installations, while the rest of the government remains in power. 2002: A Palestinian suicide bomber detonates a car packed with explosives alongside a bus at Megiddo Junction in northern Israel, killing himself and at least 17 Israelis, including 13 soldiers. 2004: Ronald Reagan, who devoted his presidency to winning the Cold War, dies after a long struggle with Alzheimer's disease. 2005: Kurdish rebels ambush a Turkish commando unit overnight, killing four soldiers and wounding one in south-eastern Turkey as the rebel command threatens to escalate violence across the country. 2006: Islamic militants with alleged links to al-Qaeda seize control of Somalia's capital, unifying the city for the first time in 16 years and posing a direct challenge to the UN-backed government. 2007: Pipeline diggers unearth a mass grave believed to contain thousands of Jews slaughtered in Ukraine during World War II. 2008: The United Arab Emirates announces it will name an ambassador to Baghdad, the first Arab country to restore full diplomatic ties to Iraq since the collapse of Saddam Hussein's regime. 2010: Researchers score the first big win against melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. An experimental drug significantly improved survival in a major study of people with very advanced disease. 2012: A US drone strike in north-west Pakistan kills al-Qaeda's second-in-command, the most significant victory so far in the controversial bombing campaign and the biggest setback to the terror network since the death of Osama bin Laden. Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (1878-1923); John Maynard Keynes, British economist (1883-1946); Federico Garcia Lorca, Spanish poet (1898-1936); Spalding Gray, actor (1941-2004); Fred Stone (AKA Fred Stewart), US guitarist for Sly and the Family Stone (1946- ); Laurie Anderson, US performance artist (1947- ); Brian McKnight, US singer (1969- ); Mark Wahlberg, US actor (1971- )

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Melanoma is a malignant skin tumor that involves the skin cells that produce pigment (melanin). The risk of melanoma increases with age, but frequently effects young, otherwise healthy people. Melanoma is an aggressive type of cancer that can spread very rapidly. A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, and David R. Eltz. Previously reviewed by Kevin Berman, MD, PhD, Atlanta Center for Dermatologic Disease, Atlanta, GA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network (7/26/2011).

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Dengue fever in Thailand The Thai government has declared a popular tourist area a dengue-fever disaster zone following a sharp increase in infection rates during the current rainy season. About 1,400 cases of the mosquito-borne virus have been reported in Rayong province, on the eastern coast of Thailand, home to the islands of Ko Samet, Ko Mun and Ko Kodi. To date, two people have died, and health authorities warn that the disease is widespread across all regions of the country. Dengue fever is an acute haemorrhagic disease. Symptoms include headaches and extreme muscle and joint pains, which give the infection its nickname, "breakbone fever". There is no vaccination for dengue, which can be caught year-round but is more prevalent in the rainy season, between May and October. The best strategy is to brush up on bite avoidance.

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New Romney is a small town in Kent, England, on the edge of Romney Marsh, an area of flat, rich agricultural land reclaimed from the sea after the harbour began to silt up. New Romney was once a sea port, with the harbour adjacent to the church, but is now more than a mile from the sea. A mooring ring can still be seen in front of the church. New Romney is the main centre of population on the Romney Marsh. It became a municipal borough in 1885 and remained so until 1974 when it became part of the Shepway non-metropolitan district. The town is the headquarters of the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway. The population was 6,953 in the UK census of 2001. The parish church is dedicated to St. Martin and sometimes the parish is referred to as New Romney St. Martin. For more information, see the EN Wikipedia article New Romney. Kent Research Tips This list has been taken from GENUKI where more places and websites for researching are listed. Archives and Libraries Civil Registration and Census Family History Societies Most of the county is divided between the Kent FHS and the North West Kent FHS. Kent Probate Records Numerous links provided by Maureen Rawson

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People have a genetic risk of developing a mental disorder. Kendler - Relatives of schizophrenia were 18 times more likey to develop schizophrenia than a control group. Some disorders are caused by an chemical imbalance in the brain eg. high levels of dopamine cause schizophrenia and low levels of serotoin causes depression. Abnormal behaviour can occur if the brain is damaged eg. Alzheimer's disease because of the loss of malformation of cells in the nervous system. Baterial and viral infections are linked to causing disorders. Bart et al - found levels of schizophrenia in individuals whose mothers contracted the flu whilst pregant. Biological Approach - Evaluation + This approach has developed an effective drug treatment + There are psychological evidence in the form of brain scans + The blame is removed and the individuals guilt, because they cannot be held responsible for a chemical imbalance or contracted an infection - Because responsiblity is removed recovery is less effective - It has a simplistic view of abnormality and breaks down complex human behaviour - Doesn't take into account external factors - Being diagnosied with depression or schizophrenia gives a sterotypical view of what is expected from them this in it's self is damaging too an individual as it is judgmental - Due to the sterotypical judgments and the removal of the responsiblity the individual gives in and lives up the the negetive views and recovery is damaged (self-fulling phophecy) Biological Approach - Drug Therapy Drugs enter the bloodsteam in order to affect the balance affecting the transmission of chemicals that control the abnormal behaviour. eg. high levels of dopamine that causes schizophrenia requires the patient to take antipsychotic drugs in order to decrease the levels of dopamine to allow the patient to behave in a healthy way. Evaluation of Drug Therapy + Reduce of symptoms and improves the quality of life + Evidence shows effectivness neuroleptic drugs have show to help 80% of schizophrenia patients and 2/3rd's of psychotic patients + Cost effective + Easy and no effort for the individuals - Has been abused in the past to control patients - Patients can become dependant on the drug treatments and addicted too them - The side effects such as tardie dyskineshia (facial movments) can be worse than symptoms - Takes time to work and take effect Biological Approach - Electroconvulsive Therapy (E Changes the neurotransmitters activity by increasing the sensitivity of serotoin in the hypothalamus and increases release of GABA, noradrenaline and adrenaline. The patient is given a general anaesthetic and then given electrical impulses sent to brain. Our brain has two sides, the left and right hemisphere, one is more domiant. Unilateral ECT - Stimulates the non-dominant hemisphere Bulateral ECT - Stimulates both hemispheres Evaluation of Electroconvulsive Therapy + Immedate benefical effect + Evidence to suggest there is no brain damage + Weither & Coffey - reported an 80% improvement in depressed patients - Risk of temporary amnesia - Abused in the past to control patients - Not suitable for children, elderly and pregnant women - Sackheim - reported an 84% relapse rate after 6 months Leaning Approach - Classical Conditioning The learning approach states all behaviour is learnt and believes even abnormal behaviour is learnt and can be unlearnt. (association) Unconditioned Stimulus ------ Unconditioned Response All spiders assocatied with fear Conditioned Stimulus ----------- Conditioned Respose (All Spiders) (Fear) Waston & Rayner - Little Albert Showed how a phobia could develop via classical conditioning via a lab experiement, he got permisson from his parents. * Introduced to white rat * There is no reaction when the rat is first introduced but the experiementer makes a loud noise everytime the rat comes near and then assocates the rat with the fear * Albert developed a conditioned response of fear Evaluation of study - Ethical issuse (protection, consent and deception) - Low external + High internal Learning Approach - Operant Conditioning Believes that postive and negetive reinforcement can control behaviour for example; people maintain phobias by avoiding it this is negetive reinforecment. Poople make negetive assumption baout something and assocate it with negetive outcomes such as fear. Learning Approach - Social Learning Theory Bandura - argued children learn anti-social behaviour by observing and copying people. Mineka et al - used monkeys to see how phobias can be developed through observation. Monkeys whose mother's had a phobia of snakes didn't have an automatic fear. But when they saw their mother's in a fearful situation/responce they did develop a phobia because they observed and copied the same responce. Learning Approach - Evaluation + Observational behaviour so cannot be repeated + Looks at presant problems and doesn't rely on past experiences + Treatments are effective on OCD and phobias - Tested mainly on animals and cant be generalised to human behaviour - Reduces complex human behaviour - Ignores external influences Learning Approach - SYSTEMATIC- DE- SENITIZATION Wolpe - Treatment based on classical conditioning to counter condition fears, anxities and phobias by replacing fearful reactions with another emotion eg. relaxation. The new responce is gradually conditioned via metal imagery and real life exposure (vitro and vivo). 1. Taught deep muscle relaxation techniques 2. Establish fear heirarchy from least anxeity provoking to most 3. Introduced to least anxeity provoking to the most while using relaxation tecniques to replace conditioned fear with relaxation. Case Study - Jones Jones aimed to remove a fear of white rats from a 2 year old boy - Peter. For the experiement it was generalised to rabbits. When the rabbit was near Peter, the experiementer gave a postive stimulus (food). Peter learned by associating the rabbit with a postive outcome, leaving the negetive assocation behind. Learning Approach - Aversion Therapy Another therapy using classical conditioning is aversion therapy. The therapist tries to get rid of undesirable behavioursusing association with an unplesant stimulus. For example; an alcholic given a pill every time they drink, causing the person to feel ill. The negetive outcome makes them assocate the negetive experience with drinking. Learning Approach - Token Economy Uses operant conditioning to dicourage anti-social behaviour, using reward and punishment. The token is given as a reward for desired behviour and can be exchanged for previleges. Learning Approach - Evaluation +Sucessful at treating phobias + Klosko et al - stated systematic-de-sensitization was better than the most popular drug treatment. 87% of patients were panic free compared to 50% of the drug group. + Hopeful as it predicts people can change their behaviour - Impratical to de-sensitize real life situations - Patients may not have a vivid imagination for it to work effectfully - Only effective on a limited number of disorders Cognative Approach - Aaron Beck and Ellis Believes behaviour is a result of maladaptive throught processes. Negetive Automatic Throughts Stimulus --- Think --- Feeling --- Behaviour --- Outcome (fail exam) -- (can't sit exams) -- (failure) -- (no revison, drop subject) -- (depression) Or adaptive rotue: (fail exam) -- (try harder) -- (determination) -- (revise more) -- (sucess) Negetive view of world -- Negetive about themselves -- Negetive about their future States faulty thinking is a result of irrational assumptions, they may interpret the assumption in an irrational way eg. 'I failed the exam because I fail at everthing'. Cognative Approach - Evaluation + The model has lead to sucessfull therapies, challenging faulty through patterns + Because the model blames the patient, recovery is more effective + Gustafon - found many people with faulty thinking also have psychological disorders. Showing mental disorders do exhibt faulty thinking. Leads to assume abnormal behaviours are a result of faulty throught pattens rather than conditioning or an unconcious drive. - Can't establish cause and effect, it could be suggested that faulty thinking maybe the effect rather than the cause of a disorder. eg. depression causes negative throughts due to the disorder which would be a symptom/effect rather than the cause of the disorder. - The model blames the patient, overlooking situational events in the patients life which could of caused the problem. Cognative Approach - Rational Emotive Behaviour Th Ellis - Based on how irrational beliefs can lead to unhealthy behaviour. Activating Event: eg. someone looking at the house Belief: eg. 'he is spying on me' or rational 'he is just passing by' Consequence: eg. 'feeling of paranoia' The REBT helps the patient revert the beliefs & behaviours associated with the event. Cognative Approach - Cognative Behavioual Therapy Identifies irrational beliefs that contribues to inadiquate functioning of his daily life eg. throught dairy. Encouraged to carry out behavioural experiments to reality test irrational beliefs. The end goal is to challenege the beliefs to replace to change the person's emotions and behaviours. Cognative Approach - Evaluation + Can be used to treat other disorders such as stress + Educates patients with self help techniques, which mean relapse rate is lower and is credited by the NHS + Cheap as the course is 6-8 weeks + More effective for depressive and anxiety disorders than drug therapies + NHS use these therapies because it is effective due to the low relapse rate in comparision to other therapies + Engles et el - Showed a meta-analysis that REBT is effective for different types of disorders such as OCD and agoraphobia. - Sucess could depend on the skill and experience of the therapist - Protection (more stressful than everyday life) - Waiting list - Cannot control irrational enviroments eg. bullying boss (reinforcing negetive throughts) Psychodynamic Approach - Freud Freud believes psychological problems arose from dynamics of the personality. Abnormal behaviour is a result of unresolved conflicts from childhood which resides in our unconcious mind. Is when the three pysche's are imbalance. Disequilibruim is when there is an imbalance or a weak ego. Id the ID impluses are not controled they are expressed in destructiveness and immorality. Well adjusted person develops a strong ego to cope with demands of the ID and superego (dynamic equilibruim). If the superego is too strong it resists the ID it stops the indiviual enjoying themselves even in socially acceptable ways. It can lead to neurosis expressed in symptoms of anxiety disorders such as obsessions. Psychosexual stages of development Oral Stage: mouth is the source of pleasure (0-18 months) Anal Stage: The infant will withold faveles (18-36 months) Phallic Stage: Focous on genitals (3-6 years) During the phallic stage children develop either Oedipus Complex (males) or Electra Complex (girls). They form a stronger relationship with the parents of the opposit sex and are worried that the other will find out about there relationship. Conflict or fixation on any stage can result in abnormal behaviour later in life. Neurosis is more likey to develop during the phallic stage. Adopted by ego to ensure demands are met for the ID without upsetting superego, reducing anxiety. Psychodynamic Approach - Evaluation + First approach to look at abnormal behaviour + Emphisis unconcious and effect on behaviour + Removes responsiblity - Support from case studies so can't be generalised - Relies on childhood memories - Abstract consepts (ID, ego, superego) so you cannot test or monitor it to prove the theory - Defence mechanisms make it hard to disprove the theory Psychodynamic Approach - Psychoanalytic Therapy The goal is to bring repressed throughts from the unconsious to the consious. Via free assocation and dream anaysis. * States what they are thinking even minimal details * Enables the intended censor of the unconsious to relax so the material can emerge * Free assocation of ideas may lead to other repressed memories from their childhood * Therapist's role is to interpret the information from the memories and throughts and encourge reflection Freud believed dreams is the unconcious mind's way to uncover repressed materials to surface. Dreams - mainfest content Meaning - latent content Psychodynamic Approach - Evaluation + Effective with neuitic patients + Bergin - an analtsis of 10,000 patients histories estimated 80% benefited from psychoanalysis compared to 60% who recieved other therapies based on alternative approaches. - Not effective with all disorders schizophrenia patients ignore their therapst's insight and is resisant to treatment. - Eyenck - compared neuotic patients on psychotherapy and not on any therapy. Concluded 60% of the group improved in 2 years regardless of any treatment.

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1. What is the order in which assets are generally listed on a classified balance sheet? 2. The information for preparing a trial balance on a worksheet is obtained from 3. The most efficient way to accomplish closing entries is to 4. All of the following are property, plant, and equipment except 5. On March 8, Black Candy Company bought supplies on account from the Arcade Fire Company for $550. Black Candy Company incorrectly debited Equipment for $500 and credited Accounts Payable for $500. The entries have been posted to the ledger. the correcting entry should be: 6. The operating cycle of a company is the average time that is required to go from cash to 7. The purpose of the post-closing trial balance is to 8. The first step in posting involves 9. On June 1, 2015 Ted Leo buys a copier machine for his business and finances this purchase with cash and a note. When journalizing this transaction, he will 10. Which of the following are the same under both GAAP and IFRS? 11. The final step in the recording process is to transfer the journal information to the 12. At January 31, 2015, the balance in Aislers Inc.’s supplies account was $750. During February, Aislers purchased supplies of $900 and used supplies of $1,125. At the end of February, the balance in the supplies account should be 13. Transactions in a journal are recorded in 14. The final step in solving an ethical dilemma is to 15. Accounting consists of three basic activities which are related to economic events of an organization. These include 16. The primary purpose of the statement of cash flows is to report 17. Retained earnings at the end of the period is equal to 18. A basic assumption of accounting assumes that the dollar is 19. All of the following are steps in analyzing ethics cases in financial reporting except An accounting time period that is one year in length, but does not begin on January 1, is referred to as 20. Which of the statements below is not true? 21. Which of the following statements is not true? 22. A company spends $15 million dollars for an office building. Over what period should the cost be written off? 23. Accounts often need to be adjusted because 24. Which of the following is in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles?

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For undergraduate and graduate courses in Historiography, Philosophy of History, and Historical Methods. Also an ideal supplemental text for Western Civilization and Intellectual History courses. This concise, best-selling volume presents a thorough and comprehensive overview of Western historical thinking from ancient times until the present. History and Historians surveys the main issues and problems in areas such as historiography, philosophy of history, and historical methodology. The book strives for a balanced coverage and attempts to make the subject accessible to readers at all levels.

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9 CFR 101.5 - Testing terminology. Terms used when evaluating biological products shall mean: (a) Standard Requirement. Test methods, procedures, and criteria established by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service for evaluating biological products to be pure, safe, potent, and efficacious, and not to be worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful under the Act. (b) Log. Logarithm computed to the base 10. (c) Pure or purity. Quality of a biological product prepared to a final form relatively free of extraneous micro-organisms and extraneous material (organic or inorganic) as determined by test methods or procedures established by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service in Standard Requirements or in the approved Outline of Production for such product, but free of extraneous microorganisms or material which in the opinion of the Administrator adversely affects the safety, potency, or efficacy of such product. (d) Safe or safety. Freedom from properties causing undue local or systemic reactions when used as recommended or suggested by the manufacturer. (e) Sterile or sterility. Freedom from viable contaminating microorganisms as demonstrated by procedures prescribed in part 113 of this subchapter, Standard Requirements, and approved Outlines of Production. (f) Potent or potency. Relative strength of a biological product as determined by test methods or procedures as established by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service in Standard Requirements or in the approved Outline of Production for such product. (g) Efficacious or efficacy. Specific ability or capacity of the biological product to effect the result for which it is offered when used under the conditions recommended by the manufacturer. (i) Vaccinate. An animal which has been inoculated, injected, or otherwise administered a biological product being evaluated. (j) Control animal. An animal, which may be referred to as a control, used in a test procedure for purposes of comparison or to add validity to the results. (l) Test results. Terms used to designate testing results are as follows: (1) No Test. Designation used when a deficiency in the test system has rendered a test unsuitable for drawing a valid conclusion. (4) Inconclusive. Designation used for an initial test when a sequential test design established in the filed Outline of Production or Standard Requirement allows further testing if a valid initial test is not satisfactory. (m) Healthy. Apparently normal in all vital functions and free of signs of disease. (n) Unfavorable reactions. Overt adverse changes which occur in healthy test animals subsequent to initiation of a test and manifested during the observation period prescribed in the test protocol which are attributable either to the biological product being tested or to factors unrelated to such product as determined by the responsible individual conducting the test. (o) Master reference. A Master Reference is a reference whose potency is correlated, directly or indirectly, to host animal immunogenicity. The Master Reference may be used as the working reference in in vitro tests for relative potency. The Master Reference may also be used to establish the relative potency of a serial of product used in requalification studies and to establish the relative potency of working references. The preparation of a Master Reference as described in a filed Outline of Production may be: (2) A purified preparation of a protective immunogen or antigen; or (3) A nonadjuvanted harvested culture of microorganisms. (1) Master References; or (q) Qualifying serial. (1) A serial of biological product used to test for immunogenicity when the Master or Working Reference is a purified antigen or nonadjuvanted harvest material. Qualifying serials shall be produced in accordance with the filed Outline of Production, tested for immunogenicity in accordance with methods deemed appropriate by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and have a geometric mean relative potency, when compared to the Master Reference, of not greater than 1.0 as established by: independent parallel line assays with five or more replicates; or other valid assay methods for determining relative antigen content which demonstrate linearity, specificity, and reproducibility at least equivalent to the parallel line assay and are acceptable to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (2) Qualifying serials used to requalify or extend the dating period of a Master Reference shall be determined to be immunogenic in accordance with methods deemed appropriate by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service as provided in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, and, in addition, shall be within their permitted dating period and have been prepared in accordance with the production method described in the currently filed Outline of Production. (r) Immunogenicity. The ability of a biological product to elicit an immune response in animals as determined by test methods or procedures acceptable to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Title 9 published on 2015-01-01 The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 9 CFR Part 101 after this date.

