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California governor Jerry Brown has signed into law a bill requiring all schools to teach about the contributions of LGBT people through history. He signed the bill on Wednesday but did not announce he had done so until yesterday. The move makes the state the first in the US to ensure that all children learn about figures such as San Francisco gay rights campaigner Harvey Milk. The bill, known as the FAIR (Fair, Accurate, Inclusive and Respectful) Education Act, also bans “discriminatory” teaching material. California law already requires schools to highlight the contributions of women, African-Americans, Mexican Americans and entrepreneurs, among others. In a statement, Mr Brown said: “History should be honest. This bill revises existing laws that prohibit discrimination in education and ensures that the important contributions of Americans from all backgrounds and walks of life are included in our history books.” Democrat Senator Mark Leno, who introduced the bill, said: “Today we are making history in California by ensuring that our textbooks and instructional materials no longer exclude the contributions of LGBT Americans.” Some religious and ‘family’ groups complained about the bill, claiming that it was “politically correct”. Others went further. Randy Thomasson, president of SaveCalifornia.com, said schools would “sexually brainwash” children.

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http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/07/15/california-governor-signs-bill-for-gay-history-in-schools/

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One of the best natural health cures for any disease is the pH miracle diet. The human body needs to be slightly alkaline to remain healthy, so a diet of mainly alkaline foods will keep your body at a proper pH balance. Your system will become unbalanced if you eat too many acid foods, leading to numerous problems, such as weight gain, lack of energy, and depressed immunity. When your immune system becomes weakened, there are many diseases that your body could contract. In order to maintain an alkaline balance in your body, the pH miracle diet encourages the eating of alkaline foods, and discourages the eating of acidic foods. While most people have heard of the terms acid, alkaline, and pH, they have no idea how important they are to the overall health of their body. All foods have a certain pH value, making them either acid or alkaline, so every food is either making your pH balance higher or lower. Scientists in their labs can see the what happens when an acid reacts to an alkaline, but what happens inside the body is harder to tell. They can make assertions of what happens to the digestive system depending on the food. Acidic foods will make the blood, lymph, and saliva more acid and cause a lower pH number, while alkaline foods will do the opposite, raising the pH number. The normal range for saliva pH should be 7.3 to 7.4, but with the diet of most people their pH is much lower being very acidic. A pH level this low causes the body to be tired and burned out. The acid foods make your muscles fatigue easily, making you wonder where all your energy went. They also make you age faster from free radical oxidation. The acid foods throw your digestive system out of balance, causing the friendly bacteria in the small intestine to die. Also the acidity stops the intestine from absorbing nutrients and vitamins the way they should. If you have a debilitating disease, or even a normal illness, check your pH balance, and you will find that it is acidic. To help your situation, start eating alkaline foods, because they have a wide range of health benefits. Eating alkaline foods will improve your energy levels, strengthen your muscles, allow your cells to function the way they are supposed to function, and stops parasites and yeast overgrowth. Raise your alkaline levels and you will have more restful sleep, pain relief, and more youthful skin. If you are concerned about cancer, then you need to learn about the pH miracle diet. All cancerous tissues are acidic, while healthy tissues are alkaline. With a pH level of 7.4 cancer cells become dormant. The best cancer treatment, and prevention is to fill your diet with alkaline foods.

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/cure-any-disease-with-an-alkaline-diet

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en

Stephen and Mr. Dedalus enter the Bank of Ireland, leaving the rest of the family waiting outside, so that Stephen can cash the check for thirty-three pounds he has received as a literary prize. Mr. Dedalus muses patriotically about the fact that the Bank of Ireland is housed in the former Irish Parliament building. Outside, the family discusses where to have dinner, and Stephen invites them to a fancy restaurant. This initiates a great spending spree in which Stephen regales his family members with costly gifts, treats, and loans. Stephen's prize money is soon depleted, leaving him upset by his foolishness. He had hoped that spending the money would bring the family together and appease some of their animosities, but he realizes it has not worked—he feels as alienated from his family as ever. Stephen begins wandering the streets at night, tormented by sexual cravings. One night, a young prostitute dressed in pink accosts him. Stephen follows her to her room. He is reluctant to kiss her at first, but they eventually have sex. It is Stephen's first sexual experience. In December, Stephen sits in his school classroom, daydreaming about the nice stew of mutton, potatoes, and carrots he hopes to have later. He imagines that his belly is urging him to stuff himself. Stephen's thoughts soon turn to the wandering he will embark on at night and the variety of prostitutes who will proposition him. He is unable to focus on the mathematical equation in his notebook, which seems to spread out before his eyes like a peacock's tail. He contemplates the universe, and imagines he hears a distant music in it. He is aware of a "cold lucid indifference" that grips him. Hearing a fellow student answer one of the teacher's questions stupidly, Stephen feels contempt for his classmates. On his wall, Stephen has a scroll testifying to his leadership of a society devoted to the Virgin Mary. Mary fascinates him, and with pleasure he reads a Latin passage dedicated to her, reveling in its music. At first, Stephen does not see his veneration of Mary as being at odds with his sinful habit of visiting prostitutes, but he gradually becomes more worried by his sins of the flesh. He realizes that from the sin of lust, other sins such as gluttony and greed have emerged. The school rector announces a retreat in honor of the celebration of St. Francis Xavier, whom he praises as a great soldier of God. Stephen feels his soul wither at these words. These sections explore the relationship between worldly pleasures and sin. The scene in which Stephen cashes his prize money is the first of several episodes in the novel that focus intensely on money and the thrill money evokes. The prize money Stephen wins seems strangely connected to his religion: the sum, thirty-three pounds, echoes Christ's age when he was crucified. Stephen confuses monetary and spiritual matters when he attempts to purchase familial harmony with money and gifts. In Christian theology, the sin of trying to exchange spiritual things for worldly ones is known as simony, a word that recalls the name of Stephen's father, Simon. This implies that such confusion of the material with the spiritual—with concepts such as faith and love—may be part of Simon's legacy to his son. Indeed, Stephen does have trouble seeing the incompatibility of some of his actions with his religious beliefs, venerating Mary even as he daydreams about visiting prostitutes. However, when Stephen says that his soul withers as he hears the rector praise St. Francis Xavier, it is clear that Stephen knows the church would view his acts as sinful. Stephen's relationship with women becomes more complex in this section. He simultaneously displays a fervent devotion to the Virgin Mary and an obsession with visiting whores. In both cases, Stephen relates to women not as individuals but as representatives of a type. Both Mary and the prostitutes are described more as myths or dreams than as any element of everyday life. Stephen portrays Mary in a highly poetic and exotic manner, using evocative words such as "spikenard," "myrrh," and "rich garments" to describe her, and associating her with the morning star, bright and musical. However, when Stephen muses that the lips with which he reads a prayer to Mary are the same lips that have lewdly kissed a whore, we see that he has mysteriously linked the images of the whore and the Virgin in his mind as opposite visions of womanliness. Indeed, Stephen describes his encounter with the prostitute in terms similar to a prayer to Mary: when he kisses her, he "bow[s] his head" and "read[s] the meaning of her movements." When Stephen closes his eyes, "surrendering himself to her," this quiet submission mimics the Christian surrender to the Holy Spirit. Moreover, both the Virgin Mary and the prostitute represent a refuge from everyday strife, doubts, and alienation. Stephen attempts to flee mentally to the pure realm of the Virgin Mary when he is repelled by the stupidity of his classmates. Similarly, Stephen flees to the prostitute after reaching the dismal realization that his financial efforts have done nothing to allay the discord in his family. Like Mary, the prostitute offers him a chance to escape the discord around him in an almost religious way, if only momentarily.

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http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/portraitartist/section5.rhtml

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“The compass points you true north but does not warn you of obstacles and swamps along the way.” –Abraham Lincoln played by Daniel Day Lewis in Lincoln 2012 2013 is less than one day away, and with it many of you are resolving to accomplish one or more goals while some may have chosen to forfeit the tradition entirely. In my experience, simply following a tradition because everyone else is doing it is not a reason to do anything, but when the tradition is aimed at helping to improve the quality of one’s life, why not make the most of such an opportunity? While at first glance, the key to successfully attaining the goals written out during this time of year (aka resolutions) may appear to be to ascertain a route that doesn’t involve becoming frustrated and disheartened which often causes one to throw one’s hands up in the air in defeat, I would argue that the most important key is something entirely different. During the past weekend, I was able to finally view Steven Spielberg’s film Lincoln, starring Daniel Day Lewis as Abraham Lincoln (as many already know as you may follow me on twitter and instagram). Focused primarily on the few weeks in January 1865, Lincoln is resolutely determined to pass the 13th amendment to abolish slavery before the Civil War comes to an end as the opportunity was believed would be lost to garner enough votes in Congress. Midway through the film, Lincoln has a private conversation with representative Thaddeus Stevens who also ardently wishes for abolition of slavery to occur as well as equality for all (which eventually does occur in the subsequent 14th and 15th amendment, and Civil Rights Act, but was too far reaching in 1865 in order to acquire the necessary votes). In helping to explain to Stevens why flexibility and strategic planning were important when trying to attain goals, Lincoln delivers the above quote. Whether Lincoln actually said these words or Tony Kushner expertly wrote them, we may never know, but the explanation contains valuable, timeless wisdom. As resolutions are written down for the coming year, you must believe in your heart, gut, soul and mind that you will achieve them. You will need this obstinate strength to adhere to the journey you have set yourself upon because there will be obstacles. There will be swamps. But it is in knowing this beforehand that will ensure your success. While many life coaches suggest writing down obstacles that may occur at the same time you are writing your goals and then precede to write down how you will deal with such obstacles, I hesitate to instruct you to do this. Why? While, yes, you can predict some of the obstacles, I can guarantee you there will be obstacles you couldn’t even fathom. And when those unexpected moments happened after all the predicting you did beforehand, you may become so deterred that your all of your preparation was for naught (it wasn’t, but it may feel that way). What I would suggest: - reading a post I wrote earlier this month about how I go about preparing for a wonderful new year - if it would ease your mind, write the first few obstacles you feel you may encounter and have a strategy for dealing with them. For example, spending less time with people who might not be supportive of the changes you wish to make. But don’t be fooled into thinking that there won’t be other obstacles. You must simply expect them. - accept that while you may set a deadline, even after diligent planning, the date may shift (farther away or sooner than expected) - be willing to celebrate and focus on the many small steps along the way that are necessary and will eventually lead you where you want to go. - be patient - never give up While you may be ready to make your dreams a reality now, the timing may not be perfect for the other actors in your play; however, it doesn’t mean that they’ll never be ready. Be willing to make the progress you can when whatever opportunities come your way. Because after all, anything worth achieving or attaining will take time and immense amount of effort. Call them resolutions, call them goals, call them whatever you want, but I highly recommend that you continue to improve the quality of your life, no matter how wonderful it already is. To be alive is to have an opportunity to get it right, to live up to your full potential. And if you’re alive, you have more potential to discover. You must know I’m in the middle of my journey as well, and I refuse to give up. Are you with me? SIMILAR POSTS FROM THE ARCHIVES YOU MIGHT ENJOY:

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http://www.thesimplyluxuriouslife.com/turning-goals-into-reality/

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In the 1970’s, pancreatic cancer and the Whipple procedure were subjects of morbid interest. No other common cancer had poorer prognosis and more than 15% of patients who underwent a Whipple procedure died during or after surgery. Those times are long gone now. Improvements to the Whipple Procedure Survival Rate Scientific research and modern technology have improved surgical techniques, anesthesia and the quality of postoperative care. Procedure mortality has decreased greatly into a low single digit 5%. Studies have shown that results are better at hospitals where Whipple procedures are done more often. Apparently, the health care quality and treatment outcomes are improved when complex surgeries and treatments are done in high volumes. Another factor to consider for the Whipple procedure is the surgeon performing the procedure. The same commonsensical theory applies: the more procedures the surgeon performs, the lower the mortality rate and the higher the survival rates are. These are the reasons why patients are steered to specialized centers and surgeons with expertise in the field. Impediments to Whipple Procedure Success Even with the best surgeons and at the best hospitals, cancer cells may escape the pancreas and migrate to other parts of the body. These can remain undetected by diagnostic procedures before, during or immediately after the surgery, and eventually grow into new fatal cancers. This is why patients are advised to undergo treatment with radiation or chemotherapy. At present, patients with untreated pancreatic cancer only have 6% 5-year survival rate. With the invention of modern equipment and refined techniques, the Whipple procedure survival rate increased the 5-year survival rate into 20%. For patients whose cancer is limited to the head of the pancreas only, and where it is not spread to lymph nodes, have a higher 5-year survival rate at 40%.

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http://www.whipple-procedure.org/whipple-procedure-survival-rate/

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1888: The earliest known musical recording is made. The piece, Georg Friedrich Handel’s Israel in Egypt, is recorded on a paraffin cylinder. Best Album Art of All Time Readers’ Choice: Best Album Art of All Time Birth of the Microphone: How Sound Became Signal Israel in Egypt, assigned the catalog number HWV 54, is an oratorio, a form in which Handel excelled. Like his more famous Messiah, Israel in Egypt is composed using biblical passages, mainly from Exodus and the Psalms. Unlike the Messiah, however, it didn’t enjoy much of a reception when it premiered in 1739. As a result, Handel shortened the work and inserted a few Italian arias to lighten the mood a bit. Nevertheless, it was selected by Col. George Gourand, Thomas Edison‘s foreign sales agent, for the first musical recording. Gourand made his recording in London’s Crystal Palace, using Edison‘s yellow paraffin cylinder — candle wax, essentially. Source: Stanford University, National Park Service Image: Georg Friedrich Handel was a German-born British baroque composer. This article first appeared on Wired.com June 29, 2007. - March 4, 1877: The Microphone Sounds Much Better - Review: Easy Field Recording With The iRig Recorder - Relics Reborn: Ribbon Microphones Rally for Vintage-Audio Geeks - Jan. 27, 1888: National Geographic Society Gets Going - April 11, 1888: Concertgebouw, Home of Nearly Perfect Acoustics, Opens - July 27, 1888: Electric Tricycle Jolts Proper Bostonians - Aug. 12, 1888: Road Trip! Berta Takes the Benz - Aug. 14, 1888: I Sing the Meter Electric - Sept. 4, 1888: Photography Leaps Into the Late 19th Century - Nov. 9, 1888: Jack the Ripper Strikes for the Last Time … Or Does He? - June 29, 1956: Ike Signs Interstate Highway Act - June 29, 2007: iPhone, You Phone, We All Wanna iPhone

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http://www.wired.com/2011/06/0629handel-oratorio-first-music-recording/

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In 2008 the New York Times reported that “laboratory tests found so much mercury in tuna sushi from 20 Manhattan stores and restaurants that at most of them, a regular diet of six pieces a week would exceed the levels considered acceptable by the Environmental Protection Agency.” If you’re still eating tuna, you can also now start worrying about radiation poisoning, courtesy of the nuclear geniuses from Fukushima, Japan. Report via Reuters: Low levels of nuclear radiation from the tsunami-damaged Fukushima power plant have turned up in bluefin tuna off the California coast, suggesting that these fish carried radioactive compounds across the Pacific Ocean faster than wind or water can. Small amounts of cesium-137 and cesium-134 were detected in 15 tuna caught near San Diego in August 2011, about four months after these chemicals were released into the water off Japan’s east coast, scientists reported on Monday. That is months earlier than wind and water currents brought debris from the plant to waters off Alaska and the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The amount of radioactive cesium in the fish is not thought to be damaging to people if consumed, the researchers said in a study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences… Not “thought” to be damaging, eh? Report continues at Reuters. Latest posts by majestic (see all) - Letter of Recommendation: Fortean Times - Jun 25, 2016 - Tom DeLonge Took a Break From Blink-182 to Expose the Truth About Aliens - Jun 21, 2016 - Making Contact (In The Desert) - Jun 16, 2016

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Have a look at the list of species below and see if you can guess what they all have in common. I'll come back and update this post in a while, leave your guess in the comments. Red-breasted Merganser, Grey Heron, Herring Gull, Pine Marten, Jay, Buzzard, Raven, Cormorant, Goosander, Sparrowhawk, Lesser Black-backed Gull, Wild Boar, Rook, Jackdaw, Great Black-backed Gull, Carrion Crow. Back in October last Year Scottish Natural Heritage began a consultation exercise on General Licences. These General Licences "permit 'authorised persons' to carry out actions that would otherwise be illegal. They cover certain types of activity relating to birds, such as preserving public health or air safety, and preventing the spread of disease. General licences cover situations that are regarded as relatively commonplace and where there is unlikely to be any great conservation impact." (description from SNH website). Housden (RSPB) drew attention to the responses that have been published on the SNH website in recent days and I've spent a little time picking over them. I've added a few quotes below from a variety of the organisations consulted including the Scottish Gamekeepers Association and The Game and Wildlife 'Conservation' Trust. Personally I think many of these quotes once again add weight to the archaic and dated views of these organisations and their continued assault on much of our wildlife. Not least because every one of the 16 species listed above should be included on the General Licence if these organisations views were accepted. 16 species from organisations that claim to do widespread good for wildlife (or use the word conservation in their name). Just how many of these 16 species really impact on public health or air safety, or spread disease? Isn't the reality that in the main this is a cover story, an excuse to continue a killing spree of those species whose only crime is doing what they've always done? These problems need to be solved and to solve them lethal intervention may be required. We cannot have frustration building up and forcing people to take the law into their own hands...this will lead to non target species being involved. - SGA take - A repeat of the SGA call to allow legal killing otherwise they will simply ignore the law and kill any species that they perceive is a Pine marten, badgers, buzzards, sparrow hawks [sic] and cormorants should be down graded in protection status ( create a new category level?) allowing easier granting of licences. - SGA The over prescriptive need to present evidence on Raven predation to attain a licence for example should be scrapped. It should be accepted that flocks of immature ravens, between 5-30 for example, are there to feed, not exercising their wings. In such numbers, over a very short period, these birds will decimate the breeding attempts of local waders etc. -SGA take - No need for evidence just accept what we say. I'm beginning to wonder whether all this emphasis on waders is to ensure there are still enough Snipe and Woodcock to shoot, boosting the daily bags? Or am I As agriculture and protection of wild birds are closely connected, why do we not put all the gulls ( herring, black backed [sic] and lesser black back) plus all the corvids on licences 1,& 2, or combine the two. All big gulls eat small birds and all big gulls can present a problem to animal based agriculture. - SGA Wild boar should be eradicated, European evidence shows that this animal is destructive and is a threat to wildlife.- SGA take - A threat to wildlife? Perhaps they refer to a study that found In some parts of Europe, wild boar predation is thought to have had an on Woodcock Scolopax rusticola, Capercaillie and hazel grouse (Nyenhuis, 1991; Saniga, 2002).So when they say a threat to 'wildlife' they mean the ones they want to shoot. Pine marten are now becoming wide spread, as is the damage they are inflicting both to private stock and to other wildlife. In areas where martens are known to be abundant and licence requests showing damage are received these licences should be given. _ SGA take - Pine Martens were only given full protection 25 years ago and whilst it is true to say that they have partially recovered range in Scotland as a result the most recent figures from SNH are for 2600 to 3500 adults in Scotland. Hardly what most would term 'abundant'. Scotland has a total area of 78, 772km2. I know Alex at SGA has had a little trouble with numbers in the past so for his benefit that's roughly one Pine Marten every 22.5km2. Mention is made of general licences being withdrawn for wildlife crime convictions. We do not feel it appropriate that a non-elected quango should decide on a person’s future employment by giving or not giving an essential licence to that employee. _SGA take - Of course the individual who committed the wildlife crimes bears no responsibility for the consequences in this situation. The innocent gamekeeper, allegedly in the majority, according to the regular outpourings from these self-same organisations ought to have nothing to fear from this. So much so that it is difficult to draw anything other than an obvious conclusion to the reluctance of the representative body of Gamekeepers in Scotland to having the criminals excluded from their ranks. Crow Traps - We are opposed to any requirement to report on any trap use or sighting. These traps are not used covertly and any reporting is unnecessarily burdensome. We are opposed to prescriptive sizing or design of cage traps other than a minimum size for welfare reasons- SGA take - Please don't ask us to give you any information about our activities, we just need to be able to carry on killing crows and anything else that gets in the traps unhindered and unfettered by any requirements and we'd like to do it with big traps, little traps, hidden traps, traps with perches next them in fact any kind of traps that do the job of catching and killing. A provision should be introduced allowing the removal of eggs for hatching and rearing purposes for all game birds.- SGA take - I just find this incredible, basically give us free reign to take eggs from Grey Partridge, Black Grouse et al so we can rear them artificially to give us more to shoot at. Conservation my arse. We believe there is a case for ravens to be included in the General Licence for the protection of livestock; and for buzzards and sparrowhawks to be included for the protection of gamebird poults (livestock); and for cormorants and sawbill ducks for the protection of fisheries.- GWCT My take - True colours, as I said above conservation my arse. Cormorants, Herons and goosanders should be added.- University of Stirling take - It would be interesting to know whether the respondent on behalf of the University of Stirling speaks for the whole university or indeed the connections that lie behind this response. Perhaps if any Stirling students are reading they could ask some questions?

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The Effects of Mobility on Fourth Grade Students' Achievement, Attendance, and Behavior Holmberg, Sally J. Liechty MetadataShow full item record The problem. Mobility causes a substantial disruption in the lives of students and families. The consequences of relocation can be enduring. It seems important for school personnel to ascertain the extent of the problems caused by frequent transfer. Planning appropriate educational programming and meeting the needs of mobile students is of utmost importance. This exploratory study was designed to examine student mobility as it relates to achievement in mathematics and reading, attendance, and classroom behavior of fourth-grade students in a medium-sized Midwest urban school district. Procedures. Data for the study were collected from a medium-sized urban school district. The cumulative records of fourth-grade students in eight identified elementary schools in the district and a teacher survey were utilized to gain information. Fourth-grade reading and mathematics report card grades were recorded as well as Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (I.T.B.S.) percentile rankings in reading and mathematics. Attendance information was also obtained from the student's permanent record. Teachers completed a behavior checklist called the Teacher's Report Form to indicate the adaptive functioning of a student in a classroom setting. Findinqs. Pearson-product moment correlations and stepwise multiple regression analyses were utilized in deternining the results in the study. Significant relationships were found between mobility and achievement and behavior. No significant relationship was found between mobility and attendance. Behavior and I.T.B.S. reading scores explained about 10% of tile variance when a stepwise multiple regression analysis was completed. Conclusions. The study indicates that there are two important things to consider. The first is to minimize the negative impact created by mobility on achievement, especially in reading. Second, help the new student learn to adjust to new school settings, new teachers and peers. Schools must take a proactive approach to the impact of mobility when the child enters the classroom door. Recommendations. Consideration must be given to improving assessment methods to ensure proper placement of the mobile student when they arrive in a new school setting. Staff development programs should include enhancing classroom strategies that will assist the mobile students. Strong counselor support and peer support groups for mobile students should be provided. iv, 97 leaves. Advisor: Richard L. Schwab.

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http://escholarshare.drake.edu/handle/2092/424

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Is Scientology a Religion? Religious Marriage and the UK Supreme Court's Landmark Decision Hodkin v Registrar King's College London – The Dickson Poon School of Law December 9, 2013 Britain lives in the age of equal marriage: most forms of discrimination have been removed and the state recognizes the union between two persons rather than that between a man and a woman. It is therefore not surprising that religious marriage is finally recognized to be pluralist: the church of scientology, for example, has just been allowed to celebrate valid religious marriages on its premises by the UK Supreme Court in a landmark case of Hodkin v Registrar. The decision is particularly important because it squarely moves away from a Judeo-Christian theistic definition of religion and embrace a much more open test that is broadly in line with religious pluralism. Number of Pages in PDF File: 14 Date posted: December 11, 2013 ; Last revised: December 13, 2013 © 2016 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This page was processed by apollobot1 in 0.938 seconds

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http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2365308

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Integrated urban planning is central to a low carbon future. Currently our urban areas are generally very low in density and difficult to service with decent public transport, and as such are very energy inefficient by international standards. Integrated planning involves bringing transport and land use planning together. It involves appropriate densification and mixed-use zoning to reduce transport distances and needs. It promotes access to amenities and economic opportunities by the poor, and reduces transport energy and emissions of the total urban area. Under this theme, SEA has focused on low carbon modelling for cities, including integrating city transport plans that support a low carbon future. SEA has also provided expert input into city and regional spatial planning development.

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http://sustainable.org.za/theme.php?id=17

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But let’s step back for a moment and figure out why homes are such a breeding ground for air pollutants and the phenomenon known as sick building syndrome. How Mother Nature cleans the air Before we discuss the situation indoors, it’s important to first understand how air pollutants are naturally handled in the air outside. You see, the same particles, germs and gasses that are found in your home are also found outdoors. The difference is that Mother Nature has a natural system for cleaning all of them. In fact, long ago when people didn’t live in houses, air quality wasn’t an issue. That’s because particles are controlled by ionization from rain, wind and lightening; germs are controlled by ozone; and gasses are further controlled by lightning and the sun. What is sick building syndrome? Obviously, air pollutants in your home can’t be controlled by things like rain, wind and lightening. As a result, there isn’t much fighting against them. This has been further complicated over the past 30-40 years as homes have become tighter and tighter, forcing all of these pollutants to stay locked up in your home. Illness and health problems that result from poor air quality have become known as sick building syndrome. That’s because our homes become “sick” from all of the pollutants that accumulate in the air, causing many occupants to suffer as a result. Curing sick building syndrome The obvious solution for sick building syndrome, which we have been discussing in previous blog posts, is installing air cleaners in your home. Air cleaners have a way of simulating the way Mother Nature handles air pollutants and therefore keeping your home’s air fresh and healthy. If you have any questions about the quality of air in your home, contact Comfort Incorporated, your Oklahoma City heating and air conditioning company.

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In just a few quick steps, customize your own Stuffed Animal. It's easy and fun! Add To Favorites What is your favorite story, song, or poem about mice? Create your own little creatures to tell your tales. Many cultures have folk stories about mice, such as Aesop’s Fable "The Lion and the Mouse" and the Lakota story of "The Little Mice." One thing these stories usually have in common is the idea that tiny mice work hard. Tell your favorite stories about mice with little creatures you make yourself! Choose a Model Magic® Naturals color for each mouse’s body. Roll the Model Magic into small ovals. Shape one end into a point. Use black Model Magic to make tiny eyes and noses. Use bisque to make the mouse’s ears and tail. Air-dry your mice 24 hours. Use your scampering mice to tell stories or sing mice songs. Why not make more characters in Model Magic, too? Let's make something! Listen to the birds sing! Watch them fly away! Keep track of their bright colors and cheerful songs in your very own bir Add To Favorites A peacock’s spectacular tail feathers are sure to catch your eye! This dazzling bird is easy to craft with coffee filter Brown bears…polar bears…teddy bears! Kids love bears! Crafting these easy puppets is just the beginning of fun for all a Trace your hand, then turn it into a colorful peacock with Crayola® Color Wonder™. There's no mess! Children spread their creative wings with this imaginative activity that helps them understand perspective and size. Flu Kids go on safari when they follow their animal instincts with art adventures. Put these booklets on your survival list. Create lively desert scenes with Crayola® Color Wonder™. Kids' hands and fingers double as printing stamps—and stay mess Create this intriguing bat cave for a Halloween decoration. It's also a great way to introduce children to bats as well

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I am Lois Trader - I have heart disease, but heart disease does not have me. Remember all our commitments including those that involve our children/ grandchildren/ making money to help all of them, or simply a trip to the mall - won't be worth jack - if you don't have your health, or worst of all lose your life. So here we go again. Read this for the sake of all the women in your life. Heart Disease is the Leading Cause of Death in Women Most people are unaware that over 500,000 women die each year of heart disease; that number is higher than the next four causes of death combined, including all types of cancer. Unfortunately, about 1 out of 5 women still do not believe that heart disease is their biggest threat. Heart Disease Affects Women Differently Than it Does Men: - Blood lipids: After menopause, women have higher cholesterol levels, which increase the risk of heart disease, especially if they also have high triglycerides. - Symptoms: During a heart attack, women often don’t suffer the crushing chest pain that men do. Instead, they may have shortness of breath, heartburn-like symptoms, unusual fatigue, nausea, and neck and/or shoulder pain. - Delay of care: Due to the lack of severe pain most men feel, the more subtle symptoms mean some women arrive at the ER 20 minutes later than men…a delay that can cause more damage to the heart, or death. - Diagnosis and treatment: Women’s arteries are smaller. This makes certain procedures and surgeries, such as coronary stents and balloon angioplasty, as well as CABG more difficult. What You Can Do The good news is that 80% of cardiac events in women could be prevented if women made the right choices for their hearts, such as eating a healthy diet, being physically active, and stopping smoking. Unlike our age, gender, and family history, risk factors that can be changed with heart healthy habits are: - High blood pressure - High blood cholesterol - Being overweight - Being physically inactive Working closely with your physician and your Berkeley HeartLab Clinical Educator is an important step towards decreasing your (or a loved one’s) risk of heart attack or stroke. If you are concerned, please don’t wait; talk to your provider about your BHL test results and what lifestyle changes they would recommend to lower your risk for a cardiovascular event. Show Your Support February 4th is National Wear Red Day®. It doesn’t matter if it is a t-shirt or a fancy dress, pull out your red and wear it proud! Then find 5 women you care about and do something heart healthy for yourselves – go for walk, make a nutritious recipe together or simply be there for each other to listen if times are stressful. You can find more ways to support National Wear Red Day® and Go Red for Women at http://www.goredforwomen.org/. Reference: above statistics are from 2010 American Heart Association. Lois plays a key role in educating the public about the challenges of aging and some of the ways we all can prepare ourselves, including the CareGivers Program, helping people deal with the growing challenges of professional disability and aging.

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Seminole War, in U.S. history, armed conflict between the U.S. government and the Seminoles. In 1832 the U.S. government signed a treaty with the Seminoles, who lived in Florida, providing for their removal to Oklahoma in 1835 in exchange for a small sum of money. However, opposition to the treaty soon appeared among the Seminoles; under the leadership of the young chief, Osceola, the Seminoles organized small raiding parties that attacked the American troops. The U.S. army was rendered helpless by the raiding tactics of the Native Americans and suffered heavy casualties. Although Osceola was captured in 1837 and died in prison a few months later, resistance continued. When Gen. William J. Worth became (1841) commander of U.S. forces, a new strategy was adopted. The Seminole's crops were systematically burned and their villages destroyed. As winter approached and starvation was imminent, the Seminoles surrendered. A peace treaty was signed in 1842 and the Native Americans were removed westward. The war resulted in 1,500 U.S. soldiers killed, and cost more than $20 million. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

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Published on 16.03.05 in Vol 7, No 1 (2005) The Internet and Clinical Trials: Background, Online Resources, Examples and Issues : Both the Internet and clinical trials were significant developments in the latter half of the twentieth century: the Internet revolutionized global communications and the randomized controlled trial provided a means to conduct an unbiased comparison of two or more treatments. Large multicenter trials are often burdened with an extensive development time and considerable expense, as well as significant challenges in obtaining, backing up and analyzing large amounts of data. Alongside the increasing complexities of the modern clinical trial has grown the power of the Internet to improve communications, centralize and secure data as well as to distribute information. As more and more clinical trials are required to coordinate multiple trial processes in real time, centers are turning to the Internet for the tools to manage the components of a clinical trial, either in whole or in part, to produce lower costs and faster results. This paper reviews the historical development of the Internet and the randomized controlled trial, describes the Internet resources available that can be used in a clinical trial, reviews some examples of online trials and describes the advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet to conduct a clinical trial. We also extract the characteristics of the 5 largest clinical trials conducted using the Internet to date, which together enrolled over 26000 patients. J Med Internet Res 2005;7(1):e5 Both the Internet and clinical trials were significant developments in the latter half of the 20th century: the Internet revolutionized global communications and the randomized controlled trial (RCT) provided a means to conduct an unbiased comparison of two or more treatments. This paper reviews the historical development of the Internet and the randomized controlled trial, describes the Internet resources available that can be used in a clinical trial, reviews some examples of online trials and describes the advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet to conduct a clinical trial. Historical Aspects of the Internet and Clinical Trials Origins of the Internet The Internet was born in the 1960s and its applications were initially limited by the military uses for which it was originally conceived. The original “Internet” consisted of a cooperative network of four university computers in the United States (Stanford Research Institute; University of California, Los Angeles [UCLA]; University of California, Santa Barbara; and University of Utah) . The development of a protocol for information distribution in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee paved the way for the emergence on the Internet of applications with broader public appeal [ ]. Fifteen years after its inception, the World Wide Web has become a nearly indispensable tool in education, government, business, news media and, most important for the purposes of this paper, medicine and research [ ]. Originally designed as an emergency communications network, the medium evolved from a communications tool for academics and the military to a medium used for education, government, business, news media, entertainment, medicine, and research. The Internet has grown at a phenomenal rate; with over 100 thousand domains or hosts in 1993 it currently has over 250 million [ ]. It is the first unrestricted uncensored broadcast medium, and under ideal circumstances (namely, the right location, low traffic volumes and the right service provider), it can be very cost-effective, because unlike the telephone system, there is no charge for long-distance service. Origins of the Randomized Controlled Trial A clinical trial can be defined as any form of planned experiment involving patients . The goal of a trial is to discover or verify the safety and effectiveness of interventions designed to promote wellness and prevent, diagnose, treat and provide prognosis information about disease [ ]. The essence of a trial is comparison [ ]. The comparison is between a group of patients who receivedtreatment with the intervention in question and a group of patients who receivedplacebo or another standard treatment. The modern clinical trial has evolved to include several features in order to provide reliable and valid results. A good trial addresses a specific clinical question for which there is equipoise (an uncertainty as to whether any of the treatments is to be preferred over the others). It uses a predefined patient population, a well-defined intervention in comparison with an appropriate control, predefined outcomes, and a methodology that involves getting informed consent from participants. Further, a trial involves appropriate blinding, randomization, and analysis. The inclusion of a control group, as opposed to historical data, is to ensure that any observed differences are due to the treatment under investigation and not another prognostic factor [ ]. The purpose of randomization is to balance the treatment groups for both known and unknown prognostic factors such that any observed differences in outcome are more likely to be due to differences between the treatments in question [ ]. Hence, randomization helps to prevent patient selection bias. The purpose of blinding (patients, investigators, and analysts) is to prevent outcome assessment bias. Although many examples of clinical investigation can be found throughout the history of medicine, the RCT emerged in the mid-20th century as the most powerful and scientifically sound way to establish the efficacy and safety of medications . Statistician Ronald Fisher introduced the practice of randomization (randomly assigning study participants to one or more treatment groups) in horticultural research in 1926 [ ]. An epidemiologist, Austin Bradford Hill, is generally given credit for the first randomized trial involving humans in 1948 [ ]. This trial, conducted by the Medical Research Council in the United Kingdom, addressed the question of whether streptomycintherapy and bed rest was more effective than bed rest alone in treating patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. In the past few decades the RCT has been increasingly used as a method to evaluate medical interventions. The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR) is a bibliography of controlled trials generated from hand searching the world's medical journals and as of the year 2004 it identified over 415 thousand trials [ ]. A recent search of the PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine in the United States yielded 65886 controlled clinical trials and 32760 of these were randomized controlled trials. This represents published trials since the mid-1960s [ ]. illustrates the growth of RCTs. The increasing pace of RCT research is reflected by the fact that it took 21 years (1948-1969) for the first 1000 trials to be conducted yet thousands of trials were conducted in 2004 alone. The Complexity of Modern Clinical Trials An RCT is conceptually simple, but to plan a protocol for a study, obtain funding, recruit patients, conduct the trial, and analyze the data collected require considerable resources. The initial clinical trials evaluating antibiotic therapy for communicable diseases had the advantage of large treatment effects–Hill's trial on streptomycin therapy demonstrated a 74% risk reduction for mortality . Today, most interventions investigated in superiority trials are expected to have a more modest benefit, perhaps a 10% to 20% risk reduction for an important outcome [ ]. In order to investigate these more modest treatment effects it is necessary for modern trials to be carefully designed so that both systematic and random error are minimized, as differences of this magnitude cannot be detected reliably against a background noise of chance or other influences. Systematic error is minimized with a well-designed protocol that avoids bias, and random error is avoided by studying a large enough sample size [ ]. Sample size is of particular importance in the conduct of equivalence trials. Equivalence trials, in contrast to superiority trials, are designed to establish no difference in efficacy between two interventions. However, in order to show equal efficacy, equivalence trials usually will require a 10% larger sample size in comparison with conventional superiority trials [ ]. In order to achieve a sufficient sample size in a reasonable time, many trials recruit patients from multiple centers across several geographical entities (eg, cities, countries) [ ]. These multicenter trials require infrastructure which is accomplished with a central coordinating center that usually handles the recruitment of study centers, the randomization of patients, any necessary laboratory analysis of patient samples, data collection, data analysis, and quality control [ ]. Internet Resources Applied to the Clinical Trial Although the complexity of modern clinical trials is unlikely to change in the future, using Internet resources may reduce the expense and development time of a clinical trial. The Internet has many features that are useful in the conduct of a clinical trial. For instance, funding information and tools for developing a trial protocol are available online; and the processes of patient registration, randomization, data collection, analysis, and publication can all be accomplished with online resources. The Internet is also an ideal vehicle for the dissemination of information, and in this respect may facilitate the ease and rapidity with which the findings of a trial are translated into clinical practice.summarizes a selection of Internet resources for conducting a clinical trial. Online Resources for Developing a Trial Protocol A well-designed RCT begins with the identification of a medically important question . Before undertaking a new trial it is important to know what research has been done on the question in the past. To identify previous trials and systematic reviews, the Internet can be used to search online databases. Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library are online resources that can be used to quickly identify both systematic reviews and clinical trials [ ]. Medline can be accessed free of charge using PubMed, but both EMBASE and the Cochrane Library require registration and an access fee [ - ]. Once relevant citations are found, most of the full text articles can be obtained by accessing the journal's home page. Members of academic institutions can often access electronic journals free of charge from their homes or offices by accessing websites via a proxy server, most often the institution's library home page [ ]. Ongoing and some completed trials can be located from online trial registries in both the United States and Europe [ , ]. Online searches are useful in identifying published studies but researchers interested in exhaustive searches on a subject will have to supplement them with conventional hand searching of relevant article reference lists and by contacting experts in the area [ ]. Once a research question is formulated and the literature in the field is reviewed, the Internet has tools to aid with the task of protocol development. The US National Cancer Institute maintains a website that has suggested templates for phase I – III studies, guidelines for dealing with various patient groups, as well as guidelines for formulating informed consent documents . The University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine maintains a website devoted to clinical research tools [ ]. The site includes templates for study subject screening and data collection, data and safety monitoring, financial tracking, study budget, and checklists for protocol feasibility and study management. If the local expertise is not available to help with the development of the trial protocol, companies advertising online offer experienced teams of medical experts, biostatisticians, and clinical research specialists to help clients design clinical trials [ ]. One of the key steps in the generation of a trial protocol is calculating the required sample size; online tools exist to perform this calculation [ ]. Online Funding Information A difficult hurdle is obtaining funding to conducta clinical trial. The Canadian Institute for Health Research, the National Institutes of Health in the United States, and the Medical Research Council in the United Kingdom maintain websites that contain advice to applicants and online submission forms for specific grants [- ]. Study Website and Communication Amongst Trial Personnel There are many reasons for a multicenter clinical trial to have a website . A study website can be used for the following tasks: providing information to potential participants, study subjects, and investigators; listing contact information; and centralizing data handling for patient registration, randomization and data collection. Detailed information about the trial can be displayed, and the entire protocol (apart from any confidential aspects) can be made available. A secure (password protected) section of the website can be used as a powerful means of communication for trial personnel (investigators, monitors, sponsors and committee members). Today electronic mail is the standard for communication amongst members of a trial group; it is faster than conventional mail, cheaper than using long-distance telephone service, and provides an archive record of the communications. A directory on the website of the investigators, committees, sponsors, and monitors with their email addresses can help improve communications. A directory of participating centers and regional coordinators would also be helpful. A news section of the website can provide a progress report concerning the trial status and advertise upcoming meetings. A ”Frequently Asked Questions” section can provide investigators with answers to common questions regarding the study protocol, and a download page can be a means of distributing study materials (protocol, case report forms, informed consent forms) to participating study centers. |Organization||Universal Resource Locator (URL)| |Canadian Institutes of Health Research||http://www.cihr.gc.ca| |US National Institutes of Health||http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/index.cfm| |UK Medical Research Council||http://www.mrc.ac.uk/index/funding.htm| |National Library of Medicine - Medline||http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi| |The Cochrane Collaboration – The Cochrane Library||http://www.cochranelibrary.com| |Elsevier Science – Bibliographic Databases||http://www.embase.com| |Clinical Trial Registries| |National Institutes of Health – ClinicalTrials.gov||http://www.clinicaltrials.gov| |Current Controlled Trials - metaRegister of Controlled Trials||http://www.controlled-trials.com| |Veritas Medicine Inc.||http://www.veritasmedicine.com| |Centerwatch Clinical Trials Listing Service||http://www.centerwatch.com| |Internet Randomization Services| |Directory of Randomization Services||http://www.sghms.ac.uk/depts/phs/guide/randser.htm| |Online Analysis and Sample Size Calculation| |Simple Interactive Statistical Analysis – SISA||http://home.clara.net/sisa/index.htm| |Free Medical Journals||http://www.freemedicaljournals.com/| |Directory of Open Access Journals||http://www.doaj.org| Online Recruitment of Patients The Internet also plays an increasing role for informing the general public about ongoing trials that are recruiting patients. Prior to the emergence of the Internet most patients were recruited for clinical trials through their physicians or perhaps through mass media advertising . This system depends on individual physicians keeping up-to-date with a large range of clinical trials--an impossible task. The US Food and Drug Modernization Act of 1997 required the Department of Health and Human Services to establish a registry of clinical trials for both the government and the private sector [ ]. As a result a new trial registry was launched and the home page banner reads “linking patients to medical research.”[ ] The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 11300 clinical studies sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, other US government agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry in over 90 countries. People who access the site can find trials by searching by disease condition or funding source. The website also provides information for people considering participating in a trial, including basic information on clinical trials. Several other commercial websites have been launched with the business idea of linking patients with clinical trials [ - ]. It is important for potential participants to be cautious because financial incentives used to recruit patients may interfere with ethical informed consent [ ]. Online Patient Registration and Informed Consent Once a patient indicates interest in participating in a particular trial, he is then screened for eligibility, and provided with the information necessary for informed consent and a consent form for signature. The necessary data for enrollment into the study is then collected. A study website can provide detailed information about the clinical trial presented in terms which the general public can understand. An online questionnaire canscreen for potential participants, and eligible patients, who elect to participate, canbe directed to the enrollment page and consent forms, made available for downloading from the website. This paradigm necessitates that potential participants have access to the Internet and that they be reasonably familiar with computers. To access the Internet, potential participants would require a personal computer, a Web browser, and access to the Internet via an Internet service provider . Given these requirements, this method of patient recruitment could lead to selection bias. Surveys conducted on the demographics of Internet users show that the average user is young, white, employed, well-educated, with a higher social-economic status, and suburban [ ]. Those who lack the resources for online access (for example, those with a disability that prevents access, or those who are socially disconnected or lack knowledge about Internet access points in the community) would be less likely to use the Internet and would therefore be underrepresented; whereas professionals working in the computer or telecommunications industries would likely be overrepresented. Traditionally, study participants have signed consent documents by hand, but new legislation in both the United States and Canada has given legal weight to digital signatures for the purpose of facilitating electronic commerce [, ]. A digital signature is a unique string that special software creates by applying a mathematical function and an encryption key to a message or file [ ]. The unique string confirms both the file author's identity and the maintenance of the integrity of the file during its transmission. If accepted as ethical and legal for clinical trials, digital signatures would save the step of mailing hand-signed consent forms to the coordinating center. Regardless of the method used to obtain consent, it is important that the study participants are appropriately informed of the potential risks and benefits of the trial intervention, and of their rights regarding their electronic information. It is necessary to offer patients the option of not having their information handled electronically (for those that refuse)and to give them the option to request removal of their electronic information from the electronic environment [ ]. In terms of informed consent, an argument couldbe made that all eligible patients should speak to a study representative (in person or on the phone) in order to ensure that the complexity of the study and confidentiality issues are clearly communicated and understood prior to proceeding with registration into the clinical trial. In-person contact with all trial participants wouldhelp with verification of the baseline data collection and help guard against people who might attempt to pose as a patient for mischievous reasons. The method of dividing subjects into groups is called random allocation or randomization and is necessary to ensure that any baseline differences between groups are due to chance alone . This prevents selection bias and ensures validity of certain statistical tests. Several methods of randomizing have been used over the years, including coins, dice, cards, lots, spinning wheels, random number tables, and random number generators on computers. For multicenter trials a central coordinating center often serves as the randomization center and participating centers access the randomization allocation by a 24-hour phone service. As an alternative to this service, which can be expensive, there are several online randomization programs (some free of charge and some commercial) that can generate random allocations [ ]. Randomization.com is a cost-free online randomization program that generates simple lists of allocations that can then be printed [ ]. Paradigm is a Web-based randomization package developed by the Netherlands Cancer Institute and the UK Medical Research Council; it is free of charge and guides through studies interactively [ ]. Online Data Collection Remote data entry to a central database is one of the more useful promises of conducting a clinical trial using the Internet. A single-center clinical trial can have data entry decentralized by having a two-tier (client-server) network system that involvesindividual application instances (thick clients) running on remote computers connected to a central database server . In a multicenter trial, participating centers can be geographically separated by great distances across several cities and countries, making the traditional local area network unfeasible. A thin-client (less bandwidth intensive) Internet-based solution canbe used to connect study centers from all over the world. An Internet data entry solution has Web-browsers - thin clients running on remote computers with the application itself running in a central Web enterprise application server. The three tiers (client/investigator, Web application server, and database server) of an online trial system are illustrated in. With this system the following processes occur: browser requests/submits data from/to the Web application server; the Web application server in turn executes incoming business logic and submits/requests data to/from the database server; the database server saves the submitted data and sends the requested data to the Web application server; and the Web application server then executes the outgoing business logic in the application, formats the resulting data into HTML,and sends it back to the browser as a Web page. With this Web system the traditional case report forms are translated into electronic forms in HTML [ ]. HTML Web pages by themselves are static text documents that cannot accept data input . It is necessary to incorporate an additional enterprise application between the Web server and the database server in order to facilitate data collection, increase the efficiency of database requests and offer additional functionality for interactive real-time data validation [ ]. Real-time data validation (see below) can reduce transcription errors and avoids missing data; the data thus collected should be of higher quality. The step of double keying the data for quality assurance becomes redundant [ ]. This additional functionality can be incorporated by running Java or .Net code in the application server, which allows for interactive behavior with each data field [ , ]. Java is a computer programming language developed by Sun Microsystems that allows small-application programs to be downloaded from a server to a client along with the data that each program processes [ ]. More commonly Java writes server-side enterprise applications that interact with Web browsers and other enterprise applications through pure HTML and Extensible Markup Language (XML) over the Internet and corporate intranet, and XML Web services (small, discrete, building-block applications that connect to each other). Microsoft .NET is a set of Microsoft software technologies for software integration through the use of XML Web services as well as to other larger applications—via the Internet [ ]. XML is designed to improve the functionality of the Web by providing more flexible and adaptable information identification. It is called extensible because it is not a fixed format as is HTML (a single, predefined markup language). Instead XML is actually a metalanguage (a language for describing other languages) for designing customized markup languages for limitless types of documents . Online Data Validation Clinical data comes directly from the patient, the medical record, or a laboratory test. In traditional paper-based clinical trials, data is recorded on paper case report formsand then transcribed into a computer. Electronic data collection through the Internet has a number of advantages including real-time data validation, time savings due to fewer steps in data collection, and reduced handling and storage costs due to the near-elimination of paper source documents. Real-time validation could alert a researcher to an invalid entry even as he is viewing the original data source. For example, a researcher recording systolic blood pressure (in mmHg) and entering a value of 1400 couldbe prompted immediately of an invalid entry, allowing for immediate correction. The disadvantage of this electronic approach is that the US Food and Drug Administration requires validation of clinical data from each trail and it is not clear how this can be done with electronic systems. In the past the computer hardware for mobile data collection was insufficient, and study data monitors have been reluctant to embrace a fully electronic data collection model . Online Data Analysis After collection, data can be analyzed using online statistical tools. Simple Interactive Statistical Analysis (SISA) is one example of such Web service . This Java program allows users to do statistical analysis directly on the Internet. Users select one of the procedure names, fill in a form, and click a button for immediate data analysis. Another website contains hundreds of links to free-of-charge online statistics books, tutorials, downloadable software, and related resources; immediate analysis of the results is available to the investigator [ ]. Security is a central issue when considering the Internet for sensitive information exchange. Both patients and study investigators need to be confident that the data entered on electronic forms and in email communications will not be intercepted by a sniffer. A sniffer is software that monitors network traffic and it is analogous to a telephone tap . The database server itself needs to be protected from intrusion from unauthorized Internet users and from unauthorized intranet users (clients connected to the local area network) [ ]. Lastly, the system needs to guard against spoofing (the practice of someone pretending to be someone else) [ ]. Malicious Internet users could enter fictitious patient information and invalidate the trial results. Essentially, a secure Internet clinical trial system should ensure confidentiality (information is only disclosed to users authorized to access it), integrity (information is only entered or modified by users authorized to do so), and availability (information and other resources can be accessed only by authorized users) [ ]. The underlying network protocol (TCP/IP) on the Internet contains no security layer . To address the issue of secure Internet transmissions, Netscape designed a nonproprietary protocol for providing data security between application protocols (such as http, telnet, NNTP, or FTP) and TCP/IP [ ]. The Secure Socket Layer (SSL) provides data encryption, server authentication, and optional client authentication for a TCP/IP connection. Encrypting a file changes it from readable text to a series of numbers that only parties that have the decryption key can interpret. The latest versions of Web browsers support 128-bit encryption, translating to a code that is almost impossible to break. A computer capable of 225 million instructions per second would take a dedicated year of processor time to break such an encryption code. Documents from secure servers can be identified from the location (URL) field. The letter “s” is added to the protocol (http:// becomes https://). Encryption is also available for email communications, and this is usually (depending on the software used) can be selected as an option in the preferences menu of the email application. After secure transmissionand storage, the data needs protection from unauthorized access once it is stored on the central database server. For this purpose firewalls – hardware and/or software that sits between the database server and the Internet – are used . Further, the database server needs to be placed in a secure location so that unauthorized users cannot access it. With the confidentiality of the clinical data maintained by encrypted transmissions and firewalls, the integrity of the data can be maintained by user logins and passwords for data entry and editing . More sophisticated user authentication is possible using digital signatures. Potential spoofers have to be screened out by the enrollment procedure. This can be accomplished by communicating with the primary caregivers of potential study participants. Currently, most major medical journals are published online and individual articles, including the title and abstract, can be browsed; full text versions are often available for download. Freemedicaljournals.com is a website that contains links to over 900 medical journals with full text articles free of charge . Several mainstream journals are included but some journals limit access to articles that have been published for greater than six months to a year. Open Access journals such as those listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (eg. BioMed Central [ ] or the Journal of Medical Internet Research) offer speedy peer review and rapid publication. Article Processing Fees need to be paid from the authors' research institution or grant to cover the expenses for the peer review process and the preparation for online publication. It is the main source of income to recover publication costs for Open Access journals since the articles can be viewed free of charge and no pay-per-view charges can be imposed. Examples of Online Trials Prior to the wide availability of the Internet, the The Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarcto micocarico acuto (GISSI-3) Trial used telecommunications technology in the administration of the trial, [, ]. Of the 200 participating Italian centers, 100 were provided with a computer and a modem to allow direct telephone connection to the GISSI-3coordinating center's main computer. Custom software allowed for patient enrollment, randomization, and reminder notices to the participating centers. A Medline search of the with the search query “Internet and Clinical Trials” reveals that the Internet is increasingly being used, in whole or in part, to conduct clinical trials [, - ]. The 5 largest trials are summarized in . As of today, all results, except those of the ophthalmology trial which began in 2001, have been released. A large number of patients participated in Internet-based clinical trials. In these 5 trials alone over 26000 patients have been enrolled and randomized [ ]. The largest Internet trial is the INVEST cardiology trial which investigated the adverse outcomes from different antihypertensive therapies. This trial alone randomized over 22000 patients. Each trial used different components of Internet technology in the administration of the studies. All 5 trials used a trial website, 4 published the protocol online, 4 allowed for online registration, 5 allowed for online data collection, and 4 used email to communicate amongst investigators. Security was approached differently as well. Two trials described using a data server firewall, 4 trials used confidential website addresses to shield their sites from spammers, 4 trials used user IDs and passwords, 3 trials described using encrypted transmissions, 2 trials did not send any patient identifying data online, and 1 trial required a 6-digit numerical code to access the website which was assigned by an RSASecurID key fob (RSA is a cryptosystem named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir and Adleman). The trials may have used other Internet technologies and security features but the preceding details are those described in their methods. |1||Lower Pole Renal Calculi||Urology||2004||| |2||Growth Restriction Intervention Trial (GRIT)||Obstetrics||1996||[, ]| |3||International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril Study (INVEST)||Cardiology||1997||[, , ]| |4||Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Trial of Glucosamine||Orthopedics||2000||| |5||Intraoperative Anti-infective Prophylaxis||Ophthalmology||2001||| |Study centers||21 centers in North America||69 centers in 13 European countries||862 centers in 14 countries||Single center||Various centers in Germany| |Methodology||Multicenter randomized controlled trial||Multicenter randomized controlled trial||Multicenter randomized controlled trial||Double blind randomized controlled trial||Multicenter controlled trial| |Population||Adults with lower pole renal calculi||Primary physician uncertain whether a growth restricted baby should be delivered or not||Adults with coronary artery disease and hypertension||Adult patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.||Adult patients undergoing elective cataract surgery| |Sample size||112||548||22576||205||4000 to date| |Intervention||Shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde ureteroscopic stone manipulation||Early delivery versus delayed delivery||Antihypertensive therapy with verapamil versus atenolol/hydrocholorothiazide||Glucosamine versus placebo||Irrigation with gentamicin versus regular irrigation| |Outcomes||Stone removal||Perinatal mortality and developmental quotient at 2 years||Adverse outcomes: all-cause mortality, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke||WOMAC pain scores||Postoperative endopthalmitis| |Online data collection||•||•||•||•||•| |Data server Fifrewall||•||•| |User IDs / passwords||•||•||•||•| |Other||Website requires a 6-digit code assigned by an RSA SecurID key fob||No patient identifying data sent online, but by more secure means||Online ordering of study medications||Automated reminder emails and personalized schedules||No patient identifying data sent online| * The year that the trial was started. † “•” Denotes that the feature was present in the trial. If the “•” is absent, the feature was not present or was not documented in the protocol. Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Trials The numerous issues with online clinical trials are summarized in. Some advantages and disadvantages mentioned there are highlighted below. The main advantage of online clinical trials is the ability to centralize study information and coordinate multiple trial processes in real time at a lower cost . Multicentered trials are more manageable because a system can be scaled easily to many study centers around the world without special requirements for hardware or software. The only requirement for each participating center is a computer with a Web browser and Internet access. Site training, patient recruitment, randomization, data collection, site monitoring and patient safety can all be enhanced and simplified using a clinical trial system. Further advantages include fewer personnel for trial administration, reduced or neglible paper reporting, security and backup of the entire trial at a single location, optional updating and distribution of trial protocol and data collection forms from a single location, and simplified dissemination of results. The key disadvantages of online trials are the real and perceived security threats that may inhibit both patients and study centers from participating. It is difficult to convince the average person of the efficiency of the abstract security measures used in Internet trials (firewalls, encrypted transmissions, password protection) compared with the conventional security measures used in traditional trials (locked file drawers). If participants are recruited through the Internet, this may lead to selection bias. Given the anonymous and transient nature of the Internet, it can be difficult for trial coordinators to assess the suitability of Internet resources that are not directly associated with well-known academic institutions. The transient and anonymous nature of the Internet is illustrated by the practice of citing the date of access for electronic resources and by the fact that many documents on the Internet do not have a documented author. If a trial relies on a third-party Internet resource, there is always the possibility that the third-party website ceases to exist prior to the completion of the study, leaving the coordinators to find an alternative resource to complete the trial. For example, finding another randomization site in the midst of a trial, which takesinto account previously allocated patients, would be problematic. |Communication||• Email and website notices make exchange of information less expensive, faster and easier||• Online communications are not as secure as more traditional means (telephone, fax and mail)| |Feasibility||• No need for special hardware or software at participating centers| • An online clinical trial system is easier and less expensive to scale to multiple sites across multiple countries |• Risk of selection bias if all study centers are required to have Internet access| |Training||• Online training resources allow for easily accessible and flexible programs for investigators||• Online training may not be as effective as a live educator| |Patient recruitment||• Cost-effective broadcast medium to advertise a study to potential participants and study centers| • Maintenance of a real-time view of newly registered patients |• Some patients and study centers may decline involvement because of concerns over the security of online data| • May miss enrolling patients if study centers have technical difficulty with the system and do not have a study coordinator available to help them troubleshoot one-on-one |Randomization||• Eliminates the need and expense of a 24-hour call-in center for registration and randomization.| • Concealment of allocation would be easier without the presence of pre-prepared randomization envelopes that have the potential to be defeated |•It is harder to locate a computer terminal than a telephone at the point of patient contact| |Data collection||• Enables real-time data validation| • Increased speed of data acquisition, and quality of data • Eliminates need for double-keyed data entry |• Data input could be slowed down during times of peak Internet use when access to the Web server is slowed| |Monitoring||• Study monitors have real-time access to all aspects of the trial activity||• With less frequent in-person site monitoring some problems may take much longer to be identified| |Safety||• Internal Review Board (IRB) has real-time access to adverse events| |Security||• Sensitive patient data is centralized in one location which simplifies security management||• Online data can be intercepted during transmission or accessed from the database server if security measures are not sufficient| |Study personnel||• Fewer data entry personnel required| • Fewer trial coordinators required given the centralized administration |• Requires experienced computer professionals to set up and maintain an online clinical trial system| |Administration||• Reduction or elimination of paper reporting| • Study protocol and data collection forms can be updated centrally and distributed to the participating centers easily • Patient data can be backed up from one location • Audit trail functionality can allow a clinical trial to be reconstructed from any point • Once a research coordinating center develops or acquires an online clinical trial system the same system could be used for multiple trials |• Because of the expense of developing an online trial system it may not be feasible for smaller trials| • Would have to duplicate Internet pages in multiple languages to accommodate international trials • If a trial relies on third party Internet resources there is no guarantee that the service will remain available for the duration of the trial • Internet resources are often anonymous and transient Other disadvantages of an online system includes system performance, lack of live support personnel, and the setup cost. The speed of the online system can be slowed significantly during peak Internet traffic and this can prolong every step of a study, from registration to data entry. The lack of a 24-hour call-in center can lead to the loss of some patients because some study centers may not be able to use online help to solve their difficulties with the study protocol or the registration and randomization steps. To set up and maintain an online clinical trial system requires experienced computer professionals. This might be too expensive for smaller trials where the administration budget is modest. Clinical trials often involve investigations of interventions of modest benefit that require multiple study centers in order to recruit a sufficient sample size in a reasonable time. The Internet can be used to administer these multicenter trials. Online resources are available to aid with each step of the study, including protocol development, identification of funding opportunities, recruitment, registration, randomization, data collection, analysis, publication and communications. The Internet has the potential to enhance clinical trials such that multicentered trials are more manageable, less expensive, easier to administer, and less time-consuming. The biggest threats to online trials are the security risks of electronic data collection, transmission, and storage. Online security measures exist but it is not clear that these are sufficient to reassure most potential study participants. We can look forward to evolving Internet technology which will bring enhanced security measures, thereby adding to the general public's comfort with electronic data. Conflicts of Interest - Zakon R. Hobbes' Internet timeline. 2004. URL: http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ [accessed 2004 Aug 16] [WebCite Cache] - Howe W. 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[Medline] |CCTR: Cochrane Controlled Trials Register| |FDA: Food and Drug Administration| |HTML: Hypertext Markup Language| |RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial| |SISA: Simple Interactive Statistical Analysis| |SSL: Secure Socket Layer| |XML: Extensible Markup Language| Edited by G. Eysenbach; submitted 17.01.05; peer-reviewed by R Marks; comments to author 16.02.05; revised version received 07.03.05; accepted 09.03.05; published 16.03.05 © James Paul, Rachael Seib, Todd Prescott. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 16.3.2005. Except where otherwise noted, articles published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, including full bibliographic details and the URL (see "please cite as" above), and this statement is included.

