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As many readers know, the modern ancient astronaut and alternative history craze can be traced back to the work Ignatius Donnelly, whose influential Atlantis: The Antediluvian World (1882) was the foundational text for alternative interpretations of history. But Donnelly was following in a long tradition of scholars who speculated about alternative origins for civilization. The very earliest attempt to connect the Old and New Worlds via the lost continent of Atlantis occurred in 1552, when Spanish historian Francisco López de Gómara wrote in his Historia general de las Indias that America was Atlantis, and the proof could be found in the use of the syllable "atl" in both the works of Plato and ancient Mexico. So far as I can tell, this ur-source for the Atlantis-in-America myth has never been translated. Here is the passage and a rough translation. My Spanish is not terribly great, so anyone who is fluent in sixteenth-century Spanish, please do let me know how better to translate this passage. [Update: Thanks to Felipe for correcting my translation! The corrected translation is below.] I am an author and researcher focusing on pop culture, science, and history. Bylines: New Republic, Slate, etc. There's more about me in the About Jason tab. Enter your email below to subscribe to my newsletter, The Skeptical Xenoarchaeologist, for updates on my latest projects, blog posts, and activities, and subscribe to Culture & Curiosities, my Substack newsletter. Terms & Conditions Please read all applicable terms and conditions before posting a comment on this blog. Posting a comment constitutes your agreement to abide by the terms and conditions linked herein.

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https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/atlantis-in-america-origins

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Central Idea of the Poem – From “An Elegy Written In A Country Churchyard “ The Central Idea of the Poem – From “An Elegy Written In A Country Churchyard ” composed by Thomas Gray is that in this poem the poet expresses his deep sympathy for the poor and the simple village people. They lie buried in their small graves in a country churchyard. The sweet morning air or the twittering of the swallows or the cock’s cry or the horns of the hunters will have no effect on the dead. The poet says that the rich and ambitious people shouldn’t laugh at the poor. Death is the end of our life. We should not be proud of our noble birth, position and wealth.

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In 2013 while conducting a botanical survey along the shore beneath Clay Cliffs, two of our staff members came upon a pair of eagles. One, which looked to be an adult eagle, was trapped under a fallen tree limb. A juvenile, likely its offspring, was flapping its wings frantically in an attempt to pull the limb off the adult. As Derek Shiels and Emily Douglas approached the trapped bird, the juvenile flew off and they got a clear view of the trapped bird. As luck would have it, Derek was wearing a Go-Pro camera on his hat. While he and Emily acted quickly to free the bird, the entire rescue was caught on camera. Emily will never forget scrambling for the stick along the shore that Derek used to lift the limb and free the bird. She will never forget seeing the eagle with its six foot wingspan fly off into the lake, and then return to shore to rest and recover from its ordeal; seemingly fine. Five years later, I tagged along with Emily and other members of our stewardship staff on a visit to Clay Cliffs. The tasks at hand included clearing the trails of fallen trees, so there was some chain-sawing to be done. We also brought back a sign to repair and surveyed just how much garlic mustard was showing up along the trail. Finally, we were there to check on an eagle’s nest at Clay Cliffs to see if the pair was still inhabiting the nest. Places like Clay Cliffs provide ideal habitat for bald eagles, which prefer tall living trees close to water. Fish are a primary food source although they will eat small mammals such as squirrels. According to the Michigan Audubon Society, after nearly going extinct across the U.S., the number of nesting pairs of bald eagles in Michigan has doubled over the last 15 years. Widespread use of the pesticide DDT in the past wreaked havoc with the species, “causing neurological damage, brittle eggs, or just eggs that wouldn’t hatch,” says the Michigan Audubon Society’s Heather Good. In the 1940s there were less than 40 pairs of nesting eagles; now there are more than 800. Although you might see an eagle swooping for their dinner as you stand on the Clay Cliffs overlook, the Conservancy doesn’t publicize the location of the nest. “That’s because if there is a lot of disturbance a nesting pair may abandon their chicks to find a more isolated location,” explains Emily as she adjusts her binoculars, and searches the canopy for the nest. Eagles start building or adding to their nests in February and it isn’t until July that their young are fledged, at about 10 weeks old. Male and female eagles build their nest together as part of their courtship, adding sticks one to three months prior to mating, and lining it with moss and their own feathers. The average nest is huge–four to five feet in diameter and two to four feet deep. A pair of eagles will return to the same nest especially if they successfully raise their young at that location. With their pure white heads, intense eyes nearly the size of a human eyeballs, and giant sharp talons used to capture and destroy their prey, these creatures are fascinating. Learn more about bald and golden eagles: https://www.nationaleaglecenter.org. Emily scans the canopy and points out the nest. Miraculously, within a few minutes an eagle flies in, a stick in its beak. It was an awesome moment for all of us, but especially for Emily. Saving the trapped eagle back in 2013 was one of the coolest experiences she has had in her conservation career. “That could be him up there now, or his mate,” she says. “I feel like we saved a family.” –-Carolyn Faught

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1. Diagnosis of deep lesion by Near-Infrared Hyper-Spectrum Imaging The Near-Infrared (NIR) spectrum, ranging in wavelength from 800 nm to 2500 nm, has properties that make it especially useful for bioimaging. NIR light is less scattered by biological tissues than ultraviolet or visible light, and radiation absorption by water is much lower in the NIR spectrum than in mid-infrared spectrum. This tends to make tissues transparent to NIR wavelengths. Thus, high transparency in the NIR spectrum makes possible non-destructive, non-invasive spectroscopic investigation of plants and human subjects. This allows safe, direct investigation of biomolecules in vivo. Hyper-Spectrum Imaging (HSI) is a potent imaging modality that provides spectroscopic information with high spatial resolution (precision of measurement) and has been applied to various research fields, including detecting epithelial tumors such as gastric cancer, without the use of fluorescent probes. In our group, NIR-HSI system was built in National Cancer Center and investigate about diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) where exist in underlying of mucosa. And sectioning of normal and GIST was performed by machine learning method using the spectrum. This diagnostic system could identify GIST covered by normal mucosa, with high accuracy(Fig.1). We have now developed NIR-HSI devices which can be used under endoscope. In our research, it is confirmed that laparoscope type (Fig.2(a)) and endoscope type (Fig.2(b)) have successfully performed NIR-HSI scans. These devices are expected that endoscopic NIR-HSI analysis can be performed in the near future. Fig.1 NIR-HSI setup and deep lesion prediction by machine learning method Fig.2 NIR-HSI system for laparoscope (a) and fiber scope(b) 2. Locoregional therapeutic option by laser induced plasma Fig.3 Vaporization of tissue by laser induced plasma and future plan Laser induced plasma can be generated by focusing pulsed laser. And when the organ is treated with the plasma, the structure of tissue is broken chemically and vaporized without impact of heat to surrounding tissue. In surgery field, it is expected as new locoregional therapeutic option which is alternative to thermal treatment such as radiofrequency ablation. Thus, we investigated the plasma vaporization effect on porcine liver in this study. As shown in Fig.3, it is observed that plasma treated area was vaporized and the surrounding tissue was free from thermal damage. We have now developed laser guide which is articulated arm type. In the future, we will develop a new device that guides the laser with fiber and can vaporize in the tissue. 3. Endoscopic Hemostasis by Low Temperature Plasma Jet Fig.4 Low temperature plasma jet and hemostasis on porcine stomach Recently, atmospheric Low Temperature Plasma(LTP) is focused as a novel medical tool and it is also expected to be used for hemostasis. But the size of conventional plasma source was too big to use in endoscopy, and the efficacy of LTP hemostasis was difficult to investigate for against gastrointestinal bleeding. We developed a new LTP jet collaborated with Tokyo Institute of technology, which was created with 3D printer to adapt endoscopic use(Fig. 4). Using the new device, we investigated hemostasis efficacy and safety by carbon dioxide(CO2) LTP treatment. As the result, it is confirmed that the CO2 LTP achieved hemostasis within 90 s and it was safer and gave earlier recovery. 4. Development of self-propelling endoscope Fig.5 Developed self-propelling endoscope and insertion in colon model Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a major diagnostic and therapeutic tool in clinical gastroenterology. However, to conduct endoscope, high level insertion technic is required. In our research, to develop automatic endoscopic diagnosis system, self-propelling device has been developing using wire and air driven method. As shown Fig.5, we found that the device can move to insertion direction by itself in gently curved colon model.

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World hunger by class - Published: March 1, 2013 Students at McKinney Middle School had a physical lesson in hunger and global class systems during this week’s Wellness Week. On Tuesday the Dayton chapter of the National Conference for Community and Justice led a workshop in which the students were divided into the world’s populations of upper, middle and lower classes and fed according to economic status. Wealthy students were served plated meat sandwiches and fresh fruits and vegetables, while the middle class ate cheese and bread and the lower class huddled in the corner with one communal rice bowl and a jug of water. Students shared how they felt after the exercise, with some saying “full,” and “greedy” and others saying they felt “angry,” “claustrophobic,” “insecure” and “unfair.” The students then applied the concepts closer to home, engaging in an exercise and discussion on class disparity among their own classmates. The event related to the current year’s investigation of the theme of hunger by McKinney and YSHS students. Other events going on for this week’s seventh and eighth grade Wellness Week include a Project Brite Star teen suicide prevention workshop, a Daybreak event about at-risk youth, self esteem and respect, and a drug abuse prevention workshop by the district’s substance abuse counselor Charles Tipton of TCN Behavioral Health Services.

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Η φυλή είναι ο καθοριστικός παράγοντας στη ζωή των λαών. Η φυλή διαμορφώνει το περιβάλλον που ζει και όχι το ανάποδο. Η φυλετική σκέψη και πολιτική είναι απαραίτητες για την ανύψωση του έθνους, κόντρα στα αντιφυσικά και αντιφυλετικά δόγματα. Der Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler SS/SS-Hauptamt The development of German culture has not followed a steadily rising course. Decades of no growth are followed by periods of slow but steady progress, then new ideas suddenly appear that transform our culture in fundamental ways. A new view of the world opens up, giving us entirely new ideas of our nature and our environment that can only gradually be investigated. They give our people the opportunity for new growth, new flowering, new possibilities. The 15th and 16th centuries during the Middle Ages were a period when the Nordic spirit found characteristic expression in the Copernicus’s teaching that the earth revolved around the sun. The earth, which formerly was thought to be the center of the universe, became a small planet that was just as subject to the harmony of eternal laws as the course of the stars. The former world of appearances collapsed, and the Nordic spirit opened the door to a new scientific worldview. As a result of his revolutionary discovery, the worldview the Medieval Church had so successfully built to control people’s minds gradually fell apart over the following centuries. Today’s scientifically-based worldview freed us from the spiritual domination of the priesthood. We owe to it our great advances in technology, the sciences, and economics. Today we are in the middle of another revolutionary epoch. Revolutionary scientific understandings of genetics and race have found political expression in the National Socialist world view. Once again a world of appearances collapsed, which had concealed from our eyes the true nature of humanity and the connections between body, soul, and spirit. The foundation of the Christian worldview is the doctrine of...the separation of body and soul; the soul and spirit belong to a world independent of the physical, free of natural laws, and they are even to a certain degree able to free the human body from its natural setting. It is a major shift when racial theory recognizes the unity of body, soul and spirit and sees them as a whole that follows the eternal laws of nature. A new epoch is coming, one perhaps even more revolutionary than that resulting from Copernicus’s work. Ideas about humanity and peoples that have endured for millennia are collapsing. The Nordic spirit is struggling to free itself from the chains that the Church and the Jews have imposed on Germandom. And it is not only a spiritual battle, for it finds expression in National Socialism’s struggle for power, as well as in the today’s battlefields to the east and west. The coming victory will bring a fundamental change in our view of the world, and opens the way for Nordic mankind to a new and greater future. The Enemies of the National Socialist Worldview and their Doctrine of the Equality of Humanity The Christian Church taught the quality of humanity from the beginning, and realized it in the areas it dominated. The Jew Paul was above all responsible for the idea, despite his pride in his pure Jewish ancestry. He won the inhabitants of the Roman Empire for the new faith. The Roman Empire experienced considerable racial mixing, which encouraged the rapid spread of the doctrine of racial equality. Anyone could become a Christian, whether Roman, Greek, Jew, Negro, etc. As Christians they were all the same, for the important thing was that they belonged to the Church and accepted its teachings. The only differences that counted were those between believers and unbelievers, and between priests and the laity within the Church. Since all men were created in God’s image, all needed to be won for the Church. The goal is a unified humanity united in an all-encompassing Church led by the priests. The clearest expression of this comes in Pope Pius IX’s statement on 29 July 1938: “One forgets today that the human race is a single, large and catholic race.” This religious doctrine did not come from the native religion of a race or of a racially pure people. It developed in the Orient during a period of racial chaos from the most varied cultures and found its final form under Byzantine influence Does the same soul dwell in these differing bodies? Being absorbed into the Christian community and receiving Christian education did nothing to change or improve the nature or life styles of the various peoples, however. They were only rendered uncertain of their true nature, meaning that foreign influences interfered in areas where only blood should speak, for example the relations between men and women, spousal selection, the relationship between family and people, indeed in relations to foreign customs and life styles. In over a thousand years, Christianity has not succeeded in raising the cultural level of Negroes or South American Indians. But the Church has built walls where none should exist, for example those between Germans of varying confessions. And it has torn down walls that nature established by blessing marriages between Aryans and Jews, Negroes and Mongols. It took millions of valuable people from their god-ordained roles in the people’s community and put them in monasteries or the priesthood. Its doctrines are responsible for the fall of races, peoples and cultures. The healthy instincts of the German peoples resisted its foreign teaching from the beginning, or tried to give it its own stamp. Nordic people fought against it for centuries. Meister Eckhard said over 600 years ago: “The divine is in me, I am a part of it; I can recognize God’s will without the help of priests.” Luther told Christians to listen to themselves and act according to their consciences. But the tragedy of the Reformation is that began as a German revolution, but ended in a battle over dogmas, and Luther finally bound the conscience to the Jewish teachings of the Bible. Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and many other scientists began the battle between modern science and Church dogma, The Nordic scientific spirit can only accept as true that is in accord with science and experience. Today even the once immovable Church is asking questions about the equality of humanity. The National Socialist worldview, based on the knowledge of the laws of inheritance and the inequality of the races, will succeed in overcoming this ancient false teaching and return the German people to its native worldview. The French Revolution (1789) introduced Europe to a new guiding idea, summarized in the phrase “Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood.” It was an uprising of racially inferior elements who took over ideas that in part had entirely different racial origins, and could only be perverted by them. The Jews had a decisive influence. Like the Church, liberalism taught that all people were equal, that there were no value differences between the races, that external differences (e.g., body type, skin color) were unimportant. Each person, regardless of race, might be a hero or a coward, an idealist or a materialist, creative or useless to society, militarily able, scientifically able, artistically gifted. The environment and education were the important elements that made men good and valuable. If one provided the proper environment and freed people from their chains, the peoples would join to develop their abilities in a unified humanity, and eternal peace would result. Therefore liberalism demanded equality for all, the same opportunities for everyone, in particular the Jews, equality and freedom in the economic sphere, etc. We Germans have seen where such doctrines lead. Liberalism tore down the structures that held races and peoples together, releasing the destructive drives. The result was economic chaos that led to millions of unemployed on the one side and the senseless luxury of economic jackals on the other. Liberalism destroyed the people’s economic foundations, allowing the triumph of sub-humans. They won the leading role in the political parties, the economy, the sciences, arts and press, hollowing out the nation from inside. The equality of all citizens, regardless of race, led to the mixing of Europeans with Jews, Negro, Mongols, and so on, resulting in the decay and decline of the Aryan race. All that Nordic civilization had won from the powers of darkness in the areas of culture, science, and freedom was threatened at the instant when the Jews and other inferior elements gained power. European domination of the world collapsed as the result of the World War, and the best of the German peoples, the Germans, faced the danger of decline. Adolf Hitler alone rescued Germany and all of Europe from this fate. The most dangerous opponent of our worldview at present is Marxism, and its offspring Bolshevism. It is a product of the destructive Jewish spirit, and it is primarily Jews who have transformed this destructive idea into reality. Marxism teaches that there are only two classes: the owners and the property-less. Each must be destroyed and all differences between people must be abolished; a single human soup must result. That which formerly was holy is held in contempt. Every connection to family, clan and people was dissolved. Marxism appeals to humanity’s basest drives; it is an appeal to sub-humans. We have seen firsthand where Marxism leads people, in Germany from 1919 to 1932, in Spain and above all in Russia. The people corrupted by Liberalism are not able to defend themselves against this Jewish-Marxist poison. If Adolf Hitler had not won the battle for the soul of his people and destroyed Marxism, Europe would have sunk into Bolshevist chaos. The war in the East will lead to the final elimination of Bolshevism; the victory of the National Socialist worldview is the victory of Aryan culture over the spirit of destruction, the victory of life over death. The Jews were behind the teachings of equality by the Church, Liberalism and Marxism. They were the first and most fanatic proponents of the idea. The Jew Paul spread the Christian doctrine of equality. Freemasonry dominated the intellectual world of the French Revolution, and Liberalism grew out of Freemasonry. The Portuguese Jew Ricardo, the “father of classical national economics,” is the prophet of the liberal economic theory of free trade and economic piracy. The foundation of Marxism and Bolshevism is “Das Kapital,” by the Jew Mardochai (Marx). How did the Jew gain this destructive power over the European peoples? The Jews are a mixed race. The essential characteristic that separates them from all other races and peoples is the instinct for parasitism. The Jews themselves are most clear about this. Karl Marx, the author of “Das Kapital,” says: - “What is the essential trait of Jewry? Practicality, self interest. - What is the culture of the Jew? Haggling. - What is his God? Money.” - The Jewish philosopher Spinoza said: “What we require is simple: that we control everything necessary for our own good.” The parasitic nature of the Jews is clear in its ability to adjust to the host peoples. A characteristic example is the relationship of the Jew to language: Even before our era the Jewish people had changed its language several times. Wherever they went, they took on the host language, though they were generally unable to conceal their racial additions. Yet the Jews are one of the most racially conscious peoples. The laws of the Old Testament and the Talmud strongly prohibit marriage with non-Jews. Leading Jews have always stressed the importance of race and racial purity. Even the Soviet Union, otherwise opposed to race, had passed measures to protect Jewish blood. The most familiar statement comes from the Jew Benjamin Disraeli (originally d’Israeli, later Lord Beaconsfeld), the longtime British prime minister: “No one may be indifferent to the racial principle, the racial question. It is the key to world history. History is often confusing because it is written by people who did not understand the racial question and the aspects relevant to it… Race is everything, and every race that does not keep its blood from being mixed will perish. . . Language and religion do not determine a race — blood determines it.” His parasitic nature led the Jew to hold his own race pure, and to strike other races at the core of their being, their racial nature. Only when a people’s racial purity has been destroyed is the Jew able to develop freely and without restraint. Disraeli’s political policies prove that many Jews consciously work to destroy racial purity. He made Queen Elizabeth Empress of India, creating an opening in England for oriental life styles. He misled the English people with the notion of an Oriental Empire, thereby dulling and falsifying English racial instincts. The Jew also betrayed the peoples of Russia with images of heaven on earth, leading to race mixing to a vast degree, greatly speeding up a process of decay already in progress. The Jew could realize his plans for world domination only when Russia had become weak, without instincts, without culture. That is how we understand Mommsen’s description of the Jewish people as the “ferment of decomposition.” As a result, there can never be peace, but only combat, between the Jew and racially aware peoples. Europe will have defeated this threat only when the last Jew has left our part of the planet. The Führer’s words at the beginning of the war will be fulfilled: The German people will not be destroyed in this war, but rather the Jew. The Racial Question as the Decisive Question for our People Whenever the existence of a people is threatened, the foundation of their development and rise becomes important. The history of every great nation shows a clear idea of its uniqueness and a rejection of foreign races. This attitude is as innate in people as it is in animals. This becomes problematic only when peoples disobey god-ordained laws, when the destructive ideas of equality destroy their instincts, when racial mixing develops. It is then usually too late to turn around, and the decline of the peoples can no longer be stopped. Warning voices were raised in the 18th and 19th centuries when Liberalism began to destroy the peoples of Europe. Gobineau recognized with sure perceptiveness the danger of race mixing. H. St. Chamberlain followed him, as did many others, above all F. K. Günter, who wrote The Racial Nature of the German People. We owe these Nordic scientists this revolutionary knowledge: Humanity is not equal. Just as plants and animals are of different types, so, too, are people. Each of these types inherits certain characteristics, which distinguish it from all other types, from all other races. Racial differences are physical, spiritual, and intellectual. The most important differences are in the spiritual and intellectual areas, in life styles. Racial science is further supported by advances in genetics. Nordic scientists probed ever deeper into the secrets of life and nature. Gregor Mendel was the first to discover the laws of genetics, opening the way to understanding one of God’s greatest secrets, the nature and continuation of life. Genetics tells us that characteristics are passed unaltered from generation to generation, and that spiritual and other characteristics are inherited along with physical ones. The environment can only influence what is already present in the genes. Unlike animals, a person does not have a single environment, but also lives in the cultural world of his race and people. This too determines the development of his inherited traits. His culture comes from his inheritance. Therefore, the race to which we belong determines the life we are born into, and the life we pass on. Races differ not only in their natures, but also in their values. Some races have great creative gifts others over the centuries never raise themselves above the most primitive level. Think of the fruitful plains of the Ukraine, and imagine what German industry and German ability could have done with them! Compare them with the sandy soil of Mark Brandenburg. The smallest village there displays a culture that towers over Bolshevism’s model cities and collective farms. Caption: A Russian Village in the fertile Ukraine, a German farm on land wrested from the sea. The environment does not form people… People form the environment. The accomplishments of the Nordic race are the highest of any race in Europe. This is shown in many splendid cultural monuments, not only on European soil, but also deep in Asia and Africa. The investigations are at an early stage, but we already know that there is hardly a nation in North Africa, the Near East, Iran, India and as far as Turkestan that does not show wonderful evidence of Nordic cultures. It must fill us with pride that in our own homeland, in Germany, culture has bloomed in unbroken lines for more than 5000 years, created by people of our blood, our nature, our ancestry. Race is the Decisive Force in the Life of the Peoples Race is the decisive and molding force in the life of the nations. Language, culture, customs, piety, traditions, life style, but also laws, governmental forms and economies, the whole variety of life is racially determined. Only racially higher peoples are creators and bearers of a high culture. Only they determine the course of events. Inferior races have no history. They lack the necessary ability, the ability to master their own fate. Only racially advanced peoples have this ability; races that do not have the courage to make history have no history. The life of a people does not develop mechanically, nor does it develop steadily. It is a constant struggle with nature and the environment, and above all with other peoples. It is an eternal battle, an eternal struggle. There is no unified, gradual development of all peoples to a common goal. Cultures rise and fall and peoples vanish without others being able to build on their foundation. Each people have unique racial elements that determine its life style and culture, elements that only it can develop and fill with new life. Peoples are creative and significant only as long as they preserve and keep pure their racial inheritance. The decline of a people’s culture is always the result of race mixing and a decline in racial quality. Any change in the racial makeup of a people leads to a change in its nature and its culture. If the race that gave a people its nature is debased by mixing with foreign and inferior races, the people’s culture will perish and can never again be restored to full life. A philosophy that assumes human equality and teaches that all of humanity is part of a common, step-by-step process of development is an error or else a conscious lie. There is no common development of all of humanity. The results of all serious investigations provide evidence against this viewpoint. - Human history is the history of peoples. - The history of peoples is racially determined. It is racial in nature. It is equally false to think that cultures, like individual organisms, follow the laws of growth and decline – that every culture must eventually perish. History provides many examples of peoples that endure for millennia, reaching ever new levels, as long as they maintain their racial purity. Only those peoples perish that ignore their culture – those who act against the law of blood, those that do not maintain the purity of the leading and guiding race. Since the rise or fall of a people’s culture depends above all on the maintenance, care, and purity of its valuable racial inheritance, every responsible statesman must be concerned with racial policy, and do everything possible to maintain the purity of the racial inheritance for the future. Adolf Hitler was the first statesman in history to recognize this and base his policies on it. The world-spanning war that the German people are waging under his leadership is the battle of the Nordic Race against the forces of chaos and racial decay. It is decisive for the future of our Germanic culture, for the purity of the racial elements that make our culture, and for the fate of Europe as a whole. The Triumph of Racial Thinking The new scientific understanding of the importance of blood for the existence of the German people and its culture did not win without a struggle. Our people’s thinking was misled by the forces of the Church, Liberalism, Bolshevism, and Jewry. Only the victory of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist worldview enabled the German people to think racially. The worldview appeals to the Nordic blood inheritance of each German. We have it to thank for the enormous progress of our people after 1933, and for the unprecedented triumphs of its army in building a new order in Europe and the world. Destroying Jewry will remove the final cause that led to the decline and fall of Europe and its culture. When National Socialism took power in Germany, most citizens did not understand the revolutionary significance of racial science and genetics. The victory of racial thinking in so short a time is astonishing. Scientific knowledge often requires decades, even centuries, so enter a people’s thinking. The worldview Adolf Hitler developed, based on these incontrovertible scientific results, enabled the greater part of our people to be persuaded of the correctness and decisive significance of racial thinking. Even in other parts of the Germanic world where the influence of Liberalism has been the strongest and most persistent (e.g. Sweden ) people are realizing the historical significance and value of common Nordic blood and the importance of keeping it pure. They recognize that even today the North Germanic peoples are endangered. The other peoples of Europe too, above all our allies, are recognizing the importance of racial thinking. A racial manifesto of leading Italian scientists in Fascist Italy on 14 July 1938 affirmed racial thinking clearly. The seventh of ten points is: “It is time for Italians to openly affirm racial thinking. Italian racial policy must be Italian in nature, and follow the Aryan-Nordic model.’ Point 8 said: “It is necessary to make a clear distinction between the Mediterranean peoples of Europe on the one side and the Oriental and African peoples on the other.: Point 9 said: “The Jews are of non-Italian blood.” Point 10 added: “The pure European physical and spiritual traits of the Italians may not be altered. The pure European character of the Italians will be changed by mixing with any other non-European race, which is the carrier of a culture other than the ancient Aryan culture.” This racial manifesto clearly recognizes the biological differences between the human races, and draws the necessary conclusions from that scientific knowledge. It is not a mere imitation of National Socialist thinking. Its significance is that a second great power, building on its own scientific foundations, recognizes the significance of racial thinking and sees maintaining the purity of its good blood as its most important task. Practical measures soon followed the manifesto. An example was the fall 1938 law that banned marriages between Italian citizens and the colored (“colonial subjects”). Each of Europe’s peoples must return to the source of its existence and affirm its racial uniqueness if it is to be renewed in the way the German people has been under National Socialism. In recent years, most European peoples have found the will to protect their racial purity against mixing. The Jews are increasingly excluded from economic life, and marriages with Jews are forbidden. Examples are Slovakia, Rumania, Hungary, Croatia, and Bulgaria. Halfway solutions always prove useless. When any kind of back door is left open, the Jew gets around the intentions of the lawmakers. European nations are increasingly coming to the realization that the Jewish question can be solved only as a racial question, and that only racial thinking consistent with natural laws can guarantee the life and characteristics of the individual peoples. Adolf Hitler introduced a new era in the history of Europe and the world. A new world is rising. The barriers of centuries are falling. Empires are declining and a new order under the leadership of young people is rising. The spiritual revolution of our age is just as significant. The spiritual and political boundaries have probably never been clearer than they are today. The lines are clear everywhere. - The Second World War is a struggle between two worldviews and two ways of life. Our enemy hates us because we have recognized that the single raw material that cannot be replaced is the raw material that the German people have more of than any other people on earth, our good blood, which is our Nordic inheritance. They hate us because they know that we hold the key to victory, to our future, and to the eternal Reich of all Germans. Race and People “The human soul does not exist independent of the body, as the Churchteaches. Body and soul are an inseparable unity. The living body is the manifestation of the soul.” “Each manifestation of the people depends on the individual and the family. The health and vitality of a people and the extent and degree of its culture meet together: keeping these racially valuable groups and families pure. Adolf Hitler has led the German people to the realization that the Nordic race is the most creative, valuable race on earth. It has determined their nature, their culture, and their history. Therefore, caring for the valuable Nordic blood is their most important task. Each of us has a role. A consciousness of our proud ancestry must be the guiding force in our behavior. We do not want to be the last of a millennia old advanced culture that ends with us, but rather ‘members of an unending chain extending from our most ancient ancestors to our distant grandchildren’

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Taira no Tadatsune - Japanese: 平忠常 (Taira no Tadatsune) Taira no Tadatsune was a grandson of Taira no Masakado, and is known primarily for his rebellion of 1028-1030, in which he attacked government buildings and seized control of much of the Bôsô peninsula. The region suffered considerably from these events, and it was nearly three years before the Court regained control of the area. - Karl Friday, Samurai Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan, Routledge (2004), 11.

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The popular slogan “Think global, act local” urges people to consider the well-being of the entire planet and to take action in their own communities and cities. Long before governments began actively enforcing environmental laws, individuals were coming together to protect habitats and the organisms that live within them. These efforts, referred to as grassroots effort, often occur on a local level and are primarily run by volunteers and helpers. Although originally present only at the grassroots level, these transformed into global concept with high importance, including not only local communities, but also corporations, governments, and education system. Besides environmental issues concerning local versus global there are also crucial economic viewpoints. These include reinforcement of the local economy by supporting local businesses, farms, for example buying local fruits and vegetables instead of imported ones. Buying local is not only better for the planet but one also gets to help supporting one’s neighbors and strengthening the local economy.

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|Operations with Shaping Machines - Course: Mechanical woodworking techniques. Trainees' handbook of lessons (Institut für Berufliche Entwicklung, 18 p.)| Arc-likechipping ensues through milling with a shaping machine, moreover in a similar manner to level milling, thickness milling and circular sawing. Thereby one differentiates between climb-feed and counter-rotational cutting in line with the chipping direction vis-a-vis the direction of feed. Figure 12 - Types of tension (1) climbfeed cutting, (2) counter-rotational cutting Given climbfeed cutting the cutting elements along with the feed force motivate in the same direction. The processed faces are extremely clean, however given manual feed the workpiece can be pulled away from the hands. Given manual feed, climbfeed cutting is forbidden because of the considerable accident risk! In the case of counter-rotations cutting the cutting forces operate against the feed force. Consequently safe manual feed becomes possible. Chipped edges along the processed surfaces of slotted and milled cuts may result during counter-rotational milling. This occurs because of the unfavourable cut direction of the tool cutters vis-is the grain direction of the work-piece. Figure 13 - Cutting force (1) cutting force at great cutting depth (2) cutting force at small cutting depth 1 feed force, 2 cutting force, 3 chipped edges Why is climbfeed cutting so prone to The tool cutters been arranged in a knife cutting circle. As cutting ensues, given an even workpiece feed, a wavy processed surface results. These waves are known as cutter blows. The nature of the waves, resp. the cutter blow depth, depends on: - the number of tool cutters - the tool diameter - the rotational speed of the tool spindle - the rate of feed of the workpiece Figure 14 - Chip formation through milling 1 direction of feed, 2 cutting direction, 3 tool radius, 4 cutter feed, 5 engagement size, 6 knife cutting circle of cutting edge one, 7 knife cutting circle of cutting edge two In order to ensure sound cutting it is necessary that all the cutters of a tool rotate through the same knife cutting circle, that is to say equidistant from the tool exis. This requirement should be especially heeded during tool maintenance. An extremely wavy or carelessly milled workpiece face can prove a hindrance during subsequent top surface processing and precondition extensive reworking. What is the effect of using blunt tools for million

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Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important public health problems affecting millions of people worldwide. An early and accurate diagnosis of diabetes mellitus has critical importance for the medical treatments of patients. In this study, first, artificial neural network (ANN) and classification and regression tree (CART)-based approaches are proposed for the diagnosis of diabetes. Hybrid ANN-GA and CART-GA approaches are then developed using a genetic algorithm (GA) to improve the classification accuracy of these approaches. Finally, the performances of the developed approaches are evaluated with a Pima Indian diabetes data set. Experimental results show that the developed hybrid CART-GA approach outperforms the ANN, CART, and ANN-GA approaches in terms of classification accuracy, and this approach provides an efficient methodology for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

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With fruit sold in tubs, chicken in trays – and remote Pacific islands awash in plastic debris – the McCreadies found the plastic challenge tough The grotesque images of rubbish-strewn Henderson Island, a remote and uninhabited Pacific coral atoll where millions of tonnes of plastic waste have washed up, sent shockwaves around the world. The sheer volume of plastics escaping into the environment mean that by 2050 there could be more plastic in our seas than fish. But how easily could we cut plastic out of our daily lives? In June the Marine Conservation Society will launch its “plastic challenge”, asking us to give up single-use plastic for a day, a week or even the whole month. Guardian Money asked one Yorkshire family to track their plastic use for a week, then try the following week to cut it out as much as possible. The results indicate by how much we can reduce our plastic footprint – but also show the realistic limits to slashing our use, even among those keen to be as eco-friendly as possible. Source: Guardian Climate Change

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The 2,483 photographs document various functions of the civil government and the Department of Operations and Maintenance of the Canal Zone. Included in the images are aerial and ground photos of the topography surrounding the Miraflores, Pedro Miguel, and Gatun Locks complexes. They also show various vessels moving into the locks; the procedures used in moving vessels through the locks such as the use of electric locomotives (mules) in towing vessels into the lock chambers; views of the control house in operation with different personnel; and scenes of locks from the decks of ships. Other images document the removal of gates for repair; overhaul of different lock chambers, such as repair of cracks in concrete walls, and the removal of silt. In addition, there are close-up photos of various types of equipment and hardware used in the operation of the locks that required replacement or repair. Another body of images documents the various support facilities not directly related to the operation of the canal. Included in these pictures are exterior and interior scenes of clubhouse facilities. The interior views show soda fountains, dinning areas, pastry shops, cafeterias, and kitchens. Other photos show commissary operations. These pictures show various displays of merchandise such as food, cosmetics, and other dry goods for public consumption. There are scenes of the public purchasing goods in these commissaries; standing in line at the check out counters; and various employees helping customers. There are photographs of residential housing complexes, hotels, public schools, ceremonial activities, festivals, and monuments. These photographs were scanned by researcher Dale C. Clarke in 2003. There are no copyright restrictions on these photographs.

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Has your horse’s performance changed recently? Has his attitude toward work changed? Maybe he has lost weight or body condition despite a balanced diet? Is he showing signs of mild colic? He could be suffering from gastric ulcers. Gastric ulcers are basically sores in the lining of the stomach that result from exposure to gastric acids and other substances that lower the pH of the stomach juice. Gastric ulcers in horses are relatively common and occur most often in the proximal (front) third of the stomach nearest to the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. This region of the horse stomach contains cells that are most susceptible to damage. In comparison, the remaining area of the stomach is lined with cells that secrete substances that help to protect them from damage by acids. While all breeds and ages of horses can suffer from gastric ulcers, horses that are in intensive training or competition are more likely to develop gastric ulcers than horses that are used for non-competitive purposes. In fact, more than 90% of race horses have gastric ulcers and the prevalence of gastric ulcers is similar in endurance horses (1). Horses that are moving at gaits faster than a walk have increased abdominal pressure and decreased stomach volume (2). Under these conditions, gastric acid is forced from the rear to the front of the stomach, where cells are more susceptible to injury (2). Similar daily exercise would explain why horses in training commonly have gastric ulcers. Gastroscopy is the only definitive method of diagnosing gastric ulcers in horses. Gastroscopy is a relatively non-invasive procedure in which a veterinarian passes a video endoscope into the horse’s stomach to visualize and inspect the stomach lining for ulcers. After diagnosis, a veterinarian may prescribe a drug that will suppress acid secretion and promote an increase in stomach pH. Ulcers will heal when horses are treated with acid-suppressing drugs, but easily recur after drug administration ends. Fortunately, certain environmental and dietary management practices can be used to lessen acid formation and prevent the incidence of ulcers in horses. Exercise intensity of horses with ulcers that are in training or performing at high levels should be decreased until ulcers have healed. If possible, horses should be allowed to graze on pasture. Several studies suggest that horses grazing pasture have low incidence of ulcers (2). If pasture is not an available option, horses should be fed a continuous, high-forage diet (2), preferably alfalfa hay. Continuous consumption of alfalfa hay or alfalfa-grass hay results in greater saliva production than horses that are meal fed 2 – 3 times a day. Saliva contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid, so continuous saliva production should decrease incidence of gastric ulcers. In addition, there are indications that the calcium in alfalfa hay helps to raise stomach pH (2). Performance horses have dietary energy requirements that cannot be met solely by forage. To meet energy needs, these horses require grain. Unfortunately, a high-grain diet induces gastrin production. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates hydrochloric acid production by the stomach. Studies suggest that damage to the stomach lining is most intense when a single large, high starch meal is fed to horses. However, damage is minimized or averted if the same total amount of grain is distributed in small, frequent meals throughout the day (2). If you suspect that your horse may have a gastric ulcer, don’t despair. Treatments are available and recurrence can be decreased by environmental and dietary management techniques. To receive this blog directly in your email, subscribe above to the right. (1) Tamzali, Y. , C. Marguet, N. Priymenko, and F. Lyazrhi. 2011. Prevalence of gastric ulcer syndrome in high-level endurance horses. Equine Vet. J. 43:141-144. (2) Reese, R.E and F.M Andrews. 2009. Nutrition and dietary management of equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Vet. Clin. Equine. 25:79-92.