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There are over 80 Types Of Arthritis and each has different cause. Causes of Arthritis may incorporate joint inflammation, infection, skin aging, malfunctions in the exempt and nervous systems, metabolic rate disorders, hypothermia, injuries etc .. The most common cause of inflammation of joints tweaking consequent lesion is pathogens. When body is attacked by types of harmful bacteria, virus plus fungus, a natural protective system goodies our body and we call it immune system. The body starts producing immune architecture, but when immunity of individual is disturbed, too many substances are written for protection, and they start destroying not only harmful bacteria but your special bacteria, and similarly joints are available under attack. This results in infectious Arthritis. Traumatic Arthritis occurs and develops largely because of injury with damage to a possible joint. This may also occur assigned to constant or excessive stress on the joints, resulting in forced motion of ankle. In case of itching of joints, trauma often include the development of Arthritis or maybe the its aggravation. Constant and small traumas of joints can also result in the development of field Arthritis. Mechanical factors also play a vital role in causing degenerative difficulties for joints. People who are tailors, barbers, and masseurs, included in this are, are more likely to attract Arthritis of fingers. The laborers can be very much prone to people Arthritis of spine. Arthritis in obese i've truly is very common with all the high stress on structures. Abnormalities arising as brought on by congenital hip dislocation, intra-articular : periarticular fractures, and continuing inflammation, result in permanent traumas thereby causing development of Arthritis. Disturbance for a functioning of endocrine glands may also lead to so-called hormonal Arthritis. The most common example is each side Rheumatoid or degenerative Arthritis in women during menopause, when hormonal changes occur in the reproductive system of women. Causes of the most common type of Arthritis i. e. OsteoArthritis what exactly is many such as life long physical loads, which can be corresponding work, sports, body fat cells, injury of joints in adition to genetic predisposition. Permanent loads often include the weakening of cartilages and consequently they may collapse. Gouty Arthritis develops because of genetic predisposition, obesity, malnutrition, consumption of large levels proteins and alcohol. Rheumatoid Arthritis could be the autoimmune disease, which is due to the changes in the immune mechanisms of the patient due to infections, mental and physical stress. Prevention of Arthritis need to be aimed at by addressing what can cause the disease..

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Wood Buffalo National Park Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada’s largest National Park celebrated around the world for its Outstanding Universal Values, is under threat! Hydroelectric activity on the Peace River in British Columbia and oil sands developments along the Athabasca River in Alberta are leading to the degradation of the Peace-Athabasca Delta, the world’s largest fresh water inland delta! The Mikisew Cree First Nation have taken action to protect Wood Buffalo National Park by asking UNESCO to place it on the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger. Read more below! Wood Buffalo National Park is a National and International Treasure! Wood Buffalo National Park (the “Park”), situated in the Northern Boreal Plains in northeastern Alberta and the southern Northwest Territories, is the largest national park in Canada and one of the largest in the world. At 44,807km2, the Park houses the world’s largest population of free-roaming wild bison and is the only place in the world where a natural predatory relationship between wolves and bison has continued unbroken over time. This vast wilderness contains one of the largest inland freshwater deltas in the world, the Peace-Athabasca Delta (the “Delta”). The Park is home to 47 species of mammals, hundreds of thousands of birds, and the world’s largest beaver dam. This extremely important land has been utilized by Aboriginal Peoples for more than 8,000 years. Subsistence hunting, fishing and trapping continue to occur in the park and the Mikisew Cree First Nations’ cultural, spiritual and physical survival remains tied to the park and the Delta. Write to Prime Minister Justin Trudeau asking him to take steps to stop the development of hydroelectric projects and oil sands activities that may negatively affect the Park. The Park is at Risk Despite its outstanding value to Canada and the world, the Park is under threat from hydro-electric developments and oil and gas activities. Hydro-electric damming along the Peace River in British Columbia and oil sands activities along the Athabasca River in Alberta have significantly reduced the flow of water to the Delta, affecting migratory bird populations in the Delta and the health of fish populations in the Lake Athabasca area. Mikisew Cree First Nation’s Petition to UNESCO The Misikew Cree First Nation is asking UNESCO to place the Park on its list of World Heritage in Danger to encourage immediate corrective action in order to protect these sensitive ecosystems. Steps to protect the park include developing a cumulative effects assessment of hydroelectric regulation on the Delta, implementing strategic water flow regulation, placing a moratorium on industrial development north of the Firebag River pending further research into the effects of oil sands activities, and adopting an adaptive management framework and regulatory system. Never miss your chance to make a difference! Enter your e-mail address here to get CPAWS news and actions delivered right to your inbox.Join mailing list

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Al Ahram Weekly (Wafaa El-Seddiq) A century has passed since the bust of Nefertiti was discovered in Tel Al-Amarna, near Minya. Eleven years after the discovery a debate over its legitimate ownership erupted, and that debate is still going on. The Germans say that they acquired it legally, whereas the Egyptians maintain that the legalities were fraught with foul play. Since the Nefertiti bust went into display in Berlin in 1923, researchers and politicians have been arguing about the manner in which this exquisite piece of ancient art left Egypt, and the possible duplicitous involvement in its acquisition by the Germans. For many people, the Nefertiti bust is the cause celebre for all the stolen treasures of antiquity, for all the invaluable pieces of art that crossed borders in dubious circumstances, and for the numerous campaigns made for their restitution to their places of origin.

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The ancient voiced stops β, δ, γ appear to have become fricatives first [IPA β, δ, γ], before the ancient stops φ, θ, χ. Already at the beginning of the Roman period βῆτα was becoming a 'soft' bilabial fricative, probably like Spanish sound of 'b' in Havana/Habana (the city). γάμμα became a velar fricative, and even a palatal fricative in conjunction with front vowels. During the Roman period δέλτα eventually became fricativized everywhere (like the English sound in 'this')18. Likewise, notice the examples of γάμμα reflecting a fricative abound, in some cases approaching a palatal [y] sound.20 The insertions and the substitutions with ι would not be probable without γάμμα having become a soft fricative. ιγερου for ἱεροῦ ‘of a temple, of holy’ (from 5 BCE) υγιου for υἱοῦ ‘of a son’ (from 16 CE) εριευς for Ἑργεύς (frequent in 1c CE) It appears that the ancient voiced stops β, γ had already gone soft by the first century and should be pronounced like International Phonetic Alphabet [β, γ]. Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest

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|Last look at Comet Elenin? | Photo courtesy of Universetoday.com 'Doomsday Comet' Elenin came closest to Earth, early on Sunday morning (Oct. 16), without losing a single snowball to Earth's gravity but a defunct German satellite will find it's way back home this week... well, sort of. Dubbed the Doomsday Comet, Elenin met up with a solar blast from the sun on September 10, 2011, that reduced the icy ball into a pile of strewn rubble. That rubble was all that was left of the comet as it passed within 35,000 km of Earth. It won't be back for another 12,000 years. Doomsday has been postponed. Bye, Elenin. Say hello to 'Herr ROSAT'! |600 ROSAT Satellite| Deutsche deja vu: Kaput satellite in Earth plunge (Space.com) A defunct German satellite is expected to plunge to Earth this week, but exactly when and where the satellite will fall remains a mystery. The massive German Roentgen Satellite, or ROSAT, is expected to plummet to Earth on Saturday or Sunday (Oct. 22 or 23), though German space officials have also offered a wider re-entry window of between Oct. 21 and Oct. 25. This latest falling satellite comes about a month after a dead NASA climate satellite, called the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), plunged into the Pacific Ocean in late September. The 2.4-ton X-ray space observatory is expected to break up as it travels through Earth's atmosphere, but some large pieces will likely make it through the intense heat of re-entry. According to German aerospace officials, approximately 1.6 tons of satellite debris, consisting primarily of up to 30 large glass and ceramic fragments, could survive the journey through the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface. "We don't expect big parts to re-enter, except the mirror and the glass and ceramic parts," Jan Woerner, head of the executive board of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Germany's space agency, told SPACE.com. "Usually during re-entry, you have rather clear burning of all the elements, but glass and ceramics may survive and may come down in bigger pieces." There is a 1-in-2.000 chance a piece of ROSAT could strike someone on Earth, DLR officials have said. That's a slightly higher risk than the 1-in-3,200 chance of a debris hit NASA gave for the UARS satellite fall. German aerospace officials are actively tracking ROSAT, but they will not be able to determine precisely when and where the satellite will fall until roughly two hours before it impacts Earth. ROSAT's orbit extends from the latitudes of 53 degrees north and south, which essentially covers a huge swath of the planet. This means the satellite could fall anywhere stretching from Canada to South America. Officials at Germany's space agency calculated a 1-in-2,000 chance that someone on Earth will be hit by ROSAT debris, but the risk of serious injury from such an event remains extremely remote. Originally, the dead satellite was projected to fall to Earth in November, but refined estimates show that the spacecraft will likely make its fiery descent through the atmosphere later this week -- earlier than mission controllers previously thought. "With satellites like ROSAT, you depend on external circumstances," Woerner said. "For instance, solar wind and changes in the atmosphere may change the time of re-entry. We just have to wait and observe." ROSAT was launched in June 1990 as a joint venture between Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom. In 1998, the satellite's star tracker failed, which caused its onboard camera to be directly pointed at the sun. This permanently damaged the spacecraft, and ROSAT was officially decommissioned in February 1999. Since the satellite does not have a propulsion system, and there is no fuel left onboard, the satellite will make an uncontrolled return to Earth. "We expect public attention because it's a satellite coming down, but in history, we have had much bigger debris fall," Woerner said. On Sept. 24, NASA's UARS satellite fell uncontrolled toward Earth and plunged into the Pacific Ocean. The event captured the attention of people around the world, and ROSAT's impending re-entry will mark the second time a large spacecraft makes a publicized fall from space within two months. Officials at Germany's space agency studied NASA and the U.S. Air Force's response to the falling UARS satellite in order to prepare for ROSAT's final return to Earth. "For us, it was an advantage that UARS fell before," Woerner said. "We know now a little better how to interpret all the data and use the global network. It was an advantage that the satellite came down before so that now we can look at how to deal with ROSAT and how we deal with this in the future." Falling ROSAT satellite to make reentry between Oct. 21 - 25 Achtung: A satellite strapped to a 1.7-ton telescope will soon be descending in a flaming heap back to earth, possibly as soon as Friday. Because this out-of-control spacecraft, known as the Roentgen Satellite or ROSAT, was built with the finest German engineering, the "very heat resistant" optical device is expected to crash to the ground relatively unscathed. The ROSAT satellite was launched by NASA in 1990 and managed by the Germans until its fuel ran out and its mission ended in the late '90s. People who bought killer-satellite insurance after the UARS reentry in late September might be feeling smug right now. But although the hunk of expensive junk could make an impromptu landing pad out of basically any major city, the chances of a telescope-on-noggin impact are still abysmally low. Consider that 71 percent of the earth's surface is ocean, and that 369 satellites made uncontrolled reentries in 2010 without any known harm (although this woman was hit by part of a Delta II rocket in the '90s, if you're the type who can't stop fretting about things). The window of the ROSAT reentry, which the German Aerospace Center puts at Oct. 21 to 25 (though the dates could change slightly), should not be a time for finger-biting but for reflection about the probe's accomplishments. Namely, ROSAT gave the universe a thorough X-ray scan shortly after its launch in 1990. This "all-sky" observation recorded 80,000 things out in the black that are spewing out Roentgens, a finding that among other things helped scientists understand the nature of nearby stars and supernovae. The satellite even caught the moon and comets emitting X-rays! NASA praised the vehicle's discoveries in 2001: Using these data, for the first time, astronomers could see in full the large X-ray structures in the Milky Way Galaxy, and in other galaxies; could get a nearly complete measurement of bright X-ray sources, including stars in all stages of evolution, and neutron stars and black holes too; could see the shape and brightness of the "diffuse X-ray background", the high energy emission which seems to surround us... and could use the shape of the X-ray emission to trace the hidden material making up most of the known Universe. In other words, it was much cooler than what you'll see at the dentist's office. The visual results of ROSAT's penetrating scan are wonderful to behold: |The "all-sky" map of X-ray sources in the nearby universe. Large version. (ROSAT / DLR)| So why the uncertainly about the satellite's reentry? The sun's recent, mercurial outbursts have been heating and cooling the atmosphere, altering the drag that ROSAT experiences while traveling over the planet. Here's the latest from the German space agency's ROSAT page, a good source to check if you want to keep up with this device's death plunge: Currently, the re-entry date can only be calculated to within plus/minus three days. This time slot of uncertainty will be reduced as the date of re-entry approaches. However, even one day before re-entry, the estimate will only be accurate to within plus/minus five hours. All areas under the orbit of ROSAT, which extends to 53 degrees northern and southern latitude could be affected by its re-entry.

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Stratovolcanoes (or composite volcanoes) Stratovolcanoes are characterized by their cone shape, which is shaped so evenly due to the alternating layers of magma and pyroclastic flows (Keller, 2005). These volcanoes are distinguishable by their explosive nature, due in part to their high SiO2 content, but also due to the fact that they are so gaseous. These gases are trapped in the viscous lava flow and often just erupt (sort of like bubbles) randomly throughout the flow, making this sort of lava stream particularly dangerous to its surroundings. When these gaseous magmas erupt however, creates a pyroclastic rain of minerals and ash that covers the dome of the mountain (Montgomery, 2000). These pyroclastic eruptions, followed by the regular lava flow, create the layered characteristic mentioned above. Bernard (2000) also suggests that a third layer could also be considered: a layer of deposits from the lahars that are particularly characteristic of Mt. Kelud, whose crater lake causes devastating mudslides. The dangerous nature of composite volcanoes can be further reinforced by the fact that they are the most responsible for the volcano-related deaths that have been documented throughout history (Keller, 2005). The most common form of rock produced by eruptions from composite volcanoes is andesite, which is a fine-grained igneous rock that is partly feldspar, iron and magnesium (Plummer et. al., 2007). Some famous stratovolcanoes include Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Rainier (both in Washington, DC).

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Episode 92 · Sea of Souls · Corporations, America, Admiralty Law & Piracy Contrary to the claim that usury laws were first formed in the 13th C, it appears the first real definitions against Usury were as late as the 16C and the Papal Bull "Inter Multiplices" by Leo X on 4 May 1515 in the creation of the "pawn shops" for faithful. Thus in the 16th Century while Catholic Countries were making Commerce as Usury a "sin", the concept of commerce as a right was front and center in the Protestant "work ethic". It wasn't then until the 18C - after some convenient fires destroyed ancient statutes in England that we see Commerce cease to be the right of the noble classes and become a sin in Protestant law. How? By equating commerce to war, to conflict and therefore immoral and a crime and a sin. Therefore, to the revised Protestant world of commerce- "all business is warfare" and "all crime is commercial". Which is why conflict is necessary in their system and why everything remains predicated on perpetual war and letters of marque. Published on Sep 2, 2013 This is an amazing lesson on history presented by Frank O'Collins of Ucadia, especially America, with extensive documents providing proof (link below). More and more people are waking up every day to the fact that they are not the "WE" referred to in the Constitution of the United States. Whether it be through a cruel experience with the courts, or experience of the rampant piracy of alphabet agencies hell-bent on extracting outrageous fines, or simply the reckless abandon of politicians and large financial institutions to get away with virtually whatever they want. Talk is cheap, where is the proof? The problem has been proof. You may have heard or read that the courts now operate under Admiralty as well as other law- how can this be proven and explained? You may have heard that the United States is nothing more than a "for profit" corporation- where is the proof and how did this happen? This is the goal of this latest broadcast and the links below- to provide some of this evidence from the very laws that made it all possible. Link to Article mentioned in the audio: Sovereign Law - Article 170 Corporation The links to pdf's mentioned in audio: UK Act 1696 America Colonies Fraud Prevention UK Act 1707 America Trade UK Act 1707 East India Company UK Act 1710 South Seas Company UK Act 1740 America Trade UK Act 1782 American Colonies Peace UK Act 1783 Paris UK Act 1790 Pennsylvania Annuity UK Act 1783 United States Free Trade UK Act 1783 United States Trade UK Act 1795 United States Trade UK Act 1790 Public Debt UK Act 1791 North America US Treaty 1794 Westminster UK Act 1796 United States Treaty UK Act 1801 Letters of Marque UK Act 1801 Vice Admiralty Courts UK Act 1803 US Monies UK Act 1808 US Payment Distribution UK Parliament 1812 US Payments Report

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The vast majority of intrusion-detection systems (IDS) available today allow system administrators some degree... By submitting your personal information, you agree that TechTarget and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers. of flexibility in configuring the sensitivity of the system's detection and reporting algorithms. This presents a dilemma to diligent administrators: What is the proper balance between providing adequate intrusion detection and the possibility of overwhelming administrators with false reports? The answer to this question is not an easy one. Indeed, there is no single answer that will apply to every situation or organization, as varying circumstances dictate different security postures. However, if you have a thorough understanding of the metrics used to evaluate these systems, you'll be more capable of determining an appropriate balance for your situation. There are three main measures of IDS performance: - The False Positive Rate is the frequency with which the IDS reports malicious activity in error. These errors are the bane of a security administrator's existence. They're the "nuisance reports" that require investigation but lead to a dead end. The true danger of a high false positive rate lies in the fact that it may cause administrators to ignore the system's output when legitimate alerts are raised. You may also see false positives referred to as "Type I errors," a phrase borrowed from the field of medical research. Generally speaking, increasing the sensitivity of an intrusion-detection system results in a higher false positive rate, while decreasing the sensitivity lowers the false positive rate. - The False Negative Rate is the frequency with which the IDS fails to raise an alert when malicious activity actually occurs. These are the most dangerous types of errors, as they represent undetected attacks on a system. The corresponding term from medical research is a "Type II error." False negative rates change in an inverse proportion to false positive rates. As the false positive rate increases, the false negative rate decreases and vice-versa. - The Crossover Error Rate (CER) is often used to provide a baseline measure for comparison of intrusion-detection systems. As the sensitivity of systems may cause the false positive/negative rates to vary, it's critical to have some common measure that may be applied across the board. The CER for a system is determined by adjusting the system's sensitivity until the false positive rate and the false negative rate are equal, as shown in the figure below. You may then evaluate several different IDSs by running them on the same network and measuring the CER for each. If you're interested in achieving a balance between false positives and false negatives, you may then simply select the system with the lowest CER. On the other hand, if detecting every single attack is of the utmost priority, you may still wish to select the system with the lowest false negative rate recognizing that this selection may increase the administrative overhead associated with false positive reports. Hopefully, these metrics have given you a good idea of how to properly evaluate an IDS. Keep in mind that there is no single solution suitable for every situation. You must carefully analyze your security requirements and determine the appropriate balance of false positive and false negative potential for your environment. About the author Mike Chapple, CISSP, currently serves as Chief Information Officer of the Brand Institute, a Miami-based marketing consultancy. He previously worked as an information security researcher for the U.S. National Security Agency. His publishing credits include the TICSA Training Guide from Que Publishing, the CISSP Study Guide from Sybex and the upcoming SANS GSEC Prep Guide from John Wiley. He's also the About.com Guide to Databases. For more information, visit these resources: - Ask the Expert: IDS data to include in monthly report - News & Analysis: Recommendations for deploying an intrusion-detection system - Featured Topic: IDS vs. IPS

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The surge in home and business lending is hindering economic growth, a new economic study suggests. A report published by the OECD reveals that credit to households and businesses has grown three times as fast as economic activity over the past 50 years. But at these levels, further expansion is likely to slow economic growth in the long term. “In most OECD countries, further expansion in credit by banks and similar intermediaries slows rather than boosts long-term growth,” the report notes. “On average across OECD countries, a 10% of GDP increase in the stock of bank credit is associated with a 0.3 percentage point reduction in long-term growth.” According to the OECD’s modelling, this is because a higher quantity of credit is also likely to bring a lower quality of credit. Further, the proportion of credit going to households, as opposed to businesses, has risen considerably over past decades. This trend matters because credit is a stronger drag on growth when it goes to households rather than businesses. To avoid credit overexpansion and stalling long-term growth, the OECD encourages the use of macro-prudential instruments to stabilise the financial system – including caps on debt-service-to-income ratios and stronger capital requirements. Australian banks have made strong headway in implementing macro-prudential tools to tame credit growth recently. A number of large lenders – including the four majors – have announced decreases to maximum LVRs on investor loans. In addition, the proposed new Basel 4 banking requirements will require the major banks almost double the amount of capital they must hold against mortgages.