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From Our 2009 Archives Type 1 Diabetes May Double in Young Kids Latest Diabetes News Researchers Say Rate of Type 1 Diabetes in Children Growing Faster Than Earlier Predictions By Salynn Boyles Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD The prediction is based on type 1 diabetes trends in Europe, but experts say there is every reason to believe that the U.S. will see a similar dramatic increase in the disease. They are also convinced that environmental exposures are driving the increase, but it is far from clear what those exposures are. Once known as juvenile diabetes, type 1 diabetes is much less common than type 2 diabetes, except among children and adolescents. The most common age of diagnosis has been the early teen years, but epidemiologist Christopher C. Patterson, PhD, of Ireland's Queen's University, tells WebMD that the burden may be shifting toward younger children. "We are likely to see more children with severe diabetes complications presenting at earlier ages if we fail to recognize and adequately treat disease in very young patients," he says. Patterson and colleagues analyzed data from European registries, which included information on more than 29,000 children with type 1 diabetes, enrolled between 1989 and 2003. They found that: Reasons for Increase in Type 1 Diabetes Since the increases are occurring so quickly, it is likely that environmental influences are driving the trend, Patterson says. "Being born to an older mom and C-section birth seem to be associated with slight increases in risk, but neither one of these is sufficient to explain the increases we are seeing," he says. University of Colorado epidemiologist Dana Dabelea, MD, PhD, tells WebMD that one of the key areas of interest is rapid early growth due to improved early-life nutrition. Dabelea is a co-investigator on the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, which is following children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in different areas in the U.S. in an effort to better understand diabetes trends in non-adults. In 2007, Dabelea and colleagues reported higher-than-predicted rates of type 1 diabetes. The increase was most pronounced among non-Hispanic white children. In an editorial accompanying the new study, Dabelea called for more research on type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children. "It is imperative that efforts directed at surveillance of diabetes in young people continue and expand, not only to understand its complex etiology, but also because of the increasing public health importance," she writes.

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Right on the heels of the recent baby formula scare that shook China comes more bad news about baby formula — this time in the United Kingdom. A study by a team at Keele University and published in the journal BMC Pediatrics found that formula baby milk can contain 40 times more aluminum than breast milk, potentially putting babies' health at risk. For the study, the researchers chose 15 branded infant formula products, including both powdered and ready-made liquid formulas based on cow's milk and soya. Products were sampled directly from their packaging to avoid any contamination. Ready-made liquid products were shaken between each sampling. What did they find? Aluminum — and lots of it. Traces of the metal in milk from some of the UK's leading formula brands were found to be much higher than is legally allowed in water, according to health experts. The concentrations of aluminum in the milk formulas varied, but most exceed the standard of 200 μg/L (micrograms per liter) — the acceptable level of aluminum in water. One formula made by Cow & Gate specifically marketed for premature babies had the highest level of all, with more than 800 μg/L. Manufacturers say they do not add aluminum to their products, but many formulas are often packaged in aluminum foil. There have been cases linking adverse health effects in infants to these brands of formula. But British parents are understandably worried as previous research has highlighted the potential toxicity of aluminum in infants with disorders including prematurity, neurological disorders, poor renal function and gastrointestinal disease.

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An example of a participle is "sleeping" in the phrase "sleeping dogs." Origin of participleOld French ; from Classical Latin participium ; from particeps, participating, partaking ; from participare, participate: from participating in the nature of both verb and amp; adjective Origin of participleMiddle English, from Old French, variant of participe, from Latin participium (translation of Greek metokh&emacron;, sharing, partaking, participle), from particeps, particip-, partaker; see participate. Usage Note: Participial phrases such as walking down the street or having finished her homework are commonly used in English to modify nouns or pronouns, but care must be taken in incorporating such phrases into sentences. Readers will ordinarily associate a participle with the noun, noun phrase, or pronoun adjacent to it, and misplacement may produce comic effects as in He watched his horse take a turn around the track carrying a racing sheet under his arm. A correctly placed participial phrase leaves no doubt about what is being modified: Sitting at her desk, Jane read the letter carefully. • Another pitfall in using participial phrases is illustrated in the following sentence: Turning the corner, the view was quite different. Grammarians would say that such a sentence contains a “dangling participle” because there is no noun or pronoun in the sentence that the participial phrase can logically modify. Moving the phrase will not solve the problem (as it would in the sentence about the horse with a racing sheet). To avoid distracting the reader, it would be better to recast the sentence as When we turned the corner, the view was quite different or Turning the corner, we had a different view. • A number of expressions originally derived from participles have become prepositions, and these may be used to introduce phrases that are not associated with the immediately adjacent noun phrase. Such expressions include concerning, considering, failing, granting, judging by, and speaking of. Thus one may write without fear of criticism Speaking of politics, the elections have been postponed or Considering the hour, it is surprising that he arrived at all. See Note at very. - I have asked. (present tense, perfect aspect) - I am asking. (present tense, progressive aspect) - I am asked. (present tense, passive voice) When not combined with have or be, participles are almost always adjectives and can form adjectival phrases called participial phrases. Nouns can occasionally be derived from these adjectives: - the following items - the following - the dying victims - the dying In English, participles typically end in -ing, -ed or -en. From Old French participle (1388), "˜a noun-adjective', variant of participe, from Latin participium.

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University of California Observatories/Lick Observatory | University of California, Santa Cruz | Santa Cruz, California For extraordinary advances in our knowledge of the properties of distant galaxies, dark matter, large scale structure of the Universe, and black holes in galactic nuclei; and for innovative leadership in the development of astronomical facilities. 2009 Bower Science Award Theme: The Cosmos From creating one of the first comprehensive models of how the universe formed, to her work suggesting there is a massive black hole at the center of all galaxies, Sandra Faber has led a revolution in understanding the structure of the universe. She was an early proponent of incorporating dark matter into galactic models; she has determined new ways to identify age, size and distance of galaxies; and she helped discover the "Great Attractor," a gravitational anomaly in the universe. She has also shown innovative leadership in the development of astronomical facilities. Sandra Faber first realized she wanted to study the nature of the universe when she filled out her Swarthmore application essay on what she would do with her college education. She identified that one could either do this through studying the largest structures in the universe like stars and galaxies, or through the smallest, such as fundamental particles. She chose the former, and learned to use a telescope while an undergraduate at Swarthmore. She earned her B.A. with high honors in physics in 1966, and went on to earn a Ph.D. in astronomy from Harvard in 1972 before joining the Lick Observatory, UC Santa Cruz, where she has observed and taught ever since. Her earliest work was in studying elliptical galaxies. She was the first to spot quantifiable relationships between such things as the colors of their spectra, their luminosity, the speed of their stars, and their size. She identified many such correlations over the years, and such "scaling laws" offer clues to how these galaxies form, a subject which intrigues Faber to this day. Turning her attention to galaxy formation, Faber helped galvanize the astronomical community to incorporate dark matter into their models, a concept that previously had not held much legitimacy. Working with other researchers, Faber went on to develop the first comprehensive model of universe formation, known as the cold dark matter model, in which her team described how dark matter would have affected and driven galaxy evolution from the Big Bang until today. Faber gained even more recognition when she joined with a now-famous group of researchers known as the Seven Samurai. Together, the group determined a new technique to measure the distance to galaxies. They discovered the galaxies were not moving with the consistent speeds previously predicted, but instead, gravity from the large mass concentrations affected the local expansion of the universe, causing some areas to speed up and others to slow down. This phenomenon opened up new doors to measure the total mass density of the universe, crucial information in determining whether the universe will expand forever or someday collapse in on itself. In addition to a lifetime of seminal research breakthroughs, Faber has made great contributions to the astronomy community by helping with the construction of both the Keck Telescope and the first Wide Field Planetary Camera [WFPC] for the Hubble Space Telescope. In 1990 she worked diagnosing and planning refurbishment for the flawed WFPC, a stretch she describes as one of the most exhilarating in her career. She recently spearheaded the construction of one of the most impressive tools in modern cosmology, Deimos, an extragalactic spectrograph that can image some hundred galaxies at a single time. Faber continues to do active research, focusing on the formation and evolution of galaxies and other structure in the universe, such as searching for black holes at the center of galaxies. Among other honors, she has won Harvard's Bok Prize, the Heineman Prize, and the Médaille de l'Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Information as of April 2009

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The Beauty - The Bulb Fall is the best time to plant Spring flowering bulbs. In the North and mid-sections of the US, flower bulbs should be planted between September and November, whether in the shade or full sunlight. However, flower bulbs can be planted even when the Winter frost has appeared, as long as the soil or compost is easily cultivated. There are several different ways to plant flower bulbs. However, the most popular is to simply dig a shallow hole using a trowel. To create a more "natural" effect, gently scatter flower bulbs over your desired planting area, letting them land in whatever holes they "find" and plant them there. As for planting depth, the general rule is to plant bulbs twice as deep as their height. Smaller bulbs should be planted fairly close together, roughly four inches apart; larger bulbs should have approximately five inches separating them. To create a bolder splash of color, you can plant them even closer, to the point where your bulbs are almost touching. Flower bulbs thrive in well-drained soil, and left to grow and naturalize. They prefer some organic material or compost mixed in with the planting soil. It's important to remember, however, that before planting anything, you should always cultivate your garden soil. It not only makes planting much easier, it also helps the bulbs' new roots get off to a good start. After bulbs have been planted, water the soil well. If you live in an area subject to severe frosts, give them extra protection by covering them with straw, dead leaves or compost. Because flower bulbs create reserves of food, the fading of the first year's bloom doesn't mean flowering has ended. Many will reappear the following spring, especially if you add a little plant food when the flowers have begun to fade. For maximum effect, combine different types of bulbs in the same planting area to create a stunning array of colors. This will also ensure that your flowers will reappear year after year.

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“The fact that the ground troops, Infantry in particular, lead miserable lives of extreme discomfort and are the ones who must close in personal combat with the enemy, makes the maintenance of their morale of great importance. The award of the Air Medal has had an adverse reaction on the ground troops, particularly the Infantry Riflemen who are now suffering the heaviest losses, air or ground, in the Army, and enduring the greatest hardships.” - General George C. Marshall, in a memorandum to President Roosevelt dated February 3, 1944 On February 4, 1944, President Roosevelt authorized the Bronze Star Medal by Executive Order 9419. The Bronze Star Medal is an individual military award of the United States Armed Forces. It may be awarded for acts of heroism, acts of merit, or meritorious service in a combat zone. The Bronze Star Medal is the fourth-highest individual military award and the ninth-highest by order of precedence in the US Military. When awarded for acts of heroism, the medal is awarded with the “V” device. The Bronze Star Medal was conceived by Colonel Russell P. “Red” Reeder in 1943, who believed it would aid morale if there was a medal which could be awarded by captains of companies or batteries to deserving people serving under them. Reeder felt another medal was needed to be a ground equivalent of the Air Medal, and proposed that the new award be called the “Ground Medal”. Since the award criteria state that the Bronze Star Medal may be awarded to “any person…while serving in any capacity in or with” the U.S. Armed Forces, awards to members of foreign armed services serving with the United States are permitted. Thus, a number of Allied soldiers received the Bronze Star Medal in World War II, as well as U.N. soldiers in the Korean War, Vietnamese and allied forces in the Vietnam War, and coalition forces in recent military operations such as the Gulf War, Operation Enduring Freedom and the Iraq War.

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Posted by admin | Posted in Interactive Whiteboard, Knowledge (remember), Primary Elementary, Science, Secondary Elementary, Understand (describe, explain), Websites | Posted on 12-05-2011 What it is: NASA has the COOLEST interactives, this Clickable Spacesuit is no exception. Before students explore the spacesuit itself, they can view a slideshow about spacesuits. The Clickable Spacesuit lets students click on individual parts of the suit to learn more information. Students learn all about the individual parts of the spacesuit and get up-close pictures of the part. How to integrate NASA Clickable Spacesuit into the classroom: Students (especially young students) are fascinated with astronauts and space. NASA’s Clickable Spacesuit will let them dig in and explore how the spacesuit works piece-by-piece. The text of the site is a little advanced for primary elementary students but would be appropriate as a guided whole class activity using an interactive whiteboard or projector-connected computer. Ask older students to brainstorm and identify items that have been inspired by spacesuit technology (think extreme outer wear, sleeping bags, emergency equipment, etc.). Students can also brainstorm why each part of the suit has been designed the way it has, what does it tell us about space? Tips: Use NASA Clickable Spacesuit to expand on other sites where students can learn about space. Please leave a comment and share how you are using NASA Clickable Spacesuit in your classroom!

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Commission is a payment based on the amount of sales an employee makes. Commission is usually based on a percentage of total sales, so the more sales made, the more money the employee takes home. Many commission-based salaries also pay a base salary, although the percent of salary made up of commission can vary from just a few percent to almost the entire salary. Sales jobs that are commonly paid with a commission-based salary include real estate, computing and technology systems, and automobiles. Many sales jobs pay on a commission basis. This is because sales personnel contribute directly to company revenue. The more sales made, the more money the company makes. The concept behind paying on a commission basis is that sales representatives will work harder to make sales if their income depends on it. Paying based on commission is also a way for companies to keep payroll costs down, since the amount paid to sales representatives is directly related to the amount of revenue generated. This also means that companies are not spending a lot of money paying for salespeople who are ineffective. Types of Commission There are two basic ways to set commission. One is a flat commission. This is usually a percentage, such as 5 percent, on any sale the representative makes. Businesses can also use a ramped commission, where the percentage of commission rises as sales representatives hit certain targets. For example, the representative may earn a 10 percent commission on the first $50,000 worth of goods or services, a 15 percent commission on the next $50,000 and a 20 percent commission on anything above $100,000. Ramped commission may also be based on targets, such as a 10 percent commission on any sales up to a set target, then a 20 percent commission on any sales after that. Many jobs that pay on a commission basis also pay a base salary. The base salary may vary greatly from business to business. According to Steve Cooper and Colleen Debaise, writing for Bloomberg Businessweek magazine, a base salary is designed to help sales representatives manage their cash flow and should cover basic living expenses. To set a base salary, first decide how much each representative should earn in total, then set a base salary/commission mix so that most of your sales reps will earn this salary. A typical mix is 30 percent income from base salary and 70 percent from commission. A company with few competitors may choose a 50:50 mix, while a company that wants to really push sales could consider a lower base salary or no base salary at all. While a commission-based salary plan can enable some sales reps to earn very high salaries, it does have some drawbacks. Salespeople paid on commission may be very anxious to make a sale and consequently spend less time explaining products or services to potential clients. This can discourage customers or lead them to buy a product they are not really happy with. In very high value sales, sales reps may end up earning more than anyone else in the company, which can cause resentment and prevent employees from working cohesively as a team. If commissions are only paid out every few months, the sales force may end up only working hard right before the deadline. - laptop, salesman and the customers image by Dmitri MIkitenko from Fotolia.com

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Young women at “Starting Down the Chemistry Pathway,” a mentoring event at CHF. Hilary Domush is the lead researcher on CHF’s Women in Chemistry Oral History Project, which she launched in 2008. Her research interests include different avenues to success in industry, academia, and national laboratories; the role of science education in increasing gender diversity; interdisciplinary science; and globalization of science. Domush is currently working on an oral-history project related to atmospheric science and the upcoming CHF exhibit Sensing Change. She wrote the following article based on a talk she gave at the American Chemical Society Women Chemists Committee Women in Industry Breakfast in August 2011. Marie Curie exists in the public imagination as a legend, far greater than the sum of her parts. She was more than a woman in science, more than a wife, more than a mother—she was a living icon to millions of women. At times she was a distraction, like when asked by the Nobel Committee not to come to Stockholm and accept her second Nobel Prize in 1911 due to the scandal resulting from her affair with physicist Pierre Langevin. For many, Curie is the quintessential female scientist—often the only female scientist they recognize. Curie’s legend and legacy are magnified (not unduly) because she is a woman in a traditionally male dominated arena. Historically, women in chemistry have been slow to achieve many of the high-status positions occupied by their male counterparts. Due to this dearth of women at the top levels of the profession there have been few female mentors to whom aspiring women in chemistry could turn for professional guidance. In the absence of female professors or supervisors to serve as role models, many women looked to the annals of history and found Marie Curie as the only woman available. A quick online search results in numerous children’s t-shirts for purchase that say “When I grow up I want to be a Marie Curie.” Yet both the parents who buy this t-shirt as an inspiration and the chemists who look to Curie as a role model know only the Marie Curie of legend—the one-hundred-year-old legend. Marie Curie appeared to “do it all,” and many women still dream of embodying that idealistic phrase by becoming the successful combination of scientist, wife, and mother that Curie was. Yet those who draw on Curie for inspiration are often unaware of the struggles and setbacks underlying her many successes. Her daughter Eve concisely summarized the Marie Curie we have come to know, noting in a 1938 biography of her mother: “The life of Marie Curie contains prodigies in such number that one would like to tell her story like a legend” (Eve Curie, p. ix). And legend is exactly what Curie became. While most people, especially most women in science, are familiar with the basic aspects of Curie’s life in which she did it all—science and radioactivity, wife and mother—the details often remain abstracted from this basic summary. As with all celebrities, a tension exists between the complex reality of their lived experiences and the legend that has grown around them. Idealized in legend, Curie remains suitable for inspiration, but not for the role of mentor a modern woman requires—even for women in chemistry attempting to do it all. Between 2008 and 2012 the Chemical Heritage Foundation completed over thirty oral histories with female chemists in academia, industry, national laboratories, and non-profit institutions in the United States. These women and the stories they share about balancing career and family, utilizing social and professional networks, and forging successful paths in the chemical sciences provide contemporary real-life examples of mentoring and professional success. The stories and experiences of women in chemistry are a microcosm of the issues that women in science face more generally and are at the same time uniquely personal. Of their experiences, few women have said, “You know, it just worked out beautifully for us, so there was no issues there,” as Michelle V. Buchanan of Oak Ridge National Laboratory did (Buchanan Oral History, p. 72). However, many women had wonderful stories of overcoming challenges—and still do. The Women in Chemistry Oral History Project provides detailed discussions of the lived experience that is not fully realized in the more formal laboratory-based, research-oriented, scientific publications and reports. Learning from the oral histories how women succeeded and where they learned the skills necessary to overcome obstacles blocking their professional advancement provides crucial insights into the continuously changing climate of chemistry over the last twenty years. The oral history discussions highlight how these women were able to pave a path toward success while having few—if any—female role models or peers. One of the patterns to emerge is the importance of making decisions with confidence. Judith C. Giordan, President and co-founder of Visions in Education, explained: There’s only one thing that stands between success and failure, only one. It has nothing to with credentials. It hasn’t got to do with brains. It hasn’t got to do with your rolodex, although that helps. It has to do with confidence and believing you can do it. And my own research […] shows that confidence is the single most important factor for women in being able to do it (Giordan Oral History, p. 26). The bulk of women interviewed began their education and careers in the 1970s, on the leading edge of an increasingly growing population of women in chemistry. These women demonstrated confidence while having few shoulders to stand on except the legend and inspiration of Marie Curie. For a long time, women were hard to find in chemistry and related sciences. In 1970 only 1.5% of chemistry professors at the top fifty American chemistry departments were women. (Rawls and Fox, p. 40; Raber, 2010, p. 42.) And though the percentages remain far below where many would like them to be, this figure had risen to 17% by 2009. (Raber, 2008, p. 40; Raber, 2010, p. 42.) Marking the percentages of female professors is useful because all women in chemistry begin as chemistry students whose first professional role models are their professors. Everyone interviewed for the Women in Chemistry Oral History Project was at one time or many times the sole woman in her research group, department, or division, and as such did not have professional women in close proximity who could act as mentors or even simply as a peer.

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Definitions for mainsailˈmeɪnˌseɪl; Naut. -səl This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word mainsail the lowermost sail on the mainmast The largest (or only) sail on a sailing vessel. the principal sail in a ship or other vessel A mainsail is a sail located behind the main mast of a sailing vessel. On a square rigged vessel, it is the lowest and largest sail on the main mast. On a fore-and-aft rigged vessel, it is the lowest and largest and often the only sail rigged aft of the main mast, and is controlled along its foot by a spar known as the boom. A sail rigged in this position without a boom is generally called a trysail, and is used in extremely heavy weather. The modern Bermuda rig uses a triangular mainsail as the only sail aft of the mast, closely coordinated with a jib for sailing upwind. A large overlapping jib or genoa is often larger than the mainsail. In downwind conditions a spinnaker replaces the jib. Most modern mainsails are "full-batten" mainsails. Battens enable the mainsail to project farther away from the mast. However, there is some cost associated with the battens themselves, "batten pockets" need to be sewn into the sail, and "batten cars" are needed to allow the sail to be raised and lowered. Traditional fore-and-aft rigs used a four-sided gaff rigged mainsail, sometimes setting a gaff topsail above it. A roll mainsail is furled by being rolled within the mast or boom. The numerical value of mainsail in Chaldean Numerology is: 1 The numerical value of mainsail in Pythagorean Numerology is: 6 Images & Illustrations of mainsail Translations for mainsail From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary Get even more translations for mainsail » Find a translation for the mainsail definition in other languages: Select another language:

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Cutback Asphalt and Emulsified Asphalt Table of Contents What Are Cutback Asphalt and Emulsified Asphalt? Cutback asphalt and emulsified asphalt are used for a number of applications during road construction. In preparing these products, asphalt cement is mixed with either a petroleum diluent to produce cutback asphalt or with emulsifiers, water, and sometimes petroleum diluent to produce emulsified asphalt. Once the liquefied asphalt cement is applied during road construction, the diluent petroleum solvent (in the case of asphalt cutbacks) and water (in the case of asphalt emulsions) evaporates leaving the cured residual asphalt cement. The application of asphalt causes emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) through the evaporation process described above and contributes to the creation of ground-level ozone and particulate matter, which are major components of smog. The majority of asphalt used in Canada is the emulsified asphalt type. Based on a study conducted for Environment Canada in 2010, 301 kilotonnes (kt) of liquefied asphalt were used in Canada in 2009, 85 percent of which was emulsified asphalt while 15 percent was cutback asphalt. The total VOC emissions associated with this usage are estimated to be 8.8 kt (5.2 kt for cutback asphalt and 3.6 kt for emulsified asphalt). While cutback asphalt represented only 15 per cent of asphalt use in Canada in 2009, it was responsible for 59 per cent of the VOC emissions associated with the use of asphalt. The same study estimated that VOC emissions from asphalt could reach 10.8 kt in 2020 without an environmental framework to guide the use of asphalt in Canada. A consultation session on possible control measures to establish VOC concentration limits from asphalt products was held in March 2012. A Discussion Document on the Possible Control Measures on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Concentration Limits in Cutback Asphalt and Emulsified Asphalt that outlines the background information and discusses potential approaches was developed. Proposed Code of Practice for the Reduction of VOC Emissions from the Use of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt After the March 2012 consultation regarding the discussion paper, a Code of Practice was deemed as an efficient and cost-effective tool to achieve up to 5 000 tonnes of VOC reductions annually while minimizing the burden on the road construction industry. On April 4, 2014, Environment Canada published a draft Code of Practice for the Reduction of VOC Emissions from the Use of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt for a 60-day comment period. Based on comments received on the April 2014 draft Code, a Notice for the proposed Code of Practice was published in the Canada Gazette, Part I on March 5, 2016. Stakeholders are invited to comment on this proposed Code during a public consultation period which will end on May 4, 2016. Comments received during this consultation period will be considered in finalizing the Code. How Can I Stay Informed? To receive the latest information about Environment Canada’s efforts on VOC emissions from cutback asphalt and emulsified asphalt, subscribe to our mailing list. Questions and inquiries can be directed to Environment Canada at: Telephone: 888-391-3426 or 819-938-4483 Fax: 888-391-3695 or 819-938-4480 - Date modified:

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Atomic energy in food and agriculture 379. The Conference recognized the great significance of the contributions that atomic energy can make to the development of agriculture, including forestry and fisheries, and to improved levels of nutrition, and considered that in the general international program for promoting the peaceful uses of atomic energy FAO has a specific and highly important role to play in its several fields of responsibility. 380. Progress in establishing the FAO Program of Work was noted with satisfaction, and the proposals for an essential expansion of activities were approved, with the exception of an amount budgeted for travel expenditure relating to a training course on the use of radioisotope technique in agricultural research in 1959. 381. The Conference expressed its agreement with the policy of initiating activities on a limited geographic basis in the first place and then extending them gradually to other parts of the world as appropriate. It noted that in accordance with this policy activities designed to promote the use of isotopes and radiation in agricultural research which had been initiated in Europe would he progressively extended to other regions. 382. In this connection special attention was directed to the general shortage of agricultural scientists with experience of radioisotope techniques, and to the great need for a training course of the type envisaged by FAO. Offers of assistance from several countries in the organization of such training facilities were received with appreciation by the Conference. 383. The Conference noted that the nutritional aspects of the preservation of food through the use of ionizing radiation are often overlooked, and therefore recommended that FAO should assist in the exchange of information on this subject and on progress achieved in the development of this technique. In view of the expense involved and the need for highly trained investigators in many scientific disciplines, the Conference emphasized the great importance of international co-operation in research on food irradiation and considered it appropriate that FAO should take the lead in encouraging such international co-operation, commencing this activity in Europe in the first place. 384. The Conference recognized that many of the problems of radioactive contamination of the environment are essentially agricultural problems, and in this connection noted with approval that FAO is already participating in the work of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. The Conference considered it important that FAO should continue to be closely associated with international studies of the problems arising from environmental radio-contamination, including methods of disposal of radioactive wastes, because of the possible effects of such contamination on food producing resources and food supplies. 385. The Conference stressed the need for the fullest co-ordination of international activities in connection with atomic energy, recording its firm conviction that the organizations within the United Nations family can achieve far more by cooperating together than by working alone. 386. In this connection, the Conference learned with satisfaction of the close cooperation with other international organizations which had been achieved and of the contacts already established between FAO and the International Atomic Energy Agency. The Conference welcomed the statement of the representative of that Agency that the IAEA, which in its early years would place special emphasis on activities in connection with isotopes, training, exchange of information, and health and safety, hoped in its activities to have the benefit of the wide experience in agricultural and related matters that exists in FAO, whilst in its turn the Agency was ready to render all possible assistance to FAO in the fulfilment of their common objective. In order to place such co-operation on a formal basis the IAEA was prepared to enter into negotiations for a relationship agreement with FAO as soon as the establishment of the Agency has sufficiently progressed. 387. At the conclusion of the debate the two following Resolutions were adopted unanimously: Resolution No. 30/57 Having examined the Director-General's proposals for strengthening FAO's work on 50 atomic energy in food and agriculture; Approves the establishment of a second professional post within the Atomic Energy Branch and, 50 as far as resources permit, the holding of such meetings or training courses as will prove most useful to Member Countries, provided that the travel and other costs of the trainees are borne by the countries concerned, as recommended by the Committee on Financial Control, or from ETAP on other special funds, and provided further that such activities are in line with the provisions of any agreement or agreements as may be entered into between FAO and the International Atomic Energy Agency. 388. Resolution No. 31/57 Relationship Agreement between FAO and IAEA Having noted that in his Program of Work and Budget for 1958-59 the Director-General has proposed a series of activities concerned with atomic energy in food and agriculture; Having noted that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has recognized the desirability of achieving effective co-ordination of the activities of the Agency with those of the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies, for avoiding the overlapping and duplication of activities; Noting furthermore that the IAEA agrees to cooperate, in accordance with its Statute, in measures recommended by the United Nations for this purpose, and in particular to participate in the work of the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination and, as appropriate, of any other bodies which have been or may be established by the United Nations to facilitate such cooperation and co-ordination; Considering that the basis for co-operation between the Organization and the IAEA, within their respective fields of responsibility, should be established in a Relationship Agreement; Having noted that the first Special Session of the General Conference of the IAEA authorized the Board of Governors of that Agency to negotiate a Relationship Agreement with the appropriate authorities of the Specialized Agencies; Decides that, in accordance with Article XIII of the Constitution, a Relationship Agreement should be drawn up between the Organization and the IAEA in which the basis of co-operation between the two Organizations shall be defined; Recommends that this Agreement should, on the one hand, recognize that the Organization as the Specialized Agency having primary responsibility for food and agriculture matters of an international character, has certain responsibilities in relation to the application of atomic energy in food and agriculture and in relation to connected problems of radioactive contamination of the environment; and that it should, on the other hand, recognize the IAEA as the agency having primary responsibility for international activities relating to the peaceful uses of atomic energy as defined in its Statute; Requests the Director-General to enter into consultations with the Director-General of the IAEA for the purpose of drawing up a draft Relationship Agreement, in which the foregoing principles are taken into account, for submission to the Council; and Requests the Council to establish a Committee composed of government representatives to be available for consultation by the Director-General in his negotiations with the designated representatives of the Board of Governors of the IAEA in preparing a final draft agreement for submission to the Tenth Conference. Welfare and community development 389. The Director-General, in introducing these two subjects, pointed out that his concern for giving an adequate expression to FAO's objective of promoting welfare was reflected in different parts of the work program and budget. He was seeking to pursue two lines of action; to exercise better co-ordination of FAO's program in all fields, so that all of them were clearly oriented to the common welfare purpose at all times; and, secondly, to give increased attention and resources to those activities like agricultural extension, co-operatives, home economics, nutrition, etc., which contributed directly to rural welfare. Such activities constituted vital elements in programs of community development, which were assuming increasing importance in many countries and demanded concerted action on the part of the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies. The Director-General requested approval of his general approach and of two specific undertakings in the present instance. The first of these was an expert group to study current experience of land settlement and land reform measures to provide guidelines for policy. The other wits the appointment of a panel of experts for the over-all appraisal of FAO's activities, both at Headquarters and in the field, to determine the extent to which these activities were serving the basic objectives of welfare. 390. The Conference fully recognized the importance of constantly keeping in mind the welfare objective of FAO's programs. While the intentions of the proposals were commended, some doubt was expressed whether these would achieve their purpose in practice. Questions were also raised whether present arrangements for co-ordination and conduct of welfare programs were not already adequate and whether these was consequently any need for further strengthening of the staff in the Director-General's Office. It was suggested that there might first be an internal review and proposals for new undertakings and expenditure should be scrutinized by the Program Committee and Council before approval by the Conference. 391. The Conference passed the following Resolution: Resolution No. 32/57 Having examined the Director-Genera's proposals for strengthening or developing social welfare activities within the Organization, including provision for additional assistance in the Director-General's office, Recognizing the important role to be played by the Organization in United Nations programs of concerted action in the social field; Approves the assignment for special responsibilities in this field to the Special Assistant to the Director-General, and, Further approves the budget proposals submitted by the Director-General; Requests the Director-General to limit action until the Program Committee and the Council have occasion to review the report and recommendations of one team after it has visited a region; and Recommends that no subsequent action be taken until the Director-General has examined the whole matter of increasing emphasis in rural welfare field and discussed his findings or recommendations with the Program Committee and the Council. J. Expanded technical assistance program 392. The review presented to the Conference on the Technical Assistance Program dealt with the current activities, preparations for 1958 and questions of policy and procedure, as requested by Resolution No. 16/55 adopted at the Eighth Session. 393. Although concern was expressed over a possible decline in the financial resources likely to be available to the Program in the immediate future, a number of delegates expressed the firm belief that such a financial recession would be of a temporary character only. As evidence for this belief the wide support the Technical Assistance e Program enjoys both with the recipient and donor countries alike was cited, as well as the important role which this Program plays in the work of FAO. Reference was made to the proposal currently before the General Assembly to create a United Nations Special Development Fund which might over a number of years achieve a total of $ 100,000,000 partly to expand the present form of technical aid and advice and partly to be used for supplementary activities, such as extensive surveys, establishment of regional institutes and research on basic products, so as to create conditions favorable to capital investment. 394. In response to the Director-General's suggestion for a review of current programing procedure so as to ensure increased recognition of agency technical responsability and for the limitation of projects to activities within the capacity of countries fully to implement, some delegates felt that a greater measure of flexibility might well be introduced into these procedures so as to give the agencies a greater say in the formulation of country programs. These delegates expressed the hope that FAO, in association with its sister agencies, would explore this matter further. Other delegates suggested that present procedures seemed to be satisfactory and that a further period of trial was desirable. 395. Attention was drawn to the difficulties attendant on the financing of the Program by annual pledges. This made difficult orderly long-term programing and impeded the adoption of such needed administrative measures as the awarding of longer-term contracts to experts. The hope was expressed that governments might consider making their pledges for a two- or even three-year period. 396. In connection with programing, it was thought desirable to clarify still further the relations between the TAB Resident Representatives on the one hand and the FAO Regional and Country Representatives on the other, and to make more widely known the determination of the Technical Assistance Board on this subject. This determination recognized that the role of the Country Representative was to negotiate the FAO share of the country program and to carry responsibility for the day-to-day management of the FAO mission. as compared with the general co-ordinating function of the TAB Resident Representative. 397. The Conference considered the question of the priorities to be followed in determining the size of country programs and the related one of the evaluation of projects already in operation. Some delegates expressed the view that priority should be given to those governments possessing the administrative and technical resources enabling them to make effective use of the aid received. Among the criteria proposed was the existence of long-term programs of economic and social development and the provision of counterparts and other facilities. Other delegates, however, took the view that priority should be given to countries having the greatest need. 398. It was suggested that periodic reviews should be carried out by the officers of the government concerned in association with the FAO Regional or Country Representative on the progress of country programs. The strengthening of the regional organization should facilitate this. Such reviews would permit a continuing assessment of the conduct of the program. 399. The full implementation of the program negotiated and approved by the Technical Assistance Committee was a matter of concern to several delegates. They expressed the hope that ways and means could be found of ensuring that the approved program would be substantially implemented. There was a suggestion for a periodic review so that, should the full implementation of the approved Category I Program be difficult, appropriate projects in Category II might be substituted without undue delay. 400. In response to the Director-General's request for guidance and suggestions regarding the use of contributions from governments which were not members of FAO, the view was expressed that while supplies of equipment from such sources were valuable, the whole of such contributions should not be devoted to that purpose. centers, seminars and study tours should only be organized in such countries if there was a clear desire on the part of recipient countries to participate in such activities - a matter which it would be the responsibility of FAO to ascertain. 401. In general the increase in the permissive amount for regional projects from 10 percent to 12 percent, as now sanctioned by TAC, was welcomed. The hope was expressed that this increase in the percentage shale for regional projects would be sufficient to accommodate the most important of them but that if it were felt that a still higher percentage was found to be necessary, this possibility should be further considered. The related question of the usefulness of group country projects was also referred to, and their effectiveness and relatively low cost emphasized. 402. The recruitment, briefing, servicing and supervision of technical assistance experts in the field was extensively reviewed. Some apprehension was expressed that the rates of pay now offered might not be sufficiently competitive to ensure that FAO could secure the best technical talent available. Attention was also called to delays arising out of the necessity for obtaining clearance from recipient governments for experts suggested for service in their countries. The use of " funds-in-trust ", in supplementing the limited number of experts that the Organization was able to supply under the normal Technical Assistance Program, was welcomed as a valuable development. 403. The Conference urged the desirability of improving the system of briefing experts before appointment. An expert could not hope to be fully effective unless he had some familiarity with the social, historical, cultural and economic character of the country to which he was sent. His briefing on these aspects of his assignment should be regarded as being of first importance. In recognition of this need, one government, whose country had supplied a large number of experts, had established a training center for such of their nationals as would be serving as United Nations Technical Assistance experts. It was also suggested that fuller use of the regional office should be made for briefing purposes. 404. It was generally felt that the periods of assignment of technical assistance experts were too brief and that the necessary continuity in field work was thus disturbed. Development in the field of agriculture must be, in many cases, a slow process and it was not surprising therefore that the percentage of continuing projects in the annual programs of FAO was high. At the same time recipient governments should train appropriate personnel to continue projects initiated by the Specialized Agencies so that such governments did not become so dependent on an expert that his departure would create a vacuum that could not be filled. 405. In considering the supervision and servicing of experts by FAO Headquarters, the hope was expressed that such supervision should not be too detailed or excessive so as to limit individual initiative or introduce an clement of conflict between the field expert and the head of the department or service to which that expert was assigned. 406. The Conference noted with regret the decline in the 1958 Technical Assistance Fellowship Program as compared with previous years. It felt that as the Technical Assistance Program is basically a training program, such a decline must inevitably reduce its effectiveness. It called upon governments, in preparing their annual programs? to consider carefully the role of fellowships and to seek the advice of FAO in drawing up their plans. Special care should be exercised in the selection of fellows and they' no less than experts need briefing on the country of study to which they were being sent if they were to derive full benefit from their training. Longer term fellowships should be provided, where appropriate, in view of the schedule of universities. Tribute was paid to the André Mayer Research Fellowships awarded by FAO, under its Regular Program and the hope was expressed that the number might be increased. 407. In placing personnel in important government posts, many governments require evidence on the part of candidates of diplomas or certificates of training. The suggestion was made, therefore, that it would be most helpful if FAO could issue a certificate of training which would establish with national appointment hoards the type and duration of training which a fellow had received under the auspices of FAO. 408. The Conference took note of the resolution adopted at the Twenty-Sixth Session of the Council regarding the desirability of revising the present method of financing the Headquarters' costs of servicing the Technical Assistance Program by means of a lump sum payment from Technical Assistance funds for an appropriate share of such Headquarters' costs. This plan was now being considered by the Technical Assistance Committee, together with other suggestions, one of which proposed that all such costs should be absorbed by the Regular Program, thus freeing all Technical Assistance contributions for the field program. 409. The Conference expressed satisfaction at the substantial improvement which had been made in the management of the Program and the steady progress it had achieved. It heartily endorsed the Director-General's tribute to the field staff and requested him to convey its appreciation to them. 410. The Conference expressed its satisfaction with the report presented by the Director-General in pursuance of Resolution No. 16/55 and decided that similar reports should be submitted to future sessions of the Conference. K. Selected problems and longer-range proposals Survey and appraisal of world agriculture fishery and forestry resources in relation to needs 411. The Conference stressed the importance of Regional Conferences as a basis for developing broad guide lines for FAO's future activities in the regions, and endorsed the principle established by the Eighth Session of the Conference that such Regional Conferences should be held in non-Conference years in order best to fulfil the above purpose. 412. The Conference noted with satisfaction the Director-General's report on the 1956 Regional Conferences held in Asia and the Far East and Latin America, as contained in the document C 57/20, and emphasized that the items of the agenda should concentrate on the broad fields of agricultural policy and programing suitable for discussion by government representatives at a policy making level. However, the scope and nature of the Regional Conferences were hound to grow and should remain flexible within the broad lines proposed by the Director-General. 413. The Conference also felt that while there was no doubt as to the great value of Regional Conferences as such, care should be taken lest they become pressure groups for inter-regional competition in the field of FAO's activities. A liberal attitude on the part of the Director-General was desirable in inviting those Member Governments outside the region concerned which might be particularly interested in the topics to be discussed at a Regional Conference. 414. Attention was drawn to the methods of reproduction and distribution of reports of Regional Conferences. Some countries were in need of only the summary of the report instead of the full report. It was suggested that some method of reproducing the report other than printing might be used so that it would not be obligatory to distribute the full reports to all Member Countries. 415. The Conference endorsed the Director-General's proposal to hold the next Regional Conference for Asia and the Far East, the Near East and Latin America in 1958, preferably between September and December, and was gratified to learn that the Government of Japan was prepared to act as host to the next Regional Conference for Asia and the Far East, subject to the approval of the necessary expenses by the Diet. Negotiations were also under way between the Organization and the Government of Sudan with regard to the possible acceptance by the latter to act as host to the next Regional Conference for the Near East. The Conference noted with approval the Director-General's intention to hold a Regional Conference for the African region at an early date. Survey and appraisal of world agriculture fishery and forestry resources in relation to needs 416. The Conference had before it a report by the Director-General on this subject (C 57/21) and heard an introduction by his representative. The Conference noted with interest the progress which had been achieved so far and the Director-General's policy in regard to future work in this field. 417. The Conference considered this an important project which should be given the fullest support that manpower and budgetary consideration would permit. It was felt that the integrated approach which had been adopted to the appraisal of resources seemed particularly suited to bringing about the sifting and analysis of data in such a way that the information will be of use for long term planning. As a world organization FAO had special possibilities to assist in bringing together the international fund of knowledge which is continually accumulating regarding resource potentialities. 418. It was also considered that this project was particularly well adapted to an international organization such as FAO, since the Organization could assist materially in developing methodology; at a later stage the countries themselves should do the work, both because of their special knowledge of the situation and the enormous size of the task. The results would be very useful to countries in appraising their own resources and in planning their development and use, including such practical things as possible changes in their cropping and rotation systems. This work was particularly important now and in the years ahead because of growing population pressures which will make it increasingly necessary for countries to get the maximum out of their resources. 419. The Conference expressed its appreciation of and fully endorsed the Director-General's intentions: (a) to complete, in close collaboration with the countries concerned, the two pilot studies on the lower Ganges-Brahmaputra basin and the Tigris-Euphrates basin; (b) to continue to develop the methodology of an integrated approach to the appraisal of resources as described in document C 57/21; (c) to utilize this project to bring about the maximum comparability, on an international basis, in the methodology and terminology involved in resource surveys and in statistical and other data relating to basic natural resources; (d) to carry out this work on the basis of full interdivisional co-operation, in order to arrive at an evaluation of the potentialities and optimum use-patterns of agricultural, fisheries and forestry resources in relation to needs and a consistent approach to the problems of methodology involved; (e) to draw maximum benefit from the results in this field of (he wolf; of ETAP field experts; (f) to seek special funds from foundations interested in fostering economic and social development in order to continue and expand work along the lines described. 420. The countries directly concerned with the two selected pilot areas expressed their appreciation of the fact that these areas had been chosen for the initial work and their eagerness to see these studies carried to a successful completion as rapidly as possible. The knowledge so gained would be of great benefit for the purposes of their long term planning. They offered full co-operation in assembling and making available the data at their disposal and in some cases felt that it would be possible even to appoint further staff in their own countries to help carry out the work. A wish was expressed that not only the development of methodology for surveys of resources, but the methodology for surveys related to increasing, productivity would be included in FAO's plans for future work. 421. It was noted that over and above the assistance which it may be possible to give to countries under the regular budget, if a country should feel that resource surveys, either of the whole country or of specific development areas, were of sufficiently high priority it would be open to them to request such assistance under the technical assistance program within their established country ceilings. 422. The question was raised if adequate machinery existed for the proper classification of the abundant information on resources that reached FAO from so many channels and is so many forms. It this respect the Conference noted with appreciation the work already carried out or under way in several fields, particularly fisheries biology, forest inventory and soils survey; it also noted that very considerable progress had been made over the last two years through the interdivisional cooperation established in the work on the resources survey. It felt, however, that it was important that adequate machinery should exist for this purpose so that while the studies are being completed on the present pilot areas the material which reaches FAO on other areas would be appropriately classified so that in due course the study of other areas could be carried out speedily. 423. The Conference noted that the Twenty-Second Session of the Economic and Social Council had passed a resolution calling upon the United Nations and the specialized agencies, and particularly FAO to hell countries in the development of the methodology of resource surveys. The Conference considered that with respect to natural renewable resources this responsibility belonged fully to FAO. 424. It was recalled with appreciation that the proposal for a survey and appraisal of agricultural, fishery and forestry resources in relation to needs had originated with Dr. P. V. Cardon, former Director-General. The Conference expressed the wish that Dr. Cardon be informed of its appreciation of the valuable results which promised from the work which he had initiated. A number of countries had originally had doubts regarding this project, but were reassured by the accomplishments achieved and the current plans for the continuation of the project. 425. The Director-General was requested to bring before the Tenth Session of the Conference a review of progress made so that it could determine the further course the project should take. At the same time it felt that if the project continued to develop along the lines outlined, it should be a long term project. 426. As an outcome of its review of this subject the Conference adopted the following Resolution: Resolution No. 33/57 Survey and Appraisal of World Agricultural, Fishery and Forestry Resources In Relation to Needs Recognizing the importance of surveys of resources and development possibilities of underdeveloped countries and the need for collecting basic data for over-all agricultural planning; Recognizing the need for the development of methodology for such surveys; Noting the steps already being taken to carry out such surveys in the two pilot areas and the need for early action; Requests the Director-General in consultation with the governments concerned to give appropriate emphasis to this subject and maintain and where necessary create the machinery for this purpose within the existing budgetary resources; and so to plan the work that further studies will be developed on the methodology of surveys related to increasing productivity. L. ECOSOC resolutions on co-ordination and concentration 427. The Conference considered ECOSOC Resolutions 665 (XXIV) (a) and (c) regarding the development and co-ordination of the economic, social and human rights programs and activities of the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies. The Conference endorsed the importance attached by ECOSOC in the former resolution to the development of closer co-operation between the members of the United Nations family in concerted fields of action and requested the Director-General to apply the principles laid down by the Economic and Social Council on the preparation of programs of work and the development of closer co-operation with other international agencies. 428. The Conference agreed that FAO should participate in the invitation of the Economic and Social Council to the Specialized Agencies to prepare an appraisal of the scope, trend and costs during the next five years of their programs of work. The Conference endorse the recommendation of the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination that such an appraisal should comprise a forecast of the orientation, character and scope of the program and should not attempt any detailed forward budgeting for each of the years referred to. It was thought important that in making any such forward appraisal the necessary flexibility in programing procedure should not be sacrificed and that FAO should retain the right to make such adjustments as might be necessary during that period to deal with new situations. Any forward appraisals should relate to anticipate major lines of development and not to individual projects which comprise those major lines. 429. It was agreed that any appraisal relating to FAO's forward program should be considered by the appropriate intergovernmental bodies comprising FAO's legislative organs before being submitted to ECOSOC. 430. It was also agreed that in the preparation of such an appraisal and in the implementation of the two ECOSOC resolutions the Director-General should consult, to such extent as he considered necessary, the Program Committee. 431. The following Resolution was adopted: Resolution No. 34/57 ECOSOC Resolutions on Co-ordination and Concentration Taking note of the resolutions adopted by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) at its 24th Session, contained in Appendix I of document C 57/55, concerning the coordination and concentration of the programs and activities of the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies in the economic, social and human rights fields; Approves the recommendations contained in these resolutions and the principles included in Appendix 11 of document C 57/55 on the co-ordination and concentration of activities of the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies; Requests the Director General: 1) to apply these principles as a guide to the future work of the Organization with reference to co-ordination and concentration both within the Organization and in its relations with the United Nations and the other Specialized Agencies; 2) to consider the appropriate and practical method of preparing an appraisal of the FAO program in accordance with the second ECOSOC resolution contained in Appendix I of document (,'57/55; 3) to continue through the Administrative Committee on Coordination the consultations already initiated with the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies in the preparation of the report to be presented by the Administrative Committee on Coordination to the ECOSOC in implementation of that resolution; and 4) to report to the Council on action taken to implement the above paragraphs.

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COLLEGE DISABILITY LAWS Transition out of high school to college life can be difficult for any student. It is more so for students with disabilities. The rights previously in place in the K-12 special education system under IDEA ends abruptly with graduation or at the age of 21. The new system of rights and protections under Section 504 and 508 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and Title 5 of the California Education Code differ radically from the previous system. These laws prohibit discrimination solely on the basis of disability and require a college to provide reasonable accommodations so that a student with a disability has equal opportunity to take part in college programs and services. In addition, this new system requires that the individual with the disability take charge of their requests for support and services. - Post-secondary education is not guaranteed nor a right. Students must meet academic criteria and qualifications for initial and continued enrollment. - Accommodations or adjustments from high school may not transfer to college. - Students need to know what it means to be a college student (i.e., students need study skills and knowledge of how to plan study time.) - Students need to monitor their own progress. They need to know when and how to ask for help. Continued attendance in college depends upon GPA (grade point average) and/or successful completion of courses. If students are not making progress, they will be placed on probation and may eventually be disqualified if they do not improve. - Students have the responsibility for planning, requesting accommodations, and for their own success in college. - Course modifications at the post-secondary level are not allowed. - There are no provisions for or entitlements to differential grading standards. - The college/university does not offer personal services such as attendant care. These services are the student’s responsibility. - Transportation to and from the college is the student’s responsibility. - Students are responsible for college tuition and fees, purchase of textbooks, and payment of parking fees. Apply for financial aid and fee waivers, if eligible. - Confidentiality: Colleges and agencies cannot disclose student information to parents or others without the student’s permission. - Students must disclose their disability if an accommodation is requested. Contact the Disabled Student Programs and Services (DSPS) to arrange an appointment with a counselor. - Students need to have or know how to get documentation of their disabilities. Medical disabilities need to be verified by a physician. Learning disabilities need to be verified by current testing on an adult measure that documents both a significant processing disorder and a significant aptitude-achievement discrepancy. - Students are responsible for talking with college instructors about accommodations authorized by DSPS. DSPS can facilitate this communication if needed. - All students, regardless of disability, need to follow the GWC’s Student Code of Conduct for behavior and maintain appropriate behavior in classes and on campus. - Expect social changes in college. College can be isolating for some students since they may not have daily contact with teachers or friends. Students need to know how to access college resources and services (i.e., counseling, peer mentoring, clubs, Associated Student Organizations’ activities. etc.). Remember, disability laws in high school do not apply to college. Source: Region X Transition Committee Meeting Minutes, 10/9/98

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Ostrich is the largest of the birds. The ostrich, in its habits and bodily structure, has features similar to those of a camel (its Latin name is Strutio camelus). It was formerly commonly found in eastern Transjordan but by reason of being intensively hunted has disappeared almost entirely from the Middle East region; individual ostriches are only seldom found in eastern Transjordan, to which they apparently come from the Arabian deserts where the ostrich has also become rare. In the Bible the ostrich is called ya'en (יָעֵן) and kenaf-renanim (כְּנַף רְנָנִים; AV, JPS "the wing of the ostrich"). The former name occurs once, in Lamentations (4:3): "The daughter of my people is become cruel, like the ostriches in the wilderness." Its description as cruel is apparently connected with the fact that when in danger it is liable in its flight to hurt its chicks and also to the fact that the female often hatches only some of the eggs, the rest being abandoned and used as food for the newly hatched chicks. Job (39:13–18) contains an extensive description of the ostrich, there called kenaf-renanim, that is, "the wing that delights the eye with its beauty." There an account is given of the way it hatches its eggs on the ground (ibid., 14–15); of the male who confuses the chicks of other females and is their leader (ibid., 16); of the ostrich's meager understanding; "Because God hath deprived her of wisdom, neither hath He imparted to her understanding" (ibid., 17; cf. the expression Vogelstrausspolitik); of its ability to escape from hunters mounted on horses (ibid., 18). The translations have identified the bat-ya'anah (בַּת יַעֲנָה), included among the unclean birds and mentioned several times as inhabiting desolate places (Isa. 13:21; Micah 1:8; et al.), with the ya'en. The bat-ya'anah was originally a species of owl but the name is used for ostrich in modern Hebrew. In the Mishnah the ostrich is called na'amit (נַעֲמִית; in Ar.: na'ama); in mishnaic and talmudic times the ostrich was well known. Vessels were made from its eggshells (Kel. 17:14), while some people bred it as an ornamental bird (Shab. 128a). Its ability to swallow anything was exploited; fed pieces of gold covered with dough, it evacuated them after the action of its gastric juice had refined the gold (TJ, Yoma 4:4, 41d). Sources: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.

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The Truth About Probiotics and Your Gut What Are Probiotics? By Peter Jaret Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD Probiotics are microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast that are believed to improve health. They are available in supplements and foods. The idea of taking live bacteria or yeast may seem strange at first. After all, we take antibiotics and use antibacterial substances to fight bacteria. But our bodies naturally teem with such organisms. The digestive system is home to more than 500 different bacterial species. They help keep intestinal linings healthy and assist in breaking down food. Beneficial organisms are also believed to help regulate healthy immune response. How Do Probiotics Work? Researchers believe that some digestive disorders result when the balance of friendly bacteria in the intestines becomes disturbed. This can happen after an infection or after taking antibiotics. Intestinal problems can also arise when the lining of the intestines is damaged. Introducing new beneficial organisms in the form of probiotics may help.

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We've been given the green light to tell you about the origin of traffic signals. Go ahead and cruise through the text, and we'll let you know when to stop. SIGN O' THE TIMES We're still stumped on that whole chicken versus egg question, but there's one thing we do know for sure -traffic congestion predates the automobile. Long before the invention of the internal combustion engine, horses and people were already having enough trouble yielding to each other at intersections that, in 1868, a British railroad engineer designed the first traffic signal to help them out. Oddly, the contraption only featured two settings: "stop" and "caution," indicated by a bar held horizontally or lowered to a 45-degree angle. At night, red and green lights were used to make the bar visible, meaning that, in this case, "green" meant "slow down." A proclamation issued by London's police commissioner in 1868 explained the system as well as the then-novel concept of pedestrian right-of-way, and for the first time, cities had a way of keeping people from constantly running into each other. The concept of a box with bar sticking out each side like arms was modeled on the naval semaphore system, a way of communicating between ships where a sailor would hold certain flags at certain angles to create messages. As overly complicated on the street as it was at sea, it soon fell out of favor, replaced by an electrical upgrade. The first light-based traffic signals were probably those installed in Salt Lake City, Utah, by police officer Lester Wire in 1912. Featuring a slanted roof to shed rain and snow, Wire's signal boxes contained dye-colored lights that shone through coverless circular openings and were powered by the same wires that ran electric trolleys. Like the earlier signals, Wire's lights only had two settings, in this case "stop" and "go," and were manually operated on-site by a police officer. A similar system was installed (and patented) in Cleveland in 1914, but with a significant safety improvement. Unlike their western counterparts, the Cleveland lights were all connected back to the same control station and wired so that it was impossible to accidentally tell both directions to "go" at once (an important development, no doubt). Amazingly, the first three-setting lights didn't come along until the 1920s. Based on railroad signs being used since 1899, the three-light signal first appeared in Detroit and New York City between 1920 and 1922. Not surprisingly, those heavily-trafficked cities were also on the forefront of an effort to streamline signal controls (and thus improve the flow of traffic in general) by wiring several different intersections back into a single control tower -innovations that were quickly mimicked the world over. The article above was reprinted with permission from mental_floss' book In the Beginning. From Big Hair to the Big Bang, here's a Mouthwatering Guide to the Origins of Everything by our friends at mental_floss. Did you know that paper clips started out as Nazi-fighting warriors? Or that cruise control was invented by a blind genius? Read it all in the book!

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Viruses and young cuckoos lead the way in the brain Previously, researchers at the Kavli Institute at NTNU discovered the brain’s own GPS – a particular type of cells from which the sense of locality stems. Now, they are adopting gene technology in order to dig deeper: They want to know how advanced mental phenomena such as memory, sense of locality and decisions come into existence in the interaction between millions of nervous cells. This is the first time researchers will succeed in describing and explaining down to the least detail how a so-called higher brain function works mechanistically. And everything takes place in rat brains. The Institute has been awarded a grant of NOK 20 million from the European Research Council (ERC), via the programme ERC Advanced Investigator Grants. Shining researcher stars ”This is primarily a recognition of the fantastic work performed at the Kavli Institute,” says NTNU Rector Torbjørn Digernes. ”Mr. and Mrs Moser have long been shining stars on the researcher sky. They are an inspiration for everyone else.” ”The 20 millions are very welcome,” Professor Moser says. ”This project brings Norwegian brain research another step forward. It is also a huge inspiration for basic research on the mechanistic basis for mental functions. It will bring us much closer to an understanding of how nervous cells produce mental functions, and in the long run contribute to the treatment of diseases attacking the brain.” Viruses as messengers It is a well-known fact that the experience-based functions in question are the result of interaction between thousands of nervous cells scattered in the brain, and millions of contact points between them. However, it has been impossible to study this through experiments. Methods for stimulating selected cell types in the same brain area have been lacking. New gene technology changes this situation. The project uses viruses to switch certain nervous cells on and off. We are talking harmless viruses here that are unable to copy themselves and cause damage. The only function of the virus is to be the messenger: It brings an alien gene in among the brain cells, finds the right cell type and delivers the gene there. The cells absorb the gene and make it their own. Then they start producing the protein that the gene has the ”recipe” of. This changes the cell’s characteristics. Genetic "young cuckoos" ”The new genes placed inside the nervous cells are a bit like young cuckoos, ” says Professor Edvard Moser at the Kavli Institute. ”They are a bit different, but regarded as part of the family. We know the "young cuckoo's" characteristics and how to make it sing and keep quiet. Or, as we call it: switch the genes on and off. That is the stroke of genius and what enables us to study which cells that do what inside our brains," Moser explains. The new genes can be switched on and off by for instance adding certain chemicals to the rats’ drinking water. When the genes are switched on (no chemicals added), they produce proteins. When the genes are switched off (chemicals added), the protein production stops. The proteins are important for the cells to be able to send certain types of signals. By controlling how the signals are sent, we can control the activity in the cells we are studying. This way, we can study the cell’s function. Searching for totality The project uses the discovery of the brain’s sense of location as the starting point. The research group in Trondheim has mapped many different types of cells that work together in networks. So far, they have only established how the different types work, but not the function of the totality. But now they will. They start off by gaining exact knowledge about how the brain estimates where we are. With the new gene technology, this is possible. The sense of locality is the first of the so-called higher cognitive abilities that we may be able to understand at a very basic level. The project is highly interdisciplinary. The core elements are neurophysiology and neuropsychology measuring signals from many nervous cells at the same time as rats find their way through labyrinths. European funding for basic research The European Research Council (ERC) has two programmes for funding of top research. The first, introduced in 2007, is the ERC Starting Grants, that Norway received twice, both for the Kavli Institute. These grants provide substantial funding for new researchers so they can build up their own group. The second programme is the ERC Advanced Investigators Grants, awarded to internationally leading researchers. Here, we are talking research that pushes research frontiers forward and contributes to scientific breakthroughs. The projects are typically innovative, path-breaking and high-risk, but with major scientific potential. The ERC Advanced Investigators Grant was awarded for the first time in 2008. The results for physics and the Humanities were presented earlier this year, but no Norwegian projects were awarded grants. The final group is the Life Sciences, where the Kavli Institute once again has been invited to contract negotiations. A total of 78 winners of the Advanced Grants are European, of which two are Norwegian. European neuroscience projects were awarded a total of 10 grants. Edvard Moser, Director of the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience. NTNU

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TMJ Treatment in Houston, TX "TMJ" is a popular buzzword in our society which, in reality, is an acronym for an anatomical body part, the temporomandibular joint. "TMJ" is not a syndrome, nor a disease, but is merely a designation for the human jaw joint. To say someone "has TMJ" is the same as saying someone "has knee". TMJ disorders are a major cause of facial pain and dysfunction and are an important and appropriate focus of attention by health care providers. TMJ disorders consist of a family of problems that relate to your jaw joint complex. These problems involve complicated anatomical structures such as muscles, ligaments, tendons, the mandible (lower jaw), teeth, nerves, blood vessels and other structures. When your TMJ and associated structures are in good health, the jaws open and close smoothly and comfortably in talking, chewing, and use in other functions. Complex Masticatory Muscles - Surrounding the joint are groups of muscles that contract and relax in harmony so the jaws function properly. When the muscles are relaxed and flexible, and not under stress, they work in harmony with the other parts of the TMJ complex. Teeth and Occlusion - The way the teeth fit together may affect the TMJ complex. A poor occlusion (bite relationship) may cause the muscles to malfunction and ultimately cause damage to the joint itself. A stable occlusion with good tooth contact and interdigitation provides maximum support to the muscles and joint. Instability of the occlusion can increase the load or pressure on the joint causing damage and degeneration. Temporomandibular Joint - The temporomandibular joint is the joint where the lower jaw articulates with the base of the skull and allows movement of the lower jaw. This joint is made up of the mandibular condyle which is the round end of the mandible that moves and rotates during talking, eating, etc. The temporal fossa is the socket where the condyle fits. The disc or meniscus is situated between the condyle and fossa and is made up of cartilage-like dense collagen. It provides the sliding action between the lower jaw and the fossa (or top part of the joint). Ligaments hold the disc to the condyle and help stabilize the joint. Connective tissue holds the disc to the back of the joint and contains blood vessels and nerves. Connective tissue also forms the joint capsule which surrounds the joint. The illustration above demonstrates the "normal" relationship of the disc to the surrounding joint structures. While many patients may have discs that are displaced from this position and NOT have any symptoms, it is very common that those who have TMJ pain and dysfunction also have displaced discs. It is therefore likely that this displacement plays a significant role in the development of such problems. Causes of TMJ Disorders Trauma or Jaw Injury - This can cause injury to the joint in the form of fracture to the condyle, torn ligaments, torn cartilage, displacement of articular discs, damage to muscles and other injuries. Diseases - Certain diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis can affect the joint surfaces and certain muscular diseases can effect function. Stress - This is often the cause of TMJ pain. Stress can be manifested by clenching and overstressing the muscles and jaw joints. This can be seen as pain, muscle spasm, and damage to the joints. Habits - Bruxism (grinding the teeth, especially at night) can cause muscle and joint problems. Bite or Occlusion Problems - Misaligned teeth, missing teeth, and misalignment of the jaws can create an imbalance of muscular and joint function which can lead to discomfort and joint damage. Houston TMJ Evaluations The first step to arriving at a TMJ treatment plan involves a fact-finding program. This collects the necessary information to arrive at a diagnosis. Dental and Medical History - This provides information about your overall health, any history of accidental injuries, symptoms you are experiencing, treatment you have received, medication you are taking, and much more. It helps determine lifestyle, habits, stress factors, and family history. All of this information is important. Physical Exam - This helps identify your symptoms and malfunctions. It may involve examination of your muscles and joint for tenderness. Jaw function is carefully measured. The joint can be examined for noises and sounds by various listening devices. Your teeth and occlusion may be examined to determine the stability of your bite. Imaging Tests - A variety of tests help confirm or rule out a diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders. Various x-rays (tomograms, transcranials, and others) show an image of bony contours of the joint. These films may reveal fractures, tumors, or damage to the bony surfaces of the joint. A MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) produces images of both hard and soft tissues and may reveal damage or displacement of the disc or ligaments. Dental Casts - These are models of your teeth that may help determine if there is instability of your bite in relation to your disorder. It may also reveal a joint disorder that has affected the way your teeth fit and line up. A good diagnosis is of primary importance so that the proper treatment may be precisely directed to the correct TMJ dysfunction. Extracapsular Disorders - These are disorders that exist outside the joint itself. These patients often have little or no mechanical problems within the TMJ but suffer the effects of the structures outside of the joint. Myofascial Pain Dysfunction - This is the most common TMJ dysfunction and usually involves muscle imbalance with muscle spasm and pain. This has a multitude of causes such as stress, grinding of teeth, instability of the bite and others. Diseases and Pathology of the surrounding area - This can include tumors of the jaw, salivary glands, and associated structures, neurological disorders, systemic disorders effecting the head and neck, and referred pain from the neck, back, and associated structures. Internal Joint Disorders - Damage or disease to the joint itself such as the disc, condyle, ligaments, or synovium (lining of the joint). Disc Displacement - A displaced disc may cause popping and clicking due to the disc being displaced forward so that the condyle clicks or pops in its translation during opening. A displaced disc may block the condyle from translating forward during opening and restrict the opening. This is sometimes called a "closed lock". Adhesions - Scar tissue may have developed between the condyle and disc or the disc and the fossa that restricts jaw movements. Disc Perforations (holes or tears in the disc) - This occurs when the disc is torn or worn through by continual overloading of the joint. This often causes a grinding sensation or gravel-like sound. Arthritic Conditions - Advanced wear and breakdown of joint surfaces causing pain, grinding noises, and general joint dysfunction. Hypermobility - Sometimes the joint becomes too loose and the posterior ligament is structured to allow the condyle and disc to advance forward beyond the socket. This can cause the jaw to lock open. This is sometimes called an "open lock". Synovitis - The synovial lining, which produces lubrication to the joint, may become inflamed for a variety of reasons. This often causes an acutely tender and painful joint. TMJ Treatment Options Self Help - This is usually the best option to begin with. Resting the jaw may be the best treatment so it can heal and regain stability. This may be accomplished by not clenching your teeth, practicing good posture, eating soft foods and reducing stress. Apply ice to the jaw for the first 24-48 hours after symptoms are noticed. Ice helps prevent swelling. Heat may be applied to tense and sore muscles. By application of heat, muscle spasms may be relieved. Exercise (passive) of the jaw regains normal range and function. It increases flexibility and strengthens muscles. This should be done as a passive exercise in contrast to eating hard foods which increases the stress on the joint. Medications such as Motrin, Advil, aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce pain and inflammation. Medications - Your doctor may prescribe muscle relaxants to decrease and control muscle spasms and muscle related pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and control discomfort. Drugs to help control bruxism or grinding of the teeth may be recommended. Physical Therapy - You may be referred to a licensed physical therapist to help in the management of your disorder. Physical therapy promotes healing and reduces pain, swelling, and inflammation. It greatly improves jaw range of motion and muscle relaxation. Physical therapy techniques may include jaw exercises, posture training, mobilization of joints, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation to regain harmony to your jaw joints and muscles. Splint Therapy - It may be recommended that you wear a splint which is a clear plastic appliance. It fits over your teeth to help establish harmony between your muscles and joints. Splints primarily aid in stabilization of the bite and prevention and controlling bruxism and clenching. Most splints are constructed by your general dentist or a dentist who specializes in non-surgical TMJ management. Most splint therapy lasts for 1-3 months or more. A bruxism splint is worn primarily at night to aid in grinding and clenching habits. It helps reduce muscle tension and discomfort. An orthopedic stabilization splint lets your jaw move in the correct position, stabilizes the bite, relaxes musculature and reduces pressure on the TMJ. Proper wearing of your splint as directed by your doctor is most important in the treatment of your dysfunction. In the illustration at right the splint is in place between the upper lower teeth. It will act to perfect the bite artificially and prevent excessive force from being transmitted to the TMJ as the patient clenches or grinds. It will help with force dissipation even in the absence of these parafunctional activities and encourages the joints to repair themselves. The greatest advantages of this therapy are that most people will be helped to some degree, and the therapy is safe and reversible. Occlusal bite correction - If your TMJ disorder is caused or greatly affected by the way your teeth fit together, it may be necessary to correct your occlusion. You may need orthodontics (braces) to reposition your teeth in order to establish a stable bite. If your bite problem is primarily due to a malalignment of the jaws or a discrepancy between the upper and lower jaws you might need orthognathic surgery. This would realign the upper and lower jaws (usually in combination with orthodontics) to create a stable occlusion. Restorative dental procedures may be necessary by your general dentist to replace missing teeth, repair existing teeth or change the shape and size of teeth. TMJ Surgery - With other modalities of treatment available, surgery is reserved for those cases which fail to satisfactorily respond to the above mentioned methods. In some cases, the joint undergoes some degree of internal joint derangement and fails to respond to non-surgical treatment. Surgery is usually indicated if non-surgical treatments have failed and clinical and diagnostic findings indicate a derangement inside the TMJ. The following are several different types of TMJ surgery. Lysis & Lavage - This is a hydraulic distension and flushing of the joint with sterile saline and/or medications to increase the mobilization of the joint. If the disc has become adhered to the fossa surface or locked for a short period of time, this procedure may remobilize the disc. Lysis and lavage is an office procedure performed under IV sedation, which may be used to decrease discomfort and inflammation. Arthroscopic Arthroplasty Surgery - This procedure is similar to arthroscopic surgery performed by orthopedic surgeons on the knee and other joints. This procedure is usually done in a hospital setting and requires a general anesthesia and is routinely done on an outpatient basis. Most TMJ derangements can be initially treated by arthroscopic surgery. Arthroscopic arthroplasty can be done as a diagnostic tool if diagnosis is uncertain and non-surgical treatments have failed. Adhesions and scarring may be removed to increase joint mobility. If the disc is displaced, causing painful popping or locking, a repositioning procedure can be accomplished arthroscopically. Until the last several years, this required an open joint procedure but with the current state of the arthroscopic "art", many discal repositioning procedures including suturing of the disc itself, are performed without open surgery. In cases of more severe degeneration such as torn discs, discs with holes worn in them, or arthritic and generative joints, arthroscopic surgery is highly affective. This procedure requires a small 3mm incision over the joint in front of the ear. Through this incision, the arthroscope is inserted into the joint space. Additional needles may be placed to perform the necessary procedures. Open Joint Reconstructive Surgery - If the joint fails to respond to the arthroscopic procedure or the condition is such that arthroscopy is not indicated, an open procedure is sometimes recommended. Under direct visualization the joint is reconstructed by smoothing the joint surfaces, repair of disc abnormality and removal of diseased tissue. A graft or artificial replacement of one or more joint surfaces may be used in the reconstruction of the joint. This procedure requires general anesthesia as well as an overnight stay in the hospital. Condylotomy - Sometimes the jaw is sectioned from inside the mouth and just below the condyle. This is done in certain situations to restore a stable occlusion, to decrease the pressure on the joint or to change the condyle position. This procedure requires having the jaws wired together for 7-14 days. It requires general anesthesia and an overnight stay in the hospital. Follow Up Care After Surgery - Post-operative instructions will be given to you by your doctor regarding care of your incisions, suture removal, diet, physical therapy, and medications. Medication will be given for pain control, muscle relaxation, and prevention of infection. Additionally, postoperative physical therapy is an integral part of the rehabilitation after treatment. One of our doctors is always on-call for problems or questions and a post-operative appointment is usually scheduled 1-15 days after the procedure.

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Since many libraries are using the "One World, Many Stories" theme for summer reading this year, I thought I would share a#flannelfriday idea that fits this theme. It's "The Great, Big, Enormous Turnip" from The Flannelboard Storytelling Book by Judy Sierra. It's a traditional Russian tale about a group of people and animals who band together to unearth a giant turnip and is an awesome one for group participation! The kids really get into "he PULLED and he PULLED and he PULLED!" Hi! My name is Anne Clark and I'm a Children's Librarian and Department Head in Michigan. You can learn more about my background or how to contact me at the About/Contactpage. If you like what you see on my blog, please subscribe via email or RSS so you never miss a post. All opinions are my own and not my employer's. Thanks for reading!

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Van Meter Awarded to Takashi Yoshimura, PhD Monday, October 19, 2015 – 1:15 pm ET (embargoed) – The American Thyroid Association (ATA) will present Takashi… Thyroid hormone is used in two situations: - to replace the function of the thyroid gland, which is no longer functioning normally (“replacement therapy”) and - to prevent further growth of thyroid tissue (“suppression therapy”). Suppression therapy is used primarily in patients with thyroid cancer to prevent recurrence or progression of their cancer. THYROID HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY Many people have a thyroid gland that cannot make enough thyroid hormone for the body’s needs. This is called Hypothyroidism and may be caused by a non-functioning thyroid gland (for example Hashimoto’s disease), by destruction of thyroid gland by surgery or radiation treatment or by a non-functioning pituitary gland (see Hypothyroidism Brochure). Hypothyroidism, is the most common reason for needing thyroid hormone replacement. The goal of thyroid hormone treatment is to closely replicate normal thyroid functioning. Pure, synthetic thyroxine (T4) works in the same way as a patient’s own thyroid hormone would. Thyroid hormone is necessary for the health of all the cells in the body. Therefore, taking thyroid hormone is different from taking other medications, because its job is to replace a hormone that is missing. The only safety concerns about taking thyroid hormone are taking too much or too little. Your thyroid function will be monitored by your physician to make sure this does not happen.

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Nearly 80 physicists — representing experiments from laboratories including Thomas Jefferson National Accelrator Facility, the Large Hadron Collider, the Mainz Microtron, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, KEK, and universities involved in other dark particle detector experiments — attended the Dark Interactions Workshop at Brookhaven National Laboratory in June 2014. For three days in June, physicists from around the world came together at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory for the inaugural physics workshop “Dark Interactions: Perspectives from Theory and Experiment,” chaired by Brookhaven physicist Ketevi Assamagan. He jointly organized the workshop with Brookhaven physicist Hooman Davoudiasl and Stony Brook University assistant professor of physics Rouven Essig. The goal of the workshop was to review and discuss the theoretical context as well as the status and future of the searches for dark sector particles, such as dark vector bosons, and the implications for dark matter. It's hard to believe dark matter is an idea that's 80 years old. We still don't' know what dark matter is. — Professor David Brown, University of Louisville “We hope to continue this meeting in the years to come. We gain a lot by sharing ideas between theorists and experimentalists,” Assamagan said. Nearly 80 physicists attended the workshop to hear presentations that covered a range of topics on the frontier of new physics: the theories and experiments trying to track down dark matter, the mysterious substance that neither emits nor absorbs light, but is theorized to comprise nearly 27% of the cosmos. So far, despite the tremendous amount of evidence for the existence of dark matter, nobody knows its identity; but if anyone is going to devise a way to determine its makeup, it could be one of the physicists in attendance at the workshop. Over the course of several days, they discussed theoretical motivations for the search for dark matter, and several experiments already looking for the mystery matter, including: “It’s hard to believe dark matter is an idea that’s 80 years old,” said Professor David Brown of the University of Louisville. “Of course, we still don’t know what dark matter is. But colliders let us search for dark particles.” "Understanding the nature of dark matter poses one of the most urgent problems for our fundamental description of the Universe,” Davoudiasl said. “Interactive meetings, like DI2014, allow us to share various points of view on the scope of theoretical and experimental opportunities, as well as challenges, that lie ahead in the quest to uncover the properties of dark matter." The attendees shared results from experiments all over the world, with tantalizing hints at the nature of dark matter. And as they continue this search, coordination across disciplines and national borders remains key to collaboration. “An enormous amount of progress has been made over the last few years in the search for dark matter and dark forces,” Essig said. “All of us hope that the current generation of experiments will be successful at finding new physics.” 2014-4960 INT/EXT | Media & Communications Office

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Alternative Crops & Cropping Systems Crop diversity is a key tenet of sustainable agriculture. Having multiple crops that fill distinct niches in an agroecosystem improves the ability to manage weeds, diseases and insect pests as well as potentially improving the environmental performance of the cropping system. Research can help overcome production and market obstacles that enable the successful introduction of alternative crops. Featured Alternative Crops & Cropping Systems Publications Cogger, C., A. Fortuna, D. Collins. Feb 27, 2014. The second of a two-part webinar series on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Soil Quality in Long-term Integrated and Transitional Reduced Tillage Organic Systems. This is the focus of our current research. How do different organic vegetable production systems affect N2O emissions, and how do other outcomes of those systems affect their potential for adoption? - Systems include full tillage with high-carbon amendment (compost), full tillage with low carbon amendment (broiler litter), pasture-vegetable rotation, and reduced tillage cover crop mulch. - Measurements include N2O and CO2 emissions, soil N, microbial ecology focused on denitrification organisms, crop yield, and soil quality. Measurements are focused on key times during the season, including amendment application and tillage, irrigation, and freeze-thaw. Intended audience is other researchers, and interested extension faculty and farmers. Cogger, C., A. Fortuna, D. Collins. Feb 25, 2014. The first of a two-part webinar series on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Soil Quality in Long-term Integrated and Transitional Reduced Tillage Organic Systems. Topics for this webinar include: - Source and properties of N2O as a greenhouse gas, its relative contribution to global - warming, and the role of agriculture in N2O emissions - Review of the nitrogen cycle and the production of N2O - The relationship between organic practices and N2O production - How we measure N2O emissions Intended audience is extension faculty and farmers who want a big picture perspective on why we’re interested in nitrous oxide emissions. Zaher, U, C. Stockle, K. Painter, S. Higgins. Agricultural Systems. November 2013. Volume 122, pages 73-78. WSU webpage for the OFoot project, working to provide a scientifically sound yet simple estimation of the carbon and nitrogen sequestration and net greenhouse gas (GHG) balance likely in a given organic cropping system scenario. At the Tilth Producers of Washington Conference in November 2011, WSU hosted a Dryland Organic Agriculture Symposium. The presentations and keynote from that symposium were recorded and are now available for online viewing. This special symposium addressed agronomic and economic issues specific to dryland organic production. Speakers and attendees came from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. Also, please see link for a list of companies interested in buying organic crops produced in the PNW: Dryland Organic Agriculture in the PNW – grains sellers buyers Vegetable crop production and alternative crop development such as edamame, wasabi, bamboo, and organic seed production. Work is targeted for both small-scale and large commercial growers, with emphasis on organic production. Links include new fact sheets and information on grafted vegetables http://vegetables.wsu.edu/graftingVegetables.html . Andy McGuire, Agricultural Systems Educator WSU Extension. Program website. Additional Alternative Crops & Cropping Systems Publications Goldberger, J. 2011. Journal of Rural Studies 27(3):288-296. Article in Sustaining the Pacific Northwest Newsletter Huggins, D.R., & Kruger, C.E. (2010). In R. Khosia (Ed.), Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Precision Agriculture. 10th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, Denver, CO. Colorado State University. Chapter 17 in Climate Friendly Farming: Improving the Carbon Footprint of Agriculture in the Pacific Northwest. Full report available at http://csanr.wsu.edu/pages/Climate_Friendly_Farming_Final_Report/. Chapter 16 in Climate Friendly Farming: Improving the Carbon Footprint of Agriculture in the Pacific Northwest. Full report available at http://csanr.wsu.edu/pages/Climate_Friendly_Farming_Final_Report/. Chapter 24 in Climate Friendly Farming: Improving the Carbon Footprint of Agriculture in the Pacific Northwest. Full report available at http://csanr.wsu.edu/pages/Climate_Friendly_Farming_Final_Report/. Economic Enterprise Budgets for Conservation Tillage Systems in Washington State. Chapter 14 in Climate Friendly Farming: Improving the Carbon Footprint of Agriculture in the Pacific Northwest. Full report available at http://csanr.wsu.edu/pages/Climate_Friendly_Farming_Final_Report/. A Report to the Washington State Department of Agriculture. School of Economic Sciences. WSU. March 2009 This new extension bulletin is an excellent resource for growers interested in producing organic alfalfa, both irrigated and dryland. Alfalfa provides an excellent transitional crop for those interested in organic production of other crops as well. This guide includes a great deal of information on managing weeds, pests and diseases, and includes a small section on economics. Article in Sustaining the Pacific Northwest Newsletter Browse Publications Library for more Some WSU Extension websites provide links to external sites for the convenience of users. These external sites are not managed by WSU Extension. Furthermore, WSU Extension does not review, control or take responsibility for the content of these sites, nor do these sites implicitly or explicitly represent official positions and policies of WSU Extension.