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Miscanthus plants were sampled from several plantations in Ireland over the harvest window (October-April). These were separated into their anatomical components and the loss of leaves monitored. Three distinct phases were apparent: there was minimal loss in the "Early" (October to early December) and "Late" (March and April) phases, and rapid leaf loss in the interim period. Samples were analysed for constituents relevant to biorefining. Changes in whole-plant composition included increases in glucose and Klason lignin contents and decreases in ash and arabinose contents. These changes arose mostly from the loss of leaves, but there were some changes over time within the harvestable plant components. Although leaves yield less biofuel than stems, the added biomass provided by an early harvest (31.9-38.4%) meant that per hectare biofuel yields were significantly greater (up to 29.3%) than in a late harvest. These yields greatly exceed those from first generation feedstocks. There has been a significant degree of hype regarding the commercial potential of second-generation biofuels (2GBs; biofuels sourced from lignocellulosic materials). In 2007, ambitious targets for the mass substitution of fossil-fuel-derived transport fuels by 2GBs were put forward in the United States and similar targets exist for other countries. However, as of May 2012, no commercial-scale 2GB facilities are currently operating. The technical and financial obstacles that have delayed the deployment of these facilities are discussed, as are recent advancements in research that may help to overcome some of these. There are six commercial-scale facilities currently (May, 2012) in construction and many more are planned in the near term. The prospects for 2GBs are more promising now than in the past but the delays in getting to this point mean that the ambitious targets of several years ago are unlikely to be reached in the near term. Biomass feedstocks for the production of biofuels and chemicals vary greatly in their chemical compositions. These differences affect which technologies are used for processing. First generation technologies focus on the conversion of sugars, starches, and oils whilst second generation technologies process lignocellulose. While the conversion in first generation processes is relatively facile, the processing of lignocellulose is hindered by the complexity of the biomass matrix. Lignocellulosic feedstocks, however, tend to be significantly less costly, in economic, environmental, and energy terms, to produce. The effects of the various constituents on the conversion of biomass by either hydrolytic or thermochemical means are discussed, as are the logistical considerations needed when sourcing feedstocks. Biomass can be classified as a specifically grown energy crop, an agricultural residue, or a waste resource. Several examples of lignocellulosic feedstocks are discussed for each of these types and representative chemical data for a variety of materials presented. The DIBANET process chain, as a result of its patented pre-treatment stage, has significantly increased the yields of levulinic acid, formic acid, and furfural beyond what was considered to be the state of the art. By fractionating lignocellulosic biomass into its three main polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) it has also allowed for lignin to be recovered and sold as a higher-value product. These developments have meant that the amount of acid hydrolysis residues (AHRs) that have been produced are significantly (up to 88%) less than in the Biofine process. These AHRs are required to provide process heat for DIBANET. Direct combustion is the most efficient means for doing this. If such combustion does not occur and the AHRs are instead used in other processes, e.g. pyrolysis and gasification, then more biomass will need to be purchased to fuel the core DIBANET process. The AHRs have not been proven to be superior to virgin biomass when put through these thermochemical processes. Indeed, many of the results from DIBANET Work Package 4 indicate the opposite. Hence, given that DIBANET, and the modelling of its optimal configuration, is designed on the basis of an integrated process, centred on the core element of the acid hydrolysis of biomass, then combustion is the only viable end use for the AHRs. Miscanthus samples were scanned over the visible and near infrared wavelengths at several stages of processing (wet-chopped, air-dried, dried and ground, and dried and sieved). Models were developed to predict lignocellulosic and elemental constituents based on these spectra. The dry and sieved scans gave the most accurate models; however the wet-chopped models for glucose, xylose, and Klason lignin provided excellent accuracies with root mean square error of predictions of 1.27%, 0.54%, and 0.93%, respectively. These models can be suitable for most applications. The wet models for arabinose, Klason lignin, acid soluble lignin, ash, extractives, rhamnose, acid insoluble residue, and nitrogen tended to have lower R(2) values (0.80+) for the validation sets and the wet models for galactose, mannose, and acid insoluble ash were less accurate, only having value for rough sample screening. This research shows the potential for online analysis at biorefineries for the major lignocellulosic constituents of interest. This document is the result of the evaluation of biomass feedstocks, from Europe and Latin America, that took place as part of the DIBANET project. That project is co-financed from the 7 th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Demonstration of the European Union. (Title: Enhancing international cooperation between the EU and Latin America in the field of biofuels; Grant Agreement No: 227248-2). The processing of lignocellulosic materials in modern biorefineries will allow for the production of transport fuels and platform chemicals that could replace petroleum-derived products. However, there is a critical lack of relevant detailed compositional information regarding feedstocks relevant to Ireland and Irish conditions. This research has involved the collection, preparation, and the analysis, with a high level of precision and accuracy, of a large number of biomass samples from the waste and agricultural sectors. Not all of the waste materials analysed are considered suitable for biorefining; for example the total sugar contents of spent mushroom composts are too low. However, the waste paper/cardboard that is currently exported from Ireland has a chemical composition that could result in high biorefinery yields and so could make a significant contribution to Irelandís biofuel demands.

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Eighteen months after the start of the Covid-19 pandemic women are faring worse than men, Quality of Life survey shows Women are disproportionately bearing the burden of the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic. This is best illustrated through the Gauteng City-Region Observatory’s Quality of Life Index, which provides a single measure of multidimensional wellbeing for the province’s residents. For the first time since 2013/14, the mean Quality of Life Index score for female respondents is lower than for males. While Quality of Life dropped for both sexes since 2017/18, the drop was larger for women indicating that in overall terms the Covid-19 pandemic has affected women more than men. This finding comes from GCRO’s latest report detailing the results of the sixth iteration of the Quality of Life (QoL) Survey 2020/21, which interviewed 13,616 respondents at their homes across Gauteng between October 2020 and May 2021. The enormous breadth of the survey questions provides some insights into the ways in which residents, and particularly women, have been impacted by the conditions of the pandemic. The general self-reported health of women has suffered. While both sexes experienced an increase since 2017/18 in the proportion of respondents reporting poor or very poor health in the last week, the increase was greater for females than males. In addition, women had a higher 2017/18 baseline, meaning that in 2020/21, 15% of women in Gauteng reported their health status as poor or very poor. When combined with Covid-19 infection data which has shown that a greater proportion of Covid-19 infections and hospitalisation were female patients, the results indicate that the pandemic has had a greater impact on the health status of women in Gauteng. Women have also suffered multiple socio-economic impacts. While the QoL 2020/21 Survey shows very little difference between men and women in terms of salary and working hours reduced, jobs lost or businesses closed since March 2020, results from the Nids-Cram Survey showed that women’s participation in the labour market had been disproportionately negatively impacted. More concerning, however, is that men have been able to recover from these economic shocks more easily than women. Forty-nine per cent of men who lost jobs or closed businesses are now working, compared to just 37% of women. The slower recovery of women is in part related to the role women play in caring for children and relatives. The QoL 2020/21 Survey shows that more than a quarter of respondents (28%) reported that they had spent more time than usual looking after children or other family members since March 2020. When broken down by sex, the data reveals that half of female respondents in Gauteng with family commitments spent more time on caring for relatives than their male counterparts (28%). This reflects findings from other studies that show that while both men and women are spending more time on household chores and caring for children, a greater proportion of women are bearing the burden of these additional activities in South Africa. This has impacted adults caring for children most during school closures but has disproportionately affected women’s ability to work or to look for work. Women are also more likely to be living in households experiencing food insecurity. Twenty-one per cent of women are living in households with severe food insecurity compared to only 15% of men and similarly 36% of women are in households experiencing mild food insecurity compared with 32% of men. This is likely related to the fact that women are more likely than men to live in larger households and live with children. These findings are troubling for both women and their families as food insecurity is linked to poor wellbeing and reflects many of the inequalities in South African society. Finally, results from the QoL 2020/21 Survey indicate that we are not doing enough to protect women from violence and to ensure that they feel safe. Women are three times more likely than men to report past-year exposure to intimate-partner violence. In addition, 1.7% of women reported having been raped by a partner or a non-partner in the past year (higher than the average for Gauteng — 1.6%). This figure is more than 20-fold higher than the most recent rape statistics for Gauteng from 2019/2020 police statistics, from which we extrapolated a figure of 0.069% of the Gauteng population reporting past-year rape. These experiences of violence are no doubt connected to women’s perceptions of safety in public spaces. Women are less likely to feel safe while walking in the day (73%) or after dark (16%), when compared to men (83% and 21% respectively). Women are also less likely than men to feel very safe while waiting for and using public transport. Viewed collectively, the findings from the QoL 2020/21 Survey reveal that women in Gauteng have suffered disproportionate impacts on their socio-economic, physical and mental wellbeing. The impacts have arguably been exacerbated by inadequate social support measures during the crisis. Although the Social Relief of Distress Grant (SRD) was implemented by government from May 2020, existing grant holders, notably women who were receiving child support grants did not initially qualify, although this has now been rectified. More could also have been done to address high levels of food insecurity as this affects both the women and children in these households. Further measures are also required to protect the safety of women, particularly as crime levels are on the increase again following a lull during the first year of the pandemic. In order to ensure a full and speedier economic recovery, government and civil society need to enable women to re-enter the labour market and this may require additional childcare support services that are reliable and affordable. DM This article draws on analysis conducted by GCRO researchers, in particular Graeme Gotz, Gillian Maree, Sthembiso Pollen Mkhize and is published here. "Information pertaining to Covid-19, vaccines, how to control the spread of the virus and potential treatments is ever-changing. Under the South African Disaster Management Act Regulation 11(5)(c) it is prohibited to publish information through any medium with the intention to deceive people on government measures to address COVID-19. We are therefore disabling the comment section on this article in order to protect both the commenting member and ourselves from potential liability. Should you have additional information that you think we should know, please email [email protected]" Daily Maverick © All rights reserved

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Boeing expects to shave $2 to $3 million off each 787 Dreamliner's manufacturing costs by 2018, thanks to 3D-printed titanium. The company has teamed up with Norwegian company Norsk Titanium to create the first printed structural titanium components for a plane. As Reuters notes, General Electric already prints fuel nozzles for aircraft engines. However, this is the first time a company is using 3D-printed components for parts of a plane that bear the stress of an airframe during a flight. Boeing turned to 3D printing for the 787, because it requires more metal than its other models. Plus, traditionally manufactured titanium alloy can be very expensive, especially since the company makes 144 Dreamliners a year. The aerospace corporation's partnership is a resounding recommendation for printed metals in the aviation industry and is proof that companies are starting to trust the manufacturing process and its resulting materials. From early 2016 to February 2017, Boeing worked with Norsk to be able to pass the Federal Aviation Administration's rigorous testing program for the components. The partners expect to get additional FAA approval for the material's properties and manufacturing process later this year. That will allow the Norwegian firm to make more 3D-printed titanium parts without having to get each of them approved, leading to even more savings per plane.

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An Ovulation Induction Cycle A woman’s body normally produces one egg per ovulation cycle. Ovulation is dependent on a delicate balance of reproductive hormones. If the body does not produce these hormones in the right way, ovulatory dysfunction occurs, which more often than not causes infertility in the woman. In many the ovulatory dysfunction is due to a condition known as “polycystic ovarian syndrome” or PCOS. In others, the reason may be mild endometriosis or mild male factor infertility. Treatment with injectable “fertility drugs” or gonadotropins can increase the chances that a pregnancy will happen by stimulating the inactive ovaries to ovulate or produce more than one egg at a time. This process is known as superovulation. In many cases, superovulation is combined with intrauterine insemination (IUI). Ovulation is achieved through a series of oral and injectable medications that regulate the menstrual cycle by adjusting the levels of certain chemicals in the body. These include: - Oral medications: Metformin or Clomiphene Citrate (clomid) - Injectable medications may include one or a combination of: GnRH agonists, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists – Stimulate high-quality egg production and help prevent mid-cycle increases in estrogen levels. (Lupron) GnRH antagonists – Prevent premature ovulation. (Antagon, Cetrotide) FSH, or follicle stimulating hormones, and LH, or luteinizing hormones – Stimulate egg-producing follicles in the ovaries. (Follistim, Bravelle, Gonal-F; Repronex) HCG, or human chorionic gonadotropins – Prepare eggs for harvesting. (Pregnyl, Profasi, Novarel) There are some risks associated with these treatments, including side effects from the injection itself (bruising, swelling, tenderness or infection), allergic reaction, and excessive or insufficient response from the ovaries. Increased estrogen levels may cause fluid retention, weight gain, nausea, diarrhea, breast tenderness, moodiness, headache or fatigue. The drugs can cause mood swings. They may increase the likelihood of a multiple pregnancy, although the physician will be closely monitoring the patient with ultrasounds of the ovaries during her treatment to minimize this possibility. *Many doctors using Clomid, for instance, blunder by increasing the dosage if the patient does not get pregnant in that month, thinking that a higher dose increases the chances of fertility. That is not true! It only risks increasing the number of eggs that the patient ovulates and therefore there is a higher chance of a multiple pregnancy. Unfortunately, many doctors use this as their “magic pill approach” to infertility and will prescribe it without doing an infertility evaluation or determining whether or not it is indicated. A rare but possible complication, common in women with PCOS, is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), in which estrogen levels rise sharply and the ovaries produce too many eggs, potentially causing excessive fluid retention, thrombosis and enlarged ovaries. OHSS is a serious condition that requires hospitalization. Severe reactions to the medications usually results in the cancellation of the treatment cycle. One of Dr. Ramirez’s specialties is the treatment of PCOS and all his patients with this syndrome are very closely monitored in order to avoid even the slightest risk of OHSS. It is never recommended to just take Clomid and trying to time intercourse on one’s own (nonintervention method), which is what a lot of OB/GYN’s like to do. A Typical Clomid Induction Cycle: 1. Patient calls with onset of period or within the first five days of onset. She is scheduled to be seen within the first five days of the cycle. 2. Patient comes in for a baseline ultrasound to evaluate for the presence of an ovarian cyst. Ovarian cysts are a contraindication to using fertility medications and will interfere with the cycle. The cyst may just get bigger and ovulation will not be accomplished. 3. Treatment calendar is made up showing when everything is going to happen, approximately. 4. Patient stops having intercourse on cycle day #10. 5. Patient returns on cycle day #10, 11 or 12 for vaginal ultrasound to check for: whether she is responding to that dose of Clomid as manifest by multiple growing follicles, how many follicles are growing and if the follicular size is appropriate for ovulation. Serial daily or every other day ultrasounds are done until the ovulatory follicle(s) reach the appropriate size of 18-24 mms. 6. Once the follicles reach the appropriate size, HCG is given to trigger ovulation. 7. In a timed intercourse cycle, the patient begins intercourse the next day for four consecutive days, only one ejaculation per day. (By contrast, if it is an IUI cycle, the patient has an IUI the next day and following day.) 8. Vaginal progesterone is then started either on the 5th day after trigger if a timed intercourse cycle, or the day after the second IUI, and continued until the pregnancy test. 9. Blood pregnancy test is done two weeks after the trigger and the progesterone is NOT stopped until this result is negative. If positive, it is continued until 10 weeks gestational age. We DO NOT wait for onset of menses, because often it will not come if progesterone is taken.

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Modern-Day Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting - Episode 2 There are three main categories of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV): acute, delayed, and anticipatory, stated Charles L. Loprinzi, MD. Acute occurs within 24 hours while delayed CINV may strike between 2 and 5 days following treatment. Anticipatory CINV occurs prior to a new cycle of chemotherapy as a conditioned response, based on previous negative experience in previous cycles. The available treatments for CINV have changed considerably over the last several years, added Loprinzi. In addition to different times for CINV occurence, there are many types of chemotherapy used, which are each associated with varying amounts of nausea and vomiting. Highly emetogenic drugs cause vomiting in greater than 90% of patients, if antiemetic agents are not administered, said Loprinzi. Moderately emetogenic agents cause vomiting in 30% to 90% of patients, while minimally emetogenic agents cause vomiting in 10% to 30% of patients. Certain patient characteristics are associated with increased levels of CINV, including female gender, a history of morning sickness or motion sickness, and younger age. Treatment for CINV has been an overwhelming success, said James Natale, PharmD, BCOP. Due to the availability of effective treatments, vomiting occurs in less than 10% of patients receiving highly emetogenic therapy. However, about 30% to 40% of patients will experience nausea, particularly in the delayed phase. This remains an area for improvement in CINV treatment. CINV can dramatically affect a patient’s quality of life, ability to perform activities of daily living, and their overall sense of well-being, adds Natale. Treating CINV is also very important from a cancer treatment standpoint. Some patients have refused potentially life-saving treatment due to experiencing severe CINV, notes Natale.

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The region in brief Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the 16 German states. “Germany’s True North” clearly benefits from its location: It is bordered by Denmark in the north, the metropolitan area of Hamburg in the south and framed by the Baltic Sea to the east and the North Sea to the west. Schleswig-Holstein is home to some 2.9 million inhabitants and spans an area of almost 15,800 km2. Its population density of 182 inhabitants per km2 lies a little below the German average. Besides minority groups of Danes, Frisians, Sinti and Roma, almost 15% of Schleswig-Holstein’s population have a migration background. The state’s capital Kiel is also its largest city, followed by Lübeck and Flensburg. All three are situated on the Baltic coast and are harbour cities. Kiel and Lübeck are important cruising destinations and run ferry connections to Norway, Sweden, Finland, Lithuania and Latvia. Due not only to its position between two seas with yellow sand beaches, but also because of its green landscape and numerous blue lakes, Schleswig-Holstein belongs to Germany’s most visited touristic regions. It also boasts a vibrant and diverse cultural scene with well-known museums (e.g. in the old city of Lübeck or Gottorf castle near Schleswig), the homes of famous writers like Thomas Mann or Günther Grass and internationally renowned music festivals such as Schleswig-Holstein Music Festival, Folk Baltica or Jazz Baltica. The blue economy in Schleswig-Holstein today For centuries, Germany’s north has been an agricultural region. This started to change in the 20th Century with the advent of sectors such as food processing, mechanical engineering, maritime industries, life sciences und information technologies. Schleswig-Holstein’s modern economy is characterised not by big names but by the numerous mid-sized companies that are nonetheless global players in their respective fields. In 2017, Schleswig-Holstein had a gross domestic product (GDP) of € 93.4 billion in total, or around € 66,664 per employee. This is well above the European average but lies at only 90% of Germany’s overall GDP. To narrow this gap, the government of Schleswig-Holstein is increasingly focused on concepts for innovation. The RIS3 analysis identified five fields of specialisation based on key technologies and cluster structures: - Maritime Economy, - Life Sciences, - Renewable Energies, - Food Sector, - Information Technologies, Telecommunication, Media. In the maritime sector, Schleswig-Holstein has 1,800 companies, 42,000 employees and an annual turnover of € 9.2 billion. The core of the maritime economy consists of ship building companies together with their supply industries. Other important segments are maritime logistics (shipping, ports, the Kiel canal), boat and yacht building, and – fast growing – offshore and underwater technologies, marine research, fisheries and aquaculture as well as hydrographic and other maritime services. The maritime cluster is distinctly knowledge and technology driven: it is based on own research and technology absorption. Two thirds of the maritime companies see themselves as technology producers, one third as technology users. Schleswig-Holstein hosts a very developed and differentiated marine and coastal science and research landscape, which includes the Maritime Centre of the Universities of Applied Sciences in Kiel and Flensburg, the Helmholtz Centre Geesthacht (Institute for Materials and Coastal Research), the Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research GEOMAR in Kiel, the Excellence Cluster “Future Ocean” at Kiel University and island posts of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Ocean and Polar Research on Helgoland and Sylt. A particular strength of Schleswig-Holstein is the broad base in marine research (e.g. marine research technologies, hydrography) and in marine biotechnology. Due to cross innovation, the four other fields of specialisation are closely related to the maritime economy. For example, the following sectors are connected: - Marine aquaculture and food industry, - Information technologies and equipment on modern vessels, - Marine biotechnologies and life sciences, - Renewable energies from the sea. Therefore all the focus areas are more or less related to blue growth and contribute to maritime applications. The blue economy of tomorrow in Schleswig-Holstein – our vision The various integration opportunities within the maritime cluster and the interfaces between the sectors of the maritime industry and related technology sectors offer numerous growth paths for the future in Schleswig-Holstein. These are located mainly in the sector of maritime and marine technologies (for example, deep-sea exploration), in special vessels, in offshore energy (wind, oil, gas) and in the field of marine biotechnology. Relevant development potential is also expected for the ports in Brunsbüttel, Kiel, Lübeck and Rendsburg as assembly and production facilities of the maritime industry as well as for the island of Helgoland as a base for the installation, supply and maintenance of wind farms. Therefore a modern port infrastructure with available hinterland areas for the settlement of high-tech firms is especially important to lead industry into the orbit of offshore wind parks. Especially in the context of the major global challenges of the future such as climate change, resource scarcity and sustainability, health and nutrition, the maritime economy offers numerous applications and favourable conditions for setting up cross innovations. On one hand, it promotes the development of alternative resources and energy, whilst on the other making an important contribution to the health and food industries (e.g. through aquaculture for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries). For sustainable development, maritime technologies accompanied by marine and coastal science and research in Schleswig-Holstein play a strategic role, for instance in the development of a market of energy and raw material resources from the sea. This is highly relevant not only for the cluster maritime economy but also for the clusters of renewable energies, tourism and the food industry. Sooner or later, climate change and the scarcity of oil and gas will mean the end of the global carbon-based economy. Schleswig-Holstein, with its focus on renewables and the bioeconomy, is in a good position to do well and develop in this new era. It is an approach that needs to be followed consistently, especially in the maritime fields of offshore energies, aquaculture and marine biotechnology, to create “blue” growth. Transnational cooperation interests in blue growth: General interest exists in the field of maritime technology and more specifically in marine mining. In the field of shipbuilding, most interest has been shown regarding green shipping (LNG, exhaust gas treatment, scrubbing etc.), energy efficiency (hull shape, streamlining of the fuselage, propeller shapes), individual shipbuilding and optimisation by adapting shape and function to the usage of the ship as well as digitalisation and autonomous shipping. In the offshore wind technology sector, the focus of interest is in reducing costs in construction and installation as well as in monitoring devices for the detection and surveillance of damages. Furthermore there is interest in transnational cooperation concerning the issue of blue biotechnology in food industry (food security, legal aspects) and health issues. Moreover, interest in the field of aquaculture has been raised concerning the efficient use of material flows (circular economy). Last but not least a need for better knowledge exchange and cooperation between the sectors of blue biotechnology, aquaculture, energy, technology and machinery has been mentioned by the blue growth actors in Schleswig-Holstein.

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Evaporation in Water Cycle Water is essential to sustain life on Earth. The water cycle is responsible for maintaining the water level and the climate. The steps involved in Water Cycle are We will discuss about Evaporation,which is an important step in the water cycle. Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to vapor. For the functioning of water cycle, water has to move from the Earth's surface into the skies. It is the process of evaporation that changes liquid to water-vapor ,which rises up into the sky to become clouds. Now we will understand about evaporation. For water to evaporate heat energy is required to break the bonds that hold water molecules together. Water easily evaporates at the boiling temperature of 100° C. Let us see a real-life example of evaporation Making salt from sea-water is a perfect example of how evaporation plays an important role in our day to day activity. Sea water contains high concentration of salt. If the water is evaporated, only then salt crystals remain. Let us study the role of evaporation in water cycle Evaporation of water from ocean and other surface water bodies is the main source for obtaining water-vapour. Evaporation from the oceans is the primary mechanism for the surface-to-atmosphere transfer of water for the water cycle. Once evaporated, a water molecule spends some time in the air, in the form of clouds. Moving on, let us discuss the factors affecting evaporation Temperature is one of the factors affecting evaporation. The rate of evaporation increases with the increase in temperature. Surface area is another factor. Increase in surface area results in increase in evaporation. Increase in atmospheric humidity results in decrease in rate of evaporation. Evaporation is an important step in the water cycle. Evaporation is the process by which liquid turns to gas. In water cycle, evaporation is the step that converts water to watervapor gas. Water evaporates from ocean and other surface water bodies. Factors affecting evaporation are temperature, surface area, humidity, and wind speed.

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According to the "Electronic Communications Act" which applies from 25 July 2003, everyone who visits a website with cookies must receive information on: - The fact that the website contains cookies - What these cookies are used for - How cookies can be avoided A cookie is a small text file that the website you are visiting stores on your computer. Cookies are used by a lot of websites to give visitors access to various functions. It is possible to use the information in the cookie to follow the user’s surfing. To avoid cookies, you can change the security settings in your web browser. How these are adjusted depends on which web browser you have. +46(0)735 117 222 +46(0)73 14 067 23 +46(0)70 74 009 17 Head of production +46(0)735 33 81 21

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As we go about our day to day lives, our internal monologue is always narrating our thinking and experiences. This ‘self-talk’ is influenced mostly by our underlying beliefs and assumptions and sometimes our thoughts are not particularly accurate or truthful. This is unfortunate because it’s our thoughts that influence the way we behave but also the way we feel. Listening and, worst still, believing in irrational or negative thoughts can lead to a wide range of problems in daily life including relationship problems, communication issues and bad decision making. Whether you are trying to reach professional or personal goals, or simply want to break the cycle of negative thoughts – the first step to success is recognising these 10 common thinking errors. Current situations and events can trigger upsetting memories, leading us to believe that the danger is here and now, rather than in the past, causing us distress right now . Thinking. Tell yourself: This is just a reminder of the past. That was then, and this is now. Even though this memory makes me feel upset, it’s not actually happening again right now. Believing we know what’s going to happen in the future. Thinking. Tell yourself: Am I thinking that I can predict the future? How likely is it that that might really happen? Imagining and believing that the worst possible thing will happen Thinking. Tell yourself: OK, thinking that the worst possible thing will definitely happen isn’t really helpful right now. What’s most likely to happen? 4. All or Nothing Thinking Believing that something or someone can be only good or bad, right or wrong, rather than anything in – between or ‘shades of grey ’. Things aren’t either totally white or totally black – there are shades of grey. Thinking. Tell yourself: Where is this on the spectrum? Grade this situation as it is now. Assuming we know what others are thinking (usually about us). Thinking. Tell yourself: Am I assuming I know what others are thinking? What’s the evidence? Those are my own thoughts, not theirs. Is there another, more balanced way of looking at it? 6. Filtering Out The Positives When we notice only what the filter allows or wants us to notice, and we dismiss anything that doesn’t ‘fit’. Like looking through dark blinkers or ‘gloomy specs’, or only catching the negative stuff in our ‘kitchen strainers’ whilst anything more positive or realistic is dismissed . Thinking. Tell yourself: Am I only noticing the bad stuff? Am I filtering out the positives? Am I wearing those ‘gloomy specs’? What would be more realistic? 7. Judgements / Labelling Making evaluations or judgments about events, ourselves, others, or the world, rather than describing what we actually see and have evidence for. Thinking. Tell yourself: I’m making an evaluation about the situation or person. It’s how I make sense of the world, but that doesn’t mean my judgements are always right or helpful. Is there another perspective? 8. Critical Self Putting ourselves down, self – criticism, blaming ourselves for events or situations that are not (totally) our responsibility Thinking. Tell yourself: There I go, that internal bully’s at it again. Would most people who really know me say that about me? Is this something that I am totally responsible for? 9. Emotional Reasoning I feel bad so it must be bad! I feel anxious, so I must be in danger . Just because it feels bad, doesn’t necessarily mean it is bad. Thinking. Tell yourself: My feelings are just a reaction to my thoughts – and thoughts are just automatic brain reflexes. 10. Compare and Despair Seeing only the good and positive aspects in others, and getting upset when comparing ourselves negatively against them. Thinking. Tell yourself: Am I doing that ‘compare and despair’ thing? What would be a more balanced and helpful way of looking at it?

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Chemicals in the Eye If you get an acidic or caustic chemical in your eye (e.g., chemical burn), please stop reading this and rinse your eyes with cool, clean tap water. Do this for 15 minutes, and then call us or go directly to the nearest emergency room. Mechanical Injury to the Eye If you mechanically injure your eye, or if something gets in your eye, do not apply pressure. Cover your eye with a rigid shield, but do not put anything under the shield that would press on your eye. A rigid shield can be fashioned from the bottom of a paper cup. Alternatively, put your glasses or sunglasses on, which will also provide protection. Minor Eye Injury For less urgent injuries, call our office to schedule to see a doctor. Flashing Lights & Floaters The sudden onset of many floating spots and flashing lights along with a black curtain or shade that seems to cover part of your vision may represent a retinal tear or detachment. An examination is essential as soon as these symptoms appear. Anyone who has the onset of new floaters with or without flashing lights should be seen for a dilated fundus exam as soon as possible. Viral conjunctivitis is a very common infection of the outer layer of the eye called the conjunctiva. Treatment is largely supportive, consisting of cool compresses and artificial tears. Often we give an antibiotic ointment to soothe the eye and protect it from bacterial infection, but this does not treat the viral process (which resolves on its own). Patients with viral conjunctivitis are contagious for approximately seven days after the onset of symptoms. Patients should be very careful to avoid touching their eyes—frequent hand washing is advised. The symptoms of viral conjunctivitis can last up to three weeks and may fluctuate before finally resolving. Viral conjunctivitis is common, especially in the winter months. Nonetheless, not all cases of red eye are viral conjunctivitis, and anyone who has a red eye that does not seem to be improving should see an optometrist to rule out other causes.

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Why Agile Engineering is the Future of Product Design Agile engineering is a popular process in software development, but few hardware teams apply these practices to develop physical products. For many hardware teams, implementing agile product development and engineering practices save time and money and improves the end product. What is Agile Engineering? In Agile engineering, teams quickly iterate, test, and gather feedback on product design. It divides big challenges into measurable chunks of work and promises more accurate and rapid product development cycles. Teams are self-managed and work in short two-week sprints driven by user feedback. This feedback guides teams to build a product that meets user needs. Rather than start with a lengthy requirements phase that covers the entire span of the project, requirements are created as the team works. Requirements are specific and tied to user value. By testing features and new builds, teams verify if they are solving user problems and developing the right product. Introduction to 3D Printing for Engineers and Manufacturers In this webinar, learn how parts created from various printing technologies differ across functionality and appearance, and how these differences impact product development and production workflows for engineers and manufacturers.Watch the Webinar Now The Benefits of Agile Engineering - Continuous collection of feedback from customers means that designs are tracking with customer needs. - The interplay between design, engineering, manufacturing, and marketing allows teams to understand each other's needs and challenges better. - Each iteration gives you a physical prototype to hold and discuss. Kinesthetic learners, experiential learners, non-technical people in a technical meeting, people new to the subject matter—they will all learn from holding and discussing an actual prototype. - Testing the physical prototype helps you identify and solve problems. - More, quicker, and cheaper iterations mean that a higher number of possible solution paths can be explored. - Continuous testing means that engineering risks are exposed throughout the process. Agile engineering unites teams across the organization and creates a better end product. By responding to user feedback with prototypes, teams develop products that users want. The Old Way vs. Agile Engineering In the “Old Way,” teams predicted demand months in advance. They turned a single prototype into mass manufactured goods. This method was risky: teams had a hard time predicting future demand. As a result, companies often had either product shortage or unsold inventory. Agile product development and engineering tests prototypes, and it improves them with consumer feedback. This method develops products quicker and reduces risk. |Week||The Old Way||Agile Engineering| |1||Marketing, Engineering, and Design meet to discuss an iPhone case prototype.||Marketing wants a new iPhone case to be developed.| |1.5||Meetings at marketing department on new case ideas.||The prototype is printed on adesktop 3D printerand shown to each department.| |2||Marketing and Engineering meet to discuss the new case.||Marketing, Engineering, and Design meet to discuss the prototype.| |2.5||Five versions of the prototype are printed, tested and shown to focus groups and business partners.| |3||Parts are redesigned and shown to more focus groups and customers.| |3.5||Engineering meets to brainstorm the design.||Based on feedback, the organization chooses one design.| |4||The design is redesigned five times and 3D printed in 5 different colors per design.| |5||Engineering designs a new iPhone case in CAD.||A focus group sees the 25 different designs.| |6||A designer is called in to perfect the visual design in CAD.||The organization chooses 3 designs and prints them through a service bureau.| |8||Marketing makes suggestions to improve the CAD design.| |9||The designer revises the case.| |10||The case files are sent to a manufacturer.| |11-18||Tooling and mold making.| |19||Product ships from China.| |21||Product ready to ship.| *After week 7, the agile team receives feedback on sales numbers. If the product is successful, and if it can be produced more cheaply using mass manufacturing, then they may decide to design the case for injection molding. In the Old Way, the company has to predict market demand and consumer tastes months in advance. If Company A makes a decision once a season, and Company B makes informed decisions every day, then Company B will get ahead. Agile engineering saves companies not only time, but also money in the long run. The agile method in product development has a higher startup time and initial cost, but the cost per final product is low. Plus, the end product is shaped by market demands, ultimately yielding greater profit. Introduction to 3D Printing With Desktop Stereolithography (SLA) Download our white paper to learn how SLA printing technologies work, why thousands of professionals use this process today, and what you need to know to explore how this 3D printing process can benefit your work.Download White Paper |Cost Factor||The Old Way||Agile Engineering| |Manufacturing and shipping cost per case||$0.10||$3| |Time from idea to final product||21 weeks||7 weeks| |Inventory||100,000 cases||5 cases| |Startup costs||$150,000 (Molding and tooling + cases + shipping)||$150 (Prototypes)| |Number of redesigns||1||55| |Number of different products||1||3| Another benefit of agile engineering is that it encourages teams to fail quickly. By failing faster, teams learn and improve at a faster pace than those that do not. Learning from failure through prototypes helps companies quickly build better products. By validating assumptions and collecting data, these products are made in a more accurate, evidential way. With traditional methods, teams painstakingly make world maps and then spend months planning a possible route through this imagined world. Only then do they have a product and really know where they stand. With agile engineering, products emerge in the first week of product development. Teams set off and check their compass often. Want to see what you can create with SLA 3D printing? Explore the materials to discover the one that fits your needs and request a sample 3D print to see the quality firsthand.

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Some people find the challenges of sports to be therapeutic. Here are some sports that can improve mental health and wellbeing. How can sports improve mental health? Sport can improve mental health and wellbeing in a number of different ways. For example, the physical exercise that is required in sports is an excellent way to combat anxiety, stress, and depression. It can also reduce feelings of loneliness and isolation when partaking in group sports activities. Sports are one way to combat negative feelings and improve mental health because it allows us to be active, feel great after exercising, and have an opportunity to connect with others. Which sports can help to improve wellbeing? This page explores the different ways sports can help people with their mental and physical wellbeing. There is no single answer when it comes to which sports are best for mental and physical wellbeing. The answer depends on each individual person and their goals, needs, and preferences. Some research suggests that there is a link between aerobic exercise like running and lower levels of depression, while others indicate that yoga can be effective in reducing anxiety levels. What’s important to remember is that there are many ways physical activity can play a role in improving your mental health. You can also choose more than one sport to maximise the benefits. Here are some of the most popular sports when it comes to improving mental wellbeing through sport-related activity. Team sports like football can boost your mental health Football is one of the most popular sports seen on television and on the internet. A lot of people think that football is just a game and that it’s just for entertainment and leisure. But playing football can be a way to improve mental health. Football is a sport that has the power to improve mental health. It will help you maintain physical fitness, but football can also help provide a sense of accomplishment and social integration. When someone feels good about themselves, they are less likely to be depressed or experience anxiety. There are so many mental health benefits to playing football such as reducing anxiety or managing depression symptoms, but also improving self-esteem or coping with stress levels and building confidence by achieving milestones in the game such as scoring goals. Instead of just checking the football fixtures for your favourite teams, you can actually be a part of them for your own team and have your own fixtures, how exciting! Being part of a football team will also lead itself to other social interactions and friendships, thus further improving mood through an improved social life and bonding. Other team sports that can also improve wellbeing are: Simply find one you enjoy and find a local club to meet new people, improve your skills and boost your mental health. Running can release happy hormones Red Bull put running at the top of their list when it comes to the sports which are best for mental health. They note how some prolonged exercising, such as running, can result in a boost of endorphins: ‘It’s well documented how beneficial running is for our physical health, but many runners are also pounding tracks, paths and roads to improve their mindset. The reason lies in the overwhelming exhilaration — commonly known as a runner’s high — evoked by the release of endorphins, which not only reduce pain or stress but increase happiness as well.’ The act of running triggers the release of endorphins in the body which are also known as ‘happy hormones’. Endorphins are natural painkillers that help you feel better after a long or strenuous workout session. They also produce an overall sense of well-being which helps with feelings of depression, anxiety, and even stress. Running can also be an effective way to relieve depression because it releases serotonin in two ways: first by triggering the release of endorphins and second by increasing blood flow to the brain which makes it possible for more serotonin to be produced there. The added benefit of running is it’s an activity you can do by yourself with very little equipment needed, or you can choose to join a local running club to socialise with like-minded people. Swimming can reduce stress levels Swimming is a sport that many people are able to do, no matter the age or the physical fitness level. Swimming is one of the best activities you can do for your health and wellbeing. It is a great way to stay fit and strong in a low-impact, low-stress environment. It is also an activity that can be done in any environment, including indoors during winter. Many people choose to swim outdoors in winter too, with the mental benefits of winter swimming studied and promising. Swimming is one of the best exercises for our mental health as it provides a sense of calmness and relaxation. It helps us escape from all the problems in life, which can be really important for those who are under chronic stress or those who have difficult lives for various reasons. While swimming, we have the chance to feel the coolness of the water on our skin and hear its sound all around. This calming sound and sensation can help with stress relief and lower levels of anxiety. It is a way to get out all our frustrations while practising our breathing techniques. Some people even say it helps with depression because it allows them to get in touch with their senses again and stop feeling numb. Swimming is a great exercise for physical health too as it strengthens our muscles, improves our cardiovascular system, and help us to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight. Yoga calms the mind and brings awareness to mental health We couldn’t finish this article without mentioning yoga. Yoga is a great way to exercise and improve your mental health. It also helps you to control your emotions, keep calm and increase your self-confidence. Yoga is a very old practice that has been around for thousands of years. In the last few decades, it has become more popular as a way to stay fit and promote mental health. Yoga can help you to relax tense muscles, relieve stress and anxiety. It also makes you feel more confident about yourself by increasing your strength of focus and concentration. There are many different types of yoga so there is bound to be something for everyone. Some people prefer a gentle yoga routine while others enjoy a more strenuous routine – all depending on what they need from their practice at the time. Here’s how yoga can help with your mental health: - The practise of yoga improves the overall well-being and promotes peace in the individual. - It increases self-awareness by opening up the channels of awareness so that you are aware of your thoughts, feelings, emotions etc. - It also enables you to feel grounded in the present moment by focusing on your breath. - Yoga improves your physical strength and fitness levels, which in turn helps your mental wellbeing. Sports are an essential part of human life. They provide a sense of belonging, identity, and shared values. Moreover, for some people, sports can be a vital tool in their mental health care plan. Mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety touch everyone in some way. Sports may help people with anxiety disorders by mitigating the worries and fears about everyday life challenges. Sports-related physical activity can also improve mood, reduce stress levels, and promote overall wellbeing. The physical aspect of sports can help to keep the body healthy, which in turn helps people to be able to take care of their mental health. Sports also have an emotional benefit for people who are struggling with mental health issues because it provides a sense of belongingness. People who are suffering from mental illness can feel isolated or lonely, but team sports or gym memberships can provide an opportunity for them to bond with other people who share the same interests without feeling judged or stigmatised.