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The German Bundesbank was established in 1957 as the world's first fully independent central bank with a simple but all-encompassing mandate: to keep the price of the German deutsche mark stable by limiting inflation. The Bundesbank's anti-inflationary ethos stems from a searing recollection of the hyperinflation Germany endured amid the 1920s economic crisis, which ultimately triggered lasting political and social turmoil. Due to its political independence and unwavering commitment to its mandate, the Bundesbank became the most powerful central bank in Europe in the second half of the twentieth century--and, ultimately, the model upon which the European Central Bank was constructed when the eurozone came into being more than a decade ago. While the Bundesbank's power has since been curtailed, its president remains a key player in crafting eurozone monetary policy at the ECB. However, in the wake of the eurozone sovereign debt crisis, the Bundesbank has been increasingly at odds with ECB, accusing it of overstepping its mandate and monetizing debt through its government bond buying programs. History and Structure The Bank Deutsche Länder was the central banking system established in western Germany by the United States and the other allied powers in 1948, which ultimately evolved into the autonomous Bundesbank with the Bundesbank Act of 1957. The legislation enshrined the newly developed central bank's independence by giving it complete control over German monetary policy (or control over the money supply), leaving fiscal policymaking (or matters related to taxes and government spending) to elected officials. Largely free from political interference, the Bundesbank's primary task through the 1990s was to control inflation and ensure the stability of the deutsche mark, the country's postwar currency. The bank "gives priority to monetary stability and central bank independence, while sound public finances and free competition provide the prerequisites for economic growth," explains Daniela Schwarzer, a senior associate at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs and a visiting fellow at Harvard University's Weatherhead Center. In addition to regulating the "amount of currency and credit in circulation," the Bundesbank has achieved its goal of price stability by setting both monetary and inflation targets, explain Richard H. Clarida and Mark Gertler in their paper "How the Bundesbank Conducts Monetary Policy." By pursuing this narrow mandate, the Bundesbank helped keep German inflation relatively low and spur economic growth in the post-War period, instituting a new paradigm for central banking in Europe and throughout the world. Bundesbank President Jens Weidmann at the bank's headquarters. (Photo: Alex Domanski/Courtesy Reuters) The Bundesbank Council--or Zentralbankrat--is the primary policymaking body of the bank, and its arrangement "reflects Germany's federal structure," writes André Szász for the book The History of the Bundesbank: Lessons for the European Central Bank.Below the Council sits the Directorate and its president and vice president, who are nominated by the federal government, and the Land--or regional--central banks and their presidents, who are nominated by the Land governments. The council "consists of up to eight members of the Directorate and the presidents of the Land central banks," explains Szász. By way of comparison, Clarida and Gertler liken the Bundesbank Council to the U.S. Federal Reserve's Open Market Committee, adding that "from the perspective of political independence, any differences between the institutional setup of the Bundesbank and the Federal Reserve are not dramatic." "Germany had a long and really ugly history of monetary instability that the Bundesbank had going for it." -- David Laidler, University of Western Ontario Despite the Bundesbank's legal independence, it was not immune from German politics and was required to cultivate public support for its aims in order to maintain that independence. In the early years of the bank, the Bundesbank and its supporters tapped into the collective German memory of hyperinflation and the ensuing social unrest after World War I that led to the Nazi era, explains David Laidler of the University of Western Ontario. During World War I, Germany decoupled the mark from the gold standard and printed large quantities of banknotes in order to pay for the mounting costs of the war, ultimately triggering unprecedented inflation. In 1914, the dollar was worth 4.2 marks; in 1923, it was worth a staggering 4.2 trillion marks. "Germany had a long and really ugly history of monetary instability that the Bundesbank had going for it," says Laidler. Similarly, writes Jörg Bibow in the essay "On the Origin and Rise of Central Bank Independence in West Germany" (PDF), the Bundesbank's role "as a political actor in its own right and in carving public opinion should not be underestimated in explaining a peculiar German tradition that was finally exported to Europe in the 1990s." Moreover, in the complicated postwar years in Germany, the country's stable currency became an important political symbol, Schwarzer suggests. "'National pride,' which seemed displaced after the Second World War, was replaced by the pride in Germany's economic success," she says. Bretton Woods and the Bundesbank The goal of the Bretton Woods international monetary system, established in 1944, was to "avoid a repetition of the economic chaos that had followed the First World War and done so much to precipitate the second," writes Laidler in an essay for the 2009 book Monetary Policy Over Fifty Years: Experiences and Lessons. Participating nations fixed their exchange rates by binding their currencies to the U.S. dollar, which was, in turn, linked to gold. As Laidler writes in his essay, the system "implied that stability of the exchange rate rather than of prices was the key goal." This tenet ultimately posed a significant challenge for the Bundesbank as the German economy gained strength and demand for its exports grew throughout the 1960s. "The Bundesbank was compelled ever more frequently to intervene in the foreign exchange market in order to counter appreciation pressures on the D-Mark," writes former Bundesbank president Axel Weber in Monetary Policy Over Fifty Years. As such, Weber explains, the bank was, for a period, torn between allowing the deutsche mark to appreciate vis-à-vis the dollar for the sake of external exchange rate stability and maintaining internal price stability at the expense of the international monetary order. While the Bretton Woods system disintegrated in large part due to the Smithsonian Agreement of 1971, followed by former U.S. president Richard Nixon's unilateral decisions to de-link the dollar from gold and subsequently adopt a flexible exchange rate in 1973, the Bundesbank also played a role in the monetary order's demise. In the face of high U.S. inflation in 1969, the Bundesbank revalued the deutsche mark in order to limit the risk of external inflationary pressures. "The first nail went into the coffin [of Bretton Woods] when the Bundesbank and the Swiss National Bank and a few others broke away from the U.S. dollar in the face of U.S. inflation in the late 1960s," Laidler says. In the first half of the 1970s, inflation, fueled in part by the 1973 oil crisis, rose throughout the developed world, including in Germany. But while inflation in the UK, for example, peaked at above 25 percent, in Germany it peaked at around 8 percent. Indeed, as Markus K. Brunnermeier of Princeton University explains, the Bundesbank's deft handling of that crisis solidified its role as an unrivaled paradigm for central banking around the world. A Model for the ECB "The ECB was the Bundesbank 2.0, but even a bit stronger in terms of its independence."--Daniel Gros, Center for European Policy Studies Following the collapse of Bretton Woods, European nations took steps to create a new monetary order in Europe and to harmonize their exchange rates. Most significantly, they established the European Monetary System in 1979, which employed an Exchange Rate Mechanism to stabilize exchange rates between European member countries, including Germany. The EMS was the precursor to the Economic and Monetary Union that was formalized in the Maastricht Treaty of 1992. The EMU paved the way for the establishment of the eurozone and the European Central Bank, the ultimate successor to the Bundesbank. "The ECB was the Bundesbank 2.0, but even a bit stronger in terms of its independence," explains Daniel Gros, director of the Center for European Policy Studies. Indeed, the ECB's goals of price stability and independence were written into the Maastricht Treaty. "The whole plan of the ECB was essentially to bring the reputation of the Bundesbank to the ECB," explains Brunnermeier. Indeed, throughout the 1980s, the "prevailing paradigm" of monetary policy had shifted from a Keynesian one, which sees a role for government intervention, to a Monetarist one, which favors a more laissez-faire approach, argues the London School of Economics' Paul De Grauwe. To achieve price stability, an institutional design ensured that the central bank was governed by unelected technocrats who fell outside the purview of political accountability. The Bundesbank fit the bill, and, as such, Germany had a strong strategic advantage when negotiating its accession to the EMU, De Grauwe argues. Germany was able to insist that if it were to join the eurozone, the ECB would be designed as a "close copy of the Bundesbank," he says. The Bundesbank and the Euro Crisis While the Bundesbank president only has one vote on the governing council of the ECB, it's a position that has nonetheless maintained an outsized influence at the bank since its inception over a decade ago. Current Bundesbank President Jens Weidmann echoed this sentiment in July 2012 in an interview marking the bank's fifty-fifth year: "We are the central bank that is most active in the public debate on the future of monetary union," he said. Throughout the ECB's short history, it has largely acted in line with the Bundesbank's approach to monetary policy. However, in the wake of the eurozone sovereign debt crisis, significant differences between the Bundesbank and the ECB have emerged over the latter's efforts to shore up the euro and arrest the burgeoning crisis. The rupture between the two banks first began in 2010 when former ECB president Jean-Claude Trichet initiated the Securities Markets Program in order to buy Greek government bonds on the secondary market. The Bundesbank forcefully opposed the move, arguing that the ECB was overstepping its mandate. Ultimately, former Bundesbank president Axel Weber--then considered the most viable candidate to succeed Trichet as ECB president--resigned his post nearly a year early, in 2011, in protest over the bond-buying program. The Bundesbank-ECB rift further widened in mid-2012 after current ECB President Mario Draghi unveiled a new--and potentially unlimited--program to buy the government bonds of struggling eurozone sovereigns on the secondary market, known as Outright Monetary Transactions. Weidmann was the only member of the ECB's governing council to vote against the move, which he likened to "state financing via the money presses" (DerSpiegel). The Bundesbank, explains an October 2012 Economist report, holds two deep-seated concerns over ECB bond buying: "First it exposes taxpayers in northern countries to risks that belong to those in southern states, but does so opaquely within the Eurosystem. Secondly, it takes monetary policy too close to the realm of fiscal policy and thus compromises the ECB's independence." The Bundesbank believes that monetary financing of budget deficits violates the ECB's independence while undermining its objective of ensuring price stability. This line of thinking, De Grauwe says, has been used by the Bundesbank to "argue that any bond-buying program should be ruled out because of its inflationary potential and because of a fear it would make the central bank dependent on the political world." But De Grauwe suggests this argument disregards the fact that the ECB bond buying programs have been restricted to the secondary market, which means it would be buying government bonds from financial institutions and not directly financing budget deficits. Moreover, despite the ECB's commitment to enact the OMT program, it has yet to begin buying government bonds. In this regard, Brunnermeier argues, the Bundesbank can "still have an influence on the extent to which the ECB program will be conducted." While the Bundesbank is not "at the center of the ECB's decision making," Brunnermeier says, its opposition to OMT will likely have an impact on the speed of the program, if it is enacted. Separately, the Bundesbank has voiced concerns over plans for a new EU banking supervisor, which would be housed within the ECB. Weidmann has called for large eurozone states like Germany to have a greater role in the future banking supervision process at the ECB, notes Schwarzer. More significantly, she explains, "Weidmann has questioned whether the ECB should supervise banks at all, as the banking supervision activities may not be sufficiently separated to ensure the ECB's independence." The book Monetary Policy Over Fifty Years: Experiences and Lessons offers a series of essays on the recent history of international monetary policy. The book The History of the Bundesbank: Lessons for the European Central Bank provides a series of essays on the development of the Bundesbank and its influence on the ECB. In the essay "On the Origin and Rise of Central Bank Independence in West Germany," Jörg Bibow examines postwar central banking in Germany and its "early emphasis" on independence. In the essay "How the Bundesbank Conducts Monetary Policy," Richard H. Clarida and Mark Gertler discuss the history of the Bundesbank's primary goal of controlling inflation. This Der Spiegel piece provides an overview of the period of German hyperinflation in the 1920s. This CFR Backgrounder discusses the role of the European Central Bank in the ongoing eurozone crisis.

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Calla lilies are not true lilies but are members of the arum family in the genus Zantedeschia. There are two main groups: the large, white-flowered group and the group with smaller plants and coloured flowers. Several diseases can infect callas and cause them to wilt. Improper water management can also cause wilting in these graceful ornamentals. Other People Are Reading Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is carried by a small flying insect called a thrip. Thrips suck the sap out of plant leaves, and, as they do, infected saliva is transferred to the plant. On calla lilies, the initial symptoms are white streaks on the stems turning to brown streaks and spots. Leaves will eventually yellow, wilt and fall off the plant. Unfortunately there isn't much you can do about this virus, according to Colorado State University. Control weeds, since they can harbour thrips and TSWV. Remove and destroy infected plants immediately. Soft rot is a disease caused by a bacteria (Pectobacterium carotovorum) that enters the plant through injuries caused by insects. Initially, leaves turn a dark green before wilting. Once wilting occurs, you may start to see brown spots, followed by yellowing and death. There is little in terms of chemical control that can be done to control soft rot, according to Oregon State University. Avoid pooling water in your garden, don't use excessive nitrogen or overhead watering, and remove infected plants immediately. Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot Phytophthora root and crown rot is a fungal infection that causes plants to appear drought-stressed. They may wilt as soon as weather warms and then die rapidly. Occasionally leaves will turn yellow or brown prior to death. This fungus lives in the soil and is fostered by warm, wet conditions. Plant callas in well-drained soil, and avoid overwatering. Along with careful irrigation practices, foliar applications of fungicides containing fosetyl-al can be effective. The two groups of calla lilies actually require quite different growing conditions. Planting them in the wrong spot and irrigating them incorrectly can cause wilting. The large, white calla lilies grow best in shady, moist conditions. In fact, they can be treated as subaquatic, according to Washington State University. If planted in full sun, white callas will need more water to keep their soil moist. Too little water can cause wilting. The smaller, colourful callas will rot if allowed to sit in water. These plants need to dry out between waterings. Rotting bulbs and roots can also cause wilting, so it is important to know which calla you have and to water it appropriately. - 20 of the funniest online reviews ever - 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites - Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for - University of Florida Extension; Calla Lily; Joe Garafolo - Colorado State University Extension; Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus; Dr. Curtis E. Smith; December, 1999 - Oregon State University Extension: Calla Lily -- Soft Rot - UC IPM Online; Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot in the Garden; E. J. Perry; August, 2006 - WSU Clark County Extension; Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious "Lilies"; Yolanda Wilson

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A wood-burning fireplace provides a source of heat and ambience for a home during the cool months. Building codes require a hearth pad to protect the hearth--the floor or raised area in front of a fireplace--from any sparks or embers that may escape from the fireplace box while a fire is burning. The hearth material must be requirements for materials, size and location. Other People Are Reading To properly protect the fireplace hearth from being burnt or ignited by sparks from the fire, a hearth pad (also called a hearth extension) must be constructed of a noncombustible material. Brick, tile, stone and concrete are all acceptable materials. According to www.Rumford.com, building codes require a fireplace hearth to be at least 4 inches thick. A hearth extension must be at least 2 inches thick. However, the hearth extension material can be just 3/8 inch thick if the bottom edge of the firebox opening is at least 8 inches above the hearth extension. A hearth or hearth extension is required whether the fireplace is at floor level or elevated. For an elevated fireplace, the hearth must be raised so it is directly under the firebox opening; if the hearth for an elevated fireplace is installed at floor level, it must extend 20 inches outward from the fireplace's face wall. The size of the hearth or hearth extension is directly related to the size of the firebox. Measured from the firebox opening, the hearth must extend 16 inches in front of the fireplace and at least 8 inches on each side. If the firebox has an opening of greater than 6 square feet, the hearth pad must extend 20 inches in front of the firebox and 12 inches from each side to maintain a properly protected area. - 20 of the funniest online reviews ever - 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites - Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for