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Blanche of Castile ) was the wife of King Louis VIII and the mother of King Louis IX . As a great-granddaughter of Henry II , she had a claim to the English throne , and this was used in her husband's attempt to invade England. Blanche organized troops in the Calais area for this attempt. She also supported the war against the Cathar sect of Christianity in southern France, being a pious s and psalter s she commissioned still survive. This earned her the support of the Roman Catholic Church , which would help her hold the country together in future years. When her husband died in 1226, she became regent for her son until he reached adulthood in 1234. During this time she repelled Henry III of England's 1230 attempt to take back former English lands in France, and kept the French lords from gaining more power than the royal throne. Riding at the head of her troops, dressed in white and on a white horse, she must have been an interesting sight. Her power did not stop student revolts in Paris, but she did bring more territory under the sway of the French crown through treaties and marrying relations to their rulers. Louis IX kept her as an advisor, and in 1247 when he decided (much against Blanche's will) to go on crusade to the Holy Land, he left Blanche as regent and caretaker of his children. She again increased the territory of France through treaties, and suppressed rebellions, despite the heavy tax burden necessary to support the crusade. She even negotiated Louis' release when he was captured at the battle of El Mansurah. Another son, Alphonse, helped her toward the end of her life, and she died in the Louvre in 1252. Her piety is thought to have been a great influence on her son, who became St. Louis. She also wrote troubadour-style songs which have survived the years, such as "Amours, u trop tart me sui pris," still recorded by those specializing in medieval music.

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en

November 6, 2005 Chapter 1 of Hayek's "The Constitution of Liberty" (1960, U. ofChicago Press) is entitled "LIberty and Liberties". A bit confusing title, but it's a good introductory chapterbecause Hayek immediately defined what "liberty" and "freedom" is -- absence of coercion; absence of external impediment. Some important quotes from the chapter that I will discuss here. (1) "We maybe free and yet miserable. To be free may mean freedom to starve, to make costly mistakes, or to run mortal risks." (2) "While the uses of liberty are many, liberty is one. Liberties appear only when liberty is lacking. Difference between liberty and liberties -- that which exists between a condition in which all is permitted that is not prohibited by general rules and one in which all is prohibited that is not explicitly permitted." (3) "The coercion that government uses is reduced to a minimum by restraining it through known general rules, so that the individual need never be coerced unless he has placed himself in a position where he knows he will be coerced." On (1), this is a situation where the concept of "personal responsibility" will come in. One can be very very rich as a result of inheritance from rich parents, spend the money as he/she wishes. There is freedom in spending, but no responsibility in saving and investing, or at least maintaining the parents' enterprises which produced such inheritance. On (2), liberty is absence of coercion of some by others; liberties refer to various uses of liberty (political liberty, inner liberty, liberty as power) that do not touch on personal or individual liberty. For instance, political freedom refers to freedom to vote, except minors, foreigners, others prohibited by law. National freedom may mean absence of foreigners' interference, but it does not mean individual freedom because local rulers or the majority can exercise coercive power over the minorities. In short, liberties can appear where there is individual oppression. On (3), this is where the "rule of law" and not "rule of men" appears. Rule of law means that the rules are to be applicable to everyone, rulers and ruled, governors and governed, masters and slaves, so that the rulers and governors themselves will not attempt to make very restrictive and rigid laws that will also impinge on their own individual freedom. Rule of men means making laws that are supposedly applicable to everyone, but rulers and their allies are exempted. Government's main function is to secure individual liberty. This is by being a bigger force that can control bullies among men. By setting simple and general rules that is applicable to everyone. In most cases, however, Government (of many if not all countries) becomes the single biggest source of coercion in people's lives. How? One, government can tell the citizens how much they can keep from their income (personal income tax, corporate income tax, estate tax,...), and from their take-home pay, how much they can spend and save since there are various forms of consumption-based taxes (sales tax, value added tax, excise tax, petroleum tax,...) and various fees for various government-mandated or monopolized services like securing a driver's license. Two, government can over-regulate business, tell entrepreneurs they should give a certain minimum wage even for the most unskilled people, that they cannot fire their employees without giving them over-generous benefits and even if said employees have committed serious mistakes. Three, government can restrict people to whom they can buy and sell this and that commodity or service, by how much quantity, at what price, through trade protectionism and import restrictions. These are just a few instances where government becomes one big source of coercion. When laws become too restrictive, "rule of men" prevails because the law enforcers (police, courts, other government agencies) intend to exempt themselves and their allies from such restrictions, apply the laws only to the rest of the citizens.

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en

About H-II Launch Vehicle The H-II launch vehicle, the central rocket in Japan's space program, with the capability to launch a two-ton class satellite into geostationary orbit, is a two-stage rocket that was developed with Japanese independent technology in all stages. In addition to geostationary satellite, it can also be used to launch payloads into low and medium-altitude orbits. For greater economy, it is possible to launch simultaneously two geostationary satellites weighing about one ton each. The first stage of the H-II launch vehicle consists of the first stage core vehicle equipped with the LE-7 engine and two solid rocket boosters(SRBs) . The LE-7 engine is a liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen engine with 86 tons of thrust(at sea level) . The SRBs are polybutadiene composite solid propellant boosters with 158 tons of thrust each(at sea level) . The guidance and control of the first stage is performed by the hydraulically steerable nozzles of the LE-7 engine and of the SRBs controlled by the Inertial Guidance Computer(IGC). Two auxiliary engines are also provided to control attitude. The second stage of the H-II launch vehicle is equipped with the LE-5A Iiquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen engine. The LE-5A engine is an improved LE-5 engine(developed for the second stage of the H - I launch vehicle) and provides 12 tons of thrust (in vaccum). The guidance and control of the second stage is performed by the hydraulically steerable nozzle of the LE-5A engine and the reaction control system controlled by the IGC. Guidance and Control System The H-II launch vehicle employs a strapped-down inertial guidance and control system. The system consists of the Inertial Measurement Unit(lMU) which uses three ring laser gyros and the IGC. The inertial guidance and control system enables the H-Il launch vehicle to correct errors automatically and to maintain the planned orbit without commands from the ground station. The payload fairing protects the payload from the severe launch environment and from contamination on the ground. |Flight No.||Launch Date||Peyload| |TR-I-1||9/6/1988||The acquisition of the technical data for development of a H-II rocket| |1F||2/4/1994||Orbital Re-entry Experiment (OREX) H-II Launch Vehicle Evaluation Payload "Myojo"(VEP) |2F||8/28/1994||Engineering Test Satellite VI "KIKU-6"(ETS-VI)| |3F||3/18/1995||Space Flyer Unit (SFU) Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-5 "Himawari-5"(GMS-5) |4F||8/17/1996||Advanced Earth Observing Satellite "Midori"(ADEOS) Japan Amateur Satellite-3 "FUJI-3"(JAS-2) |6F||11/28/1997||Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission "TRMM" Engineering Test Satellite VII "KIKU-7"(ETS-VII) |7F||2/21/1998||Communications and Broadcasting Engineering Test Satellites "Kakehashi"(COMETS)| |8F||11/15/1999||Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) * Destruct Command was sent as the vehicle went out of the planned flight path.

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en

Michell, John. At The Center Of The World (NY: Thames & Hudson, 1994). Hancox, Joy. The Byrom Collection (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992). The Hermetic traditions of the Renaissance made use, broadly speaking, of three correlated systems in their attempt to comprehend the physical and metaphysical worlds. Two of those forms — magic, the universe expressed as symbol, and alchemy, the universe expressed as substance — have been fairly well known all through the modern Hermetic revival. The third, once known as mathesis and now more commonly called "sacred geometry" — the universe expressed as pattern — received far less attention for many years, although a series of important reprints and new publications in the last decade or so has done a great deal to redress the balance. The two books reviewed here each build, in a different sense, on that foundation. John Michell’s name is a familiar one not only among students of esoteric geometry but in the wider circles of what might, unkindly, be called fringe studies as well; his seminal The View Over Atlantis (1969) taught most of a generation about ley lines and megaliths. Central to much of his work, though, are ideas of proportion, geometry and numerical symbolism drawn straight from classical traditions of mathesis. These ideas hold center stage in his later works City Of Revelation (1972) and The Dimensions Of Paradise (1988); much of Michell’s work since the date of this latter has focused on the role of sacred geometry in the traditional geography of various ancient cultures. At The Center Of The World is a part of this project. Beginning with the image of the central hearth (in Latin, literally, focus), Michell goes on to explore the linked concept of the omphalos or world-center as the ritual locus of ancient systems of sacred kingship. He then maps out a series of traditional assembly-places in northwestern Europe, each standing at the geographic as well as the symbolic center of its surrounding region. The canon of numerology and geometry which Michell sees as underlying the whole system is outlined in a final chapter. One possibly disquieting part of this exploration is Michell’s proposal that the revival of a sacred monarchy and its associated omphalic center be used as a framework for the political reunification of Ireland. The Western esoteric tradition has a long history of becoming entangled in politics, dating back at least as far as Pythagoras, and a great deal of that involvement tends toward precisely this kind of revival of archaic forms; Plato’s Republic and Laws provide the classic examples. In practice, however, the mixing of politics and spirituality tends to debase both (would anyone actually want to live in either of Plato’s totalitarian utopias?), and it’s to be hoped that Michell’s proposals — harmless as they probably are — don’t encourage the direction of more energy down this particular blind alley. Still, as an introduction to the ways esoteric geometry can relate to the original meaning of the word “geometry” — earth measurement — At The Center Of The World is a good choice; it develops its themes capably, and does so (unlike, for example, much of The View Over Atlantis) using evidence which can be assessed by the methods of the ordinary historian. Those interested in Celtic and Norse traditions will also find it worth reading. Joy Hancox, the author of The Byrom Collection, is anything but a household name in esoteric circles, and her own contact with the Hermetic tradition came through the unlikely route of local historical research concerning a Manchester farmhouse she purchased. The collection of documents she unearthed in the course of this research, however, deserves much wider attention from esotericists than it has apparently received so far. A set of 516 geometrical drawings of varying shapes, sizes and topics, they may well prove to comprise the single most important body of work involving sacred geometry available in modern times. The collection apparently belonged to John Byrom, an eighteenth-century Freemason and fellow of the Royal Society, whose accomplishments included the invention of the first phonetic system of shorthand; the sources and earlier history of the documents in it are anyone’s guess, although Hancox makes some plausible speculations in her exploration of the collection and its history. Drawings shown in the book (a small fraction of the total) include Cabalistic and other esoteric diagrams, intricate geometric constructions, and architectural plans — including what are apparently the setting-out plans and elevations for all of the major theaters of Elizabethan London, including Shakespeare’s Globe. The obvious first question, given something of this scale, is whether the collection is a modern forgery. While a firm answer will have to rely on specialists in the subject, there is at least one point which argues for its authenticity — the fact that Hancox herself seems to have little notion of the meaning and significance of many of the drawings. Her efforts to educate herself about the background of the collection are praiseworthy, and included both academic and esoteric sources; still, scholars and Hermeticists alike will wince at a fair number of the statements and conclusions she makes in the book. The Byrom Collection nonetheless provides a helpful introduction, both to the collection itself and to the milieu from which it appears to have come. The real value of this book, though, is in its reproductions of the drawings. Most of them are highly legible photographs, clear enough to study in detail, giving the book real value to the practicing sacred geometer. Something more will be needed, though, if the potential of this remarkable discovery is to be realized. The best of all possible worlds would be a full-size facsimile edition of the drawings, but almost any further publication of (or about) these documents would be a welcome event. — John Michael Greer

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en

By Ilan Pappé Palestine was a land without people, waiting for the people without a land Palestinians resorted to acts of terror against Jewish settlers prior to the creation of Israel Myths around the creation of Israel Israel was a benign democratic state prior to 1967 The Palestinian struggle has no aim other than terror Israel was forced to occupy the West Bank and Gaza in 1967, and must hold these territories until others are ready for peace Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza with benevolent intentions, but was forced to respond to Palestinian violence The Oslo Accords reflected a desire on both sides to reach a solution The Second Intifada was a mass terror attack orchestrated by Arafat A solution in Israel and Palestine is just around the corner The first is that Palestine was a land without people waiting for the people without land. The first part was successfully proved to be false by a number of excellent historians who showed that before the arrival of the early Zionists, Palestine had a thriving society, mostly rural, but with a very vibrant urban center. It was a society like all the other Arab societies around it, held under Ottoman rule and part of the empire, but nonetheless one which witnessed the emergence of a nascent national movement. The movement would probably have turned Palestine into a nation state, like Iraq or Syria, had Zionism not arrived on its shores. The second part of this mythology is also doubtful, but less significant. Several scholars, among them Israelis, doubted the genetic connection between the Zionist settlers and the Jews who lived the Roman time in Palestine or were exiled at the time.This is really less important, as many national movements create artificially their story of birth and plant it in the distant past.The important issue, however, is what you do in the name of this narrative. Do you justify colonization, expulsion andkilling in the name of that story, or do you seek peace and reconciliation on its basis?It does not matter whether the narrative is true or not. What matters is that it is vile if, in its name, you colonize, dispossess and in some cases even commit acts of genocide against indigenous and native people. The second foundational mythology was that the Palestinians from early on resorted to an anti-Semitic campaign of terror when the first settlers arrived, and until the creation of the state of Israel. As the diaries of the early Zionists show, they were well received by the Palestinians who offered them abode and taught them in many cases how to cultivate the land. It was only when it became clear that these settlers did not come to live next to or with the native population, but instead of it, that the Palestinian resistance began. And when that resistance started it was not different from any other anti-colonialist struggle. The third myth is set of Israeli fables about the 1948 The first was that the Palestinians are to be blamed for what occurred to them since they rejected the UN partition plan of November 1947. This allegation ignores the colonialist nature of the Zionist movement. It would have been unlikely that the Algerians, for instance, would have accepted the partition of Algeria with the French settlers ~ and such a refusal would not be deemed unreasonable or irrational. What is morally clear is that such an objection, in the case of any other Arab country, should not have justified the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians as a ‘punishment’ for rejecting a UN peace plan that was devised without any consultation with them. Similarly absurd is the myth that the Palestinians left their homes voluntarily or as a result of a call by their leaders and those of the neighboring Arab states, supposedly to make way for the invading Arab armies that would come to liberate Palestine. There was no such call ~ this myth was invented by the Israeli foreign minister in the early 1950s. Later on Israeli historians changed the mythology and claimed that the Palestinians left, or fled, because of the war.But the truth of the matter is that already half of those who became refugees in 1948 were expelled before the war commenced, on May 15, 1948. The research proved that the Palestinians had no military power whatsoever. On the second point, the Arab states sent only a relatively small contingent of troops to Palestine, and they were smaller in size, and far less equipped or trained than the Jewish forces.Moreover, and highly significant, is the fact that these troops were sent into Palestine after May 15, 1948 when Israel had already been declared as a state, as a response to an ethnic cleansing operation that the Zionist forces had begun in February 1948. As for the myth of the extended hand of peace, the documents show clearly an intransigent Israeli leadership that refused to open up negotiations over the future of post-Mandatory Palestine, or consider the return of the people who had been expelled or fled. While Arab governments and Palestinian leaders were willing to participate in a new and more reasonable UN peace initiative in 1948, the Israelis assassinated the UN peace mediator, Count Bernadotte, and rejected the suggestion by the Palestine Conciliation Commission (PCC), a UN body, to reopen negotiations. This intransigent view would continue and as Avi Shlaim has shown in The Iron Wall that, contrary to the myth that the Palestinians never missed an opportunity to miss peace, it was Israel that constantly rejected the peace offers that were on the table. The fourth mythology is that Israel was a benign democratic state, seeing peace with its neighbors, and offering equality to all its citizens before the June 1967 war. This is a myth propagated alas by some notable Palestinian and pro-Palestinian scholars ~ but it has no historical foundation in facts. One fifth of the Israeli citizenship was subjected to a ruthless military rule based on draconian British mandatory emergency regulations that denied them any basic human and civil rights. Within this period more than fifty Palestinian citizens were killed by the Israeli security forces. At the same time, Israel pursued aggressive policies towards its Arab neighbors, attacking them for allowing refugees to try and return, or at least retrieve their lost property and husbandry. In collusion with Britain and France, Israel also tried to topple Gamal Abdul Nasser’s legitimate regime in Egypt. The fifth myth is that the Palestinian struggle is that of terrorism and nothing more. The struggle led by the PLO was a liberation struggle against a colonialist project. Somehow the world finds it difficult to grant legitimacy to anti-colonialist struggle when most of the oppressed are Muslims and the oppressor is Jewish. The sixth myth is that the 1967 war forced Israel to occupy the West Bank and the Gaza strip and keep them in custody until the Arab world, or the Palestinians, are willing to make peace with the Jewish State. The Israeli political and military elite regarded the 1948 war as a missed opportunity: a historical moment in which Israeli could have occupied the whole of historical Palestine (from the river Jordan to the Mediterranean Sea). The only reason they did not do it was because of a tacit agreement with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: in return for Jordan’s limited participation in the general Arab war effort, Jordan would be allowed to annex the West Bank. Following 1948, the Israeli elite were looking for an opportunity and planned carefully from the mid-1960s how to implement a plan to have it all. There were several historical junctures in which the Israelis nearly did it ~ but holdback at the last moment. The most famous instances were in 1958 and 1960. In 1958, the leader of the state and its first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, aborted plans at the last moment due to fears of international reaction. In 1960, Ben-Gurion held back because of his demographic fears ~ thinking that Israel cannot incorporate such a large number of Palestinians. The best opportunity came in 1967, regardless of the Israeli mythology of not wishing to go to war against Jordan, but being forced to react to Jordanian aggression. There was no need for Israel to remain in the West Bank, if this were just another round of tension between the two states. Incorporating the West Bank and the Gaza Strip within Israel was an Israeli plan since1948 that was implemented in 1967. The seventh myth was that Israel intended to conduct a benevolent occupation but was forced to take a tougher attitude because of Palestinian violence.Israel regarded from the very beginning any wish to end the occupation ~ whether expressed peacefully or through a struggle ~ as terrorism. From the beginning, it reacted brutally by collectively punishing the population for any demonstration of resistance.The Palestinians were offered two options:1) to accept life in an Israeli open prison, enjoy limited autonomy, and the right to work as underpaid labor in Israel, bereft of any workers’ rights, or2) resist, even mildly, and risk living in a maximum security prison subjected to instruments of collective punishment, including house demolitions, arrests without trial, expulsions, and in severe cases, assassinations and murder.The major reality change that Palestinians had to accept ~ or risk enduring punishment ~ was that Israeli would unilaterally decide which part of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip will be taken from them forever and annexed to Israel. At this point in time, more than half of the West Bank has been annexed in one way or another, while the Gaza strip has been left alone eventually as an area over which Israel wishes to exercise a direct rule. Part of this myth related to assertions about the Palestinian Liberation Organization(PLO) ~ assertions promoted by liberal Zionists both in the USA and Israel, and shared with the rest of the political forces in Israel about the PLO’s struggle.The allegation was that the PLO ~ inside and outside of Palestine ~was conducting a war of terror for the sake of terror.Unfortunately, this demonization is still very prevalent in the West and has been accentuated after 2001 by the attempt to equate Islam, terrorism and Palestine.The PLO was, in fact, recognized as the sole and legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by more states than have recognized Israel.It is noteworthy that this demonization continued even after the Oslo Accords of1993, through which Israel supposedly recognized the PLO as a legitimate partner. Even the Palestine Authority is still depicted by Israel as an outfit that supports terror. The worst kind of demonization, which convinced the Western world to resort to political boycott, was directed at the Hamas. While international civil society continues to question such a characterization, mainstream media and politicians still fall foul to this slander. The eighth myth is that the Oslo Accords were a peace process that was born out the wish of both sides to reach a solution. The idea of partitioning Palestine already back in the 1930s was a Zionist concept that the Palestinians refused to cave in to. In the meantime, the share of the land the Israelis were willing to offer the Palestinians went down from half of the land to 15 percent of it. The willingness to call this 15 percent a state could not hide the fact that the Oslo process, devised solely by Israelis, offered only a fragmented Bantustan for the Palestinians, and no “right of return” or other solution for the millions of Palestinian refugees. Oslo was the result of a matrix of events that had disempowered the PLO and its leader, Yasser Arafat, to such an extent that against the advice of his best friends, he went into this process hoping to gain independence in at least part of Palestine. The end result was an almost total destruction of Palestine and the Palestinians. The ninth myth is that the Second Intifada was a mega terrorist attack sponsored and, in a way, planned by Arafat. The truth is, it was a mass demonstration of dissatisfaction with the betrayal of Oslo, compounded by the provocative action of Ariel Sharon and his likes around the holy places for Islam in Palestine. This nonviolent protest was crushed by brutal force by Israel, which led to a more desperate Palestinian response: the expanded use of suicide bombs as a last resort against Israel’s overwhelming military power. There is telling evidence by Israeli newspaper correspondents how their reporting on the early stages of the Intifada ~ as a nonviolent movement that was crushed violently ~ was shelved by the editors so as to fit the narrative of the government. That narrative of the Palestinians aborting the peace process by force, and thus “reaffirming” what Israel has always said about them ~ i.e. that they do not miss an opportunity to miss an opportunity for peace and that ‘there is no one to talk to on the Palestinian side’ ~ is particularly cynical. The Israeli government and army had tried by force to impose its own version of Oslo ~ one which was meant to perpetuate the occupation forever but with Palestinian consent ~ and even a feeble Arafat could not accept it. He and so many other leaders who could have led the Palestinians to reconciliation were targeted by the Israelis; and most of them, perhaps even Arafat as well, were assassinated. The last and tenth myth is that there is a solution in Israel and Palestine just around the corner: the “two state solution” will fall into place, and the conflict will be nearly over. This corner is definitely not upon this earth, maybe somewhere in the universe. The reality on the ground, that of a massive colonization and direct annexation of vast part of the West Bank to Israel, would render any resulting state a sad Bantustan. If such a state is ever agreed to, it would be a Bantustan without any proper sovereignty. Even worse, Palestine would be defined as only 20 percent of what it actually is, and the Palestinians would be defined only as those who live in the West Bank. (Significantly, the Gaza strip seems to have been excluded from discussions of a future state, and many parts of Jerusalem are also not included in the envisaged state). The “two state solution,” as mentioned above, is an Israeli invention that was meant to allow it to square a circle: to include the West Bank within Israel’s control without incorporating the population that lives there. Thus, it was suggested that part of the West Bank would be autonomous and maybe even a “state” in return for the Palestinians giving up all their hopes: hopes for the return of refugees, for equal rights for the Palestinians in Israel, for the fate of Jerusalem, and for a normal life as human beings in their homeland. Any criticism to this mythology is branded as anti-Semitism. But in fact, this policy and mythology is the main reason why anti-Semitism is still exists. Israel insists that what it does, it does in the name of Judaism. Hence it creates an association between the Zionist colonization and Jewish religion in the minds of twisted people. This association should be rejected in the name of Judaism. Indeed, for the sake of universal values, the right of everyone who lives in Palestine (or was expelled) should be respected. The right for all peoples in Israel and Palestine to live as equals should top the agenda of all efforts for peace and reconciliation in the region. There are so many other myths about Palestine that one would not know where to begin. However, please allow me, Noor, to humbly add one more MYTH to explode.

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O)verall: Width x Depth x Height [max.265, 130, 210] cast iron and brass on wood pedestal For educational use only. All rights reserved by the contributor(s) and publisher(s). The slider-crank is a basic mechanism to convert circular motion into oscillating linear motion or vice versa. The eccentric-slider is a topological cousin to the slider-crank in that it has four links, one sliding joint and three cylindrical joints. Reuleaux created seven variations of this kinematic circuit by changing the ratio of the diameter of the cylindrical joints to the lengths of the links. Reuleaux called this variation “pin expansion”. In the present model, a small brass disc is driven eccentrically about a fixed pin that, in turn, drives a larger iron disc through a combination of rotary and oscillatory sliding motions. The inside of the outer brass shell acts as the diameter of the connecting link-slider joint, and is clearly greater in size than the lengths of both the crank link and the connecting links. Thus, the connecting link-crank pin is contained within the slider pin, and the crank pin is contained within the connecting link-crank pin. Eccentrics were often used in steam engine control linkage. This model is obviously not made at the workshop of the Polytechnic School at Karlsruhe and seems to be the Reuleaux-Voigt model E06.

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en

The Travancore tortoise (Indotestudo travancorica) is a large forest tortoise growing up to in length. It primarily feeds on grasses and herbs. It also feeds on molluscs, insects, animal carcass, fungi and fruits. It occurs in hill forests at 450-850 m elevation. Males combat by ramming their shell during their breeding season between November and March. It makes a shallow nest in the ground and lay 1-5 eggs. Hatchlings are 55-60 mm in size. The tortoise is hunted and it is threatened due to forest fires, habitat destruction and fragmentation. Identification: a scute right behind the head is absent and the second scute along the vertebral column is located at the highest point of the shell. Status: IUCN Red list - Vulnerable; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act: Schedule IV.

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Attach a screenshot (using camera) of a bouncing switch. Explain in a few sentences how the synchronization block synchronises the input switch. Why are we triggering on the negative edge of the Switch, and not the positive? Explain what exactly these two functions do, and where they are defined. Give the memory address of potential registers that get written or reset, including bit indexes of the bits that get changed. Pause your debugging session and add a breakpoint to one of the interrupt service routines. Resume the operation and hit one of the switches. Your debugger should stop right at your breakpoint. Inspect the disassembled code. Which registers are used by the interrupt routine? And what does the Explain in two sentences why we have a text "Wait For Interrupt" in between every interrupt service routine. Perform 10 latency measurements. What is the mean time and standard deviation of your measurements? Perform 10 latency measurements of your new code. What is the mean time and standard deviation of your measurements? Explain the behavior in two sentences. Explain in a few sentences what the MSS_GPIO_* functions exactly do. Especially, which registers do they modify? What other functions are provided by the MSS_GPIO drivers? List all of them with one sentence per function explaining its purpose. Run the application you just wrote on your board and connect a serial terminal to the serial port. Push the switch several times. Which of the two interrupts fires first? Compare it to your answer that you just wrote down. Explain in two sentences why this interrupt gets handled before the other one. Explain in two sentences which specific registers you modified by using Explain the output. What happened? And why is the string the same, even though that we have two different Explain at least two methods on how to avoid this problem.

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A torture test is an evaluation of an item's ability to withstand extreme conditions. Such tests may be conducted by product manufacturers, reviewers, and even end users. Typically, a torture test subjects the item in question to a number of severe trials that far surpass anything it would be likely to encounter in real-world usage. Torture tests for computers usually force your CPU to work at 100% of its capacity for an extended period of time, to evaluate how well the CPU, cooling system, and power supply are working. One of the best known torture tests for computers is Prime95, a program designed to find Mersenne prime numbers. Some benchmark ing products, such as SiSoftware's Sandra, also include a torture test mode. In the 1950s, Timex watches were famously subjected to a variety of ingenious torture tests; the company's advertising featured Timexes affixed to a giant lobster claw, spinning in a vacuum cleaner, and fastened onto Mickey Mantle's bat, among other things.

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en

Little has been documented on the biology of this species, but there are certain biological characteristics known to be common to most, if not all, birdwing butterflies. After mating, females immediately seek out appropriate host plants on which to lay their eggs, usually on plants of the genera Aristolochia and Pararistolochia (both in the family Aristolochiaceae), on which the caterpillar larvae subsequently feed (6). Once the caterpillars hatch, they voraciously munch through the leaves around them. Feeding upon these plants also serves as a defensive mechanism, as they contain certain chemicals that make the caterpillars toxic and therefore unpalatable to most predators (7). The caterpillars eventually pupate and undergo metamorphosis into adult butterflies, and may even manage to maintain toxic chemicals in their tissues into adulthood (7). Troides birdwings typically pupate on the twigs or stems of plants close to the larval food plant or on the food plant itself (3). Adults of this species feed on nectar of Mussaenda blossom and other flowers (5).

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“My God, what have we done?” Reportedly, these were the words of Robert Lewis, the co-pilot of Enola Grey, the B-29 that dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on 6th August 1945. Little more than five years earlier, in the spring of 1940, in the basement of a university building in Birmingham, two refugee scientists, the Austrian Otto Frisch and the German Rudolf Peierls, had joined forces to consider some of the consequences of the discovery, in 1939, of nuclear fission. “Suppose someone gave you a quantity of pure 235 isotope of uranium - what would happen?” Frisch asked. Several back-of-envelope calculations later, he and Peierls came to the shocking conclusion that - contrary to perceived wisdom in the scientific community - a lot would happen. With a relatively modest amount of pure uranium it would be possible to create a self-sustaining chain reaction which could be used in the creation of a nuclear bomb! The two scientists went on to draft a memorandum explaining their findings and - most remarkable for a scientific document - to discuss the implications of the possible use of a weapon, starting from a discussion of radioactivity and radioactive fall-out and ending with the moral implications of using such a weapon. The memorandum, regarded as so explosive in itself that the two ‘enemy aliens’ were not allowed to see it again as it was classified as a top-secret document, led to the creation of a working group and, eventually triggered Anglo-American collaboration which would result in a concerted international effort: the Manhattan Project! What if Frisch and Peierls, as most scientists at the time, had allowed themselves to be content with the perceived wisdom that a nuclear self-sustaining chain reaction and the creation of an atomic bomb were ‘merest moonshine’, as Ernest Rutherford, one of the ‘gurus’ of nuclear physics at the time had proclaimed? What if the Austrian and German had not emigrated to the UK and the calculation had been made in their native countries, used by Germany and Austria instead? What if the British authorities, on seeing the memorandum had not put in place a machinery to put the still highly theoretical considerations to the test? These hypothetical questions serve no other purpose than to emphasize the significance of what happened in the basement of this university 65 years ago: a calculation which had immense impact on global developments; an impact which has not always been fully comprehended and has often been overlooked. The Life and Work of Sir Rudolf Peierls Rudolf Peierls’ calculations of the critical mass of uranium may have been his scientific contribution with the most far-reaching consequences, but it was not his most significant scientific achievement. He added to our understanding of the world with his work in solid state, nuclear and particle physics, and equally significantly, he built an outstanding school of theoretical physics here at Birmingham as professor of mathematical physics between 1937 and 1964. My most recent research project which is going to be completed with the publication of a two-volume edition of the private and scientific correspondence of Rudolf Peierls has focussed on making accessible a valuable collection of documents to the wider research community. Unlike many other scientists of great stature and impact, Rudolf Peierls left a remarkable collection of material, and among others an almost complete correspondence, consisting of letters received as well as carbon copies of letters he sent. His life (1907-1995) spanned almost a century; his correspondence spans almost seven decades (1926-1995) and covers a wide variety of topics: science, culture, and politics. It witnesses the life of a German-born Jew who studied with the greatest scientists of his time, Einstein, Planck, Heisenberg, Pauli, Bohr, Nernst, and who was friends with most of the greatest physicists of his own generation Bethe, Placzek, Frisch, von Weizsäcker, Rotblat, Oppenheimer, to name but a few. The correspondence gives insights into the life of those individuals, it explains the dynamics of an academic community under extreme pre-war and war-time circumstances; it throws light on the trials and tribulations of Jewish scientists under Hitler and their fate as émigrés in the United Kingdom and the United States. It opens insights into war-time science in universities and well beyond; it reflects the efforts to return to peace-time leadership in the world of academic science, and it demonstrates how Peierls, in an almost single-handed effort built, virtually from nothing, a world-class department of theoretical physics which could compete with any in the country, Europe, and arguably world wide. The edition of a selection of Rudolf Peierls’ letters with a comprehensive scholarly apparatus attempts to make this valuable source accessible to a wide range of scholarship: scientific, historical and science historical. It puts the letters into their historical and scientific context and thereby aims to tell a multi-facetted story of a most significant local hero of global stature. More Information: http://www.hero.ac.uk/uk/research/archives/2004/spy_story.cfm?view=print

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What is masa harina? Masa harina is a type of corn flour used in Mexican and Latin American cooking to make the dough for tortillas, tamales and pupusas. Masa, which means "dough" in Spanish, is made from dried corn kernels that are cooked and soaked in limewater and then ground. Masa harina is the dried and powdered version of masa that is then turned back into dough by adding water. It is not the same thing as regular corn meal or corn flour and should not be substituted.

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en

In 1936, six mystery writers collaborated on a screenplay entitled, The President’s Mystery. The idea for this collaboration came from President Franklin D. Roosevelt, an avid fan of mystery novels. Elliot Roosevelt, son of Franklin and Eleanor, was an author of sixteen mysteries, each with the subtitle, An Eleanor Roosevelt Mystery. In these books, the first lady plays a detective solving murders that occurred in the capital. In this lesson, students will learn about mystery writers throughout history as well as the evolution of the style of writing utilized by mystery writers. Access to a public library and/or access to the Internet. 1. Begin the class by either listening to a CD of The Shadow radio program (available at public libraries) or reading a pulp magazine story of The Shadow (available on the Internet). 2. After listening to the show or reading the story have a discussion using the following questions: - What was the mystery about? - How did the writer keep the audience interested? - Who was the hero? - Who was the villain? - What surprises were in the story? - Why do we like surprises? 3. Explain to students that learning is simply solving mysteries and solving mysteries is discovering surprises. 4. Explain to students that the tradition of mystery stories can be traced back as far as Ancient Greece; audiences in Ancient Greece watched mystery dramas produced by Sophocles and Euripides. 5. Divide the class into three groups and give each group the list below of famous mystery writers. Tell the students that as a group they are to research the lives of the authors, read reviews of the authors’ writings, and read at least one story of each author. Explain to students that this amount of research and reading requires collaboration and cooperation of a group. Tell students that they should divide the reading between group members and report back to the group their findings once a week. Also tell students that they must all become experts on the authors below in order to complete the task that you will give them in six weeks. - Edgar Allen Poe - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - Agatha Christie - Dorothy Sayers - Lee and Dannay - Sammuel Dashiell Hammet - Earl Derr Biggers - Erie Stanley Gardner - Leslie Charteris - Evan Hunter (Ed McBain) - Carolyn Keene 6. At the first group meeting allow students the freedom to make decisions on dividing tasks. If they need advice, the following steps could be used for group meetings and individual tasks: - Week one: divide authors between group members and each student research the life of his or her assigned author. - Week two: Report back to the group regarding findings about the authors’ lives, continue reading about authors’ lives, and select and begin reading one of the author’s stories. - Week three: Report back to the group regarding findings and continue reading story. - Week four: Report back to the group the plot and characters of the mystery being read and complete reading story. - Week five: Report back to the group the conclusion of the story and begin reading reviews of the author. - Week six: Report back findings of reviews. 7. Once a week, give students class time to report their findings back to the group. Advise the groups to keep minutes of these meetings and that these minutes will help them solve the mystery you are going to give them. 8. In the seventh week, notify students that the mystery they must solve is creating a play that would convey their findings to an audience. 9. In the original groups, have students discuss the following questions: - Who are the main characters? Will the authors tell the story of the history of mysteries? Will the characters of the stories tell the story of the history of mysteries? - What was the evolution of the mystery story and how might this be conveyed to an audience in the form of a play? For example, the Sherlock Homes story introduced science into the mystery story. A component of the play could be a discussion between Sherlock Holmes and Watson on the importance of science in a mystery. Edgar Allan Poe could be described as the father of the modern mystery. Should he be the narrator of the play? - Should the play be a mystery story, a drama with monologues, a comedy? - What should be the plot of this story? 10. Once each group has answered the above questions, have the class as a whole discuss what each group decided and why. Encourage students to debate their decisions and then come to a conclusion regarding what is best. 11. Once the class has made these decisions, write the play either as a class, in small groups, or individually. Extending the Lesson: To extend this lesson, invite parents and community members to class and have the students perform the play written. If more than one play is written in groups or individually, have the class vote on which play to perform. Sources & Resources: Biggers. Earl Derr. Charlie Chan: 5 Complete Novels. New York: Random House Value Publishing, 1981. Charteris, Leslie. Saint: 5 Complete Novels. New York: Random House Value Publishing, 1983. Christie, Agatha. Masterpieces in Miniature: The Detectives: Stories by Agatha Christie. New York: St. Martin’s Minotaur, 2005. Doyle, Arthur Conan. Complete Sherlock Holmes. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1906. Evans, Richard Paul. The Christmas Box Collection: The Christmas Box/Timepiece/ The Letter. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. Hammet, Dashiell. Dashiell Hammet: Complete Novels: Red Harvest/The Dain Curse/The Maltese Falcon/The Glass Key/The Thin Man. New York: Penguin Books, 1928. Hillerman, Tony and Herbert, rosemary. The Oxford Book of American Detective Stories. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Keene, Carolyn. The Best of Nancy Drew Classic Collection. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987. King, Rufus, Elin, Stanley, Coxe, George Harmon, Pentecost, Hugh, Lockridge, Francis, Lockridge, Richard, Gilbert, Michael, Armstrong, Charlotte, Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Ellery Queen’s 15th Mystery Annual. New York: Random House, 1960. Poe, Edgar Allan. Stories and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Evanston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Complete Stories and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: DoubleDay, 1966. Sayers, Dorothy. Dorothy Sayers: The Complete Stories. Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 1972. History of Mysteries: Edgar Allen Poe: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: Lee and Damay: Earl Derr Biggers: Erie Stanley Gardner: Evan Hunter (Ed McBain): This lesson was written by Debra L. Clark, Kent State University.

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The Canadian government mobilized the Northwest Field Force under Major General Frederick Middleton. The militia was to stop Riel and quell uprisings by the Indians that had broken out near Battleford and Fort Pitt. Battalions were dispatched on the not-yet completed Canadian Pacific Railway. The CPR was near bankruptcy, and was literally saved by the Rebellion, a fact which has led to several conspiracy theories. General Middleton had a simple plan; three columns of troops would move north from three different points along the railway to intervene in the threatened areas. General Middleton started at Troy and moved toward Batoche and the Métis; Colonel Otter left from Swift Current for Battleford to confront Chief Poundmaker; and General Strange and his French-Canadian troops headed north from Calgary to Edmonton and then down the Saskatchewan River for Big Bear's encampment near Fort Pitt. The steamer "The Northcote" was sent up the South Saskatchewan River with troops and supplies. Middleton also had acquired a new military weapon that was making news in the United States; the vaunted Gatling Gun. Gabriel Dumont and 350 Métis were to defend Batoche. Dumont believed that the only effective way of accomplishing this was by a quick surprising strike and an immediate withdrawal. Riel was opposed to this plan. He wanted to avoid violence as long as possible, in the hope of carrying negotiations through to a successful conclusion. This attitude of Riel and his lack of support for his General Dumont, had disastrous consequences for the Métis, as it enabled Middleton to advance to batoche in safety. Dumont's next strategy was to set a trap for Middleton at Fish Creek. On April 24, 1885, Riel and Dumont set out from Batoche with 200 Métis. As they arrived at Fish Creek, Riel once again changed his mind and wanted the Métis to return to Batoche. At that moment a messenger brought word to them that another Mounted Police detachment was approaching Batoche from the direction of Qu'Appelle. Dumont sent 50 men back to Batoche under Riel's leadership. When the soldiers attacked at Fish Creek, the soldiers fought from the open at the top of the coulee where they were easy targets. Many of them were killed. In the fighting, the Métis were forced to gradually withdraw to the bottom of the coulee where they were hidden and protected by thick willow bushes. With Gabriel Dumont in command, the battle of Fish Creek ended in a stalemate which the Métis regarded as a victory because they had succeeded in checking the Middleton's advance and caused heavy losses to the government troops. During this time, the Métis Provisional government held regular meetings. Their government decided that Riel's position was that of a prophet. Each morning, Riel brought new religious ideas to be discussed and voted on. Also, many of them accepted Riel's belief that God would use a miracle to help the Métis win the next battle. Métis people were very religious, having been influenced from the beginning of their nation building by the Roman Catholic Church and in particular, the Grey Nuns of Montreal. Their faith in Riel during this period of time is to be expected; however, within a few days, things would change dramatically. Meanwhile, Dumont made plans to defend the village of Batoche. A series of rifle pits were dug around the village. Dumont sent messengers to ask all the Indians in the Northwest to join the Métis. Big Bear and Poundmaker were dealing with their own issues and their own battles, which kept them at a distance and they were not able to assist the Métis directly. Dumont had only 250 men to face 850 soldiers. Cautious after Fish Creek, Middleton stopped for two weeks to rest his men. The final battle took place from May 9th to 12th at Batoche. The Métis were dug in and trenches stretched the perimeter of the village. Middleton decided to attack Batoche from two sides at the same time. He planned to have a boat sent down the river to Batoche where it would attack from the west. Meanwhile, Middleton would lead his soldiers in an attack from the east. The steamer "Northcote" was prepared for battle by changing it into a gunboat. To provide protection from the Métis gunfire, the army used boards from Dumont's house and barn, part of Dumont's pool table and some food sacks. Dumont's house was then looted and burned. Thirty-five soldiers took up positions on th the gunboat, and it started down the river towards Batoche. As the gunboat reached Batoche, many of the Métis and Indians left their rifle pits and ran to the riverbank. There was an exchange of fire. As the boat passed Batoche, the Métis lowered a ferry cable they had strung across the river causing the smokestacks, spars, and steam whistle to be knocked over. The gunboat drifted out of control, on down the river. It did not return. This was Canada's first and only inland Naval war in her history. Middleton and his soldiers marched towards Batoche. They arrived an hour late, so the gunboat had already passed and the Métis and Indians were back in their rifle pits. Middleton had field guns and fired at the village of Batoche. The women and children fled in terror. Middleton began to attack with his soldiers. But the Métis men were fairly safe in their rifle pits which had been carefully hidden in the bushes. Once again, Middleton's soldiers fought from higher ground where they were easy targets. At the end of the first day of fighting, Middleton believed he was losing. The next morning, Middleton decided to delay a major attack. His men needed a rest, and he hoped that the Métis defense would weaken with time. For the next two days, Middleton made use of his field guns and the gatling gun, but he avoided a major attack. The Métis continued to use up their ammunition. By the morning of the fourth day, some of the Métis had realized that the battle was hopeless, so they left. Many of the Métis that remained were old men. They were running out of bullets. Some were firing stones from their shotguns. As the armies fought in the distance, a group of Métis in the town asked Riel to work a miracle. Middleton's army became over anxious and while Middleton was indisposed, they began a frontal attack. The attack was poorly organized and allowed many of the Métis to escape to the safety of the bushes. Riel and Dumont fled as well. For three days the Métis defenders battled innumerable odds and superior weaponry. With ammunition running out, the defenders had to resort to using nails and other metal fragments in place of bullets. Badly outnumbered, the Métis were driven from their trenches and forced to surrender on May 12, the fourth day of the battle. With the May 12 defeat of the Métis, Batoche was lost, families were scattered and the people lived in fear for themselves or their relatives who might be wounded and prosecuted(as had occurred 15 years earlier when the Red River Resistance came to its conclusion). Suddenly Batoche, the last great vestige of Métis dominion and the old way of life on the Western Plains caved in to military control. One by one, women and men began to turn themselves in to General Middleton's forces. In the process their weapons were confiscated despite protests that it would leave them without a means to hunt for food. As in past battles "To the victor go the spoils". Batoche was no exception. With the disappearance or imprisonment of the Métis; their cabins, farmlands, and possessions were ripe for the taking. Neither Middleton or the clergy were above reproach as they too participated in the looting. The impact and influence of the clergy in the community quickly vanished. During the battle the priests had attempted to talk the Métis out of fighting for what they believed in were their rights. When the Métis would not do what the Clergy wanted, the clergy acted as informants and passed on vital information gathered by the English Métis (in particular Charles Nolin) to the military. The priests also tried to blackmail the people by refusing to adminster the sacraments (holy communion) to those taking up arms and following Riel. Accidently, they denounced Riel as a heretic and when it came time to give up, they too collected Métis weapons as if they themselves were the military. With little faith left in the community for the church, members of the clergy such as Fathers Fourmond and Vegreville were finished. The parish at St. Louis was abandoned, and Fourmond hightailed it to Prince Albert. The ones who truly suffered, though, were the Métis. The human misery and suffering created by the conflicts along the valley of the South Saskatchewan was staggering. Families lost track fo their children. Many women, left behind when their men went to support Riel and Dumont, were without food, shelter or adequate clothing. They dared not return to their homes as those were being ransacked by soldiers; who, they thought, might imprison them as well as their men folk. Many had fled to the security of the woods and the caves that the women of the Métis Nation created a flag (the original Métis flag) in support of the battle. One of the familes Dumont assisted was Louis Riel's. Nobody knew where Riel was. For three days Dumont looked high and low for Riel. Finally thinking that Riel may have already turned himself in, Dumont took Riel's wife, Marguerite, and her two children to his father's home, Isidore Dumont. Isidore advised Gabriel to abandon his fight, to cease his hunt for Riel and to strike out for Montana where it was safe. He had no choice. Leaving behind his wife, Dumont bid farewell to his family and rode south with Michael Dumas. About a year after reaching the safety of the United States, Dumont joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. After that, thousands of people paid to see Dumont demonstrate his riding and shooting talents. In 1886, the Canadian Government declared a general amnesty. Eight years after the fighting, Dumont returned home where he spent his remaining years hunting and farming. The two leaders reacted differently to this defeat. Both were hidden in the woods and ravines around Batoche. Riel withdrew into the woods to pray. He made no attempt to flee. When Middleton demanded that he surrender, he replied that he would give himself up to fulfill God's will and that he wanted freedom for all his council and his people. He would surrender so that he could continue to defend the Métis cause. Riel's destiny was to be played out in a trial in Regina. The resistance was over. Poundmaker surrendered on May 23, but Big Bear was still at large. He was attempting to restore the unity which had existed on the plains. by the time Big Bear's people reached Loon Lake, some camped there while others, including prisoners went on. Shortly after this the Colonel Strange's soldiers caught up and attacked the camp. About five Indians were killed. With his braves dying of hunger and no more ammunition left, Big Bear finally gave himself up on July 2. This was the last of the fighting in the Northwest Rebellion. The subsequent trial of Riel, the Métis and Indian participants continues to be controversial in modern day Canada. It entrenched attitudes toward not only Métis people, but all of Canada's Aboriginal people. As well it further exacerbated the widening rift between English and French patriots.