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The Renewables Readiness Assessment is a comprehensive tool for assessing the suitability of conditions in different countries for the development and deployment of renewable energy, along with the actions required to improve those conditions. Designed and refined by IRENA since 2011, the RRA is a country-initiated process that identifies short- and medium-term actions for the rapid up-scaling of renewables. Renewables Readiness Assessment: Design to Action is a guide for countries aspiring to scale up renewable energy. It outlines a process designed for IRENA Member States to help them assess the status and prospects of renewable energy deployment at the national level, identify issues that require urgent attention or promotion, and define concrete actions. The RRA is designed as a country-led, collaborative instrument bringing together a wide range of stakeholders. The assessment process encompasses five main themes: national energy policy and strategy; institutions and markets; resources and technologies; the establishment of a business model; and the capacity needed to scale-up renewables. While IRENA produces RRA reports to disseminate valuable country-level knowledge, the ultimate goals of the RRA process are to inspire new initiatives, refine policies and regulations to establish an enabling environment, and identify capacity-building measures and requirements. In the follow-up to the process, IRENA is ready to act as an interlocutor between development partners and countries in need of support, and to directly assist the implementation of RRA findings. The RRA can also assist in attracting funds and leveraging support, both from the international community and within implementing countries themselves.

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Who's Behind Listverse? Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and bizarre facts. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author.More About Us Top 10 Largest Impact Structures on Earth There are hundreds of impact craters found around the world, but less than 50 that are considered Large (over 20km in diameter). As an example, one of the most well-known and best preserved craters is Barringer crater in Arizona (35°2′N 111°1′W), which is just over 1km in diameter, and was created by a nickle-iron meteor, which was about 50m (54yards). This is a minuscule size compared to the large craters of the world, and in this list you can read up on the very biggest of the big. I have included coordinates, so feel free to follow along on Google earth. Don’t be disappointed if you do not see the full effect of the crater on Google earth, as most of these large craters have eroded away, and can only be seen through density scanners and specialized photos. Kara is a large impact crater found in the Yugorsky Peninsula, Russia. It is estimated to be about 65km (40.3mi) in diameter and over 70 million years old. The crater is originally believed to have been over 120km (74.5mi) in diameter, but much of it has eroded away and the rest has been covered with millions of years’ worth of sedimentary layers, leaving no evidence of its existence on the surface. Morokweng crater, or Morkweng impact structure, is a large meteor impact crater found buried beneath the Kalahari Desert, near the town of Morokweng in South Africa. The crater is said to have been formed by a 3km (1.8mi) diameter asteroid, and caused a crater at least 70km (43.8mi) in diameter. In 2006, a group of scientists drilling into the site discovered a 25cm (9.8in) diameter fragment of the original asteroid, at a depth of about 770m (842yards) below the surface. Several smaller pieces were also discovered on the vicinity. This discovery was very unusual, as drilling on large impact structures had never produced such fragments, and it had previously been believed that all large asteroids vaporized almost entirely on impact. Puchezh-Katunki is a meteor crater in the Chkalousky District, in Russia. The crater is 80km (49.7mi) in diameter and is an estimated 167 million years old, placing it in the Jurassic era. The crater does not lie exposed at the surface but appears as variations in vegetation and terrain. This crater is one of the only craters of the time frame, which is not associated with extinction. Acraman crater is a deeply eroded impact crater in the south of Australia. Its location is marked by Lake Acraman, which is a perfectly round lake which formed at the impact site. The crater is estimated 90km (55.9mi) in diameter and is estimated to have occurred about 580 million years ago. The large size estimate would imply an energy release on par with 5.2 x 106 megatons of TNT. Evidence of a huge collision can be found as far as 300km (186.4mi) east of the crater. Chesapeake Bay impact crater was formed by a bolide (crater forming projectile) that hit the eastern shore of North America about 85 million years ago. It forms one of the best preserved “wet” craters, and is the largest crater in the United States, and comes to about 90km (55.9mi) in diameter. The build-up of sediments over the rubble of the crater has formed Chesapeake bay as it is known today. The initial impact caused great devastation, as within seconds of the impact, millions of liters of water, sediment and broken rock was sent miles into the atmosphere. On the descent it created a tsunami that was so large and powerful that it possibly covered the Blue Ridge Mountain range. Popigai crater in Siberia, Russia, comes in tied with Manicouagan crater, as the 4th largest verified impact crater on earth, and it is just about 100km (62mi) in diameter. The bolide impact happened over 35 million years ago. Geologists were fascinated by the Popigai crater for decades before any investigatory expeditions where under taken, as the entire area was off limits due to diamond mining in the area. Finally, in 1997, investigations were under way. The bolide was identified as either an 8km (5mi) diameter chondrite asteroid, or a 5km (3.1mi) diameter stony asteroid. It was discovered that the shock pressure from the initial impact instantaneously turned graphite all along the ground, within a 13.6km (8.4mi) diameter of the impact site, into diamonds. Manicouagan Crater is one of the oldest impact craters on earth, and is situated in the Cote-Nord region in Quebec, Canada. It is estimated to have been created over 215 million years ago, by a 5km (3.1mi) diameter asteroid. The crater is a 100km (60mi) diameter, multi ringed structure, with the most prominent feature being a circular lake, about 70km (43.4mi) in diameter. This crater also forms the largest in an array of craters believed to be a multiple impact event. Chicxulub Crater is a huge ancient crater, buried underneath Yucatan Peninsula, in Mexico. The crater is more than 180km (110mi) in diameter, making it the 3rd largest confirmed impact structure on earth. The impacting bolide that formed the crater had to have been at least 10km (6mi) in diameter. The age of the rocks show that the impact structure is roughly 65 million years old, and falls right at the end of the cretaceous period. After almost 20 years of research, on all fields, scientists have concluded that the impact at Chicxulub triggered the mass extinction at the K-T boundary, including those of the dinosaurs between the cretaceous and tertiary periods. Sudbury basin, or Sudbury structure, is a huge impact structure in Ontario, Canada. It is the second largest confirmed impact crater, as well as one of the oldest. The original crater is believed to have been a lot larger than the current 200km (120mi) diameter crater that is there today. They believe that the bolide that created the crater was over 10km (6.2mi) in diameter, and struck the earth 1.849 billion years ago. The impact was so intense that it scattered debris over a 1,600,000km2 area around the point of impact. Rock fragments from the impact have been found in Minnesota, over 800km (497mi) away. Vredefort crater, or dome, is the largest verified impact crater on earth, and can be found around the town of Vredefort in the Free State Province of South Africa. The asteroid that hit Vredefort is estimated to be the largest to hit earth in the last 4 billion years, and was over 15km (9.3mi) in diameter. The resulting crater is just over 300km (186.4mi) in diameter, and its huge size has earned it a title as a world heritage site. It was originally thought that the dome was caused by volcanic eruptions, but in 1990 it was declared that a huge bolide caused the impact structure, as tell-tale shatter cones could be found for miles around. The crater is currently under threat due to the possibility of mineral deposits around the edges, which could result in huge mining industries, destroying a part of this marvel. This is a huge unverified impact crater found beneath the ice caps in Antarctica. In May of 2006, a group of scientists, lead by Ralph von Frese, used gravity measurements and NASA satellites to identify a 300km (200mi) mass concentration, they also found that the mass was centered within a much larger ring like structure, visible on radar imaging of the land beneath the ice caps. This would suggest that they had found an impact structure over 480km (300mi) in diameter, which was caused by a bolus at least 55km (34.5mi) in diameter. This monster of a crater is believed to have been associated with the greatest mass extinction of all times, about 250 million years ago. Unfortunately, due to the fact that the crater is buried under kilometers of ice, there are no samples to test and verify that this is the largest impact crater on earth, and so it remains on the unverified list.

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Researchers Finally Discover the Genes that Produce THC and CBD in Cannabis While the genome of the cannabis plant was sequenced back in 2011, researchers have struggled to isolate the genes responsible for producing the plant’s two most prominent chemicals. Until now. A joint Canadian-US effort has identified the genes that produce THC (the chemical in marijuana that gets people high) and CBD (the compound most well known for its medicinal applications). The main obstacle in the way of finding these genes earlier was the abundance of what researchers call ‘junk DNA.’ This is genetic information that has been dumped into the genome of marijuana by viruses over years of evolution. In fact, somewhere between 70 and 75 percent of the DNA of marijuana and hemp plants is derived from these viral sources. “You can only manipulate a gene when you know where it is located,” said Harm van Bakel — one of the study’s contributors, who is also a genomic expert at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York. “And you also need to know something about the rest of the sequencing in the genome so that you can uniquely target the gene of interest and not be sidetracked by…other things that look similar,” Bakel told told The Toronto Star. But, not only did this mass of viral DNA keep the THC and CBD genes out of sight from researchers, it also likely contributed to their development. Exposing cellular mechanisms to viral DNA can cause mistakes that lead to genetic changes in plants like cannabis. These ‘mistakes’ are “almost certainly” what has promoted the development of marijuana’s THC and CBD genes, according to Tim Hughes — a molecular geneticist at the University of Toronto’s Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research. The discovery of the genes will make it much easier to grow weed with specific levels of the two primary compounds of cannabis. It also enables researchers to move on to figuring out which genes are responsible for giving different strains their signature taste and smell.

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All: drawings. Rated 4. Add a review Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Home What are CAD blocks? Free Interior Design Software - Home & Office Plans What are CAD blocks? Frree connection into one single set of objects is called a block. Blocks in the AutoCAD program are called the information that is inserted into the drawings. There are 3 main elements in the drawing that are used when inserting blocks.Download and use ,+ interior design stock photos for free. Thousands of new images every day Completely Free to Use High-quality videos and images from Pexels. Interiors, library of DWG models, cad files, free download. Premium and free AutoCAD blocks.» Page 2. Interior Scenes-Cafes & Restaurants-Mix style. Download Here 3dsMax + obj (Vray) Low poly. More materials you can find in the Material Editor. (Note for beginners: If you need color variations or material variations, please do not import the model in the Slate Material Editor. use Compact Material Editor) Facebook Twitter Youtube Whatsapp. Block definition. You can import block definitions from an existing block in another drawing file. Free Interior 3D Models | CGTrader In addition, it is possible to develop block definitions from selected objects of a given drawing. A drawing template or its file consists of a non-graphic format in which data is stored. Block entry.Interior Scenes-Cafes & Restaurants-Mix style. Download Here 3dsMax + obj (Vray) Low poly. More materials you can find in the Material Editor. (Note for beginners: If you need color variations or material variations, please do not import the model in the Slate Material Editor. use Compact Material Editor) Facebook Twitter Youtube Whatsapp. Feb 16, · Bedroom interior design detail in DVG format you can download for free and without registration on this website. The drawing is made in 2D in the AutoCAD program in top and side views. We always try to be useful to you and therefore we supplement our 5/5(1). Download architecture and interior design AutoCAD house plan drawing DWG file. Jump to. Sections of this page. Download architecture and interior design AutoCAD house plan drawing DWG file. Many cad drawings it's free and some chargeable. Cadbull provi. The graphic appears when you insert a block into a drawing from a block definition. Block insert tool. These tools that are available in the program include: Block palette Gallery of blocks on tape, Tool Palettes window, Autodesk Control Center. A Large Symbol Library You get thousands of ready-made visuals for furniture, kitchen and bathroom fixtures, lighting, cabinets, decorative items, landscape elements, and more! Bedroom Interior Presentation Plan Free DWG File Download - Autocad DWG | Plan n Design Easy Formatting You don't need to be a designer to create great-looking results. SmartDraw helps you align and arrange everything perfectly. Plus, it includes beautiful textures for flooring, countertops, furniture and more. Intuitive Interface You save time—now you can quickly plan your home improvements or remodeling without having to learn difficult architectural software. Hotel Guest Room Interior Floor Plan Autocad Drawing free download - Autocad DWG | Plan n Design Free Support Have a question? Call or email us. SmartDraw experts are standing by ready to help, for free! Effortless Collaboration. Interior Design Diagram Examples.

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Why did the French invade Mexico? In December 1861, Emperor Napoleon III invaded Mexico on a pretext that Mexico had refused to pay its foreign debt, though in retrospect, Emperor Napoleon III wanted to expand his empire in Latin-America and this became known as the Second French intervention in Mexico . Did France ever control Mexico? In 1862, French Emperor Napoleon III maneuvered to establish a French client state in Mexico , and eventually installed Maximilian of Habsburg, Archduke of Austria, as Emperor of Mexico . Why did France and Mexico fight in the Battle of Puebla? Battle of Puebla , (May 5, 1862), battle fought at Puebla , Mexico , between the army of the liberal government headed by Benito Juárez and the French forces sent by Napoleon III to establish a French satellite state in Mexico . When did France declare war on Mexico? 20 April 1862 Who originally wanted to invade Mexico? Initially supported by the United Kingdom and Spain, the French intervention in Mexico was a consequence of Mexican President Benito Juárez’s imposition of a two-year moratorium of loan-interest payments from July 1861 to French, British, and Spanish creditors. Did Mexico support the Confederacy? Thousands of Mexican-Americans joined the Confederacy —but even more joined the Union. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, there were tens of thousands of Mexican Americans living in California, Texas and the New Mexico territory; all former parts of Mexico that the U.S. had claimed in the 1840s. Is 5 de Mayo a Mexican holiday? Cinco de Mayo (pronounced [sɪŋko ðe ˈmaʝo] in Mexico , Spanish for “Fifth of May”) is an annual celebration held on May 5 . The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army’s victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5 , 1862, under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza. How did Mexico beat France? The retreat of the French troops at the Battle of Puebla represented a great moral victory for the people of Mexico , symbolizing the country’s ability to defend its sovereignty against a powerful foreign nation. Did England invade Mexico? Great Britain and the U.S. invaded Mexican territory on two main fronts. The U.S. war department sent a cavalry force under Stephen W. Who won the French Mexican War? After losing the Battle of Puebla , France went on to win the war. Mexico’s victory at Puebla slowed, but did not stop, France’s assault. In the wake of the battle, an infuriated Emperor Napoleon III ordered that almost 30,000 more troops be sent to Mexico. What happened on May 5 in Mexico? Cinco de Mayo, or the fifth of May , is a holiday that celebrates the date of the Mexican army’s May 5 , 1862 victory over France at the Battle of Puebla during the Franco- Mexican War. What made the Mexican victory so remarkable and surprising? What made the Mexican victory so remarkable and surprising ? The French were larger and better equipped. Is the United States war with Mexico justified? The United States was justified in going to war because Mexico had shed American blood on American soil, Texas (a land that many Mexicans still considered theirs) was an independent republic and had the right to govern itself, and Texas was trying to become part of the United States , which means that the United States Did the French help the Confederates? The Second French Empire remained officially neutral throughout the American Civil War and never recognized the Confederate States of America. The United States warned that recognition would mean war. France was reluctant to act without British collaboration, and the British government rejected intervention. Who won the Pastry War? On March 9, 1839, Mexico signs a deal agreeing to pay France 600,000 pesos to end the bloodshed. The 3-month war racked up 316 causalities; 32 dead and 60 wounded for the French, 95 dead and 129 wounded for the Mexican, and no reports of civilian casualties (Wikipedia).

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WHAT IS AYURVEDA? Dr. Mathew's says Ayurveda is a traditional health care system followed in the Indian Subcontinent since the last 5000 years. It sees the body not as a collection of organs, but as a delicately balanced system of complex functions constantly rebalancing itself based on the external environment. Every individual is considered unique and the remedies recommended in ayurvedic is accordingly to the person’s body type and not just on their symptoms. How is Ayurveda relevant in this current era? In Ayurveda, health is defined as the state where physical body, senses, and psyche are in equilibrium. Even though genetic makeup is an important aspect of one’s physical and functional attributes, it fails to explain or help us manage many chronic lifestyle issues. It is currently understood that the expression of genes largely depends on environmental factors. Consistent with this belief, Ayurveda emphasizes the role of environmental factors, daily routine, seasonal changes, lifestyle, diet, regular exercise, and Herbs in maintaining balance and health. It also emphasizes that all factors related to body and mind must be in balance in order to avoid illness and consider a person is in good health, not just a few. So, if all your test reports are fine and still you don’t feel in yourself well and balanced, it’s not proper health!

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By Siddhi Jain New Delhi, June 4 (IANSlife) Sustainability is not an added construct; it is a way of living. When it comes to enabling sustainability through architecture, the role of design which prioritizes energy-efficiency assumes immense significance, say Indian architects. According to Sachin Rastogi, Founding Partner and Principal, Zero Energy Design Lab, “A ‘net-zero energy’ building is one where the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site, or nearby. Contrary to common assumptions, a ‘near net-zero building’ (built to minimise net energy; one that strives to be net-zero) does not need to be expensive to construct and run; such a building is designed to work with its climate and context. In addition to the significant role of natural lighting and ventilation, a building such as this relies on the use of passive design strategies which can for instance cut down solar heat gain by almost as much as 60-70 per cent.” He adds, “Moreover, the building’s heat loads can be significantly lowered by integrating heat sinks such as water bodies and incorporating native vegetation; and the forms and sizes of fenestrations can be designed to maximize daylighting within the interior spaces to as much as 100 per cent, bringing down the home’s electricity loads. Through such techniques, both the building’s construction and operational costs can be significantly reduced.” Naveen Thomas, Vertical Head of Corporate Architecture at Edifice Consultants, says that the design of Atal Akshay Urja Bhawan, their upcoming project in New Delhi, emerges as an exemplary precedent by creating a landmark that embodies energy consciousness in the city’s urban fabric. “As the government actively endorses energy efficiency in the country, public buildings are expected to lead the way in minimizing their environmental footprints. Serving as the headquarters of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, the design demonstrates a new model of civic development that blends iconicity with an interactive public interface. Atal Akshay Urja Bhawan is slated to achieve net-positive energy status as a result of the power generated from solar panels and the use of energy-efficient materials for floors and ceilings, cavity walls to reduce HVAC loads and dedicated power-saving electrical equipment.” Akshat Bhatt, Principal Architect at Architecture Discipline, New Delh, recommends tenets to design buildings in a sustainable manner. * Orienting the building to increase the ingress of daylight and fresh air, and designing it with enough thermal mass to regulate internal temperatures. This limits the need for artificial lighting and air conditioning and hence reduces the building’s energy consumption. * Constructing it in a modular and flexible manner that adapts to future needs of its users. This reduces the need for costly modifications and eliminates the pollution occurring due to demolition or new construction. * Making it self-sufficient in terms of power and portable water, through renewable energy sources and rainwater harvesting. Spaces for farming and growing food must also be incorporated in the form of kitchen gardens or grow rooms. * Treating all dry and wet waste that is produced on the site so that no untreated waste is released. Using locally sourced materials can also reduce the building’s embodied energy and costs. Repurposing existing buildings is also a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to building anew — adaptive reuse and conservation projects allow us to convert uninhabitable spaces into habitable ones and preserve built heritage. While it is true that their initial costs may be high, eco-friendly homes are much cheaper to run in the long run and over the building’s entire life cycle since they significantly lower water requirements and energy consumption due to lighting and air conditioning. The maintenance cost of most green systems or fixtures is also low, allowing residents to recover initial costs in about 3-4 years. (Siddhi Jain can be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.org)

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EPITHELIAL, ENDOTHELIAL and GLANDULAR TISSUES, in anatomy. Every surface of the body which may come into contact with foreign substances is covered with a protecting layer of cells closely bound to one another to form continuous sheets. These are epithelial cells (from , a nipple). By the formation of outgrowths or ingrowths from these surfaces further structures, consisting largely or entirely of cells directly derived from the surface epithelium, may be formed. In this way originate the central nervous system, the sensitive surfaces of the special sense organs, the glands, and the hairs, nails, etc. The epithelial cells possess typical microscopical characters which enable them to be readily distinguished from all others. Thus the cell outline is clearly marked, the nucleus large and spherical or ellipsoidal. The protoplasm of the cell is usually large in amount and often contains large numbers of granules. The individual cells forming an epithelial membrane are classified according to their shape. Thus we find flattened, or squamous, cubical, columnar, irregular, ciliated or flagellated cells. Many of the membranes formed by these cells are only one cell thick, as for instance is the case for the major part of the alimentary canal. In other instances the epithelial membrane may consist of a number of layers of cells, as in the case of the epidermis of the skin. Considering in the first place those membranes of which the cells are in a single layer we may distinguish the following: - 1. Columnar Epithelium (figs. 1 and 2). - This variety covers the main part of the intestinal tract, i.e. from the end of the oesophagus to the commencement of the rectum. It is also found lining the ducts of many glands. In a highly typical form it is found covering the villi of the small intestine (fig. 1). The external layer of the cell is commonly modified to form a thin membrane showing a number of very fine radially arranged lines, which are probably the expression of very minute tubular perforations through the membrane. The close apposition of these cells to form a closed membrane is well seen when a surface covered by them is examined from above (fig. 3). The surfaces of the cells are then seen to form a mosaic, each cell area having a polyhedral shape. 2. Cubical Epithelium. - This differs from the former in that the cells are less in height. It is found in many glands and ducts (e.g. the kidney), in the middle ear, choroid plexuses of the brain, etc. 3. Squamous or Flattened Epithelium (fig. 4). - In this variety the cell is flattened, very thin and irregular in outline. It occurs as the covering epithelium of the alveoli of the lung, of the kidney glomerules and capsule, etc. The surface epithelial cells of a stratified epithelium are also of this type (fig. 4). Closely resembling these cells are those known as endothelial (see later). 4. Ciliated Epithelium (fig. 5). - The surface cells of many epithelial membranes are often provided with a number of very fine protoplasmic processes or cilia. Most commonly the cells are columnar, but other shapes are also found. During life the cilia are always in movement, and set up a current tending to drive fluid or other material on the surface in one direction along the membrane or tube lined by such epithelium. It is found lining the trachea, bronchi, parts of the nasal cavities and the uterus, oviduct, vas deferens, epididymis, a portion of the renal tubule, etc. In the instance of some cells there may be but a single process from the exposed surface of the cell, and then the process is usually of large size and length. It is then known as a flagellum. Such cells are common among the surface cells of many of the simple animal organisms. When the cells of an epithelial surface are arranged several layers deep, we can again distinguish various types: - 1. Stratified Epithelium (figs. 6 and 7). - This is found in the epithelium of the skin and of many mucous membranes (mouth, oesophagus, rectum, conjunctiva, vagina, etc.). Here the surface cells are very much flattened (squamous epithelium), those of the middle layer are polyhedral and those of the lowest layer are cubical or columnar. This type of epithelium is found covering surfaces commonly exposed to friction. The surface may be dry as in the skin, or moist, e.g. the mouth. The surface cells are constantly being rubbed off, and are then replaced by new cells growing up from below. Hence the deepest layer, that nearest the blood supply, is a formative layer, and in successive stages from this we can trace the gradual transformation of these protoplasmic cells into scaly cells, which no longer show any sign of being alive. In the moist mucous surfaces the number of cells forming the epithelial layer is usually much smaller than in a dry stratified epithelium. 2. Stratified Ciliated Epithelium. - In this variety the superficial cells are ciliated and columnar, between the bases of these are found fusiform cells and the lowest cells are cubical or pyramidal. This epithelium is found lining parts of the respiratory passages, the vas deferens and the epididymis. 3. Transitional Epithelium (fig. 8). - This variety of epithelium is found lining the bladder, and the appearance observed depends upon the contracted or distended state of the bladder from which the preparation was made. If the bladder was contracted the form seen in fig. 8 is obtained. The epithelium is in three or more layers, the superficial one being very characteristic. The cells are cubical and fit over the rounded ends of the cells of the next layer. These are pear-shaped, the points of the pear resting on the basement membrane. Between the bases of these cells lie those of the lowermost layer. These are irregularly columnar. If the bladder is distended before the preparation is made, the cells are then found stretched out transversely. This is especially the case with the surface cells, which may then become very flattened. Considering epithelium from the point of view of function, it may be classified as protective, absorptive or secretory. It may produce special outgrowths for protective or ornamental purposes, such are hairs, nails, horns, etc., and for such purposes it may manufacture within itself chemical material best suited for that purpose, e.g. keratin; here the whole cell becomes modified. In other instances may be seen in the interior of the cells many chemical substances which indicate the nature of their work, e.g. fat droplets, granules of various kinds, protein, mucin, watery granules, glycogen, etc. In a typical absorbing cell granules of material being absorbed may be seen. A secreting cell of normal type forming specific substances stores these in its interior until wanted, e.g. fat as in sebaceous and mammary glands, ferment precursors (salivary, gastric glands, etc.), and various excretory substances, as in the renal epithelium. Initially the epithelium cell might have all these functions, but later came specialization and therefore to most cells a specific work. Some of that work does not require the cell to be at the surface, while for other work this is indispensable, and hence when the surface becomes limited those of the former category are removed from the surface to the deeper parts. This is seen typically in secretory and excretory cells, which usually lie below the surface on to which they pour their secretions. If the secretion required at any one point is considerable, then the secreting cells are numerous in proportion and a typical gland is formed. The secretion is then conducted to the surface by a duct, and this duct is also lined with epithelium. Glandular Tissues. - Every gland is formed by an ingrowth from an epithelial surface. This ingrowth may from the beginning possess a tubular structure, but in other instances may start as a solid column of cells which subsequently becomes tubulated. As growth proceeds, the column of cells may divide or give off offshoots, in which case a compound gland is formed. In many glands the number of branches is limited, in others (salivary, pancreas) a very large structure is finally formed by repeated growth and subdivision. As a rule the branches do not unite with one another, but in one instance, the liver, this does occur when a reticulated compound gland is produced. In compound glands the more typical or secretory epithelium is found forming the terminal portion of each branch, and the uniting portions form ducts and are lined with a less modified type of epithelial cell. Glands are classified according to their shape. If the gland retains its shape as a tube throughout it is termed a tubular gland, simple tubular if there is no division (large intestine), compound tubular (fig. 9) if branching occurs (pyloric glands of stomach). In the simple tubular glands the gland may be coiled without losing its tubular form, e.g. in sweat glands. In the second main variety of gland the secretory portion is enlarged and the lumen variously increased in size. These are termed alveolar or saccular glands. They are again subdivided into simple or compound alveolar glands, as in the case of the tubular glands (fig. 10). A further complication in the case of the alveolar glands may occur in the form of still smaller saccular diverticuli growing out from the main sacculi (fig. 11). These are termed alveoli. The typical secretory cells of the glands are found lining the terminal portions of the ramifications and extend upwards to varying degrees. Thus in a typical acinous gland the cells are restricted to the final alveoli. The remaining tubes are to be considered mainly as ducts. In tubulo-alveolar glands the secreting epithelium lines the alveus as well as the terminal tubule. The gland cells are all placed upon a basement membrane. In many instances this membrane is formed of very thin flattened cells, in other instances it is apparently a homogeneous membrane, and according to some observers is simply a modified part of the basal surface of the cell, while according to others it is a definite structure distinct from the epithelium. In the secretory portion of the gland and in the smaller ducts the epithelial layer is one cell thick only. In the larger ducts there are two layers of cells, but even here the surface cell usually extends by a thinned-out stalk down to the basement membrane. The detailed characters of the epithelium of the different glands of the body are given in separate articles (see Alimentary Canal, etc.). It will be sufficient here to give the more general characters possessed by these cells. They are cubical or conical cells with distinct oval nuclei and granular protoplasm. Within the protoplasm is accumulated a large number of spherical granules arranged in diverse manners in different cells. The granules vary much in size in different glands, and in chemical composition, but in all cases represent a store of material ready to be discharged from the cell as its secretion. Hence the general appearance of the cell is found to vary according to the previous degree of activity of the cell. If it has been at rest for some time the cell contains very many granules which swell it out and increase its size. The nucleus is then largely hidden by the granules. In the opposite condition, i.e. when the cell has been actively secreting, the protoplasm is much clearer, the nucleus obvious and the cell shrunken in size, all these changes being due to the extrusion of the granules. Endothelium and Mesothelium. - Lining the blood vessels, lymph vessels and lymph spaces are found flattened cells apposed to one another by their edges to form an extremely thin membrane. These cells are developed from the middle embryonic layer and are termed endothelium. A very similar type of cells is also found, formed into a very thin continuous sheet, lining the body-cavity, i.e. pleural pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. These cells develop from that portion of the mesoderm known as the mesothelium, and are therefore frequently termed mesothelial, though by many they are also included as endothelial cells. A mesothelial cell is very flattened, thus resembling a squamous epithelial cell. It possesses a protoplasm with faint granules and an oval or round nucleus (fig. 12). The outline of the cell is irregularly polyhedral, and the borders may be finely serrated. The cells are united to one another by an intercellular cement substance which, however, is very scanty in amount, but can be made apparent by staining with silver nitrate when the appearance reproduced in the figure is seen. By being thus united together, the cells form a continuous layer. This layer is pierced by a number of small openings, known as stomata, which bring the cavity into direct communication with lymph spaces or vessels lying beneath the membrane. The stomata are surrounded by a special layer of cubical and granular cells. Through these stomata fluids and other materials present in the body-cavity can be removed into the lymph spaces. Endothelial membranes (fig. 13) are quite similar in structure to mesothelial. They are usually elongated cells of irregular outline and serrated borders. By means of endothelial or mesothelial membranes the surfaces of the parts covered by them are rendered very smooth, so that movement over the surface is greatly facilitated. Thus the abdominal organs can glide easily over one another within the peritoneal cavity; the blood or lymph experiences the least amount of friction; or again the friction is reduced to a minimum between a tendon and its sheath or in the joint cavities. The cells forming these membranes also possess further physiological properties. Thus it is most probable that they play an active part in the blood capillaries in transmitting substances from the blood into the tissue spaces, or conversely in preventing the passage of materials from blood to tissue space or from tissue space to blood. Hence the fluid of the blood and that of the tissue space need not be of the same chemical composition. (T. G. Br.) Note - this article incorporates content from Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, (1910-1911)

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Recognizing the role of migration in achieving the global goals Today, 258 million people are international migrants, living outside their country of birth. They make important contributions to both their host and home countries. For example, in 2017 alone, they sent an estimated $466 billion in remittances to low- and middle-income countries. International migration makes a critical contribution to sustainable development by raising the productivity of migrant workers and thus increasing the global economic output. In many situations, it also helps to narrow inequalities, reduce vulnerabilities and alleviate the demographic impact of population ageing. On the heels of the recent intergovernmental conference in Marrakech last December, the Population Division of UN DESA will convene researchers and other experts for a one-day symposium on 26 February 2019, to review evidence on interrelations between international migration and development. Taking place at UN Headquarters in New York, the symposium is being organized in lieu of the annual coordination meeting on international migration, in close coordination with the Office of the President of the General Assembly, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations Network on Migration. The symposium will highlight opportunities for addressing issues related to migration and development during the high-level political forum on sustainable development taking place in July and September 2019, as well as ways and means of improving the collection and use of migration data in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. It will also promote the sharing of information on recent initiatives on international migration and development. By bringing together experts on international migration from the United Nations system, other intergovernmental organizations, national governments, civil society, academia and the private sector, the expert symposium will offer an opportunity to advance the global discussion and to share practical information about ongoing and anticipated activities on migration and related topics. The event also aims at exploring ways to strengthen the evidence base on international migration, which is crucial for developing and implementing sound policies, dispelling myths and countering xenophobia. The expert symposium will contribute to the High-Level Debate on International Migration and Development to be convened by the President of the General Assembly on Wednesday, 27 February 2019, which will focus on the role of migration in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which will be reviewed by the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in July 2019. On 28 February 2019, IOM will hold this year’s first session of the International Dialogue on Migration under the theme “Youth and migration: Engaging youth as key partners in migration governance”, bringing the voices of young migrants and agents of change into the global debate on migration. Photo courtesy of IOM For more information: Expert Symposium on International Migration and Development

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(CNN) -- Iran will this week celebrate the 31st anniversary of the Islamic Revolution -- a day that marked the end of the country's western-backed monarchy and the start of an Islamic republic. Some experts say the revolution was also a catalyst for the spread of Islamic fundamentalism throughout the Middle East and South Asia. This key date in Iran's history comes amid protests by the opposition after last year's disputed presidential election won by incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The so-called Green Movement has been protesting for social justice, freedom and democracy in demonstrations throughout the country since the June polls -- using slogans that are often identical to those heard during the 1979 Islamic revolution. Two leading Iranian opposition leaders have called on supporters to protest on Thursday, the day of the anniversary. The march towards revolution The Islamic Revolution of 1979 signified the end of Iran's western-backed monarchy under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and the beginning of an Islamic republic. The dramatic change in power was the culmination of more than a year of demonstrations against what was seen as the Shah's oppressive regime. Despite soaring oil profits during the 1970s, Iran was plagued by crippling inflation. The Shah, who liked to show off his lavish lifestyle, was criticized for ignoring the poor and middle class. Iranians also condemned the Shah for spurning Islamic traditions in favor of modernization and stronger ties to the West. The opposition movement was led by the Shah's nemesis, Ayatollah Khomeini. The steely-eyed religious leader, who was rarely seen smiling, was exiled from Iran in 1964 but continued to relentlessly denounce the Shah as a corrupt dictator and Washington's puppet. Audiotapes of Khomeini's fiery speeches circulated throughout Iran. On February 1, 1979, Khomeini made his triumphant return to Iran and was greeted by crowds estimated to be in the millions. Two weeks earlier, a defeated Shah had hurriedly left the country. The military declared itself neutral and on February 11, the Islamic Revolution was official. What made the revolution unstoppable was the assortment of groups and social classes that opposed the Shah. The revolutionary groups included communists, socialists and secularists. Not everyone wanted a theocracy, but Khomeini and his followers managed to eliminate rival factions and establish an Islamic republic. After the revolution It was Khomeini's version of a democracy, one that was designed to be led by representatives of the people, but all decisions and laws were to be first approved by Khomeini himself, the supreme leader, and clerics who ruled in the name of God. Khomeini had made the controversial decision to inject religion into politics. Critics pointed to the regime's apparent contradiction. The Islamic Republic can either be a democracy or a theocracy but not both, critics said. When Imam Khomeini blessed the 1979 takeover of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, anti-Americanism became a pillar of the regime. Chants of death to America were a response to what revolutionaries called U.S. meddling in Iran's affairs -- most notably the 1953 coup that toppled Iran's democratically elected prime minister and Washington's support for the unpopular Shah. Crushing dissent became another trademark of Iran's hard-line rulers. According to Amnesty International, the regime secretly executed up to 5,000 political prisoners in 1988. Morality police even patrolled the streets in a campaign against western-styled clothing. The first significant calls for reform came in 1997 with the election of President Mohammad Khatami. The moderate cleric won 70 percent of the vote and served two terms, but his push for a freer, more open society and better relations with the West were largely blocked by Iran's conservative hardliners. The first major public protests against the regime came in 1999, when students at Tehran University demonstrated against the closing down of several reformist papers. The government answered with a brutal crackdown and a wave of arrests. In 2005, newly elected president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad escalated tensions with the West. In fiery speeches, the hard-line conservative raged against the U.S. and what he called western imperialism. He also drew the ire of Israeli leaders when he questioned the scale of the Holocaust. During his first term, Iran reaped record oil profits and defiantly pressed on with what it called a peaceful nuclear program despite international concern that Tehran was keen to develop a bomb. But Ahmadinejad's opponents criticized him for mismanaging the economy, failing to curb the high cost of living and isolating Iran from the international community. One of Ahmadinejad's political opponents was Mir Hussein Mousavi, a former prime minister who served under the late Imam Khomeini. The two faced off in presidential elections last June. Ahmadinejad's landslide victory sparked widespread protests by the opposition Green Movement that still claims the election was rigged. In the government crackdown that followed, dozens were killed and thousands were arrested. But almost eight months after the disputed vote, the opposition has refused to back down.

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December 7, 1941. The bombing of Pearl Harbor thrusts America into World War II. In the name of national security, all people of Japanese origin are proclaimed "enemy aliens" and interned for the duration of the war. September 11, 2001. A new chapter in national security begins as America suffers another terrible tragedy. This time, a new alien arises: Arabs, South Asians and Muslims. With a critical eye, Lest We Forget explores a lesson that America seems determined to learn twice. Violating civil liberties, alienating their own citizens, vilifying the visible minority, America is bent on homeland security but does this once again cross the line to unlawful treatment of innocent individuals? The film blends a chronology of voices speaking about the severity of wartime racism in the U.S. and Canada. Award-winning director Jason DaSilva carefully reaches out to the communities most affected, giving many individuals the opportunity to share their profoundly disturbing stories. Premiered at the International Documentary Festival of Amsterdam (2004); Special Mention (Right to Know category), One World International Human Rights Film Festival Prague (2004).

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Freely available libraries of open source software now contribute to rapid application development on all popular platforms, from programmable hardware, to PCs and mobile devices. However, the fact that open source software is in the public domain does not mean that open source software comes without restrictions. - Like other software, open source software is protected by copyright, and the open source license provisions determine for what purposes you may use the software. - Whilst you may have a right to copy and use the software for private purposes, exploiting it for commercial purposes can be less straightforward. - The open source license may require you to offer any software you build using existing open source software under an identical license, meaning that you may be unable to charge a fee for customers to use it. - However, sometimes the open source license will allow you to combine open source software with your own work without any prohibition on selling your package for profit. - On the other hand, it may be possible to combine open source software with your own work without triggering these license provisions, allowing you to sell the package for profit. - Alternatively you may be able to charge for access to work derived from open source software, for example if you supply a service over the internet. These considerations make the use of open source software is both one of the most exciting, and yet one of the most daunting issues for developers. Key issues when using open source software Some key issues in using open source software are: - If you use open source software, will you need to offer your own product for free? - What are the international implications of open source software licenses? - If another party is breach of the open source software license under which you released your software, what action should you take? - Which open source software license is suitable for your specific circumstances? As specialists in IT law we are ideally placed to advise on the implications of using open source software in your project.