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The Pioneer History of By Arad Thomas Online Edition by Holice & Deb Hon. Gideon Hard was born in Arlington, Vermont, April 29, 1797. His grand-mother was sister of col. Seth Warner, celebrated in the history of the Revolutionary War for his services in taking Ticonderago, and in the battle of Bennington. In his youth he labored first upon farm, afterwards with an older brother at the trade of house joiner for two years. About this time he resolved to obtain a college education. Being poor and dependent mainly on his own exertions, like many other New England boys, he taught school in the winter seasons and studied the remainder of the time, until he succeeded in passing through Union college at Schenectady, where he received his first degree in July, 1822. In the autumn of that year he commenced studying law with Hon, John L. Wendell, then of Cambridge, Washington County, since law reporter of the Supreme Court of the State of New York. The rules of the Supreme Court at that time required three years of law study previous to admission to practice. By the aid of his friend and teacher J. L. Wendell, he was allowed to take his examination at the May term of the court 1825, and was then admitted attorney in the Supreme court. In March, 1826, he settled to practice his profession in Newport, now Albion, but did not move his wife to his new home until July of the same year.He opened his office and began his practice. In 1827 he was elected Commissioner of Schools for Barre and in the autumn of that year he was appointed County Treasurer, an office he held six years. In 1832 he was elected a Representative in Congress from the district comprising Orleans and Niagara counties, and took his seat in congress in Dec. 1833, during the first year of President Jackson's administration, in political classification being ranked as a Whig. In 1834 he was re-elected to Congress, and during the long session of 1836 he served on the committee on elections. The case of James Graham, a member from North Carolina, whose seat was contested, came before that committee, where after a lengthy examination a majority of the committee reported in favor of the contestant, General Newland. Mr. Hard drafted a counter report of the minority in favor of Graham, which he presented and advocated in a personnel effort before the House. He was sustained by the vote of the House. This result, in a body where he was largely in the minority, on a question which was decided mainly on party grounds and by his political opponents, was highly gratifying to his political friends and party and flattering to his ambition. On the 4th of March, 1837, he left Congress and returned to Albion to practice his profession. In 1841 he was elected Senator in the State Senate to represent the eighth district of new York, and was the only Whig senator elected in the State that year. The Senate of the State at that time constituted the Court for the Correction of Errors, of which Court he thus became a member. The business of the Court consisted in reviewingthe decisions of the Supreme Court and the Court of chancery, which might be brought before them on appeal. The Court held three terms of four weeks each annually. As the Senate was composed largely of civilians, who in the decision of cases which came before them while sitting as a court of law, did little more then vote upon the final questions, the main labor of the Court fell upon the members who were lawyers, in investigating the questions of law presented, and writing out the opinions that were given. Mr. Hard took his share of this labor, thoroughly examining the causes in the Court and writing out his opinion, many of which are published in the Law Reports of the State. In 1845 his office as Senator having terminated by the adoption of the new constitution of the State, which abolished the old Senate and Court for Correction of errors, Mr. Hard was appointed a Canal appraiser, which office he held two years, and in 1850 returned to the practice of his profession until the fall of 1856, when he was elected County Judge and Surrogate of Orleans County, which office he held four years. The year 1860 he was in ill health and did little business. The next three year he spent mainly in attendance upon his sick wife She died, an event which broke up his family, and since then he has resided most of the time with his children engaged in no business. Mr. Hard married Adeline Burrell, of Hoosie Falls, New York, in August, 1824. They had two children, Samuel B. Hard, a lawyer and business man residing in the city of New York,and Helen B. who married Geo. H. Potts, and resides in New York also. Mrs. Hard died at Albion Sept. 15, 1864. Dea. Ebenezer Rogers was born in Norwich, Conn., October 3, 1769. He married Betsey Lyman of Lebanon, Connecticut, who died August 28, 1849. Mr. Rogers removed from New England to Onondaga Co., N. Y., in 1812, and in March, 1810, settled on the farm on which he afterwards resided in the south part of the village of Albion. When he came, not more then twenty families had settled in Barre and his house was a home for many of the young men, who came here to select a farm for themselves, or, who, having a lot, were clearing it and building a cabin, preparatory to occupying with their families. Being a professor of religion and deeply impressed with the importance of that subject, he was among the most earnest of the settlers in introducing the stated observance of the forms of public worship among then; and with his near neighbor, Joseph Hart and others, he assisted to form the first Congregational Church and Society in Barre, which finally was established at Barre Center, and after Albion became a village, he was conspicuous in organizing the First Presbyterian Church and Society in Albion, which was an offshoot from the organization first described. Of the latter church, Mr. Rogers was a long time deacon, and a ruling elder. He was by trade a tanner and shoemaker, but never followed that business. Of a strong physical constitution, Mr. Rogers lived to see his children settled around him in competence, enjoying the abundance of the good things of this good land, which he and his worthy compeers had done so much to reclaim from the wilderness of nature. Mr. Rogers died January 28, 1865, aged ninety-six years, three months and twenty-five days. "I was born in the town of Farmington, Hartford Co., Conn., June 2, 1797. My parents were members of the Presbyterian Church and gave their children a strictly religious, as well as a common school education, as was the custom in New England. In February, 1806, my father removed with his family, then consisting of wife, four sons and two daughters, to Candor, Tioga Co., N. Y., a journey of about three hundred miles. My father, oldest brother and myself, performed this journey, with a pair of oxen and one horse, attached to a sled, being twelve days on the road. A hired man brought my mother and her other children in a sleigh. That country was then wild, with but few settlers scattered along the Susquehanna and Chemung rivers, with dense forests stretching back thirty miles with a human being, inhabited by bears, wolves, panthers, deer and smaller animals. A road had been opened between Owego and Ithaca, on which a few settlers had located. In the fall of 1806, I went to Ithaca with my father, with oxen and wagon, after a load of salt. I think Ithaca was then the most loathsome and desolate place I had ever seen. It stood on low, black soil, surrounded north and west by a quagmire swamp. It rained hard, and the black mud was so deep, it was with difficulty our oxen could draw two barrels of sale home. My father and another man, built the first school house in the town of Candor, and opened the first school there. The schoolhouse stood three miles from my father's swelling and I went there to schoolthrough the woods, with no other shoes as than such as my mother made, from woolen cloth from day to day. In June, 1806, my father, his hired man, my brother and myself, were hoeing corn, between ten and eleven o'clock in the forenoon, when we noticed a singular appearance, in the atmosphere; the sky looked sombre, the birds retired tot he woods, the hens to their roosts, and went to the house. The sun was all darkened, but a rim around the edge; the gloom and chill of evening settled on all the earth around. This lasted but a short time; when the sun came out from its dark pall, everything assumed its wonted activity and light and the 'great eclipse' passed off. I continued most of the time working with and for my father, occasionally working for others, till one day as I was chopping in the woods, a young man came along and said to me, he was not going to live longer in that hilly, sterile place; that he had been in the 'Genesee' and found a country far preferable to that for beauty and farming purposes. I heard this story and determined that at some time I would see that famous 'Genesee country.' In the spring of 1816, I bought my time of my father for $100. I was nineteen years old. I hired out to work for $14 per month and in less than a year earned enough to pay my father for my time, and had money left. I continued working where I could make it most profitable, got plenty of work and good pay, until in the summer of 1819, feeling as if I had worked for others long enough, having then ten acres of land and several head of cattle, I felt a desire to get a good wheat farm for myself. I started with two young men, on foot, knapsacks on our backs, Aug. 27, 1819, to go the Genesee county. We went through Ithaca, and took the road to Geneva, traveling as far as Ovid the first day,forty miles. Next day through Geneva and Canandaigua, we reached West Bloomfield. Next day through Lima and Avon, we arrived at Batavia and went to the office of the Holland Company to see about land. In the office, the agent appeared rather sour, little disposed to be sociable. He said he had. He was asked where it lay and replied, 'everywhere, all over, you cannot go amiss.' I asked him if it was wild, or improved farms? He answered 'go and look, when you run your head into a great improvement you will know it, won't you?' I turned indignantly and walked out of the office, saying, 'I had a mind to boot that fellow.' The agent followed us out to close the blinds and hearing our conversation, said rather pleasantly, 'boys, keep a stiff upper lip.' We stayed that night at the old 'Pioneer Tavern.' the landlord tried hard to convince ne that the agent was a New England gentleman, one that I would be pleased to do business with. We were informed of the rapid growth of a new town north of Batavia, called Barre, lying between the Tonawanda Swamp and the Ridge road. Towards this new town we set out the next morning. After examining various parts of Barre and Gaines, we selected our locations in Barre, and returned to the Land office to secure our Articles for our land; but finding we lacked a few dollars required to pay the first payment, the agent kindly offered to 'book' the lots to us, until we got the money. We made no further complaint against the agent, who 'booked' the land to us and we returned to make preparations for felling the timber on our new farms. Never before did we complain of the rapid flight of time, but here, while laboring for ourselves, we thought these the shortest days we have ever see. On the 12th of October, 1819, having obtained the money, we went to the office of took our Articles for our land, went back to our work and after chopping five or six acres apiece, we returned to our friends in Tioga county. During the next winter, we fitted out with teams, tools, clothing and a quantity of pork, and in march, 1820, set out for our new homes and after a tedious journey of twelve days, through snow, water and mud, we arrived home April 1st. Having no hay for our cattle, we cut browse to feed them, giving a few ears of corn procured from our neighbors, till vegetation grew so that they could live in the woods. We hired our board cooked at a neighbors and cleared off what we had chopped the previous season and planted the land with corn. The season being propitious, we had good crops of corn, with oats, potatoes, beans and other vegetables, and melons in abundance. We also cleared off and sowed several acres with wheat. In the autumn, the bears were very troublesome in our cornfields, committing their nightly depredations, till it became necessary to put our veto upon them; this we did in various ways--by trapping, shooting, night watching, &c., until we had captured four of them and thus saved our crops. After securing our crops and preparing for winter, we sold our teams and returned to our parental homes. During the next season we experienced much inconvenience in getting our board dressed for us. The woman who did it became quite tired of doing the work for the 'old bachelors' and I began to realize the truth of the Divine declaration that 'it is not good for a man to be alone.' After visiting among friends in Tioga County a fewdays, I hired out for three months. march 4, 1821, I was married. About the middle of the month, putting all on board a covered wagon, with two yoke of oxen attached, and in company with the two young men previously referred to, we set out again for our new wilderness home, in the Genesee country. After two weeks hard labor, we arrived at our home, to the great joy of our neighbors, especially the women. We moved into a small house with one of our neighbors, until we could build us a house, which we built a few weeks after While the early pioneers of a new country are necessarily subject to many hardships and privations, unknown to settlers of older countries, still there are many enjoyments and pleasing reminiscences for these pioneers, which they never forget. Aristocracy is unknown in a new country. The people are all friendly, and kindly disposed towards each other. If any are sick, they are at once cared for. If a farmer was attacked with the ague, that dread disease, so common among the pioneers of this county, before he could get his spring crops into the ground, his neighbors would turnout and put them in for him and if necessary, they would keep his work along until he was able to do it himself. If there is any state of society where men fulfill the Divine injunction 'love thy neighbor as thyself,' it is found among the pioneers of a new country. If any one got lost in the woods, and did not return at night, search was at once made by everybody and no sleep was had until the lost one was found. After we moved into our new house, I started out to buy me a cow, bought one and we now commenced housekeeping under circumstances quite favorable, at least our neighbor's thought so. My wife had a few necessary articles of furniture, so that we were about as well of as any of our neighbors. There were no pianos or melodeons in those days. The little wheel for spinning flax and the great wheel for spinning tow, furnished the music. A few years later and we had other house music. I plodded on for eight years, adding field to field of my cleared, improved land, and then found myself unable to pay even the interest due on my Article to the Land Company. I raised about $70, and with this went to Batavia to see the agent. I determined this time to walk into the office with my head up and meet any insult I might receive with manly independence. I found the agent alone in the office, went up to him and laid down my Article and all the money I had, saying my Article has expired and here is all the money I have. I want to renew my contract, as I have no idea of giving up my premises yet. The agent walked up, took my Article, unfolded it and said, 'you have not assigned it I see.' Then taking up the money he said pleasantly, 'walk into the other room.' I did so and in less time than II have been writing this, my new Article was made out, my payment indorsed and I was ready to start for home. But on returning to the contractor's room, the agent said to me he had relinquished all the back interest and $1 per acre of the principal, making an entire new sale, with eight years' pay day, as at first, and asked me if I was satisfied. My gratitude had by this time become almost unbounded and I left the office, thanking the old agent for his kindness and thinking after all, beneath a rough exterior he had a generous heart. I mention this incident to show the kind and generous treatment extended towards the poor industrious settlers upon the lands of the Holland Company.--Many incidents of a like character might be recorded to the credit of the Company. I came home inspired with new energy and determination to struggle on and overcome every hardship and difficulty in my way. We had but little sickness compared with our neighbors, as yet. In the spring of 1823, I had severe inflammation of the lungs, and in the spring of 1828, I was taken with fever and ague, which held me through the season. The next spring my wife was sick with fever and ague and thrush, which kept her ill till the October following. Our children, then four in number, had their full shares of fever and ague. It was painful to see the little ones draw up to the fire while suffering their chill, then see then retire to their beds, tormented with the raging thirst and fever following the chills, while their mother could do little for them, except to supply their frequent calls for water. In the fall of 1824 or 1825 two men living near Barre Center, named Selah Belden, and Nathan Angel, started on Saturday morning to hunt deer west from the Center. They parted in the afternoon, each after separate game. At night Mr. Belden returned--Mr. Angel did not. Next morning Belden with some of his neighbors, went out and spent the day looking for Angel, but not finding him, the next morning a general rally of all the men in town was made and the woods thoroughly searched and the dead body of Mr. Angel was found, having apparently fallen and died from exhaustion. The body was carried to Benton's Corners, then the centre of the settlement,--a jury called by Ithamar Hibbard, Esq., one of the first coroners, and it is believed this was the first coroner's inquest in Orleans County. As the county was cleared up and the low lands drained of their surface water the people suffered less from ague. The canal being now opened, farmers found a readymarket and better prices for their produce. Home manufactures were protected from foreign competition and the price of domestic goods greatly reduced. It was then the farmers began to thrive and soon to pay up for their lands. The price of real estate advanced and some even predicted the time would come when the best farms would be worth one hundred dollars per acre, hardly expecting to live to see their predictions fulfilled as they have done. The attention of the early pioneers was called to the subject of common schools for their children and the next building to go up after a log cabin for a dwelling was a log school house. One of our own statesmen while a member of the Legislature being asked where he graduated, replied: 'In a log school house up in Orleans county.' I have often carried my eldest son to and from school on my back through the deep snows of winter. More than forty years ago I united with the Methodist Episcopal church at West Barre and in 1843 withdrew from that church and united with the Wesleyan Methodists. Many years ago, convinced of the sin of intemperance, I resolved to use no more intoxicating liquor as a beverage, a resolution to which I have strictly adhered ever since. January 28th, 1862. Andrew H. Green, of Bryon, Genesee County, N. Y., writes for the Orleans County Pioneer Association records, his local history as follows: "I was born in Johnstown, Montgomery Co., N. Y., Oct. 16th. 1797, and in June, 1809, came to Genesee county from Rome, Oneida County, N. Y. In 1792 my father and Judge Tryon of New Lebanon, came to Irondequoit, near Rochester and builta storehouse; and in 1808, my father came to what is now Bergen and Sweden and purchased something of a farm and commenced on the north bounds of what is now the Methodist camp ground, in Bergen, running north to the road running east to Sweden Centre, twenty-five lots containing three thousand acres at twenty-two shillings per acre. It was a hard country to settle. There were but few inhabitants and the roads were very bad. As soon as they began to erect mill-dams there was a great deal of sickness. We went to Hanford's Landing, at the mouth of Genesee river, to trade and sell potash. I found but two houses between our house and Clarkson Corners, and but two from there to Genesee river. For several years I was as familiar in every family from my father's to Genesee river as I am now with my near neighbors. The first time I passed through Rochester was in the summer of 1809. The next I remember about it was the bad roads and that I was very much frightened crossing the Genesee river. the water was deep and ran very swiftly. I expected to go down stream and over the falls. I think there was one mill and two or three shanties to be seen there then. There was a small clearing where the Eagle tavern formerly stood, but I had as much as I could do to get my load through the mud. I little thought then that black ash swamp was ever to be the place it now is. Late in the fall of 1809 my father sent me to Sangersfield Huddle after a load of merchandise. East of Canandaigua was a new turnpike where I got stuck in the mud and had to wait until the next teamster came along to help me out. I was then fourteen years old. My father had fifteen workmen and the first summer cleared one hundred acres. In October, Judge Findley from Genesee came on with a company of men to survey township number two of the one hundred thousand acre tract. They also stopped with us, making a family of twenty-six men, besides having two families in the house. The 'latch-string' was always out and none ever went away hungry as we had plenty of pork and wild game to season it. Deer, bears, and wolves were plenty. I never heard of but one panther. The surveyors had their tent near where the steam saw mill now stand in Clarendon. Their cook came in on Wednesday night for bread. One evening he had got to where col. Shubael Lewis afterwards lived when he heard some one halloo. He soon found it was a panther on his track. It followed him to the clearing. The man was much exhausted and said he knew it was a panther. The men all came in Saturday afternoon. The Sabbath was as well kept in 1809 as in 1863. We were seldom without evangelical preaching. We had one close communion Baptist Elder, some Methodists and some Presbyterians. All could sing the good old tunes and sing then with a will. In 1810, about July 20th, we had a frost that killed most of the wheat and corn. In the fall of 1811 was very sickly. There were several families settled at Sandy Creek village. They were all sick. We made up a load of some six or seven and went down to help them. I never saw so happy a company, We carried two load of necessities and staid two nights and when some of them go so they could take care of the others we left for home. I used to have many hard and lonesome rides through the woods on horseback. One very dark night I had been to Dr. Ward's after medicine. Coming home I lost my road and also my hat. Before Ifound my hat the wolves began to howl. I took off my shoes so that I night find the road, and by the time I had mounted my horse to go on, the wolves were within 'speaking distance' and before I had gone far they struck my barefoot tracks; then they made a terrific roaring. I thought I was a 'goner' sure enough, but I presume if the wolves had seen me then on the old white hose they would have been as frightened as I was. Our men had all kinds of musical instruments and any time when the drum was beat the wolves were almost sure to respond. About the beginning of winter my father started me off with an ox team and load of grain to find judge Farwell's grist mill, After a tedious day's travel I came insight of water pouring over rocks. It was no small stream. I was glad to find I could get my grist ground, so I chained my oxen to a tree and found a comfortable night's lodging among the bags in the mill, I got home the next day with my grist. Our folks thought I had done well and I thought so too. The first winter I walked seven miles to school every day and back again. Byron, Genesee Co., N. Y. June 16, 1863 The Pioneer History of Orleans County, NY, By Arad Thomas Transcribed by Holice B. Young HTML by Deb You are the Visitor to this USGenNet Safe-Site™ Since January 9, 2002.

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learn more at: www.pbs.org/moyers/moyersonamerica/ Moyers on America . Capitol Crimes . Lesson Plan . Lobbying FOR EDUCATORS > Lesson Plan: Lobbying Source: "Content Knowledge" (http://www.mcrel.org/compendium/browse.asp) by McRel (Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning) Civics, Standard 2: Understands the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited governments. Level III, Benchmark 1: Knows some of the restraints placed on a limited government's power.Civics, Standard 4: Understands the concept of a constitution, the various purposes that constitutions serve, and the conditions that contribute to the establishment and maintenance of constitutional government. Level IV, Benchmark 2: Understands how constitutions set forth the structure of government, give the government power, and establish the relationship between the people and their government.Civics, Standard 10: Understands the roles of voluntarism and organized groups in American social and political life. Level IV, Benchmark 6: Knows the historical and contemporary role of various organized groups in local, state, and national politics.Civics, Standard 15: Understands how the United States Constitution grants and distributes power and responsibilities to national and state government and how it seeks to prevent the abuse of power. Level IV, Benchmark 1: Understands how the overall design and specific features of the Constitution prevent the abuse of power by aggregating power at the national, state, and local levels to allow government to be responsive; dispersing power among different levels of government to protect individual rights, promote the common good, and encourage citizen participation; and using a system of checks and balances.Civics, Standard 28: Understands how participation in civic and political life can help citizens attain individual and public goals. Level III, Benchmark 3: Understands how Americans can use the following means to monitor and influence politics and government at local, state, and national levels: joining political parties, interest groups, and other organizations that attempt to influence public policy and elections; voting; taking part in peaceful demonstrations; circulating and signing petitions. Level IV, Benchmark 3: Knows the many ways citizens can participate in the political process at local, state, and national levels, and understands the usefulness of other forms of political participation in influencing public policy.Estimated Time Backgrounder for Teachers To prepare for this lesson, it is suggested that the following materials be reviewed: Moyers on America 'Citizens Class:' Congressional Ethics Moyers on America 'Citizens Class:' The Land of Lobby THE WASHINGTON POST investigative report: Investigating Abramoff This lesson assumes that students know how to write an essay and that they have some background on how civic participation can help them achieve specific goals. 1. As a class, brainstorm a list of strategies that citizens or organizations can use to influence how a legislative representative votes on a particular bill. Possible responses might include collecting signatures on a petition, demonstrating, writing or calling representatives, meeting with representatives, speaking at a town hall forum, etc. Ask students what types of messages are communicated to politicians through such actions. How might these activities benefit democracy? 2. Have students note that actions that seek to influence the defeat or passage of legislation are called, "lobbying." The right to conduct such activities is guaranteed in the First Amendment of the Constitution, which says citizens can, "petition the government for a redress of grievances." 3. Explain that frequently, lobbying activities are done by paid professionals - "lobbyists" - who understand the system and often have established relationships with key legislators. In addition to explaining to legislative representatives how potential laws might affect their clients, professional lobbyists also hope to influence the legislative process by attending or hosting fundraisers for candidates, by making political contributions and by offering other perks. 4. Show the class the graphic Paying for the Party: Top Lobbying Spending 1998-2005 (http://www.pbs.org/moyers/moyersonamerica/infographics/pop_lobbying.html). Ask students to describe what trend they see in the table showing total dollars spent per year. Have them figure out what was spent on lobbying per month in 2005. Explain that since the year 2000, the number of registered lobbyists in Washington D.C. has doubled to nearly 35,000, which is around 65 lobbyists for every member of Congress. 5. Tell students that ethics rules govern the interactions between congressmen and lobbyists in an effort to keep these elected representatives independent of special interests. Write the following examples of these rules on the board: After watching the clip, discuss how former Representative DeLay's abuses of power affected the democratic process. You may also wish to let students know that Abramoff has been given a prison sentence for his corrupt lobbying activities, and that DeLay stepped down as Majority Leader after being indicted for conspiring to violate Texas campaign finance laws. 7. Conclude the activity by asking students to write an essay describing the pros and cons of lobbying and the proper role of this practice in a democracy. Check student understanding of the concepts in this lesson by giving students credit for their participation in class discussions, and by grading the writing and analysis provided in their essays on lobbying. Investigating Abramoff: A Special Report U.S. House of Representatives: Committee on Standards of Official Conduct Cari Ladd, M.Ed., is an educational writer with a background in secondary education and media development. Previously, she served as PBS Interactive's Director of Education, overseeing the development of curricular resources tied to PBS programs, the PBS TeacherSource Web site, and online teacher professional development services. She has also taught in Maryland and Northern Virginia.