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Bisphenol A (BPA) is everywhere: water bottles, food containers, canned food and more plastic products than you can imagine. BPA, a synthetic estrogen, has the strongest effects on babies and infants whose bodies are still growing and developing, but this toxic chemical’s endocrine-disrupting abilities have serious implications for adults, too. BPA has been linked to diabetes, heart disease, weight gain, infertility and disorders associated with the reproductive system. Because of its almost omnipresence in our everyday lives, avoiding BPA is hard—but not impossible! Minimize your contact with BPA by following these five steps. Want to avoid BPA? Avoid canned food! BPA lurks in the lining of canned foods. Photo By James Calder/Courtesy Flickr. 1. Eschew canned food. Food manufacturers use BPA in the lining of canned foods because the chemical creates a barrier between the food and the metal can. Eating canned food is riskier than you might think. One serving of canned food a day can expose you to 83 times the recommended limit for exposure to BPA outlined by the Environmental Protection Agency. Why bother with store-bought canned food products? Food fresh from the garden will not only taste better, it’s apparently better for you, too. 2. Just say "No" to number 7. Knowing your plastics will help you avoid BPA. Bisphenol A is the key building block in polycarbonate, a hard plastic labeled under the number 7 family of plastics. When heated, number 7 plastics can leach BPA. Before you buy, flip that plastic product over to see what number is located on its underbelly. If it’s a 7, put it back! If the plastic is either a number 2 (HDPE), 4 (LDPE) or 5 (PP), you’ve got the green light. These plastics are usually opaque and generally safe to use. 3. Opt out of receipts. Whenever the option is available (and reasonable), turn down receipts. Not only will you be saving otherwise wasted paper, you’ll keep free-floating BPA off your hands and out of your body. Unlike the BPA found in plastics, BPA from cash register receipts isn’t chemically bound, meaning it will stick to your hands. Receipts also contain much higher levels of BPA than plastics; a plastic bottle may only contain nanograms, mere traces, of BPA, but receipts can be covered in as much as 100 milligrams of this nasty chemical. Cash register receipts are a surprising source of BPA. Unlike the kind found in plastics, BPA from receipts isn't chemically bound, meaning your hands will be covered in BPA after handling receipts. Photo By Till Dettmering/Courtesy Flickr. 4. Breast Feed As one Natural Home reader commented on a previous post about BPA, there is no BPA in boobies! Baby bottles and infant formula, however, both contain traces of this chemical. A survey by the Environmental Working Group found that some of the leading makers of baby formula in the U.S. use BPA in their packaging. As BPA is hardest on the tiny, developing bodies of babies and infants, it’s best to avoid formula altogether and breast feed. If breast feeding is not an option for you and your baby, use powdered formula; the EWG’s study found that babies who drink powered formula receive 8 to 20 times less BPA than those fed liquid from a can. 5. Stop Drinking Soda The list of reasons not to drink soda is ever expanding. The most recent addition? BPA was found in 96 percent of soda cans tested. Energy drink cans contained the highest traces, but soft drinks weren’t without fault. As with canned food, manufacturers use BPA to line the cans and prevent the soda from coming into direct contact with the metal. How do you avoid BPA? Susan Melgren is the Web Editor of Mother Earth Living. Find her on Google+

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Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30, 1871, in Nelson, New Zealand, the fourth child and second son in a family of seven sons and five daughters. His father James Rutherford, a Scottish wheelwright, immigrated to New Zealand with Ernest's grandfather and the whole family in 1842. His mother, née Martha Thompson, was an English schoolteacher, who, with her widowed mother, also went to live there in 1855. Ernest received his early education in Government schools and at the age of 16 entered Nelson Collegiate School. In 1889 he was awarded a University scholarship and he proceeded to the University of New Zealand, Wellington, where he entered Canterbury College*. He graduated M.A. in 1893 with a double first in Mathematics and Physical Science and he continued with research work at the College for a short time, receiving the B.Sc. degree the following year. That same year, 1894, he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Science Scholarship, enabling him to go to Trinity College, Cambridge, as a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory under J.J. Thomson. In 1897 he was awarded the B.A. Research Degree and the Coutts-Trotter Studentship of Trinity College. An opportunity came when the Macdonald Chair of Physics at McGill University, Montreal, became vacant, and in 1898 he left for Canada to take up the post. Rutherford returned to England in 1907 to become Langworthy Professor of Physics in the University of Manchester, succeeding Sir Arthur Schuster, and in 1919 he accepted an invitation to succeed Sir Joseph Thomson as Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge. He also became Chairman of the Advisory Council, H.M. Government, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research; Professor of Natural Philosophy, Royal Institution, London; and Director of the Royal Society Mond Laboratory, Cambridge. Rutherford's first researches, in New Zealand, were concerned with the magnetic properties of iron exposed to high-frequency oscillations, and his thesis was entitled Magnetization of Iron by High-Frequency Discharges. He was one of the first to design highly original experiments with high-frequency, alternating currents. His second paper, Magnetic Viscosity, was published in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute (1896) and contains a description of a time-apparatus capable of measuring time intervals of a hundred-thousandth of a second. On his arrival at Cambridge his talents were quickly recognized by Professor Thomson. During his first spell at the Cavendish Laboratory, he invented a detector for electromagnetic waves, an essential feature being an ingenious magnetizing coil containing tiny bundles of magnetized iron wire. He worked jointly with Thomson on the behaviour of the ions observed in gases which had been treated with X-rays, and also, in 1897, on the mobility of ions in relation to the strength of the electric field, and on related topics such as the photoelectric effect. In 1898 he reported the existence of alpha and beta rays in uranium radiation and indicated some of their properties. In Montreal, there were ample opportunities for research at McGill, and his work on radioactive bodies, particularly on the emission of alpha rays, was continued in the Macdonald Laboratory. With R.B. Owens he studied the "emanation" of thorium and discovered a new noble gas, an isotope of radon, which was later to be known as thoron. Frederick Soddy arrived at McGill in 1900 from Oxford, and he collaborated with Rutherford in creating the "disintegration theory" of radioactivity which regards radioactive phenomena as atomic - not molecular - processes. The theory was supported by a large amount of experimental evidence, a number of new radioactive substances were discovered and their position in the series of transformations was fixed. Otto Hahn, who later discovered atomic fission, worked under Rutherford at the Montreal Laboratory in 1905-06. At Manchester, Rutherford continued his research on the properties of the radium emanation and of the alpha rays and, in conjunction with H. Geiger, a method of detecting a single alpha particle and counting the number emitted from radium was devised. In 1910, his investigations into the scattering of alpha rays and the nature of the inner structure of the atom which caused such scattering led to the postulation of his concept of the "nucleus", his greatest contribution to physics. According to him practically the whole mass of the atom and at the same time all positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a minute space at the centre. In 1912 Niels Bohr joined him at Manchester and he adapted Rutherford's nuclear structure to Max Planck's quantum theory and so obtained a theory of atomic structure which, with later improvements, mainly as a result of Heisenberg's concepts, remains valid to this day. In 1913, together with H. G. Moseley, he used cathode rays to bombard atoms of various elements and showed that the inner structures correspond with a group of lines which characterize the elements. Each element could then be assigned an atomic number and, more important, the properties of each element could be defined by this number. In 1919, during his last year at Manchester, he discovered that the nuclei of certain light elements, such as nitrogen, could be "disintegrated" by the impact of energetic alpha particles coming from some radioactive source, and that during this process fast protons were emitted. Blackett later proved, with the cloud chamber, that the nitrogen in this process was actually transformed into an oxygen isotope, so that Rutherford was the first to deliberately transmute one element into another. G. de Hevesy was also one of Rutherford's collaborators at Manchester. An inspiring leader of the Cavendish Laboratory, he steered numerous future Nobel Prize winners towards their great achievements: Chadwick, Blackett, Cockcroft and Walton; while other laureates worked with him at the Cavendish for shorter or longer periods: G.P. Thomson, Appleton, Powell, and Aston. C.D. Ellis, his co-author in 1919 and 1930, pointed out "that the majority of the experiments at the Cavendish were really started by Rutherford's direct or indirect suggestion". He remained active and working to the very end of his life. Rutherford published several books: Radioactivity (1904); Radioactive Transformations (1906), being his Silliman Lectures at Yale University; Radiation from Radioactive Substances, with James Chadwick and C.D. Ellis (1919, 1930) - a thoroughly documented book which serves as a chronological list of his many papers to learned societies, etc.; The Electrical Structure of Matter (1926); The Artificial Transmutation of the Elements (1933); The Newer Alchemy (1937). Rutherford was knighted in 1914; he was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1925, and in 1931 he was created First Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New Zealand, and Cambridge. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1903 and was its President from 1925 to 1930. Amongst his many honours, he was awarded the Rumford Medal (1905) and the Copley Medal (1922) of the Royal Society, the Bressa Prize (1910) of the Turin Academy of Science, the Albert Medal (1928) of the Royal Society of Arts, the Faraday Medal (1930) of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the D.Sc. degree of the University of New Zealand, and honorary doctorates from the Universities of Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, McGill, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Melbourne, Yale, Glasgow, Giessen, Copenhagen, Cambridge, Dublin, Durham, Oxford, Liverpool, Toronto, Bristol, Cape Town, London and Leeds. Rutherford married Mary Newton, only daughter of Arthur and Mary de Renzy Newton, in 1900. Their only child, Eileen, married the physicist R.H. Fowler. Rutherford's chief recreations were golf and motoring. He died in Cambridge on October 19, 1937. His ashes were buried in the nave of Westminster Abbey, just west of Sir Isaac Newton's tomb and by that of Lord Kelvin. From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1966 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1908

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Relating to or denoting glands which secrete their products through ducts opening on to an epithelium rather than directly into the blood: pancreatic exocrine secretion More example sentences - In a separate but related system, exocrine tissues secrete their products into ducts and then to the outside of the body or to the intestinal tract. - Pancreatic juice, an exocrine secretion, is vital for digestion. - Cystic fibrosis, a chronic genetic disorder that affects the exocrine glands, results in the production of excessive, thick mucus that obstructs the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs. Early 20th century: from exo- 'outside' + Greek krinein 'sift'. For editors and proofreaders Line breaks: exo|crine Definition of exocrine in: What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.

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About 8 percent of the USA population and 3 percent of the world population suffers from diabetes. Diabetes is a serious and chronic diseases that can result in many complications such as vascular damage, neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. Drugs used to control blood glucose levels in diabetes have side effects. As a result, alternative anti-diabetic therapies based on natural ingredients, such as Korean ginseng , are becoming more popular. Traditionally only the roots of Korean ginseng are used in herbal extracts, however other parts of the ginseng plant also contain interesting levels of ginsenosides. Actually ginseng leaves and berries contain higher levels of ginsenosides than ginseng roots. The antihyperglycemic effects of extract of the leaves and stem of Korean ginseng were determined in diabetic mice. The mice received injections or oral administration of Korean ginseng extract for 12 days. After fasting for hours, the blood glucose levels and body weight were determined. The mice, which were injected with a high dose (200 mg per kg) of Korean ginseng extract, showed a significant lower blood glucose level. The Korean ginseng extract inhibited blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner and increased overall glucose tolerance. The oral administration of Korean ginseng extract (300 mg per kg) also lowered blood glucose levels and resulted in a significant reduction of body weight. There are many theories to explain the anti-diabetic effect of Korean ginseng. One theory is that Korean ginseng lowers food intake and increases body temperature, thereby increasing the basal metabolic rate. Another theory suggests that Korean ginseng improves to sensitivity of cells to insulin or that it changes blood insulin levels. A third theory is that the antioxidant property of Korean ginseng extract results in a anti-diabetic action. The study concluded that ginsenosides extracted from the leaves and stems of Korean ginseng have some potential as anti-diabetic agent. Korean ginseng not only lowers blood glucose levels but also improves glucose tolerance. Extracts from leaves and stems of Korean ginseng could be developed into new anti-diabetic drugs, subject to confirmation in clinical trials.Source: Jing-tian Xie, Chong-zhi Wang, An-bao Wang, Jian Wu, Daniel Basila and Chun-su Yuan. Antihyperglycemic effects of total ginsenosides from leaves and stems of Panax ginseng (Korean Ginseng). Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, September 2005, 26 (9): 1104-1110

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Cannons make plenty of noise in Litchfield to celebrate Independence Day It was a deafening show of patriotism by a town that played a key role in the Revolutionary War. Things got started with a noon ceremony at historic East Cemetery honoring the town's two most famous patriots at their burial plots. The Mary Floyd Tallmadge Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution of Litchfield recognized Oliver Wolcott Sr. and Col. Benjamin Tallmadge for their contributions to the birth of the United States. Wolcott signed the Declaration of Independence, was a brigadier general during the early days of the war and served in the Continental Congress. After the war, he went into politics locally and would go on to become governor, just as his father, Roger Wolcott, did before him, and son, Oliver Wolcott Jr., did after him. But signing the Declaration of Independence was Wolcott's most famous contribution. "Signing the Declaration of Independence was an act of treason," Judey Buckbee, regent of the Mary Floyd Tallmadge Chapter, said during the tribute at Wolcott's grave. "The men who signed it put everything they had on the line. They put a noose around their necks." Capture by the British, Buckbee noted, would have meant death. Wolcott struck another blow to the British when a statue of King George that had been taken down in New York City was carted to his home on South Street and melted in the backyard orchard. It produced enough liquid metal to make 42,088 bullets for the Continental Army. The bullets were used in the victory over the British at Saratoga, N.Y. "The Continental Army fought Gen. Burgoyne's troops using molten majesty," Buckbee said. Tallmadge was the head of espionage for Gen. George Washington, operating an elaborate spy scheme known as the Culper Ring. Spies in New York City with access to British troops relayed information to Long Island, across Long Island Sound to Fairfield, and then by horse to Washington in upstate New York. "He was man with great leadership ability, conviction, courage, integrity and dedication," Paul Selnau, president of the Gov. Oliver Wolcott Sr. Branch of the Sons of the American Revolution, said of Tallmadge during the ceremony at Tallmadge's grave. "His life was a great adventure story." Joining the Mary Floyd Tallmadge Chapter and the Gov. Oliver Wolcott Sr. Branch in the tributes were representatives of the Charles Merriman Society of the Children of the American Revolution. The First Litchfield Artillery Regiment put an exclamation point on the ceremony at each grave with a blast of its cannon. The cannon was then hauled to the Green for the 13-gun salute to the original 13 colonies, a Litchfield tradition since 1963. Eric Hatch, founder of the regiment, was an author who collaborated on a 1963 magazine article entitled "Let Freedom Really Ring" with local artist Eric Sloane in which they proposed a nationwide ringing of church bells at 2 p.m. on Independence Day. Connecticut Sen. Abraham Ribicoff read the article and was so inspired that he proposed legislation in Congress calling for the bell ringing. The legislation was adopted June 26, 1963. After the 13-gun salute, the churches in the center of town rang their bells at exactly 2 p.m. Hatch died in Litchfield on July 4, 1973, at 2:15 p.m., just after the bells stopped ringing. "The timing was perfect as one could ask for, and Eric held on until his men had completed the ceremony," First Litchfield Artillery Regiment Commander Reggie Harrison said. Contact John McKenna at email@example.com. More Local stories - Winchester firefighters send off their beloved 62-year chief - Legislative session ends and campaigning begins - State economy in cellar - Main St. Marketplace isn't going anyplace - Seeing with mind's eye - Car tax keeps rolling along - Torch runs through it - $3.5 million goal for 'Y' campaign - Pavilion repairs, security cameras - 9 running for Region 14 seats - Malloy: Unions have strong case in Rowland ruling - Walsh under fire again - School budget passes on 3rd try - Budget defeated by slim margin - Police to share data on shootings - Library bridges tech divide for seniors - Panel will advise against closing Bakerville School - Salisbury may adopt 'pay-as-you-throw' - Work to resume at housing site - Witnesses urged to help end violence - Petition certification pending - Lecture series brings John Lewis to Kent - 3rd Kent Charity Golf Classic Monday - Trial set to begin for man accused of raping girl, 6 - Suspect arrested in home invasion case - Hoops stars, author part of mentor gig - Elderly housing approved - Diversity Day saluted - Night out rained out - Regional COGs want to mesh

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As technology continues to play a larger role in making our daily lives easier, so too can it be used against us. Recently, the California Supreme Court ruled it legal for police to search someone’s phone upon arrest, including texts and e-mails, without a warrant. Up until this decision, warrantless searches only applied to clothing and miscellaneous items such as cigarette packs, as both are routinely used to hide drugs. Law enforcement cite the need to gather evidence as a reason for the searches; in the case that led to the Supreme Court decision, an arrestee pleaded guilty after police showed him an incriminating text on his own phone. Sen. Mark Leno, an opponent of this practice, has introduced SB 914 which would require a warrant before cell phones could be searched. The bill has passed the Senate and is now being finalized by committee before facing a vote in the Assembly. Could obtaining a warrant negatively affect law enforcement’s handling of a crime? Is perusing a person’s cell phone an invasion of privacy? If the bill passes, is Governor Jerry Brown likely to sign it into law? Peter Scheer, Executive Director, First Amendment Coalition, one of the primary sponsor’s of Sen. Mark Leno’s Mobile Device Privacy bill SB 914 Jacqueline Lacey, Chief Deputy for the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s office

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A New York Times article asking how many people Manhattan could hold notes that "packing Manhattan as tightly as Kowloon Walled City, river to river, would mean jamming in 65 million people." I think in a lot of ways it's more illuminating to think about less extreme scenarios. Consider New Jersey, which is hardly a jam-packed tenement. It nonetheless contains five times as many per people square mile as California. In other words, if the Golden State were as dense on average as New Jersey over 188 million people would live there. And California is a mighty nice place to live. Thanks to its mild weather, Californians use very little energy to heat and cool their offices compared to most Americans. According to 2005 data, the average Californian had half the carbon footprint of the average American for roughly this reason. And yet a California that existed at a New Jersey level of population density would have even lower per capita CO2 emissions since many car trips would be shorter distances and a larger share of the population would be walking/biking/transiting around some of the time. And while of course this would be a dramatic transformation, my point is that unlike imagining Manhattan as Kowloon Walled city it's not a crazy idea. New Jersey isn't some bizarre slum arising as an accident of history. New Jersey's not even particularly crowded! Indeed, its small cities (Trenton, Newark, Camden) are all well below their historical population peaks. Needless to say, my book gets into this in more detail.

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by David Hosansky Everyday commutes may soon become observational deployments, thanks to a national initiative to improve driver safety and mobility. This spring in the Detroit area, NCAR scientists tested the prototype system, which ultimately will help protect drivers from being surprised by black ice, fog, and other weather hazards. Sheldon Drobot. (Photo by Carlye Calvin.) The system is designed to gather detailed information about weather and road conditions from moving vehicles. Within about a decade, it should enable motor vehicles equipped with wireless technology to transmit automated updates about local conditions to a central database, which will then relay alerts to other drivers in the area. “The goal is to reduce crashes, injuries, and deaths by getting drivers the information they need about nearby hazards,” says Sheldon Drobot, the NCAR program manager in charge of the project. “The system will tell drivers what they can expect to run into in the next few seconds and minutes, giving them chances to slow down or take other action.” NCAR’s road weather system is part of IntelliDrive, a service-marked accident-reduction initiative overseen by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). The system could alert drivers to threats that range from adverse road conditions to nearby vehicles that are moving erratically or running through red lights. The national program brings together federal and state transportation officials, motor vehicle manufacturers, engineering and planning firms, consumer electronics companies, and others. It follows a 2004 National Research Council report, Where the Weather Meets the Road, that called for a nationwide system to monitor highway weather and warn drivers about potential hazards. The report notes that an estimated 1.5 million motor vehicle accidents annually are associated with poor weather, resulting in about 7,400 deaths and 690,000 injuries. Each of the test cars driving around Detroit contained onboard equipment that collects, stores, and transmits weather data. In the future, such onboard equipment will be much smaller and integrated into the car design instead of taking up trunk space. (Photo by Michael Chapman.) For the road weather portion of IntelliDrive, vehicles will use sensors to measure atmospheric conditions such as temperature and pressure. An onboard digital memory device will record that information, along with indirect signs of road conditions, such as windshield wipers being switched on or activation of the antilock braking system. The information will be transmitted to a central database, where it will be integrated with other local weather data and traffic observations. The processed data will then be used to update motorists in the area when hazards are present and, when appropriate, suggest alternate routes. There are other benefits as well: such a system can alert emergency managers to hazardous driving conditions and enable state highway departments to more efficiently keep roads clear of snow. It can also help meteorologists refine their forecasts by providing them with continual updates about local weather conditions. Motor vehicle manufacturers plan to install the onboard equipment in every new vehicle sold in the United States within a few years as part of a voluntary program to improve driving safety. The incoming data would be anonymous; officials are working on guidelines to allow drivers to opt out of the system for privacy considerations. A deluge of data NCAR scientists and engineers tested the weather piece of the system in April by collecting information from 11 specially equipped cars in the Detroit area that sought out bad weather, especially heavy rain and snow. Engineers will analyze the reliability of the system by comparing data from the cars with other observations from radars and weather satellites. They will also look at whether different models of cars—in this case, Jeep Cherokees, Ford Edges, and a Nissan Altima—produce comparable measurements of weather and road conditions. “The results look very encouraging,” Drobot says. “The tests show that cars can indeed communicate critical information about weather conditions and road hazards.” During the tests, vehicles encountered snow, freezing rain, drizzle, heavy rain, and slush. The cars appear to provide additional information about road and weather conditions that more traditional instruments, such as radar, do not offer. NCAR’s Michael Chapman, who ran the Detroit test, noted, “There were locations where the radar showed decent echoes but there was no rain hitting the cars, and other spots with slightly higher reflectivity values where the drivers reported heavy rain.” One of the biggest challenges for NCAR is to determine how to process the enormous amounts of data that could be generated by about 300 million motor vehicles. The center has worked with the U.S. Department of Defense, the aviation industry, and other organizations to analyze complex weather observations. But the new system incorporates information from far more sources, and those sources are moving. NCAR engineers are developing mathematical formulas and other techniques to accurately interpret the information and eliminate misleading indicators. If, for example, a driver turns on the windshield wipers in clear weather simply to clean the windshield, the NCAR data system will identify that action as an outlier rather than issuing a false alert about precipitation. “It’s not enough to process the information almost instantaneously,” says William Mahoney, who oversees the system’s development for NCAR. “It needs to be cleaned up, sent through a quality control process, blended with traditional weather data, and eventually delivered back to drivers who are counting on the system to accurately guide them through potentially dangerous conditions.”

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Valentine’s Day traces its origins to an annual Roman pagan celebration, called Lupercalia, which was held every year on February 15. It remained popular well into the fifth century A.D. – at least 150 years after Constantine made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Roman Catholic Church, which disapproved of the celebration, linked the festival to the legend of St. Valentine. In the third century A.D., Roman Emperor Claudius II, seeking to bolster his army, forbade young men to marry. Valentine, according to the legend, defied the ban and performed marriages in secret. Valentine was executed in A.D. 270 – on February 14. The first Valentine’s Day card was sent in 1415 from France’s Duke of Orleans to his wife when he was a prisoner in the Tower of London following the Battle of Agincourt. Valentine’s Day cards – mostly handwritten notes – gained popularity in the U.S. during the Revolutionary War. Mass production started in the early 1900s. Hallmark began selling the cards 1913. Here are Valentine’s Day facts and figures from National Geographic: - The holiday this year is expected to generate $14.1 billion in retail sales in the United States. The number is down from last year’s $14.7 billion, because a number of consumers are choosing not to spend money on Valentine’s Day this year. - The average U.S. consumer is expected to spend $103 on Valentine’s Day gifts, meals, and entertainment, about 50 cents more per person than in 2009. - Spouses are spending less and plan to pay $63.34 on Valentine’s Day gifts for their significant other, down from last year’s $67.22 average. - Friends and co-workers will spend significantly more than they did last year, and more will be spent on pets. - Spending for practical gifts, such as winter clothing and accessories, is up, while only 35.6 percent of those celebrating will plan an evening out. That’s down from last year’s 47 percent. - U.S. men will spend nearly twice as much on the holiday as U.S. women. In 2010, the average man will spend $135.35 on Valentine’s Day gifts, while a typical woman will spend $72.28. - As usual, greeting cards will be the most common Valentine’s Day gifts. Fifty-five percent of U.S. consumers plan to send at least one. - About 190 million cards are sent each year. That figure doesn’t include the hundreds of millions of cards schoolchildren exchange. - About 47 percent of U.S. consumers will exchange Valentine’s Day candy, which will cost about $1 billion. About 75 percent of that billion is from sales of chocolate. Chocolate has been associated with romance at least since Mexico’s 15th- and 16th-century Aztec Empire. - About eight billion little candy hearts were made last year, with sayings such as “Be Mine.” I hope your Valentine’s Day is happy and successful. See the article “How to Have a Fantastic, Fun Valentine’s Day” on my blog The Survive and Thrive Boomer Guide for ideas on celebrating the big day.

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Last December 2 a strange signal reached Earth from a source thousands of light-years away in the center of our galaxy. The signal, composed of energetic outbursts of X-rays--up to 18 an hour, and each more powerful than the radiation from 100,000 suns--was immediately noticed by nasa’s Burst and Transient Source Experiment. batse, which flies onboard the orbiting Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, is designed to detect any gamma ray emissions (and energetic X-rays) in the sky. But while batse was busy gathering data on the unusual beacon, no scientists were yet aware of its presence. December 2 was a Saturday, and even astrophysicists occasionally take the weekend off. On Monday morning, however, when batse researchers examined the weekend’s data, they knew right away that they had something exciting. In the idiom of astrophysicists, the beacon was a burster--a neutron star sending out periodic bursts of X-rays (which by Monday had dropped to a frequency of about one an hour). But that discovery would not be the end of the story. About a week and a half after batse detected the bursting X-ray emissions, it picked up another X-ray signal. This one was much less energetic, but it was coming from the same general area of the sky as the X-ray outbursts. Within a few days, batse researchers had determined that the second signal was from a pulsar--a neutron star emitting a continuous beam of X-rays from its magnetic poles. The X-ray signals appear to pulse because the beam sweeps across the sky as the star rotates, and only periodically falls on Earth. These pulses, the researchers determined, were coming steadily at a rate of two per second. Then, in early January, the intensity of the original bursting signal increased. When the bursts became stronger, we could see modulations in that signal much more easily than before, and we could detect pulsations in it too, says astrophysicist Chryssa Kouveliotou, a batse senior research scientist. The timing of the two signals, researchers found, was identical. We knew that the burster and the pulsar were the same source, and we knew that we had a unique object. This bizarre bursting pulsar, as it came to be known (officially, it’s groj1744-28, or 1744 for short), shouldn’t exist, according to conventional theory. Both pulsars and bursters, astrophysicists have long thought, involve a binary system: two stars orbiting each other. One of those stars is an incredibly dense neutron star, ten or so miles in diameter, but with the mass of our sun. The other star is an expanding red giant, with a bloated outer shell of hydrogen that gets whisked away by the strong gravitational pull of its partner. The matter forms a disk around the neutron star and gradually spirals to the star’s surface. In the case of 1744, the two stars are some 12 million miles apart--just one-third the distance separating Mercury and our sun-- and orbit each other once every 12 days. Pulsars, according to conventional theory, are neutron stars with immense magnetic fields--about a trillion times the strength of Earth’s-- that funnel hydrogen pulled from their red-giant neighbor continuously down onto their magnetic poles. (The electrically conductive ionized hydrogen creates its own magnetic field, which allows the pulsar’s magnetic field to push and pull it around.) The pulsar’s gravity accelerates the hydrogen to about half the speed of light, and on impact the ions release tremendous amounts of energy in the form of X-rays, which stream out along the pulsar’s magnetic poles. The generation of X-rays on bursters, astronomers have thought, is different. Bursters, says Coleman Miller, an astrophysicist at the University of Chicago, are neutron stars that have weaker magnetic fields than pulsars--although still a hundred million or a billion times stronger than Earth’s. A burster’s magnetic field isn’t quite powerful enough to corral and funnel hydrogen toward the burster’s poles. In that case, Miller says, the matter falls all over the surface of the star. As with a pulsar, the hydrogen releases energy as it slams into the surface, but unlike a pulsar, the hydrogen is more dispersed--so the X-rays released upon impact radiate outward much more diffusely. Eventually, enough hydrogen accumulates on the star’s surface that the individual atoms are forced so close together that they fuse. Once the fusion gets going, Miller says, you end up with all the hydrogen that had accumulated going into helium in a flash--in other words, in a giant X-ray-producing thermonuclear explosion. When more hydrogen settles onto the star and heaps up to a critical density, another explosion occurs, releasing another burst of X-rays, and so on. Bursters and pulsars, then, are both thought to be manifestations of neutron stars. The neutron stars that give rise to pulsars just happen to have a more powerful magnetic field than does a burster’s progenitor. (Astronomers have no generally accepted explanation for what causes any neutron star’s magnetic field, no matter the strength.) Somehow, though, 1744 combines bursting and pulsing behavior in a single neutron star. Miller and his University of Chicago colleague Don Lamb, along with Ron Taam of Northwestern University, may have an explanation. They think a very strong magnetic field, tens of trillions of times the size of Earth’s and much stronger even than a normal pulsar’s field, generates the bursting pulsar’s signals. That field, they say, would funnel hydrogen from a red giant toward a small spot at the neutron star’s magnetic poles, just as in a normal pulsar. And as the matter dropped onto the star, it would release a steady stream of X-rays--again, like a normal pulsar. The difference, says Miller, is that the prodigious magnetic field would allow large amounts of hydrogen to accumulate on 1744’s poles. On a normal pulsar, only a small amount of matter accumulates on the poles before it fuses and self-destructs. Why? Radiation--in the form of photons- -can’t easily escape from hydrogen on the pulsar’s surface. The gravity is so strong, and the hydrogen atoms packed so densely at the poles of the pulsar, that photons from the hydrogen run into and get absorbed by clouds of electrons around the packed hydrogen. Very little radiation escapes, and the hydrogen rapidly heats up and fuses, releasing some X-rays. Since relatively little matter piles up before it fuses--and fusion is a relatively weak source of X-rays--the X-rays produced in this way on a normal pulsar are dwarfed by the X-rays produced by hydrogen as it falls onto the pulsar. On a bursting pulsar, though, the incredibly strong magnetic field would help the hydrogen to cool and pile up without fusing. The electrons in the hydrogen would be trapped and move up and down the bursting pulsar’s intense magnetic field lines, but not across them. Photons in that case would be less likely to hit electrons and could carry away more energy, cooling the hydrogen. So hydrogen could build up to the point at which when it fused, it would release an enormous burst of X-rays in addition to the regular stream of X-rays produced by the pulsar action. Further observations may reveal whether this theory about the origin of the signals from 1744 is right. In any event, 1744 has forced astrophysicists to rethink basic ideas about the nature of bursters and pulsars. It is a unique source, says Miller. We were lucky to have caught it.