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The Link Between AI And Crop Health Crops can have pandemics too. Just like the SARS-CoV-2 virus, plant pests and pathogens do not respect international borders and present a worldwide threat to food security. One-third of crop yields globally are lost to pests and diseases. Crop epidemics are difficult to diagnose, spread quickly and are hard to track in remote rural areas. Take the maize pest, fall armyworm, for example. It entered West Africa from the Americas in 2016 and reached South Africa within one year. Fall armyworm has devastated yields across sub-Saharan Africa. Using AI to combat pests and pathogens Artificial intelligence (AI) is being deployed to find smarter ways to combat pests and pathogens. Crop health is critical to reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), especially SDG2 – Zero Hunger. To raise global awareness, the United Nations through the Food and Agriculture Organisation designated the International Year of Plant Health in 2020 (IYPH 2020). The good news is that South African scientists, innovators and policy-makers are at the coal face in the fight against pests and pathogens, as reported in the recent public discussion forum of the National Science and Technology Forum entitled “Plant health in South Africa – threats to biosecurity, biodiversity and food security”. Monitoring of pests and diseases is where AI is set to make a major impact on crop health. Real-time surveillance is needed to identify the disease-causing culprits, the farms affected, and how fast an epidemic is spreading. When it comes to crop health, plant pathologists are the “plant doctors”, experts in the identification of crop pests and diseases. If a farmer spots an unknown disease symptom on the crop, he calls in a plant pathologist for a diagnosis. If the disease is severe, samples are sent toa diagnostic clinic for laboratory analysis, very much like a doctor sending you for a COVID-19 test. Artificial intelligence could bring about a revolution in crop health monitoring as instead of the “plant doctor” going to the field, we can bring the field to the “doctor”. The diagnosis would be done by a mobile app powered by AI. Anyone could take a photo of a diseased maize leaf using their phone and upload it to the cloud for automated identification by AI. This would dramatically improve the efficiency whereby plant pathologists deal with crop epidemics in real-time. They could then focus their efforts on priority outbreaks or potential threats of invasive pests and pathogens. Applying AI’S pattern recognition ability If artificial intelligence can recognise patterns in data, such as facial features, why not apply this to patterns of disease spots on maize leaves? We asked this question at the University of Pretoria (UP), where the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI) has an ongoing research programme into tree and crop health. Maize underpins food security in South Africa and yields are constantly threatened by fungal diseases of their leaves. In a recent publication, we quantified a 72 per cent yield loss from northern leaf blight disease in susceptible maize grown in South Africa. In a pilot crop health monitoring project, we focused on four maize leaf diseases with distinctive symptoms, which are often found together on the same leaf – this makes it more difficult to identify each disease. We developed a deep learning method for automated identification of maize diseases using photos of the leaves. These diseases are widespread in farmers’ fields in the wetter and hotter regions of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape. Fieldwork in these hotspots enabled us to create a photo collection of diseased leaves. Plant pathologists went through these photos and classified them based on the diseases shown on the leaves. These classifications formed the “ground truth” for training a deep learning model using a method called convolutional neural networks. This means that when shown a new photo of a diseased maize leaf, thedeep learning model can identify the disease. In other words, it has “learned” how to identify the diseases based on the initial “ground truth” photos. The artificial intelligence (AI) model identified the correct disease 75 per cent of the time. However, the power of AI is that the more accurate data you feed the model, the better it performs at prediction. We expect the accuracy to increase to more than 90 percent. The exciting development from this research is its practical application in crop health monitoring countrywide and across the continent. Our goal is to develop a mobile app that integrates into a larger biosecurity hub. Such a plant health biosecurity hub is one of the programmes of Innovation Africa @UP. There are three essential elements: a cloud-based database of plant disease sample identifications from the diagnostic clinic (35 000 samples already processed for the forestry industry with additional samples from grain crops); surveillance apps for the capture of pest and disease data and photos; and geographic information system-enabled data analysis tools powered by AI for pest and disease identification, mapping of epidemics in time and space, and prediction of future scenarios.

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Occupation 1968 centres around the Soviet Union’s occupation, also known as the Warsaw Pact invasion, of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. The documentary is told from the perspective of the soldiers from the countries that made up the Warsaw Pact. The five countries made up the Warsaw Pact were, the Soviet Union, Poland, Bulgaria, East Germany and Hungary, the documentary is therefore split into five short films, one for each nation. Each film looks at the soldiers who were involved in the invasion and their lives 50 years on, focusing on the extent of their involvement and their reflections on invading, what was generally thought to be at the time, an allied nation. The five short films are anchored through the event of the occupation, but also around the question of how individual accountability can be measured in the face of authoritarian state coercion. Occupation 1968 provides a valuable look at a poignant moment in history, while also posing important questions for our current social malaise, as the agency of the individual is currently being questioned globally in the face of what appears to be the overpowering forces of big business, political elites, and climate change. DAFilms.com is powered by Doc Alliance, a creative partnership of 7 key European documentary film festivals. Our aim is to advance the documentary genre, support its diversity and promote quality creative documentary films.

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This course focuses on the art of games design and animation – you will be exploring a wide range of disciplines and working methods to produce distinctive and creative digital outcomes. You will be working with a range of industry standard software to achieve these outcomes. This course will develop your skills in computer animation, modelling and games arts design. You will use a range of software packages and digital workflows to complete and number of negotiated projects. These skills will be underpinned by fundamental art principles developed through drawing, visual language and contextual studies. Example list of software that you will be exposed to on this course: Autodesk Maya, Mudbox, Matchmover Adobe; Photoshop, Illustrator, Aftereffects, Premier Maxon Cinema 4D On completion of this course, you will be focused on gaining art development work within games or animation companies. This may be on a freelance basis or direct employment on long or short-term contracts. You will be working in the field of 3D modelling/animation as an animator, environmental artist, character artist, concept artist or other affiliated role. Modules may include: Visual Communication in Art and Design, Ideas Generation and Development in Art and Design, Contextual and Cultural Referencing in Art and Design Professional Practice in art and Design, Project Design, Implementation and evaluation, Interactive Media Design and Prototyping, Animation Techniques for Interactive in Art and Design, 3D Computer Modelling and Animation, Computer Programming Principles, Interactive Media Technology, Computing Fundamentals, 2D, 3D and Time-Based Digital Applications, Digital Media in Art and Design, Digital Image Creation and Development, Drawing Techniques and Processes in Art and Design, Communication with Images in Art and Design. Assessment of assignments. How to apply This is the deadline for applications to be completed and sent for this course. If the university or college still has places available you can apply after this date, but your application is not guaranteed to be considered. Points of entry The following entry points are available for this course: - Year 1 To begin this course you will need a Foundation Diploma in Art & Design, or a National Diploma in an Art & Design subject, or an equivalent Level 3 qualification, or relevant professional experience. Applicants from A-Level programmes displaying high levels of creativity will also be considered, as will mature students, who will be considered individually on experience rather than qualifications. Entry will also be subject to a successful interview, where you will be asked to present a portfolio of your creative work, including sketchbooks. Please click the following link to find out more about qualification requirements for this course Additional entry requirements There is no data available for this course. For further information visit the Discover Uni website. Fees and funding |Northern Ireland||£3000||Year 1|

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In this post, we will talk about the use of “can” and “be able to”. “Can” and “be able to” are often interchangeable, but there are some occasions where only one of them is correct. Both “can” and “be able to” is used: 1. In the present tense to talk about an ability to do things. In this case, “can” is more common, while “be able to” sounds more formal and less natural. - “I can play guitar.” ✔ - “I am able to play guitar.” ✔ - To talk about the ability to do something on a specific occasion in the future. - “I can do the interview tomorrow.” ✔ - “I am able to do the interview tomorrow.” ✔ - “When I’m done writing this essay, we can hang out.” ✔ - “When I’m done writing this essay, we will be able to hang out.” ✔ 3. To talk about an ability that someone doesn’t have anymore. - “I could stay up until 3 AM when I was a student.” ✔ - “I was able to stay up until 3 AM when I was a student.”✔ We only use “can” or “could” in the present tense to talk about possibilities. - “With that much preparation, I think they can win the academic bowl.” ✔ - “With that much preparation, I think they are able to win the academic bowl.” ✖ We only use “was/were able to” to talk about something we succeeded in doing on a specific time in the past. - “I was able to sleep last night.” ✔ - “I could sleep last night.” ✖ However, it is okay to use either “could not” or “was/were not able to” in negative statements about something the past. - “I couldn’t ride a bike when I was a teenager.” ✔ - “I wasn’t able to ride a bike when I was a teenager.”✔ - “We couldn’t get tickets to the premiere yesterday.” ✔ - “We weren’t able to get tickets to the premiere yesterday.” ✔ By the way, you can read more about the usage of “can” vs. “could” as well as other modal auxiliary verbs in this article. Feel free to drop a comment if you have any question. - #EngQuiz: ‘Can’ vs ‘Be able to’ - #EngTips: How to cope with awkwardness when trying to speak in English - #EngGame: How may past simple verbs can you make with these letters? - #USSlang: American slang (13) - #EngTrivia: Grammar differences between British and American English

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Heart of DarknessBy: Joseph Conrad The novel Heart of Darkness, was written by a man named Joseph Conrad in 1894. Conrad was born December 3, 1857 into a family of polish decent in the northern Ukraine. The backgrounds of his family members consisted of a father that was an avid translator of Shakespeare as well as poet, along with a mother, that while was prone to illness still was well read and very intelligent. When Conrad was five, his father was exiled into a prison camp in Northern Russia for alleged revolutionist plots against the government. Due to the harsh conditions of the prison, Conrad’s mother died within three years and his father four years later. It was the death of his father that sent Joseph into a fit of melancholy, and it was within this sadness that Joseph turned to writing to ease his grief and carried his pain and suffering into most of his novels. After finishing his education in Krakow, Poland, Joseph went to sea, and from there sailed on and off for the next twenty years. These twenty years were the basis if not the absolute pure nautical theme that flows throughout many of his novels. Stories such as Lord Jim and Heart of Darkness are based upon true to life experiences that Joseph had while at sea. Another unique aspect of Conrad’s writing, would be the lack of simple romance within all of his novels. This lack of emotional passion is most likely due to a drastic love affair when he was 17 that ended with an attempt to end his own life. Of Conrad’s many works some include Nostromo, Typhoon, The Secret Agent, and perhaps his most famous work Chance, which made him an instant celebrity within literary circles. From his world-renowned success, Conrad became very rich, and paraded himself as the typical aristocratic high-hat, and for the most part was allowed to play this role, until his death in 1524 from a heart attack. He died and was buried at his home in Canterbury, England. ;#9;Within the actual story, Heart of Darkness, Conrad takes us into the mind and morals of a sailor named Marlow as he treks through the literal ;quot;Heart of Darkness.;quot; This actual land is found deep within the dark jungles of the Congo River region of Africa, and serves as the central setting for this story. Throughout his journey, Marlow is confronted with the atrocities of slavery, and the cruelty that some men express to men whose only difference is the color of their skin, and legend of man that so few have seen. Finding himself in a land of greed and despair, Marlow dully meets through the words of others, his predecessor, Kurtz, who is known as a brilliant man that has dominated the ivory hunting and shipping business. Yet, as Marlow comes closer to Kurtz and to the end of his journey, the perception of Kurtz becomes increasingly more evil at his core. When Marlow finally meets with Kurtz, he finds a man completely lost within the scorn of his morals, and within this shell of man, Marlow sees seeds of disdain within himself. It is up to Marlow to put his morals under scrutiny, and decide whether or not to compromise his values for the sake of wealth and worldly possessions. ;#9;As we explore the depths of this story, we encounter the many different attitudes of the various characters that inhabit the novel. Although there are many characters within the story, no character can compare with the emotional battles that the protagonist Marlow faces within himself. From his personal standpoint, we can see and feel the distress that radiates from his body, knowing that it is always easier to give into expectations, than to take a stand for one’s self. As matters of the heart and soul bear their weight upon Marlow’s heart, he must confront his inner most demons, recognize ;quot; his own wild and savage potential,;quot; and see beyond the false glory and prestige that the infamous Kurtz possesses. It is through Kurtz, that we see the hidden potential for Marlow to mutate into the ;quot;frightful;quot; man whose ;quot;soul had become mad.;quot; All this

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Question 5: Explain the interference effect produced by thin films. A thin film is a layer of transparent medium, like a soap bubble, and is comparable to the wavelength of light. One can see bands of various colors when light falls on such layers. These bands are produced due to the partial reflection and transmission at the boundary of two media where the wavelength is divided. Consider a thin wedge-shaped structure of some reflecting medium. A beam of a monochromatic light of wavelength λ is made incident on its surface where it splits in two parts. A part of the beam, say a, is reflected back and another part goes in with some refraction. A portion of this refracted beam is reflected back from the lower surface of the film. We assume this portion is emerging out of thin film as shown in the figure. As the film is very thin, the separation, or the path difference between the two parts of the same beam is quite small. Moreover, both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are parts of the same beam, so they are phase coherent with one another. Therefore, they will superpose with one another and a pattern of alternate bright and dark fringes will be observed. Now the path difference between ‘a’ and ‘b’ depends upon; - thickness and nature of the medium - angle of incidence of the beam Again we know that when a beam of light moves in a rare medium and reflected by a dense medium,it undergoes a phase change of 180° = π radians after reflection. Similarly, there is no phase change when moving in a denser medium and is reflected from a rare medium. Applying these conditions to the present situation, ray ‘a’ will reflect from the film surface with a phase change of π radian. However, part ‘b’ of the wave will undergo no change in phase when reflected from the lower surface of the film. Therefore, the reflected parts ‘a’ and ‘b’ will have a phase difference of π radian. Since both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are parts of the same beam and the path difference is very small, they will superpose with one another and bright and dark fringes will be observed in the region of the reflected parts of the beam. However, in case of sun light (not monochromatic) incident on a thin film of irregular thickness, we shall observe interference pattern due to each spectral color separately (light has 7 such colors or wavelengths). The reason is that at a certain part of the thin film, the thickness of the film and angle of incidence will provide the required conditions for destructive interference of a particular wavelength (i-e, color… and remember constructive or destructive interference depends of the wavelength, too). This part of the thin film will show the other remaining wavelengths or colors. This means different colors will reinforce or cancel at different places and a rich colorful distribution is viewed. This is the reason we have a rainbow effect for the soap bubbles and oily surfaces.

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Listen to the Recess! Clip Eve Merriam’s Inner City Nursery Rhymes Transcript In 1969, Eve Merriam published a collection of verse entitled, The Inner City Mother Goose. The book was a series of Mother Goose parodies of biting criticism of some our society’s most difficult problems; violence, racism, and corruption. The book was received with alarm by many educators and parents, and by 1982, Merriam admitted that it had become one of the most banned books in the country. Among its less controversial offerings were poems like: Hickory Dickory Dock The Crowd ran up the block. A cop struck one, A rock got thrown; Hickory Dickory riot. But this is among the less shocking in a volume riddled with violent images and uninhibited street language. At the time of its publication, one reviewer noted that The Inner City Mother Goose was “worlds removed in mood and content from the traditional Mother Goose poems”. In fact, the opposite is true. In the original Mother Goose collections, published in the mid 1700s and early 1800s, death, dismemberment, prostitution, domestic abuse and street language run rampant throughout the pages: And subversive political statements are found in abundance. In the seventeen hundreds, for example, British subjects were required – at their own expense – to feed and house military grenadiers. Note this reaction published in the 1765 Mother Goose. Who comes here? What do you want? A pot of Beer. Where is your money? Get you gone You drunken sot. The fact is, being folk poems, – that is; rising up from the people – nursery rhymes have often had a subversive – anti-authoritarian tone. Lewis Carroll was echoing the sentiment of the times when he mercilessly depicted the queen in the Alice books as a bumbling buffoon and Dr. Seuss, was in tune with his times – the civil rights movement – when Yertle the Turtle toppled the King and taught us, “a person’s a person, no matter how small.” More recently – and more shockingly realistic, like Merriam’s poems, is another Mother Goose parody – 1992’s The House that Crack Built by Clark Taylor which depicts the drug world in all its tragedy from the South American growers to the degrading circumstances suffered by its inner city victims. Books like The Inner City Mother Goose, and The House that Crack Built are, by most standards, not for little children. The books are used to good effect however, to foster social awareness in adolescents and adults. It is unlikely that this old tradition will ever fade away. As long as there are causes to fight for, catchy lyrics will keep rising up from the people, as they do today in rap lyrics. For, if you want someone to remember a message, the old rule still applies; make it simple, and make it rhyme.

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We have used FTIR spectroscopy for high precision trace gas analysis combined with micrometeorological flux-gradient and chamber methods to measure the fluxes of trace gases CO2, CH4, N2O and CO between agricultural soils and the atmosphere. In flux gradient measurements, vertical profiles of the trace gases were measured every 30 minutes from the ground to 22 m. When combined with independent micrometeorological measurements of heat, water vapour and radiative fluxes, trace gas fluxes from the underlying surface could be determined. In chamber measurements, a closed chamber was placed over the soil surface and the air in the chamber monitored continuously by FTIR spectroscopy. Fluxes were calculated from the time rate of change of concentrations in the chamber after closure. The FTIR measurements were fully automated and ran reliably for several weeks, routinely obtaining precision of 0.1-0.5%.

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At the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Intel announced that it’s reached two major quantum and neuromorphic computing milestones. Though early in the development of these types of technology, the innovations could potentially lead to major changes for enterprises and others in the tech world down the line. Here’s more about the new Intel quantum computing innovations and what they might mean for the future of tech. Intel quantum computing Part of Intel’s breakthrough with quantum computing is a new 49-qubit superconducting quantum test chip that it’s calling Tangle Lake. This new chip is part of Intel’s goal of developing a complete quantum computing system, including architecture, algorithms, and control electronics. Tangle Lake is an important milestone because can make it easier for researchers to correct errors and simulate computational problems. Eventually, the goal would be to use quantum computing to help people quickly solve problems that today might take the most powerful supercomputers months or years to resolve. These issues might include things like drug development, financial modeling, and climate forecasting. But this is just the potential of this type of computing. Right now, it’s still in the very early stages, so you shouldn’t expect to see this type of innovation making a major impact right away. Intel neuromorphic computing Intel has also been researching neuromorphic computing, which focuses on computing that mimics brain activity. This research has led to the development of Loihi, a neuromorphic research chip that includes digital circuits to mimic the brain’s basic operation. The chip combines training and inference with the goal of making machine learning more power efficient. This is another early innovation. But eventually, this type of chip could be used to process real-world data in evolving real-time environments, like enabling smarter security cameras and smart-city infrastructure to work in tandem with autonomous vehicles. Photo credit: Intel

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The LSAT is one of the most challenging entrance exams to study for because all six of the sections require critical thinking and strategy rather than memorizing facts, formulas, and definitions. Due to its tight time constraints and difficult texts, the reading comprehension section is just as tricky as the rest of the test, and it can be hard to develop an effective study plan. What to Expect on the LSAT Reading Comprehension Section This section of the test will be made up of four reading passages, each in a different subject area. The subject areas included are: For each reading passage, you will have to answer 6-8 questions. You will have a total of 35 minutes to read the four passages and answer the questions about them. That works about to about 8-9 minutes per passage, for both reading and answering the questions. The passages are usually between 400 and 500 words, although one of the four subject areas will be composed of two related passages of about 200 words. How to Study for the LSAT Reading Comprehension Section Studying for reading comprehension is not a straightforward process. You can't just memorize and restate your knowledge on test day. Your study sessions for this portion of the LSAT will mostly be about developing the right background knowledge, skills, and strategies to do well. Here's a breakdown of how you should spend your study time: Train Your Reading Skills to the Test LSAT passages are not random. They all follow a relatively fixed structure. Some key characteristics include: - 3-4 paragraphs in length - Each paragraph typically focuses on a single central idea - A central idea that is expanded on with a couple of supporting claims, opinions, or facts The Study Method Knowing that all passages have a similar structure, plot it out in the margins or on scrap paper as you read. For each paragraph, write down the central idea. Then, add the supporting claims or other details. Just jot down key phrases and terms. You don't need to write out full sentences. When you've finished plotting out this outline of the passage, connect the dots. - What was the general argument the author was making with this collection of central ideas? - What topic were they illuminating or what opinion were they expressing? - What was the point of giving you those 3-4 central ideas? How do they work together to create a larger, common theme? Now, close the book or laptop and create a cohesive summary of your own based on the outline you've created, without referring to the text. This should not be detailed. Simply describe what the author's main point was, what central ideas they used to make that point, and how they supported those central ideas. If you run out of practice LSAT passages, you can do this same technique on anything. Do it with news articles, book excerpts, papers you're reading for class, textbook passages, anything you can. Understanding the mechanics of a text will help you automatically synthesize the main themes when the time comes. Work on Your Timing As mentioned earlier, you have roughly 8-9 minutes to read a passage and answer 6-8 questions on each one. As with all LSAT sections, time management is key to do well. The goal is to be able to read through and comprehend the full passage in under four minutes. The closer you can get to three minutes, the better. This leaves you with 4-5 minutes for the questions and to refer back to the passage. After you've gotten in the habit of parsing the passage to create an outline and summary as described in the training method above, it's time to start working on speed. Here are some steps to do that: - Select a page or article of about 3-4 solid paragraphs (around 300-400 words total). - Time yourself while reading and outlining it according to the training method discussed earlier. Don't be concerned about how long it takes. You just want to get a base measure for now to find out where you're at. - Once you have a base measure, you know how far you are from the target of 3-4 minutes per passage. - Begin timing yourself each time you study and work on reading and outlining faster. The more you practice, the easier it will be to go faster without sacrificing comprehension. Ideally, you'll have your pacing down before you take the test, but if you're consistently closing in on the time limit, work on reading the last section in under five minutes, answering the easiest questions (generally the 'detail' ones), and then the larger 'theme' questions. This way you'll be able to at least complete the section, as guesses aren't penalized. Fill out every last bubble, as a guess still gives you a decent chance of being correct. Develop Background Knowledge In a perfect world, you might not need any background information on the passages. All of the questions you're going to be asked will be based specifically on that singular passage. As long as you understand the internal logic of that specific passage, you've got all the information you need to answer every single question correctly. Where this strategy goes slightly awry is in ignoring the benefit of already having some background knowledge of the subject. Multiple studies, including the famous baseball experiment, have shown that reading comprehension scores are heavily influenced by the amount of background knowledge the test taker had on the subject of the reading passage. If you know nothing about physics, reading four paragraphs about the methods of gluon exchange between quarks is going to feel like reading an alien spaceship manual. If, however, you have read a bit about physics, it'll be easier to find your bearings. This means you'll more quickly grasp the key arguments of the passage because you won't waste time just trying to familiarize yourself with the language and subject matter. It's also just a lot easier to retain information if your brain already has a foundation of knowledge for understanding it. So no, you will not need any outside information to answer questions. However, you do need prior knowledge in order to more effectively comprehend what you're reading. Given that this is a reading comprehension test, that's useful. The Study Method While you spend the next few months cramming for the LSAT, also take some time to read widely on a ton of different subjects. If there was ever a time to get lost in a Wikipedia wormhole, this is it. If this sounds too open-ended to be a study method, apply some structure to it. A recent study about the effects of background knowledge on reading comprehension identified a 59% threshold. If you know at least 59% of the terms in the text, you can effectively comprehend that text. You will have four passages in the reading comprehension section, one in each of the following general subject areas: law, history, humanities, and science. Here's the method: - Rank those subjects in order of most knowledgeable to least knowledgeable. - If any of them are your expertise, skip them. For example, if you majored in history, it's safe to say you've already met the 59% threshold on that subject area. - Focus the bulk of your background knowledge development on the subjects you're least knowledgeable in. - Don't try to become an expert in everything. Instead, try to become familiar with the vocabulary, the fundamental concepts, and the unique writing conventions employed in each field. Practice tests are your friend here. - For added benefit, use the skills training technique described in the next section on the texts you read for background knowledge. Here's an example schedule: Say you've budgeted 5 hours a week to developing your background knowledge. Devote 2.5 of those hours to your least confident subject area. Split the remaining five between the rest, skipping any that you feel confident you've met the threshold in already. What Should You Read? The best place to start is with general Wikipedia articles and introductory textbooks about major fields of study. In science, for example, you might read introductory texts on physics, biology, and chemistry. For law, you might read introductory texts on corporate law, criminal law, and legal theory. Test Day Tips Preparation and study are key, but you also need to have some test day strategies in place to make sure you're managing your time well and working through the reading comprehension section as efficiently as possible. Here are some of the best strategies you can use to do that: Do the Passages You Know First Don't be afraid to skip around the reading comprehension section. Quickly run through each of the four passages. Mentally rank them in order of your personal confidence level. Go through the ones that seem easiest for you first, freeing up plenty of time for the trickier ones. If possible, try to complete those in less than the 8-9 minutes you have so that you can have a little extra time for the harder ones. Don't just base this decision on the subject area, though. You might be a budding historian, but the history passage might be written at a much more advanced level than the science passage. Take a few seconds to skim the passages and gauge the complexity of writing. The ones that look like they have the simplest writing style should be near the top of your list. Use Scrap Paper If you used the training method described above, you've built up a strong habit of jotting down a quick outline of the passage's main ideas and supporting ideas. Do this on test day. Note the paragraph number next to the central idea. This way, if you do need to go back to the passage to answer a question, you immediately know which paragraph contains the relevant information. In addition to your outline, you might want to note dates or specific percentages or quantities. These are just useful to have as a reference, so you don't have to go back to the passage to find the data. This can cut the search time down from 30 seconds to 4-5 seconds. For some questions, it can even eliminate the need to go back to the passage at all. Given that you only have about 40-50 seconds to spend on each question, you can't really afford to spend 30 of them just trying to skim through the passage to find the information. Use This Answering Process After reading through the passage, this should be your general approach to getting through the 6-8 questions about it: - Answer questions that refer to a specific detail first. These are questions that refer to specific lines of the passage. They tend to be easier to answer because you know exactly where to look. - Answer questions that don't refer to a specific detail next. To the best of your ability, answer these without going back to the text. - If you are able to answer with confidence without going back to the text, great. Listen to your gut and move on. - If you don't feel confident about your answer, go back to the appropriate section. If you've outlined the passage on scrap paper, this should be easy to do. - If, after referring back to the relevant section, you still don't feel confident, make a guess using the guessing techniques below. Flag the question and move on. - Use any leftover time to go back over your flagged questions. Answer the Questions You Know First For each passage, answer the questions you know first. If you encounter a question where the correct answer isn't immediately clear to you after reading through the options, skip it and go to the next one. Once you've gotten the easy ones done, use the remainder of your 8-9 minutes to answer the tricky ones. Don't go over your time limit, though. If the time allotted is almost up, just guess using the guessing techniques below. Then, flag it and move on. If you still have time left after finishing all four passages, you can use it to go through some of your flagged questions to try and choose the right answer. Don't Let Outside Information Sway You We spent a lot of time talking about how valuable background knowledge is earlier. So, this tip might feel a little contradictory. However, that background knowledge is only meant to improve your reading comprehension. You don't want it to influence your actual answer choices. Remember, these questions aren't testing how much you know about quarks and gluons. They're testing how effectively you interpreted what the passage you just read was saying about them. This means one thing: use details provided on the test instead of your personal knowledge. This gets especially tricky with more open-ended subjects where differing opinions are possible or on inference questions. Make sure that the answers you're choosing are based on specific parts of what you just read. If you can't pinpoint what part of the passage leads you to choose this answer, flag the question and make sure you're not being swayed by your personal biases. Check the Specifics on Similar Answers One common trap is to include two options that sound almost exactly the same. Only one of these can be correct, but it's not immediately obvious what the difference between them is. If you encounter a question where two or more answers sound plausibly correct, go back to the question and break it down. What is it asking specifically? Is it asking what the actual cause of glaciers melting is, or is it asking you what Mr. Johnson from the passage believes the cause of glaciers melting is? Is it asking which statement is correct or which one is incorrect? If you still find yourself struggling between two answers, breakdown the contrasts between the two similar answers to figure out what specifically differentiates them from each other. These subtle differences should give you clues as to which one actually answers what the question is asking. Use These Last-Resort Guessing Techniques If the clock is ticking and you just can't figure out a question, it's time to put in an answer, flag it, and move on. Even if you're plain guessing, you can use a little bit of strategy to avoid just sheer random selection. Here are two techniques: Eliminate the Obviously Wrong Answers Even if you don't know the right answer, you might at least be able to tell that one or two options are definitely wrong. If you've got four options, the odds of guessing right are 25%. If you can eliminate one for sure, you've lowered it to three options. The odds of guessing right are now 33%. If you can get it down to two, your odds are 50%. Pick the Less Extreme Options The correct answers for reading questions typically use 'middle-ground' language, not explicitly stating something. The answers with the most nuance are typically the hardest to deduce, and thus are often the most likely to be correct. Find the most nuanced answer and guess that if you're butting up the time limit. As a last resort after that, guess randomly. There is no penalty for guessing or for wrong answers on the LSAT If you put in the work, understand the test, and prepare sufficiently, you can raise your LSAT score by about 11 points by studying over a six month period. Just as with all things, the best bang for your buck comes from strategical thinking, persistence, and effort. LSAT prep isn't easy, but at the end of the day, it can be rewarding by helping you get into the law school of your dreams.

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Coat Colour Cocoa is also known as the Co Locus. Brown or chocolate coat colour in many mammalian species is frequently due to variants at the B locus or TYRP1 gene. Dogs have five different TYRP1 loss-of-function alleles, which explain the vast majority of dogs with a brown coat colour. The brown coat colour in French Bulldogs is also determined by a mutation in the HPS3 gene. The mutations in this gene produce brown pigment in the coat, nose and footpads of dogs. The pigment on nose and footpads is visible regardless the dog’s genotype of other loci. The phenotype coat colour depends on more mutations at other genes. Mutations in the HPS3 gene create a brown pigment by partially disrupting the black pigment. Together with the B locus (TYRP1 gene), the Co Locus plays a part in eumelanin synthesis. The Co Locus produces a more darker brown coat colour compared to the B Locus. Cocoa puppy’s are often born with blue eyes which darken when the puppy’s get older. Recently, breeders and genetic testing laboratories identified brown French Bulldogs that did not carry any of the known mutant TYRP1 alleles. Some brown French Bulldogs did not carry any known mutations of the TYRP1 alleles was discovered lately. Test specific information Most coat colours and coat types are usually visible directly after birth. The Turnaround Time (TAT) depends on various factors, such as the shipment time of your sample to the test location, the test method(s) and whether the tests are performed completely or partially by a Partner Lab or Patent owner. The TAT of tests performed at our facilities is normally 10 working days after receipt of the sample at the testing laboratory (VHL, VHP or Certagen). For tests performed by a Partner Laboratory (so-called "partner lab test") or patent owner, the TAT is at least 20 working days after receipt of your sample. Because the shipment time to our Partner Labs or patent owner may vary due to factors we cannot influence, the mentioned 20 working days are therefore an estimate. Sometimes it is necessary to re-run your sample. We call this a retest. In that case, the TAT will of course be extended. Location of disease or trait This DNA test is available for the following breeds: French Bulldog. Additional information is available in the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). For this DNA test we accept the following materials: Blood EDTA, Blood Heparin, Swab, Tissue, Semen. Please contact Dr. Van Haeringen Laboratorium if you wish to submit other material as listed. Coat colours and coat types are based on many genetic factors. For each factor, a separate test result will be returned. Various genetic factors influencing coat colour and coat types are inherited in a dominant or recessive mode. Coat colours are influenced by a large number of genetic factors. Severity of Disease Factors influencing coat colour and coat types are usually not related to diseases.

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Date Published: 2021-10-27 The educational system in the United States is usually public, and its control and financing is given through the three levels of government... The students, between primary and secondary, invest a total of 12 years. At the age of six, children begin primary school, where they attend for six years and then start high school. The secondary schools are constituted by two programs: Once this period is over, students can start college or university. It is important to keep in mind that education is compulsory for all students up to the age of 16 years. The rating system generally uses letters: In most schools, students must obtain a C to pass the course. Also, there is no national education system, the federal government does not administer the schools, each of the fifty states has its own education department in which the rules for schools in that state are established. Public schools and universities receive funds from the state in which they are located. Both public and private universities offer the same level of education among them. Also, some universities offer short courses to their students. This article is made for informative and divulgative purposes. For this reason, it is important that before making any decision, visit or contact a certified specialist in the field, since the opinion of the expert is the one that should be considered. It is necessary that you take into consideration the following recommendations before applying for a mortgage loan ... A mortgage or mortgage loan consists of obtaining money to buy, refinance or improve a home. However, you need to consider the following recommendations before applying for a mortg It is important that before starting with the procedures to buy a house you are well informed about the financing processes, in order to avoid possible scams ... The payment method to use for the purchase of a property will depend on the amount of money you have available to invest, as well as your credit reputation. The budget you have will help you choose the area, the type of land and the dimensions of your new property.

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The Poor People's Campaign Seeks To Complete Martin Luther King's Final Dream Thousands of low-wage workers, faith leaders and civil rights advocates are expected to descend on more than 30 state capitals and Washington, D.C. today to relaunch a fight against poverty, war and income inequality that first took root half a century ago. The original 1968 Poor People's Campaign was a multicultural, multi-faith coalition planned by Martin Luther King. It brought thousands of Americans living in poverty to the national mall to demand better living conditions and higher wages. Organizers of the new Poor People's Campaign say 50 years later, King's dream remains unfulfilled and those demands largely unmet. So demonstrators are kicking off 40 days of nonviolent direct action. "We understand that in order to change things we have to do the rallies, we have to do organizing, we have to do voter mobilization, we have to engage in civil disobedience," says Rev. William Barber, a pastor at Greenleaf Christian Church in Goldsboro, N.C., and a national co-chair of the Poor People's Campaign. "People will come together and put their mouths and their bodies on the line to force the nation, the media to have to see and hear the people that are impacted," says Barber, who will be in Washington to lead the demonstration at the U.S. Capitol. The plan is to have simultaneous "waves" of action across the country calling attention to the "enmeshed evils," including systemic racism and America's war economy that organizers say are contributing to so many living in poverty, the majority of whom are white. According to the U.S. Census, there are nearly 41 million people living in poverty, though Barber believes that number is off. He points to research by the Institute for Policy Studies, a progressive think tank that focuses on social issues, which estimates 140 million Americans are "either poor or low-income" when items beyond income are considered, including out of pocket costs for food, clothing, and utilities. "It's just constant juggling, figuring out what bill to pay and what not," says Terrence Wise, a fast food worker for 20 years. He lives in Kansas City but is making the trip to Missouri's capital, Jefferson City, to protest. As a shift manager at McDonald's, he makes $10.25 an hour. His fiancé is a home healthcare worker who makes $12 an hour. Wise says it is difficult to make ends meet while raising their three teenage daughters. "And it's really dangerous when we are skipping meals or having to buy less food. Now you are not only struggling financially, you're possibly affecting the health of your family and your children." Wise is a leading voice in the push to raise the minimum wage to $15 an hour. He hopes that the new Poor People's campaign helps make Americans more mindful of the struggles low-income people go through. "I'm hoping it shakes America's conscience — that it makes many more aware," Wise says. "The goal is to bring more and more Americans into the movement and help make things better on all levels for everyone." Organizers have many demands Organizers hope Monday's events are just the beginning. The original 1968 Poor People's Campaign was King's vision to take the civil rights fight beyond injustices rooted in Jim Crow and to expand them to fight indignities of poverty suffered across racial lines. King never lived to see the campaign get underway. But just weeks after his assassination, some 3,000 poor Americans came to Washington to form Resurrection City – a semi-permanent shantytown of wooden tents erected on the national mall. The centerpiece was of that campaign was a mule train, a caravan that made its way from Marks, Miss., the poorest town, in the poorest county, in the poorest state, to Washington D.C. People lived there for six weeks. Civil Rights icon Jesse Jackson, the founder of the Rainbow PUSH Coalition, was appointed "city manager" of Resurrection City and wrote about it in a CNN opinion piece. "For 42 mostly rain-drenched and mud covered days, Resurrection City was home to thousands of the poorest of the poor, doing their best to prick the conscience of America and force action against the sin of grinding poverty in the richest nation on earth." Barber did not rule a Resurrection City-like demonstration in future actions. For the next month and a half, each week will have a theme starting with a focus on children, women and people with disabilities living in poverty. The new Poor People's Campaign is calling for a list of demands including changes to federal and state living wage laws that are "commensurate for the 21st century economy," a reinvestment in public housing, a repeal to the 2017 GOP-led tax plan, an end to America's militarism and reallocation of "resources from the military budget to education, health care, jobs and green infrastructure needs" and eradicating systemic racism, just to name a few. Michael Jeffries is an associate professor of American Studies at Wellesley College in Massachusettes. He says the movement is coming at the right time, but the focus may be too expansive. "[Barber] has a list of demands for this reinvigorated Poor People's Campaign, but it is a lengthy list," Jeffries says. "The piece of this that remains to be seen is, can you sustain a social movement with as many issues as Barber is targeting?" For his part, Barber says he and other organizers are building for a multi-year campaign. "We know this nation can be better," Barber says. "We've never lost a fight for justice that we chose to fight. The only ones we have lost in history are the ones no one chose to stand up for." Editor's note: This post has been updated to clarify the findings cited in the Institute for Policy Studies report. The report found 140 million Americans are either poor or low-wage. The original post said those 140 million are living in poverty. Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

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|historian software rockwell||0.7||0.7||9871||66| |historian software wonderware||0.97||0.3||4836||91| |historian software download||1.62||0.4||4172||90| |historian software database||1.51||0.4||3211||45| |historian software prices||0.29||0.6||9298||23| |historian software reviews||0.59||0.8||437||2| |web historian software||1.32||1||711||46| |edna historian software||1.3||0.7||9607||18| |artisan historian software||0.46||0.2||4609||26| |manufacturing historian software||1.93||0.3||3625||39| |ge historian software||1.82||0.9||4050||83| |family historian software free||1.97||0.6||5422||52| A data historian is a software program that records the data of processes running in a computer system. Data historians are commonly used where reliability and uptime are critical. The programs are used to gather information about the operation of programs in order to diagnose failures.What are the features of database software? Another key feature of relational databases is their ability to hold data over multiple tables. This feature overcomes the limitations of simple flat file databases that can only have one table. The database records stored in a table are linked to records in other tables by the primary key.What is software data? A software-defined data center (SDDC) is a type of data repository in which all data center resources and services are provisioned, monitored and managed through software-based techniques and processes.