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How to Prevent, Break and Flush Muscle Cramps. Weschler is a Contributing Editor to UltraCycling, a physical therapist and ultra cyclist. A muscle cramp is a muscle contracting when you didn't tell it to, and staying contracted to an exquisitely painful extent when you are begging it to stop. Cramping has happened to many a rider and wrecked more than a few performances. Many of us have learned from experience that: - If you get a calf cramp at night, when you're in bed, you leap out and stand up to make the cramp go away. Generally, a muscle cramps when you've put it in a shortened position. To get rid of the cramp, stretch it. In this case, move your foot in the toes-to-nose direction and straighten your knee. We all seem to know this. When you get back into bed, keep your knee straight and don't let those toes point away! Let your foot hang over the end of the bed if you are sleeping on your stomach! - It's mostly the big muscles that cramp, massive muscles like the calf (Gastrocnemius, not Soleus), hams, and quads. Cycling exceptions to this rule include the intrinsic muscles of the feet and hands. Perhaps you have experienced foot cramps that forced you off your bike. Sitting by the side of the road, you take your shoe off and see your toes pointing every which way. A typical hand muscle cramp is of the muscle along the little finger side, so your little finger points away from your other fingers. - You are much more likely to cramp towards the end of a long hard effort, especially An Event, than on an easy training ride. Current HypothesisThe current hypothesis (Bentley, 1996, Schwellnus et al 1997) names both muscle fatigue and contracting an already shortened muscle as the direct causes of cramping. It goes on to implicate adaptive shortening in a muscle (read: a muscle that you work a lot in a shortened position and that you never get around to stretching) as increasing a muscle's vulnerability to cramping. The theory implies that stretching is preventive medicine for cramping. The theory has a neuro-physiological basis that takes a little explaining. Put your mind in the big chainring and hang tough: when you understand this, you will be a smarter stretcher as well. All muscles have two elegant sensing systems physically built into them. The first of these is based on the muscle spindle. Many spindles are found in every muscle belly, running parallel to the muscle fibers. The spindle senses, and things are wired so that the muscle responds to, length, changes in length and the rate of change of length in the muscle. When a muscle is quickly stretched, the spindle tells the muscle to contract, and to do so right now! (Different nerve cells conduct signals at different rates, and these are the fastest conductors in the body.) The spindle itself can, like muscle fibers, contract. If the muscle stays shortened, the spindle will eventually detect this state and will itself shorten. In other words, it re-sets itself so that it will be ready to tell the now shorter muscle to contract when once again it is quickly stretched. Now take that shortened muscle and make it tired as well. Animal studies (Nelson and Hutton, 1985) show that muscle fatigue makes the spindle more "excitable", meaning you need less of a stimulus to set it off (ref: Schwellnus et al also cite increased EMG activity in recently cramped muscles as evidence of increased spindle activity). Spindle operation is why you want to stretch slowly (and never bounce!). A quick stretch makes a muscle contract, or shorten, the exact opposite of what you are trying to do by stretching. The Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) is the functional unit of the second sensing system. GTO's are built into every muscle-tendon junction (tendons are at the ends of muscles, attaching them to bones). The GTO responds to tension (or amount of pull), change in tension, and the rate of change in tension of muscle. Its response is inhibitory: increase the amount of tension in a muscle, and the GTO sends signals to decrease its contraction. The GTO prevents a muscle from tearing by not allowing it to develop too much tension. Unlike the spindle, the GTO cannot itself contract. When you've shortened up a muscle, the GTO does not shorten. It just sits there like an un-stretched rubber band. Its ability to sense tension is compromised, and it is less able to "stop a cramp before it happens." As with the spindle, it may be even worse: the new hypothesis cites animal studies (Hutton and Nelson, 1986) which show that in a fatigued muscle, the GTO is itself inhibited, and hence firing its signals at a slower rate. Here is how to use your GTO's to enhance your stretching. Stretch a muscle, for the sake example your hams, as far as they want to go (before pain, of course!). Then, contract isometrically to increase tension in the muscle. To do this for your ham, press your heel or whole leg onto whatever surface you are sitting on. Press hard, without moving, and after 5-10 seconds, gently but completely let go of the contraction, again without moving. Slowly resume your stretch, and see if you go a little further! You may already have heard this referred to as "a PNF method" or as "contract-relax" or "hold-relax.' To summarize current cramping theory: Fatigue makes the muscle spindles more excitable, making the muscle poised to contract. It also results in an inhibited GTO, thus blocking a defense against too strong a contraction. Breaking a cramp is a matter of stretching the muscle, which both gets the GTO to send its inhibitory signal, and quiets down the muscle spindle. Stretching the muscle stretches the spindle, and the longer the spindle, the less "edgy" it becomes. Then, to flush a cramp, work it in an elongated position to take advantage of the GTO's inhibiting signal. My experience says muscles don't have to be tired to cramp. Get a muscle short, and contract it (that is, make it work) in that short position. This recipe works especially well with two-joint muscles, examples of which are the Gastrocnemius, Hamstrings and Rectus Femoris (see below). You can get a two-joint muscle relatively shorter than a one-joint muscle. After you shorten the muscle over one joint, you can flex another joint to get it even shorter! The fact that two-joint muscles are more predominantly fast-twitch muscles has something to do with their readiness to cramp. Recipes for Breaking and Flushing CrampsWe'll inventory cramp-prone cycling muscles and learn what position they want to cramp in. Gently stretching the muscle is the ticket for breaking the cramp, and you can often do this right on the bike. My experience is that you can then flush the cramp, and hence keep it from returning, right on the bike as well. For leg muscles, this means working in a reduced arc of the pedal-stroke, and letting the muscle "go for the ride" the rest of the pedal-stroke. If the acrobatics on the bike prove too much, then get off the bike, take the muscle to its full-stretch position and resist its isometric (or very short range concentric) contraction there. When you get back on the bike, work the muscle in the range (or arc) suggested below. Gradually increase that arc. You'll know the cramp is completely gone when you can get the muscle to work exactly as you'd like through the whole pedal-stroke. The Gastrocnemius (a two-joint muscle) is the fleshy calf muscle which, when you're standing, raises you up on your toes (or in general, points your foot down, away from your nose). The second joint it crosses is the knee, which it bends. So to make it cramp, bend your knee and point your toes down. To un-cramp it on the bike, put the crank in 5-6 o'clock position, slide back in the saddle, lock your knee straight and slowly drop your heel as far as you can get it to go. To flush the cramp, stay back in the saddle, keep your toes pointing towards your nose, and make the muscle work in the 4-6 o'clock part of your pedal stroke. Let it go "along for the ride" through the rest of the pedal stroke where it is shorter and once again, ready to cramp. The Hamstrings (two-joint muscles) are the fleshy muscles at the back of the thigh. You can find their tendons: stay seated and put both hands on your right thigh, near the knee, so that your left hand is on the inside of the thigh and your right hand is on the outside. With your thumbs on top of the thigh, use your index and middle fingers to find the cord-like tendons just under the thigh near the knee. (Careful feeling will reveal two, not one, tendons on the inside.) Follow them to where they attach to the leg (if pressing where the inside ones attach to bone evokes tenderness, then you need to stretch both hams and adductors). These muscles bend the knee and straighten the hip. Here is how to start a cramp that might put you in orbit: lie on your stomach, straight at the hip and with your knee bent so that your heel comes close to the butt. Pull the heel closer to the butt. Better yet, have someone try to pull your heel away from the butt while you resist them! See you on the moon! To un-cramp on the bike, put the crank at 4-5 o'clock position, slide back in the saddle, bend forward at the hip, and lock your knee straight (don't point your toes down, but don't pull them up either). To flush, try a few pedal strokes like this: slide back in the saddle, bend forward at the hip, and pull down on the pedal stroke in the 3-4 o'clock range. This may not give you quite enough resistance; if this is the case, then coast, and try to pedal while you hold the crank stationary in the 3 o'clock position with your other leg. The Rectus Femoris is the only one of the four quadriceps (muscles in front of the thigh) that is a two-joint muscle. It crosses the knee joint, and like the other quads, straightens the knee. It also crosses the hip and flexes, or bends the hip. Here is how to cramp it: sit with your leg straight out in front, and try to lift your leg (this method may not work if you have tight hamstrings!). Un-cramping can be tricky because the RF's stretch position is the hams' cramp position and if you've already cramped one muscle, others are ready to go. The key to keeping the hams happy and un-cramped is to let them go along for the ride; do not contract them as you try to break the RF cramp. Un-clip, reach down and grasp your ankle or the heel of your shoe. Keep straight at the hip and use your hand to pull your heel to your butt. If you sense a ham cramp coming, then you'd best get off the bike. Lie on your un-cramped side, reach with your hand for your ankle or shoe and proceed as above. Or lie on your stomach, and have your crew gently bend your knee, pushing your heel to your butt. Let your crew do it. Do not help to pull the heel to your butt with your hamstring, or you and your crew will wind up on the moon! When the cramp is broken, your crew can hold your leg in that position while you try to straighten the knee, and even allow you a small arc of motion to flush the cramp. To flush the cramp while riding, sit up as straight as you can and make the cramping leg work the 12-1:30 o'clock arc. This is less effective than the off-the-bike method, but you may be able to get it to work. The other three quads are one joint muscles; they straighten the knee. Since these muscles don't cross the hip, you can allow the hip to bend when you're trying to break their cramps, without the possibility of cramping the hams. Usually, the cramp will be near the knee on the inside of the thigh (Vastus Medialis muscle). To break a cramp at the inside of the thigh, un-clip and pull your ankle so that your heel touches your butt. You will be using your right hand for your right ankle, and it augments the stretch a little if you bring your heel up to a little outside of the thigh. If the cramp is on the outside of the thigh (Vastus Lateralis muscle), then stretch so that your heel comes up a little inside of the thigh. To flush quad cramps, work with your knee bent at as acute an angle as you can. Make it work only at the top of the pedal stroke, say 12-1:30 o'clock, and let it go "along for the ride" through the rest of the pedal stroke until it flushes. The Intrinsic Foot Muscles are tiny little muscles that lie between the long bones of the foot, and it is amazing how much misery they can cause. In their shortened position, the toes point down, away from the nose and sideways. To break the cramp, grasp your toes in the palm of your hand and bend them (and perhaps your whole foot) towards your nose as far as your carbon-soled shoe will allow. Be persistent, but if this doesn't work, you've got to stop, sit on the side of the road, take the shoe off, and bend the toes up. Ah, relief! When you get back on the bike, keep your toes pointed up as much as your shoe will allow. This is the best I can say as to how to flush these little devils. The little finger side of the hand has a small muscle with a big name (Abductor Digiti Quinti Minimi). Its cramping is perceived more as an aching pain. If it hurts there, try treating it as a cramp. The muscle is short when the little finger is bent towards the palm and points away from the others. To break a cramp in your right hand, straighten your right hand and fingers, and use your left hand to bend it back at the wrist and in the direction of the thumb side of your hand. Use the contract-relax technique to flush the cramp: Hold the right hand still in that fully stretched position and make it work against the resistance of your left hand. The comments on the foot intrinsic muscles apply here as well. You don't need to be brushed up on anatomy to know what to do for any other muscles. Bend as many joints as you can away from the cramp. If, for example, you cramp on the palm side of your forearm, then bend your hand backwards, and straighten your elbow. Then, just keep the muscle as close to that stretched position as possible, and coax it to work a little. | More Information proviides authoritative information for endurance cyclists. Each issue contains articles by experts on: Experience Also Tells Us: - If you get night cramps, you get them in the summer, not winter. If you get them while you're riding, it is also more likely to be in the summer than in the winter. Cramping has something to do with heat. - If you're a woman, you are more likely to cramp during menstruation than at other times during the menstrual cycle. And you are way more likely to cramp if you are pregnant. - Diarrhea makes you more vulnerable to cramping. - Calf-twitching after a long hard ride: Have you experienced this? You feel partial little contractions in your calf muscles, perhaps even in your feet muscles. You can see them too, temporary little indents here and there when you're sitting. I think you are in a state where cramping can easily be touched off. Stretch! Get those GTO's to calm the muscle! These involuntary twitches may indicate salt (as in the sodium part of sodium chloride) depletion. - There are anecdotal reports for the efficacy of Tums for breaking cramps (see roadbikerider.com). - A little training helps! Seriously, training helps you postpone the fatigue threshold. - Stretching is never more important than after a long, hard ride on a hot summer's day. Guyton, Arthur C. and John E. Hall. Medical Physiology, 10th Edition. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Bentley, S. Exercise-Induced Muscle Cramp. Proposed Mechanisms and Management. Sports Med 1996 Jun;21(6):409-420. Schwellnus, MP, Derman EW; Noakes TD. Aetiology of Skeletal Muscle "Cramps" During Exercise: A Novel Hypothesis. J Sports Sci 1997 Jun;15(3):277-85. Schwellnus, Martin P. Skeletal Muscle Cramps During Exercise. Phys Sports Med 1999. (http://www.physsportsmed.com/issues/1999/11_99/schwellnus.htm)

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Learn something new every day More Info... by email Benzodiazepines are a class of medication used for treating anxiety, insomnia, and other medical conditions. Dangerous side effects, such as coma or death, can result from taking too high of a dose of these drugs, or from interactions with other depressants, including alcohol. Sometimes, the drug flumazenil is used as an antidote for benzodiazepines. This compound is used as a means of reversing many of the effects of benzodiazepines. Overdoses of these depressant medications may require that people be supplied with artificial respiration and other medical measures until their effects subside. Studies at the York Hospital of Pennsylvania in the US have shown that providing this antidote for benzodiazepines can sometimes negate the need for these medical procedures. Often, flumazenil is administered as an intravenous (IV) injection when it is provided as an antidote for benzodiazepines. After an IV dose of this drug is given, it usually starts to take effect after one to two minutes. Full responses to this medication can generally be seen after ten minutes, although the total length of its effects depends on its dose, as well as the amount of depressants that were taken. Flumazenil can be used as an antidote for benzodiazepines based on the way that it operates in the body. Benzodiazepines bind to cellular sites, called receptors, that are involved in the transmission of inhibitory messages in the brain. When administered, flumazenil can compete with the depressants for receptors, and bind to them, preventing benzodiazepines from binding and taking effect. In a sufficient dose, this antidote can reverse the effects of a large amount of benzodiazepines. Like most drugs, this antidote for benzodiazepines can have a number of side effects. Seizures can sometimes occur with flumazenil administration, and there is a greater danger of this effect among individuals that have taken a certain type of antidepressants, known as tricyclics. Researchers in Israel have indicated that dangerous side effects can often be avoided when this antidote is provided at a slow rate. Many times, a doctor or medical professional is consulted before this antidote is used; individuals with certain medical conditions, like tachycardia, may be more likely to experience unpleasant, even harmful, side effects. A professional may also monitor the individual's response to flumazenil and determine whether more of this antidote may be needed. Flumazenil often wears off within an hour, and a professional can also monitor vital signs to decide if, or when, to provide another dose.

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Send the link below via email or IMCopy Present to your audienceStart remote presentation - Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present - People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account - This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation - A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation - Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article Do you really want to delete this prezi? Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again. Make your likes visible on Facebook? Connect your Facebook account to Prezi and let your likes appear on your timeline. You can change this under Settings & Account at any time. MHLS - CH. 2- PART 1 -BIOLOGICAL BEGINNINGS Transcript of MHLS - CH. 2- PART 1 -BIOLOGICAL BEGINNINGS The genetic endowment that members of a species have in common – birds can fly – humans can speak. Each human has an individual heredity provided at conception, when sperm and ovum, each with 23 chromosomes unite to form a single-cell zygote with 46 chromosomes. Human Genome Project (2003) - a project in which researchers mapped the sequence of the chemical units or “letters” that make up the strands of DNA in a full set of human chromosomes. T or F. 999 of 1000 base chemicals in humans are identical. The father determines a child’s gender Genotype: all of a person's genetic material that a person inherits Phenotype: observable, measureable characteristics or traits that are expressed-height,weight,hair color, intelligence. Evolutionary Psychology - A branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival as factors that are important as humans have evolved through time. The 3 main mechanisms Some children are affected by inherited changes in gene-linked abnormalities : Hemophilia, Sickle Cell Disease, Spina Bifida, Cystic Fibrosis Other children are affected by chromosomal abnormalities: Downs Syndrome, Turners Syndrome (small stubby fingers and toes – webbed neck, underdeveloped breasts); Klinefelter’s (Males – sterile At puberty develop feminine sex characteristics) Fragile X- most common hereditary cause of mental THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT- BILL BAKER Single Gene Pair Inheritance – 1 gene – tongue curling, blood type, Hair color, Extra Digits Sex Linked Inheritance – male; female..Color blindness, Hemophilia Polygenic Inheritance – Many genes contribute to Height , Weight, Intelligence, Personality,Susceptibility to Cancer KHAN Academy- Genetics 101-23and me Abnormalities are detected prenatally: CVS (Chorionic Villus Sampling) InVitro Fertilization - DNA tests on the first cells. Amniocentesis- Amniotic Fluid Test in Pregnancy- Nucleus Medical Media Dear Future Mom- World Down Syndrome Day- Coor Down Tell Me A Story: Turner's Syndrome Is Something She Has, But It Doesn't Define Her.

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In Western societies, toads have long been associated with witchcraft, from serving as a component in spells to being a witch’s familiar. Their warty appearance and poisonous skin has generally lead to toads being much maligned as symbols of evil and impurity. However, in China the toad is a symbol of wealth and considered a lunar deity. In reality, thanks to their unique skin secretions, toads have played an important part in traditional and modern medicine. Toads are vulnerable to habitat loss, and in the UK they are protected from law from trade. One organisation helping to protect toads and other amphibians is Froglife, http://www.froglife.org/. The octopus has long been a sinister symbol of fear and misfortune in many cultures; legends of giant octopuses sinking ships can be found worldwide. However, real octopuses are becoming increasingly renowned for their astonishing intelligence and problem-solving abilities, which rival that of many mammals. The octopus is also now viewed with affection by many lovers of steampunk, perhaps thanks to its appearance in “Jules Verne’s novel 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.” Certain species of octopus are threatened by marine pollution. The World Wildlife Fund does work to help protect the habitat of animals like the octopus, and you can even “Adopt an Octopus” through them (the adoption pack comes with a cute cuddly octopus). http://gifts.worldwildlife.org/gift-center/gifts/Species-Adoptions/Octopus.aspx As carrion feeders, vultures have become a symbol of death and doom. However, in classical and Egyptian mythology the vulture was associated with a number of deities and considered sacred. Sadly, vultures in south Asia and parts of Africa have declined dramatically in number, and many species are now endangered. The Royal Society for the Protection Birds is one of the organisations that are working to save them from extinction. http://www.rspb.org.uk/supporting/campaigns/vultures/index.aspx 10. Scarab Beetle It’s bizarre to think that a species of dung people could be venerated, but in ancient Egypt the scarab was revered as a symbol of the sun god. Today, ancient Egyptian symbols including scarabs are often worn by Goths, in addition to followers of Wicca and paganism. While the scarab beetle is not endangered, many other beetles are, including some British species. One charity dedicated to helping them is Buglife. http://www.buglife.org.uk/ A member of the arachnid family along with spiders, the scorpion is often regarded with fear due to its intimidating appearance and its sting (it should be noted that less than 2% of scorpion species have lethal venom). Scorpion is of course the symbol of Scorpio, the zodiac sign associated with sensuality, healing, magic, secrets and the forces of life and death. In ancient Egypt, the scorpion was used to represent the goddess of healing, and in the modern world scorpion venom has indeed been used in medicine. Several species of scorpions are endangered, through habitat loss and by collection for the pet trade. The Scorpion Systematics Research Group is studying scorpions in order to better understand their populations and how they can be protected. http://scorpion.amnh.org/ Due to its nocturnal habits, its piercing gaze and its unsettling ability to turn its head almost a full 180 degrees, the owl is generally regarded worldwide as an omen of misfortune, darkness and death. But it is also true that the owl has also been used to represent wisdom and learning – it is a symbol of the Greek goddess of knowledge, Athena. The appearance of owls in the Harry Potter series has reinforced the owl’s image as a bird of magic and intelligence. Like so many birds, owls are threatened through the loss of woodlands. To help protect owls, you can support the World Owl Trust, http://www.owls.org We tend to associate rats with disease, impurity and death, and they are frequently a source of revulsion. In reality, domesticated rats are intelligent and clean animals that make good pets, as many Goths will testify. It should also be noted that the rat is considered sacred in Hinduism, while the Chinese see the rat as a symbol of wisdom, creativity and ambition. Because they are commonly regarded as vermin, rats are vulnerable to abuse and cruelty. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is one organisation that protects the welfare of all animals, including rats. http://www.rspca.org.uk/ From fairy tales to werewolf legends to mythology, wolves are repeatedly cast as the “bad guys” of the animal kingdom. They symbolise death, hatred, corruption and destruction in many societies. But there have been some ancient cultures in which wolves have been worshipped, including Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Celtic and native American. While it is true that wolves can be dangerous, wolf attacks on humans are comparatively rare. Sadly, wolves have been killed in tremendous numbers by humans (they have been extinct in the UK since the 1700s. Wolves are still under threat, but organisations such as UK Wolf Conservation Trust are working to protect them. http://ukwct.org.uk/ One of the world’s most popular pets, cats have long been associated with magic in many cultures, probably thanks to their association with the Greek goddess of witchcraft, Hecate, or with the Egyptian goddess Bast. Cats have also been associated with evil forces in both Europe and Asia, and even today, some people consider black cats (most beloved of Goths) unlucky. Like many animals domesticated by man, too many cats have suffered from neglect and other cruelty. Cats Protection helps to stop the abuse of pet cats. http://www.cats.org.uk/ Few animals have such a complex and deep cultural relationship with humans as snakes. The venom of several snake species is deadly to humans, and so they are naturally a source of fear. The snake is even symbolic of the Devil, the ultimate evil, in Judeo-Christian traditions. But even more cultures have revered the snake; its shape is suggestive of male fertility, and its ability to shed its skin and be “reborn” led people to believe that snakes have regenerative and healing powers (indeed, their venom has been used in modern medicine). Snakes have also widely been regarded as a symbol of wisdom and spiritual wisdom. The belief of an enormous serpent that encircles the world is found in African, Norse and Australian Aboriginal mythology, and snakes have been revered as deities in ancient Egyptian, Hindu, Celtic and Aztec beliefs. The symbol of the Chinese dragon, one of the most spiritually important symbols in East Asia, is probably a stylised representation of a snake. Many species of snake are endangered, through habitat loss, collection for the exotic pet trade and slaughter for their skins. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation (formerly The Herpetological Conservation Trust) are working to save them. http://www.herpconstrust.org.uk/ The Crow family of birds contains several species with Goth appeal, including ravens and jackdaws. Crows are an important symbol in many traditions. Due to their black colouration and carrion-feeding, they are often considered an omen of death. To a number of Native American tribes the crow is considered a trickster spirit. Crows and ravens were sometimes regarded as sacred in ancient Greek, Celtic and Norse traditions. Today, crows and ravens are a prominent motif in Goth culture, partly thanks to Edgar Allan Poe’s poem “The Raven” and partly thanks to the comic book and movie, “The Crow.” If you want to help crows, you can support Raven Haven, which rescues ravens and other wild birds that have met misfortune. http://www.ravenhaven.co.uk/ Due to their associations with vampire mythology, bats are one of the most popular animals among Goths. Although bats have long been association with death and dark powers in many cultures (probably due to their nocturnal habits), some cultures have seen them as a more positive symbol – in China, they are a common symbol of good luck, health, wealth and happiness. One of the organisations dedicated to the conservation of bats, and which has a large Goth following, is the Bat Conservation Trust. http://www.bats.org.uk/ One of the most Goth-friendly creatures of all – not only the spider itself, but its beautiful web commonly features in Goth fashion. Spiders are also evoke more fear and repulsion than perhaps any other creature; arachnophobia is one of the most common phobias in existence. However, spiders are not universally regarded as a negative symbol. The most famous spider in mythology is probably the African spider-deity Ananse, considered a trickster and story-teller. Other cultures that have regarded spiders as deities include ancient Egypt, native American and Australian Aboriginal. A UK organisation devoted to the research and preservation of spiders is the British Arachnological Society. www.britishspiders.org.uk - Congressional Republicans say they disagree with Trump's proposal to impose high import tariffs on companies that move operations outside the US. - At least 36 people died in Friday's fire at a warehouse party in Oakland. Prosecutors say murder charges are possible. - Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, and YouTube are teaming up to target and remove terrorist content on their platforms 💻📌 - Adult Swim's alt-right comedy show didn't last long. They canceled it after 1 season following fierce criticism ❌📺

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Contoneaster are a flowering plant from the rose family, Rosaceae, closely related to hawthorns, firethorns, photinias and rowans. There are around 300 species of Cotoneaster, with some of the varieties differing hugely due to the versatility of this plant. There are evergreen, semi-evergreen and deciduous varieties; some are ground-coverers and some can be trained flat against a wall; while others grow to be substantial shrubs, or even small trees. Cotoneaster flowers are produced in late spring through early summer, and can emerge as solitary flowers or clustered together in masses, depending on the variety. The flowers are flat-petalled and flushed with various shades ranging from, fluffy white through creamy white, to light pink and dark pink, and sometimes even showcasing red tones. The fruit develops later in the year, as pink, bright red or orange berries; often even displaying darker shades of maroon or black when mature. Fruit on certain varieties is long-lasting and can adorn the branches until the following year, giving great winter interest. Some varieties are also known for their branches, with weeping Cotoneasters boasting slender, arching branches and others producing an attractive ‘herringbone’ pattern with their branches. These dense shrubs are commonly used for landscaping and have a huge wildlife interest, with the flowers attracting both bees and butterflies and the fruits being eaten by birds. Cotoneasters are also known for being popular amongst moths. The height and spread differs largely across the species, with the estimated height and spread in 20 years ranging from 1.5 x 1 metres to 6 x 4 metres in the selection of Cotoneasters offered on our website. Cotoneasters are suited to most soils, often even growing well in dry and shady positions. They require little pruning, which can be done at any time during the year, and even when they do become slightly overgrown, you can cut them back, removing dead branches without fear of damaging the future growth of the plant. For more information about pruning or planting advice, take a look at our help page, or click here to see our range of planting essentials to help you establish your Cotoneaster and maintain a healthy shrub.