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Sunday, September 30, 2007 "There is a myth that has gained increasing currency in many quarters that the Palestinians and the Arabs should not suffer as a result of what was done to the Jews in Europe during the Holocaust. This myth of course relies on another myth; that the State of Israel was created purely on the ashes of the Holocaust. The fact is that the Balfour Declaration, Weizmann-Feisal Agreement and the Peel Commission report, to name but a few events that pre-dated the Holocaust; all led significantly to the creation of the Jewish State. "The more insidious myth is the fabrication of history that allows for complete innocence on the part of the Palestinian and Arab populations during the Holocaust. The Arab stance towards Hitler and the Nazis was as an ally and supporter. The Arab masses and leadership gleefully welcomed the Nazis taking power in 1933 and messages of support came from all over the Arab world especially from the Palestinian Arab leader, Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini, who was the first non-European to request admission to the Nazi party. The most influential party that emulated the Nazis in the Arab world was "Young Egypt," which was founded in October 1933. "They had storm troopers, torch processions, and literal translations of Nazi slogans – like "One folk, One party, One leader." Nazi anti-Semitism was replicated, with calls to boycott Jewish businesses and physical attacks on Jews. Sami al-Joundi, one of the founders of the ruling Syrian Ba'ath Party, recalls: "We were racists. We admired the Nazis. We were immersed in reading Nazi literature and books... We were the first who thought of a translation of Mein Kampf. Anyone who lived in Damascus at that time was witness to the Arab inclination toward Nazism." "There was of course the infamous pogrom in Iraq led by the pro-Nazi Rashid Ali al-Kaylani in 1941. Kaylani also asked from Hitler the right to “deal with Jews” in Arab states, a request that was granted. Apart from the secular pro-Nazi stance, there were many other religious Arab leaders who issued fatwas that the Arabs should assist and support the Nazis against the Allies. "However, the most infamous Arab figure most closely identified with the Holocaust was the leader of the Palestinians Arabs, Haj Amin al-Husseini. Husseini had fled to Germany in 1941 and was immediately granted a special place amongst the Nazi hierarchy. The Mufti and Hitler relayed many declarations to each other explicitly stating that the main enemy they shared were the Jews. However, the Mufti’s ideology transcended words and directed his actions. In 1945, Yugoslavia sought to indict the Mufti as a war criminal for his role in recruiting 20,000 Muslim volunteers for the SS, who participated in the killing of Jews in Croatia and Hungary. "Adolf Eichmann's deputy Dieter Wisliceny (subsequently executed as a war criminal) in his Nuremburg Trials testimony stated "The Mufti was one of the initiators of the systematic extermination of European Jewry and had been a collaborator and adviser of Eichmann and Himmler in the execution of this plan... He was one of Eichmann's best friends and had constantly incited him to accelerate the extermination measures." On a visit to Auschwitz, Husseini reportedly admonished the guards running the gas chambers to work more diligently. Throughout the war, he appeared regularly on German radio broadcasts to the Middle East, preaching his pro-Nazi, anti-Semitic message to the Arab masses back home. "Even the Mufti himself explained that the main reason for his close cooperation with the Nazis was their shared hatred of the Jews and their joint wish for their extermination. “Our fundamental condition for cooperating with Germany was a free hand to eradicate every last Jew from Palestine and the Arab world,” the man who was known as the ‘Fuhrer of the Arab World’ wrote in his post World War Two memoirs. There is even evidence recently unearthed from British secretive records that the Palestinian Arabs had begun to draw up plans for a concentration/extermination camp in Palestine should the Nazis make their way there. "In North Africa there were more than mere plans for concentration camps. From June 1940 to May 1943, the Nazis, their Vichy French collaborators and their Italian fascist allies applied in Arab lands many of the precursors to the Final Solution. These included not only ‘racial’ laws depriving Jews of property, education, livelihood, residence and free movement, but also torture, slave labor, deportation and execution. Thousands of Jews perished under Nazi and Axis control and in most cases, like their European counterparts, the local population at times assisted, collaborated and participated in this oppression and murder. Robert Satloff has written extensively on the Arabs and the Holocaust and he found that much of the local Arab population willingly participated in this institutional Jew-hatred. One example Staloff provides is in an interview with a survivor from the concentration camp in Djelfa, in the Algerian desert. When asked whether the local Arabs who administered the camp were just following orders, he replied "Nobody told them to beat us all the time. Nobody told them to chain us together. Nobody told them to tie us naked to a post and beat us and to hang us by our arms and hose us down, to bury us in the sand so our heads should look up and bash our brains in and urinate on our heads. . . . No, they took this into their own hands and they enjoyed what they did." "(Robert) Satloff’s book “Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Reach into Arab Lands” chronicles much of the nature of the Holocaust in Arab Lands and Sephardi communities in North Africa and the Middle East. He tries to show that there were Arabs who helped rescue and hide Jews during the Holocaust, but just like in Europe these examples are exceptions to a sadly more pervasive assistance or indifference to Jewish suffering and murder. In Libya, many Jews were sent not only to local concentration camps but also to European camps like Bergen-Belsen and Biberach. In a film titled "Goral Meshutaf" (Shared Fate), some Tunisian eyewitnesses claim that the Nazis had begun building gas chambers there. If the Allies had not won the decisive battle at El Alamain, perhaps the fate of North African Jews would have been the same as that befell European Jewry. A willing or indifferent local population was an important ingredient in the destruction of European Jewry and it was certainly present amongst the Arabs of North Africa. Many of the current leadership in the Middle East owe their power base to the emergence of their predecessors during these murky times. The Palestinians still revere Al-Husseini and many of the terrorist groups are named after groups he founded. Many have suggested strong links between the Baath parties of Assad’s Syria and formerly in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Gamel Abdel Nasser, the founder of the modern Egyptian State and the greatest proponent of Pan-Arabism, was a friend of the Nazis and hid many fleeing Nazis after the war. The Holocaust is often thought of as a disaster that befell only European Jews. However, more and more documentation is arising about the suffering of Sephardi Jewry outside of Europe, particularly in North Africa and the Middle East. The lie that the Arabs were innocent bystanders to the Nazi Holocaust is well known by Sephardim who lived through these dark times. It is about time that this capricious myth was exposed, not just for the sake of correcting false histories and their like, but also out of respect to those Jews who suffered at the hands of the Nazis everywhere." See similar article in Front Page magazine by Professor Alan Dershowitz Read post in full Friday, September 28, 2007 SYRIA - As I walk along one of the alleys in the poorer district of the city, where the ancient houses tilt and threaten to crumble, I spot, sitting there against the wall, a young mustached man. When he saw me approaching he rose and moved forward to block my path. He was wearing civilian clothes, but the gun sticking out of the belt of his trousers was noticeable. Synagogue in Damascus I explained to him in English-laced Arabic what I was seeking. You cannot, he answered. After a brief negotiation and the handing over of several bills, the plainclothes officer – or was he a member of the al-Mukhabarat (Syrian intelligence) – was content and walked over to a narrow alley between two houses. A bridge over the Euphrates: the reporter is on the left Ten minutes later a short man of about 50 came towards me, wrapped in a Jewish prayer shawl. "What can I do for you?" the Jewish man asked in French. I decided to avoid taking a risk and identified myself as a tourist, a geography professor. Albert Kamao mulled this over for a moment and then without asking any further questions, told me to come in two hours time, towards the end of the prayer. "Yom Kippur is a holy day for us, the Jews," he said, in English now. "We do not wish to be disturbed while we pray to the creator of the world and ask him for forgiveness." I did as he instructed. Thursday, September 27, 2007 'Many people in the West have never heard of Jews from Arab countries," Judd Robert Rothstein writes. "They do not know that Jewish roots in Iraq, Syria, Egypt and other 'Arab' countries stretch back thousands of years. " Indeed. It is as well to point out to the legions of well-meaning peace and interfaith groups around the world that Jews and Arabs need no instruction in how to live together: they have done so for hundreds of years. Others do know that Jews lived in Arab and Muslim countries, but they might think they were 'Jewish Arabs'. Anti-Zionists and Jewish communists add to the confusion. ( Ella Shohat and David Shasha talk about Arabs of the Jewish faith. They deny that the Jews are a separate people, and imply they are not entitled to a state of their own.) In search of enlightenment I reached for my yellowing copy of Jews and Arabs by the late, eminent Princeton scholar SD Goitein (first published in 1955). Goitein made a speciality of studying those most genuine Jews living among the most genuine Arabs - in Yemen. From Arabia in the 7th century the Arabs spread their language and religion - Arabic and Islam. But the Arabs did not necessarily always rule the areas they conquered, ceding that role to foreign soldiers from Central Asia and the Caucasus. Was Israel just another Arabian tribe? After all, both peoples are said to be semitic. Goitein dismisses the myth of the semitic race: "The fact that negroes in the US talk and think exactly like other Americans does not prove they once formed a single race."Among the affinities between Jews and Arabs was a certain primitive democracy, a similar concept of the 'slave' and the existence of women in public life. But the differences in values are considerable. The Jews grant more freedom to their women. The Arabs cling to appearances, and would be polite even if they felt like insulting you. Sabra Israelis can be rude, even if there is every reason to be polite. Ancient Israel was an agricultural people to whom the desert, except for a short Biblical sojourn between Egypt and Canaan, was alien. Their calendar was agricultural. Yes, their social structure was tribal, but this does not mean that Israel was of Bedouin origin. Goitein points out there is a difference between sheep and cattle-raising semi-nomads - as the Patriarchs would have been - and camel-breeding Bedouins. The Israelite ideal was that each man should sit under his own vine or fig tree. This changed in Islamic times when the Jewish people, most of whom were living under Arab rule, transformed themselves into a nation of artisans and merchants. The Jews tried to do everything to minimise the transfer of property, while to Arabs, everything was sellable. Their laws of inheritance differed. The Jews followed the law of 'primogeniture'. The Jews passed as much as property as possible to as few as possible, whereas Arabs divided property among as many as possible. A daughter inherited half as much property as a son. The central unit to Jews was the family; to Arabs it was the clan. Although Judaism and Islam have much in common, there are also differences: for example, the Jewish Sabbath is a Day of Rest. The Bedouin, being on the move and working irregularly during the week, had little use for a Day of Rest but retained it as a day of assembly and prayer. Arab classical literature was written down in sedentary environments, but 'its every page betrays the origin of its people in the Arabian desert. Nothing of that kind is to be found in the Bible', says Goitein,' where everything breathes the fragrance of the Palestinian soil and reflects the life of farmers and shepherds.' Another big difference was the Arab attachment to language, and the emphasis on elegance and form. The Jews concentrated on ideas and paid very little attention to form. They readily gave up their own language, translating the Bible into other languages, including Arabic, while the Arabs clung tenaciously to theirs. Goitein describes Arab poetry as like an ornament, rigidly traditionalist. The fact that literary Arabic has not been allowed to evolve has led to spiritual stagnation. But Goitein also points out that without the influence of Arab Muslim language and literature, medieval Jewish philosophy, poetry and Hebrew grammar would not have developed in the way they did. By adopting the Arabic language, however, the Jews did not become Arabs. They exchanged one language, Aramaic, for another, Arabic. Can a Jew also be Arab? By Naim Kattan Wednesday, September 26, 2007 WASHINGTON, Sept. 25 (UPI) -- The Iranian president’s meeting with an anti-Israel Jewish group in New York Monday and a television series in Iran about the Holocaust reflect the country’s complex relationship with its Jewish population and reveal a sympathy from their Muslim compatriots that is hidden by Tehran’s bombastic rhetoric toward Israel. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has garnered international anger by denying that the Holocaust happened, while at the same time government-run television aired the series "Zero Degree Turn." Based on the actions of actual Iranian diplomats, the series tells the story of a fictional Iranian diplomat who provides passports for Jews to leave Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. The series has been a massive hit, and its airing on state-run television has been puzzling to some who note Iran’s history of Holocaust denial. In 2005 Ahmadinejad called the genocide of Jews in World War II a myth, but during his speech at Columbia University in New York on Monday, he seemed to distance himself from the position, saying the subject needed more research to verify the details. (...) Iranian leaders, including former presidents Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Mohammad Khatami, have long questioned the Holocaust, according to Abbas William Samii, an Iran expert and regional analyst with the Center for Naval Analyses. “So it is not just one guy spouting off crazy stuff, it is a perspective shared by leading officials in that regime. The distinction is that Ahmadinejad has no clue how his comments play out in the rest of the world, and so he seems to say whatever he is thinking. Other figures such as Rafsanjani and Khatami, the former presidents, recognize that their comments have an international impact, so they try to keep those views limited to their domestic speeches,” Samii said. But the Iranian government, including Ahmadinejad, does claim sympathy with Jews. “We are friends with the Jewish people. There are many Jews in Iran living peacefully with security. You must understand that in our constitution, in our laws, in the parliamentary elections, for every 150,000 people we get one representative in the Parliament. For the Jewish community, one-fifth of this number they still get one independent representative in the Parliament,” Ahmadinejad said at Columbia University. What is crucial to the Iranian government’s thinking is the somewhat fuzzy but bold line they draw between the Jewish religion and the state of Israel. “What the government tries to do is to say, at home we respect Jews, and they go on to say what the Iranian government objects to is Zionism, rather than Judaism. So they try to make that distinction. And it is on that basis, according to the Iranian government, that it opposes the Israeli state,” Samii said. As if to underscore this point, while in New York, Ahmadinejad met with the Neturei Karta, a very small organization of orthodox Jews who oppose Zionism and the state of Israel.(..) The government also makes token gestures to the Jewish population. It funds a small part of a Jewish charitable hospital in Tehran and in September announced it would build a $3.2 million Jewish cultural and sports center in Tehran. These actions by the government can also be attributed to self-interest, a self-interest that is apparent in the Iranian television series about the Holocaust. “I think the reason they are doing this is, other than straight entertainment value, and showing the program as history of Iran, it is trying to make the regime look good. Demonstrating that Iranians are friendly towards Jews, that they are a kind and generous people,” Samii said. The government’s relationship with Iranian Jews is not always cordial, however. In 2000, 10 Jews were prosecuted on charges of spying for Israel. Human Rights Watch, and international group that monitors religious freedom, among other things, condemned Iran at the time for persecuting the Jewish defendants and said the charges were unsubstantiated. According to the U.S. State Department’s 2007 International Religious Freedom Report, Iran guarantees freedom of worship for Jews in the country, but in practice they face persecution and “government imprisonment, harassment, intimidation, and discrimination based on their religious beliefs.” This discrimination is common, if not overt. “It is not so clear that there is a state policy, but discrimination does take place against Jews in terms of getting jobs, in terms of economic, and in terms of access to education. For example, applicants for university places have to pass examinations on religious subjects. If you are a Muslim, the chances of passing a test on Islam are much greater than if you are a Jew or a Christian,” Samii said. Read article in full Tuesday, September 25, 2007 Gina B Nahai is an Iranian Jewish author whose latest novel, Caspian Rain, is here reviewed in the San Jose Mercury News: "Why do some have the ability to overcome loss, while others pass the sorrow down to their children, like blue eyes or a bad temper? In her fourth novel, "Caspian Rain," Gina B. Nahai demonstrates that suffering is a cultural imprint; that people, particularly in the East, don't make lemonade from lemons. Rather, they carry a ton of lemons on their hearts and shoulders for generations. "In this case, the bearer of suffering is Yaas, a 12-year-old Jewish girl growing up in pre-revolutionary Iran. Her father, Omid, a well-bred socialite, mingles with Tehran's Muslims. He wanted an easy marriage, so he chose Bahar, a teenager from the Jewish ghetto who dreams of American movie stars. Yaas suffers not only from her parents' loveless marriage, but from a genetic illness that is robbing her of her hearing." Monday, September 24, 2007 An Australian film on Iraqi music in pre-Saddam Hussein days by an Iraqi Shi'a refugee, Majid Shokor, reveals the suppressed role of Jewish musicians, writes Arnold Zable in The Age. "(..) With free access to the internet, Majid was also able to pursue his research on the fate of Iraqi-Jewish musicians. What he discovered reads both as a fable and a challenge to our divisive times: once upon a time, Jews, Muslims and Christians lived side by side in the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. They shared a culture, and common source of pleasure, in music, art, foods, Arabic language and literature. "This culture flourished, especially in Baghdad from the 1920s onwards. Music could be heard everywhere, in coffee houses, homes, and on the radio. Iraqi-Jewish musicians and composers were highly esteemed and wrote many songs loved by all Iraqis, and popular throughout the Arab world. "They made up the majority of the first Iraqi Radio Ensemble, recorded discs, and performed throughout the country. They included the legendary composers Saleh and Daoud Al'Kuwaiti and the much-loved singer Salima Pasha Murad. "I realised it was an important part of my country's history," says Majid, "and I knew that something should be done about it, but I was not sure what." When Majid mentioned the idea in October 2004 to documentary filmmaker Marsha Emerman, she was immediately interested. It appealed to her as a story that explored music and culture as a means of uniting people. In 1991, in response to the first Gulf War, she had organised a Melbourne concert that brought together Jewish, Arabic and Kurdish performers. (..) The filmmakers then flew to Israel for their long-awaited meeting with the ageing community of Iraqi-Jewish musicians. "Wherever he went in Ramat Gan, Majid was greeted as a long-lost son. "Ramat Gan is a little Baghdad," he says. "It is in the markets. The restaurants. In the pickles, the popular songs, and traditional sweets. It is in the body language, the way people speak to each other, the way they use their hands to express their ideas. Everyone wanted to touch me. I felt I was in a safe environment." "Majid attended the weekly musicians' gatherings he had first heard of in Beirut, and he met Elias Shasha, Abraham Salman, and Alber Elias, now in their 80s, who had performed in Baghdad in the 1940s. They invited Majid into their homes and told him stories that recreated the lost Iraqi world of their youth. "When Majid asked Elias Shasha to close his eyes and remember his life in Baghdad, he said, "I remember the beautiful days, beautiful hours, beautiful places. The Tigris and the Euphrates, the boats, the fish, my friends. It's very difficult. Love for the homeland is undeniable. I can't ignore I was born in Baghdad, I am an Iraqi." "Majid also spent time with musician Yair Dalal. He is filmed performing, and teaching young Israelis who are enthralled by Arabic music. The son of Iraqi Jews, Yair is a celebrated performer on the world music circuit. A virtuoso oud player, violinist, singer, and composer, his music is a haunting blend of Jewish and Arabic influences. "In recent times Yair has discovered the generation of older Iraqi Jewish musicians and brought them back into the spotlight. Passionate about peace initiatives, he was immediately pleased to participate in the film. As part of the project, Majid and Yair hope to stage a concert that brings together Jewish, Muslim and Christian musicians united in their mutual passion for Iraqi music. "I have asked myself many times," says Majid, "if I am doing the right thing. But meeting these people and listening to them, has strengthened my conviction. These musicians and composers gave us such beautiful music, and loved Iraq. When I met them in Ramat Gan, they were like people I knew. We shared a lot of history. "There is a bond I feel with them that I feel with all exiled Iraqis. It is very moving the way they recall cities like Baghdad over half a century later. They were victims of politics. We were all victims." Majid was surprised by the extent of Arabic influence in Israeli culture. "It is in fact a Middle Eastern country," he says. Sunday, September 23, 2007 Another western journalist catches up with the last Jew of Afghanistan: KABUL (AFP) — Zebulon Simentov, the last Jew in Afghanistan, is once again marking the Jewish holy day of fasting in solitude, in a deserted synagogue in the capital of a devoutly Islamic nation. "I have everything I need for the 24 hours of praying and fasting," Simentov tells AFP before the start of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, at sunset on Friday. Around two decades ago, there were still about 20 Afghan Jewish families living in Kabul, although all were from Herat -- the largest city in northwestern Afghanistan near the border with Iran. "The approaching days of fall, we are told, are the days of a new international conference aimed at solving the Middle East conflict. US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice is rushing between the region's capitals, and the Saudis promise to take part but under one condition: We, they claim, are coming to discuss everything, even basic questions like Jerusalem's status and the refugee question. (...) "Compensation to the Palestinian refugees is one of the main issues that must be solved when the historic reconciliation between us and the Palestinians is worded. But in the same breath we must remember that the Jews of the Arab states left behind property worth billions, and no one thinks about demanding this historic loss back. "The Jews who lived in Arab countries, many of whom came here after their relations with their Arab neighbors were severed following hundreds of years of coexistence, lost their entire world in one moment. (This is an idealised view of Arab-Jewish relations before 1948: Arab nationalism excluded and oppressed ALL minorities, not just the Jews - ed) "The national awakening which generated the establishment of the State of Israel, created hostility between Jews and Muslims, which led to big waves of immigration that left behind not only a rich tradition, but also a lot of private and public property. "The young state did not believe the stories about the great wealth left behind. In the few times when the attention was focused on the issue of the Jewish property in Arab countries, this was not in order to compensate the immigrants from Tunisia, Morocco or Iraq, but in order to arrogantly offset between the Jewish property left there and the Palestinian property left here. "Moshe Sharett, who served as foreign minister in 1951, told the Knesset that "the value of the Jewish property frozen in Iraq will be taken into account by us in the compensation we promised to pay the Arabs who left their property in Israel." "Forty-eight years ago, when there was another opportunity to finally conclude the unresolved saga between us and the Palestinians, the State of Israel exerted more efforts in mapping the Jewish property through the American Sephardi Federation. The federation's president admitted at the time that "it is clear no one believes that the Arab countries will compensate Israel, but we need to have a counter-claim against the Palestinian claim."(In fact the ASF and Justice for Jews for Arab Countries relaunched a drive to collect claims in the last two years -ed) "The State of Israel never won the public's cooperation in its attempt to trace the property, mainly due to the deep lack of trust in the process and due to the offset intentions. ( More plausibly, the Jews never bothered to register their losses because they were sceptical of ever receiving compensation- ed) "In order to know how much Jewish property was left in Arab countries, we are in need of quite a difficult mapping process: Private houses, businesses, stores, public buildings, synagogues, mikvaot (ritual baths), clubs – all was left behind. There are those who estimate the value of Jewish property at $10 billion to $30 billion. Others argue that the property of the Jews of Iraq alone reaches $100 billion and that the property of Egyptian Jews is worth $60 billion. "Now, when the Saudis want to finally resolve the big questions, it is time to also discuss the solution to the question of the Jewish property in Arab states. Prime Minister Olmert can repair the year-long injustice in the periphery of Israeli society, which is populated with people from Arab countries, their children and grandchildren. "Israel must establish a transparent public authority for the mapping of the Jewish property in Arab countries. We must appoint teams to collect information from the generation of the parents who are still living amongst us and can prove their ownership of this property. "After the mapping stage, the findings will be presented to anyone who really wants to end the conflict here. We will talk to them next fall about everything, about Jewish property and Palestinian property. We shall not offset: We shall finally build the suitable infrastructure for those who left their property behind, here and there. Thursday, September 20, 2007 By way of introduction, Jean-Pierre Allali, member of the French-Jewish representative body CRIF and French coordinator of the Justice for Jews from Arab Countries (JJAC) campaign, emphasised that the event was not directed against Tunisia in any way: "We passionately love our homeland. The number of Tunisian Jews who go back every summer for the holidays is proof enough. On the other hand we have a duty to record the past and see justice done. We must clearly establish why almost an entire community (120,000 or more Jews) left, who had been settled in Tunisia since Antiquity and well before the Arabs." After the screening of Nedjma Scialom's film Tunis-Paris, the Tunisian exiles told of their difficult integration into France, with journalist Jean Corcos on the panel with Jean-Pierre Attali, Armand Attal, Claude Sitbon and Andre Nahum. During the discussion with the audience it became clear that the reasons for their exile were not unique to Tunisian Jews. More reasons to leave arose between 1954, when Tunisia became independent, and 1967, when serious antisemitic incidents took place including the destruction of the Great Synagogue. Milestone dates were the dissolution of the Beth Bin in July 1957, the dissolution by Presidential decree of the Council of the Jewish Community of Tunisia, the Bizerte affair in 1961 and local repercussions of the Israeli-Arab wars. The expropriation of the Tunis Jewish cemetery, turned into a park, and the demolition of the Great synagogue of the Hara as part of a urban renewal scheme, were also key events. The speakers were unanimous that Jews were pushed towards the exit by a series of small steps - taxes, financial controls by stealth, the miserly distribution of commercial licences, the blocking of Jewish civil servants' careers. The young professor Armand Attal found his career frustrated by what the historian Paul Sebag called 'Muslim preference'. The President of CRIF, Richard Prasquier, noted the difference between himself, a native Pole, and these Tunisians who were still viscerally in love with their dear Tunisia 50 years after their exodus. He asked the key question: "were these Jews who left Tunisia really refugees?" Jean Pierre Allali made the distinction between those with French or other European nationality, who were given logistical and financial help, and the majority Tunisian nationals, whose suitcases were searched with a fine tooth comb and were only allowed to bring out the equivalent of one Euro. Some, the more Zionist among them, chose Israel, while 50,000 opted for France. They were people of modest means who stood for hours in humiliating queues waiting for permits, who slept in maids' rooms or on the floor, crowded in temporary accommodation provided by friends or relatives in Belleville, Sarcelles or Montmartre, subsisting in misery and patiently rebuilding their lives. Yes, these were refugees. Claude Sitbon, who had come from Israel, said that "the tears of exile had given way to the lights of exile". Andre Nahum drew a parallel between the Palestinian refugees and the Jewish refugees, saying there had been a population exchange. " Our Arab friends," he hammered the table," must understand and admit it." All the speakers noted that the younger generation of Tunisians were unaware of the existence of an ancestral, dynamic and prosperous Jewish community. A minority expressed different views: a Jewish air hostess was recruited into a Tunisian company and her sportsman husband represented Tunisia at high level international events. Another, who said she still lived in Tunisia, said that people still had assets which they were free to buy and sell. Read article in French Future CRIF events: Jews of Yemen: 20 November; Jews of Libya: 5 December Wednesday, September 19, 2007 "There are three thousand members of evangelical churches in Algeria (mostly in the Kabylia region) and three hundred Catholics, said the report. As for Jews, there was no active Jewish community although a very small number of Jews continue to live in Algiers. "According to the report, Christians concentrated in the large cities of Algiers, Annaba, and Oran in the mid-1990s for security reasons. Evangelical proselytizing led to increases in the size of the Christian community in the eastern Berber region of Kabylia. "Stringent measures have been taken by the Algerian government to punish any one who incites, constrains, or utilizes means of seduction tending to convert a Muslim to another religion, according to the same report. "The report pointed out the Ordinance 06-03 that gives the Government the power to regulate the locations of all non-Muslim worship and monitor participation. It enables the Government to shut down informal Christian religious services that take place in private homes or in secluded outdoor settings. "On the other hand, the Government argues that the new requirement that non-Muslim religious services be conducted only in registered facilities puts the treatment of all religions on an equal basis before the law, said the report. "Although Ordinance 06-03 marked a step backward for religious freedom there were no reported instances of the law's implementation." Read article in full Tuesday, September 18, 2007 As Iranian TV broadcasts a soap opera on the Holocaust, Yad Vashem has been considering whether to honour Abdol Hossein Sardari - but has decided he did not risk his life to save Jews, the Jerusalem Post reports. "Yad Vashem has been considering bestowing its highest honor on a diplomat known as the "Schindler of Iran" for saving Jews during the Holocaust, but tentatively decided not to due to "inconclusive documentation" on the risk he took, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority said Monday. "Deliberation over whether to confer upon Abdol Hossain Sardari the title of "Righteous Among the Nations," which was last taken up by Yad Vashem in 2005, would be reopened should new information arrive, a Yad Vashem spokesperson said Monday. "Sardari, who headed the Iranian consular office in Nazi-occupied Paris in 1941, saved many Jews during the Holocaust by issuing them blank Iranian passports. "His story is the subject of an Iranian state-run TV series* on the Holocaust. It is seen as a government attempt to differentiate between Israel and the Jewish people, and to moderate its anti-Semitic image after Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad dismissed the Holocaust as a "myth" and repeatedly said Israel should be "wiped off the map." "The issue over whether to posthumously bestow the title on Sardari, who died in 1981, has been taken up twice by Yad Vashem, most recently two years ago. But it has been tentatively turned down due to a lack of evidence that the Iranian diplomat acted at personal risk to himself, a key criteria for the award. "Thus far, the documentation is inconclusive insofar as the criteria for recognition as Righteous Among the Nations," a Yad Vashem spokesperson said. "Should material arrive that would shed more light on the case, it will be re-referred to the Commission for the Designation of the Righteous Among the Nation." "Yad Vashem said it was clear that Sardari had helped Jews living in Paris during the Holocaust who held Iranian citizenship, but it was not clear if he did so at any risk. "This is admirable conduct, but it appears he acted in compliance with his [government] instruction," the spokesperson said. "Due to the involvement of a diplomat, it appears that Iranian Foreign Ministry archives would offer historians the clearest picture on the case. "After a profound exploration of the case and the historical circumstances, the commission decided then that based on the information at hand, it was unable to bestow the title on Sardari," the spokesperson said. Sardari sent a letter to Yad Vashem in April 1978, setting the process in motion. "As you may know," he wrote, "I had the pleasure of being the Iranian consul in Paris during the German occupation of France, and as such it was my duty to save all Iranians, including Iranian Jews." In 2004 the Los Angeles-based Simon Wiesenthal Center posthumously awarded Sardari for his actions during the Holocaust. The award ceremony was attended by Ibrahim Moradi, an Iranian-born Jew who Sardari saved. The award was presented to Sardari's nephew, Fereydoun Hoveyda, who served as Iran's ambassador to the UN in the 1970s, Wiesenthal Center associate dean Rabbi Abraham Cooper said Monday. Moradi was saved from the Nazis by a passport that Sardari provided, he said. Moradi, who has since passed away, noted at the ceremony that Sardari acted without getting any money in exchange, Cooper said. That contradicts the Iranian TV series, which depicts the diplomat giving out the passports for cash, he added. According to Efraim Zuroff, the Wiesenthal Center's Israel director, the Iranian TV show indicated that the situation in Iran was not as monolithic as some might think. "On the one hand we have the president of Iran who denies the very existence of the Holocaust, and on the other hand we have a flagship project of Iranian TV which presents the Holocaust as historical fact," he said Monday. * Not all media agree that the series is sympathetic to the Jews, eg Der Spiegel Monday, September 17, 2007 "When I returned to Algeria in 1982, 20 years after the exodus, my city did not find grace in my eyes - no grace whatsoever. I wandered ceaselessly in the curiously shrunken streets and on the seafront, excising distance, beauty and splendour from the disorienting, present-day city. "Yes, Algiers was abandoned, and hard as I tried to remember faces and things, nothing stayed with me. I 'repatriated' myself (to France) proclaiming as the only souvenir of my trip the emptiness of human geography. For in the new landscape of the 'independent' city, where street names had changed, where the sea was out of bounds and the Admiralty enclosed by barbed wire, where the language I heard was obviously different, where the city was so oddly the same yet so stubbornly other, I recognised no face, no friendly look, nor the slightest empathy. "The Great Temple where we prayed, in the very heart of the Casbah - no longer Rabbi Abraham Bloch square as it had changed its name - appeared to me incongruously disguised with a tacked-on tall minaret on the left-hand side. The very present escaped me as in a porous dream, or a persistent nightmare. I know I cut short my stay as I could bear it no longer, as if in a restless sleep I had suddenly turned over and fallen out of bed." The rest of Albert Bensoussan's article (French) describes how the Algerian synagogue in Netanya has been endeavouring to maintain the continuity of the Algerian-Jewish tradition in the Land of Israel. Zebulon Simentov, the last Jew of Afghanistan, continues to fascinate journalists. Jason Motlagh of The Jerusalem Post is the latest to meet him : (with thanks: Lily) "The first question Zebulon Simentov asked his uninvited guest, eyes wide open at the prospect, was, "Are you Jewish?" There was a tinge of disappointment when the reply came back negative, but the last Jew in Afghanistan didn't miss a beat. "Humanity is one, religion doesn't matter," he said. "Moments later, a Muslim friend entered the room, unfurled a prayer rug in the corner and bowed toward Mecca. An open box of Manischewitz matza sat next to an empty bottle of whiskey on a table nearby. "Locals refer to Simentov, 47, simply as "the Jew." Originally from the western city of Herat, he wears a kippa with his shalwar kameez and swears "half of Kabul" knows him - though probably not for the reasons he'd like to believe. "His only other coreligionist in the country, Yitzhak Levin, died in January 2005 and was later buried on Jerusalem's Mount of Olives. The pair had lived together in the Flower Street synagogue through the Soviet invasion, the civil war and the Taliban regime. "And they famously grew to hate each other. "Among other antics, they held separate services, had vicious shouting matches neighbors say could be heard down the street and denounced each other to the Taliban as spies for the Mossad. "Both received beatings for their trouble." Sunday, September 16, 2007 The distinctive spice ' Aleppo pepper' seems to be staging a comeback in north America, Sasha Chapman discovers in the Canadian Globe and Mail: "There are no new ingredients - at least not natural ones. And yet it seems I am constantly discovering, or rediscovering, new flavours in the city. Take Aleppo pepper, a cayenne substitute that hails from the northern Syrian city of the same name. The moderately hot peppers are dried in the sun before they are crushed into a coarse rust-hued powder that sharpens the taste of everything from tabbouleh to baba ghanouj. Its flavour is far more complex than cayenne: at once fruity, sweet and slightly sour. "Older Middle Eastern cookbooks, such as Claudia Roden's excellent Book of Middle Eastern Food, rarely mention the ingredient (also known as Halab pepper), even though Ms. Roden calls Aleppo the pearl of Sephardic Jewish cuisine. But I've been noticing the ingredient popping up on New York menus and in cookbooks like the newly published Aromas of Aleppo: The Legendary Cuisine of Syrian Jews by Poopa Dweck. "I have always loved the rituals of the Jewish High Holidays--hearing the wail of the shofar, or ram's horn; chanting the ancient hymns; taking part in the festive meal, punctuated by honey and sweet jam, to mark the New Year. "Still, it is the brief, sober service known as Yizkor--literally, "May God remember"--that has come to affect me most. Recited on Yom Kippur, which begins next Friday at sundown, Yizkor is the memorial prayer for the dead. "But unlike the Kaddish recited daily by a mourner, which never mentions the person who has passed, Yizkor is an explicit expression of yearning for the person lost and must include his name." Read article in full Friday, September 14, 2007 All the Jewish candidates declared fierce loyalty to the Moroccan state, saying they were campaigning as Moroccans first, and Jews a long way second. But off the record, The Forward found that antisemitism could have played a part in their non-election. Also following the Moroccan election campaign was a certain wanted terrorist hiding from the Americans in the wilder reaches of Pakistan. "The effects of this campaign have apparently reached far and wide. In a speech that Al Qaeda released last week, Osama bin Laden said that “the Jewish community in Morocco today is one of the largest communities in the world. They are alive with us, and we have not incinerated them.” "Bin Laden had some of his facts wrong: Morocco’s Jewish community is hardly one of the largest — and even the campaign-trail picture of tolerance painted by ( Jewish candidate Susan) Abittan differs sharply from the accounts of two Moroccan reporters who followed the race and spoke to The Forward on condition of anonymity. Locals to whom the reporters talked about the candidates consistently asked why foreign candidates had entered Morocco’s elections, or stated that voting for a Jew was against Islam. (My emphasis - ed) "Abittan disputes this claim, stating that her 25 years of social work had earned the respect of local Jews and Muslims alike. She noted that an Islamist baker in her neighborhood had offered his support, and that one of the other Jewish candidates, banker Solange Cohen, ran in a well-known Islamist stronghold in Casablanca’s suburbs. “We didn’t get the votes, because we started too late,” she said, “People, when they heard ‘Cohen,’ did not run away; they were curious.” Read article in full Wednesday, September 12, 2007 "In a section on the outskirts of the Yavne'el cemetery lie dispersed dozens of basalt tombstones, without names. Only one is engraved with a few clear lines, recounting a terrible tale that nearly disappeared into oblivion: "In memory of my dear parents, Yaakov and Creina Klein (Keter) aged 35-38 and my brother Yehoshua Yona (z"l) aged 5, among the deportees from Tel Aviv-Jaffa, in World War I 1917, who lie interred in this section and whose place of burial is unknown." "The year 1917 was difficult for the Jews in pre-state Israel. The British army, pushing northward from Egypt, had conquered the southern part of the Land of Israel, and the Turks were waging fierce rearguard battles. The Turks were afraid Jews would help the British conquer the northern part as well. On March 28, 1917, the Ottoman military governor, Jamal Pasha, ordered the expulsion of Tel Aviv-Jaffa's residents. On Pesach eve, April 6, 1917, the first Hebrew city emptied out. Among the thousands expelled was author Yosef Haim Brenner, who was inspired by those days to write the short story "Hamotza" (The Way Out). "Dr. Gur Alroey, who chairs the Land of Israel Studies Department at the University of Haifa, says there was nothing heroic about that expulsion. "It's almost impossible to grasp today," he said. "Thousands simply got up and left, without resisting, and maybe that is why nobody likes to remember or recall that expulsion." "They scattered to Tiberias, Safed, Kfar Sava, Petah Tikva, Zichron Yaakov, Jerusalem. Some 2,500 of them, mainly the poor, wandered as far as the northern moshavim, or small farming communities. They had to contend with the climate, hunger, poverty and typhus. They survived the first few months, but in the winter of 1917-18, hundreds died of exposure, disease and hunger. Most of the dead were buried hastily, in unmarked graves around the country. "Their descendants have been trying for years to persuade the Tel Aviv Municipality to commemorate those who died in the expulsion, or as a result of it, but to no avail." Read article in full Tuesday, September 11, 2007 "Yemeni Jews are natives of Yemen as they had been here for centuries before Christ and Islam. They had maintained their religion throughout the years and lived in communities within Yemeni society until they migrated to the “Promised Land” in Jerusalem. "Yet Yemen also contains some religious sites visited by Jews from all placed. Salem Yousef Al-Shebzi (Shabazi), was a Jewish religious cleric, who lived in Taiz in the 16th Century after he moved from a nearby village. He was a well-respected Yemeni Jew, and Jews from Yemen and all around the world come to visit his grave, known as the “Shebzi Grave”. Although the exact location of the grave is not known, Jews flock to a site near Al-Qaherah Fort in Taiz city, and camp there for several hours. They take blessin "Between 1949 and 1950 the majority of Yemeni Jews migrated. The migration operation was termed ‘The Magic Carpet’, when more than 48,000 Yemeni Jews migrated to Israel. Thousands of the Yemeni Jews remained in Yemen, some held to their religion, while others converted to Islam whether by force or by choice. Some 350,000 Yemeni Jews have been converted to Islam since 1948. "Today, the Jewish remnant in Yemen doesn’t exceed one thousand living in small communities in Sana’a, Amran, and Sa’ada. They freely exercise their religious rituals and have several religious occasions, which they mark every year such as Eid Al-Gufran or Eid Naisan, Khudhaira, Mudhalat or the Return. "However, they are not integrated completely in all aspects of the public life such as the education system. True, they share the difficult living conditions with all Yemenis, yet their children are generally deprived of formal education in public schools. Yemeni Jewish children go to religious teaching sessions established by the elders of their community members. Recently a small school containing 25 students was constructed by the state for the Jews displaced from their homes because of war in Sa’ada, north of Yemen. Read article in full Monday, September 10, 2007 "The British contributed much to social change in the area. The British changed the tribal, religious and social law: girls should not marry before the age of 16 and later the age of 18. Eating Qat * was allowed on weekends only and forbidden during the week. The sale of liquor was permitted under special circumstances. All inhabitants were considered equal before the law. Jews, Christians and Indians were not classified as Dhimmis and were free from paying the poll tax to the Sultan of Lahej. For the first time the poll tax was abolished in a country with a Muslim majority. The British established a new legal system for the entire population, which took hold alongside the Muslim Sharia and the Jewish Halakha. "All the groups who were serving the British or working under the British enjoyed an urban environment. A proletariat was created in Aden who felt itself less committed to the traditional tribal order. Its members earned money, made an income, lived in houses or flats in the city and enjoyed the benefits of the city, such as food, health services and infrastructures. The younger generation of Aden was able to absorb western education in the past couple of generations. There were also a number of students who could continue their high school studies in Bombay and in Great Britain. A new elite class was created in Aden. Young educated people became advocates, physicians and businessmen. There were scholars and academics who were now teachers in British schools and colleges. The leading educated groups in Aden spoke openly on political issues, seeking ways to liberate Aden from the rule of the British, and succeeded in influencing the tribes and the local groups to join them. The population of Aden enjoyed patterns of democracy: they were allowed to assemble, to express their opinion even against the rulers, to establish parties, to demonstrate and to publish their decrees and aims in newspapers. The disruption of the tribal order enabled them to lead their folks towards a new national identity. "Where else in the Arab world was it possible at this time?" Read article in full *popular plant chewed for its narcotic properties Saturday, September 08, 2007 In this article in the Weekly Standard Matthias Kuntzel traces the roots of 9/11 terrorism back to the birth of the Nazi-inspired Muslim Brotherhood in the 1930s. Their first targets were not Western colonialism, but Jews in Egypt. (With thanks: Lily) "Despite common misconceptions, Islamism was born not during the 1960s but during the 1930s. Its rise was inspired not by the failure of Nasserism but by the rise of Nazism, and prior to 1951 all its campaigns were directed not against colonialism but against the Jews. It was the Organization of the Muslim Brotherhood, founded in 1928, that established Islamism as a mass movement. The significance of the Brotherhood to Islamism is comparable to that of the Bolshevik party to communism: It was and remains to this day the ideological reference point and organizational core for all later Islamist groups, including al Qaeda and Hamas. "It is true that British colonial policy produced Islamism, insofar as Islamism viewed itself as a resistance movement against "cultural modernity." The Islamists' solution was the call for a new order based on sharia. But the Brotherhood's jihad was not directed primarily against the British. Rather, it focused almost exclusively on Zionism and the Jews. Membership in the Brotherhood shot up from 800 to 200,000 between 1936 and 1938, according to the research of Abd Al-Fattah Muhammad El-Awaisi for his book The Muslim Brothers and the Palestine Question 1928-1947. In those two years the Brotherhood conducted only one major campaign in Egypt, and it was against Zionism and the Jews. "This campaign, which established the Brotherhood as a mass movement, was set off by a rebellion in Palestine directed against Jewish immigration and initiated by the notorious grand mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al--Husseini. The Brotherhood organized mass demonstrations in Egyptian cities under the slogans "Down With the Jews!" and "Jews Get Out of Egypt and Palestine!" Leaflets called for a boycott of Jewish goods and Jewish shops, and the Brotherhood's newspaper, al-Nadhir, carried a regular column on "The Danger of the Jews of Egypt," which published the names and addresses of Jewish businessmen and allegedly Jewish newspaper publishers all over the world, attributing every evil, from communism to brothels, to the "Jewish danger." "The Brotherhood's campaign against the Jews used not only Nazi-like tactics but also German funding. As the historian Brynjar Lia recounted in his monograph on the Brotherhood, "Documents seized in the flat of Wilhelm Stellbogen, the Director of the German News Agency affiliated to the German Legation in Cairo, show that prior to October 1939 the Muslim Brothers received subsidies from this organization. Stellbogen was instrumental in transferring these funds to the Brothers, which were considerably larger than the subsidies offered to other anti-British activists." "At the same time, the Muslim Brotherhood was the first modern organization to propagate the archaic idea of a belligerent jihad and the longing for death. In 1938, Hassan al-Banna, the Brotherhood's charismatic founder, published his concept of jihad in an article entitled "The Industry of Death." He wrote: "To a nation that perfects the industry of death and which knows how to die nobly, God gives proud life in this world and eternal grace in the life to come." This slogan was enthusiastically taken up by the "Troops of God," as the Brothers called themselves. As their battalions marched down Cairo's boulevards in semi-fascist formation they would burst into song: "We are not afraid of death, we desire it. . . . Let us die to redeem the Muslims!" "The death cult that became a hallmark of modern jihadism was laced with Jew-hatred from the very beginning. Moreover, this attitude sprang not only from European influences; it also drew directly on Islamic sources. First, Islamists considered, and still consider, Palestine an Islamic territory, Dar al-Islam, where Jews must not run a single village, let alone a state. At best, in their view, this land should be judenrein; at the very least, Jews there should be relegated to subservient status. Second, Islamists justify their aspiration to eliminate the Jews of Palestine by invoking the example of Muhammad, who in the 7th century not only expelled two Jewish tribes from Medina, but also beheaded the entire male population of a third Jewish tribe, before proceeding to sell all the women and children into slavery. Third, they find support and encouragement for their actions and plans in the anti-Jewish passages of the Koran. "After World War II it became apparent that the center of global Jew-hatred was shifting from Nazi Germany to the Arab world. In November 1945, just half a year after the end of the Third Reich, the Muslim Brothers carried out the worst anti-Jewish pogroms in Egypt's history, when demonstrators penetrated the Jewish quarters of Cairo on the anniversary of the Balfour Declaration. They ransacked houses and shops, attacked non-Muslims, and torched the synagogues. Six people were killed, and some hundred more injured. A few weeks later the Islamists' newspapers "turned to a frontal attack against the Egyptian Jews, slandering them as Zionists, Communists, capitalists and bloodsuckers, as pimps and merchants of war, or in general, as subversive elements within all states and societies," as Gudrun Krämer wrote in her study The Jews in Egypt 1914-1952. "In 1946, the Brotherhood made sure that Heinrich Himmler's friend Amin al-Husseini, the former grand mufti who was being sought as a war criminal by Britain and the United States, was granted asylum and a new lease on political life in Egypt. As leader of the Palestine National Movement, al-Husseini had been a close ally of both the Muslim Brotherhood and the Nazis. Based in Berlin from 1941 to 1945, he had directed the Muslim SS divisions in the Balkans and had been personally responsible for blocking negotiations late in the war that might have saved thousands of Jewish children from the gas chambers. All this was known in 1946. Nonetheless, Britain and the United States chose to forgo criminal prosecution of al-Husseini in order to avoid spoiling their relations with the Arab world. France, which was holding al-Husseini, deliberately let him get away. "For many in the Arab world, what amounted to amnesty for this prominent Islamic authority who had spent the war years broadcasting Nazi propaganda from Berlin was a vindication of his actions. They started to view his Nazi past with pride, not shame, and Nazi criminals on the wanted list in Europe now flooded into the Arab world. Large print-runs of the most infamous libel of the Jews, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, were published in the following decades at the behest of two well-known former members of the Muslim Brotherhood, Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat. Both the Muslim Brothers' unconditional solidarity with al-Husseini and their anti-Jewish riots mere months after Auschwitz show that the Brotherhood did not object, to say the least, to Hitler's attempt to exterminate the Jews of Europe. "The consequences of this attitude, this blindness to the international impact of the Holocaust, continue to affect the course of the Arab-Jewish conflict today. How do Islamists explain international support for Israel in 1947? Ignoring the actual fate of the Jews during World War II, they revert to conspiracy theories, viewing the creation of the Jewish state as a Jewish-inspired attack by the United States and the Soviet Union on the Arab world. Accordingly, El-Awaisi writes, the Brotherhood "considered the whole United Nations intervention to be an international plot carried out by the Americans, the Russians and the British, under the influence of Zionism." The mad notion of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy, suppressed in Germany since May 8, 1945, survived and flourished in the political culture of the Arab world." Uzbek Jewish director Mark Weil was found dead Thursday night outside his home in Tashkent. Local police are investigating suspicions that the murder was an anti-Semitic attack. At around 11 pm Thursday, Tashkent police received a call that the 51-year-old theatre director was found dead at the entrance to his home, with multiple stab wounds all over his body. Police believe Weil was stabbed to death by two men, possibly due to his Jewish identity. The Jewish Agency said the director was well known for keeping close ties with the local Jewish community. Read article in full Two Uzbek Jews murdered Friday, September 07, 2007 In response to Howard Jacobson's column arguing that Jews seem to come last in the liberal pecking order among the dispossessed, The Independent has been printing a large number of critical letters. Here, in today's edition, is an exception: Misty-eyed about a people's wrongs Sir: The Independent's letter writers come over all misty-eyed when lamenting the Palestinians' right of return to Israel, yet western liberals consistently fail to put history into any kind of context. What about the right of return of 800,000 Jews kicked out of their Arab homelands in 1948, from lands they had lived in for centuries. Their communal assets were frozen and their property confiscated. The majority of these Jews from Arab lands were absorbed, mainly into Israel. This was a few years after six million Jewish men women and children were incinerated in the crematoria of Europe. The Arab world's contribution to humanity was none too misty-eyed. Hove, East Sussex Wednesday, September 05, 2007 Ynet News reports: Iran started building a huge new cultural and sports complex for its Jewish minority in central Tehran Sunday, billing the project as proof of the freedoms enjoyed by its religious minorities. Housing and urban development minister Mohammad Saidi-Kia broke the ground for the new building alongside Morris Motamed, the representative of Iran's Jewish community in parliament, the official IRNA news agency reported. The total cost for the project is 30 billion riyals ($3.2 million) and the building will extend for 6,800 square meters (73,194 square feet), around half of which will be devoted to sport, and half to cultural activities, Motamed said. It is expected to be finished in two-and-a-half years. (...) Iranian officials vehemently deny charges of anti-Semitism, saying the Jewish minority is well treated, and the president's attacks are only against Israel - which the Islamic republic has always refused to recognize. The officially-recognized religious minorities in Iran are Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians, all of whom are represented in parliament. The Armenians - by far the largest Christian community - already have a well-established sports and cultural center in the north of Tehran. However, Iran considers Bahais, who advocate the unity of all religions, to be apostate, and the sect has none of the rights enjoyed by the other minorities. The UN General Assembly in December denounced what it said was "increasing discrimination" against minorities, but Iran has always insisted all its recognized religious communities enjoy full rights. Most of the Iraq-bound travellers fly through Amman on Royal Jordanian Airlines, according to confidential figures from the airline that TheMarker has obtained. Some of the Israelis hold dual citizenship and enter Iraq on non-Israeli passports. None of the travelers, though, are tourists. There are also no groups of Israelis born in Iraq returning to visit their birthplace (although some had plans for a visit - ed). Others traveling from Israel include journalists, and employees of the UN and other international organizations. Many Israelis fly Royal Jordanian through Amman on their way to the Far East, and now also to Europe. Read article in full Tuesday, September 04, 2007 The Jerusalem Post reports that Maggie Cacoun, a Jewish woman, is campaigning for a seat in the Moroccan parliament (with thanks: Lily): Maggie Cacoun, a centrist politician known for her work on women's rights, is considered among front-runners in an election for the Rabat assembly to be held later this week. Since details on her ethnic background emerged, Cacoun, 54, has been at pains to stress her patriotism as a Moroccan. "I do not want to be treated as a Jew," Cacoun said in one interview. "I did not seek permission to run from the Jewish community. The only person I consulted with was my husband, and he gave me his blessing." Most of Morocco's Jews left decades ago, mainly for Israel or Europe, but the 5,000 or so who remained tend to voice satisfaction about living in the moderate Muslim Arab country. Interview in Maghrebia

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10 Evil Crimes Of The British Empire At its height, the British Empire was the largest to have ever existed. Aside from covering most of the globe, it was responsible for some of the greatest advances in engineering, art, and medicine that the world will ever know. The Empire gave us steam engines, penicillin, radar, and even television. However, life under the British wasn’t all just incredible inventions. Alongside the good stuff the Empire did sat a whole ream of not-so-good stuff, and alongside that a whole load of other stuff so evil it’d make Dick Dastardly balk. 10 The Boer Concentration Camps We all now know about the horrors of concentration camps, but during the time of Boer Wars, rounding up tens of thousands of innocent people and detaining them in camps seemed like a stroke of genius. The British needed the South African populace under control and had the means and manpower to detain them. What could possibly go wrong? Try just about everything. Pitched under the white hot African sun and crawling with flies, the camps were overcrowded, underequipped, and lethally prone to disease outbreaks. Food supplies were virtually non-existent, and the callous guards would dock people’s meager rations for the slightest perceived offense. The result: sickness and death spread like wildfire, killing women by the thousands and children by the tens of thousands. In a single year, 10 percent of the entire Boer population died in the British camps—a figure that gets even worse when you realize it includes 22,000 children. But the atrocity didn’t stop there. While rounding up the Boers, the British also decided to detain any black Africans they encountered, 20,000 of whom were worked to death in slave labor camps. All told, British policy in the war killed 48,000 civilians. That’s 18,000 more than the number of soldiers lost on both sides. 9 Aden’s Torture Centers The Aden Emergency was a 1960s scramble to control the once-vital port of Aden in modern Yemen. Although the port had long been under British rule, a nationalist wave sweeping Yemen led to strikes, riots, and a general desire that the Brits leave as soon as possible. A desire the British decided to quell by opening torture centers. Harsh and brutal, these centers housed the sort of horrors that would make Kim Jong-Un feel ill. Detainees were stripped naked and kept in refrigerated cells, encouraging frostbite and pneumonia. Guards would stub their cigarettes out on prisoner’s skin and beatings were common. But perhaps worst of all was the sexual humiliation. Locals who had been detained could expect to have their genitals crushed by guards’ hands, or to be forced to sit naked on a metal pole; their weight forcing it into their anus. By 1966, an Amnesty report on these abuses had caused global outrage. Faced with international condemnation, the British apologized. They then kept right on using the torture centers for another full year. 8 The Chinese “Resettlement” In 1950, the Empire had a problem. Armed Communist insurgents were trying to take over Malay and most of the population seemed willing to let them do so. Reasoning that their forces stood no chance against a hidden army that could call upon the peasants for supplies, the British hit upon an ingenious solution. Rather than fight, they’d simply imprison all the peasants. Known as “New Villages,” the camps constructed to house Malay’s poor were heavily fortified and watched over by trigger-happy guards. Inmates were forced to do hard labor in return for scraps of food, and contact with the outside world—including family—was forbidden. Once in a village, you lost all right to freedom and privacy. At night, harsh floodlights flushed out the shadows to stop clandestine meetings. Expressing any political sentiment could get your rations docked. But perhaps most uncomfortable of all was the racist nature of the camps. Of the 500,000 people detained during the decade-long Emergency, only a handful were anything other than ethnic Chinese. Outside the barbed wire walls, another half a million Chinese were meanwhile being deported, sent into exile, or forced from their homes. In short. it was a racist policy that harmed nearly a million people, all so the British could cut off supplies to a handful of rebels. 7 The Amritsar Massacre On April 13, 1919, thousands of peaceful protesters defied a government order and demonstrated against British rule in Amritsar, India. Men, women, and children all descended on the walled Jallianwala Gardens, hoping to make their voices heard. What happened next was one of the lowest points in British history. At 4.30pm, troops blocked the exits to the Garden and opened fire on the crowd. They kept firing until they ran out of ammunition. In the space of ten minutes, they killed between 379 and 1,000 protesters and injured another 1,100. A stampede caused a lethal crush by the blocked exits. Over 100 women and children who looked for safety in a well drowned. Rifle fire tore the rest to shreds. When the news reached London, Parliament was so shocked it recalled the man who ordered the massacre, Brigadier Reginald Dyer. In a depressing twist of fate, the British public labeled him a hero and raised £26,000 (around $900,000 in today’s money) for “the man who saved India.” He died peacefully, convinced right to the end that his mindless slaughter had been morally justifiable. 6 The Cyprus Internment The big myth of the British Empire is that it nobly withdrew from its colonies when it realized the days of Imperialism were over. Yet one look at Cyprus proves the myth to be just a feel-good fairy tale. Between 1955 and 1959, the British responded to a Cyrpus rebel bombing campaign by rounding up and torturing 3,000 ordinary Cypriots. The victims of this internment campaign were often held for years without trial and violently abused for being “suspected” terrorists. Detainees received regular beatings, waterboarding, and summary executions. Children as young as 15 had burning hot peppers rubbed in their eyeballs, while others reported being flogged with whips embedded with shards of iron. Those found guilty of rebel sympathies were relocated to London, where a UK opposition party inspection found inmates with their arms broken and jagged scars running across their necks. In short, it was an appallingly sadistic policy, one that showed the British to be even lower than the terrorists they were meant to be fighting. 5 Crushing The Iraqi Revolution In 1920, the newly-formed nation of Iraq was tiring of British rule. Charged with guiding the new state towards independence, the Empire had instead installed puppet leaders. turning the place into a de facto colony. Fed up with their imperial overlords, the Iraqis turned to revolution, only for the British to unleash wave after wave of atrocities against them. First the RAF conducted nighttime bombing raids on civilian targets. Then they deployed chemical weapons against the fighters, gassing whole groups of them. But the real horrors came in the aftermath, when the victorious British decided to use collective punishment against the offending tribes. From that point on, any tribe that caused a fuss would have one of its villages randomly annihilated. Specific orders were given to exterminate every living thing within its walls, from animals to rebels to children. Other villages were subject to random searches. If the British found a single weapon, they would burn the place to the ground, destroy the crops, poison wells, and kill livestock. They’d sometimes target weddings to terrorize the population. In short, the British deliberately targeted civilians in a campaign that lasted the better part of half a decade, all because a few Iraqis had dared to ask for their country back. 4 The Partitioning Of India As a servant of the British Empire in 1947, Cyril Radcliffe has the distinction of killing more people with the stroke of a pen than anyone else in history. With almost zero time to prepare himself, Radcliffe was tasked with drawing the border between India and newly-created Pakistan that would split the subcontinent forever along religious lines. It was a tricky task, one that had the potential to cause massive displacement and ethnic violence even if handled carefully. Radcliffe, on the other hand, was asked to make some of the most-important decisions during the course of a single lunch. The result was a border that made no ethnic or geographical sense. Terrified of being caught on the wrong side, Hindus in modern Pakistan and Muslims in modern India upped sticks and ran. The result was 30 million people trying desperately to escape one country or the other, a situation that quickly spiraled into mind-numbing violence. Gangs of armed Muslims held up border trains and slaughtered any non-Muslims onboard. Hindu mobs chased and battered Muslim children to death in broad daylight. Houses were ransacked, villages burnt, and half a million people killed. It was a ridiculous waste of life, one that could have been largely avoided simply by giving the unfortunate Cyril Radcliffe enough time to do his job properly. 3 Exacerbating The Irish Famine If you want to see why large parts of Ireland still despise anything remotely British, look no further than the Irish Famine. What started out as an ordinary if brutal famine soon became something more like genocide when London sent the psychopathic Charles Trevelyan to oversee relief work. A proud Christian who believed the famine was God’s way of punishing the “lazy” Irish, Trevelyan was also a fierce devotee of Adam Smith. How fierce? Well, he passionately felt that government should never, ever interfere with market forces, to the extent that he refused to hand out food to the starving Irish. Instead, he instituted a public works program that forced dying people into hard labor building pointless roads so they could afford to buy grain. The only problem was he refused to control the price of grain, with the result that it skyrocketed beyond what the road builders could afford. Trevelyan thought this would encourage cheap imports. Instead it led to a million people starving to death. To cap it all off, Trevelyan also launched a PR blitz in Britain that encouraged people to blame the Irish for their own poverty. Suddenly Irish emigrants looking for work found themselves unemployable and subject to violence, even as their friends and families starved to death back home. Because fate laughs in the face of justice, Trevelyan was later officially honored for his “relief work.” 2 The Kenyan Camps In the 1950s, the people of Kenya decided they wanted their nation back. Unfortunately, the people they wanted it back from just happened to be the same guys responsible for every other atrocity on this list. Fearing a countrywide rebellion, the British rounded up 1.5 million people and placed them in concentration camps. What happened in these camps will turn your stomach. Under slogans like “labor and freedom” and other variations on ” Arbeit macht frei,” inmates were worked to death as slave labor filling in mass graves. Random executions were not-uncommon and the use of torture was widespread. Men were anally raped with knives. Women had their breasts mutilated and cut off. Eyes were gouged out and ears cut off and skin lacerated with coiled barbed wire. People were castrated with pliers then sodomized by guards. Interrogation involved stuffing a detainee’s mouth with mud and stamping on his throat until he passed out or died. Survivors were sometimes burned alive. The official body count is under 2,000, but more reliable estimates place the total dead in the tens or hundreds of thousands. Most of them were civilians or children, detained on vague, trumped-up charges of aiding the rebels. And it was all for nothing. Kenya was declared independent in 1963. In using those camps, the British lost both their African outpost and their souls. 1 The Bengal Famine In 1943, a deadly famine swept the Bengal region of modern East India and Bangladesh. Between one and three million people died in a tragedy that was completely preventable. At the time, the extent of suffering was put down to an incompetent British government too busy dealing with a war to look after its empire properly. But in 2010 a new book came out claiming the lack of famine relief was deliberate and that the deaths of those millions had been intentionally engineered by one man: Winston Churchill. According to the book, Churchill refused to divert supplies away from already well-supplied British troops, saying the war effort wouldn’t allow it. This in itself wouldn’t be too damning, but at the same time he allegedly blocked American and Canadian ships from delivering aid to India either. Nor would he allow the Indians to help themselves: the colonial government forbade the country from using its own ships or currency reserves to help the starving masses. Meanwhile, London pushed up the price of grain with hugely inflated purchases, making it unaffordable for the dying and destitute. Most-chillingly of all, when the government of Delhi telegrammed to tell him people were dying, Churchill allegedly only replied to ask why Gandhi hadn’t died yet. If all this is true—and documents support it—then Winston Churchill, the British war hero who stood up to the Nazis, may well have starved to death as many innocent people as Stalin did in the Ukrainian genocide. Could the man who held out against Hitler really be capable of such an atrocity? Judging by the rest of this list, it wouldn’t be surprising.