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Although frozen meals can be convenient, many offer poor nutrition and are best reserved for rare occasions. Frozen foods are not all evil, however; freezing fruits and vegetables can help prevent nutrient loss, and because frozen foods are portion-controlled, they sometimes help with weight management. The key is to buy healthy options that contain natural, quality ingredients. Video of the Day Frozen foods -- particularly prepared meals -- are often high in sodium. Excess sodium can lead to high blood pressure, which is linked to heart disease and stroke. You should limit your sodium consumption to no more than 2,300 milligrams per day, recommends the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If you're over age 50 or have high blood pressure, diabetes or chronic kidney disease, you should limit sodium to no more than 1,500 milligrams per day. For comparison, one piece of frozen lasagna with meat sauce may contain more than 900 milligrams of sodium. Fat and Calories Some frozen dinners are very high in fat. Because fat contains twice the number of calories compared to carbohydrates or protein, this often makes frozen dinners high in calories, by default. For example, a 1-cup serving of frozen chicken pot pie may contain nearly 600 calories, more than half of which come from fat. Each pie is 2 cups, so eating the whole thing will net you about 1,200 calories and more fat than many people need in an entire day. No more than 20 percent to 35 percent of your total calories should come from fat, according to the publication, "Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010." Although diet frozen dinners are marketed as helpful for weight loss and proper nutrition, they may do more harm than good, according to registered dietitian Karen Collins. Collins notes that these meals, which often have fewer than 300 calories each, won't sustain you for long, compelling you to reach for high-calorie snacks soon after you eat them. Collins also reports that such meals are typically too short on fruits, vegetables and grains to provide the nutritional balance you need for optimal health. While frozen foods are not off-limits, finding healthy options requires that you regularly check nutrition labels, recommends the American Diabetes Association. You should choose frozen dinners that have 500 or fewer calories and 600 or fewer milligrams of sodium. The association also recommends that you should consume products that have 3 or fewer grams of saturated fat, because too much saturated fat is linked to heart disease. Look for choices that have whole grains, such as brown rice or whole-wheat pasta, and that also include a colorful array of vegetables and fruits. - University of Florida Extension: Shopping for Health: Guide to Frozen Meals - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Get the Facts: Sodium's Role in Processed Food - USDA National Nutrient Database: Lasagna with Meat Sauce, Frozen, Prepared - Nutritionix.com: Chicken Pot Pie, Stouffers - U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 - NBCNews: Should You Defrost Your Diet? - Diabetes.org: On-the-Go: A Guide to Frozen Meals

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- All Topics - Training & Events - Buyer's Guide In the used oil analysis lab, gas chromatography is becoming increasingly important for accurately determining the concentrations of certain contaminants - particularly fuel and glycol - in used oil samples. In transformer oil analysis, the technique is used to determine the concentrations of dissolved gases within the oil sample, which can be used with gas analysis and other methods to evaluate electrical faults within a transformer or oil insulated electrical components. Gas chromatography is one of the most widely used techniques in modern analytical chemistry. In its basic form, gas chromatography is used to separate complex mixtures of different molecules based on their physical properties, such as polarity and boiling point. It is an ideal tool to analyze gas and liquid samples containing many hundreds or even thousands of different molecules, allowing the analyst to identify both the types of molecular species present and their concentrations. Figure 1. Gas Chromatography is Used to Gas chromatography can be divided into two categories, gas-liquid chromatography and gas-solid chromatography. In both cases, the technique involves the separation of components of a gaseous sample, using a stationary phase, either a standard liquid in the case of gas-liquid chromatography, or a standard solid in the case of gas-solid chromatography. Because the overwhelming majority of test standards used for hydrocarbon analysis rely on gas-liquid chromatography, this article will focus exclusively on this method, although the same basic principles apply to both methods. In gas-liquid chromatography, it is the interaction between the gaseous sample (the mobile phase) and a standard liquid (the stationary phase), which causes the separation of different molecular constituents. The stationary phase is either a polar or nonpolar liquid, which, in the case of capillary column, coats the inside of the column, or is impregnated onto an inert solid that is then packed into the gas chromatography column. Figure 2. Gas Chromatography Instrument A schematic layout of a gas chromatography instrument is shown in Figure 2. The basic components are an inert carrier gas, most commonly helium, nitrogen or hydrogen, a gas chromatography column packed or coated with an appropriate stationary phase, an oven that allows for precise temperature control of the column and some type of detector capable of detecting the sample as it exits or elutes from the column. Gas-liquid chromatography works because the molecules in the samples are carried along the column in the carrier gas, but partition between the gas phase and the liquid phase. Because this partitioning is critically dependent on the solubility of the sample in the liquid phase, different molecular species travel along the column and elute at different times. Those molecules that have a greater solubility in the liquid phase take longer to elute and thus are measured at a longer interval. Solubility is dependent on the physical and chemical properties of the solute; therefore, separation between different components of the sample occurs based on molecular properties such as relative polarity (like ethylene glycol versus base oil) and boiling point (like, fuel versus diesel engine base oil). For example, using a polar stationary phase, with a mixture of polar and nonpolar compounds will generally result in longer elution times for the polar compounds, because they will have greater solubility in the polar stationary phase. There are many methods used to detect molecules as they elute. However, the most commonly employed method is flame ionization. In flame ionization, the eluting sample is passed through a hydrogen gas flame and the ion flux measured. As the sample passes through the flame, any molecules present are ionized, resulting in an increased ion flux. The total increase in ion flux is proportional to the amount of species present allowing the area under the increasing ion flux peak to be directly related to the concentration of the eluting species. Gas chromatography is often also coupled with Fourier Transformer Infrared (FTIR) or mass spectrometric (MS) detectors. Several properties of used oils can be evaluated using gas chromatography. These include: The determination of fuel dilution in engine oil samples is of prime importance because it causes a significant drop in viscosity, resulting in film strength failure at operating temperatures. Because gasoline and diesel fuel are chemically very similar to the oil itself, fuel dilution is almost impossible to quantify by conventional wet chemistry tests. The evaluation of fuel in used engine samples by the gas chromatography method is one of the few ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) tests specifically designated for used oil analysis. The determination of diesel fuel dilution in used oil samples is covered under ASTM D3524, while the corresponding test for gasoline is ASTM D3525. In both cases, calibration mixtures of known dilution factors are used to calibrate the gas chromatography instrument, prior to running the test sample. While other physical tests such as changes in viscosity, FTIR and reduced flash point are all used to determine the presence of fuel in a lubricating oil; gas chromatography offers a more precise and reliable means of determining fuel dilution. This is particularly true for changes in viscosity, which can be offset by soot loading, and FTIR, which at best is capable of detecting fuel dilution only when it reaches two percent due to new oil reference mismatches and variable aromatic content in diesel and gasoline fuels. Just like fuel dilution, ASTM D4291 covers the use of gas chromatography to detect trace amounts of ethylene glycol due to coolant leaks; another method specifically developed for used oil analysis. In the case of ethylene glycol, the method works by first extracting the glycol using water (because ethylene glycol is a polar molecule, it is easily extracted using water) and injecting it into a calibrated gas chromatography column. Figure 3. Typical Chromatogram Fuel and ethylene glycol content can be quantified from the gas chromatogram by determining the expected response of the gas chromatography to different concentration of fuel or glycol, using standard calibration mixtures to create a calibration curve (Figure 3). From this curve, the area under the fuel or glycol peak in the gas chromatogram from the unknown sample can be converted to a percent by volume, allowing precise quantification of the fuel or glycol content. For heat transfer fluids and radiological samples (those that have been exposed to gamma-radiation) one of the major areas of concern is the possibility of cracking due to either extreme temperatures in the case of heat transfer fluids, or the effects of the radiation for nuclear samples. Cracking is a process by which base oil hydrocarbon molecules are broken into smaller fragments. Thermal cracking of heat transfer fluids has traditionally been determined by direct distillation. Under this method, the sample is slowly heated and the boiling point range of the sample determined. Because cracking results in smaller hydrocarbon molecules, the boiling point range for severely cracked oil will be significantly lower than the new oil. Gas chromatography offers a simpler, more convenient means of determining a reduction in boiling point range. In this method, the gas chromatography instrument is used in the temperature programmable mode. In this mode, the sample is slowly heated by increasing the temperature linearly over time. As the temperature rises, the boiling point range of the sample can be determined by measuring the sample as it elutes, often using a flame ionization source, as a function of the temperature. This method, which is commonly used in petroleum research and QA labs, is often referred to as a simulated distillation. The simulated distillation of a petroleum oil, appropriate to determining cracking of used oil sample is covered under ASTM D2887. For gas compressors, there is often a need to determine the amount of dissolved process gas present in an oil sample. In this instance, gas chromatography can be used in an analogous way to dissolved gas analysis on transformer oil samples, to determine the presence and concentration of these gases. While the use of gas chromatography to detect known contaminants such as fuel and ethylene glycol works because the contaminant has a known elution time, under carefully controlled column conditions. Often, there is a need to determine the presence of an unknown contaminant, which may be producing an unusual color or a strange odor. Under these circumstances, gas chromatography can often be used to separate different molecular species in the oil sample, prior to further analysis. While the gas chromatography serves to reduce the number of different molecular species present, through molecular speciation by replacing the flame ionization detector with another analytical instrument such as an FTIR instrument or a mass spectrometer, the exact nature of any unknown contaminant can often be determined. In the case of FTIR, the technique is identical to the infrared analysis of bulk oil samples. In the case of MS (mass spectrometry), the eluting species are introduced direct from the gas chromatography column into the MS instrument. A mass spectrometer works by atomizing and ionizing the sample into its constituent elements, or molecular fragments of the parent molecule using a high-energy source, commonly a high-energy electron beam. The ions are then separated by the MS based on the ratio their mass-charge (m/z) ratio. (MS will be discussed in a later issue of Practicing Oil Analysis magazine.) While gas chromatography may not be appropriate for every sample, when accurate concentrations of a known contaminant such as fuel, glycol or dissolved gases are required, or there’s a need to diagnose a specific problem such as thermal or radiological cracking or the identity of an unknown contaminant, gas chromatography is an effective, versatile, indispensable and under-utilized used oil analysis tool. “Oil Analysis 101: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,” Practicing Oil Analysis magazine, March-April, 2002.

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It all probably was a tale. However, serious research does identify some events, from about a thousand years before the Common Era, that qualify as the bases of the epic’s plot. Apparently, collective memory evolved significantly through the centuries before their stories, legends, and allegories took the forms that we know from the epic today. And yet, even if no set of historical events can be found to correspond with epic episodes, its many stories, legends, and allegories nevertheless conform to themes that were at one time authentic. In other words, whether or not epic episodes were historical, the ideas and concepts they represent were. It is with these ideas and concepts that Framing the Mahabharata weaves the pattern of South Asian society as it evolved through the cusp of the Bronze and Iron Ages, developing motifs we are familiar with today. Against this pattern, it reconstructs the military tactics, technology and sociology that marked the interplay of nomadic and sedentary folks, most poignantly depicted in the career of war-chariotry. Framing the Mahabharata : Against the Evolution of Early South Asian Society ₹995.00 Regular Price

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1961a), but this author speculated that aggressive behavior served as a method of sex Northern Dusky Salamander Desmognathus f. fuscus. 1980; Karlin and Pfingsten, 1989), long-tailed Salamanders (E. longicauda; Karlin and Pfingsten, State Rank Status: Wide spread and secure. mature at approximately 2 yr and about 35 mm SVL; but females mature at 3 yr and about 40 mm SVL Appearance: Difficult to identify due to the highly variable coloration and pattern. protozoans, trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, and acanthocephalans. 19, pg. Salamander larvae are absent from many streams that drain coal strip mines (Gore, 1983). may be found under logs, rocks and other cover. Scientific Name: Eurycea bislineata Size: 2.5-4.75 inches (6.4-12.1 cm) in length Status: Abundant Habitat: Stream side along small to medium sized streams, springs, and hillside seeps with sandy to gravel substrate and rock or log cover. Salamanders (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus; Stewart and Bellis, 1970; Krzysik, 1979; Karlin and (Jones, 1986). (1969) reported an average home range of 48.4 m2 (25.2–114.5 association (= locally sympatric or syntopic) with seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola; among brooding and non-brooding females, finding significantly more food in the latter, highly correlated with that of potential invertebrate prey. Northern Dusky Salamander . Most common along the edges of woodland streams under flat rocks and coarse woody debris. Adults range from 3 – 5½ inches long. White Mountains in New Hampshire, Burton (1976) reported many of the same groups plus mites, Historical versus Current Distribution. overlap, niche width, and utilization spectra of prey volumes among Pennsylvania northern dusky severely or extirpated in the heavily urbanized and developed areas of its range, which coincide those of others (Bishop, 1941b; Baldauf, 1947; Wood and Clarke, 1955; Jones, 1986). dusky Salamanders (D. conanti) that extends southeast from the Cumberland River in western populations, but the species is wide ranging and ubiquitous in small stream valleys. Salamanders than listed above, but such associations rarely have been reported in the (Dennis, 1962). Northern Dusky Salamander. 1980a); in August and September in New York (Bishop, 1941b); and in mid September in Ohio DESCRIPTION: A moderate-sized, four-legged salamander averaging 1.2-2.4 inches in length, with individuals up to 5 inches in length described in the literature. Historical versus Current Distribution - The geographic distribution of northern dusky dusky Salamanders are largely restricted to hillside springs and small, rocky brooks in The geographic distribution of southern dusky salamanders (Desmognathus auriculatus) has been mapped according to museum records and the literature (Means, 1999a). In Pennsylvania, of Northern Dusky Salamanders are a poorly delineated contact zone between northern and spotted An adult Northern Dusky Salamander. Northern dusky Salamanders also occur in Canada, and are found in Niagara Gorge in Northern dusky salamanders are smooth-skinned and brown with a darker stripe on their back and a dark line from the eye to the mouth. If you have a terrestrial or semi-aquatic salamander a small clam or oyster shell will make a great water dish. Pfingsten, 1989), southern ravine Salamanders (Plethodon richmondi; Karlin and Pfingsten, 1989; and small rocks, and under logs about 15–90 cm from open water (Krzysik, 1979). Salamanders moved into subterranean microhabitats that were warmer by several degrees centigrade Age/Size at Reproductive Maturity - In New York, sexual maturity is reached when Salamanders 4, pg. Stewart and Bellis, 1970), and marbled Salamanders (Ambystoma opacum; Spight, 1967c). Virginia Herpetological Alabama populations were formerly considered to be northern dusky salamander, D. fuscus. suggesting that brooding females do not actively forage. Throughout their New England and midwestern ranges, urbanization has extirpated many Northern Dusky Salamanders. Range territory size 1.4 to 114 m^2; Home Range. 1. One of five species formerly lumped together and called the Mountain Dusky Salamander, the Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander is best told from its near relatives by it range. Salamanders range from the contact zone to the southwest of the range of northern dusky Sharbel and Bonin, 1992; Sharbel et al., 1995), black-bellied Salamanders (D. quadramaculatus; first ovipositing when 5 yr old (Organ, 1961a). Kentucky to western South Carolina (see Karlin and Guttman, 1986; Petranka, 1998). 1978, pg. low boggy places under stones, logs, bark, and other debris on the ground (Bishop, 1941b). Population densities ranging between 0.43 Many individuals have a light stripe on the back extending from head to tail. 1998; Means, this volume). recognition. Northern Dusky Salamander. in Ohio, discovered that all were active and burrowed quickly to escape through gravel and Enlarged ovarian ova counts averaged 27 in 18 females from Historical versus Current Abundance - In eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, northern dusky time were Northern Dusky Salamanders in an inactive state. Usually found in or immediately adjacent to water. Parasites - Rankin (1937) conducted an exhaustive study of the parasites of northern dusky frequent the margins of streams, springs, leaf-littered trickles, spring banks with constantly Difficult to identify due to the highly variable coloration and pattern. Adult Habitat - In New York, Northern Dusky Salamanders are found along the margins of small Kentucky and southeastern Ohio oviposit during July, and the eggs incubate for 46–61 d with a for "dusky". 11–14 mo old in Virginia (Organ, 1961a); and between 11 May–17 June when 8–10 mo old in The Division of Wildlife’s mission is to conserve and improve fish and wildlife resources and their habitats for sustainable use and appreciation by all. Brooding females will cannibalize their own eggs and It frequently has 6 to 8 pairs of golden or reddish dorsal spots, which are normally separated. Species: fuscus is Latin for "dusky".. Average Length: 2.5 - 4.5 in. Hardin, J.P. Schafer, M.J. Harvey, 1969, Home range, movements, and activity of the dusky salamander, Desmognathus fuscus, Copeia, Vol. Densities were calculated for populations at 0.8 m2 in Pennsylvania (Hall, been shown to overlap or abut the ranges of several cryptic species, with which it has been In Family: Plethodontidae. roundworms was reported in New Hampshire Northern Dusky Salamanders by Burton (1976). On young individuals, white lines outlined in black start at the eye and angle down to their jaw. 639-642, Organ, J.A., 1990, Salamander Survey Section One 1990, Prepared for the Mount Rogers National Recreation Area, Jefferson National Forest, 40 pgs., Dept. May also be found in springs and seepage areas in woodlands. in higher altitudes in southwestern Virginia (Organ, 1961a). and autotomize their tails and flee (Whiteman and Wissinger, 1991). Salamanders from streams draining coal strip mines in eastern Kentucky and Tennessee appear to Scientific Name: Desmognathus fuscus Size: 2.8 – 5.6” (adult length) Status: A recently identified inhabitant of Michigan; current status and distribution within the state unknown. Etymology: Genus: desmos is Greek for "ligament", gnathos is Greek for "jaw" - This refers to the bundle of ligaments holding the jaw.. wooded streams, on seepage hillsides, in shallow weed-choked streams with sandy bottoms, and in terrestrial surroundings. This salamander is medium-sized (2.5-5 inches) and has a moderately keeled tail. Its larval stage is entirely aquatic and after becoming mature the salamander uses the sense of smell for predation and finding potential mates. watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) and common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis). adult dipterans, ants, spiders, beetles, sowbugs, caterpillars, earthworms, amphipods, mites, 2020. targeted this facet of its biology. Krzysik (1980b) compared gut contents 32, pg. Longevity - Snider and Bowler (1992) reported that a wild-caught adult of unknown sex lived 4 skunks, opossums, and other small mammals, snakes, and birds probably eat northern dusky Although studies are lacking, ... Northern Dusky Salamander. In strong contrast, along a small limestone stream in Ohio, Ashton (1975) Co., Ithaca, N.Y, Conant, R., 1958, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of the United States and Canada east of the 100th Meridian, 366 pgs., Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA, Conant, R., 1975, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 429 pgs., Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA, Juterbock, J.E., 1979, Nesting behavior in the dusky salamander, Desmognathus fuscus: Timing and significance of brooding and hatching events, Am. Over their Bull., Vol. Its average adult size ranges from 2 … species (Barthalmus and Bellis, 1969, 1972; Barthalmus and Savidge, 1974; Hom, 1987; Juterbock, upstream from their normal summer home. Northern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) Adult Photo of Northern Dusky Salamander courtesy of Brian Gratwicke CC by 2.0 Size: 2½ - 4½ in; Record – 5 in. Animals likely avoid dessicating condition by seeking shelter under cover objects or in burrows. Salamanders, extending from extreme southern Illinois, western Kentucky, and western Tennessee These lines fade as the salamanders age. The range of northern dusky salamanders is as described above. Santeetlah dusky salamanders occur only in a small geographical area high in the Unicoi, Great Smoky, and Great Balsam mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Description: Coloration in this species (2.5 to 4.5 inches in length) is highly variable. Pfingsten, 1989), eastern red-backed Salamanders (P. cinereus; Karlin and Pfingsten, 1989; orthopterans, ephemeridans, odonates, hemipterans, lepidopterans, coleopterans, hymenopterans, Scientific Name: Desmognathus fuscus fuscus Size: 2.5-5 inches (6.5-13 cm) in length Status: Abundant . by adults on larvae was reported by Wilder (1913) and Hamilton (1943). In the Unicoi Mountains of Tennessee, males an annual cycle (Hom, 1987). be caused by siltation and high metal concentrations (Gore, 1983). Desmognathus fuscus. Salamanders (Karlin and Pfingsten, 1989). Territories - Aggressive behavior has been documented in Northern Dusky Salamanders (Organ, auriculatus). Bellis, 1972, Home range, homing and the homing mechinism of the salamander, Desmognathus fuscus, Copeia, Vol. It reaches an adult size of 3 to 5 inches (7.6 to 12.7 cm). Organ, 1961a; Southerland, 1986e), pygmy Salamanders (D. wrighti; Organ, 1961a), northern 5 to 8 pairs round yellowish spots on juveniles. Their back legs are larger and stronger then their front legs, and their tail is partially keel… Fitzmaurice, 1948; Dennis, 1962; Orr and Maple, 1978; Juterbock, 1986). larvae, ants, dipteran larvae, an ichneumonid wasp, and a stonefly nymph. England, New York, and Pennsylvania to Virginia, then west to southern and eastern Ohio, in springs and are not known to undertake extensive migrations (Bishop, 1941b). because of syntopy with seal Salamanders in Pennsylvania. Holumuzki (1980) reported the dietary overlap and synchronous foraging of northern June–24 September in Massachusetts (Wilder, 1913); July–September in southwestern Pennsylvania Zool., Vol. Raccoons, confused (e.g., spotted dusky Salamanders, Santeetlah dusky Salamanders [D. santeetlah], The southern geographic limits Similar Species: Closely related to 2 other species, Northern Dusky Salamander and Santeetlah Dusky Salamander, best distinguished by their ranges. 293-297, Bishop, S.C., 1947, Handbook of Salamanders, 555 pgs., Comstock Publ. larvae, plecopteran nymphs, collembolans, mites, and fingernail clams (Wilder, 1913; Burton, Juterbock (1978) discussed maturity characteristics in northern Description: One of the most variable patterned salamanders in Ohio, adult Northern Dusky Salamanders are usually yellowish brown to dark brown. Diseases - No diseases have been reported. More studies of the evolutionary relationships of northern dusky southeastern Indiana, eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina (Petranka, Base of tail is typically lighter than the rest of the back. 22–34 in 44 nests in Pennsylvania (Pawling, 1939); and an average of 26 eggs in seven nests in every year in Maryland (Danstedt, 1975) and North Carolina (Spight, 1967c), but may be biennial extensive geographical distribution, Northern Dusky Salamanders are syntopic with more (Wilder, 1913); in July and August in Maryland (Danstedt, 1975) and Pennsylvania (Krzysik, The northern dusky salamander can also be differentiated from other lungless salamanders including the eastern red-backed, the northern two-lined and the four-toed. In Ohio, they Further study needed. Also, dusky salamanders have a larger snout than most other small stream inhabiting salamanders. (1955) reported on brooding females that had ingested oligochaete No reductions have been noted in the geographical distribution of literature. Northern Dusky Salamander Endemic to North America, the species is a small-sized salamander. Breeding habitat - Same as adult habitat. Society, Handbook of Larval Amphibians of the United States and Canada. into northern Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi (Rossman, 1958; E.E. Salamanders [D. auriculatus]). 30–50 cm below the soil surface, which was frozen to a depth of 14 cm. Brown, 1992; Petranka, Anti-Predator Mechanisms - Brooding females are hypothesized to keep egg predators away from *Click on a thumbnail for a larger version. Interspecific Associations/Exclusions - Northern dusky Salamanders have been reported in Distribution: Throughout New Hampshire except streams near the seacoast. Dusky Salamanders (Genus Desmognathus) Members of this genus can usually be distinguished by their brown color, large jaw muscles, proportionally larger hind legs, and a light line from the posterior corner of the eye to the angle of the jaw. difficulty recognizing the southern limits of the Northern Dusky Salamanders' range, which has Dorsal coloration of adults is usually brown or tan with darker brown markings usually forming a stripe down the middle of the back. the third week in June to the end of August, and embryos hatch from late August to mid October broken limestone of their winter streambed retreats when disturbed. In other parts of their range, eggs have been found from 28 June–5 October in Barbour, R.W., J.W. Females in a Tennessee population reproduced on Brimley (1944) The Northern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fuscus; Rafinesque 1820) is a member of the family Plethodontidae, also referred to as lungless salamanders (Gray 1850). They have a distinguishing pale-coloured line that runs from behind their eyes to the rear of the jaw, … Indiana northern Salamanders and their relatives are sorely needed to clearly map out their geographic ranges so Krzysik (1979) reported niche The northern dusky salamander is a member of the lungless salamander family. AmphibiaWeb. Monetary Value of Amphibians Subcommittee, 1989). Conservation - Monetary values of $0.25/specimen were assessed for Northern Dusky Salamanders Bull., Vol. with the most densely human populated region of the United States. Ontario, in southeastern Québec, and in southern New Brunswick. Females lay eggs annelids. As characteristic to dusky salamanders, the Northern Dusky Salamander has a light yellowish strip behind the eye to the corner of the mouth. Mean of Bio. western North Carolina (Spight, 1967c); 21 in 17 Pennsylvania females (Hall, 1977); and 24–33 Aestivation/Avoiding Dessication - Aestivation is unknown, and probably does not occur. Adult salamanders in this family do not have lungs but take in oxygen through their skin. two weeks in July and the embryos hatch from early September to mid October (Wood and Current data does not allow an accurate estimate of population size or trends. streams and under rocks, logs, rubbish or other shelter close by, but never in strictly 679-685, Wilder, I.W., 1917, On the breeding habits of Desmognathus fusca, Biol. Ohio (Wood and Fitzmaurice, 1948). 24, pg. been no studies documenting declines. Scientific Name: Desmognathus fuscus fuscus. Cannibalism The Northern Dusky Salamander is a grayish-brown salamander that is noticeably chunkier than the Northern Two-lined Salamander that they often share their habitat with. Massachusetts (Wilder, 1913). Salamanders and sympatric Allegheny Mountain Salamanders, seal Salamanders, and spring In Ohio, females oviposit in the last range can be determined (Barthalmus and Bellis, 1972). (6.4 - … Lighter colored stripe may run down middle of back. Altig & McDiarmid 2015 - Classification and Description: Larvae/Metamorphosis - Hatchlings were discovered between 17 June–1 September in Massachusetts (Krzysik, 1980a,b); and late June to mid August in Viriginia (Organ, 1961a). Species Status: Endangered. incubating clutches (Dennis, 1962). is triangular in cross-section. Another problem has been the 21–33 (see Petranka, 1998). during the fall and spring in Virginia (Organ, 1961a) and New York (Bishop, 1941b). (Hom, 1987). of the City College of New York, New York. There have elevation sites in Virginia, males become sexually mature at 3.5 yr and females 1 yr later, Ouachita dusky salamander Desmognathus carolinensis Dunn, 1916: Carolina Mountain dusky salamander Desmognathus conanti Rossman, 1958: spotted dusky salamander Desmognathus folkertsi Camp, Tilley, Austin & Marshall, 2002: dwarf blackbelly salamander Desmognathus fuscus (Rafinesque, 1820) northern dusky salamander Desmognathus imitator Dunn, 1927 He concluded that at no Recently the spotted dusky salamander (D. conanti) has been elevated from a subspecies of D. fuscus to a full species. Description: Small to medium-sized species; semi-aquatic species. Size: A small to medium sized salamander measuring 2.8 to. 1987), territorial behavior is probably well developed, but no studies have specifically 1989), mud Salamanders (P. montanus; Spight, 1967c; Karlin and Pfingsten, 1989), spring desmos is Greek for "ligament", gnathos is Greek for "jaw" - This refers to the bundle of Seasonal Migrations - In Ohio between 23 November–21 December, Ashton (1975) reported that They have a distinguishing pale-coloured line that runs from behind their eyes to the rear of the jaw, and heavier set bodies with longer hind legs than front legs. Call toll-free in *Maryland* at 1-877-620-8DNR (8367). stomachs of Northern Dusky Salamanders from eastern Kentucky were amphipods, chilopods, sandstone bed. Five to eight yellow dorsal spots bordered by a dark band are present on juveniles, and some remnants of these markings may or may not be present in adults. Breeding migrations - Northern dusky Salamanders commonly live within a few feet of streams or dipterans, spiders, and one gastropod (Barbour and Lancaster, 1946). Desmognathus fuscus is the most wide-ranging of the dusky salamanders, being found from southern Canada all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. Northern dusky salamanders prefer wooded or partially wooded moist habitats with running or trickling sources of water. It is found in the northern Cumberland Plateau. 251-342, Barthalmus, G.T., E.D. yr, 4 mo, and 11 d. Feeding Behavior - Larvae in two studies were found to feed on copepods, chironomid midge and molted skins and larvae of Northern Dusky Salamanders. In the stomachs of 18 adults, Wilder (1913) found the remains of caddisflies, larval and 1989), red Salamanders (Pseudotriton ruber; Stewart and Bellis, 1970; Karlin and Pfingsten, The winter retreats were Dusky salamanders also may prey on other amphibian larvae. NPS Photo. for the purpose of establishing a system to quantify the loss of native amphibians by the activity radii were calculated for 21 Pennsylvania Northern Dusky Salamanders from which home Adults mate Maple, 1978; Krzysik, 1979; Karlin and Pfingsten, 1989; Holumuzki, 1980; Southerland, 1986e; spring and early summer when 9–12 mo old in Maryland (Danstedt, 1975); in July–October when repair damage should population losses occur (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Spotted dusky The Northern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) is a member of the family Plethodontidae (lungless salamanders). These salamanders are sometimes referred to as spring lizards and are used for fi shing bait. Black-bellied Populations in eastern Salamanders (D. quadramaculatus) were reported as predators by Noble and Evans (1932). This is a medium-sized salamander among those found in Connecticut. there is little doubt that many Northern Dusky Salamander populations have been impacted and 1.42/m2 and biomass estimates were reported for Salamanders in New Hampshire by Burton and Northern Dusky Salamander. 1976). In older individuals the spots are gone and the wavy band may be The body is sparsely covered with dark spots that are concentrated on the sides and becomes white or grey on the underside. activities of man and to provide guidelines for financial penalties in attempts to mitigate or Size: 3¼ – 5 inches. indistinguishable from the body color. Food items identified from 53 Northern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) NH Conservation Status: Not listed. Predators - Uhler et al. Similar Species: None. Description. This highly diverse family is the largest among salamanders with 396 species (Frost 2010). Home Range Size - Barbour et al. 1969, pg. Description: The Northern Dusky Salamander ranges in size from 2.5-4.5 inches. dusky Salamanders with two other plethodontids and showed that Salamander surface activity was a keeled tail, somewhat triangular in cross section. Pennsylvania, they are found along wet streambanks with substrates of medium or coarse gravel Salamanders from early June to late August (Wilder, 1913). (1939) found that Northern Dusky Salamanders were eaten by northern m2) in 14 Northern Dusky Salamanders found along a creek in east-central Kentucky with a Common Name: Northern Dusky Salamander. Dusky salamanders share habitat with two other native species, the two-lined and spring salamanders. In Davic (1983) concluded that adult Northern Dusky Salamander females were smaller At high The northern dusky salamander also is the more common of our three dusky salamanders. Stewart and Bellis, 1970), northern slimy Salamanders (P. glutinosus; Spight, 1967c; Karlin and that studies of their population health and assessment of their conservation status can be made. Desmognathus auriculatus (Holbrook, 1838b) Southern Dusky Salamander. 1998). Maryland Salamanders lay eggs from June to early August (Danstedt, 1975) and New York stomachs of Indiana Northern Dusky Salamanders, Minton (1972, 2001) found beetles, lepidopteran The tail is keeled (knife-edged) on top. A light line runs from the eye to the jaw. Torpor (Hibernation) - Ashton (1975), following the activity of five Salamanders during winter University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Size: 2 ½ – 4 inches. Likens (1975b). dusky Salamanders from Ohio and Kentucky. Montague and Poinski 1977), and between 0.4 and 1.4 animals/m2 in a North Carolina stream bed (Spight, 1967c). 2.5 to 4.5 inches in length with a slightly darker molting across the back from! 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We selected the conserved sequence in the stalk region of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) trimmer, the long alpha helix (LAH), as the vaccine candidate sequence, and inserted it into the major immunodominant region (MIR) of hepatitis B virus core protein (HBc), and, by using the expression system, we prepared a recombinant protein vaccine LAH-HBc in the form of virus-like particles (VLP). them resistant against a Cyclopamine lethal homologous challenge. Immunization with LAH-HBc VLP vaccine plus CTB* adjuvant could also fully protect mice against a lethal problem of this year’s 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza disease or the avian H9N2 disease and could partly protect mice against a lethal problem from the avian H5N1 influenza disease. This study proven how the LAH-HBc VLP vaccine predicated on a conserved series from the HA trimmer stalk area is a guaranteeing applicant vaccine for creating a common influenza vaccine against multiple influenza infections infections. 1. Intro Influenza infections cause acute attacks in the respiratory system. Each year, seasonal influenza leads to influenza-related human being diseases and fatalities across the global world. The global globe Wellness Corporation estimations that annual human being influenza attacks remain 1 billion, of which you can find 3C5 million significant instances and 300,000C500,000 fatalities ; and higher morbidity and mortality occur in pandemic influenza cycles even. Vaccination can be an important technique to prevent and control influenza. But current influenza vaccines were created for particular influenza strains, that could barely respond to variations and transmission of influenza viruses. Therefore, there is an urgent need for universal influenza vaccines (UIV) against multiple influenza virus strains, which could quickly and effectively prevent infections and lower transmissions of influenza viruses among human populations at early time. Currently, UIV research has been focused on basic sequences of conserved virus proteins, such as matrix protein 2 (M2) and nucleoprotein (NP) . These Cyclopamine experimental vaccines have demonstrated good protection in animal studies, and some have undergone clinical trials. Our team has also used these conserved proteins as vaccine candidate antigens before, such as M2 and NP , and explored protection of these sequences in animal models by using multiple vaccine forms such as DNA vaccine and recombinant protein vaccine [4, 5]. In addition, we found that M1 protein also had protective effect . In recent years, one of influenza virus research hotspots was the discovery of many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) binding to conserved HA sites (such as CR6261 , F10 , and CR8020 ), and these antibodies displayed good protection in animals and in humans. Meanwhile, progress has been made in UIV research related to these bNAbs and conserved sequences in HA stalk region, Cyclopamine such as an optimized HA stalk sequence , the HA without its head sequence , and the prime-boost immunization strategy . However, in current HA-based UIV research, few of the reported vaccines could elicit robust protective immune responses in pets against lethal infections challenge or offer cross-protection against different influenza pathogen strains. In today’s study, we chosen an extremely conserved very long alpha helix (LAH) amino acidity series in HA2 and utilized theE. DLEU1 coliexpression program expressing and screen this series on the top of hepatitis B pathogen core (HBc) proteins, which shaped virus-like particle (VLP) framework. We then examined this LAH-HBc VLP vaccine in the BALB/c mouse model and supervised its immunogenicity and safety against homologous and heterologous influenza pathogen problems (including different subtypes of avian influenza infections), and we preliminarily explored the features of the immune system response as well as the systems of safety. 2. Methods and Materials 2.1. Infections and Mice Influenza infections found in the tests had been mouse-adapted A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) (GenBank: CY009444.1), A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) (GenBank: KC781785.1), A/Poultry/Jiangsu/7/2002 (H9N2) (GenBank: FJ384759.1), and A/reassortant/NIBRG-14 (Vietnam/1194/2004 x Puerto Rico/8/1934) (H5N1) (GenBank: EF541402.1). All of the infections were freezing at ?70C until use. The complete use of infections was completed inside a biosafety level 3 containment service. Six- to eight-week-old woman BALB/c mice (SPF) had been bought from Shanghai SLAC Lab Pet Co., Ltd., China. All mice had been bred in the pet Resource Middle at Shanghai Institute of Biological Items and taken care of in SPF circumstances. All tests involving animals have already been authorized by Animal Treatment Committee of Shanghai Institute of Biological Items. 2.2. Vector Building, Manifestation of Recombinant Focus on Proteins, and Electron Microscopy The eukaryotic manifestation vector pCAGGS-P7-HA (PR8 HA) as well as the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a were kept by Shanghai Institute of Biological Products. Vector 1.3 HBV AF100309 was kindly provided by Shanghai Medicine Molecular Virology Laboratory of Fudan University. The gene fragments coding for HA2 76C130 amino acids (aa) and HBc 1C149aa were, respectively, amplified from A/PR/8/34 (PR8) HA gene and the genome of hepatitis B virus strain 56 (GenBank: AF100309.1). By overlapping PCR, the former fragment was inserted into the MIR of HBc (replacing 75C85aa), yielding the LAH-HBc gene. Then the LAH-HBc. We aimed to identify genetic variants connected with cortical bone tissue thickness (CBT) and bone tissue nutrient density (BMD) by executing two split genome-wide association research (GWAS) meta-analyses for CBT in 3 cohorts comprising 5,878 Euro subjects as well as for BMD in 5 cohorts comprising 5,672 people. regular deviations per C allele [SD], P?=?6.210?9). This SNP, Cyclopamine aswell as another nonsynonymous SNP rs2908004 (Gly>Arg), acquired genome-wide significant association with forearm BMD ( also?0.14 SD per C allele, P?=?2.310?12, and ?0.16 SD per G allele, P?=?1.210?15, respectively). Four genome-wide significant SNPs due to RGS17 BMD meta-analysis had been examined for association with forearm fracture. SNP rs7776725 in (rs2908004: OR?=?1.22, P?=?4.910?6 and rs2707466: OR?=?1.22, P?=?7.210?6). We following generated a homozygous mouse with targeted disruption of mice acquired 27% (P<0.001) leaner cortical bones on the femur midshaft, and bone strength actions were reduced between 43%C61% (6.510?13 Cyclopamine fifty percent of white females and presently incur immediate costs exceeding $19 billion each year in america alone ; which socio-economic burden is normally increasing using the ageing of commercial societies . Twin and family members studies have uncovered that hereditary elements can describe up to 85% from the deviation in top BMD , . Since 2007, we among others possess published many genome-wide association research (GWAS) for osteoporosis and related features , , , , , , , determining multiple common variations connected with BMD and highlighting biologic pathways that impact BMD. Many osteoporotic fractures happen at peripheral sites, containing cortical bone mainly, after the age group of 65 . As Cyclopamine indicated by a recently available study, bone tissue reduction as of this age group is because of reduction in cortical rather than trabecular bone tissue mainly. In human being cadaver femurs, cortical bone tissue continues to be reported to become the primary determinant from the femoral throat bone tissue strength, while trabecular bone tissue only plays a part in bone tissue power here marginally. Proof implicating Cyclopamine cortical thinning like a risk element for hip fracture in addition has been shown . The heritability for cortical thickness, assessed using computed tomography, has been reported to be as high as 51% . BMD is a complex trait, obtained from a 2-dimensional projectional scan of the given bone with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Cyclopamine Although BMD is the most clinical useful measure for diagnosing bone fragility (osteoporosis), it fails to provide a detailed skeletal phenotype necessary to discern traits such as bone geometry and volumetric BMD (vBMD) . Most of the loci or genes identified have been associated with BMD at lumbar spine and/or femoral neck, sites rich in trabecular bone. Therefore, we hypothesized that investigating BMD at the forearm, a primarily cortical bone site, as well cortical bone thickness, a trait with high heritability, would serve as successful strategies to identify novel bone related genetic loci. Forearm fractures are among the most common fractures, affecting 1.7 million individuals per year. As opposed to hip fractures , forearm fractures have already been been shown to be heritable extremely, with estimations of 54% . To your understanding, no GWA research for cortical bone tissue thickness, forearm fractures or BMD have already been published. Importantly, we know about only one earlier locus that is associated with risk of fracture even in large-scale meta-analytic efforts at a genome-wide significant level (reviewed previously) , , . In this.