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Maybe I should lose my reporter card for this, but when I was researching and writing my cover story about Pacific Northwest coal exports earlier this year, I remained oblivious to the fact that King County once did decent business in shipping out coal. It was 1875, but still. "There were coal mines all over," Sarah Samson, collection manager at the Renton History Museum told me as I scrambled to shore up my knowledge. "Black Diamond was named for coal. Issaquah had coal. We had coal." The museum, in fact, just spruced up the section discussing Renton's coal history, which Samson says comes to many as a surprise (so I'm not alone.) "A strong market for coal existed because it was used to power machinery, heat homes and businesses, and fuel the steamers that plied the waters of Puget Sound and elsewhere. The galloping growth of San Francisco after the 1849 California Gold Rush led to high demand and high prices for coal to fuel the steam engines of trains, ships, and machinery." It was never very profitable, which rich investors taking turn sinking their money into losing mines, Samson said. Renton was home to an inventive co-operative business model, in which the coal miners owned the mine. But by the 1930s or there about, the coal industry faded from Seattle's attention. Until now. As we consider much larger coal shipments plying the Puget Sound en route to Asia 80 years later, we have the burden of understanding what burning carbon does to our atmosphere, plus a far more sophisticated transportation system to work the shipments into. But this history can remind us of the basic the mechanisms at play: a proven energy source, booming industrial demand*, and our picturesque sea ports between the two.

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I didn’t end up doing any of the babyproofing of art supplies over the weekend as I had planned, other than moving scissors off of Maia’s red table and keeping the paints in the studio. But Maia did a few more of her challenge drawings and I thought I’d share them with you. These challenge drawings are easy to make by simply altering the paper in some way to inspire them to think and create differently. I cut holes out of paper sometimes for hole drawing challenges, but this time added contrasting paper shapes with a glue stick. Maia’s Drawing Challenges There’s not a tree in sight which makes me think that it was mostly about the shape of the paper. Who knows, though. We may still be seeing lots of trees in the future around here. Your comments were great and it’s interesting to hear how common repetition seems to be with children’s art. Above is a drawing of Totoro from one of our favorite Japanese anime films, My Neighbor Totoro. Maia started out drawing a heart, but when she saw the finished shape she said it was Totoro and added the details. I love it! Here are a couple of other drawings: A train with passengers along the bottom and symbols and letters in the little white boxes. The alphabet, backwards (she was copying the alphabet from an upside down piece of paper), along the curve of the paper shape. Our plan for the day involves making these baked doughnuts. A good plan, wouldn’t you say? More Challenge Drawings for Kids - The Scribble Drawing Game - Hole Drawings and Paintings - Eye Stickers as Drawing Prompts - Magazine Pictures as Drawing Prompts for Kids - Thought Bubbles for Creative Thinking and Writing Practice Pin It for Later

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My two year-old is very into the alphabet, and pointing the letters he knows out whenever he finds them out in the world. He can also make a couple of “important letters” – the first letter of his name, L, and the first letter of his brother’s name, E. He had a lot of fun doing this activity: making letters with toothpicks. He naturally created a few letters and pointed them out. After he exhausted his repertoire of letters he could create himself, I made letters for him to see if he could identify them. He did a pretty good job! Provide child with several sticks. I used 8. If you aren’t comfortable with toothpicks as the stick, there are lots of good alternatives! You can use pretzel sticks, crayons, or even green beans. Allow child to play with sticks on a clean surface (we used the high chair). You might want to start the play out by making some familiar letters (if you want the activity to revolve around letters — it certainly doesn’t have to! Playing with little sticks can be fun on its own!)

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Anatomy, Zoology. the part of the central nervous system enclosed in the cranium of humans and other vertebrates, consisting of a soft, convoluted mass of gray and white matter and serving to control and coordinate the mental and physical actions. Zoology. (in many invertebrates) a part of the nervous system more or less corresponding to the brain of vertebrates. Sometimes, brains. (used with a plural verb) understanding; intellectual power; intelligence. the brain as the center of thought, understanding, etc.; mind; intellect. brains, Slang. a member of a group who is regarded as its intellectual leader or planner: The junior partner is the brains of the firm. Informal. a very intelligent or brilliant person. the controlling or guiding mechanism in a computer, robot, pacemaker, etc. the part of a computer system for coordination or guidance, as of a missile. to smash the skull of. Slang. to hit or bang (someone) on the head. beat one’s brains out, Informal. to try very hard to understand and work out a problem, remember something, etc.: She beat her brains out studying for the exam. have something on the brain, to have an obsession; be occupied with: Lately I seem to have food on the brain. pick someone’s brains, to obtain information by questioning another person rather than by seeking it independently: He refused to prepare for the exam but counted on being able to pick his roommate’s brains. The Evolution of Darwin and Lincoln The Daily Beast February 2, 2009 The Science Community’s Fight Over an Artificial Brain Elizabeth Picciuto July 9, 2014 Patton Oswalt Sounds Off On Stand-Up’s Critics and Why Comedians Should Win Oscars Marlow Stern December 26, 2013 Scott Walker Beats Recall, Wins in WI Howard Kurtz June 5, 2012 Why Do We Cry? Michael Trimble January 9, 2013 The Destroyer Burton Egbert Stevenson Way of the Lawless Max Brand The Education of Henry Adams Henry Adams Weighed and Wanting George MacDonald Unwise Child Gordon Randall Garrett the soft convoluted mass of nervous tissue within the skull of vertebrates that is the controlling and coordinating centre of the nervous system and the seat of thought, memory, and emotion. It includes the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum Technical name encephalon, related adjectives cerebral encephalic the main neural bundle or ganglion of certain invertebrates (often pl) (informal) intellectual ability: he’s got brains (informal) shrewdness or cunning (informal) an intellectual or intelligent person (usually pl; functioning as singular) (informal) a person who plans and organizes an undertaking or is in overall control of an organization, etc an electronic device, such as a computer, that performs apparently similar functions to the human brain on the brain, constantly in mind: I had that song on the brain pick someone’s brain, to obtain information or ideas from someone to smash the skull of (slang) to hit hard on the head brain aid prolog language (BAP) A parallel Prolog environment for transputer systems by Frank Bergmann , Martin Ostermann , and Guido von Walter of Brain Aid Systems GbR. BAP is based on a model of communicating sequential Prolog processes. The run-time system consists of a multi-process operating system with support for several applications running concurrently. […] brain bucket A steel helmet (1950s+ Armed services) hard hat noun Usage Note noun (informal) something that is entertaining or enjoyable but lacks depth or significance

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Charlotte Mason's philosophy on foreign language makes a lot of sense. Natural language progression begins with listening, progresses to speaking, followed by reading and then writing. Much of listening and speaking happen simultaneously, as well as reading and writing. This progress is clear when we watch babies grow into young scholars. Once the listening and speaking phases are well understood and work on reading and writing begins, another language can be introduced. This is basically the philosophy we have used to study foreign language. When my children were toddlers, I worked as an engineer and they were watched by a wonderful Mexican lady. During that time my kids learned to understand Spanish, but because she understood English, they never really learned to speak. Regardless, I am confident they could speak in a very short time as the Spanish language is in their heads. Before they began studying written Spanish we moved to Germany. For that reason, we quit studying Spanish temporarily and began studying German. Once they could speak and understand German, they began learning to read in German and resumed listening to Spanish. It has been over four years since we moved to Germany and the older two kids have begun studying a third language. My eleven year old chose French and my son chose Chinese. They now spend between 30 and 45 minutes per week studying each language. The materials we have used to learn languages are very natural. Instead of trying to follow a curriculum or read a picture dictionary, we have listened to children's music and watched children's television and movies targeted for native speakers of the language. Occasionally we have listened to CD's that help to learn such things as colors, numbers, months, and body parts, but have found that music targeted for native speakers of the language is much more enjoyable. Living in Germany it has been easy to find resources in German. Spanish resources were also easy to find as so many children's DVD's are available in several languages. We watched shows such as Dora the Explorer in German, and Plaza Sesamo which is the Spanish version of Sesame Street. Chinese resources have been more difficult for me to find. My son currently follows the Transparent Language on-line curriculum. Recently we have been using the iPad to study German. I typed in the key word "Lesen" which means to read in German. From there I was able to download several audio books and simple kid games. In the past I've written about the materials we use for Foreign Language study. The posts can be found by visiting my Language Arts page. If you use other language immersion resources I would love to hear about them. Parlez-vous Francais? - Barefoot Hippie Girl Regard to Teaching a Foreign Language - Hammock Tracks Seeking to Learn a New Language - Every Bed of Roses Five Ways to Homeschool Foreign Language - Navigating by Joy Fun with Foreign Language - One Magnificent Obsession Sign-up to follow Highhill Education by email below. This post is linked to: Hip Homeschool Hop Works for Me Wednesday

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The survival stories of mountain climbers may be a clue to suspended animation. (Photo by Tim) Hibernation is a state characterized by inactivity, slower metabolism and lower body temperature. Hibernating animals most often do so to survive food scarcity, especially during the winter. Man is not considered a hibernating animal, but a glance at modern science and strange accounts from the past suggest we may have to revise our views in the future. James Braid, the father of hypnotherapy and a man with a fascination for the occult, recorded several odd cases of humans surviving hibernation-like conditions in his 1850 book Observations on Trance (link). In his most famous account an Indian fakir was buried alive in the presence of Sir Claude Wade, the English governor at the time. After remaining in the ground for several months, the fakir was reportedly exhumed and restored to consciousness in good health. No one knows if Braid and Wade were telling the truth, but findings of the same nature have been reported even quite recently. A 1998 paper from Physiology describes two Indian yogis performing similar stunts, although the durations were much shorter (link): One yogi went into a state of deep bodily rest and lowered metabolism and was able to remain in an airtight box with no ill effects and no sign of tachycardia or hyperpnea for 10 h. In a different study done in a more naturalistic setting on a different adept, Yogi Satyamurti (70 yr of age) remained confined in a small underground pit, sealed from the top, for 8 days. He was physically restricted by recording wires, during which time electrocardiogram results showed his heart rate to be below the measurable sensitivity of the recording instruments. A hundred and ten years ago the British Medical Journal ran a short article titled Human Hibernation (link). The article, reprinted in 2000, is a peculiar account of how poor Russian peasants allegedly survive famine by sleeping for half of the year. I'm quoting the full article here: A Practice closely akin to hibernation is said to be general among Russian peasants in the Pskov Government, where food is scanty to a degree almost equivalent to chronic famine. Not having provisions enough to carry them through the whole year, they adopt the economical expedient of spending one half of it in sleep. This custom has existed among them from time immemorial. At the first fall of snow the whole family gathers round the stove, lies down, ceases to wrestle with the problems of human existence, and quietly goes to sleep. Once a day every one wakes up to eat a piece of hard bread, of which an amount sufficient to last six months has providently been baked in the previous autumn. When the bread has been washed down with a draught of water, everyone goes to sleep again. The members of the family take it in turn to watch and keep the fire alight. After six months of this reposeful existence the family wakes up, shakes itself, goes out to see if the grass is growing, and by-and-by sets to work at summer tasks. The country remains comparatively lively till the following winter, when again all signs of life disappear and all is silent, except we presume for the snores of the sleepers. This winter sleep is called 'lotska'. These simple folk evidently come within '0 fortunatos nimium sua si bona norint!' In addition to the economic advantages of hibernation, the mere thought of a sleep which knits up the ravelled sleeve of care for half a year on end is calculated to fill our harassed souls with envy. We, doomed to dwell here where men sit and hear each other groan, can scarce imagine what it must be for six whole months out of the twelve to be in the state of Nirvana longed for by Eastern sages, free from the stress of life, from the need to labour, from the multitudinous burdens, anxieties, and vexations of existence. Don't you just love the poetic style of scientific writing back in those days? The lotska sounds more like an urban legend than an accurate description of lowered metabolism, but in 1906 – six years after the original article appeared – The New York Times ran a story on starving peasants in Russia "lying motionless for days at a time, in order to weaken the pangs of hunger". A few days later, there was a letter to the editor with the following comment on the story (link): This exigency may be akin to the pseudo-hibernation habitually practiced by Russian peasants in the northern provinces, notably in the Pskov district. If such is the case, the hardships endured by the peasants this Winter may not be as great as the casual reader might be led to believe. True, the pseudo-hibernation which is general in Pskov has resulted from the fact that famine is well-nigh chronic there; but by pratice from time immemorial the peasants have become accustomed to imitate the habit of the bear and the marmto in Winter, until now the custom is regarded by them as one of the normal conditions of human existence. They have a name for this Winter sleep. It is called "lotska". In the brief Autumn the housewives prepare a sufficient quantity of hard, black bread to last until Spring. When Winter sets in in earnest the family lie down around the stove and go to sleep. Once in the twenty-four hours everyone wakes up, to nibble at a piece of the black bread, which is washed down with a drink of water. Then all go to sleep again. The members of the family take watch and watch about to keep the fire going. This pseudo-hibernation lasts until Spring, or upward of six months, when the peasants take up their humble tasks again and are busy until the succeeding Witner, when silence reigns over the frozen land once more. The writing is somewhat similar to the original 1900 article, but it's not clear whether the writer is the same. Searching for more information on this ancient art of lotska doesn't yield much new, so we're left wondering if the peasants really spent their long winters this way. The accounts above are of people willingly undergoing depressed metabolism and what might be called a hibernation-like state, but what about people who fall into similar states by accident? Fast forward about a hundred years, to 1999, when Swedish radiologist Anna Bågenholm got into a skiing accident which left her trapped under a layer of ice (link). For 1 hour 20 minutes, she was in freezing water, suffering the most extreme hypothermia ever recorded in a human. When she was rescued and taken to a hospital, her body temperature was a lethally low 13.7 °C. After 40 minutes in the icy water, Bågenholm was in cardiac arrest. During cardiac arrest, the normal circulation of blood stops due to failure of the heart to contract effectively. As a result, oxygen is no longer delivered to the body and the brain, which leads to loss of consciousness. Brain injury usually happens after five minutes. Strangely, despite minor symptoms related to nerve injury, no permanent brain damage was diagnosed in Bågenholm's case. One of the doctors treating her reported that "her body had time to cool down completely before the heart stopped. Her brain was so cold when the heart stopped that the brain cells needed very little oxygen, so the brain could survive for quite a prolonged time." In 2006, a Japanese man named Mitsutaka Uchikoshi went missing during a mountain climb with friends (link). After leaving his friends to descend the mountain on his own, he tripped and lost consciousness. When he was found 24 days later, his pulse was almost non-existent, his organs had shut down and his body temperature was 22 °C. Upon hearing his remarkable story, some doctors deemed it physiologically impossible that he had survived for so long without any water. His metabolism had apparently grinded to an almost complete halt. One of the doctors treating him commented: "He fell into a hypothermic state at a very early stage, which is similar to hibernation. Therefore, his brain functions were protected without being damaged and have now recovered 100%. This is what I believe happened". In late December 2008, Magdeline Makola was abducted and tied up in a car boot (link). After 10 days of drifting in and out of consciousness in below-freezing temperatures, she was found by two traffic police officers. According to doctors, 48 more hours and she would've been dead; in a warmer temperature and she might not have made it through the 10 days. The hypothermia may have saved her life. In a fascinating TED Talk from 2009, Ken Kamler describes the worst disaster in the history of Mount Everest, and the story of one climber's miraculous survival (link). Due to the fierce wind and extreme conditions, he was not able to return to the base camp from higher up in the mountain and instead just lay there in the snow, too weak to move. Amidst the chaos, everyone presumed he was dead, until he burst into Kamler's medical tent seemingly out of nowhere, having forced himself to get up and trek back to base camp after 36 hours of being buried in the freezing snow. Kamler tells the story as an example of the power of the human mind. The climber told him that while laying there in under the snow, he'd thought of his wife and child at home and decided that he couldn't just die there on the mountain. He had to survive for their sake. And so, severely frostbitten and suffering from hypothermia, he somehow managed to not only come back to life but to walk without help to base camp. The human mind is undoubtedly capable of great things, but reading all these stories, I'm left wondering whether there is something else at play. A recurring theme in many of the cases seems to be that these people's metabolism was slowed down due to freezing temperatures and low oxygen. At mountain altitudes, for example, temperatures and oxygen are lower than at ground level. Even the yogis' tricks were done in small airtight spaces. For the past years, cell biologist Mark Roth has examined the relationship between oxygen, metabolism and suspended animation. In 2005, he showed that mice exposed to small amounts of hydrogen sulfide put them in a state of hibernation, from which they could be brought back unharmed. The hydrogen sulfide caused the mice's core temperature to drop from 37 °C to 11 °C and their metabolism to slow by 90 percent. Hydrogen sulfide, which is naturally present in the body but toxic at large doses, works by preventing oxygen from binding. Using freezing temperatures to induce hibernation is generally a bad idea in many species. Warm-blooded animals like humans react to cold by cranking up the internal heating system and burning more oxygen, which spells trouble. According to Roth, the key to lowering metabolism safely is to combine cooling with something that reduces the demand for oxygen (link): During the same TED Talk, he mentions experiments showing that if you reduce the oxygen content in the air slightly, roundworms die, and if you reduce it a lot – down to 10 ppm – they stop moving and appear dead but are in fact alive in a state of suspended animation. Unlike their animated and lively friends, these suspended roundworms can be put into cold temperatures without harm. I’m going to be talking [at TED] about unpublished work where we have demonstrated that if you make certain animals cold in an animated state, you kill them. But if you make those same animals cold, but they are now suspended, they all survive. Exposing an organism to hydrogen sulfide is another way to achieve the same effect as reducing the oxygen content of a container or a room. By binding at the same cell site as oxygen, hydrogen sulfide reduces the need for oxygen, depressing metabolism. Roth theorizes that perhaps hydrogen sulfide production was increased in Bågenholm's own body when she fell under the ice, thus preventing her from dying from the cold. The first practical application of this technique is surgery, which requires mild hypothermia to prevent harming patients. Even with a small amount of injectable hydrogen sulfide, which Roth's company has developed, the results are apparently better than with a traditional approach. Safety studies are already done, and human trials are underway. While this is undoubtedly a great medical breakthrough, I can't help but think of other possible applications. What Roth has done is deanimate a mouse by reducing its metabolism and then bring it back to life unharmed. If the human trials are succesful, could this mean hydrogen sulfide might be used even outside surgery? Are we talking about a potential lightweight version of cryonics? At this point, no one knows. Although similar findings have been confirmed by another lab using mice, two other labs reported that hydrogen sulfide did not induce hibernation in sheep or pigs (link, link), casting doubt on the feasibility of induced hibernation in large mammals. Also, Roth didn't do lifespan experiments with his mice, so we don't know whether suspending them for longer periods of time might have made them live longer. But given that the connection between lower metabolism and extended lifespan has been shown in several other experiments, I certainly wouldn't be surprised if it did. Makes you wonder if we could one day be like those poor Russian peasants, sleeping through the hard times and waiting for a brighter future. For more information on technology and life extension, see these posts: Biotechnology and the Future of Aging How to Live Forever: My 5 Steps to Immortality Aubrey de Grey in Helsinki, Finland Anti-Aging in the Media: Rolling Stone on Ray Kurzweil

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Summary and Info In the past, insecticide development has been guided mostly by chemo-rational and bio-rational design based on understanding of the physiology and ecology of insects and crops. A limitation in each new class of compounds is the evolution of resistance in populations of key pests, which ultimately leads to control failures. This phenomenon and the desire to produce more selective and biorational compounds serve as the driving force to develop advanced technologies for insecticide design. Among the highlights of this book are the use of nanotechnology to increase potency of available insecticides, the use of genetic engineering techniques for controlling insect pests, the development of novel insecticides that bind to unique biochemical receptors, the exploration of natural products as a source for environmentally acceptable insecticides, and the use of insect genomics and cell lines for determining biological and biochemical modes of action of new insecticides. More About the Author Yoel Hasson (Hebrew: יואל חסון, born 4 April 1972) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Kadima and Hatnuah. Review and Comments Rate the Book Insecticides Design Using Advanced Technologies 0 out of 5 stars based on 0 ratings.