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Oerstedia dorsalis is a small and rather stout species: up to 30 mm long, but most specimens are 10-15 mm in length and 1-2 mm wide. The bluntly rounded head, which bears four distinct eyes, is not demarcated from the body. The species is extremely variable in colour. Individuals may be a more or less uniform brown or reddish-brown with a single pale yellow, cream or dirty white mid-dorsal stripe, which may extend the full body length, or be irregularly interrupted, but the marbled or banded varieties are more commonly encountered. In these the background colouration ranges from a pale yellowish-brown to cinnamon-brown or reddish-orange, speckled with brilliant white to yellowish flecks, and marked with transverse bands or irregular patches of dark brown, chestnut or brownish-yellow (O. dorsalis). There is sometimes a distinct brown lateral line on either side of the body. The ventral surface in all colour varieties is usually paler than the dorsal one. It breeds during the period September to November, but deeper-water forms have been found containing mature ova as early as in June. An intertidal or shallow sublittoral species to the depth of 80 m or more. It is found on a wide variety of substrata below the low water mark (mud, gravel, sand, stones and shelly sediments) but generally occurs intertidally on small algae growing in rock pools (especially species of Ceramium , Chondrus , Cladophora , Corallina and Ulva ) or between the holdfast branches of Fucus and Laminaria species. Occasional specimens have been found beneath intertidal stones, on Zostera , amongst ascidians or on the submerged surfaces of boats and hulks. The species is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and is found in the west Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the Mediterranean, on eastern Atlantic coasts from northern Europe to Madeira, and on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America as far south as Mexico. Based on electrophoretic screening of six enzymes (Sundberg, 1988), one of the forms is considered to be a separate species: Oerstedia striata .

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One of the Universe’s most common particles has left physicists completely stumped. The proton, a fundamental constituent of the atomic nucleus, seems to be smaller than thought. And despite three years of careful analysis and reanalysis of numerous experiments, nobody can figure out why. The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not “Eureka” but “That’s funny…” —Isaac Asimov (1920–1992) …

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California Condors Hit a Milestone — a Population of 405 — After Nearly Going Extinct By Katy Muldoon Good news for California condors: Their population just topped 400 — 405 to be precise — the most since the effort to save the species began 30 years ago as it teetered on extinction's edge. An April 30 count found 226 of the enormous vultures flying free over California, Arizona and Baja, Mexico, and 179 living in zoos and four breeding centers, including the Jonsson Center for Wildlife Conservation, an Oregon Zoo-run operation in rural Clackamas County. That said, the species faces steep challenges, and the Oregon Zoo program, which has hatched 35 chicks altogether, has had a tough spring. Among eight eggs laid, three chicks have survived with one more due to hatch around June 9. One egg was infertile. One contained an air bubble that destroyed vesseling, so the embryo died. Two other late-stage chicks died despite efforts by zoo staff to help them hatch; the veterinarian sent tissue samples to a lab to try to determine what went wrong. "We know their yolk sacs looked odd. They were enlarged," said Kelli Walker, senior condor keeper. "But nothing on the necropsy was obvious." For Walker and others working in the condor recovery trenches, each loss disappoints and each new chick is a precious addition to a species that once symbolized American wilderness. California condors used to range across much of the nation; explorers Lewis and Clark dubbed them the "beautiful buzzards of the Columbia." But the bald-headed birds whose wings span nearly 10 feet and who can live up to 60 years were almost wiped out by 1982, when only 23 remained in the world. Five years later, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and partners captured the remaining wild condors and placed them in breeding programs at the Los Angeles Zoo and San Diego Zoo Safari Park. The Peregrine Fund's World Center for Birds of Prey in Boise established the third breeding center, and the Oregon Zoo built its condor barn and flight pens in 2003, welcoming its first breeding pairs that November. It was believed to be the first time in nearly 100 years the birds had spread their wings in Oregon, part of their historic range. Including the new chicks, the zoo houses 46 condors today. Of the chicks hatched in Oregon, 21 have been released in California and Arizona; Oregon has no release sites. Five of those since have died. It's suspected, Walker says, that lead poisoning killed three. One was caught by a mountain lion. Cause of death for the fifth bird is unknown. Other surviving Oregon Zoo-hatched condors have been kept for breeding because of their genetic value to the species. Hitting that 400-bird mark isn't necessarily scientifically significant, but it bolsters the spirits of those working to revive a species that plays a key role in nature. Condors feed only off dead animals, picking them clean, which helps keep disease from spreading. When wildlife officials, conservationists and others drafted a recovery plan for the species in 1996, they determined that until there were at least 450 condors, they couldn't be considered for delisting under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Plus, that magic number comes with strings. According to the plan, condors need to be dispersed among three 150-bird populations -- two wild and one captive, with 15 breeding pairs in each group. And they have to be self-sustaining, reproducing and expanding on their own. "We're not there yet," says John McCamman, who took over in March as California condor coordinator for USFWS. For as much progress as the program's made, McCamman says, it faces serious challenges that will help guide an upcoming re-write of the recovery plan. Key among issues are lead poisoning caused by condors eating animals, or gut piles from animals, shot with lead ammunition. Wind turbines being planted along ridgetops near condors' ranges pose an increasing threat. Along the California coast near Big Sur, a condor release site, biologists have noticed serious eggshell thinning. They believe it results from condors feeding on sea lion carcasses containing DDE, a residual from the now banned insecticide DDT. DDE remains in the water column off California, where lots of the insecticide was dumped. As they re-draw the recovery plan, McCamman says, scientists and other condor caretakers will look at those issues and more -- everything from habitat loss to the potential effects of climate change on condors' ability to survive. They'll talk about whether to open a fifth breeding center at Mexico City's Chapultepec Zoo, or develop another release site, perhaps in the Siskiyou Range, near the California-Oregon border. The process is likely to take years and include input from lots of parties. "The one thing about condors," McCamman says, "is they're loved by everybody. Lots of institutions and organizations are interested in their long-term survival. Copyright © Copyright © 2012 Oregon Live LLC. This article originally appeared here. |Photo © Paul S. Hamilton||HOME / DONATE NOW / SIGN UP FOR E-NETWORK / CONTACT US / PHOTO USE /|

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In South Florida — and in the rest of the U.S. — many animal shelters suspend black cat adoptions until after Halloween. The Palm Beach, Fla., Post reported that at least three area shelters have halted adoptions of black cats before Oct. 31 due to fear that the cats will end up in the hands of sadistic people who will harm them. “There are satanic sacrificial rituals that still exist in our country and around the world,” says Karen Buchan, community projects manager for Palm Beach Animal Care and Control. Buchan says the adoption suspension avoids having the cat in an unsafe environment. The county also stops black cat adoptions on any Friday the 13th. But other shelters choose not to suspend black cat adoptions. Theres really no documentation that shows any cruelty, said Stephen Wright, a spokesman for the Naples Humane Society. We pretty much think its an urban legend. Lee County Domestic Animal Services Director Donna Ward says anyone looking for a black cat can adopt one no matter the time of year. According to urban legend site Snopes.com, “The problem — or the perception of it — follows folkloric patterns, with anecdotal reports becoming ever wider in scope.” Articles and chain e-mails found by Snopes’ research team have shown evidence of the fear around Satanic sacrifice expanding beyond black cats to pure white cats, then to cats of any color. Early articles warned about the adoption of cats for ritual sacrifice on the days around Halloween, then grew to cover the entire month of October. Now the sacrifices are said to be no longer restricted to Halloween and to occur on other “satanic holidays.” Naples Humane Society used to stop adoptions on black cats until after Halloween. With no evidence to show abuse was a real threat, the organization lifted its ban about 10 years ago. However, “we screen people really well, especially around Halloween when it comes to black cats, to see if they really want a cat or just a decoration, Wright said. Snopes says that the evidence it could gather about ritual sacrifice of cats in October is inconclusive, but “shelters’ being extra-careful with feline adoptions just before Halloween to prevent the ‘renting’ of cats for decorative purposes is a prudent precaution.” Black cats are harder to place in homes, Wright said, so limiting their adoption out of fear is actually more cruel than suspending adoptions for fear of cruelty. When people turn an adopter away that poor pet is going to have to sit and wait for someone else to come along, Wright said. [Source: Marco Eagle] Our Most-Commented Stories

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Although it may appear to actually be the situation to people that drive past on a daily basis and see many things are evolving, and that they appear different from one day to another, advancement does not just transpire. Buildings and streets simply don't evolve out of the land. They each have to be carefully planned beforehand if they are to end up being built very well, as well as to become safe and sound, successful, plus an effective means by which to look after the needs of the general public. In Missouri, this process generally will begin by using land surveyors along with a licensed land surveyors to commence in the beginning and obtain the actual lay on the territory - essentially. It is important to utilize terrain using ways that happen to be in essential agreement with its inherent propensities. A surveyor uses particular resources to measure the property in a fashion that transferred to a map, plus examines the particular land in mind, gathering data relating to its characteristics. Items like sizing, limitations, conforms, plus topography are usually plotted to range using a road map known as a plat. The particular surveyor works in conjunction with an engineer, who is the reason for the style plus building of what it is to generally be built. Examples incorporate things like general public works, local communities, streets, bridges, plus more. The engineer is required to take into mind things like traffic, water treatment, run off, state and local codes, and even more. At the heart of all these issues are the possible positive aspects and also risks that could be presented to the particular general public because of just about any decisions which are developed.

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The Republic of Kenya is a member of the United Nations and the African Union. It has ratified many UN Human Rights Conventions (compare list on the right) and thus has made binding international commitments to adhere to the standards laid down in these universal human rights documents. Kenya is a Swahili- and English-speaking country in East Africa. Bordering the Indian Ocean, the country has an area of 580,367 square km. On a global scale, its population density is medium. The capital of the country, which became independent on 12 December 1963 from the United Kingdom, is Nairobi. Kenya is a member of the regional economic communities EAC, IGAD, CEN-SAD and COMESA. With a Human Development Index of 0.54 Kenya ranks 147th of 182 countries ranked in the UNDP Human Development Report of 2009. Life expectancy of the 38.5 million inhabitants at birth is 48 years, population growth is 2.6 percent per year. GNI is 770 US-$ per capita. External debt is 30.3 percent of gross national income. Primary school enrolment is 86.3 percent. In as far as Kenya has ratified the Optional Protocols for UN Human Rights Conventions or has accepted the Competence of the corresponding UN Treaty Bodies (compare list on the right), the inhabitants of Kenya and their representatives are able to invoke their human rights through these bodies. All inhabitants of Kenya may turn to the UN Human Rights Committee through procedure 1503, to the Special Rapporteurs for violations of specific human rights or to ECOSOC for women's rights violations. Since Kenya is a member state of UNESCO, its citizens may use the UNESCO procedure for human rights violations in UNESCO's fields of mandate. Employers' or workers' and certain other organizations (not individuals) of Egypt may file complaints through the ILO procedure in the cases of those conventions which Kenya has ratified. Since Kenya is an AU member, its citizens and NGOs may file complaints to the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. They may also file complaints according to the EU guidelines (on Human Rights Defenders, Death Penalty and Torture) to Embassies of EU Member States and the Delegations of the European Commission. In cases of human rights violations by multinational enterprises, they may also invoke the National Contact Point in an OECD member state. Kenya has joined the International Criminal Court, it may thus be called upon in case of severe crimes.

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1. A solution containing a phosphate buffer. 4. (Babylonian) A demigod or first man. 9. Neither warm or very cold. 13. The executive agency that advises the President on the federal budget. 16. The fatty flesh of eel. 17. Of or relating to a speaker of the Tamil language or the language itself. 18. Type genus of the Alcidae comprising solely the razorbill. 19. The cry made by sheep. 20. Any plant of the genus Amorpha having odd-pinnate leaves and purplish spicate flowers. 22. Give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect. 24. Annual grass of Europe and North Africa. 25. Mentally or physically infirm with age. 26. European annual grown for forage. 28. A drama set to music. 30. Type genus of the Amiidae. 31. The capital and largest city of the Central Africa Republic. 33. Type genus of the Ranidae. 37. The act of escaping physically. 41. Being nine more than ninety. 45. Someone who skis. 46. An instrument for measuring the distance between two points. 49. (plate tectonic theory) A hypothetical continent including all the landmass of the earth prior to the Triassic period when it split into Laurasia and Gondwanaland. 52. The district occupied entirely by the city of Washington. 53. The basic unit of money in Sweden. 54. A rare soft orange mineral consisting of arsenic sulphide. 56. Being two more than forty. 58. Third son of Elizabeth II (born in 1964). 60. A tube with a small bowl at one end. 61. Being ten more than one hundred eighty. 62. Brief episode in which the brain gets insufficient blood supply. 63. A silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group. 66. The capital and largest city of Yemen. 71. Edible viscera of a fowl. 74. A physician who is not a specialist but treats all illnesses. 76. The blood group whose red cells carry both the A and B antigens. 77. Wild geese. 79. A kind of heavy jacket (`windcheater' is a British term). 83. An Indian side dish of yogurt and chopped cucumbers and spices. 85. (usually plural) Valuables taken by violence (especially in war). 86. Any system of principles or beliefs. 87. An Indian nursemaid who looks after children. 90. Jordan's port. 91. (prefix) Half or partial. 92. Sheet glass cut in shapes for windows or doors. 93. Framework for holding objects. 95. Of a light yellowish-brown color n 1. 96. The compass point that is one point south of southeast. 97. (Babylonian) God of storms and wind. 98. The highest level or degree attainable. 99. A loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 1. Small beads made from polished shells and formerly used as money by native Americans. 2. Area around the altar of a church for the clergy and choir. 3. A favorite saying of a sect or political group. 4. A nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue. 5. The capital and largest city of Bangladesh. 6. A woman hired to suckle a child of someone else. 7. The ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle. 8. By bad luck. 9. United States film maker (1897-1991). 10. A naturally occuring glyceride of oleic acid that is found in fats and oils. 11. South American wood sorrel cultivated for its edible tubers. 12. French lexicographer (1817-1875). 13. A slender double-reed instrument. 14. A flat-bottomed volcanic crater that was formed by an explosion. 15. A Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad. 21. Shrubby lichens of the family Usneaceae having a flattened thallus. 23. A metabolic acid found in yeast and liver cells. 27. Having an eye or eyes or eyelike feature especially as specified. 29. A heavy iron tool with a wooden handle and a curved head that is pointed on both ends. 32. A brittle gray crystalline element that is a semiconducting metalloid (resembling silicon) used in transistors. 34. Congenital absence of the heart (as in the development of some monsters). 35. The basic unit of money in Ethiopia. 36. Amino acid that is formed in the liver and converted into dopamine in the brain. 38. The branch of computer science that deal with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively. 39. A tricycle (usually propelled by pedalling). 40. A genus of evergreen climbers. 42. A Mid-Atlantic state. 43. Motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work. 44. With the mouth wide open as in wonder or awe. 47. Australian moundbird. 48. A river in northeastern Brazil that flows generally northward to the Atlantic Ocean. 50. A large mountain system in south-central Europe. 51. A particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography). 55. An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. 57. Being two more than sixty. 59. An official prosecutor for a judicial district. 64. Not subjected to tapping. 65. Go ashore. 67. Kauri pine. 68. A three-year law degree. 69. An actor's portrayal of someone in a play. 70. Small cake baked in a muffin tin. 72. Cuddling and kissing. 73. A high-crowned black cap (usually made of felt or sheepskin) worn by men in Turkey and Iran and the Caucasus. 74. A white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light. 75. A person to whom money is paid. 78. A crown-like jewelled headdress worn by women on formal occasions. 80. A long noosed rope used to catch animals. 81. Cubes of meat marinated and cooked on a skewer usually with vegetables. 82. A city in southern Turkey on the Seyhan River. 84. A metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables. 88. A health resort near a spring or at the seaside. 89. A slight amount or degree of difference. 94. A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a meter. 95. The compass point midway between south and southeast.

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Distribution & Abundance | Habitat | Habits | Foods | Reproduction | Conservation striped skunk is about the size of a domestic cat, but its legs are much shorter. Total length ranges from 20 to 30 inches. Males vary in weight from 3 to 11.7 pounds. Females tend to be smaller, usually 2.6 to 8.6 pounds. The skunk has a triangular-shaped head that tapers to a rounded, nearly ball-shaped nose. Its ears are small and rounded and its eyes are small, black, and beady. The front feet are each equipped with five toes that have long, curved claws. Toes on the hind feet have shorter, straighter claws. A skunk's tail is long and Most of the head and body are glossy black. A narrow white stripe extends from the top of the nose to the forehead. A white patch on the back of the neck tapers into a single white stripe that extends to the shoulders then splits into two stripes that continue down the top or sides of the back. Other markings include some white hairs in the tail and occasionally a small white patch on the Skunks discharge an obnoxious scent when provoked. This scent or musk is secreted by two internal glands located at the base of the tail. The glands open to the outside through small nipples which are hidden when the tail is down and exposed when it's raised. A skunk has voluntary control over the glands and can control the direction in which the musk is discharged. The glands contain about one tablespoon of thick, volatile, yellowish, oily liquid. This musk (the chemical name is butylmercaptan) has been detected at distances of up to 20 miles away from where it was discharged. The compound is painful to the eyes, but does not cause permanent blindness. Distribution & Abundance Striped skunks are common and found throughout Illinois. Rural areas with rolling hills or bluffs and a mixture of farmland, timber and pastureland tend to support the highest numbers. Striped skunks are abundant in some urban areas, especially those located along railroads or high-tension power lines because these features provide travelways and denning sites. Outbreaks of diseases like rabies and distemper can cause a striped skunk population to decline sharply. Overall, this species is probably less common now than it was 50 years ago because small cattle operations and small grain farming have given way to larger, less diverse crop farms. Striped skunks use a wide variety of habitats but prefer forest borders, brushy areas, and open, grassy fields broken by wooded ravines and rock formations. Permanent water is usually close by. Skunks can dig their own dens, but prefer to use those excavated by badgers, woodchucks, or other animals. Den sites also include stumps, caves, rock piles, old buildings, junk piles, sheds, wood piles and dry drainage tiles or storm sewers. Striped skunks are active at night and occasionally during the daylight hours of early morning or late evening. They live in an area 1 to 1 1/2 miles in diameter, but use only a small part of this on any given night. While skunks aren't likely to move long distances, some have traveled as far as six miles away from where they were captured. Skunks are slow-moving and docile. Their senses of sight, hearing, and smell are poor compared to many predators. When cornered or pursued closely, they usually face the intruder, arch their backs, raise their tails, and stamp the ground with their front feet. If a skunk's warning is ignored, it turns around with its tail raised and facing the threat so that it's in a good position for discharging its musk. Most predators avoid skunks, but domestic dogs, coyotes, badgers and great-horned owls kill a few. Diseases, vehicles and farm machinery are more important sources of mortality. Striped skunks eat a lot during the fall and build a thick layer of fat by the end of October. Building a fat reserve provides energy through the winter when they spend most of their time sleeping inside dens. Skunks are not true hibernators. They venture out of their dens for short distances when temperatures are near the freezing mark and snow conditions are favorable. As many as 10 skunks have been found together in some winter dens, but many live alone. Skunks eat equal amounts of plant and animal foods during fall and winter. Insects are their preferred food, and make up the bulk of their diet in spring and summer. Bees, grasshoppers and beetles are common fare. Skunks also eat mice, young rabbits, ground squirrels, voles, birds and bird eggs. Plant foods include corn, black cherries, nightshades and ground-cherries. Skunks sometimes eat carrion. Skunks often dig for grubs (the immature life stage of beetles), leaving conical holes 2 to 3 inches across and about as deep. Removal of these pests is beneficial to humans. However, the holes can be unsightly on golf courses and residential lawns. Yards that are fertilized and watered throughout the summer tend to have more grubs and provide good feeding areas for skunks. Using an approved pesticide that kills the grubs usually solves the problem by sending the skunks somewhere else to look for food. Breeding begins in February and lasts through March. The pregnancy period ranges from 62 to 72 days. A single litter of four to is born from early May to early June. Newborns don't have much hair, but still show faint black and white color markings. Litter mates can have different patterns, ranging from broad white stripes to nearly no stripes at all. Young skunks begin to leave the den and take short trips with their mother by late June or early July. They grow rapidly, nearing adult size by their tenth month. Little habitat management occurs specifically for striped skunks. Practices aimed at improving conditions for wildlife like the pheasant, bobwhite quail and eastern meadowlark are good for skunks as well. Soil conservation measures supported by the Conservation Reserve Program provide benefits for striped skunks and many other types of Most Illinois farmers have switched to no-till or reduced tillage farming techniques. These practices benefit wildlife by leaving crop stubble, stalks, leaves and waste grains in the field rather than plowing them under and exposing bare soil. Few striped skunks are harvested for their fur. A year-round hunting season allows people who have problems with skunks (killing poultry or causing other damage) to remove them without a special permit. (Note: Shooting skunks in urban areas is usually illegal because of laws that prohibit the discharge of firearms within city limits.) Trapping is allowed during parts of November through January, but may not be practical in urban areas because of state laws. People who live in urban areas should call the Department of Natural Resources for the names of specially licensed nuisance animal control operators who can be hired to solve problems with skunks. Hunting and Trapping Furbearers

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Comprehensive DescriptionRead full entry DescriptionThis solitary ascidian is found buried in coarse gravel, sand or muddy sand with only the siphons visible. The siphons are delicate, nearly transparent when extended and tapered. They are placed close together on the uppermost part of the rounded body. The test is covered with firmly attached gravel or shell particles. Molgula oculata is a similar but larger species which has a characteristic bare area around and between the siphons when it is expanded. It lives in clean coarse gravel or shell gravel. Eugyra arenosa is also similar but lives in clean fine sand and has a test covered in sand particles.

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NOAA announced the inclusion of 82 existing marine protected areas into the National System of Marine Protected Areas. This addition brings the total number of marine protected areas in the national system to 437. Sites in the system remain under the management of the agency that established them, but work voluntarily and cooperatively together to address common management problems, such as adapting to climate change impacts or managing emerging ocean uses. "Linking marine protected areas through the national system builds partnerships and provides new opportunities for sharing ideas and collaborating on solutions to protect the healthy oceans that sustain coastal communities," said Holly A. Bamford, Ph.D., NOAA's assistant administrator for the National Ocean Service. "The national system also increases support for marine conservation by recognizing the critical contribution of these special areas to our shared marine conservation goals." The national system was established in 2008 to connect and strengthen the nation's diverse marine protected area programs managed by federal, state, territorial, tribal and local governments. Familiar examples of marine protected areas include national marine sanctuaries, national parks, national wildlife refuges and their state counterparts. Eighty of the new additions, such as Anacapa Island State Marine Reserve in the Channel Islands, are state marine protected areas established through California's Marine Life Protection Act and are managed by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The remaining two additions are Padre Island National Seashore in Texas and Redwoods National Park in California. For a complete list of marine protected areas in the national system, including the 82 new additions, see http://marineprotectedareas. The National Marine Protected Areas Center serves as the nation's hub for building innovative partnerships and tools to protect special ocean places. It is located within NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries and works in partnership with the Department of the Interior. NOAA's mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and our other social media channels.

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Check out this month's On the Web links, your connection to earth science friendly Web sites. The popular Geomedia feature is now available by topic. Straight from the Source: Q&A with author Sean B. Carroll Print exclusive Deep roots: A review of The Hunt for the Dawn Monkey Whither our rivers?: A review of Disconnected Rivers Antarctic coastal change and glaciology Hunt for the Dawn Monkey by Chris Beard. The branches of the Tree of Life connect us to all living organisms and to all organisms that have ever lived. The extinct organisms on the shortest route through the Tree of Life between modern humans and the root of the tree are our ancestors; those on nearby branches are our cousins. The longest version of human evolution would be a journey that starts approximately 3 billion years ago with the simplest form of life at the base of the tree. It would take more than 2 billion years to pass up the trunk and along the major branches before we enter the relatively small part of the tree that contains all animals. Then we would enter the branch containing all the animals with backbones, then into the mammal branch, and then into a thin branch that contains one of the subgroups of mammals called the primates. At the base of this primate branch, we are still at least 60 million years away from the present day. The last leg of the human evolutionary journey would take us into the monkey and ape branch of the Tree of Life, and then into the great ape branch. Sometime between 15 million and 12 million years ago, we would move into the small branch that gave rise to contemporary modern humans and to the living African apes. Between 12 million and 9 million years ago, the branch for the gorillas split off to leave just a single slender branch consisting of the ancestors of chimpanzees and modern humans. Researchers estimate that between 12 million and 5 million years, this very small branch split into two twigs. Both twigs end on the surface of the Tree of Life. One has the modern-day chimpanzees at the end of it; the other, modern humans. Most books about human evolution deal only with the branch of paleontology called palaeoanthropology, which is the science that tries to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the small, exclusively human twig of the Tree of Life. But Chris Beard is a primate paleontologist, not a paleoanthropologist, and his research interest is recovering the evolutionary history of the branch that includes the monkeys and apes, collectively called anthropoids. Thus, Beards book The Hunt for the Dawn Monkey tells the story of his own fossil discoveries, and the way in which they, and his interpretations of them, have turned traditional hypotheses about anthropoid origins on their head. The book also carries important messages for those of us who concentrate on reconstructing human evolutionary history. The basic classification of living primates we use today was proposed by Reginald Pocock in 1918. It was based on morphology, but it is consistent with the latest molecular evidence. It divides the primates into two groups. One, consisting of the lemurs, lorises and bush babies, is called the Strepsirhini because they have twisted noses. The other, consisting of the tarsiers and the anthropoids, is called the Haplorhini because they have flat noses. Conventional wisdom suggests that the living strepsirhines are more primitive than the living haplorhines. Because of this, many scientists assumed that the earliest fossil primates would be strepsirhine-like, and that only in the later stages of primate evolution would there be evidence of anthropoid-like fossil primates. Because the earliest anthropoids were from sites in Africa (in Algeria and from classic localities in the Fayum region of Egypt), it was assumed that anthropoids originated in Africa. Beard used similar logic, but different evidence, to come up with a very different hypothesis about anthropoid origins. He concluded that the two major groups of haplorhine primates were more closely related to each other than either was to the strepsirhines. And if the only surviving tarsiers were confined to Asia, then logically the common ancestor of tarsiers and anthropoids, and probably the most primitive anthropoids also, should be Asian creatures. This logic is the same as that used by Charles Darwin when he suggested that modern humans most likely evolved in Africa because our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas, were confined to Africa. The book takes the reader through the long chain of events, some of them serendipitous, others the result of a considerable intellect interpreting clues that others were ignoring or misinterpreting. This chain took Beard to sites as far apart as Wyoming and China where he made his influential discoveries. The title is a play on words, referring to the Dawn Man theory, developed by Henry Fairfield Osborn in the early 20th century, which held that modern humans were not closely related to the monkeys and apes, but instead were derived from an ancient ancestor. I have to confess that in the past when I traced higher primate evolution back much beyond the Miocene, my attention would begin to wander. But Beard had me well and truly hooked. He manages to transmit his own intellectual enthusiasm for a part of the Tree of Life that consists of small shrew-like animals. He is helped substantially by his artist Mark Klingler, whose line drawings are part exquisite naturalistic reconstructions and part explanatory cartoons. To cut an exceptionally well-told story short, Beard suggests that primates and the rest of the mammal subgroup called the Archonta represent just one twig on what appears to be an exclusively Asian branch of the mammalian family tree. He makes the point that apart from the odd assortment of animals that did originate in Africa the Afrotheres all the other modern mammals that are relatively abundant in Africa today (antelopes, carnivores, etc.) are immigrants (see Geotimes, June 2005). The debates about the origins of anthropoids and the origins of hominins have much in common. In both cases, researchers disagree about the pattern of evolution and about the role factors such as climate play in shaping macroevolutionary events. Beard and his editors are to be congratulated. This book is well-written, and it is remarkably error-free. Unfortunately, these are rare attributes, but all the more reason to comment on them. Anyone interested in the history of the science of where we evolved from will appreciate and learn from The Hunt for the Dawn Monkey. Rivers: Linking Rivers to Landscapes by Ellen Wohl. Yale University Press, 2004. ISBN 0 3001 0332 8. Ellen Wohl is one of the few front-line earth scientists with a knack for writing in the environmentalist vein pioneered by John Muir, Aldo Leopold and Rachel Carson. In Disconnected Rivers, she explores the history of how people transformed rivers during the expansion of European American settlement and the economic development of North America. The title plays on the geomorphological adage that rivers are the circulatory system of their watersheds. In geologic terms, everything we produce, erode or leave around the landscape eventually makes its way down a river (or up into the air). Wohl intersperses personal anecdotes and engaging detours with summaries of technical studies as she creates a detailed portrait of historic changes to river systems across the country. She shows how thinking about rivers in isolation from their watersheds has disconnected waterways from their floodplains and impoverished a foundational element of our natural heritage. Put simply, this book needed to be written; even disturbed rivers can be beautiful, and most people have little appreciation for how much Americas rivers have changed over the past several centuries. Wohl addresses the effects of mining (the best and most comprehensive treatment of the subject that Ive read), the role of industrial poisoning of rivers (including the famous burning Cuyahoga River in Cleveland), and the 20th century drive of federal institutions to dam rivers for power, flood control, irrigation and water supplies. The book also reviews recent restoration efforts aimed at undoing (or mitigating) the human impacts on rivers that she describes throughout the volume. Although at times a bit too technical for a wide audience, Disconnected Rivers is richly illustrated and full of great examples. One of the big challenges of the new era of river restoration lies in how concepts and methods developed in one region are mindlessly exported to other regions. Most geomorphologists tend to work in a particular region, and Wohl provides a broad perspective by adopting a national focus and laying out regional differences between rivers in various parts of the country. Making this book required reading for students embarking on careers in river restoration would help them develop the intellectual context needed to understand the rivers and streams they end up working on wherever they practice their art. Wohl ends by issuing a national rallying cry to respect and conserve rivers, citing Taoist philosopher Lao Tzu as well as her own desire to see American rivers restored to functional, connected systems. After reading Disconnected Rivers, I am reminded that although we are already some way into the century of environmental restoration, we still have a lot of work to do. Back to top ice, in its various forms, makes Antarctica home to the most dynamic coastlines in the world. Changes in climate directly affect the volume of coastal ice in Antarctica, and the volume of water trapped in Antarctic ice is capable, if released, of significantly raising sea level worldwide. These far-reaching effects make documenting and understanding changes in coastal Antarctica of the utmost importance. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica Project is documenting that change and making an inventory of glaciers in a series of 23 1:1,000,000-scale maps and a single comprehensive 1:5,000,000-scale map, covering the entire coastline of the continent. New maps of Antarctica evidence the rapidly changing coastlines of the continent. Letters here correspond to 23 areas, charted individually in 1:1,000,000-scale maps. Courtesy of Kevin M. Foley. The primary source of data used in compiling the maps is the 30-plus-year record of coastal Antarctica generated by Landsat. The Landsat satellites provide geographic coverage poleward to approximately 81.5 degrees south latitude, which proves sufficient for most coastal areas. The Coastal Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica are produced in cooperation with other Antarctic mapping groups, including scientists from Italy, Russia, Norway, Canada, Australia, Argentina and Germany. USGS produced the three maps covering the Antarctic Peninsula in close cooperation with the British Antarctic Survey, and the Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie provided a tightly ground-controlled mosaic of Landsat images for use as a base for mapping. The RAMP AMM-1 SAR image mosaic of Antarctica is the mapping base for the remaining 20 maps, and along with MODIS imagery, charts features that are south of the geographic limit of Landsat. Other data sources include aerial photography, maps, field surveys and logs, some dating back to the 1800s.

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From Measurement and Control Basics Fourth Edition A pyrometer is any temperature-measuring device that includes a sensor and a readout. However, in this section we will discuss only radiationtype pyrometers. A radiation pyrometer is a noncontact temperature sensor that infers the temperature of an object by detecting its naturally emitted thermal radiation. An optical system collects the visible and infrared energy from an object and focuses it on a detector, as shown in Figure 7-21. The detector converts the collected energy into an electrical signal to drive a temperature display or control unit. The detector receives the photon energy from the optical system and converts it into an electrical signal. Two types of detectors are used: thermal (thermopile) and photon (photomultiplier tubes). Photon detectors are much faster than the thermopile type. This enables you to use the photon type for measuring the temperature of small objects moving at high speed. Radiation pyrometers are used to measure the temperature of very hot objects without being in contact with them. Molten glass and molten metals during smelting and forming operations are typical of the objects they measure. In selecting the correct radiation pyrometer for an application you must consider several factors. In either narrow or wide fields of view,... More >> Show More... Products & Services Topics of Interest Introduction This chapter discusses the basic principles of chemical analytical measurement and control, with an emphasis on the following areas: conductivity, pH, density, humidity, turbidity, and... Radiation and Particle Detectors Superconducting radiation and particle detectors measure the energy deposited by photons or particles that interact with the detector. Superconducting detectors... 19.1. Introduction A detector can be defined as a device that converts one type of signal into another as illustrated in Fig. 19.1. Various forms of input signal can be entered into the detector,... Suzanne C. Stotlar 17.1 INTRODUCTION The physical universe is made up of objects with temperatures greater than absolute zero, which means that the atoms and molecules of an object are in motion. Dexter Research Center is a leader in the manufacture of stable, high quality, high output radiation sensing thermopile detectors with a linear dynamic range from the UV to long wave IR. Thermopile...

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Definition of Phobic disorder 1. Noun. An anxiety disorder characterized by extreme and irrational fear of simple things or social situations. "Phobic disorder is a general term for all phobias" Generic synonyms: Anxiety Disorder Specialized synonyms: Agoraphobia, Simple Phobia, Social Phobia Derivative terms: Phobic Phobic Disorder Pictures Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Phobic Disorder Images Lexicographical Neighbors of Phobic Disorder Literary usage of Phobic disorder Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature: 1. Value of Psychiatric Treatment: Its Efficacy in Severe Mental Disorders edited by Samuel J. Keith (1996) "Treatment Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder periods of intense fear phobic disorder unrealistic fear of an object or situation, ..." 2. Problems of Drug Dependence: Proceedings of the 58th Annual Scientific Meeting by Louie S. Harrie (1999) "The commonest disorders were tobacco dependence (66%), alcohol dependence (45.7%), cannabis dependence (29.4%), phobic disorder (21.8%), and antisocial ..." 3. Disability Evaluation Under Social Security edited by Barry Leonard (1999) "... eg, confronting the dreaded object or situation in a phobic disorder, attempting to go to school in a separation anxiety disorder, resisting the ..."

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The Origin, Meaning and the Hidden Meaning of the name Seymour This page details the origin and literal meaning of the name Seymour together with an insight into the hidden meaning and interpretation of the name using numerology. From a place surname meaning from the hill over the sea. Usually used as a surname but growing in popularity as a given name. The Meaning of the name Seymour The meaning of the name Seymour is as follows: Hill over the sea The Origin of the name Seymour The origin of the name Seymour is believed to be Old English The Hidden Meaning of the name Seymour using Numerology Numerology is an ancient science which was developed by Pythagoras. Numerology offers an insight into the personality by assigning numeric values to the letters contained in names. The results provide the hidden meaning of the name Seymour. Each letter contained in the name is assigned a number. Every number is associated with specific characteristics. Find the hidden meanings and characteristics of the name Seymour. For more facts about numerology and the meaning of this name click Numerology to discover more about this name for a boy. Want to find out more about choosing a name for a baby boy? Just click the following link to discover some fascinating facts and info about: What does my name say about my personality

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Vadstena Castle was built by King Gustav Vasa in 1545 and was originally intended to shield Stockholm from possible attacks by the Danes and the Smålanders. However, the plans changed, and the castle was turned into a Renaissance palace for Duke Magnus, the King’s son. It was not fully completed until 1620. Well-preserved Renaissance castle Today’s visitors can see historical exhibits on the first floor, one of the four gun turrets, the second floor (not open in summer) and the third floor, which is furnished with 16th–17th-century furniture and paintings. The castle is considered one of Sweden’s best-preserved Renaissance castles. In addition to the museum, the castle houses the tourist information centre, the International Academy of Vadstena and the county archives. Information for visitors

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As the nation celebrates the 40th anniversary of the Wilderness Act, enviromental issues are finally getting some public play in the campaign. (Check in on the Kerry and Bush environmental platforms. On August 25, 2004 the Environmental Protection Agency released new data showing that pollution in one out of every three lakes and nearly one out of every four rivers in the U.S. is so severe that people should avoid eating fish caught there. The figures also showed that now 48 out of 50 states issued fish advisories in 2003, up from 44 in 1993. The EPA says that the increased numbers result from greater monitoring, not more pollution. However, as reported on NOW, the President's mercury emissions standard policy remains an issue in the 2004 election. Democratic candidate John Kerry has criticized the pace of the White House plan which calls for a reduction in power plant emissions of 29 percent by 2010 and 69 percent by 2018. Make use of NOW's coverage of the environmental issues to get the facts, review opinions and find out what's going on in YOUR neighborhood. - Debate Global Warming, Genetically Modified Food, The Clear Skies Program - Facts and Figures Auto Emissions, World Water Wasters, History of the Clean Air Act, PCB Facts and Laws - Resource Maps Local Environmental Quality, Toxic Emissions, Ecycling - Features and More National Parks in Danger? The Roadless Rule, Kids and Chemicals, Mercury in Fish

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Caution on Overuse of Anti-VEGF New research cites possible negatives. ■ Increasingly aggressive therapies that block VEGF could cause damage even when used to treat retinal diseases. Scientists reporting recently in the journal Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences (IOVS) discovered that inhibiting VEGF might have a harmful effect on the ciliary body. This is the second cautionary note about the aggressive use of anti-VEGF drugs to treat retinal disease. Several noted retinal specialists, most notably Philip Rosenfeld, MD, PhD, of Bascom Palmer, have cited growing evidence that heavy dosing of anti-VEGF drugs can trigger geographicatrophy. “Very little is known about the factors that regulate the integrity and function of [the ciliary body] in the adult,” said author Patricia A. D’Amore, PhD, of Schepens Eye Institute. “Our finding indicates that VEGF-A is at least one of the molecules that play a role in keeping the ciliary body healthy and functioning properly.” In the study, investigators simulated the VEGF-A activity in adult mice and found that blocking the protein decreased intraocular pressure, an unexpected side effect that impaired the ciliary body. Several anti-VEGF-A therapies have been used for the treatment of wet AMD, diabetic macular edema, retinopathy of prematurity, and other eye diseases. Dr. D’Amore agrees that thus far no evidence has indicated that the manner in which these drugs are being administered interferes with the ciliary body. “However, there is a move toward developing methods to continuously deliver anti-VEGF to the eye and to have drugs that are more potent inhibitors of VEGF,” she said. “I would be concerned that more aggressive VEGF inhibition in the eye would have deleterious effects on the ciliary body.” The investigation of anti-VEGF-A on the ciliary body was the result of prior studies that found blocking VEGF can lead to the degeneration of capillary beds, particularly those populated with fenestrated capillaries. Whole-body VEGF blockade in anticancer therapies has been found to damage the capillaries of the kidney, and anti-VEGF used for localized treatment of brain tumors can affect thyroid function. The results of the IOVS study suggest the need for further research, including clinical trials. “I am hoping that revealing the possible negative side effects of VEGF inhibition in the eye will motivate research into new ways to block edema and blood vessel growth in the eye that does not require continuous inhibition of intraocular VEGF,” said Dr. D’Amore. Ford K, Magali S, Walshe T, D’Amore P. Expression and role of VEGF-A in the ciliary body. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:7520-27 ■ First patients treated with Jetrea. Allen C. Ho, MD, Pravin Dugel, MD, and David Boyer, MD, treated the first patients with recently approved Jetrea (ocriplasmin, ThromboGenics) in mid-January. Jetrea is the first and only pharmacologic option approved for the treatment of symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion (VMA). Dr. Ho is a professor at Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia. Dr. Dugel is in private practice with Retinal Consultants of Arizona, and Dr. Boyer is in private practice with Retina-Vitreous Associates in Los Angeles. Jetrea intravitreal injection, 2.5 mg/mL, is now available and can be ordered immediately for authorized shipment. Only a single injection is required for each patient. ■ Sanofi to buy more Regeneron stock. Sanofi, which is partnering with Regeneron on several promising non-ophthalmic drugs, has filed notice that it intends to purchase a larger stake in Regeneron than the 16% stake it already holds. The move was seen as a signal that Sanofi sees strong potential in the cancer and cholesterol-lowering drugs that are included in the partnership. Regeneron’s treatment for wet AMD, Eylea, has had a wildly successful launch following FDA approval in late 2011, but Sanofi has no stake in it. The international partner for Eylea is Baxter HealthCare. In its first full year of sales, Eylea recorded revenue of $838 million in the United States alone. Regeneron is predicting Eylea sales growth of approximately 50% in 2013, to the $1.2-$1.3 billion range. Device and App for Image Capture, Transfer The iExaminer can facilitate telemedicine. ■ Welch Allyn has received FDA 510(k) clearance for its iExaminer, a combined image-capture device and iPhone app that can facilitate the transfer of retinal images to patients and remote sites. The iExaminer consists of a hardware adapter and associated software that allows eye-care professionals to capture, store, send and retrieve images from the Welch Allyn PanOptic ophthalmoscope using the iPhone 4 or 4S. The company noted the PanOptic features patented optical technology that creates a viewing area of the fundus and retinal nerve in an undilated pupil five times larger than that of a traditional ophthalmoscope and increases magnification by 26% to more easily see retinal details. The iExaminer is designed to rapidly capture and transmit retinal images the PanOptic creates for documentation. The iExaminer adapter aligns the optical access of the PanOptic to the visual axis of the iPhone 4 or 4S camera to capture high-resolution pictures of the fundus and retinal nerve. The iExaminer software application, available from the Apple App Store, then allows physicians to save images to a patient file, as well as e-mail and print the images. “The iExaminer allows health-care providers to easily capture and share the images of a fundus at a moment’s notice, helping to improve the quality of care provided — especially for remote users who may not have easy access to specialists,” said Rick Farchione, senior manager, physical assessment at Welch Allyn. Mr. Farchione added that the iExaminer will increase work-flow efficiency by allowing providers to capture and share images from any clinical environment. “It is a low-cost way to digitally capture eye imaging and will also make it easier for providers to share images with their patients, helping to improve patient knowledge and compliance,” he concluded. Regeneron reported earnings of $4.66 a share for all of 2012. ■ Gene mutation predictive of uveal melanoma outcomes. Scientists at the Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis have identified a gene mutation that is predictive of more favorable outcomes in often-fatal uveal melanomas. The research was recently published in the online edition of Nature Genetics. “We found mutations in a gene called SF3B1,” said senior author Anne Bowcock, PhD, professor of genetics. “The good news is that these mutations develop in a distinct subtype of melanomas in the eye that are unlikely to spread and become deadly. This is the first time mutations in this gene have been found in uveal melanoma.” As part of the study, the researchers also looked for SF3B1 mutations in uveal melanoma tumors from 102 patients, finding it in nearly 20% of them. Mutations in the gene were linked to favorable features, including a younger age at diagnosis and a far lower metastasis rate. ■ Argus II approved for RP. The FDA has approved the Argus II retinal prosthesis developed by Second Sight Medical as effective in bringing some limited functional vision to patients afflicted with retinitis pigmentosa. The approval follows the unanimous endorsement of the device by an FDA advisory committee and is the result of two decades of research and more than $200 million in funding from the federal government and private investors. Genes Don’t Predict Response to AMD Treatments Variants do help identify disease risk. ■ Newly released data from the landmark NIH CATT trial show that although certain gene variants may predict whether a person is more likely to develop AMD, these genes do not predict how patients will respond to the wet AMD treatments Lucentis (ranibizumab, Genentech) and Avastin (bevacizumab, Genentech). The data, published online in the journal Ophthalmology, found no significant association between four gene variants and outcomes that measured the patients’ responses to treatment. The genetics study cohort comprised 73% of the 1,149 CATT participants. These patients were evaluated for four gene variants linked to AMD risk: CFH, ARMS2, HTRA1, and C3. The patients’ genotypes were then compared to their responses to treatment with Lucentis or Avastin. The researchers found no significant associations among the four gene variants and the outcomes that measured the patients’ responses to treatment, which were improvement or loss of visual acuity, the status of the retinal anatomy and the number of medication injections given. The findings of the CATT genetic study appear to lend further weight to the 2012 recommendation of the AAO on the use of genetic testing. The Academy advises against routine genetic testing for AMD and other complex eye disorders until specific treatment or monitoring strategies have been shown in clinical trials to be of benefit to people with specific, risk-linked genotypes. “Our genetic research team remains hopeful that gene variants that predict patient response to AMD treatments will be identified soon,” said team leader Stephanie Hagstrom, PhD, of the Cole Eye Center at the Cleveland Clinic. “This would enable a significant leap forward in ophthalmologists’ ability to individualize treatment and care plans for their patients.” ■ Trial approved for oral DME drug. Ampio Pharmaceuticals said the FDA has accepted its IND application for Optina, an investigational oral treatment for DME. Ampio plans to begin enrollment in a 12-week clinical trial in the near future. The FDA granted Optina 505(b)(2) status in July 2012. Drugs designated under this pathway can be approved on a single trial. Optina is a drug based on a low dose of the weak-androgen, low-molecular-weight, very lipophilic steroid danazol. Oral administration of low-dose danazol to patients with DME has been shown to be safe with no serious adverse events. Ampio’s in vitro data suggest that danazol has a biphasic effect on endothelial cells: At low doses, danazol decreases vascular leakage, while at higher concentrations it increases vascular permeability. ■ Santen and Clearside in research partnership. Santen, Ltd, has made a financial investment in Clearside Biomedical, Inc, and also entered into a research partnership with Clearside for the treatment of retinal disease. “Clearside Biomedical’s proprietary microinjection platform provides a novel access to the retina and choroid and may provide improvements in delivering drugs to the site of retinal diseases via the suprachoroidal space through an in-office injection procedure,” said Quan Dong Nguyen, MD, chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. “Through joint research with Santen, one of the leading companies in ophthalmic technologies, it is hopeful that such collaboration will result in new approaches for the treatment of various back-of-the-eye diseases.” The Clearside microinjection process is designed to allow eye-care professionals to treat patients in the office without complicated surgical techniques. The FDA has allowed Clearside to pursue testing of the investigational drug CLS1001 (triamcinolone acetonide) suprachoroidal injectable suspension. This drug would treat sympathetic ophthalmia, temporal arteritis, uveitis and ocular inflammatory conditions unresponsive to topical corticosteroids. Clinical testing is scheduled to begin this month. RP Retinal Physician, Volume: 10 , Issue: March 2013, page(s): 10 11 12

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Science and the Artist's Book An exhibition by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries and the Washington Project for the Arts Herald of Science Download full-size JPEG (498K) or GIF (592K) image. James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" in Nature, London, 1953 The double helix structure of DNA is the source of the genetic code that determines the traits passed along from one living generation to the next. Watson and Crick's discovery of this structure--for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962-- was first published in two short articles in the British science journal Nature. Illustration reprinted with permission from Nature (171: 737-38). Copyright 1953, Macmillan Magazines Ltd; and with the permissions of James Watson and Francis Crick. Download full-size JPEG (215K) or GIF (142K) image. Double Helix: An Essential Component of All Living Matter Berkeley, California, 1994 [paper, colored pencil, wood, found map] Structure has always been a key element in the artist's books of Julie Chen. She was particularly intrigued by the challenge of designing a book that employed the spiral elements of the double helix. Chen's book is actually a two-volume set fastened together. Each volume represents a single strand of DNA.