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What is UNSDI UNSDI is an institutional and technical mechanism for establishing system coherence for the exchange and applications of geographic data and information for UN activities and related SDI development activities in Member Countries. The UN Spatial Data Infrastructure (UNSDI) initiative aims to contribute to the mission of the United Nations to maintain peace and security, to address humanitarian emergencies and to contribute to the realization of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. By facilitating efficient global and local access, exchange and utilization of geospatial information, UNSDI will make the United Nations system more effective and support its “Delivering as One” policies. Spatial data infrastructures provide the institutional and technical foundation of policies, interoperable standards and procedures that enable organizations and technologies to interact in a way that facilitates geospatial information discovery, evaluation and applications. Given that UN agencies vary in their ability to utilise and manage geospatial information it is foreseen that a UNSDI could reduce development and operational costs by working together to achieve economies of scale through generic standards, guidelines and implementation tools. Thus, the development of a UNSDI is considered essential for increasing system coherence in the use and exchange of geospatial data and information for UN activities. UNSDI is an investment into the capacities of the United Nations System to manage its existing geospatial assets more effectively. Subsequently UNSDI serves as a model and vehicle for capacity strengthening in Member States that request assistance from the United Nations in managing and applying geospatial data to support their national development agenda. UNSDI background documents Relevant documents on the development of UNSDI (2007-2015) Since its inception, the UNSDI community has been looking for means of implementing the infrastructure with its accompanying building blocks. Various initiatives have been set up, of which AFSDI (Agro Food Spatial Data Infrastructure) seemed to be the most promising. The AFSDI proposal wasn’t cleared though by FAO’s Geospatial Coordination Board, for incomprehensible reasons. Another initiative, FAO’s Hand-in-Hand programme, is now been established. Info on both initiatives can be found under ‘Implementation’ in the main menu.

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Every writers knows a story has five basic and important elements: characters, setting, plot, conflict, and resolution. However, for writing in the mystery genre, we change the elements to: characters, setting, plot, problem, and solution. These essential elements keep the story running smoothly and allow the clues to the solution of the mystery to be revealed in a logical way that the reader can follow. Every mystery has a problem to solve, usually who committed a crime and why. As writers, we should strive to fill mystery stories with clues, so that the reader can try to solve the puzzle along with the characters. As a reader and writer, I love to find and use false clues just to throw the characters off. As a writer, you keep the reader on their toes and ensure they’re paying attention to the story. As a reader, when an author throws me a curve with a false clue I fall in love with the cleverness of the author and I’m more likely to read more of their work. The solution to the problem is the way the action is resolved. By finding a missing item or the person who stole it, for example. It is important that the solution be believable. As writers, we must be sure to include all the clues necessary for finding the solution in the story somewhere (even if they are hidden very sneakily!).

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A nutrition expert, Olusola Malomo has urged Nigerians to exercise caution with the way they take nutritional supplements. Malomo, who is an Assistant Chief Dietician at Ajeromi General Hospital, Lagos, warned that improper intake of supplements could cause health complications. Nutritional supplements are products used to improve the diet and often contain vitamins, minerals, herbs or amino acids. Malomo, who was also a former Council Member of the Nutrition Society of Nigeria noted that while supplements do not necessarily need a prescription from a physician and are readily available, they should be taken with caution because many of them contain active ingredients that have a strong biological effect on the body. Speaking with PUNCH Healthwise, Malomo said, “Supplements are not considered medicines. They do not give a cure to any illness or disease. “However, are there any risks in taking supplements? Yes, there are risks. Many supplements contain active ingredients that have strong biological effects on the body. This could make them unsafe in some situations and hurt or complicate your health. “In comparison to prescription medication, supplements do not necessarily need a prescription from a doctor. They are readily available on the market and can be purchased without a prescription. “Supplements are not considered medicines. They do not give a cure to any illness or disease. They are just taken to supplement or reinforce the need for nutrients like vitamins and minerals. “However, it must also be noted that their interactions with other drugs can contribute to adverse effects, such as an increased risk of toxicities and ineffective therapy”. Malomo also flayed the way supplements are promoted, noting that many consumers purchase them because of the advertisements and even depend on them for chronic conditions like cancer and diabetes. “Many patients with conditions like cancer, diabetes, etc, and many other consumers elect to use various nutritional supplements marketed for immune health and support because of advertisements, network marketing, and promotion. “Yet, unlike drugs, supplements are not permitted to be marketed to the public for the purpose of treating, diagnosing, preventing, or curing diseases. “That means supplements should not make disease claims, such as ‘lowers high blood pressure’ or ‘treats cancer’. “Claims like these cannot be legitimately made for dietary supplements. Just as the name implies it is a supplement that works by supplementing and not solving a problem. “Ideally all supplements should be taken with caution and sometimes with prescriptions,” he said. Malomo also stressed that Nigeria should be more careful with the way they take medications including supplements, noting that self-medication can lead to drug abuse and also worsen the condition a patient is trying to treat. “Avoid self-medication because the body is like an iceberg. There is more to what you see at the surface in any medical condition or disease. It is important to carry out a medical assessment before you can decide on the line of medication to use,” he said. All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from PUNCH. Contact: [email protected]

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Nearly one third of the verses in the book of Revelation contain a prediction. Between them, some fifty-six separate events are foretold. Exactly half of these are in plain language and the other half are in symbolic picture form. Most of them occur after Chapter 4, which opens with a marked change in perspective – from earth to heaven and from present to future (‘come up here and I will show you what must take place after this’; 4:1). Clearly, this refers to happenings that are future to the original writer and readers in the first century AD. Are the predicted events past, present or future to us who live nineteen centuries later? Do we look behind, around or ahead for their fulfilment? This is where the differences begin. Over the intervening years between then and now, four major opinions have arisen, leading to four ‘schools of interpretation’. Most bible prophecy pundits will use only one point of view. It is important to look at them all before assuming that one is right. It is too easy and risky to follow the first that has been heard or read about. The four are now so well-established, they have been given familiar labels: preterist, historicist, futurist and idealist. It is important to be able to identify the very different approaches you may encounter. This school regards the predictions as fulfilled during the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, when the church was under the pressures of imperial persecutions. According to Preterism, all prophecy in the Bible is really history. The preterist interpretation of Scripture regards the book of Revelation as a symbolic picture of first-century conflicts, not a description of what will occur in the end times. The term Preterism comes from the Latin praeter, meaning “past.” Thus, Preterism is the view that the biblical prophecies concerning the “end times” have already been fulfilled—in the past. Preterism is directly opposed to futurism, which sees the end-times prophecies as having a still-future fulfillment. Preterism is divided into two types: full (or consistent) Preterism and partial Preterism. In historicism biblical prophecies are interpreted as representative of literal historical events. Historicism looks at the whole of Bible prophecy as a sweeping overview of church history, from Pentecost to the end times. This approach involves interpreting symbols or figures in the Bible as metaphors for actual events, nations, or persons of history. Historicism was especially popular during the Reformation, when it was used to suggest that the Catholic Church was part of the end-times apostasy, with the pope as the Antichrist. Here are some examples of how historicism usually interprets events in Revelation: the seven churches in Rev. 2–3 are symbolic of seven ages of church history, starting with the apostolic church (the church of Ephesus) and ending with the modern-day, lukewarm church (the church of Laodicea). The seals in chapters 4—7 represent the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. The “little scroll” given to John Rev. 10 is a picture of the Protestant Reformation. The beasts of Rev. 12 and 13 represent Catholicism and the papacy. Other passages in Revelation are linked to the invasion of the Huns, the spread of Islam, and the rise of the modern missionary movement. The basic premise of the futurist viewpoint is that the majority of the prophecies in Revelation still await a future, literal fulfillment. This view of interpreting Revelation is very popular today, particularly among dispensationalists. It is the method used by the authors of the bestselling Left Behind series. Those who hold this view generally believe that everything after Rev. 3 will be fulfilled in the future. The futurist viewpoint often divides Revelation into three sections, which are defined in Rev. 1:19. There, the apostle John is instructed to “write, therefore, what you have seen, what is now and what will take place later.” Following this three-part outline, Rev. 1 contains John’s vision of the risen Christ and represents the past (“what you have seen”). Chapters 2 and 3, which contain the letters to the seven churches, describe the present (“what is now”). Finally, chapters 4–22 describe events in the future (“what will take place later”). This school believes that the central block of predictions applies to the last few years leading up to the second coming. It is therefore still future to us today, hence the label. It concerns the climax of evil control in the world, which will be the ‘Great Tribulation’ for the people of God (Rev 7:14; also referred to by Jesus in Matt 24:12–22). All the events will be compressed into quite a short time – three and a half years, to be exact (explicitly referred to as ‘a time, times and half a time’ or ‘forty-two months’ or ‘one thousand, two hundred and sixty days’; 11:2–3; 12:6 and 12:14, quoting Dan 12:7). There are differing viewpoints concerning the end times among faithful, Bible-believing Christians. We believe that the futurist viewpoint of Revelation is the one that is most consistent with a literal interpretation of the Bible overall and the one that best acknowledges the book’s own claim to be prophecy (Rev. 22:7, 10). Whichever view one takes, all Christians should be preparing themselves to meet Jesus Christ and be waiting for His return (John 14:3). This approach removes all specific time references and discourages correlation with particular events. Revelation pictures the ‘eternal’ struggle between good and evil and the ‘truths’ contained in its narratives can be applied to any century. The battle between God and Satan is ongoing, but the divine victory can be experienced by an ‘overcoming’ church at any time. The ‘essential message’ can be universally applied throughout time and space. The main and perhaps only merit of this view is that the message of the book becomes directly relevant to all who read it. This, however, is to treat Revelation as ‘myth’. It is spiritually true, but not historically true. These are fictional events, but the stories contain truths – as in Aesop’s fables or Pilgrim’s Progress. The truths must be dug out of the narrative before being applied. The cost of this ‘demythologising’ process is to jettison a great deal of material, dismissing it as poetic licence which belongs to the package rather than the content. Behind all this is the Greek philosophy which separated spiritual and physical, sacred and secular, eternity and time. God, they said, is timeless. So truth is timeless, though it is also therefore timely. But it is not in ‘the times’. Their notion of history as cyclical cut out the concept of the ‘end-time’, the idea that time would reach a climax or conclusion. This has serious consequences for ‘eschatology’ (the study of ‘the last things’, from the Greek word eschatos = ‘end’ or ‘last’). Events like the second coming and the day of judgement are transferred from the future to the present, from then to now. Eschatology becomes ‘existential’ (i.e. concerned with the present moment of existence, or it is said to be ‘realised’ (as in ‘realising’ investments – having the money to spend now). Of course, radical changes have to be made to the ‘predictions’ to make them fit the present – usually by ‘spiritualising’ them (a ‘Platonic’ way of thinking). There are four different answers to the question: what period of time does Revelation cover? The preterist replies: the first few centuries AD. The historicist replies: all the centuries AD from the first to the second advent. The futurist replies: the last years of the last century AD. The idealist replies: any century AD, none in particular.

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What would all the built environments be without its users? This question may make it easier to understand that not only do architecture and urbanism sustain themselves as physical spaces, but they also gain meaning mainly through the human and non-human movements and bonds, that - together with the architectural or spontaneous traces that make up the urban landscape - provoke the sensations that each individual feels in a unique way. Bodies that are dissident, racialized or seen through their gender or sexual orientation, experience violence in different ways only by the way they present themselves. Oftentimes, these hostilities come from the spaces they inhabit, since built environments - public or private - contain cultural interferences which are placed through the project or its occupation. Consequently, these interferences carry burdening meanings and symbols that can oppress or downplay the existence of several people. Taking into consideration how spaces are conceived, Mario Gooden, professor and author of the book Dark Space: Architecture, Representation, Black Identity, presents an important point of view on how the male whiteness is present in architectural thought: “Architecture historically privileges the construction of perspectival space through the gaze of the white male subject, from Pietro Perugino’s Christ Handing the Keys to St. Peter (1481–83) — whose primary actors are represented as fair-skinned European men with Roman features (although Christ and the Apostles were from Palestine and likely of darker skin tones) — to Mies van der Rohe’s perspective collages that unbind space in a manner that dislocates the stationary viewpoint and collapses it at the eye of the author.” The content of this excerpt presented by Gooden does not only highlight the invisibility of people of color in architecture, but also offers other readings on how in the Western world, various bodies and genres are forgotten during architectural thought, or do not have the opportunity to be included into it or remembered as part of it. From this point of view, some questions arise: If architecture creates spaces of identity, who does this identity serve? Does architectural thinking (un)consciously go through a sense of resistance against other freedoms that are set by white hegemonic thinking? What is architectural education not learning by being focused only on canons of the global north? Is it possible for architects to represent the LGBTQIA+ community in some way? Perhaps there is no immediate answer to some of these questions. This is possibly due to the fact that the architectural intent is still very much allied to the way Western society teaches thinking, and thus, discriminates against other life possibilities than the standards set by the cis-heteronorm system: the father, the mother and their children. To propose new ways of living it is necessary to imagine spaces that embrace freedoms, new architectural programs that can suggest and allow other ways of life that involve several other family constitutions. It is possible to trace some moments of history where it once existed. One example that fits this perspective is Manhattan. In Sarah Schulman’s book The Gentrification of the Mind: Witness to a Lost Imagination, she expresses brilliantly how gentrification on the New York island, which occured in conjunction with AIDS, a disease that decimated an entire gay generation and until today, has not been revised properly due to its link to the gay community. This gentrification not only benefited the real estate market, but also spread onto the field of ideas. Schulman shows that certain queer and subcultural urbanities have led to homogeneity in the fields of ideas and behaviors, which now occupy the spaces of Manhattan. People from the suburbs with "a much higher rate of gender conformity, class conformity, compulsory heterosexuality, racial segregation, and homogenous cultural experience" now occupy spaces previously rich in diversity - and here it means not only sexual, but also cultural and racial. “Built into this was an increased “fear” of or alienation from urban culture, from multiculturalism, gender nonconformity, and individuated behavior. Innovative aesthetics, diverse food traditions, new innovations in arts and entertainment, new discoveries in music, ease with mixed-race and mixed religious communities, free sexual expression, and political radicalism were often unknown, separate from or considered antithetical…” What she describes is a summary of the hegemonic conception that begins to prevail, and that accepts only what she, herself, produces and teaches. This creates a unique truth about the way of life, one that increasingly diminishes the plurality of ideas and cultures that urbanity offers as its maximum potential. Architects and urban planners know, or should know, that the standardization of universal ideas and thoughts can often fail. Gentrification operates as an important tool in this process, so fighting it, or any form of social exclusion, should be an ethical duty of the profession. Furthermore, "Ignoring the reality that our cities cannot produce liberating ideas for the future from a place of homogeneity keeps us from being truthful about our inherent responsibilities to each other", as Schulman has stated. Contrary to what many people think, embracing diversity does not at all mean creating ruptures or thinking only of people who are not heterosexual or white. It is understanding the complexity of the society we live in, and how it is violent and limiting to the desires and experiences of a part of the population, one that does not fit the placed standards and to take note that this goes even deeper when it applies to race, class, gender, even among LGBTQIA+ people. In the field of built architecture, discussing this subject and racial inclusion seems to be an even more distant subject. However, agreeing to this hypothesis is saying that architecture is stagnant and can no longer keep up with the challenges of its time. Architects are always translating their intentions through their projects. However, their intentions often come out as a mirror of only their own aesthetics and thinking, instead of integrating other people's intentions and thoughts as well. This is a process that, in addition to bringing considerations and experiences from other realities closer together, it must mainly undergo internal changes. David Harvey's words inspire some possibilities of this collective transformation that goes through each individual: “The right to the city is, therefore, far more than a right of individual access to the resources that the city embodies: it is a right to change ourselves by changing the city more after our heart’s desire. It is, moreover, a collective rather than an individual right since changing the city inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective power over the processes of urbanization. The freedom to make and remake ourselves and our cities is, I want to argue, one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights.” Today, the democratization of different thoughts and information found on the Internet is almost inseparable from a collective project. Virtual networks prove to be excellent tools to discover new ways of thinking and acting for those who propose to change their own ideas. It is through them that it is possible to come across different architectural practices that originate beyond the dominant patterns, and offer new visions to the field; Whether it is through the theoretical and material production of the Queer architecture of Andrés Jaque and his team at the Office for Political Innovation, the sustainable and contextual approach that the Mariam Kamara's atelier masomi presents in its projects, or the discussions proposed by Joel Sanders when, for example, revisiting the issues of gender identity in architecture and the typologies of bathrooms, among many other possible references. By understanding architectural works as great cultural symbols that represent their society, each project carries within itself an opinion, and for it to communicate in a more egalitarian way, perhaps the first step to initiate a change is to review the perspective of the modern, which reads the universal through a human measure that privileges whiteness, masculinity and heterosexuality - the hegemony that lasts for centuries in the field. In other words, it is as if we have never overcome the Vitruvian man and thought of all the other bodies that exist, and by excluding non-hegemonic communities from the debate and from the construction of an architectural thought, we also exclude other visions, techniques, and ways of doing architecture; we stop benefiting from the power of the encounter with the different, a catalyst for innovative solutions and new experiences. - Gooden, Mario. Dark space: architecture, representation, black identity. New York: Columbia Books on Architecture and the City, 2016. p. 121. - Schulman, Sarah. The gentrification of the mind: witness to a lost imagination. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2012. p. 24. - Harvey, David. The Right to the City, 2018. p. 1.

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AFTER FOUR DECADES, it’s time to get our summers back. This time of year in New England should mean beach days, ice cream, hikes in the mountains. Instead, for thousands of residents, year in and year out, it means a debilitating bout of Lyme disease, the often-painful tick-borne bacterial illness that arrived with day-glo in the ’80s — but then, unlike leg warmers, never left. Just in 2017, there were 5,323 confirmed cases of Lyme in New England, according to the Centers for Disease Control — making the region the epicenter of the disease. Lyme cases peak in the summer months, and in Massachusetts it especially affects children aged 5 to 9 and adults aged 65 to 74, who have the highest incidence rates for the disease. Even if you don’t catch Lyme disease, you have to worry about Lyme disease — slathering on bug spray, checking your kids for deer ticks, wearing long pants stuffed into your socks. What’s most irksome about the persistence of Lyme is that the disease is such an eminently solvable problem. In fact, it essentially has been solved — for dogs, who can be immunized against Lyme. It’ll take two things to end Lyme for people: first, adequate funding for research and prevention, and second, a determination to take the problem seriously. The truth is that Lyme disease has never gotten the respect it deserves. When a human vaccine was approved for Lyme in 1998, the federal review board that reviews vaccines gave it a tepid recommendation, and insurers didn’t cover it. One expert questioned the need for a drug for a disease mostly associated with woodsy Northeastern suburbs, brushing it off as a vaccine for “yuppies.” The drug was eventually withdrawn by its manufacturer — leaving Lyme with the dubious distinction as the only widespread illness that used to have an approved human vaccine but doesn’t anymore. Other solutions scientists have offered to reduce the population of Lyme-spreading ticks — deer hunts, for instance — usually fall flat. Even as Lyme continues to spread its geographic reach, the public’s priorities couldn’t be clearer: When the choice is between Bambi or bacteria, Bambi almost always wins. And federal funding is less than robust, according to a report to Congress filed last year, which faulted the government’s financial commitment to Lyme research, finding that spending had “failed to increase as the problem has grown.” For today’s special section, the Globe contacted Lyme researchers in Greater Boston and the broader medical community, many of whom have spent decades raising awareness of the ailment and seeking effective treatment and prevention strategies. They don’t expect miracles: Lyme research isn’t going to elbow aside spending on major epidemics and global health crises, and they’re thankful just for recent funding increases from federal health agencies. They know mass killing of deer is unlikely. But as the disease continues to spread, its costs to the health care system — and the broader economy when workers miss work because of Lyme symptoms — have been mounting. Those costs are building a dollars-and-cents case for taking Lyme disease much more seriously as a bona fide public health threat. The first step, many of the Lyme experts said, is to facilitate the development of a new human vaccine, and ensure it gets a warmer reception than the 1998 vaccine. More research is also needed on the rare cases of patients with post-treatment symptoms, and to better understand the impact of Lyme on children. Finally, researchers say, a sharp focus on ticks themselves — tiny creatures that often brim with big diseases — could yield public benefits that go well beyond just Lyme Disease. NAMED FOR THE bucolic Connecticut town of Lyme, where it was first described in the late 1970s, Lyme disease is spread by deer ticks, minuscule blood-sucking insects that arrived in force as white-tailed deer repopulated New England after the mid-20th century. Bred on deer, the ticks pick up the infection from mice, and can then spread it to hikers, gardeners, or kids playing in the yard. Lyme afflicts an estimated 300,000 Americans annually, and CDC data suggests it is especially prevalent among white people (92.8 percent of confirmed and probable cases in 2017) and men (57.9 percent). Potential symptoms include swollen joints, fever, fatigue, and, in 70 to 80 percent of patients, a “bullseye”-like rash around the tick bite. The vast majority of patients recover with a short course of antibiotics. A small minority report longer-term symptoms. Since the disease’s discovery in the late 1970s, two deaths related to Lyme carditis — when the disease reaches the heart — have been reported in Massachusetts, according to the Department of Public Health. The disease also extracts an economic toll; a 2015 study pegged costs between $712 million and $1.3 billion annually. Another troubling consequence of the spread of Lyme is less obvious, but perhaps more insidious: because there is so little understanding of post-treatment symptoms that affect a minority of patients, some of them have demanded long-term antibiotic treatments, even though studies have found that long-term antibiotic treatment is ineffective and can actually harm patients and the wider community. Not only can use of antibiotics produce serious side-effects in some patients, but the World Health Organization calls overuse of antibiotics “one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development today” because it contributes to antibiotic resistance. The failure to solve one public health problem — the post-treatment symptoms of Lyme disease — is making another, antibiotic overuse, worse. IN 2017, RESEARCH on Lyme disease got about $28 million from the National Institutes of Health, and another $11 million from the CDC, according to last year’s report to Congress. Spending takes the form of grants and technical assistance. The CDC maintains a panel of samples that companies developing tests can request; a new set of tests approved in July that simplify the testing process were developed in part through use of CDC’s panel. The NIH funds early-stage studies on potential vaccines, including novel approaches like vaccinating mice to intercept the disease. Both agencies fund research into hundreds of other diseases, too — inevitably creating a balancing act of competing priorities. Advocates for more Lyme research point out that flu funding is $263 million from the NIH and $187 million from the CDC — more than 10 times the funding for Lyme. But the comparison cuts both ways. The flu killed 79,000 people in the United States in the 2017-2018 flu season, and the bug kills between 250 and 1,100 a year in Massachusetts alone. Even Lyme researchers expressed mixed views on whether funding was adequate. Sam Telford, a professor of infectious disease and global health at Tufts who has worked on Lyme since the 1980s, doesn’t fault the CDC or NIH: “I’d love to have more money, but both of them have supported tick-borne research to a level that is appropriate for their burden. They have all sorts of other disease issues they need to work on, they have to allocate money by public health burden.” Anthony Fauci, the director of the infectious diseases section at NIH, said spending is determined by public health needs and also opportunity — the agency would increase funding if promising research opportunities arose. In the case of Lyme, he said, if vaccines in early research stages show promise, the agency would be ready to step up spending to support them. He sees supporting vaccine as a top priority. “Our efforts right now are going into the early stage of various vaccine candidates,” he said. “We’re really trying to jump-start a broader vaccine effort.” In addition to a new vaccine, researchers said there were still unanswered questions about the infection itself. “Understanding how it works and how it stimulates the immune system are important areas of research that particularly relate to some post-infection symptoms that can be quite severe and even long lasting,” said Allen Steere at MGH, who discovered Lyme. Then there’s children: even though they account for a disproportionate share of Lyme cases, studies are rarely tailored to that population, said Lise Nigrovic, an emergency pediatrician at Boston Children’s Hospital who served on the HHS panel that wrote the report to Congress. “Issues around how well the diagnostics work in children have to be investigated,” she said. Watch: It’s time to take Lyme seriously STILL, WHILE GOVERNMENT funding will remain important, a number of Lyme researchers told the Globe that in the near term, the single most critical thing the federal government and states can do wouldn’t involve spending any money of their own — but rather, facilitating private-sector investment. One investment in particular: in the next year or so, Valneva, a pharmaceutical company in France will need to decide whether to commit at least $300 million to phase III trials of its Lyme vaccine, VLA15, which involves testing it on thousands of subjects. If the company goes forward with the trial, and it is successful, in four to five years consumers could have access to the first Lyme vaccine since the original vaccine was pulled from the market in 2002. Unlike LYMErix, the new drug will be available for children as young as age 5 at the time of licensure or shortly thereafter, and ultimately for kids as young as 2. Although so far tests have been promising, and the same company successfully developed a vaccine for Japanese encephalitis, an investment that size is not a sure thing. There is precedent for companies bailing on Lyme vaccines late in development: the company PasteurMérieux-Connaught put a Lyme vaccine, ImuLyme, all the way through testing in the late 1990s, with successful results, but did not apply for a license to distribute it. They need to be assured they will recoup their investment. One way to do that, said Stanley Plotkin, a prominent vaccine researcher, would be for state public health agencies to commit in advance to recommending a safe vaccine if it becomes available. For the company to invest, he said, “they will have to be convinced that people who are the potential targets of vaccination will actually use the vaccine,” he said; commitments from public health authorities “would be an indication that a vaccine would be used.” Thomas Lingelbach, Valneva’s CEO, said winning recommendations — first from the federal Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, then states, is a key part of its strategy as it proceeds with its clinical trials. “Any recommendation on the back of that data is exactly what we are hoping for and expect,” he said. Related: Is ‘chronic Lyme disease’ real? In Massachusetts, the state could make a vaccine available through its Vaccine Purchase Trust Fund, which pays for standard vaccinations for children. Currently, state law requires a new drug to get recommendation from ACIP first. That federal advisory board gave the first Lyme vaccine an unusually tepid recommendation back in 1998. At the time, the board said only that its use “should be considered,” amid concerns that an outright recommendation would cause too many people who didn’t really need the vaccine to demand it anyway, saddling providers with unwarranted costs. (One doctor worried that people who “pay a lot of money for their Nikes and their Esprit and shop at L.L. Bean’s will have no consideration for cost-effectiveness when they want a vaccine because they’re going to travel to Cape Cod.”) Hopefully the worsening of the disease in the two decades since then will convince the committee to be less dismissive if the new vaccine makes it through the FDA’s approval process. A positive recommendation would also make the vaccine available to children at government cost. ULTIMATELY, THOUGH, EVEN an effective Lyme vaccine would only be a partial public-health victory, warn researchers — and wouldn’t eliminate the need for further research. Deer ticks often carry not just Lyme disease, but also babesiosis and anaplasmosis. In rarer cases, they may carry tularemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Borrelia miyamotoi, and Powassan virus. A 2011 paper raised the fear that a Lyme vaccine could even backfire by providing hikers, gardeners, and others exposed to deer ticks a false sense of security: “There is a concern that persons who receive a Lyme disease vaccine may not be as vigilant in protecting themselves against tick bites and, therefore, may be at increased risk of acquiring these other pathogens.” Powassan virus, in particular, could prove scarier than Lyme. It has no vaccine or treatment and results in death in 10 to 15 percent of cases; victims include a well-known Maine painter, Lyn Snow, whose death from Powassan in 2013 brought attention to the disease. Although the number of cases in the United States is still tiny, a 2017 paper estimated it has increased 671 percent over the last 18 years. “With a significant increase in the number of Powassan cases in the last decade, there is an urgent need for further research and understanding of the virus, the vector, and the disease,” the paper warned. Some local researchers recommended stepping up research on the ticks themselves. Linden Hu, a professor of molecular biology and microbiology at Tufts who studies Lyme, said the government should aim to “get the sources under control, like they did with malaria.” In the mid-20th century, the United States tackled malaria not by curing the disease but by aiming at the carrier. The United States virtually eliminated malaria, which once killed hundreds of Americans a year, by drastically reducing the mosquito population. Controlling ticks doesn’t necessarily mean killing deer — though that remains an option, especially in isolated areas like Martha’s Vineyard. One way to prevent infections, which has won research support from the NIH, would be to develop a vaccine that would react to tick saliva after a bite, blocking transmission of the disease and potentially eliminating multiple tick-borne maladies Another approach, currently the subject of an NIH-funded study, would be to vaccinate mice using food laced with an oral vaccine. Then there are more outside-the-box solutions: for instance, one research team is investigating whether genetically modified mice could be created that would be immune from Lyme. Telford, who is participating in the genetic modification program, said that when he hears Lyme advocates call for a Manhattan Project-style commitment to Lyme, he feels it’s worth aiming higher, and tackling the root cause. “As a public health person, I have a long term perspective and would prefer the Manhattan Project on — how do we reduce the number of ticks and make our communities a better place for our children and their children?”