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Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is an infection of the spinal cord by Human T-lymphotropic virus resulting in paraparesis or weakness of the legs. As the name suggests, it is most common in tropical regions, including the Caribbean and Africa. For several decades the term tropical spastic paraparesis was used to describe a chronic and progressive clinical syndrome that affected adults living in equatorial areas of the world. This condition was initially thought to be associated with infectious agents (such as Treponema pertenue and Treponema pallidum which cause inflammation of the central nervous system) and with chronic nutritional deficiencies (such as avitaminosis) or exposure to potentially toxic foods (such as bitter cassava). Neurological and modern neuroepidemiological studies found that in some individuals no single cause could explain the progressive weakness, sensory disturbance, and sphincter dysfunction that affected individuals with TSP. In spite of public health programs created to eradicate the above-mentioned infectious and nutritional conditions in the tropics, large numbers of people continued to be affected. During the mid-1980s, an important association was established between the first human retrovirus-human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (also known as HTLV-1)-and idiopathic TSP (idiopathic means of unknown origin). Since then, this condition has been named HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis or HAM/TSP and scientists now understand that it is a condition caused by a virus that results in immune dysfunction. Patients with HAM/TSP may also exhibit uveitis (inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye), arthritis (inflammation of one or more joints), pulmonary lymphocytic alveolitis (inflammation of the lung tissues), polymyositis (an inflammatory muscle disease), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (persistent dryness of the cornea and conjunctiva), and infectious dermatitis (inflammation of the skin). Co-factors that may play a role in transmitting the disorder include being a recipient of transfusion blood products (especially before 1989), breastmilk feeding from a seropositive mother, intravenous drug use, or being the sexual partner of a seropositive individual for several years. Not every HTLV-1 seropositive carrier will become a HAM/TSP patient. Fewer than 5% will exhibit neurological dysfunction or, eventually, hematological malignancy such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, suggesting that other host or viral factors are responsible for disease onset. When infected by HTLV-1 the host mounts an antigen specific immune response towards the HTLV-1 antigen. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes of the host’s immune response release cytokines in an effort to fight the infection. These cytokines facilitate the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes across the blood-brain barrier. Once cytokines are within the central nervous system demyelination is brought as a result of bystander cell injury. The disease is chronic, progressing slowly, usually causing symptoms 20-30 years after infection. - Progressive muscle weakness; - Sensory disturbance - Sphincter dysfunction - Urinary incontinence - Pulmonary lymphocyte alveolitis - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca - Infectious dermatitis Blood transfusion products are screened for HTLV-1 antibodies. There is no established treatment program for HAM/TSP although some patients may be given steroids. Clinical studies using interferon alpha and plasmapheresis have not shown significant patient improvement. Spasticity may be treated with lioresal or tizanidine. Urinary dysfunction should be treated with self-catheterization or oxybutynin. HAM/TSP is usually a progressive neurological disorder but it is rarely fatal. Most patients live for several decades after the diagnosis. Their prognosis improves if they take steps to prevent urinary tract infection and skin sore formation, and if they enroll in physical and occupational therapy programs. - Machigashira N, Yoshida Y, Wang S, Osame M (2001). HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis with pseudohypoparathyroidism. Neurology 56 (1): 104-6.

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Voyageurs #30 was found by the Smithsonian's article writer Amy Sutherland. The writer of the article, Amy Sutherland, spent part of a day with both groups to see the process first hand. She did a "ride along" of a beach rescue and initial intake at the Mass Audubon at Wellfleet Bay, and then a road trip to the NEAq to start the medical care of the turtles. Amy found #30 Voyageurs! Above Voyageurs is getting some fluid therapy to help with electrolyte imbalance. After three weeks of care, Voyageurs headed north with a handful of other turtles. Many are still continuing their rehabilitation at The University of New England's Marine Animal Rehabilitation Center. We then continued to get more turtles almost daily. As the article states more turtles were moved to other centers and we currently have 28 sea turtles still at the Aquarium in the Sea Turtle Recovery Room - 25 Kemp's ridley and 3 green sea turtles. The article was a great snapshot and overview of some of the work the stranding organizations do for these turtles, as well as conservation issues that have and still face these turtles. It is a great article for sea turtle medical care and conservation! Oh by the way... Mentioned in the article was a nesting sea turtle. Found these photos in our archive of the turtle "Hatchet Head" Harry. Lovingly referred to that way because of the injuries to his/her head. Obviously, at the time we did not know the sex of the animal. It was awesome to find out the turtle had nested and is no longer Harry but Harriet!

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Just to review a little, fats and fatty acids are said to be saturated if they have the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms attached. In particular, a fatty acid is unsaturated if it has at least one double C-C bond on its main hydrocarbon chain. (An atom of hydrogen could potentially be attached there.) It is polyunsaturated if it has at least two. By definition, an omega-3 fatty acid is polyunsaturated, and in addition one of its double bonds occurs as close as possible to the end of the main chain that is opposite the carboxyl (COOH) group required in a fatty acid. Curiously enough, this simple chemical property – rather than any more complicated chemical configuration – appears to be sufficient to confer a variety of health benefits on omega-3 fatty acids. Perhaps the best-known benefit, for which there is evidence in studies of particular (not all) omega-3 fatty acids, is related to coronary heart disease (e. g. atherosclerosis or "hardening of the arteries"). The omega-3 fatty acids most frequently involved are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). But recent research has encompassed many other disease conditions, for example, abnormal blood vessel growth that can cause blindness, such as that which may occur in retinopathy of premature infants, diabetic retinopathy, and "wet" age-related macular degeneration. Omega-3 fatty acids protect eyes against retinopathy, study finds The researchers studied the effect of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, derived from fish, and the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid on the loss of blood vessels, the re-growth of healthy vessels, and the growth of destructive abnormal vessels in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. The retinopathy in the mouse shares many characteristics with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in humans. ROP is a disease of the eyes of prematurely born infants in which the retinal blood vessels increase in number and branch excessively, sometimes leading to bleeding or scarring. Infants who progress to a severe form of ROP are in danger of becoming permanently blind. There are also aspects of the disease process that may apply to diabetic retinopathy, a disease in which blood vessels swell and leak fluid or grow abnormally on the surface of the retina, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a disease of the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, and a leading cause of vision loss in Americans 60 years of age and older. Typical Western diets are lacking in omega-3 fatty acids, which are found mainly in shellfish and oily fish (e. g. salmon, sardines), and instead have a much higher percentage of omega-6 fatty acids. (In an omega-6 fatty acid, the only difference is that the first C-C double bond occurs farther from the end of the hydrocarbon chain that is opposite the carboxyl group. See these Wikipedia articles for more details: essential fatty acids, essential fatty acid interactions.) It turns out, oddly enough, that omega-6 fatty acids can have deleterious effects, just the opposite of omega-3 effects. The researchers found that increasing omega-3 fatty acids and decreasing omega-6 fatty acids in the diet reduced the area of vessel loss that ultimately causes the growth of the abnormal vessels and blindness. Omega-6 fatty acid contributes to the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the retina. To further test the apparent beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids, the researchers studied mice fed a diet modeled after a traditional Japanese diet (more omega-3 than omega-6 fatty acids) and mice fed a diet modeled after a traditional Western diet (lower amounts of omega-3 fatty acids). In addition, they studied mice genetically altered with a gene which mammals normally lack that converts omega-6 into omega-3 fatty acids. They found that the mice with higher amounts of omega-3 had a nearly 50 percent decrease in retinopathy. Most importantly, this research identified a likely mechanism of action by which omega-3 fatty acids confer their benefits. The mechanism involves suppression of inflammation, especially involving the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. In particular, this would apply to atherosclerosis, in which inflammation is generally regarded as a significant problem. Such anti-inflammatory properties, if indeed present, could account for the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in other circumstances also. Another report on the same research describes this: Can Blindness Be Prevented Through Diet? Omega-3 fatty acids like DHA and EPA are thought to dampen inflammation in the body. ... The researchers demonstrated that the omega-3-based diet suppressed production of TNF-alpha, reducing the inflammatory response in the retina, whereas the omega-6-based diet increased TNF-alpha production. The retinas of omega-3-fed mice also had increased production of the anti-inflammatory compounds neuroprotectinD1, resolvinD1 and resolvinE1. These compounds, derived from omega-3 fatty acids, also potently protected against pathological vessel growth, and they were not detected in the retinas of mice fed the omega-6 diet. Cancer is a rather more controversial case in connection with possible health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Many epidemiological studies have been done to try to identify cancer-protective effects of omega-3 in the diet, with varying results. Meta-analysis of such studies does not identify a conclusive connection. However, such studies are hampered by uncertainties about the actual diets consumed by participants. Additionally, a lot may depend on individual genetic factors. In animal studies it is possible to be much more quantitatively precise. For instance, we have this: Omega-3 Fatty Acids May Help Slow Prostate Cancer Growth The mice were fed either a diet high in omega-3 (ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 was 1:1) a diet low in omega 3 (ratio omega-6 to omega-3 was 20:1), or a diet high in omega-6 (ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 was 40:1). The scientists compared survival rates and weighed the animals' prostates to measure tumor progression. Mice with the tumor suppressor gene remained free of tumors and had 100 percent survival, regardless of diet. In mice with the gene defect, survival was 60 percent in animals on the high omega-3 diet, 10 percent in those on the low omega-3 diet and 0 percent in those on the high omega-6 diet. "This suggests that if you have good genes, it may not matter too much what you eat," said [senior researcher Yong Q.] Chen, a professor of cancer biology. "But if you have a gene that makes you susceptible to prostate cancer, your diet can tip the balance. Our data demonstrate the importance of gene-diet interactions, and that genetic cancer risk can be modified favorable by omega-3 PUFA." In a rather different direction, there has been a lot of suspicion, and some epidemiologial and experimental evidence, that omega-3 fatty acids and higher omega-3:omega-6 ratios have beneficial effects in connection with psychological and mood disorders. So it makes sense that omega-3 could be useful with the symptoms of agitation and depression associated with Alzheimer's disease. It turns out that benefits may be significantly dependent on genetic factors related to the disease: Omega-3 Supplements Can Help With Alzheimer's Symptoms, Study Suggests Omega-3 supplements can, in certain cases, help combat the depression and agitation symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease, according to a clinical study conducted at the Swedish medical university Karolinska Institutet. A number of epidemiological studies have shown that eating fatty fish provides a certain degree of protection against Alzheimer's and other dementia diseases--an effect often thought attributable to the omega-3 fatty acids it contains. Some studies also suggest that omega-3 can have a therapeutic effect on some psychiatric conditions. The results were not straightforward, to put it mildly. There is a well-known susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's, APOE4. Carriers of the gene experienced benefits for agitation symptoms, while non-carriers had benefits for depression symptoms! There was no observable difference in therapeutic effect between the patients receiving the omega-3 and the placebo group. However, when the researchers took into account which of the patients carried the susceptibility gene APOE4 and which did not, an appreciable difference appeared. Carriers of the gene who had received active treatment responded positively to the omega-3 as regards agitation symptoms, while non-bearers of the gene showed an improvement in depressive symptoms. Tags: omega-3 fatty acid, retinopathy, macular degeneration, prostate cancer, Alzheimer's disease Links to this post:

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Simge is a simple C++ class library about computational geometry and a simple wrapper around OpenGL GLUT library. It contains classes for working with Points, Vectors etc. and operators for intuitive usage to mirror real world equivalent. For example subtracting two points yields a vector, adding a vector to a point yields another point etc. Support for arbitrary dimensions is present. The GLUT wrapper support window creation and easy event handling.Features - Basic geometry classes with arbitrary dimensions - Various geometric algorithms - Point containment test - Line-plane intersection - Triangle-triangle intersection - Monotone polygon triangulation - Weiler-Atherton clipping - GLUT wrappers

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www.Apushreview.com Period 2: 1607 - 1754 Everything You Need To Know About Key Concept 2.1 To Succeed In APUSH The New Curriculum Key Concept 2.1 “Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.” Page 27 of the Curriculum Framework Big ideas: What were similarities in colonization among the Spanish, French, Dutch, and English? What were the experiences like with Native Americans with these European countries? How and why did slavery evolve in these colonies? How did climate and geography affect British colonies? Key Concept 2.1, I “Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.” Page 27 of the Curriculum Framework Spain established strict control over colonization and converted and exploited many natives A major goal of Spain was to make $ All trade must go through a few Spanish controlled ports Small amount of Spaniards ruled indigenous population Spain sought to convert natives to Christianity, forced many into the encomienda system, and used as trading partners French and Dutch colonization: French – intermarried with natives and built extensive trading partnerships Coureurs de bois – French fur traders – trade beaver furs; would live among natives; helped lead to an alliance with the Algonquin Indians Dutch – Like the French, the Dutch build extensive trade routes – mostly in NY Encouraged settlement of the New World – New Netherland English Colonization: Colonies were based on agriculture, large number of immigrants, hostile relations with Natives Tobacco became a large cash crop Headright system encouraged immigrants – benefitted the wealthy Conflicts with natives – Powhatans, Bacon’s Rebellion, Pequot War, King Philip’s War Key Concept 2.1, II “The British-American system of slavery developed out of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British-controlled regions of the New World.” - Page 27 of the Curriculum Framework English colonies encouraged immigration of men, women, and families and rarely intermarried with natives and/or Africans Headright system encouraged more immigrants since landowners would receive additional land Natives were often seen as “savages” Helped lead to racial hierarchy Why was there an emergence of the Atlantic slave trade: Abundance of land – labor was needed for agriculture; Shortage of indentured servants – especially after Bacon’s rebellion in 1676 Hard to enslave natives – knew the land, were not immune to European diseases (many Africans were); increased demand for colonial goods required more labor Key Concept 2.1, II Continued Slavery in British colonies: Based on a belief of racial superiority; children of slaves became slaves as well Families could be broken up at any time; slaves relied on kinship networks and “surrogate relatives” Slave resistance: Most likely resistance was covert – working slowly, faking illness, running away, breaking tools, etc. Sometimes rebellion did occur – Stono Rebellion (1739 – South Carolina) 100 Africans killed several whites and tried to flee to Spanish Florida Most were executed, more harsh laws were passed Key Concept 2.1, III “Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences in what would become the British colonies.” - Page 28 of the Curriculum Framework Most of New England was based on Puritan beliefs: Wanted to purify the Anglican Church, not separate Believed in predestination John Winthrop’s “City upon a Hill” Little religious toleration for others Town-hall meetings – church members had tremendous power New England economy: Some agriculture, fishing, commerce – Boston becomes a major port city Colder climate, rocky terrain did not allow large plantations Middle Colonies: Tended to be the most diverse demographically, religiously, and ethnically Quakers in Pennsylvania (William Penn) – religiously tolerant Women in Pennsylvania had more rights – Quakers allowed women equal positions in church Immigrants from Germany Key Concept 2.1, III Continued Chesapeake colonies (MD and VA) and North Carolina: Heavily relied on tobacco – plantations developed – long work days and growing seasons Exhausted land – led to expansion and conflicts with natives (Bacon’s again!) Up to the late 17th century, most labor was made up of indentured servants After Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), there was a switch to African slavery Southern colonies and West Indies: In South Carolina and Georgia, rice was a major staple crop Very arduous labor – long days and long growing season Many white laborers refused to work in rice fields – led to an increase in slave labor In the West Indies (Barbados) sugar cultivation was a major part of the economy Like South Carolina and Georgia, slave labor was heavily used In many instances, slaves made up a significant (if not majority) part of the population Led to the development of slave codes – laws to regulate slave behavior Gave incredible power to slave owners Test Tips Multiple-Choice Questions: Goals of European colonization Differences between British and other colonies Impact of religion in British colonies (Puritans) Short Answer: Comparing British colonies (geography, religion, economy) Essay Questions: Reasons for the development of slavery Thanks for watching! Subscribe to my channel Help spread the word Questions? Comments? Ideas for videos? Leave in comments We shall be a City Upon a Hill that subscribes to Adam Norris!

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Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC Because clouds represent an area of great uncertainty in studies of global climate, scientists are interested in better understanding the processes by which clouds form and change over time. In recent years, scientists have turned their attention to the ways in which human-produced aerosol pollution modifies clouds. One area that has drawn scientists. attention is "ship tracks," or clouds that form from the sulfate aerosols released by large ships. Although ships are not significant sources of pollution themselves, they do release enough sulfur dioxide in the exhaust from their smokestacks to modify overlying clouds. Specifically, the aerosol particles formed by the ship exhaust in the atmosphere cause the clouds to be more reflective, carry more water, and possibly inhibit them from precipitating. This is one example of how humans have been creating and modifying clouds for generations through the burning of fossil fuels.This image was acquired over the northern Pacific Ocean by the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), flying aboard NASA's Terra satellite, on April 29, 2002. Note: Often times, due to the size, browsers have a difficult time opening and displaying images. If you experiece an error when clicking on an image link, please try directly downloading the image (using a right click, save as method) to view it locally.

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Even when a sunscreen is effective, it's often not used correctly. When the FDA tests sunscreens for SPF ratings (which the agency only guarantees to SPF 15) it slathers on the cream to an exact thickness of 2 grams per centimeter squared (2 g/cm2), but studies have documented that real-world application practices of sunscreen products typically are closer to 0.5 g/cm2 according to U.S. Pharmacist a national clinical journal for pharmacists. If a less-than-recommended thickness is used (about 3 tablespoons of sunscreen for an adult in a bathing suit) the actual SPF value of the product may be drastically diminished. A consumer could use an SPF 30 product, but if a lesser thickness is applied, the product may actually be closer to SPF 15. "When consumers apply too little sunscreen or reapply it infrequently – and that’s more common than not – sunscreens can cause more free radical damage than UV rays on bare skin," according to the EWG. In other words, wearing too little sunscreen offers a false sense of protection and may be worse than wearing none at all.

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Maria Parado de Bellido Andrea Maria Parado de Bellido was born in Huamanga, Ayacucho, July 5, 1777. When she was only 15 years old, she married Mariano Bellido and had 7 children. Her son Tomas decided to enroll in the army to defend their country from the Spanish invasion. Her husband and Mariano, his other son, decided to collaborate with the forces of General Jose de San Martin too. The example of her husband and children gave Maria the strenght to follow the cause of liberation. She used to send letters to her husband with information about the movements and plans of the enemy. One of the letters was found and Maria was imprisoned in the city of Huamanga. She was tortured to confess the name of her colleagues, but she always kept silent. Seeing that they could not get the information they needed, the order to kill her was given. Maria was taken in procession to the main square where she was killed by a firing squad.

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The popular Chinese Lantern Festival known as “Yuan Xiao” Festival or Shang Yuan Festival in China or “Chap Goh Meh” Festival in Malaysia and Singapore " or "Tết Nguyên Tiê in Vietnam is celebrated on the 15th day of the first lunar month of the Chinese calendar which typically falls in February or March of the Gregorian calendar. This Festival is not to be confused with the Mid-Autumn Festival which is sometime referred to as “The Lantern Festival” in parts of south-east Asia such as Singapore and Malaysia. Lantern festival commemorates the end of the Chinese New Year celebrations. Historians believe that this festival was celebrated since 206 B.C by the Western Han Dynasty. On this day children carry paper lanterns in the night and go out to the temples and solve the riddles pasted on the lanterns. Yuan month is the first month in Chinese almanac and the night in mandarin language is called as Xiao hence the festival got its name as Yuan Xiao Festival in China. According to Chinese custom, during the first full moon night of the new year, when the bright full moon is shining in the sky, there should be thousands of colorful and brightly lit lanterns hung out for people to appreciate. During this occasion, people will enjoy a family reunion and try to solve puzzles on lanterns. Watching various kinds of lanterns is the important activity on this day. In Ancient China during Han Dynasty Buddhism flourished in China. Legend says that one of the Han emperor heard that the Buddhist monks , on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month light lanterns to worship Buddha and, watch sarira, or remains from the cremation of Buddha's body, so he dictated to light lanterns throughout the royal palace and temples to express respect to Lord Buddha on this day. In the years to follow, this Buddhist ritual formulated into a grand festival with the common people and its influence spread from the Central Plains to the whole of China. Another legend ties this celebration with Taoism. Taoist god, Tianguan’s, birthday falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. He is known to grant good luck and fortune and is believed that he loves all kinds of entertainment and hence his followers organize various kinds of activities including lighting of lanterns and pray him for good luck. One more myth links the Lantern Festival with an ancient Chinese fighter, Lan Moon, who led an uprising against the oppressive emperor in ancient China. However, Lan died while invading the city and the succeeding triumphant renegades marked the festival in his identity. In some regions, this festival is also regarded as the Chinese interpretation of St. Valentine's Day. In early days, Young people gathered in the streets hoping to find their love mate. Matchmakers had a heyday, busy settling matches. Even today the lantern festival is celebrated with zeal and interest all over the country. Various kinds and shapes of lanterns are flaunted and paraded in the streets. Lantern Parades attract countless tourists and visitors. It is children’s favorite festival as they hold self-made or bought lanterns and parade them in the streets. One of the major attractions of this festival is guessing the riddles. As mentioned above these lanterns are decorated with puzzles and if anyone has an answer to the puzzle they can approach the lantern owner to verify their key. If the answer is correct then the lantern owner will gift them with a small token of appreciation. This puzzle activity with Lantern festival could be associated with the Song dynasty (960-1279). As puzzle solving is exciting and full of intelligence, it became an essential part of the lantern festival and became very popular with the intellectual strata. During the daytime, one could witness many performances, some of the more popular stage shows are the Lion Dance, Dragon Lantern Dance, Walking on stilt poles, land boat dance and beating drums while dancing. When night falls, apart from the lanterns, fireworks lit the sky making it a beautiful scene.