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(KPRC) NASA's most advanced science project of the year is taking off from Houston's Ellington Field. Scientists are using a DC-8 and a high altitude ER-2 as flying laboratories. Flying experiments out of Ellington Field for the next two months, what the scientists learn could help us better understand our air quality and climate. "There are still issues over air quality in Houston," said Brian Toon, the lead scientist for SEAC4RS. Read more: http://bit.ly/14YkoFB

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Some kids have trouble saying certain sounds or words. This can be frustrating because others may have trouble understanding what they're trying to say. The good news is that kids who have trouble saying certain sounds or understanding others can go to a special kind of therapist for help — speech therapists (also called speech-language pathologists). Speech therapists help people of all ages with different speech and language disorders. Here are some of them: Lots of kids see speech therapists. It's a great way to learn to speak more clearly. Sometimes a kid has a medical condition that makes speaking more difficult. Here are some of them: A kid visiting a speech therapist for the first time will take a speaking test. Don't worry, it's not like a test in school that's going to affect your report card. This test is a way of finding out what types of speech problems a kid has. The kid will be asked to say certain sounds and words. These may be recorded and the therapist might write some stuff down during the test. The test will help the therapist figure out the kid's needs and decide what treatments are needed. The "treatment" for speech problems is practice. If a kid has trouble with articulation or fluency, the therapist will spend time showing him or her how to make the proper sounds. The therapist will demonstrate the sounds and ask the kid to try to copy them. That means copying the way the therapist moves the lips, mouth, and tongue to make the right sound. Mirrors can be helpful here. The therapist might ask the kid to make these sounds while looking in the mirror. Some therapists use games to make this practice more fun. If your therapist is helping you with a language disorder, your sessions may seem a little like school. He or she will help you with grammar — how to put words together properly to form clear statements and thoughts. If you have difficulties with understanding what you hear, you may play games that work on these skills, such as Simon Says. Some treatments are short and others are longer. It depends on the problem the kid is working on. A kid might see the therapist once a week or a few times a week. Treatment can take a few weeks, a few months, or a few years. If you have speech problem, the best advice is to practice, practice, practice. Find time to work on the skills the therapist has shown you. Maybe spend some time before bed practicing in front of a mirror. Ask your parent to work with you. Just like practicing your foul shot or memorizing your multiplication tables, hard work pays off! Reviewed by: Amy Nelson, MA, CCC-SLP Date reviewed: July 2013 |FRIENDS: The Association of Young People Who Stutter FRIENDS is a national organization that provides a supportive network for children and teens. It offers bimonthly digest, books, posters, and an annual convention. Call: (866) 866-8335| |Stuttering Home Page This site offers information about speech disorders through chat rooms, articles, and awareness.| |American Speech-Language-Hearing Association This group provides services for professionals in audiology, speech-language pathology, and speech and hearing science, and advocates for people with communication disabilities.| |National Stuttering Association (NSA) NSA offers educational information about stuttering, outreach activities, support groups, and more.| |What's Hearing Loss? Hearing loss happens when there is a problem with one or more parts of the ear or ears. Someone who has hearing loss may be able to hear some sounds or nothing at all. To learn more, read this article for kids.| |Stuttering Do you or does someone you know ever have a hard time getting words out? Get the whole story on stuttering and other speech problems in this article for kids.| |Learning Problems Having a learning disability doesn't mean you can't learn. The trick will be figuring out how you learn best.| What to expect when coming to Akron Children's For healthcare providers and nurses Residency & Fellowships, Medical Students, Nursing and Allied Health For prospective employees and career-seekers Our online community that provides inspirational stories and helpful information.

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Modern ideas for heating water tanks for livestock have progressed over the years. I had a one-of-a-kind Grandpa. Well, maybe we all say that about people that we admire who have lot of knowledge. Sometimes we would get to work together in the corncrib with Grandpa and my uncles on the day the corn sheller would come to Grandpa’s farm. This was a great workout because my job was to rake the ears of corn in the gigantic corncrib into a drag that would take the ears of corn to the sheller. The corn sheller would shell the corn off the cobs. The corn would go into wagons and the cobs would go into a pile that looked like a mountain to me - or maybe I was just really little. The remaining cobs were used for many purposes in those days. 1) Bedding livestock. If the livestock were truly lucky, the farmer would grind the cobs offering a softer livestock bedding material. 2) Heat. Farmers would pile the cobs in a burn box with a smoke stack to heat the water in a large round stock tank usually made of steel or redwood. The heat kept the water from freezing so the livestock could drink. Talk about a job! Every 4-5 hours, farmers would have to replenish the cobs in every kind of weather. Burrrr! In the morning, dry cobs were always needed to start a new fire. To read about new watering technologies, link here.

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History of the Romani language Romani is the only Indo-Aryan language that has been spoken exclusively in Europe since the middle ages. It is part of the phenomenon of Indic diaspora languages spoken by travelling communities of Indian origin outside of India. The name Rom or Řom, which is the self-designation of the speakers, has related cognates in the names of other travelling (peripatetic) communities that speak Indian languages or use an Indic-derived special vocabulary: The Lom of the Caucasus and Anatolia insert Indic vocabulary into their variety of Armenian. The Dom of the Near East, originally metalworkers and entertainers, speak Domari, one of the most conservative modern Indo-Aryan languages. In the Hunza valley in the north of Pakistan there is a population called the Ḍum, who are also metalworkers and musicians, and who speak a Central Indic (i.e. not a local) language. Based on the systematicity of sound changes attested in these languages, we know with a fair degree of certainty that these names all derive from the Indian term ḍom. In various parts of India itself, groups known as Ḍom are castes of commercial nomads. References to the Ḍom (also called Ḍum or Ḍōmba) are made already by a number of medieval writers in India, such as Alberuni (writing in about 1020 CE), the grammarian Hemachandra (around 1120 CE), and the Brahmin historian of Kashmir, Kalhana (1150 CE). They all describe the Ḍom as a low-status caste whose typical trades included cleaners, sweepers, musicians, singers, jugglers, metalworkers and basket-makers, in some areas also seasonal farm-workers. Similar occupations are still reported for the Ḍom in modern India, whose total number was last recorded in the 1901 census at over 850,000 (according to G. S. Ghurye, 1979). The self-designation ḍom > řom thus appears to have originally been a caste-designation, used in different regions by different populations with similar types of trades. These populations spoke, and still speak, distinct languages, although their languages all belong to the Indic (Indo-Aryan) language family and so are related.

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Summer flooding will worsen dramatically, and the Arctic could be ice-free in summer by 2034. 'Siberia is warming faster than anywhere in the world'. Picture: Nikita Rusanov Siberia is associated around the world with cold but it is now the capital of global warming, says distinguished Russian meteorological authority Valentin Meleshko, former head of St Petersburg-based Voyeikov Geophysical Observatory. One impact will be even more snow in winter leading to excessive flooding in late spring and early summer, as seen last year in the devastating submerging of vast tracts of the Far East of Russia. 'The process of warming in Siberia goes faster than elsewhere; it is not just hypothesis, there is data and observational evidence to prove it. Siberia is warming faster than any other place in the world,' Mr Meleshko told the The Siberian Times. 'In theory we can delineate the influence of anthropogenic (manmade) factors and natural changes. For the last 30 years, we have seen the significant reduction of ice cover in the Arctic and we can observe significant warming there. It reduced by about 30%'. Devastating floods hit the Far East of Russia in August-September 2013. Pictures: DVhab.ru, Alexander Kolbin Forecasts show that if it continues at the same rate 'in 20-to-40 years there could be no ice in Arctic in the summer time. 'It could totally melt by September. But it doesn't mean that there will be no ice during the year. It will re-form in winter, but it will be seasonal, like on our Siberian rivers. If we use only our observations, it is hard to give some definite conclusion, because it is not such a long period of time. 'If we use our models, we can make a very large series of calculations. And we see the strong signal that the warming is coming. It is not just a hypothesis, we are proving this with our models.So the fact is that the ice cover in the Arctic will reduce and even disappear in summer time. 'This huge area of the ocean surface - free from ice - will impact significantly on Siberia. And it already impacts. 'Large areas of open water in Kara, Barents, Laptev and East-Siberian seas give conisderable warmth and water vapour. 'It is transferred by air currents to Siberia and Far East. The humidity is also growing. Absolutely, all the forecasts on all complicated physical models show that Siberia will get more precipitation. Mostly in winter, when more snow will accumulate. 'It will naturally melt in spring and this melting snow will give more water to rivers, and the floods in Siberia will be more intense than before. Climate variability grows as the climate changes, and we need more studies to be able to predict new weather patterns. 'Generally we all are not so interested in the fact that the global temperature changed to 0,5 degree; but we are very keen to understand new patterns of droughts and heavy rainfalls'. End of May 2014 in Siberia. Pictures from Altay and Novosibirsk: Olga Loshkareva, Aleksandra Zaitseva One particular aspect has urgent and far-reaching implications for northern regions of Siberia in the permafrost belt. 'I can say for sure that there is a constant slow thawing of the permafrost,' said Professor Meleshko, a doctor of Physical and Mathematical sciences, and Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation. 'The border of the permafrost by the 2050, 2060 will move up by about 100, 150 kilometres. The process is quote slow, but it is underway. 'As of now we register permafrost thawing from five to fifteen centimeters - it might seem minute to some, but it is very significant. There are already shifts and dips in the ground, with some buildings getting destroyed. We need to change approach to construction in such regions and build differently, perhaps use piles or base buildings on rocks. I would say it is a very important issue that needs to be treated with great attention'. The famously clear waters of Baikal - the world's deepest and oldest lake - are under threat from tourists, says leading scientist Maxim Timofeyev. Officials in Nepal and India are alleging birds migrating from Siberia are responsible for cases of bird flu in domestic fowl. The Russian president took part in the 'Flight of Hope', giving a flying lesson to young white cranes ahead of their epic 5,000 km migration. He spoke out as Premier Dmitry Medvedev was in Siberia on a trip substantially aimed at leading efforts to combat the serious forest fires.

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The filament extending from MACS J0717 (artist’s impression) This video shows a computer simulation of the dark matter filament's shape as it extends back from the cluster into the background. Note that while Hubble's determination of the 2D position of the galaxies is very accurate, measurements of distance in astronomy always contain a degree of uncertainty. Due to the scatter inherent in these measurements, the length and orientation of the filament as calculated by the scientists is derived from a statistical analysis – the accuracy of any individual galaxy's location is quite low. For the purposes of this illustration, the perspective has been slightly compressed to reduce the scatter in the galaxies' locations, while the dark matter filament is an artist's impression based on the scientists' models of the filament's structure.Credit: NASA, ESA, L. Calçada About the Video |Release date:||16 October 2012, 15:00| |Duration:||01 m 06 s|

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Cold and Flu Season It’s coming, and we all need to be prepared with the proper medical supplies and medical equipment. Seasonal colds and flu can start as early as October and last all the way to spring. There are a few things you can do to stay healthy, and to keep your home flu-free: 1. Wash your hands. We pick up germs through everything we touch, so wash them well and often, and try to avoid touching things in public places as much as possible. 2. Colds and viruses are passed most commonly through the hands, and through rubbing the eyes, nose and mouth. Do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth unless your hands are clean. Avoid physical contact (including handshakes) with people who are sick. 3. Keep your home clean. Be sure to clean surfaces like doorknobs, handles and stairway handrails. 4. Eat well. Having a well balanced diet with lots of fresh fruits and vegetables will boost your immune system. 5. Exercise is a huge part of overall health, and will help your immune system fight illness. 6. Take supplements. Vitamin C and Zinc are known to fight cold and flu. 7. Consider getting a flu shot. The shot is our best weapon against the flu, so talk to your doctor about it for this season. 8. Lower the stress, increase the sleep. Staying rested and relaxed are going to lower cold and flu’s chances of getting you this season. Also, you can help prevent the spread of illnesses by staying home if you are sick. If you have to go out, try to keep from spreading germs in public places by covering your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough and sneeze. Talk to your doctor if you have questions about this or any other information regarding your health. Tip: Gargling can moisten a sore throat and relieve the pain temporarily. Gargle a teaspoon of salt dissolved in ½ cup of warm water several times a day. Warm liquids like herbal tea and hot water with lemon and honey feel good on the throat and can loosen up congestion. Stock up on everything you need to go to battle with colds and flu this season. Allegro has every type of vitamin C you can imagine, including 250, 500 and 1000 milligram tablets, capsules, chewable tablets, liquid and drink mix for fast absorption. And, get your zinc here! Zinc is found to assist the immune system in fighting off illness. And for cardiovascular health, make garlic supplements a part of your diet. Echinacea is an herbal supplement that can stimulate immune system responses. It is also thought that the combination of echinacea and goldenseal can help relieve the symptoms and reduce the duration of the flu and the common cold. A good multi-vitamin can give your body’s defenses the kick they need to ward off colds. Stock up on herbs and vitamins this cold and flu season for less at Allegro. Keep the air in your home clean and pure with an air purifier. Choose from several manufacturers offering filter based and ionic purifying, for many room sizes. Cleans smoke, pet dander, dust and even bacteria from the air. When the weather turns cold and we turn on the heat in our homes, the dry air can affect our health. To prevent dry skin, cracked lips, itchy eyes, sore throat and even sinus headaches, a humidifier adds much needed moisture to the air. You can also go for a humidifier and ionic purifier all in one! And, keep hand sanitizers handy, to kill the germs and bacteria that spread cold and flu. If the flu does catch you, sooth your aches and pains with a heat wrap. Allegro has every type of heat wrap you can imagine. Try a wrap filled with wheat that is heated in the microwave for natural, powerful pain management. The wheat filling conforms to your body shape. Comes in wraps for your back, neck, eyes and even your feet! Or, moist heat packs have been the chosen treatment for thousands of doctors for years! Moist heat penetrates deep into tissues to relieve soreness, and make aching muscles feel better. Comes in several shapes and sizes for different parts of the body. And, for the latest in pain relief, Light Relief Infrared Therapy offers another drug-free alternative. Infrared light therapy works by emitting energy in the infrared spectrum to provide temporary relief of minor muscle and joint pain, to relieve stiffness, relax muscle tissue and temporarily increase local blood circulation. Keep an eye on illness with a new thermometer. Choose from ear, underarm, oral, rectal and disposable thermometers with digital or standard display. Take your baby’s temperature the easy way, with a pacifier thermometer. It only takes a minute and a half, and even beeps when the fever is high. For flu symptoms and painful congestion, pain relievers like acetaminophen, ibuprofen and aspirin can help. Stuck in bed? Make yourself comfortable! A heating pad will help ease achy muscles. Or, a new specialty pillow may be just what you need. Allegro has contour pillows, the latest in head and neck positioners, and cervical pillows. And, to chill out a fever and bring relief to your achy head, try the Chillow Pillow. Activate it once and it brings a fluid-cool sensation every time you lay on it. You will not know how you got along without your Chillow Pillow. Avoid midnight trips to the store this cold and flu season. Stock up on everything you need to make your family healthy and happy, right here at Allegro.

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Chromosomes are found in each cell in the body. Each human cell normally contains 46 total chromosomes – organised in two sets of 23 chromosomes – that come in two types: sex chromosomes and autosomal chromosomes. Each cell in the human body contains these chromosomes which contain genetic material (genes) that make up an individual's DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Sex chromosomes determine gender. In the final of the 23 sets of chromosomes, females have two X chromosomes, while males have an X and a Y chromosome; in some intersex people, there are variations in the configuration of the 23rd chromosome set. Phenotypes are produced by multiple chromosomes acting together. Cryptorchidism refers to the condition in which the testes fail to descend into the scrotum and are retained within the abdomen or Clitoridectomy is the surgical excision of the clitoris. Until the 1960s clitoridectomy was the principal surgical procedure used to manage enlargement of the clitoris in intersex. Clitoroplasty is a surgical procedure to alter the physiology of the clitoris, and includes procedures in which part of the erectile tissue of the clitoris is removed (clitoral reduction) or relocated (clitoral recession) to reduce the apparent size of the Cloacal Extrophy is a condition in which an infant has the bladder and a portion of the intestines exposed outside the abdomen. In males the penis is either flat and short or sometimes split. In females the clitoris is split and there may be two vaginal openings. Frequently the intestine is also short and the anus may not be open. refers to abnormal organ development during embryonic growth and development of a foetus. Gonadal and adrenal dysgenesis are two of the more common types of dysgenesis. Gonadal dysgenesis may result in a streak gonad. Endocrinology is a medical specialisation dealing with the body's production, use and response to hormones. Genitoplasty is the surgical alteration of external genitalia, and is a procedure sometimes performed on individuals with ambiguous genitalia. The two essential elements of feminising genitoplasty are clitoral reduction/recession (clitoroplasty, see above) and vaginoplasty (see below). A person's genotype describes all of the genetic information that is encoded in his or her chromosomes (for example 46,XY or 46XX, among others). It also refers to the genetic information carried by a pair of genes (one from each parent) which controls a particular Germ cells are those embryonic cells that have the potential to develop into gonads. Germ cell tumours are tumorous growths based in those cells, and can be cancerous or non-cancerous. Gonads are reproductive glands; the term can refer to either testicles or ovaries. Gonads in foetuses develop into either testes or ovaries depending on the chromosomal constitution of the foetus. In some intersex people, gonads do not differentiate fully into one type or the other. Streak gonads consists of fibrous tissue without any germ cells, and therefore are unable to function. A gonadectomy is the removal of an ovary or testis. In some intersex cases, gonadectomy is undertaken if the testes are inconsistent with the sex of assignment. In some CAIS individuals the testes are intra-abdominal or contained in inguinal herniae (a protrusion of the abdominal Histology is the science dealing with the microscopic identification of specific cells and tissue. Hypospadias is a development disorder affecting the urethra. In the male, it is a developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum. In females hypospadias is a developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens into the vagina. Immunohistochemistry is a medical diagnostic tool. Histochemistry is the study of the chemistry of organic tissue through observing chemical reactions. Immunohistochemistry is a form of histochemistry which relies on the principle of certain antibodies binding specifically to certain receptors (antigens) in biological tissue; these reaction patterns can then be assessed. Immunohistochemistry is widely used to detect specific structures in tissues and in the diagnosis of abnormal cells such as those found in tumours. Inguinal refers to the region of the groin. In the male foetus the inguinal canals are a pair of openings that connect the abdominal cavity with the scrotum. An inguinal hernia is a protrusion through the lower Intra-abdominal refers to the area of the body in which the ovaries and uterus are found. In some intersex conditions, the position of the testes is intra-abdominal rather than scrotal. A karyotype refers to the number and structure of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell; that is, the complete set of chromosomes in an individual. The karyotype is usually identical in all the cells of an organism (but not in some rare types of intersex). The standard human karyotype contains 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (46 chromosomes in total). The standard karyotype for females is denoted as 46,XX whereas the standard male karyotype is expressed 46,XY. is a surgical procedure to modify, usually by reducing the size of, the labia, the folds of flesh and skin that surround the female genitals. Neoplasty is any abnormal growth of new tissue. A prophylactic is an agent or procedure that prevents the development of a condition or a disease. Phenotype refers to the complete observable characteristics of an individual, including anatomical, physiological, biochemical and behavioural traits, as determined by the interaction of both genetic makeup and environmental factors. Scarification is the creation of scar tissue following In relation to the position of the testes, scrotal testes are in the scrotum. Testes can in some intersex variations be intra-abdominal Vaginoplasty is a surgical procedure to create a vaginal canal. Some intersex conditions such as Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome may cause individuals to develop a blind vaginal pouch that averages 2.5 to 3.0 cm in depth, compared to an average of 10-12 cm depth for non-CAIS individuals. Some individuals in these circumstances will undergo vaginoplasty. Peter Harris, Mosby's Dictionary of medicine, nursing and health professions, 2nd ed., Chatswood, Elsevier Mosby, Jennifer King, Australian Nurses' Dictionary, 4th ed., Marickville, Elsevier Australia, 2007. Gordon Macpherson, Black's medical dictionary, 40th ed., London, A. & C. Black, 2002. Oxford Reference Online Premium Collection Concise Medical Dictionary, 8th ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012 (online). Dictionary of Biology, 6th ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012 (online). A Dictionary of Nursing, 5th ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012 (online). Navigation: Previous Page | Contents | Next Page

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Bluegill, Bream, Panfish — Whatever.by: Bob Wattendorf, with Steve Crawford (View Article Source) Along with catfish, bream probably are the first fish that many young anglers catch and will always remain a popular fish with freshwater anglers because of their variety, accessibility and palatability. What a wonderful way to spend an afternoon talking with a child and teaching him to fish -- creating memories for a lifetime and getting to really know them. Bream often are taken from the shore or a short fishing pier using nothing but a cane pole and some garden-variety worms, so getting started is super-simple. The next step is spinning tackle, which adds to the challenge and your ability to reach out a bit farther with a nice cast. Aficionados find joy in the delights of using fly-fishing tackle and working on the ballet-like beauty of a well executed roll cast. Drought has a tendency to concentrate bream, making them more accessible. More important for the long run, though, is that by exposing more bottom area, the drought will allow some of the accumulated muck to dry out and native plants to germinate when the water levels go back up. That dynamic cycle of flood and drought is a part of the environment to which our native plants and fishes adapted and helps keep lakes clean, generating bumper year classes of fish. In South Florida, redear spawned as early as March. In Central Florida, they went onto spawning beds during the April full moon, and began congregating to spawn in the Panhandle of Florida in mid-May. Bluegill will begin spawning about a month after shellcracker in each region. Shellcracker will bed well into August, while bluegill will spawn periodically throughout the summer months and, sometimes, even as late as November in south Florida. Water depths for bedding bream may range anywhere from 3 to 10 feet. The clearer the water the deeper bream will spawn. Bluegills seem to opt for slightly shallower waters than redear, but it's not unusual to see shellcracker and bluegill intermingle, using the same bedding areas at the same time. Anglers who use spinning gear won't go wrong when tossing or trolling tiny spinnerbaits. Fly rod buffs particularly enjoy this little scrapper because of its eagerness to clobber both popping bugs and sinking flies. Ounce-for-ounce, the prolific bluegill is a strong battler when not over-tackled. Those caught will range from just a couple of ounces to an average of 6 to 8 ounces. Heavier fish in the 8- to 12-ounce range frequently occur during bedding activities where an occasional 1-pounder is not uncommon. Florida's record bluegill scaled 2.95 pounds. To qualify for the FWC’s "Big Catch" angler recognition certificate, you need to land a bluegill that is at least 11 inches long or weighs 1.25 pounds (see Florida Freshwater Sportfishing Regulations, or visit MyFWC.com/Fishing for applications and details, including youth and specialist categories). Redear sunfish are identified easily by the red margin at the edge of their gill flaps. The average size for these sunfish is about 10 to 12 ounces, but 1-pound fish are caught frequently on spawning beds. Florida's record is 4.86 pounds, while the world record for this species is a whopping 5 pounds, 3 ounces. The FWC’s "Big Catch" program recognizes catches of redear sunfish (shellcracker) that exceed 2.25 pounds or 12 inches. Favored live baits include earthworms, crickets, grass shrimp, snails and mussels. Redear are seldom caught on artificial lures, but fly-rodders can occasionally connect with this hard fighter by casting popping bugs with a small sinking, scud-type fly tied to an 18-inch light monofilament trailer. Shellcracker usually hang around areas with hard, sandy bottoms or shell beds, but may also be targeted near grass patches, pads, reeds or snags. Not satisfied with knowing bream are everywhere in Florida’s fresh waters. The FWC has compiled the following list, based on fishery surveys and local expertise, of spots they think should be included as top panfish locales (in no particular order) for 2007: LAKE KISSIMMEE (east of the City of Lake Wales): This 35,000-acre lake, in the heart of Osceola County, remains one of the best bluegill and shellcracker fisheries in the state. The 24 miles of improved shoreline, plus its enhanced open areas, give boaters and waders a super shot at spectacular catches. Anglers often anchor in open water or on grassy edges of the islands and shorelines and use weighted crickets to lure bluegill off their beds. Open areas off the boat trail also produce good numbers of fish. Historically, bream fishing is best June through August. WEST LAKE TOHOPEKALIGA (LAKE TOHO; south of the City of Kissimmee): Aside from being one of the best bass fisheries in the country, Lake Toho near Kissimmee also supports one of the best bluegill/redear fisheries in the state. Almost 80 percent of the shoreline was scraped and enhanced following the extreme drawdown and muck removal project in 2004. These enhanced areas have provided miles of freshly vegetated littoral areas, and have exposed shell beds that provide excellent spawning habitat for panfish. Surveys indicate an abundance of large, adult bluegill (up to 10 inches) use FWC fish attractors year-round. Local fishing hot spots include grass-line or open-water areas at Brown’s Point, the mouth of Goblit’s Cove and South Steer Beach. Lake Toho’s bluegill and shellcracker can be taken on a variety of baits including earthworms, crickets, beetle spins, minnows and dough balls. LAKE PANASOFFKEE (west of Leesburg): This lake is back on the list after better-than-expected fishing seasons recently. Now in the process of undergoing one of the nation's most expansive lake renovation projects, shallow Lake Panasoffkee in Sumter County has long been famous for its shellcracker and bluegill production. Shellcracker are particularly cooperative during spring full-moon periods at Shell Point, Grassy Point and Tracy's Point. Also, try the shell beds at the mouth of the Outlet River and in the middle of the lake offshore of the Outlet. Sunfish may concentrate along the southeast shore that has been dredged, exposing shell beds. If water levels remain favorably high, check out Little Jones Creek for some outstanding warmouth action. LAKE TALQUIN (west of Tallahassee): Anglers in the Tallahassee area are advised to break out their fly rods, limber bream poles or light spinning tackle, because shellcrackers began bedding by early May and bluegill weren’t far behind. Both species will continue biting well throughout the summer months. Local biologists recommend working the upper end of the reservoir and in the back of various creeks in depths ranging from 3 to 7 feet. TENOROC (northeast of Lakeland): Fishing for panfish on this 7,300-acre fish management area near Lakeland can be a rewarding experience. With lakes ranging in size from 7 to 227 acres, anglers will have plenty of areas to dunk a bobber with worms or crickets or cast their favorite spinner lure or jig. Fishing in submerged vegetation or tree tops should produce plenty of bites, especially around full moons during the summer. Bluegill also bite well in these lakes during September through November. Try Lost Lake West, Legs Lake, Lake C, Lake 3, Lake 2, Fish Hook Lake, Horseshoe Lake or Shop Pit for some of the best action. Call the Tenoroc office for more information or to make reservations, because these lakes are only open to fishing four days a week. LAKE HARRIS CHAIN (between Leesburg and Mt Dora): If you’re in the Leesburg area and have a hankering to tussle with some heavier-than-usual bluegill and shellcracker, both Big and Little Lake Harris will be to your liking. Some of the better locales include the grassy areas in 4 to 6 feet of water near Astatula and the Howey Bridge spanning Little Lake Harris, plus the lily pads and spatterdock patches near the Ninth Street Canal out from Leesburg. Bluegill also will be found in shallow waters tight to sawgrass shorelines. Just downstream from Lake Harris, Lake Eustis has some of the best quality sunfish populations sampled by FWC in the Harris Chain of Lakes. Try the new gravel fish attractors along the Eustis Lake Walk and the pier outside of the canal to the Eustis boat ramp. Also, fish the shell beds near the sailboat marina and along the east shore. The lily pads in Dead River also are very popular with panfish anglers. Lake Griffin has produced some outstanding shellcracker fishing in the past two years. Anglers can find these feisty fish in the mouth of Haines Creek, Yale Canal and along the wooded banks of the northern end near Pine Island. Recent surveys indicate an abundant population of shellcracker in Lake Beauclair. Live worms and grass shrimp are the best baits throughout the chain. LAKE MARIAN (southeast Osceola County, east of Lake Kissimmee): Although this 5,740-acre "sleeper" lake in southern Osceola County, east of Lake Kissimmee, doesn't receive much notoriety, it's still one of the best panfishing localities. Shellcracker fishing is in full swing by late March or April and bluegill spawning activity isn’t far behind. Panfishing success nearly always peaks around the full and new moon periods and may continue throughout the summer. The usual baits - worms, crickets and grass shrimp are popular, while tossing tiny spinnerbaits on ultra light tackle can also be extremely productive. LAKE ISTOKPOGA (near Sebring): Located a few miles southeast of Sebring, this large, relatively shallow lake is outstanding for bluegill. Panfish anglers can concentrate their efforts from April through June around the inshore and offshore cattail and bulrush areas. In other months, likely spots for bluegill and shellcracker include Big Island, Grassy Island, Bumble Bee Island, around various sandy bars and along the edges of eelgrass. Anglers prefer crickets for bluegill and live worms for shellcracker. Fly fishing anglers can experience great action with small popping bugs. CHOCTAWATCHEE RIVER (northwest of Panama City): For river and stream lovers in Florida's Panhandle, this river is ideal, particularly for shellcracker aficionados. Shellcracker usually bed in quieter waters during April and remain active through the early-fall months. If boating around in smaller creeks off the main channel and sloughs during the late spring and summer months, also be sure to try for some redbreast sunfish, stumpknocker and warmouth. Worms, crickets and grass shrimp are favorite baits. SUWANNEE RIVER (flows south from north central Florida): Although bluegill and shellcracker can be caught readily in the Suwannee, this river is second to none for quality-sized spotted sunfish and redbreast sunfish. These scrappy fish provide good action in the middle river section and even better fishing in the lower portions. Try near tree banks on deep shores, the mouths of creeks and along water lilies. Use crickets, mealworms, beetle spins or flyfishing tackle with small popping bugs. Catalpa worms are a big favorite if they are available. MOSAIC FISH MANAGEMENT AREA (southwest of Bartow): This 1,000-acre cooperative fish management area near Ft. Meade in Southern Polk County can have some excellent panfish opportunities during the summer. The dozen lakes on the area range in size from 10 to 200 acres and many have shorelines with an abundant supply of woody brush, tree tops and vegetation that are perfect for placing a well-hooked worm or cricket under a float. Casting a small spinner or jig into the deeper areas also can produce fish at times. Try Pine Lakes East, SP11 and SP12 North and SP12 South lakes for some of the better action. The area is only open to fishing four days a week, and it’s first-come, first-served but don’t worry, you’ll always have a spot somewhere. Please call for more information. LAKES ORANGE and LOCHLOOSA (near Gainesville): With the help of habitat enhancement efforts, and a lot of help from Mother Nature, the shoreline habitat is thriving in Orange Lake and Lake Lochloosa. As a result, bream populations rebounded to high numbers, and anglers are once again adding these lakes to their favorite hot-spots. From March to October, bream anglers should concentrate in the grasses and pads around the Lochloosa shoreline for bluegill, redear sunfish and warmouth. The area around Burnt Island and the west shoreline should be particularly productive. On Orange Lake, submersed vegetation has increased dramatically in the lake, especially in the west arm and south portions of the lake. The result has been regular catches of bluegill, redear sunfish and chuncky warmouth. In August of 2006, one angler hauled in hefty bluegill just shy of 12 inches and weighing 2 pounds. Most anglers use crickets and minnows as bait. If water levels can hang on to allow access to the lake, the forecast for bream fishing in 2007 will be excellent. For more information about these lakes, contact the following FWC biologists: Lake Monroe - Jay Holder (386) 985-7827 Lake Kissimmee, Lake Marian and West Lake Toho - Kevin McDaniel (407) 846-5300 Lake Panasoffkee - Sam McKinney (352) 732-1225 Lake Talquin - Rich Cailteux (850) 627-9674 Tenoroc - Danon Moxley (863) 499-2421 Harris Chain - John Benton (352) 742-6438 Lake Istokpoga - Steve Gornak (863) 462-5190 Choctawhatchee River - Fred Cross (850) 819-3456 Suwannee River - Jerry Krummrich (386) 758-0525 Mosaic Fish Management Area - Eric Johnson (863)-499-2421 Lakes Orange and Lochloosa – Eric Nagid (352) 392-9617 ext. 240 Added: Tue Aug 26 2008 Last Modified: Tue Jul 31 2012

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Ireland first with early-warning medical system Ireland has become the first country in the world to introduce an early warning system across the entire hospital system to help medics recognise and respond to patients whose condition is worsening. The system, which will apply in every hospital in the country, will see patients monitored on a continuous basis, with clear guidelines on the actions to be taken if their condition deteriorates. Hospital managers will be required to submit an annual statement to the Health Minister to update him on the progress being made in implementing the new system. Minister James Reilly said the guidelines were a recognised method of improving health care. "(These scoring systems) have been shown to improve outcomes. The first for Ireland is that this is now nationally mandated uniformly across the system so that everyone can understand and benefit from it," he said.

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Reporting of educational results to the public and to the federal government helps ensure that public schools are accountable for all students, including ELLs with disabilities, meeting higher educational standards. Failure to report scores of some students sends the message that they are not important−that the students do not count. What is reported is what the public knows and reacts to. Federal laws require states to ensure that ELLs and students with disabilities participate in their assessment systems. They also require separate public and federal reporting for each of these groups. States are to report the performance of ELLs compared to fluent-English-speakers. They also are to report the performance of students with disabilities compared to students without disabilities. The laws do not explicitly require reporting of data specifically on ELLs with disabilities. At this time, most states publish public reports on the participation and performance of the overall student population and of subgroups such as ELLs and children with disabilities. These reports are usually available on state department of education Web sites. The reports include the number of students who took an assessment, along with student scores. They may also include the number of children who took an assessment with accommodations. ELLs with disabilities are included in these reports under the subgroups of ELLs and students with disabilities, but only a few states report the participation and performance of ELLs with disabilities as a separate subgroup. States are required to report assessment data for students with disabilities and ELLs separately to the federal government as a condition of receiving federal funds. These reports are sent to the secretary of education each year using forms that specify how the data are to be submitted. States must report the progress they intend to make toward achievement targets that they have set for ELLs and students with disabilities. These results are reported both to the federal government and to parents. In addition to these reporting requirements, districts must inform parents of ELLs who are participating in a language education program of the program's failure to meet the achievement targets within 30 days. Again, ELLs with disabilities are included in federal assessment reporting requirements in the overall student population and in the two subgroups of ELLs and students with disabilities, but not as a separate subgroup of ELLs with disabilities. More is available on large-scale assessment reporting for fluent-English or native-English-speaking students with disabilities.

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For thousands of years, the Jewish people have endured many atrocities. Some may wonder why the Jewish people have been subjected to this treatment instead of those from other races. In The Sacrificial Lamb, author Joey Kiser explains that God has not forsaken Jewish followers, but instead has named them His chosen people. Using historical biblical examples, Kiser shares his experience and ideas about the history of the Jewish people and his ideas about Islam and the Christian faith. The Sacrificial Lamb shows why the Jewish people were chosen to be sacrificed so the world would not perish-a sacrifice to ward off the Devil's plan to destroy mankind. The Sacrificial Lamb illustrates that now is the time to understand-a time to open the minds and hearts of all of mankind so the truth will lead us all to a better place to create a new world full of love and people caring for one another. It makes way for a world ready for kindness, joy, and understanding so we can live in peace for a thousand years.

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Map of Asia. 1892 (dated) 20 x 27 in (50.8 x 68.58 cm) 1 : 19008000 This is a beautiful example of Rand McNally and Company's 1892 map of Asia. It covers from the Arctic Ocean south as far as Sumatra and from the Arabian Peninsula and Turkey eastward as far as Kamchatka, Japan, the Philippines and New Guinea. It includes the empires of Hindoostan (India), China (includes Tibet), Toorkistan, Persia (Iran), Cabool, Beloochistan (Afghanistan), Birma (Burma / Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Anam (Vietnam), Malaysia, Japan, etc. Tibet is included within the borders of the Chinese empire. The Great Wall and the Imperial Canal are both identified. The disputed body of water between Korea and Japan is here identified as the Japan Sea. The map notes the route of the Trans-Siberian railroad. As this map was being drawn, Imperial China wilted under the weak Qing Dynasty while the Russian empire attained the height of its pan-continental expansion. It was at the time, under the more peaceful rule of Alexander III, who, after the assassination of his father, the more liberal, Tzar Alexander II, took over the reign of the empire. Japan was witnessing a transformation of its feudalistic society into a modernized nation but would soon engage in the First Sino-Japanese War for control over Korea and Taiwan. Meanwhile, Turkey and the Middle east were under declining Ottoman rule while the British Raj governed of India. Color coded according to countries and territories, the map notes several towns, cities, rivers, mountains, and various other topographical details with relief shown by hachure. This map was issued as plate nos. 106 and 107 in the 1895 issue of Rand McNally and Company's Indexed Atlas of the World - possibly the finest atlas Rand McNally ever issued. Rand McNally (fl. 1856 - present) is an American publisher of maps, atlases and globes. The company was founded in 1856 when William H. Rand, a native of Quincy, Massachusetts, opened a print shop in Chicago. Rand hired the recent Irish immigrant Andrew McNally to assist in the shop giving him a wage of 9 USD per week. The duo landed several important contracts, including the Tribune's (later renamed the Chicago Tribune) printing operation. In 1872 Rand McNally produced its first map, a railroad guide, using new cost effective printing technique known as wax process engraving. As the Chicago developed as a railway hub the Rand firm, now incorporated as Rand McNally, began producing a wide array of maps and guides. Over time the firm expanded into atlases, globes, education books, and general literature. By embracing the cost effective wax engraving process Rand McNally was able to dominate the map and atlas market, pushing more traditional American lithographic publishers like Colton, Johnson, and Mitchell out of business. Eventually Rand McNally opened an annex office in New York City headed by Caleb S. Hammond, whose name is today synonymous with maps and atlases, and who later started his own map company, C. S. Hammond & Co. Both firms remain in business. Rand McNally & Co., Foreign Countries. Rand, McNally & Co's Indexed Atlas of the World (Complete in Two Volumes)…, (Chicago) 1895. Very good. Minor wear along original centerfold. Text on verso. Rumsey 3565.028 (1897 edition). Philip (atlases) 1026 (1898 edition).

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Authors: Joan Fong, Lam Oeng Kwan, Eric Lam, Christine Lee, Loo Poh Lim Publisher: Marshall Cavendish education Example of ISBN: 978-1-920293-80-2 Reviewed by: Heather Blanckensee, Principal and Natural Sciences Teacher, Sacred Heart College High school Science Matters for Lower Secondary Express consists of two textbooks (Volume A and Volume B), and corresponding two workbooks and two practical books. It forms part of the Singapore Science Series and, while specifically designed for use within the Singapore education system, it presents a fairly comprehensive coverage of most concepts covered in the present South African Grades 7, 8 and 9 Natural Sciences curriculum. As such, it is most suitable for use in schools that have a junior high or middle school that allows for the implementation of a twoto three-year Science programme. The textbooks are visually engaging, with colourful and up-to-date pictures. There are four themes or units in the first textbook – namely Science and Technology, Measurement, Diversity and Interactions. The second textbook of Science Matters (Volume B) has two units: Energy and Models and Systems. Every chapter within each unit has learning outcomes as a starting point, and a chapter opener that has a relevant example which stimulates learners’ interest in the topic. Each double page offers a multimodal approach to learning, with content information that links to exercises in the workbook, or a practical activity as outlined in the practical book. There are interrogative questions that lend themselves to research, debates, critical thinking development and exploration of ethical issues. The ‘Surf it’ option provides a link in to related content on the Internet, while ‘Super scientist’ and ‘CSI’ (Cool Science Investigation) add fun dimensions to learning. Each chapter has a summary in the form of a concept map, and a series of different types of questions that reinforce concepts. The textbooks – despite some references to specific issues or examples in Singapore – can be used in a South African context, providing the teacher is able to find suitable local examples. However, there are a number of international references that allow the books to translate well into the Grades 7 to 9 Science classroom. The workbook focuses specifically on reinforcing the core knowledge of concepts learnt. Each worksheet has two different levels of questions. The questions in the workbook function primarily at a recall and comprehension level. However, the ‘Challenge yourself ’ questions – with an allocated time limit – allow for thinking at a higher order level. There is also a graphic organiser, which helps learners to learn how to summarise. The worksheets are perforated and can be removed from the workbook and handed in for assessment, which allows learners to continue to work in the workbooks while their work is being assessed. The practical book provides learners with an opportunity to develop basic process skills. All of the experiments are designed simply, but do rely on basic equipment that would be found in a wellresourced school laboratory. The experiment or activity worksheet has been designed with clear aims, skills being learnt, apparatus and materials in mind, as well as procedure and observations. The learners can fill in their answers on the detachable worksheets and can hand this in for assessment. This provides a definite structure to the experiment, but does not encourage further experimentation or design of new experiments. The teacher’s edition of both workbooks and practical books are available. This provides guidelines for time allocated per task and answer per question. The textbooks are very cost-effective given the stunning use of colour and graphics, and would certainly engage all learners in some way or another. About the Author: News posts added for Independent Education by Global Latitude DMA

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County contains vast areas of unspoiled prairie, used and managed as grasslands since it was settled. In the spring, after the pastures have been burnt, some of the hills look like they are all rock without enough soil to support life, and it's easy to see where the name Flint Hills came from. Later, by the end of May, the harshness is buried in a thick carpet of wildflowers and lush County was organized in 1859. The county seat is Cottonwood Falls. Chase County was created out of portions of Wise and Butler counties, and named in honor of Salmon P. Chase, successively Governor of Ohio, United States Senator, Secretary of the Treasury, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In the Senate, he was earnest in his opposition to the extension of slavery into Kansas.

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http://www.kansastreasurers.org/countyservices/chase.htm

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- freely available Agricultural Biodiversity in Southern Brazil: Integrating Efforts for Conservation and Use of Neglected and Underutilized Species AbstractBrazil is one of the most biodiversity rich countries in the world, including a wealth of agricultural biodiversity in both wild and cultivated forms. This is particularly noticeable in southern Brazil, home to a wide array of underutilized food species whose genetic diversity is maintained mostly by farmers through on-farm management practices. Farmers’ contribution in safeguarding and keeping alive traditional knowledge (TK) essential for recognizing, cultivating, valorising and consuming these resources is critical to their conservation. Part of this diversity, a rich basket of native fruits and landraces of vegetables and grains, is also maintained through ex situ collections managed by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) and its partners. This article discusses the integrated efforts for in situ/on-farm and ex situ conservation and use of agricultural biodiversity in southern Brazil. This diversity represents an important cultural heritage, since its use, cultivation and associated knowledge result from the dynamic history of the Brazilian population, including colonisation and immigration by several different ethnicities. Many of these species are sources of genes that convey tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, as a result of the combined action of natural selection and artificial selection by farmers in agricultural systems with low inputs and diverse environmental conditions. Due to their importance for food security, use in breeding programs, high nutritional value, and potential for income generation, Embrapa has taken responsibility for the ex situ conservation of these species. The genebanks that safeguard against the loss of these resources do also play an important role in the restoration of this germplasm to farming communities. Share & Cite This Article Barbieri, R.L.; Costa Gomes, J.C.; Alercia, A.; Padulosi, S. Agricultural Biodiversity in Southern Brazil: Integrating Efforts for Conservation and Use of Neglected and Underutilized Species. Sustainability 2014, 6, 741-757.View more citation formats Barbieri RL, Costa Gomes JC, Alercia A, Padulosi S. Agricultural Biodiversity in Southern Brazil: Integrating Efforts for Conservation and Use of Neglected and Underutilized Species. Sustainability. 2014; 6(2):741-757.Chicago/Turabian Style Barbieri, Rosa L.; Costa Gomes, João C.; Alercia, Adriana; Padulosi, Stefano. 2014. "Agricultural Biodiversity in Southern Brazil: Integrating Efforts for Conservation and Use of Neglected and Underutilized Species." Sustainability 6, no. 2: 741-757. Notes: Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.

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http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/6/2/741

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Definitions of peg n. - A drink of spirits, usually whisky or brandy diluted with soda water. 2 n. - A small, pointed piece of wood, used in fastening boards together, in attaching the soles of boots or shoes, etc.; as, a shoe peg. 2 n. - A wooden pin, or nail, on which to hang things, as coats, etc. Hence, colloquially and figuratively: A support; a reason; a pretext; as, a peg to hang a claim upon. 2 n. - One of the pins of a musical instrument, on which the strings are strained. 2 n. - One of the pins used for marking points on a cribbage board. 2 n. - A step; a degree; esp. in the slang phrase "To take one down peg." 2 v. t. - To put pegs into; to fasten the parts of with pegs; as, to peg shoes; to confine with pegs; to restrict or limit closely. 2 v. t. - To score with a peg, as points in the game; as, she pegged twelwe points. 2 v. i. - To work diligently, as one who pegs shoes; -- usually with on, at, or away; as, to peg away at a task. 2 The word "peg" uses 3 letters: E G P. No direct anagrams for peg found in this word list. Shorter words found within peg: All words formed from peg by changing one letter Browse words starting with peg by next letter

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http://www.morewords.com/word/peg/

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According to Chinese folklore, the earth once had 10 suns circling over it, each taking its turn in illuminating the earth with its light. But one day all the suns appeared together and began to scorch the earth. An archer named Hou Yi saved the earth by shooting down all but one sun, and he threatened to eliminate that one as well. This archer then stole the "Elixir of Life" from a goddess and tightened his control over the country. The archer's beautiful wife, named Chang Er, drank the elixir in order to save the people from her husband's tyrannical rule. After drinking the elixir, she became light and floated upwards to the moon. Hou Yi loved his wife so much, he didn't shoot down the moon and ended his oppression. The moon festival was celebrated since that time in honor of Chang Er. Mooncakes were made popular during the Yuan dynasty, when China was ruled by Mongolians. Rebels, knowing that the Autumn Moon Festival was drawing near, ordered the making of special cakes. Inside each cake was a message with the outline of a planned attack on the Mongolians. On the night of the Moon Festival, the rebels attacked and overthrew the Mongolians, establishing the Chinese Ming dynasty. Moon cakes are still served during the festival to commemorate this victory and the restoration of Chinese rule. The round "moon cakes" are also symbolic of family unity and closeness. Moon gazing is another important part of the festival. On this day the moon is at its brightest and is a time for lovers to appreciate their togetherness. It is a quiet holiday characterized by peace and elegance. The Moon Festival is celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month.

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http://www.qi-journal.com/Culture.asp?Name=Mid-Autumn%20Moon%20Festival&-token.D=Article

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