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Are You Confident of the Diagnosis? Lipodystrophy is a medical condition of fat metabolism caused by adipose tissue accumulation and lipoatrophy (loss of fat mass). Lipodystrophy can be congenital or acquired Acquired lipodystrophy is the most common form of lipodystrophy. In partial and generalized acquired lipodystrophy, females are affected more often than males. In partial acquired lipodystrophy fat may accumulate in the legs and hips in women. Partial acquired lipodystrophy is also associated with autoimmune disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus, hypothyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis. Lipodystrophy is also associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of long-term treatment with antiretroviral drugs (protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors). Fat is lost from the face, arms, legs and buttocks. Fat may accumulate on the neck and upper back. Acquired lipodystrophy may also appear at steroid injection sites, repeated insulin injection sites or in other injection sites like penicillin, acupuncture, iron, growth hormone and vaccines. Inflammation of subcutaneous fat (panniculitis) and progressive hemifacial atrophy are also called acquired lipodystrophy. Congenital lipodystrophy can affect all of the body (generalized lipodystrophy) or some parts of the body (partial lipodystrophy). Generalized congenital lipodystrophy is generalized loss of body fat with gene mutations of seipin or AGPAT2 gene. It is characterized by high levels of insulin and high levels of blood fats. Partial congenital lipodystrophy is associated with metabolic syndromes (including hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes and severe hypertriglyceridemia). Types of lipodystrophy are summarized in Table I. |Type||Cause||Features||Key Systemic Associations| |Acquired Partial Lypodystrophy (Barraquer-Simmonds syndrome, cephalothoracic lipodystrophy)||Associated with autoimmune disease ( lupus, dermatomyositis) and idiopathic cases||Slow, progressive disappearence of subcutaneous fat involving the upper half of the body. Affects children and young adults, women more than men. Fat may accumulate in the legs and hips, especially in women.||Associated with hypocomplementemia (low C3), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in 20%, and autoimmune disorders.Presence of C3 nephritic factor. C3 nephritic factor casues activation of the alternative complement path leading to decreased C3 levels.| |Acquired generalized lipodystrophy(Lawerence syndrome)||Idiopathic 50%, secondary to panniculitis or underlying autoimmune disease in 50% (dermatomyositis, especially the juvenile form||Progressive loss of subcutaneous fat of the face, neck, trunk, and upper and lower extremities.||Associated with hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, and hepatic cirrhosis in up to 20%| |Familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan type, congenital partial lipodystrophy)||Heterozygous missense mutations of LMNA||Autosomal dominant disorder, 1 in 15 million. Lack of adipose tissue in the limbs, buttocks and trunk with fat accumulation in the neck and face||Normal childhood fat tissue. After puberty the fat tissue slows, dissipates. Extremities are affected first, and then the trunk. Pateints develop a muscular appearance. Diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia; can lead to pancreatitis. Atherosclerosis.| |Familial partial lypodystrophy (PPAR type, congenital partial lipodystrophy)||Heterozygous mutations in PPARγ gene||Exceedingly rare.Peripheral fat loss, truncal sparing.||Diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia| |Congenital generalized lypodystrophy(Beradinelli-Seip syndrome)||Type I AGPAT2 gene mutationsType II Seipin (BSCL2) mutationsType III CAV1 mutationsType IV PTRF mutations||Autosomal recessive, 1 in 10 million||Near complete abscence of fat. Presents at birth. Muscular appearance. Increased risk for hepatic steatotosis/cirrhosis. Increased insulin and triglyceride levels.Type IV associated with myopathy, with increased CPK levels| |Lipodystrophy secondary to medications||Injections (insulin, vaccines)||Localized depression with loss of fat tissue||None| |Lipodystrophy secondary to trauma||Nearly any form of trauma including self-induced forms can be causative||Localized depression with loss of fat tissue. In self -induced forms more than one area may be involved.||Self-induced forms may be associated with psychiatric disease.| |Semicircular and annular lipoatrophy||Felt to be casued by repetitive trauma||Semicircular linear depression along the anterior thigh.Annular depressed linear bands around arms and lower leg.||Annular lipoatrophy may be associated with arthritis.| |HIV-associated lipodystrophy||Felt to be caused by protease inhibitors and/or reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Starts within 6 months of initiation of medications.||Acral lipoatrpohy and truncal fat deposition, “Buffalo Hump.” Lipomatosis also seen. Muscular appearance is seen. Severe facial lipoatrophy.||HIV infection| |Centrifigual abdominal lipodystrophy (lipodystrophia centrifugalis abdominalis)||Unknown||Rare, mostly seen in Asian children. Spontaneously resolves in 50%.||None| |Mandibuloacral dysplasia lipodystrophy||Possibly caused by mutations in the LMNA gene||Autosomal recessiveType A – Arm and leg fat lossType B – Generalized fat loss||Mandible and clavicular hypoplasia, alopecia, skin atrophy, and dental abnormalities| Characteristic findings on physical examination -Temporal wasting and loss of buccal fat pad -Peripheral fat wasting (from face, arms, shoulders, thighs and buttocks) -Neck fat pad (dorsocervical fat pad) hypertrophy (seen also in Cushing’s syndrome) -The circumference of the neck expands -Abdominal visceral fat accumulation results with central truncal adiposity -Pubic lipomas occur in some patients Who is at Risk for Developing this Disease? The risk for developing one of the forms of lipodystrophy is dependent on the subtype. The congenital generalized and partial forms are inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion and are exceedingly rare (estimated at 1 in 10 to 15 million). The acquired forms of lipodystrophy are more common in patients with the following characteristics: -Patients with metabolic syndromes -Women: abdominal and breast fat increases, men: arms and legs fat increases -Whites are at higher risk. -Length and severity of HIV infection -People with higher body mass indices What is the Cause of the Disease? Evidence suggest that lipodystrophy is associated with taking nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) at the same time. Cortisol level is elevated but not elevated so high as in Cushing’s syndrome. HIV causes insulin resistance, which interferes with glucose metabolism. Lipodystrophy may be a complication of living with a long-term HIV infection. Although the precise mechanisms underlying this syndrome are not well recognized, several hypotheses based on in vitro and human studies may explain the pathogenesis of the changes: -Inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma. -Inhibition of lipid metabolism -Prevention of the development of adipocytes. -Decreased insulin sensitivity and beta cell dysfunction in patients with HIV associated lipodystrophy -Circulating levels of hormones secreted by the adipose tissue such as leptin and adiponectin (reduced in patients with lipodystrophy) Systemic Implications and Complications -Pancreatitis caused by hypertriglyceridemia -Prothrombotic state with potential increased risks: Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke. -Hepatic disease including cirrhosis -Autoimmune diseases seem to have a higher incidence of lipodystrophy, especially juvenile dermatomyositis. -Glomerulonephritis in 20% of patients with acquired partial lipodystrophy. This is associated with increased C3 nephritic factor levels, which is responsible for decreased C3 levels. -Gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to esophageal varices is also important for the patients with acquired partial lipodystrophy. It is a common cause of death in these patients, especially in middle age. -Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance characterize generalized lipodystrophy. Hyperlipemia usually precedes the diabetes. -A novel Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2 gene mutation, E189X, has been described in a Chinese family with a child with congenital generalized lipodystrophy and early-onset diabetus mellitus. -Acanthosis nigricans (AN) in varying degrees probably is a constant finding in acquired and congenital forms. -Osteopenia of the lumbar spine results from increased visceral fat accumulation, and neck pain results from dorsocervical fat pad accumulation, especially in HIV lipodistophy The treatment depends on the cause of the lipodystrophy. -Different treatment procedures have been utilized such as liposuction as an invasive method, and mechanical massage, mesotherapy, carboxytherapy, laser or radiofrequency and infrared light techniques, manual lymphatic drainage and connective massage manipulation as noninvasive or minimally invasive methods. These techniques have been employed with little evidence that any of these therapies are effective, especially in localized lipodystrophy. -Low-fat diet and exercise -Managing diabetes and high cholesterol -Changes in anti-HIV medications -Patient education about the disease and its associated complications Optimal Therapeutic Approach for this Disease It depends on the cause and type of the lipodystrophy. Leptin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone, has been used in severe lipodystrophy and has significantly improved metabolic abnormalities. Metreleptin treatment has been well tolerated but is not yet approved in clinical use. Thiazolidinediones have been used in the various types of lipodystrophy. If the fat gain was in the lower body, a single report has suggested a beneficial effect from the treatment of rosiglitazone on fat distribution in acquired lipodystrophy. However, rosiglitazone could potentially cause an increased risk of myocardial infarction and health-related deaths according to the meta-analysis. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is requiring a restricted access program to be developed for rosiglitazone under a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy in 2010. Also if there was a problem, standard treatment procedures for the management of renal disase should be followed, especially in acquired lipodystrophy. The FDA has approved tesamorelin (synthetic analogue of growth hormone-relasing factor) acetate injection as the first and only treatment indicated to reduce excess abdominal fat in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy. (Treatment with tesamorelin is contraindicated in patients with disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis resulting from hypophysectomy, hypopituitarism, or pituitary tumor/surgery; active malignancy; or pregnancy and in patients with known hypersensitivity to tesamorelin and/or mannitol.) In acquired partial lipodystrophy, biguanides and thiazolidinediones have been used in the treatment of the insulin-resistant state and in cases of HIV-related glucose intolerance. Leptin-analog metreleptin lowers blood glucose levels and triglycerides. Tesamorelin was recently approved for reduction of visceral adipose tissue in HIV-associated lipodistrophy Surgery can be a treatment option, but the main purpose of the surgery is cosmetic. Low fat and high carbohydrate diet (according to the triglyceride levels). Regular exercise, especially aerobic exercises, should be advised to help improve metabolic status. -Patients have to take care of their diet, exercise and proper medications -Preparation of poly-L-lactic acid particles that are injected into the superficial subdermis, where a fibrous response is elicited in HIV-associated lipodystrophy -HIV-associated lipodystrophy patients should be followed every 3 to 6 months, and laboratory assessments should be performed if necessary. -In progressive lipodystrophy, patients should be followed for evidence of glomerulonephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Unusual Clinical Scenarios to Consider in Patient Management There are many genetic diseases that are unusual but that need mentioning. Such patients require a multidisciplinary team of geneticists, endocrinologists and pediatricians/family physicians/internists. Leprachaunism (Donohue syndrome): Rare autosomal recessive disorder, mutations in the insulin receptor gene, intrauterine and postnatal growth restrictions, lipoatrophy, facial features, acanthosis nigricans, abnormal glucose homeostasis, severe insulin resistance. Keppen-Lubinsky syndrome: growth retardation, generalized lipodystrophy, facial skin tightly adherent to underlying muscle and bone. Werner syndrome: Autosomal recessive disorder, prematurely aged appearance, cataract, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, atherosclerosis, beak-shaped nose, hoarseness of the voice, graying of hair, thickening of the skin. SHORT syndrome: Rare congenital disease, sensorineural hair loss, lipodystrophy, growth retardation, inguinal hernia, teething delay, triangular face, Rieger anomaly, ocular depression. AREDYLD syndrome: Rare disease, lipoathrophic diabetes, ectodermal dysplasia, abnormalities of the extremities, teeth-hair-nail and kidney, absent breast, scoliosis. Mandibuloacral dysplasia: Rare autosomal recessive syndrome, postnatal growth retardation, lipodystrophy, mandibular hypoplasia, delayed cranial suture closure, dysplastic clavicles, beak-shaped nose, atrophy of the extremity skin, acroosteolysis, premature loss of teeth, craniofacial anomalies, mottled cutaneous pigmentation, joint contractures. Cockayne syndrome: Rare auotosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth failure, onset during second year of life, lipodystrophy, ocular abnormalities, microcephaly, photosensitivity, hearing loss, mental retardation, premature aging. Congenital muscular dystrophy: autosomal recessive disease present at birth, muscle weakness, joint deformities. And many others What is the Evidence? Sattler, FR. “Perspective pathogenesis and treatment of lipodystrophy: What clinicians need to know”. Top HIV Med. vol. 16. 2008. pp. 127-33. (This article summarizes a presentation on lipodystrophy made by Fred R. Sattler, MD, at an International AIDS Society–USA Continuing Medical Education course in Washington, DC, in May 2008.) Camacho, D, Pielasinski, U, Revelles, JM, Gonzales, M, Haro, R, Martin, L. ” Diffuse lower limb lipoatrophy”. J Cutan Pathol. vol. 38. 2011. pp. 270-4. (A 76-year-old female who developed diffuse and symmetric lipoatrophy of lower limbs after an extensive inflammatory process affecting both extremities from thighs to ankles. Histopathologic assessment revealed a lobular panniculitis with a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, foamy macrophages and lipophagic granuloma formation. The most striking feature in this patient was the clinical presentation as a symmetrical diffuse inflammatory process resulting in lipoatrophy of the lower limbs.) Bayrakci Tunay, V, Akbayrak, T, Bakar, Y, Kayihan, H, Ergun, N. “Effects of mechanical massage, manual lymphatic drainage and connective tissue manipulation techniques on fat mass in women with cellulite”. JEADV. vol. 24. 2009. pp. 138-42. (The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of three different noninvasive treatment techniques on fat mass and regional fat thickness of the patients with cellulites. Sixty subjects were randomized into three groups. Group 1 (n= 20) treated with mechanical massage (MM), group 2 (n= 20) treated with manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) and group 3 (n=20) treated with connective tissue manipulation (CTM) techniques. All the treatment techniques are effective in decreasing the regional fat values of the patients with cellulites.) Milani, GB, Filho A’Dayr, N, Joao, SMA. “Correlation between lumbar lordosis angle and degree of gynoid lipodystrophy (cellulite) in asymptomatic women”. Clinics. vol. 64. 2008. pp. 503-8. (The objective of this study was to correlate the degree of cellulite with the angle of lumbar lordosis in asymptomatic women. The analysis suggests that there is no correlation between the degree of cellulite and the angle of lumbar lordosis as measured using Cobb's method.) Rossi, ABR, Vergnanini, AL. “Cellulite: A review”. JEADV.. vol. 14. 2000. pp. 251-62. (Gynoid lipodystrophy (cellulite) is an extremely controversial topic. A lack of knowledge regarding specific etiopathogenic factors, as well as the opportunism of some professionals and the media, has fueled debate regarding the scientific basis of this condition. This article reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, histopathologic and therapeutic aspects of cellulite.) Troll, JG. “Approach to dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy, and cardiovascular risk in patients with HIV infection”. Curr Atheroscler Rep. vol. 13. 2010. pp. 51-6. (This review focuses on HIV and HIV treatment–associated metabolic and cardiovascular concerns, including dyslipidemias, lipodystrophy syndromes, endothelial dysfunctions, and associated metabolic events such as insulin resistance.) Pirmohamed, M. “Clinical management of HIV associated lipodystrophy”. Curr Open Lipidol. vol. 20. 2009. pp. 309-14. (This article provides an update on the latest findings of the different clinical management strategies that have been utilized in patients with lipodystrophy.) Fiorenza, CG, Chou, SH, Mantzoros, CS. “Lipodystrophy: Pathophysiology and advances in treatment”. Nat Rev Endocrinol. vol. 7. 2011. pp. 137-50. (Circulating levels of hormones secreted by the adipose tissue, such as leptin and adiponectin, are greatly reduced in distinct subpopulations of patients with lipodystrophy.) Cao, H, Hegele, RA. “Nuclear lamin A/C R482Q mutation in Canadian kindreds with Dunnigan type familial partial lipodystrophy”. Hum Mol Genet. vol. 9. 2000. pp. 109-12. (This is the first report of a mutation underlying a degenerative disorder of adipose tissue and suggests that LMNA mutations could underlie other diseases characterized by tissue type- and anatomical site-specific cellular degeneration.) Shastry, S, Delgado, MR, Dirik, E, Turkmen, M, Agarwal, AK, Garg, A. “Congenital generalized lipodystrophy, type 4 (CGL4) associated with myopathy due to novel PTRF mutations”. Am J Med Genet . vol. 152. 2010. pp. 2245-53. (Excellent review and discussion on congenital lipodystrophy. Discusses in depth the cases that they discovered with the PTRF mutations. Reviews the basic genetic defects of the subtypes of congenital generalized lipodystrophy.) Herranz, P, de Lucas, R, Pérez-España, L, Mayor, M. “Lipodystrophy syndromes”. Dermatol Clin. vol. 26. 2008. pp. 569-78. (The best overall review of the lipodystrophy syndromes. Touches on all the main and most of the minor types. Current and well organized.) Jin, J, Cao, L, Zhao, Z, Shen, S, Kiess, W, Zhi, D. “Novel BSCL2 gene mutation E189X in Chinese congenital generalized lipodystrophy child with early onset diabetes mellitus”. Eur J Endocrinol. vol. 157. 2007. pp. 783-7. (The objective of this study was to analyze Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2 (BSCL2) and1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2) gene variation in a Chinese boy with CGL and his family. E189X is a novel BSCL2 gene mutation that contributes to CGL formation in a family of Chinese origin.) Miehle, K, Stumvoll, M, Fasshauer, M. “[Lipodystrophy : Mechanisms, clinical presentation, therapy.]”. Internist (Berl). vol. 52. 2011. pp. 362-73. (In Germany, leptin treatment for lipodystrophic patients with severe metabolic abnormalities is offered free of charge by the University Medicine Leipzig within a compassionate use program.) Chong, AY, Lupsa, BC, Cochran, EK, Gorden, P. “Efficacy of leptin therapy in the different forms of human lipodystrophy”. Diabetologia. vol. 53. 2009. pp. 27-35. (The aims of this study were to determine whether leptin replacement in lipodystrophy patients ameliorates their metabolic abnormalities over an extended period of time and whether leptin therapy is effective in the different forms of lipodystrophy. Leptin replacement in lipodystrophy patients leads to significant and sustained improvements in glycemic control and dyslipidemia. Leptin is effective in the various forms of lipodystrophy, whether they are acquired or inherited, generalized or partial.) Guettier, JM, Park, JY, Cochran, EK, Poitou, C, Basdevant, A, Meier, M. “Leptin therapy for partial lipodystrophy linked to a PPAR-gamma mutation”. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). vol. 68. 2008. pp. 547-54. (A 36-year-old woman with PL associated with a heterozygous PPARG mutation complicated by poorly controlled diabetes and severe refractory hypertriglyceridemia was enrolled in a National Institutes of Health (NIH) protocol to evaluate the role of r-metHu leptin in lipodystrophy. r-MetHu leptin is effective in treating metabolic complications associated with PL due to PPARG mutations. In the context of previously published work, our findings suggest that the response to r-MetHu leptin is independent of the etiology in lipodystrophy.) Walker, UA, Kirschfink, M, Peter, HH. “Improvement of acquired partial lipodystrophy with rosiglitazone despite ongoing complement activation”. Rheumatology (Oxford). vol. 42. 2003. pp. 393-4. (A 20-year-old female patient presented with virtually absent subcutaneous adipose tissue at the cheeks, the trunk and the upper extremities, whereas fat distribution was normal at the hips and the lower extremities. This case illustrates that acquired partial lipodystrophy with detectable C3Nef and complement activation can occur without concomitant glomerulonephritis and metabolic derangements. Lipoatrophy can be treated cosmetically with PPAR-gamma agonists despite ongoing complement activation, demonstrating some regenerative capacity of adipose tissue in this condition.) Nissen, SE, Wolski, K. “Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes”. N Engl J Med. vol. 356. 2007. pp. 2457-71. (They conducted searches of the published literature, the Web site of the Food and Drug Administration, and a clinical-trials registry maintained by the drug manufacturer (GlaxoSmithKline). Criteria for inclusion in our meta-analysis included a study duration of more than 24 weeks, the use of a randomized control group not receiving rosiglitazone, and the availability of outcome data for myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. Of 116 potentially relevant studies, 42 trials met the inclusion criteria. Rosiglitazone was associated with a significant increase in the risk of myocardial infarction and with an increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular causes that had borderline significance. This study was limited by a lack of access to original source data, which would have enabled time-to-event analysis. Despite these limitations, patients and providers should consider the potential for serious adverse cardiovascular effects of treatment with rosiglitazone for type 2 diabetes.) Copyright © 2017, 2013 Decision Support in Medicine, LLC. All rights reserved. No sponsor or advertiser has participated in, approved or paid for the content provided by Decision Support in Medicine LLC. The Licensed Content is the property of and copyrighted by DSM.

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This week I saw a great question on an online forum relating to Microsoft PowerPoint. The question asked how to make an object appear on screen for a few seconds, and then make it disappear only to be replaced with a different object. I’ve been asked about this on many occasions during training courses and it really is a nice easy task to do, so after answering the question I thought I’d create a post about it. Using Animations in Microsoft PowerPoint can be lots of fun and allows the creative juices to flow. Having conducted professional development for teachers over the years there are some really great ways that teachers and students can use PowerPoint and in particular, animations in the classroom. Animations are a great way to make any presentation interactive and dynamic. There are four (4) different types of animations: Entrance, Emphasis, Exit and Motion Paths. The type of animation you decide to use is directly related to what you want the object to do. Do you want an object to appear or disappear? Then you will need an Entrance or Exit effect. Do you want it to be highlighted or accentuated on the slide? Then you will need an Emphasis effect. The Motion Paths effects provide great flexibility to essentially do whatever you want including making a turn, looping and creating your own custom path. There is such a thing as “too much of a good thing” when it comes to animations. I can definitely say that I’ve seen some terrible examples of how to use animations in Microsoft PowerPoint. While it is a great feature, I always give this little “disclaimer”. While animations can really improve the readability and retention of information, too much will make your audience feel like they are watching the latest creation from Disney Pixar. Too much is never good, so try to keep the number of objects you animate to a level which will not leave your audience looking confused. About the Animation Pane The Animation Pane allows you to view all objects on the slide which have had an animation effect applied. I find the Animation Pane gives you a better view of what is animated and when it will run and is great for troubleshooting issues. In order to see the Animation Pane on the screen, you must click a button for it to be displayed. I’ll show you how to do this a little further down this post. Let’s get started For this animation sequence, I am going to have an image of a caterpillar turn into a beautiful butterfly, this is inspired by my daughter’s recent “life cycle of a butterfly” presentation she did for her class news. So let’s take a look now at how to work with animations in PowerPoint to achieve our goal. - Firstly lets open Microsoft PowerPoint (I’m using PowerPoint 2016) - Whenever I conduct a course in PowerPoint I always emphasise the importance of choosing the correct slide layout so for this animation sequence I need a blank slide - From the Home tab click the Layout button and choose Blank from the options - Now we need to insert our first image which will be a caterpillar - If you need to source images for your presentation you can use the built-in Insert > Online Pictures tool, however, be sure to check copyright requires on the image you choose, or you can perform a Google search and filter out images which are labelled for reuse, or use a stock image library such as Pexels.com. - To insert the first image, select the Insert tab and choose Pictures - The Insert Picture dialog box will now appear: - Select the first image and click Insert - The caterpillar will now be displayed on your slide - Now to insert the butterfly, repeat the same process that you used for the first image - Once you have the butterfly on the slide you may need to resize it to a suitable size and then move the butterfly off to one side of the slide by simply clicking and dragging the image - The reason I suggest you move the butterfly to one side at the moment is to make setting up the animation sequence a little easier, at the end we will move the butterfly over the top of the caterpillar and increase the size - Now select the caterpillar and click the Animations tab from the Ribbon - To display the Animation Pane click the Animation Pane button located in the Advanced Animation group - The Animation Pane will now display on the right side of the slide - For the caterpillar we want to make him disappear - From the Animation gallery select the More button which is underneath the down scroll arrow - From the list of available animations scroll down to the Exit type animations and click the Disappear animation type - You will now see the number 1 appear in a square on the top left corner of the image - The number helps us identify objects in a sequence, so this lets us know this animation will run as the first item in this sequence. It’s important to note that if you set multiple animations to run at the same time that they will all be numbered the same, instead of numbered individually. Animations all rely for the most part on timing. Timing requires us to specify when an animation will begin, how long we want it to last and if we want any delay used. When it comes to the Start option you have 3 available: |On Click||Will begin any animation sequence once the mouse is clicked or a key pressed on the keyboard whilst in slideshow mode.| |After Previous||Will begin once any previous animation effects have completed. Starting slideshow mode is also considered a “previous” effect.| |With Previous||Will begin at the same time of any previous animation effects. Starting slideshow mode is also considered a “with previous” effect.| - For this animation we want this to run without us having to prompt it to begin, so click the Start drop-down menu from the Timing Group and select After Previous A common question I get at this stage during a training day is “Why are we using After Previous when this is the 1st item in this sequence?” That is a valid question and as I’ve outlined in the table above, PowerPoint recognises that when we start a presentation in slide show mode that is the “previous” effect so it will automatically start an animation without us having to click. - For the Duration option we need to set how long we want the animation to take, so in this case, how long till our caterpillar disappears? - Use the up and down arrows to adjust this setting to 3 seconds (03.00) - For this sequence, we do not want to use a delay - Now select the butterfly image - From the Animation gallery, click the More button and select the Appear option - Within the Timing section, change the Start setting to be After Previous because we would like the butterfly to appear once our caterpillar has disappeared - Now in the Duration section, we can leave the default option of Auto. This will essentially leave the butterfly on the slide till we either move to another slide or exit the slideshow. If you wanted to include a 3rd or 4th animation then you would set this option to the number of seconds you want the butterfly to be displayed. - Now that both images are animated, click and drag the butterfly over the top of the caterpillar and make the image larger - We are now ready to preview our animation - Click on the first object in the Animation Pane, in our case it will be the caterpillar - Now from the Animations ribbon click the Preview button which is the first button on the far left on the ribbon - You will now see a preview - To view the full animation in slideshow mode simply press F5 on the keyboard and sit back and watch - Once the animation has finished click Esc on the keyboard to exit - You have now created a simple, but effective, animation in PowerPoint I highly recommend you explore the huge range of animation options available. Check out more great posts related to Microsoft PowerPoint. I’ll be helping out at the Leading a Digital School Conference so feel free to say Hi and ask me your questions….very happy to provide some 1-on-1 assistance. This post was originally published on The Training Lady blog.

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Contact: Maureen Oltrogge, 928-638-7779 Contact: Kirby-Lynn Shedlowski, 928-638-7958 Grand Canyon, Ariz. – On Wednesday, July 16 sometime between 2:30-3 p.m., MST, a bat landed on a visitor while she was standing in front of the Tusayan Museum, just west of the Desert View Visitors' Center within Grand Canyon National Park. The bat crawled on the visitor's shorts, shirt, and leg for at least 10 minutes. A crowd gathered around the bat to take pictures. This bat was later captured and euthanized and tested positive for rabies on July 19. The identity of the individual is unknown at this time. A second bat that was found dead on the North Kaibab Trail on Saturday, July 12 also tested positive for rabies. There are no known human exposures to this bat. These 2 bats are the first rabies-positive animals identified by Grand Canyon National Park in 2014. It is unknown if other animals in the park are infected. As a precautionary measure, any individual who may have had physical contact with either of these bats is encouraged to contact the park as soon as possible at 928-638-7779 and to see a healthcare provider. Rabid bats have been documented in all 48 continental states. Cases of rabies in animals are reported in Coconino County, Arizona each year. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Recent data suggest that transmission of rabies virus can occur from minor, seemingly unimportant, or unrecognized bites from bats. Human and domestic animal contact with bats should be minimized, and bats should never be handled by untrained and unvaccinated persons or be kept as pets." Additional information can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/exposure/animals/bats.html. Grand Canyon National Park is working with the National Park Service Office of Public Health and Wildlife Health Branch to protect the health and safety of visitors and wildlife in the park by testing any sick or dead wildlife. More information will be released as it becomes available. Last updated: February 24, 2015

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8 April: The Buddha Siddhartha Gautama Birthday (563–483 BC) 8 Apr 2019 – Today is the anniversary of the Buddha’s birth—born Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, the fourth largest religion in the world. Visitors to shrines on his birthday take an offering of fresh spring cherry blossom flowers. As a prince in northeastern India, he lived a life of luxury until, at the age of 29, he saw an old man, a sick man, and a family mourning their dead. Like all Hindus, the prince believed in reincarnation. The thought troubled him that people had to return to this world to suffer again, so he left his wife, child, luxurious lifestyle, and future role as a leader of his people, to search for an end to suffering. For years he chose a life of extreme poverty. The story goes that he eventually collapsed from starvation after fasting for six years. Next, he turned away from the idea that poverty is the path to enlightenment and he decided that it is best to pursue a “Middle Way” between luxury and poverty, largely defined by moderation and meditation. At 35 he attained enlightenment (Nirvana) and assumed the title Lord Buddha (one who has awakened). He defined 3 practices for gaining enlightenment, which may define the “Religion” of Buddhism: - Sila: Virtue, good conduct, morality. This is based on two fundamental principles: The principle of equality: that all living entities are equal and the principle of reciprocity: This is the “Golden Rule” in Christianity — to do onto others as you would wish them do onto you. - Samadhi: Concentration, meditation, mental development, which leads to personal freedom and helps us maintain good conduct. - Prajna: Discernment, insight, wisdom, enlightenment. This is the real heart of Buddhism. Wisdom will emerge if your mind is pure and calm. Albert Einstein said: “Buddhism has the characteristics of what would be expected in a cosmic religion for the future: it transcends a personal God, avoids dogmas and theology; it covers both the natural & spiritual, and it is based on a religious sense aspiring from the experience of all things, natural and spiritual, as a meaningful unity.” Celebrations in Japan, Taiwan and Korea include children pouring sweet tea (hydrangea leaf amacha) over the head of the statue of an infant Buddha because some believe it rained tea on the day he was born. DISCLAIMER: The statements, views and opinions expressed in pieces republished here are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of TMS. In accordance with title 17 U.S.C. section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. TMS has no affiliation whatsoever with the originator of this article nor is TMS endorsed or sponsored by the originator. “GO TO ORIGINAL” links are provided as a convenience to our readers and allow for verification of authenticity. However, as originating pages are often updated by their originating host sites, the versions posted may not match the versions our readers view when clicking the “GO TO ORIGINAL” links. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. We believe this constitutes a ‘fair use’ of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond ‘fair use’, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. Click here to go to the current weekly digest or pick another article: - Homeland or Death! Che Guevara’s Historic Speech at the UN on 11 Dec 1964 - Illusions of Empire: Amartya Sen on What British Rule Really Did to India - Russia: The Doukhobor 1895 Arms Burning Is Relevant Today - Meet the Real-Life Devil’s Advocate Battling Australian Courts on Behalf of Satan after Religious Education ‘Got His Goat’ - Hinduism and Peace Education - The Last of the Zoroastrians

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What is an Event Model? Event management is the art and science of managing an event or gathering, with the aim to improve the overall efficiency of the event. How do we manage an event? There are many ways and tools available to help us manage an event, using different perspectives and methods. These tools can range from simple systems to very complex event management systems. A simple tool to manage an event would be an auto responder like an automatic welcome message when a new user enters an event or a simple form to collect user data like logins and email addresses. (2) A simple function initiated by the human. An event-driven function is anything that is triggered by the human in an event. For instance, a user initiating an event would be a keystroke or mouse movement. An internal event triggered by software can be due to a myriad of factors from unexpected information from an input device, security camera detecting motion or other unforeseen data in the input. Once an event occurs it is called an occurrence, which is then tracked by an event handler or system. (3) An event-driven function can be seen as a simple function that monitors the workflow of an event. An example of this would be a web analytics tool to see event flow in a website or an employee monitoring tool to see employee performance. These tools can be used for several purposes; for example an admin can use these tools to record login attempts and logins, user activity and page views. They can also be used to record user interaction with a web application like viewing a web page or a file, listening to user calls and so on. (4) Event management has evolved over the years to the point where it is a highly complex event management process. Event handlers are now complex web applications capable of complex events or’snapshots’ of the user workflow. The event manager can update the screen with the latest information on the event and its occurrences in real time. This streamlines communications between the event handler and the rest of the business team. Event handlers may communicate with event source code through events, web services, or XML packets. The event source code contains the logic required to run the event. Event handlers can also call other handlers or event handlers. In short, event handlers are responsible for communication with multiple event sources. There are many different event handlers on the market to choose from including web services, custom event handlers, Java servlets, event processing engines, desktop event processing and event recording tools. There are two main areas of event management: service and event source. Service event models are web services or XML based which are not event driven. These are low-level services such as database integration, database access and other server processes. On the other hand, event source models are high level web services and are the backbone of most event-driven technologies including web notifications, SMS notifications, event catalogs, and advanced network events.

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How could a galaxy become shaped like a ring? The rim of the blue galaxy pictured on the right is an immense ring-like structure 150,000 light years in diameter composed of newly formed, extremely bright, massive stars. That galaxy, AM 0644-741 , is known as a ring galaxy and was caused by an immense galaxy collision. When galaxies collide , they pass through each other -- their individual stars rarely come into contact. The ring -like shape is the result of the gravitational disruption caused by an entire small intruder galaxy passing through a large one. When this happens, interstellar gas and dust become condensed, causing a wave of star formation to move out from the impact point like a ripple across the surface of a pond. The intruder galaxy is just outside of the frame taken by the Hubble Space Telescope . This featured image was taken to commemorate the anniversary of Hubble's launch in 1990. Ring galaxy AM 0644-741 lies about 300 million light years away. Planet Kepler-186f is the first known Earth-size planet to lie within the habitable zone of a star beyond the Sun. Discovered using data from the prolific planet-hunting Kepler spacecraft, the distant world orbits its parent star, a cool, dim, M dwarf star about half the size and mass of the Sun, some 500 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. M dwarfs are common, making up about 70 percent of the stars in our Milky Way galaxy. To be within the habitable zone, where surface temperatures allowing liquid water are possible, Kepler-186f orbits close, within 53 million kilometers (about the Mercury-Sun distance) of the M dwarf star, once every 130 days. Four other planets are known in the distant system. All four are only a little larger than Earth and in much closer orbits, also illustrated in the tantalizing artist's vision. While the size and orbit of Kepler-186f are known, its mass and composition are not, and can't be determined by Kepler's transit technique. Still, models suggest that it could be rocky and have an atmosphere, making it potentially the most Earth-like exoplanet discovered so far ... This skyscape finds an esthetic balance of interstellar dust and gas residing in the suburbs of the nebula rich constellation of Orion. Reflecting the light of bright star Rigel, Beta Orionis, the jutting, bluish chin of the Witch Head Nebula is at the upper left. Whiskers tracing the red glow of hydrogen gas ionized by ultraviolet starlight seem to connect that infamous visage with smaller nebulae, like dusty reflection nebula NGC 1788 at the right. Strong winds from Orion's bright stars have also shaped NGC 1788, and likely triggered the formation of the young stars within. Appropriate for its location, NGC 1788 looks to some like a cosmic bat. The scene spans about 3 degrees on the sky or 6 full Moons. Climbing into cloudy skies, the Space Shuttle Orbiter Discovery (OV-103) took off from Kennedy Space Center Tuesday at 7 am local time. This time, its final departure from KSC, it rode atop a modified Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. Following a farewell flyover of the Space Coast, Goddard Space Flight Center, and Washington DC, Discovery headed for Dulles International Airport in Virginia, destined to reside at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum Udvar-Hazy Center. Discovery retires as NASA's most traveled shuttle orbiter, covering more than 148 million miles in 39 missions that included the delivery of the Hubble Space Telescope to orbit. Operational from 1984 through 2011, Discovery spent a total of one year in space. A symphony of planet-wide observations began abruptly on March 28 when the Earth-orbiting Swift satellite detected a burst of high-frequency gamma-rays from GRB 110328A. When the same source flared again after a 45 minute pause it was clear this event was not a typical gamma-ray burst. Twelve hours after the initial fanfare astronomers using the 2.5-meter Nordic Optical Telescope chimed in with a mid-range observation of the optical counterpart. Early the next day the explosion was picked up in baritone low-frequencies of radio waves by the EVLA radio dishes in the USA. Later many optical telescopes, including the 8-meter Gemini North telescope in Hawaii, began playing along by tracking the optical counterpart. The unusual source was spotted at a higher register in X-rays by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and was intermittently followed in the even more soprano-like gamma-ray range for a week. Joining the chorus, Hubble Space Telescope recorded this image in optical and infrared light, confirming that the flash was located along the path of a galaxy at redshift 0.351. If associated with the galaxy, this explosion occurred when the universe was about two thirds of its present age. There is much speculation that the unusual gamma-ray burst was a star being ripped apart by a supermassive black hole in the center of a galaxy and the puzzling features of the distant detonation are still being explored. Why did the recent volcanic eruption in Iceland create so much ash? Although the large ash plume was not unparalleled in its abundance, its location was particularly noticeable because it drifted across such well populated areas. The Eyjafjallajökull volcano in southern Iceland began erupting on March 20, with a second eruption starting under the center of a small glacier on April 14. Neither eruption was unusually powerful. The second eruption, however, melted a large amount of glacial ice which then cooled and fragmented lava into gritty glass particles that were carried up with the rising volcanic plume. Pictured above two days ago, lightning bolts illuminate ash pouring out of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano. In the center of a swirling whirlpool of hot gas is likely a beast that has never been seen directly: a black hole. Studies of the bright light emitted by the swirling gas frequently indicate not only that a black hole is present, but also likely attributes. The gas surrounding GRO J1655-40, for example, has been found to display an unusual flickering at a rate of 450 times a second. Given a previous mass estimate for the central object of seven times the mass of our Sun, the rate of the fast flickering can be explained by a black hole that is rotating very rapidly. What physical mechanisms actually cause the flickering -- and a slower quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) -- in accretion disks surrounding black holes and neutron stars remains a topic of much research. Gripped by an astronomical spring fever, many northern hemisphere stargazers embark on a Messier Marathon. Completing the marathon requires viewing all 110 objects in 18th century French astronomer Charles Messier's catalog in one glorious dusk-to-dawn observing run. As daunting as it sounds, there are often favorable weekend dates for completing the task that fall on nearly moonless nights near the March equinox. This colorful, six hour long time exposure of a group dedicated to running this year's Messier marathon includes celestial star trails along with terrestrial lighting trails from about 200 amateur astronomers. It was recorded from the isolated, ancient Bahram Palace in northern Iran's Kavir National Park. Astronomer and former Messier Marathon organizer for the ASIAC Babak Tafreshi offers this intriguing time-lapse movie (2MB wmv file) of the event. Centaurus is one of the most striking constellations in the southern sky. The Milky Way flows through this celestial expanse whose wonders also include the closest star system to the Sun, Alpha Centauri, and the largest globular star cluster in our galaxy, Omega Centauri (aka NGC 5139). This sharp telescopic view of Omega Centauri shows off the central regions of the cluster of about 10 million stars. Omega Cen itself is about 15,000 light-years away and 150 light-years in diameter - the largest of 150 or so known globular star clusters that roam the halo of our galaxy. Though most star clusters consist of stars with the same age and composition, the enigmatic Omega Cen exhibits the presence of different stellar populations with a spread of ages and chemical abundances. In fact, Omega Cen may be the remnant core of a small galaxy merging with the Milky Way. This evening's skyscape includes a view similar to this one, recorded in western skies on April 16 - an orange-hued planet Mars wandering near rich open star cluster M35. Also notable is fainter star cluster NGC 2158, just above and left of M35. The grouping appears near the "foot stars" of the constellation Gemini, but of course Mars is in the foreground, just over 14 light-minutes from planet Earth. The hundreds of stars in cluster M35 are more like 3,000 light-years distant. NGC 2158 is farther still, about 16,000 light-years away and is much more compact than M35. The color image shows off the contrast between hot blue stars and cooler yellowish stars within the confines of M35. But the stars of NGC 2158 are much older, and that cluster's light is definitely dominated by the orange glow of cool giant stars, making an interesting visual comparison to ruddy-colored Mars. Do you recognize the constellation Orion? This striking but unfamiliar looking picture of the familiar Orion region of the sky was produced using survey data from the now-defunct InfraRed Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). The above image combines information recorded at three different invisible infrared wavelengths and covers about 30x24 degrees on the sky. Most of Orion's visually impressive stars don't stand out, but bright Betelgeuse does appear as a small bright purplish dot on the lower left. The bright region on the right contains the Great Nebula in Orion, while the bright region just above the image bottom is the Rosette Nebula. Surrounding these regions are a jumble of chaotic glowing gas and dark dust jettisoned by stars forming and exploding over millions of years. Today, Comet Bradfield is passing the Sun. The above image, taken yesterday in the direction of the Sun by the SOHO LASCO instrument, shows the comet and its dust tail as the elongated white streak. The Sun would normally be seen in the very center but has been blocked from view. Comet C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) was discovered just one month ago and has brightened dramatically as it neared the Sun. Careful sky gazers can see Comet Bradfield with the unaided eye near the Sun, although NASA's sun-orbiting SOHO satellite has the best view. During the day, Comet Bradfield will continually shift inside the LASCO frame as it rounds the Sun. There is even the possibility that the comet will break up. If not, the bright comet's trajectory will carry it outside the field of LASCO sometime tomorrow. Along with T7 and Q4, Comet Bradfield is now the third comet that is currently visible on the sky with the unaided eye, the most ever of which we are aware and quite possibly the most in recorded history. Centaurus, the Centaur, is one of the most striking constellations in the southern sky. The lovely Milky Way flows through this large constellation whose celestial wonders also include the closest star to the sun, Alpha Centauri, the largest globular star cluster in our galaxy, Omega Centauri, and the closest active galaxy, Centaurus A. Embraced by tightly wound spiral arms of bright blue star clusters, this gorgeous galaxy - cataloged as ESO 269-57 - also falls within Centaurus' borders. Seen behind a veil of foreground stars which lie within our own galaxy, this face-on spiral galaxy is about 150 million light-years away and 200,000 light-years across. The brighter foreground stars are marked by diffraction spikes caused by the telescope and yellow vertical stripes due to saturated digital camera pixels in the above Very Large Telescope image from the European Southern Observatory. Tantalizing wisps of more distant, faint galaxies are visible in the background. Also known as the Moon's "ashen glow" or "the old Moon in the new Moon's arms", Earthshine is Earthlight reflected from the Moon's night side. This dramatic image of Earthshine and a young crescent Moon was taken by astrophotographer and APOD translator Laurent Laveder from the remote Pic du Midi Observatory on planet Earth. But the view from the Moon would have been stunning too. When the Moon appears in Earth's sky as a slender crescent, a dazzlingly bright, nearly full Earth would be seen from the lunar surface. The Earth's brightness, due to reflected sunlight, is strongly influenced by cloud cover and recent studies of Earthshine indicate that it is more pronounced during April and May. A description of Earthshine, in terms of sunlight reflected by Earth's oceans in turn illuminating the Moon's dark surface, was written 500 years ago by Leonardo da Vinci. Welcome to multiwavelength astronomy! From top to bottom, these stacked panels show the largest sunspot group in a decade in visible, extreme ultraviolet, and x-ray light. All were taken on March 29, around the time the famous solar active region, cataloged as AR 9393, was at its peak size -- over 10 times the size of planet Earth. The panels illustrate how the "appearance" of the active region changes, when imaged in electromagnetic radiation (light) of progressively shorter wavelengths. In the visible light panel, dark islands of sunspots stand out against the bright solar surface, but the situation seems to be reversed in the extreme ultraviolet panel with a bright active region seen against a darker background. Finally, the x-ray panel reveals majestic loops of glowing plasma arcing far above the sunspot group. Why do pictures of the same part of the Sun look so different? Made at different wavelengths, each panel actually records a different layer in the solar atmosphere. Top to bottom, the altitude of each layer (along with temperature) increases; starting with the Sun's visible surface or photosphere (about 5 thousand kelvins), then the chromosphere / transition region (ten to a hundred thousand kelvins), and finally the solar corona (millions of kelvins). The distance record for a quasar has been broken yet again. At the present time, no other object in the universe has been found to be more distant than the above speck. The recently discovered quasar has been clocked at redshift 5.82. The exact relation between redshift and distance remains presently unknown, although surely higher redshifts do mean greater distance. The above quasar is likely billions of light-years away and so is seen when the universe was younger than one billion years old, less than a tenth of its present age. Like all quasars, this object is probably a large black hole in the center of a distant galaxy. Don't close the record book yet, though. The redshifts to several other SDSS-discovered quasars are currently being measured, some of which might have redshifts greater than six. Earth has one moon. A symbol in famous love songs, movies, poems, and folklore, many myths about the Moon date back to ancient history. In fact, the name Monday originates from Moon-day. The Moon glows by light it reflects from the Sun and is frequently the brightest object in the night sky. The Moon orbits the Earth about once a month (moon-th) from about 1 light second away. The above-pictured Full Moon occurs when the Moon is nearly opposite to the Sun in its orbit. The Moon's diameter is about 1/4 that of the Earth, and from the Earth's surface appears to have almost exactly the same angular size as the Sun. Recent evidence indicates that the Moon formed from a colossal impact on the Earth about 4.5 billions of years ago, and therefore has a similar composition to the Earth. Humans walked on the Moon for the first time in 1969. Here is the first direct picture of the surface of a star other than our Sun. Taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995, the atmosphere of Betelgeuse reveals some unexpected features, including a large bright hotspot visible below the center. Betelgeuse (sounds like "beetle juice") is a red supergiant star about 600 light years distant, easily recognizable from its brightness and reddish color in the constellation of Orion. While Betelgeuse is cooler than the Sun, it is more massive and over 1000 times larger. If placed at the center of our Solar System, it would extend past the orbit of Jupiter. Betelgeuse is nearing the end of its life and will become a supernova in a perhaps a few tens of millions of years. The long winding arms of this nearby spiral galaxy define it as the "Southern Pinwheel." But M83 is quite a typical spiral - much like our own Milky Way Galaxy. Spiral galaxies contains many billions of stars, the youngest of which inhabit the spiral arms and glow strongly in blue light. Dark dust lanes are mixed in with the stars and help define M83's marked spiral structure. The space between the spiral arms is also filled with stars - but stars that are typically more dim and red. M83 has shown an unusual amount of stellar supernovae explosions - six since the turn of the century - more than any other Messier galaxy. This ROSAT image of the Virgo cluster of galaxies reveals a hot X-ray emitting plasma or gas with a temperature of 10-100 million degrees pervading the cluster. False colors have been used to represent the intensity of X-ray emission. The large area of X-ray emission, just below and left of center, is about 1 million light-years across. The giant elliptical galaxy M87, the biggest member of the cluster, is centered in that area while other cluster members are scattered around it. By adding up the amount of X-ray emitting gas astronomers have found that its total mass is up to 5 times the total mass of the cluster galaxies themselves - yet all this matter still does not produce nearly enough gravity to keep the cluster from flying apart! Where is the unseen mass? Because galaxy clusters are the largest structures in the Universe, this mysterious Dark Matter must dominate the cosmos but its nature is still an open question.