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From the Ford Motor Company produced film, "Scenes From the World of Tomorrow" documenting the 1939-1940 World's Fair in New York City. View of Ford Pavilions in the Ford Exposition. People stand outside the Ford Pavilion. Exterior of the building. Statues and flags in front of the building. Interior of the building. Visitors enter the building to gain knowledge about Ford and modern industry. They view historic Ford cars. Then they view the new 1940 cars: Ford, Ford Deluxe, Mercury, Lincoln Zephyr, and Lincoln. Visitors view Henry Ford's first gasoline engine. A giant moving mural by Henry Billings symbolizing the dependence of industry on pure science. The Industrial Hall, featuring a giant Ford Cycle of Production exhibit that traces the progress of 27 raw materials through their production cycle to a finished Ford vehicle. Demonstrations of manual, hand-production versus mechanized production and comparison of costs, with cost for a hand-produced car ringing in around 17,000 dollars. From the Ford Motor Company produced film, "Scenes From the World of Tomorrow" documenting the 1939-1940 World's Fair in New York City. View of buildings of the New York World's Fair of 1940. The Brooklyn Bridge. Aerial view of Manhattan Island, New York City. Skyscrapers of New York City including the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building. New York Harbor and ships in the harbor. View of the buildings of the New York Worlds Fair in the distance in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, as seen from high in a skyscraper of New York City. The Fair's Trylon and Perisphere stand out. People walk along the sides of fountains and waterways at the fair. Crowds milling about, bands marching, dancers performing. Flags of many nations flying on the flag poles. Celebration of the 150th anniversary of George Washington, as the first President of the United States and a statue of George Washington. A bus moves on the street. Fountains and a small bridge near a waterway. Pavilions of nations of England, Japan, and Italy. The USA building and some of the buildings of U.S. States including Maine and Florida. Fountains and waterways of the fair. Woman and two girls eat ice cream cones. A Raymond Loewy - designed S1 experimental streamlined locomotive created for the Pennsylvania Railroad. Pavilions of American Telephone & Telegraph and of United States Steel Corporation, also of Westinghouse, Goodrich, Chrysler, and General Motors. The 1939 World's Fair at Flushing Meadows Corona Park in New York. The President of the United States, Franklin Roosevelt, inaugurates the opening ceremony. King George and Queen Elizabeth of Britain welcomed by crowds as they visit the World's Fair. Lighted water fountains and people emerging from a tunnel through a water fall. A woman acrobat rides a zip line down into the crowd gathered at the World's Fair. Theme of the ceremony with statue of Trylon, Perisphere and Helicline. Closing of the World's Fair in the fall of 1940 includes a parade and fireworks. From the Ford Motor Company produced film, "Scenes From the World of Tomorrow" documenting the 1939-1940 World's Fair in New York City. Views at the Ford Exposition where fair visitors get into a new 1940 car by Ford, Lincoln, or Lincoln Zephyr for a ride on the "Road of Tomorrow" demonstrating modern highway advances. Views from within a car traveling on the "Road of Tomorrow" with narration describing the scenes, including the Spiral Ramp. Multiple Ford cars traveling on the Spiral Ramp and through a tunnel in the Ford Building at the fair. The Landscape Garden Court with fountains and plantings. The "New World Ensemble" playing together on a bandstand. An exhibition of dancers. They dance beneath a giant sign, "Savoy - World's Greatest Colored Dancers". Couples skate on an ice rink. A ski jumper demonstrates ski jumping. View of the Parachute Jump "Life Saver" ride in action. Men push adult women in large covered strollers. Souvenir and snack stands, and people eating on park benches as well as restaurants at the Fair. Night views of fountains, lights shows, and fireworks. Aerial view of incomplete structures in Flushing Meadows, part of the New York Worlds Fair. Federal building, State building and Unisphere, the Fair's symbol shown. Entrance where trains will unload is shown. Improvements on a heliport and elaborate networks of road can be seen. Traffic on road. Views of Shea Stadium which is partially constructed. U.S. Council representative, Austin R. Warren, arriving by car at entrance to the UN meeting building, Flushing Meadows, New York. Gladwyn Jebb, representative of the United Kingdom, arriving. Council President for the month, J.C. Muniz, at the table. Jebb and Warren at the table. Warren picks up his headset. Delegates making notes before the start of meeting. Premier Mossadegh of Iran settles at a seat, opens his brief case and prepares to speak. After several others speak, Mossadegh addresses the Council. Flag of Iran displayed on flag pole outside the building. Flags of other nations displayed. View of meeting building at Flushing Meadows, with cars driving past on Cross Island Parkway.

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Topographical Atlas of the City of New York including the Annexed Territory, Showing original water courses and made land. 1874 (dated) 27.6 x 92 in (70.104 x 233.68 cm) 1 : 12000 One of the scarcest, most important and most enduring maps of New York City ever published, this is the 1874 edition of Egbert L. Viele's topography and waterways map of Manhattan. Viele first issued this map in 1864. Nearly twice the size as the 1864 edition, the present example was updated by Eugene Quackenbush, working directly under Viele, to reflect the city's 1874 annexation of the Bronx. Covering the entirety of Manhattan Island and the Bronx as far as Yonkers, Viele's map details the canals, swamps, rivers, ditches, ponds, meadows, and drainage basins of the region as they existed prior to the city's urban development. A continuously updated version of the Viele map remains in use today by architects and contractors who need take into account underground rivers and swamps that may destabilize a new construction's foundation. Roughly translated, 'Manhattan' is an American Indian term meaning 'Island of Hills.' The American Indians living in the region prior to the Dutch settlement of Manhattan treated the island as a huge hunting and fishing reserve full of trout streams, bass swamps, and sunfish ponds. Viele contended that as streets and buildings were constructed the city's natural drainage retreated underground where, stagnating, it led to a 'humid miasmic state of the atmosphere' conducive to yellow fever, malaria, plague, and other epidemic illnesses. Viele dedicated nearly 20 years to researching and perfecting his theories through this masterpiece of cartography. The basic map and above ground topography of the Viele map is drawn from John Randel's surveys of 1807 and the Commissioner's Plan of 1811, which formally laid out New York City's grid system. Viele then used early survey work, new survey work, and studies of older maps to recreate Manhattan's water system as it must have existed when the first Dutch settlers built a fur trading post of the tip of the island. Viele presented an unfinished early state of his map, covering only lower Manhattan to the New York State Senate in 1859, claiming, The Sanitary condition of any city or district or country is intimately connected with its proper drainage . . . that any inquiry into causes or remedies for sanitary evils . . . shall be based upon a thorough knowledge of the topography of the island. It took another six years of meticulous study to produce the final product – this extraordinary achievement. Though Viele may never have imaged his map's most important legacy would be as a construction aid, architects, engineers, and contractors were quick to grasp its usefulness. Paul Starett, who built the Empire State Building and Stuyvesant Town, used this map to prepare estimates of construction costs. Melvin Febish, part of the team constructing the Citicorp Center, 'found that it is accurate within feet.' The builders of our own building, at 105th and Amsterdam, may not have consulted this map, for had they done so they may have noticed the underground river that has caused innumerable foundation problems in the 80 plus years since its construction. This edition of Viele's most famous map is Eugene Quackenbush's enlarged and expanded 1874 official variant on the 1864 plan. Quackenbush recorded a conversation with Viele about the 'Waterways Map' in a 1913 document preserved in the collections of the New York Public Library General Viele personally told me that his map was compiled from old maps then on file among the city records so far as relates to that portion of the city then built. But such portions of the city which were then undeveloped, were surveyed and the data obtained was used in compilation of the map... The map was compiled from a sanitary point of view to indicate the old water courses and swamp lands that existed during the early period of the city and the correctness of it has been vouched for many times in tracing contagious diseases to such localities where previous water courses had existed and subsequently filled in for the purpose of erecting buildings. Most known examples of this edition appear in atlas format, making the present compiled piece an exceptional find. Generally speaking, this later edition is much scarcer than the original and, in so far as we can ascertain, has appeared on the market only three times in the last 20 years. Egbert Ludovicus Viele (June 17, 1825 - April 22, 1902) was an American civil engineer and cartographer active in New York City during the second half of the 19th century. Born in Saratoga County, Viele attended the United States Military Academy at West Point. Graduating in 1847, he was commissioned as a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd United States Infantry. He served in the Mexican-American War before resigning form military duty to pursue a career as a Civil Engineer in New York City. When the call came to plan New York City's Central Park, Viele, like the ultimately victorious Vaux and Olmsted, submitted a plan. Though Viele's plan for Central Park did not win the design competition, it did bring him to the attention of the city council, who hired him as Engineer-in-chief of Central Park in 1856, and engineer of Prospect Park, Brooklyn in 1860. It was most likely during his tenure with the park commissions that Viele developed his theories connecting compromised natural drainage with sanitation and infectious disease. Viele's great cartographic masterpiece, the "Topographical Map of the City of New-York" evolved out of the notion that epidemic level disease evolved from excess moisture in the soil. He contended that, as New York City expanded northwards, paving over stream beds and leveling out natural drainage channels, the underground waterways would stagnate and lead to plague or worse. Though intended for the purpose of urban planning, the Viele Map's (as it came to be known) greatest legacy is as a construction tool. To this day, contractors, architects, and engineers consult the Viele plan to determine if unseen subterranean waterways need to be taken into account when preparing foundations. Viele died in April of 1902 and was buried in an elaborate Egyptian Revival tomb at West Point. Legend tells that Viele, paranoid that he would be buried alive, an unfortunate but surprisingly common problem in the 19th century, installed a buzzer inside his coffin that would allow him to ring the school's commanding officer should the need arise. Apparently it did not, though Viele lives today through is remarkable "Topographical Map of the City of New-York." Eugene Quackenbush (1869 - ?? after 1819) was a New York City based surveyor and draughtsman active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Quackenbush most notably updated Egbert L Viele's famous "Waterway Map" of New York City. He may have been a Mormon and appears to have spent some time in Chicago. A surviving manuscript letter written by Quackenbush from Chicago, regards his production of the 1874 edition of the Viele Waterway Map. There is little else known of his life. Julius (Julien) Bien (1826 - 1909) was an American lithographer and engraver based in New York City. Bien was born in Naumburg German. He was educated at the Academy of fine arts in Cassell and at Stadel's Institute in Frankfurt. Following the suppression of the anti-autocratic German Revolutions of 1848, Bien, who participated in the pan-German movement found himself out of favor in his home country and joined the mass German immigration to the United States. Around 1850 Bien established the New York Lithographing, Engraving & Printing Company in New York that focused on the emergent chromo-lithograph process - a method of printing color using lithographic plates. He work drew the attention of the U.S. Government printing office which contracted him to produce countless government maps and surveys, including the Pacific Railroad Surveys, the census, numerous coast surveys, and various maps relating to the American Civil War. Bien also issued a number of atlases both privately and in conjunction with a relation, Joseph Bien. At the height of his career Bien was elected president of the American Lithographers Association. Very good condition. Four panels joined. Manuscript repair to title area, upper left. Additional facsimile fill repair in lower left corner. Backed on archival linen. Edged with silk. Rumsey, 2509.000, (see also 3723.000). Augustyn, R. T. and Cohen, P. E., Manhattan in Maps, p. 136 - 139. Haskell, Daniel, Manhattan Maps, A Co-operative List, 1136 (see also 1132). Stokes, I. N. P., The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909, Compiled from Original Sources and Illustrated by Photo-Intaglio Reproductions of Important Maps, Plans, Views and Documents in Public and Private Collections, vol 3, p.777-778, 1550-b. New York Public Library, Map Division, digital id: 1527362. Le Gear, C. E., Atlases of the United States, 2544. Treasures of the New York Public Library (Retrieved 10/22/12), http://exhibitions.nypl.org/treasures/items/show/35.

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Choose your adventure Kind of Activity: creative interaction with the plot of the novel Students work together in groups to rewrite one chapter of the book in a "choose your own adventure" style, with alternate endings. For example, students could rewrite the chapter in which Huck and Jim board the steamboat with several alternative choices, leading to different fates for the characters. If you think Huck and Jim should cut the line on the robbers' boat, go to page 3. If you think Huck and Jim should just leave immediately, go to page 4. The students will work in groups on the presentation, and then each group will... Join Now to View Premium Content GradeSaver provides access to 747 study guide PDFs and quizzes, 4476 literature essays, 1451 sample college application essays, 183 lesson plans, and ad-free surfing in this premium content, “Members Only” section of the site! Membership includes a 10% discount on all editing orders.

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New Orleans and nearby parishes plan to collect Christmas trees to build brush fences in bayous for marsh rebuilding this January even though the state decided to ax its funding for the program awhile ago. More than twenty years of holiday, tree recycling have taught south Louisiana residents about the coast's shrinkage and, experts say, spurred a recent effort to plant cypress-tree seedlings near waterways to protect soil. This month, Garret Graves, chairman of the state's Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, said "the decision to cut funding for the Christmas tree program was made more than a year ago based on recommendations from a government streamlining commission, with input from ten to twenty meetings that included the public, good government groups and legislators." Tree recycling, it was found, failed to yield meaningful results for the coast -- according to satellite imagery and other measures -- and was not the best use of resources for restoration, he said. The state knifed $175,000 annually from the program, starting this winter, but Graves said his office will provide technical assistance to environmental and other groups and companies interested in recycling holiday trees. Trees that are not used in waterways won't necessarily end their days in landfill but can be chopped up by municipalities for mulch and other green products, he said. Meanwhile, the city of New Orleans has made arrangements to continue its tree-recycling program. Ryan Berni, spokesman for Mayor Mitch Landrieu, said "the city is collaborating with the state Dept of Wildlife and Fisheries and the National Guard to collect Christmas trees, while simultaneously aiding coastal restoration efforts. Trees will be banded and placed in identified marshes to promote restoration." The city plans to pick up discarded trees from January 6 to 11, and residents are asked to remove decorations and flocking before depositing them on curbs, he said. Daniel Breaux, Lacombe-based refuge manager with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, said "Bayou Sauvage Refuge plans on continuing its Christmas tree program this year using National Guard helicopters and trees collected by the city of New Orleans." And trees gathered in St. Tammany Parish will be used at Big Branch Marsh National Wildlife Refuge on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain, he said. In past years, the Louisiana Air National Guard dropped Christmas trees in state waterways under its own training programs, which are separate from the state's former, tree-reuse program, Graves said. Tom Beale, St. Tammany Parish spokesman, said his parish has a little money left from last year's budget to allocate to holiday-tree recycling this winter and will collect trees as usual. The parish will continue to seek ways to extend its tree-salvage program by securing grants and using more volunteers. As in past years, St. Tammany's efforts at Big Branch Marsh will use trees to moderate tidal flow in eroded areas and collect sediment for the process of rebuilding marsh, Beale said. Air boats will be used to transport trees, which will be placed by hand in previously built, wooden structures in the water. He termed the project "a win-win, since it utilizes a readily available resource and educates and involves the public as well." In Jefferson Parish, spokeswoman Patricia Borne said "we're looking into our options" for recycling holiday trees following a loss of state funding. LSU AgCenter county agent Alan Vaughn in Belle Chasse said "the state's Christmas-tree recycling program did some good reclaiming land in bayous and marshes, but overall it was insufficient given the estimated, 50-square miles of land that Louisiana is losing every year." He said "the state's tree recycling program was one component in a multi-pronged approach to coastal erosion, and its biggest contribution was to involve the public in reclamation and raise awareness." Polly Campbell, director of neighborhood initiatives for the St. Bernard Community Foundation, said her pre-Katrina, volunteer work of dropping trees by boat into bins into Bayou Bienvenue was a valuable learning experience. But, she said, the big emphasis in her parish now is on planting young cypress trees for storm protection. She noted, too, that expanded use of artificial Christmas trees, which are stashed in closets in January, has trimmed the number of curbside trees in recent years. Vaughn said the state's Dept of Agriculture and Forestry is providing cypress and other seedlings to civic groups, home owners, scout troops and high schools, for planting on storm-prone and eroded land. "A group can purchase 1,000 small, bare-rooted trees from the state by filling out a form. In February, the state digs up the trees that were ordered, and delivers them to county offices for distribution." Hundreds of thousand of new trees have been planted in south Louisiana to replace millions lost in Katrina and other, recent hurricanes. Wayne Burgess, LSU AgCenter extension and 4-H agent for St. Bernard Parish in Chalmette, said "a variety of groups and individuals has provided money to plant cypress seedlings or young trees in St. Bernard. We've been planting in Verret and Kenilworth, which are on the front lines for tidal surge, levee protection and high winds, and in 2011 we'll plant in Florrisant." In five to seven years, the young cypress trees should be 15-feet tall, providing a barrier against storms, he said. Burgess continued, saying "St. Bernard Parish council member Fred Everhardt secured a grant from Apache Oil's tree grant program for 140,000 cypress seedlings last year," and Everhardt procured another 100,000 seedlings this year. Local civic leader "Tony Fernandez donated 5,000 to 10,000 seedlings, and helped coordinate volunteer efforts with Camp Hope and other groups to plant 150,000 trees," Burgess said. The parish government received a grant for 30,000 seedlings, while 4-H Clubs holding fundraisers purchased 10,500 two-year-old, cypress seedlings from the state Dept. of Agriculture. Schools in St. Bernard Parish held their own seedling fundraisers, Burgess said. And plans are to pot first-year, cypress seedlings at Chalmette High School's greenhouse for planting later. As for the decades-old, holiday-tree reuse program, Burgess said "it helped provide wave protection and allowed sediment growth. Given the pace at which South Louisiana is losing land, the program may have seemed like a drop in the bucket, but it gave us a chance to educate kids and got them and adults involved." Burgess added that "since land erosion isn't going away, we need awareness, community participation and efforts to deal with it." In New Orleans, Berni said questions about the city's tree-recycling program and ways to volunteer for it can be directed to the Mayor's Office of Coastal and Environmental Affairs by phoning 504-658-4070. He said "the city will be soliciting volunteers to aid in processing and banding trees, and they should be over 18-years old and able to lift 30 pounds." (This article was published in the Dec. 13 edition of The Louisiana Weekly.)

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People who drive for more than one hour a day are 2.3kg heavier than someone who spends less than 15 minutes driving and also add 1.5cm of extra fat around the waistline, increasing the risk of early death, says a new study. The time spent driving each day is associated with waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), cardio-metabolic risk and fasting plasma glucose, says the study from the Australian Catholic University's Institute of Health and Aging. ‘Commuters can shed kilos and improve their overall health by walking or cycling to work.’ AdvertisementThe researchers analyzed the health and driving habits of 2800 Australian adults between the ages of 34 and 65. The researchers also adjusted the factors such as diet, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic level and physical activity. The results of the study showed that 80% of the Australians travel to and from work by car. The average commuting time each day is about an hour and 20% spend 90 minutes or more in their cars. Lead author of the study, Professor Takemi Sugiyama, said that while research has shown time in front of the TV has a negative impact on health, "we didn't know much about sitting in transport." "What we found is if you compare those who spend more than one hour per day driving with those who spend 15 minutes or less, the health outcomes are very different," said Sugiyama. "Public transport use may not be necessarily sitting: this would be a major difference between car use and public transport," Sugiyama further added. Previous studies have shown that people who travel by car are more likely to gain weight than those who do not commute to work by car. The study suggested that people can make a significant difference to their health by leaving the car at home and commute to work by walking or cycling. The findings are published in the journal, Preventive Medicine. You May Also Like

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