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| Poiana leightoni| | Leighton's linsang range| (green - extant, pink - probably extant) It was formerly classified as Poiana richardsonii leightoni and considered a subspecies of the oyan. Leighton's linsang is similar to the African linsang, It is a small, thin viverrid which has a body length measures between 30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 in) long, the tail is 35 to 40 cm (14 to 16 in) long, giving a total length of 65 to 78 cm (26 to 31 in), it weighs 500 to 700 g (18 to 25 oz). The base colour of the pelage is yellowish brown on the back and whitish on the underparts. The back is patterned with irregular patches of dark colour with a dark band along the spine, although this can sometimes be interrupted. Habitat and distribution Leighton's linsang is found in the tropical forests of Liberia and the Ivory Coast, its occurrence in the Kounounkan forest in the south west of Guinea requires confirmation. It is an inhabitant of the canopy of tropical forests. Leighton's linsang is listed as Vulnerable because the likely total population is 6,700–10,000 mature individuals (a rough estimate based on a range area of roughly 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi), an average population density highly unlikely to exceed 2–3 individuals per 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi), and a proportion of adults of 67%) while the population has probably declined by at least 10% in the last 12 years based on the rate of deforestation in its known habitat the upper Guinea forests, and adding in effects of hunting. Like the sympatric Johnston's Genet Genetta johnstoni, Bourlon's Genet Genetta bourloni and Liberian Mongoose Liberiictis kuhni, Leighton's linsang is thought to be adversely affected by continuing habitat loss in the upper Guinean forests, exacerbated because this is a canopy species. It is not clear to what impact bush meat hunting affects this semi-arboreal species, but this could well have an impact as most of the specimens collected by scientists were acquired from hunters, although it is unclear it is used as bushmeat, for its pelt or in traditional medicine. . Further study of this little know carnivore should be undertaken to ascertain its status and conservation requirements. Leighton's linsang was formerly considered a subspecies of African linsang Poiana richardsonii, but is now regarded as a separate species. - Gaubert, P. & Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Poiana leightoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. - "Linsang de Leighton (Poiana leightoni)". manimalworld.net. Retrieved 16 October 2016. - "Poiana leightoni (Leighton's Linsang, West African Linsang, West African Oyan)". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 16 October 2016.

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Every kind of depression is a combination of brain chemicals and environment. Major predictors for depression are bad habits which build up into a worse depression: isolative tendencies, bad sleep, apathy, toxic relationships, drug use that damages neurochemistry, and brutal fatalistic self-image. Some depressions, like bipolar, are chemical imbalances inherent to the brain, but even then environmental interaction affects brain chemistry. A major mistake depressives make is thinking of their condition as somehow over or predetermining their subjective wellbeing, rather than interacting with their person and thinking. (This is the best lecture from a hero of mine, Robert Sapolsky, on depression, ) As Neuroscientist Alex Korb details in The Upward Spiral quitting the downward spiral of bad habits: smoking, binge drinking, binge internet shopping or pornography, and bad influences makes a healthier brain and therefore a happier mind. Our brains work by Hebb’s law, which dictates, the less you do something the less the brain cells responsible fire and so will eventually wither if neglected. Thankfully, ‘Use it or Lose it’ applies to bad habits as much as good. You do have partial free will: the prefrontal cortex can inhibit impulses. The best way to quit is limiting bad habits so that they wither, without quitting them which has a paradoxical effect of making them press on the brain more than ever, in its reaction urge to repeat past patterns. Without the neuroscience, Charles Duhigg illustrates this in his brilliant The Power of Habitwhere successful quitting means substituting an alternative and no mythic ‘clean break’ from an ingrained way of daily life. 1.) Aerobic exercise for 15-30 minutes per day In this amazing Guide to Brain Fitness Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School recommends 15-30 minutes of exercise a day – plus more. Actual exercise (sweating, raised heart rate) over mere ‘activity’ like walking has more bio-effect. If you can do more you’re usually meant to do more. 2.) Eat the necessary balance of nutrients at each meal You know the stuff that became and becomes your body. Pretty important. The best diet is one of these. Think of your body as a car; you can’t expect to work with the wrong fuels. John B. Arden, the author of Rewire Your Brain endorses three meals to keep a “consistent” neurochemistry which avoids ups and downs. 3.) Socialise with people you like, love, or at least find tolerable every day, and in person. Isolation often, statistically, precedes depression; people can drive you to annoyance but do actually make you happier. If you need encouragement set calendar reminders to socialize with friends, and to call or message them, say, once a fortnight at least. (I do this, I have to otherwise I just won’t bother.) A study in Taiwan demonstrated boosted well-being for women churchgoers and men political party members. Membership is beneficial because of the obligatory socialising. Psychology professor Sonja Lyburmoskisy – in The How of Happiness – says the best way to improve your life is to invest in your relationships. 4.) Practice your skills or talents for some hours each day Consistent pleasures go far in making happiness; if they are socially valuable and respected all the better to boost happiness–dependent on reputation. Playing Zelda may be fun, but it’d be more fun with someone you love watching (for social and pride reasons) or getting a dance grading more fun for your mental health overall than ‘escapism’. Though absorbing activities are good for sanity. More hours doing these a day makes for a happier person according to The Psychology of Happiness. 5.) Sun exposure The research is clear that insufficient and deficient Vitamin D is so strongly linked to depression as to certainly be causal. Time in the sun heightens mood in itself but also increases Vitamin D – the deficiency of which causes some depressions – and increases melatonin. Melatonin, the hormone that maintains body chemistry for healthy sleep cycles. Wear high SPF sunscreen if you don’t want to look old earlier than needs be, or to risk skin cancer. Too dark outside? Get a Seasonal Affective Disorder grade lamp such as this one. SAD lamps can even help with healthy sleep too by affecting the release of melatonin which induces sleep. (And almonds contain vitamin D, my plant-based diet helps me through winter months.) 6.) Healthy sleep. Sleep matters, a lot. Sleep is like putting a car into the garage or turning the computer off: it allows for metaphorical repairs, restarts and, reboots that determine your mood through the conscious hours. Depressives routinely sleep too long to too short: 6.5-9 hours is usually optimum but it depends on your body. To get a good night’s sleep log how you feel at different hours of waking and perhaps use a REM sleep calculator or app to wake at the right time in order to more probably prefer breakfast to a worryless abyss. 7.) Fake it till you make it. What psychologists call embodied cognition dictates that acting happy and forcing smiles actually tricks yourself into that result. The facial muscles in a smile trick the brain into ‘smiling’ as can deliberate laughing become genuine enjoyment. Neuroscientists call this biofeedback. 8.) Try Effective Placebo. The parasitic supplement industry thrives on the desire for quick fixes. Some though, like Omega 3 DHA and EPA, have shown brain benefits in longitudinal studies, in preventing the onset of dementia, through feeding fatty neurons their necessary fats. Neuroscience researchers like Sandrine Thuret of King’s College London – study here have shown new brain stem cells in other mammals with Omega 3 consumption. Even if Omega 3 doesn’t work for materially alleviating depression, as a placebo it works to make you feel better psychologically which is the desired result anyway. “But blogger guy, how do I do this? I’m depressed… I don’t wanna do anything, it exhausts me. I can barely wash myself.” It’s brutally hard at times… More than I could ever know, for some. Cognitive behavioural therapy and medicine may help. Yet in routine life, keep it simple, keep it regular and keep it socially supported. Every time it is too much and you want to lapse into less good behaviour just say ‘I’ll do it for 5 minutes’ to 10-15-20 minutes–and extend that time as you progress. Forgive yourself mistakes to avoid stressing and falling into bad habits. Day after day it more probably catches on. Research shows this. Increase good habits; decrease bad habits. Repetition makes a habit, and in turn unmakes others. Remember Hebb’s law, from the start? The initial lazy hurdle repeated day-by-day is all it takes to establish as a habit that becomes second-nature. Remind yourself to be rational and realistic about what is actually the end of the world and what is not, even when horrible sensations wrongly suggest otherwise. No reply doesn’t mean they despise you, a low wage doesn’t make you a lesser person, and so on. If that’s not enough? For a near effortless boost try five long hugs a day, eminent psychology professor Sonja Lyubomirsky has shown it significantly increases reported happiness. If no one is hug friendly (sorry about that) reference Sonja or this article: oxytocin secretion does not lie. Or be more normal – well normative – and find someone happy to hug you.

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Coronavirus pandemic has drastically upended the daily life routines of human beings and has wide wide-ranging effects on entire sectors of society. The food sector is also susceptible and substantially harmed by the influence of intensive effects of coronavirus. To ensure food safety and limit the spread of coronavirus at food services and retail sector has become a challenge where delicate and fresh food items are served and delivered to the customers, which have passed through a series of operational steps from order taking, food receiving, preparation of food, packing, delivery to customers. At each step, there is a possibility of food handlers to touch the food surface or food directly and if food handler is not following appropriate precautionary measures e.g. hand hygiene, sanitization and disinfection, social distances, and is touching, then it can be a possible source of coronavirus spread. Since there is no evidence that food is a coronavirus transmission route but during the food operations, improper sanitization and disinfection of key touchpoints, food contact, nonfood contact, equipment and cleaning tools surfaces and close contact of food handlers with staff and customers not only can put themselves on risk but can also be a risk for customers. Food services and the retail sector should make sure proper hand hygiene, approved sanitizers and disinfectants in use, follow social distances at workstations and while interacting with the customers. Finally, the business should be vigilant to monitor the temperature of staff and incoming guests to identify if there may any sick person to avoid from further spread of coronavirus and shall report to concerned health authorities if anyone symptoms matching with COVID-19. Coronavirus, COVID-19, Food safety, Preventive measures, Social distances, Personal hygiene, Sanitization, Temperature monitoring The currently available literature, reports, surveys, and news articles are the first signpost that indicates the first appearance of novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cases in workers from the seafood and animal market in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Since then, several epidemiological analyses are being done to clearly and definitively state how the first human case(s) of 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 occurred. However, based on the literature data, it is logical to consider that the on-spot food handlers and other employees were likely exposed unknowingly to 2019-nCoV through handling and slaughtering the infected animals. Though these infected food handlers and employees were not the first-hand consumers on the product being sold in the market, however, direct breathing in the viral particle containing environment may have caused them to get infected unwittingly. Besides that, now considering the global perspective of the 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 spread rate, current cases are due to person-to-person transmission at local, regional, national and international levels. Considering such scenarios, it is equally important to highlight the highly requisite precautionary measures to limit or control the spread of 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 via person-to-person transmission at food service and retail sector. Careful consideration of several precautionary measures (Figure 1) and related symptoms can help to put the current 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 outbreak in perspective. Fig. 1. Safety information and precautionary measures to put the current 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 outbreak in perspective. The Figure was created with the “BioRender.com” template and exported under the terms of premium subscription. The 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 transmission via person-to-person at food service and retail sector is another matter, though nothing has reported on this critical aspect, but should not be equally ignored under the current rising situation. This does come under a food safety/food handling issue. Furthermore, individuals infected with the 2019-nCoV virus, whether they are obviously ill or not showing symptoms, will actively shed the virus which can ultimately contaminate the environment, and anything located in that environment, including food products. Person-to-person transmission behaviors and the impact of social distancing along with principles of herd immunity are shown in Figure 2. The severity of COVID-19 and/or transmissibility of 2019-nCoV, or at least its geographical distribution, seems to be higher and broader than expected [1, 2]. Fig. 2. Person-to-person transmission behaviors and the impact of social distancing along with principles of herd immunity. The Figure was created with the “BioRender.com” template and exported under the terms of premium subscription. Herein, we aimed to highlight the precautionary measures to limit the 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 spread in food services and the retail sector. A particular focus is given to the food handlers and employees work in the food and retail sector since workers throughout the food supply chain are at risk. During the ongoing 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 pandemic, the food chains will be under pressure to maintain a stable food supply. However, typical working surroundings (unhygienic environment) for food handlers and employees make it difficult to prevent virus transmission is a challenge in these sectors. Policymakers need to assess vulnerabilities and gaps in assistance in all areas of the food supply chain to ensure that both the nation’s food supply and its workers are protected. To potentially avoid such undesirable circumstances, the following guidelines are highlighted to further raise awareness in a sophisticated manner. Precautionary measures to limit the spread of 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 To ensure the safety of foods and to control the spread of coronavirus at food service and retail sector, following precautionary measures can be helpful Hand hygiene practices Hands are also one of the most common ways to spread the virus from one person to the next. Food handlers are directly involved in food service operation activities which engage them in touching the food contact (utensils, small ware’s, trays, tables), nonfood contact surfaces (door handles, walls, handrails, menues, kiosks, chairs, trash bins, dispensers and equipment surfaces (cooler and freezer handles, dressing and preparation table surfaces, computers, tablets, equipment controllers, buttons, touchpads) and cleaning tools, etc. Germs from unwashed hands can be spread and transferred to other surfaces during food preparations, cooking, storing and serving and then transferred to other food handlers and staff and ultimately to customers as well. Keeping hands frequently washed and sanitized is the most important and critical steps to evade getting sick and to reduce the spread of the coronavirus during food service operations. COVID-19 directly spread by not washing hands with soap under clean running water up to the specific time of minimum 20 seconds. CDC recommends cleaning hands as per specific instructions to avoid getting sick and to further spread the germ. The food businesses should ensure designated and adequate hands washing facilities are provided and ensure food handlers thoroughly and frequently wash their hands. Handwashing facilities should be equipped with warm running water, normal soap and clean dry paper towels to dry the hands after washing. Hand sanitizers cannot replace handwashing but can be used as an added measure. Food handlers should follow the instruction on how to wash hands properly as per the CDC . Wet your hands with clean, running water, turn off the tap, and apply a generous amount of soap. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Make sure to lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails. Scrub your hands for at least 20 sec. Rinse your both hands properly under clean, running water. Dry your hands completely using a clean disposable or paper towel or use an air dryer. - In addition, it is also indispensable for food handlers to maintain the healthy habits in food preparation areas and kitchen to wash hands especially - After using the restroom and again upon entering back to the kitchen or food preparation area. - Gloves should be cleaned and changed as necessary, and hands should wash before wearing gloves and after using, to prevent the spread of germs. - After handling raw meat, poultry, seafood, eggs and before handling ready to eat foods and touching ready to eat food contact surfaces. - After coughing, sneezing, or blowing your nose. - After performing nonfood-contact surfaces cleaning tasks e.g. wiping counters, washing or handling uncleaned dishes, brooming, dusting, mopping, handling of trash bins and garbage, cleaning of restrooms or cleaning other surfaces with chemicals. - Before, during, and after preparing any food or any time when hands become contaminated. - After touching pets, pet food, or pet treats or after treating cut or wound. Sanitization and disinfection The use of right sanitizer and disinfectant with proper concentration and contact time is key to limit the spread of coronavirus. Before explaining more about where and for how long to use sanitizers and disinfectants, it is imperative to comprehend what sanitizers and disinfectants are. Sanitizers or sanitizing agents are employed to minimize microorganism’s loads from the environmental surfaces to a safe level determined by public health codes, ordinances or regulations. Sanitizers are generally used in association with food and food-processing equipment. For instance, there are sanitizers for cooking surfaces, as well as sanitizing rinses for surfaces such as cooking utensils and dishes. Despite somewhat differences, sanitizers and disinfectants are commonly used interchangeably as they both function to killing microorganisms on contact. Food handlers should make sure to sanitize and disinfectant the following key areas to reduce the spread of coronavirus. Food-contact surfaces sanitization Direct Food contact surfaces (utensils, small wares, trays, tables, and high-risk infection areas need to be cleaned and sanitized frequently. Coronavirus can be easily killed on these surfaces with the use of sanitizers and disinfectants. Standard sanitization and disinfestation practices are effective and critical in the prevention and limit the spread of coronavirus. All food contact surfaces and items must be cleaned and sanitized after each use and before food handlers begin working with a different type of food. In addition, sanitize and clean these areas when may have contaminated or food handlers are interrupted during the task . If food contact surfaces and items are in continuous use, at least sanitize and clean every 4 h or preferably every two hours during coronavirus pandemic. Chlorine (as sodium hypochlorite) with a concentration of 50-100 ppm is the low-cost agent most widely used to sanitize food contact surfaces . Non-food contact surfaces sanitization The components of equipment such as seals, doors, fasteners, hinges, and kick plates should be kept intact, tight, and adjusted according to the manufacturer’s stipulations and should be frequently sanitized with approved and properly concentrated sanitizer. Cutting blocks/boards surface sanitization Surfaces such as boards and cutting blocks, which are subjected to scoring and scratching shall be resurfaced if they cannot be effectively sanitized and cleaned or discarded if not able to be resurfaced. Fresh produce sanitization In food service and retail sector, fresh vegetables are being received by suppliers, mostly these vegetables are manually cut, and these are washed with clean water or sanitizers before to pack in salad boxes, to display at salad bars or serve to the customers. It is essential to make sure food handlers cut the vegetables with cleaned hands, by using cleaned and sanitized cutting boards and cutting knife and place in sanitized holding containers, utensils or boxes after properly washed and sanitized to limit the spread of coronavirus through surfaces and equipment . Chlorine (as sodium hypochlorite) with a concentration of 50-100 ppm is a low-cost agent that is most extensively consumed to disinfect fresh produce . Peracetic acid (PPA) is being promoted in recent years as a viable alternative to chlorine and could be used at a concentration of 150 to 200 ppm. The strength of the chlorine or Peracetic acid solution can be checked by commercially available chlorine and peracetic acid test strips. Utensils and small wares sanitization For utensils and kitchen small wares, the following two methods can be used for sanitization and need to ensure sanitization is being done with appropriate temperatures and approved chemicals. Hot water sanitization In dishwashers or dish machines, the temperature of the fresh hot-water sanitizing rinse as it enters the manifold cannot be more than 90 °C (194 °F), less than 74 °C (165 °F) in a stationary rack, single-temperature machine or less than 82 °C (180 °F) in all other high-temperature dish machines and dishwashers. In manual ware, washing equipment basin or three compartmental sinks, the temperature of the water must be at least 77 °C (171 °F). Chemicals including iodine, chlorine, and quaternary ammonium have been approved as potential sanitizing agents for the sanitization of food-contact surfaces in retail and foodservice establishments. The effectiveness of the results of sanitizers depends upon the right concentration, proper temperature range and contact time. Food handlers should be careful while using chemicals for sanitization as too little or too much concentration range, improper temperature and contact time not as per Environment Protection Agency (EPA) registered label or manufacturer recommendations can results in an inadequate reduction of microorganisms, destructive to equipment’s, toxic and can have the poor sanitizing ability over the time. In general, sanitizers are effective and work well at a temperature between 13 °C (55 °F) and 49 °C (120 °F) . Table 1 summarizes chemical sanitizes commonly used in retail/food service establishments. Chemical sanitizes commonly used in retail/foodservice establishments. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Follow manufacturer instructions At least 30 sec 50 mg/L in water between 24ºC (75ºF) and 38ºC (100ºF) For 7 sec Follow manufacturer instructions At least 30 sec Be sure to use a chemical sanitizer other than iodine, chlorine, or quaternary ammonium following the instructions specified by the EPA-registered label use. Food handlers should confirm the strength and accuracy of the sanitization solution by using approved relevant test kits and strips . Keeping food handlers and other employees safe by avoiding close contacts Social distances are very important to help slow the spread of coronavirus and this has been recommended by CDC as well as food safety authorities to keep a space of 2 meters (6.5 feet) at least. It is critically important for food handlers to limit the person to person contact/proximity during operations hours and food preparations inside the kitchen or food preparation areas to prevent the risks of viruses. Walking or crossing someone is unlikely to constitute “close contact.” Appropriate Use of Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) The food handlers and staff workers that handle raw food items such as chicken, milk and fresh vegetables and working in kitchen or food preparation areas should use appropriate protective clothing, gloves, masks, hairnets, and should wash their hands frequently, to avoid touching their face, mouth, eyes, and nose to avoid the spread of coronavirus. The employees should not shake hands among each other and with others during working and during shift changes. Single-use gloves, disposable aprons, hairnets, shoe covers should be disposed of properly once these become damaged or soiled . Safe Use of Common Tools Common tools like mops, brooms, rakes, scrapers, or hand tools should be sanitized after each use, especially between two separate users. The handheld temp probes should also sanitize before and end of each task. The business should provide personal pens and order taking pads separately to order takers, other staff should sanitize their pens at least once per shift. Common use computers, tablets or touch screens should also be sanitized between users. Safe Shift Changing, Locker Rooms, On the Job Coaching/Training Sessions and Employee Clock in/Outs Avoid gathering and crowd during shift changes and breaks and if possible, reduce the time to a minimum for change shifts/handovers and stop additional breaks, e.g., tea breaks. Identify individuals that do not need to come into restaurant restrooms and do not need to be using the same resources as the larger number of employees. Divide all teams into smaller groups and isolate them to separate bathrooms and break areas as possible. Prefer to use text/what up messages, chats, free conference calling or phone calls during shift changes to prevent face-to-face contact and to bring teams together remotely. Avoid touching or kept to minimum non-selected uniform clothing and hangers in lockers. Place the now empty hanger on a different rack to avoid the hanger touching clean uniforms and from other employees handling the previously touched hanger Employees should also avoid touching clock in and out machines or provide additional sanitizer near the machine. The supervisors should make use of a camera from another room to clock employees in/out or preferably should handle by entering on registers or attendance sheets. The employees should avoid gathering and crowd during on the job coaching and training sessions and should advise the team to at least keep 2 meters (6.5 feet) distance . Keeping customers safe The health and wellbeing of customers are the top priority for the businesses. As the situation develops, dine-in sections are closed and only online ordering, take away and even contactless deliveries are encouraged. To keep the business on track and customers safe it is now necessary for business operators to reach out to customers through websites and apps. In addition, food service business should follow the following instruction to keep customers safe from coronavirus [11, 12]. - Increase the number of hand-sanitizer dispensers at entrances and in the waiting areas of their restaurants. - Always sanitize and disinfect trays, dining room tables and chairs after each use. - Increase the frequency of cleaning and sanitizing high-touch surfaces such as doors, kiosks, touch screens, restrooms and more. - Take customer orders by phone or in person. - Manage the crown and urge the customers to maintain social distance during peak hours. It is better to put the signs. - Employees must fill all beverages. No self-service beverages or customer refills. - Say customers not to share food, drink or utensils particularly in the current situation. - Give single-use items like napkins and condiments directly to the customer instead of putting them in a self-service area. - Provide wrapped products to customers. - Avid handling money and Banknotes, which may be spreading the new coronavirus, encourage using contactless payments if possible. If food workers must handle money, it is important to wash hands afterward and always before handling food. - Follow HSE guidance on social distancing when picking up deliveries and passing deliveries to customers. - Sanitize hands before and after each delivery transaction Temperature monitoring and screening The retail and food services sector should encourage their staff to implement temperature monitoring and screening by trained personnel by using calibrated thermometer guns and non-contact or forehead infrared thermometers during the start of each shift and then every 4 hours during their job. In most adults, Fever is if the temperature is 100.4°F/38°C or higher. The businesses should review and revise sick leave policies as needed to support their staff to ensure they can take time off if they get ill or need to take care of a sick family member. They should have enough time to fully recover from COVID-19. This may be up to 14 days. Food service operators and food handlers who are possibly sick with the symptoms matching COVID-19 should stay home. All those employees with family members or caregivers with symptoms matching COVID-19 should also stay home until full recovery. Staff and managers with coughing, shortness of breath, fever, or other symptoms of illness should not return to work until they are symptom-free. Any food handler who is running a fever, cough or exhibits other abnormal symptoms, staff and managers should help them to contact medical services. Those who refuse to have their temperature check should report to management to stop or remove him/her from work to save other staff members. The team who come to work ill or become ill while at work should send back home immediately to minimize the risk of contamination to food, customers and other food handlers and staff members. If any food worker has tested positive for COVID-19, the food businesses should report to the health care department and follow their advice . All listed author(s) are thankful to their representative universities/institutes for providing the related support to compile this work. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The listed author(s) declare no conflict of interest in any capacity, including competing or financial. All listed author(s) have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. AVAILABILITY OF DATA - Bilal M, Nazir MS, Parra-Saldivar R, Iqbal HM. 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 – Approaches to viral vaccine development and preventive measures. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2020;14(1):25-29. Article 6146. - Iqbal HMN, Romero-Castillo KD, Bilal M, Parra-Saldivar R. The Emergence of Novel-Coronavirus and its Replication Cycle -An Overview. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2020;14(1):13-16. Article 6146. - Handwashing: A Healthy Habit in the Kitchen. Available online at: https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/handwashing-kitchen.html [Last accessed: 6 April 6, 2020]. - 3 tips to ensure clean and sanitary food-contact surfaces. Available online at: https://www.restaurant.org/Articles/Operations/3-tips-sanitary-food-contact-surfaces. [Last accessed: 6 April 6, 2020]. - Sapers GM. Efficacy of washing and sanitizing methods for disinfection of fresh fruit and vegetable products. Food Technology and Biotechnology. 2001;39(4). Publication #127846 - Suslow T.. Chlorination in the production and postharvest handling of fresh fruits and vegetables. Fruit and Vegetable Processing. 2000;Chapter 6:2-15. - Fraser AM, Pascall MA. Cleaning and sanitization of food-contact surfaces in retail/food service establishments. 2010. Available online at:http://www.foodsafetymagazine.com. [Last accessed: 6 April 6, 2020]. - https://www.fda.gov/media/110822/download. [Last accessed: 6 April 6, 2020]. - https://www.fsai.ie/faq/coronavirus.html. [Last accessed: 6 April 6, 2020]. - Coronavirus resources for our industry. Available online at: https://affifoodsafety.org/coronavirus/ [Last accessed: 6 April 6, 2020]. - https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2020/03/10/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-dining-out-in-the-age-of-coronavirus/ [Last accessed: 6 April 6, 2020]. - https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/02/exclusive-dirty-banknotes-may-spreading-coronavirus-world-health/?subId3=xid:fr1585602517573ccb). [Last accessed: 6 April 6, 2020]. - COVID-19: Hotels conduct temperature screenings of guests, staff, ramp up safety measures. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/covid-19-hotels-conduct-temperature-screenings-of-guests-staff-ramp-up-safety-measures/articleshow/74587219.cms?from=mdr [Last accessed: 6 April 6, 2020]. Share This Article © The Author(s) 2020. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Traveling salesman problems Author: Jessica Yu (ChE 345 Spring 2014) Steward: Dajun Yue, Fengqi You The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is a widely studied combinatorial optimization problem, which, given a set of cities and a cost to travel from one city to another, seeks to identify the tour that will allow a salesman to visit each city only once, starting and ending in the same city, at the minimum cost.1 File:48StatesTSP.png|frame|Solution to 48 States Traveling Salesman Problem The origins of the traveling salesman problem are obscure; it is mentioned in an 1832 manual for traveling salesman, which included example tours of 45 German cities but gave no mathematical consideration.2 W. R. Hamilton and Thomas Kirkman devised mathematical formulations of the problem in the 1800s.2 It is believed that the general form was first studied by Karl Menger in Vienna and Harvard in the 1930s.2,3 Hassler Whitney, who was working on his Ph.D. research at Harvard when Menger was a visiting lecturer, is believed to have posed the problem of finding the shortest route between the 48 states of the United States during either his 1931-1932 or 1934 seminar talks.2 There is also uncertainty surrounding the individual who coined the name “traveling salesman problem” for Whitney’s problem.2 The problem became increasingly popular in the 1950s and 1960s. Notably, George Dantzig, Delber R. Fulkerson, and Selmer M. Johnson at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California solved the 48 state problem by formulating it as a linear programming problem.2 The methods described in the paper set the foundation for future work in combinatorial optimization, especially highlighting the importance of cutting planes.2,4 In the early 1970s, the concept of P vs. NP problems created buzz in the theoretical computer science community. In 1972, Richard Karp demonstrated that the Hamiltonian cycle problem was NP-complete, implying that the traveling salesman problem was NP-hard.4 Increasingly sophisticated codes led to rapid increases in the sizes of the traveling salesman problems solved. Dantzig, Fulkerson, and Johnson had solved a 48 city instance of the problem in 1954.5 Martin Grötechel more than doubled this 23 years later, solving a 120 city instance in 1977.5 Enoch Crowder and Manfred W. Padberg again more than doubled this in just 3 years, with a 318 city solution.5 In 1987, rapid improvements were made, culminating in a 2,392 city solution by Padberg and Giovanni Rinaldi. In the following two decades, David L. Appelgate, Robert E. Bixby, Vasek Chvátal, & William J. Cook led the cutting edge, solving a 7,397 city instance in 1994 up to the current largest solved problem of 24,978 cities in 2004.5 Let be a directed or undirected graph with set of vertices and set of edges .3,6 Each edge is assigned a cost . Let be the set of all Hamiltonian cycles, a cycle that visits each vertex exactly once, in .6 The traveling salesman problem is to find the tour such that the sum of the costs in the tour is minimized. Suppose graph is a complete graph, where every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a unique edge.6 Let the set of vertices be . The cost matrix is given by where the cost of the edge joining node to node , denoted , is given in entry . In the context of the traveling salesman problem, the verticies correspond to cities and the edges correspond to the path between those cities. When modeled as a complete graph, paths that do not exist between cities can be modeled as edges of very large cost without loss of generality.6 Minimizing the sum of the costs for Hamiltonian cycle is equivalent to identifying the shortest path in which each city is visiting only once. Classifications of the TSP The TRP can be divided into two classes depending on the nature of the cost matrix.3,6 - Symmetric traveling salesman problem (sTSP) - is symmetric () - is undirected - Applies when the distance between cities is the same in both directions - Asymmetric traveling salesman problem (aTSP) - is asymmetric () - is directed - Applies when there are differences in distances (e.g. one-way streets) An ATSP can be formulated as an STSP by doubling the number of nodes.6 Variations of the TSP - MAX TSP - Rather than minimizing the tour cost, the MAX TSP seeks to identify a tour in which the total cost of edges is maximimum.6 The MAX TSP can be refomulated as a TSP by replacing each edge cost with its addivitive inverse.6 - Bottleneck TSP - Objective is to locate a tour with the minimum cost for the edge with the largest cost, which can be reformulated as a TSP with exponentially large edge costs.6 - TSP with mutiple visits (TSPM) - A relaxation of the TSP problem, the TSPM attempts to route a salesman such that each node is visited at least once and the total travel distance is minimized.6 Reformulations into a TSP involves replacing edge costs with the shortest path distance.6 - Messenger problem - Also known as the wandering salesman problem, this problem seeeks to find the Hamiltonian path of least cost from specified node to node in .6 The TSP reformulations incorporates a large negative cost for the edge . - Clustered TSP - The set of vertices in are parititioned into clusters .6 The objective is to identify the least cost tour such that cities within the same cluster must all be visited before moving to the next cluster.6 This can be reformualted by adding a large cost to each edge between clusters.6 - Generalized TSP (GTSP) - Given a set of clusters , the GTSP seeks to find the shortest cycle that passes through exactly one node in each cluster .6 The GTSP reduces to a TSP if .6 The GTSP can be solved as a TSP by modifying the cost matrix.6 - -salesmen TSP - Given salesmen located at a node , minimize the total distance traveled by each salesman where each visits every node in a subset of exactly once before returning to node .6 Given a set of cities enumerated to be visited with the distance between each pair of cities and is given by .1 Introduce decision variables for each such that The objective function is then given by To ensure that the result is a valid tour, several contraints must be added.1,3 - Go-to constraints - After visiting a city , the salesman must visit only one city next: - Come-from constraints - When visiting a city, the salesman must have come from only one city: - Subtour elimination - Ensure that a tour is fully connected, i.e. no subtours - where is the set of all tours of There are several other formulations for the subtour elimnation contraint, including circuit packing contraints, MTZ constraints, and network flow constraints. aTSP ILP Formulation The integer linear programming formulation for an aTSP is given by sTSP ILP Formulation The symmetric case is a special case of the asymmetric case and the above formulation is valid.3, 6 The integer linear programming formulation for an sTSP is given by The most direct solution algorithm is a complete enumeration of all possible path to determine the path of least cost. However, for cities, the problem is time, and this method is practical only for extremely small values of . Branch-and-bound algorithms are commonly used to find solutions for TSPs.7 The ILP is first relaxed and solved as an LP using the Simplex method, then feasibility is regained by enumeration of the integer variables.7 Other exact solution methods include the cutting plane method and branch-and-cut.8 Given that the TSP is an NP-hard problem, heuristic algorithms are commonly used to give a approximate solutions that are good, though not necessarily optimal. The algorithms do not guarantee an optimal solution, but gives near-optimal solutions in reasonable computational time.3 The Held-Karp lower bound can be calculated and used to judge the performance of a heuristic algorithm.3 There are two general heuristic classifications7: - Tour construction procedures where a solution is gradually built by adding a new vertex at each step - Tour improvement procedures where a feasbile solution is improved upon by performing various exchanges The best methods tend to be composite algorithms that combine these features.7 Tour construction procedures - Nearest neighbor - The nearest neighbor algorithm follows a simple greedy procedure where the next city on a tour is simply the nearest city that has not yet been visited.8 This approach generally gives a tour within 25% of the Held-Karp lower bound.3 - A tour is constructed by repeatedly selecting the shortest edge that does not create a subtour, resulting in tours within 15-20% of the Held-Harp lower bound.3 - Insertion algorithms start with an arbitrary subset of cities and then select a new city that is not yet on the tour.3, 8 This city is inserted into the tour between two consecutive cities and such that the increase to the length of the tour (insertion cost) given by is minimized.8 Tour improvement procedures - 2-opt and 3-opt - Either two (2-opt) or three (3-opt) edges are randomly removed from a tour and reconnected in such a way that the tour is still feasible.3 This continues until no further improvements can be made. The 2-opt and 3-opt moves usually result in tours that are about 5% and 3% above the Held-Karp bound, respectively.3 - The k-opt move is the generalized case of the 2-opt and 3-opt methods that requires more computatinal time.3 A local optimum called the k-optimal is found by moving a tour to its best neighbor until no further improvements can be made, where a neighbor of a tour is one that can be obtained by deleting edges in and replacing them with another set of feasible edges.8 - Tabu search - A 2-opt exchange mechanism that keeps a tabu list in order to prevent cycling and getting stuck in local minima.3,7 - Simulated annealing - Analogous to material annealing, where at high temperature many possible states are reached by the system but as the system cools, the number of possibilities decreases.7 In the beginning, a high value of allows for a large number of moves. The number of moves decreasess with until a local minima is reached. The importance of the traveling salesman problem is two fold. First its ubiquity as a platform for the study of general methods than can then be applied to a variety of other discrete optimization problems.5 Second is its diverse range of applications, in fields including mathematics, computer science, genetics, and engineering.5,6 - Drilling of printed circuit boards - Consider a printed circuit board, where holes must be drilled in order to connect a conductor on one layer to that on another layer.3 These holes may be different sizes and, in order to drill two holes of different sizes consecutively, the head of the machine must perform a time-consuming drill equipment change.3 The process is then select a diameter, drill all the holes of that diameter, change to a different diameter, and repeat until complete.3 This problem can be seen as a series of TSPs, one for each diameter, where the nodes are the locations of the holes, the edges are the time required to move the drill head from one hole to the next, and the objective is to minimize machine head travel time.3 - Job sequencing - Consider jobs that must be completed in order on a single machine and a setup time for executing job immediately after job .7 This problem can be formulated as a TSP where the nodes are jobs, the edges are the setup times, and the objective is to minimize the time required to complete all the jobs.7 - Computer wiring - Consider a computer board on which a set of pins must be connected such that no more than two wires are attached to each pin.3 This simplifies to solving the TSP with the pins as nodes, the distance between the pins as edges, and the minimum length of wire as the objective.3 - Consider an experiment in which a large number of X-ray crystallography measurements must be taken, where each requires the sample to be mounted and the detector to be positioned approprirately.7 Describing the time it takes to move the detector to a certain position as the cost, solving a TSP with the positions as nodes can identify the order to measurements needed to complete the experiment in the shortest time.7 - Vanderbei, R. J. (2001). Linear programming: Foundations and extensions (2nd ed.). Boston: Kluwer Academic. - Schrijver, A. (n.d.). On the history of combinatorial optimization (till 1960). - Matai, R., Singh, S., & Lal, M. (2010). Traveling salesman problem: An overview of applications, formulations, and solution approaches. In D. Davendra (Ed.), Traveling Salesman Problem, Theory and Applications. InTech. - Junger, M., Liebling, T., Naddef, D., Nemhauser, G., Pulleyblank, W., Reinelt, G., Rinaldi, G., & Wolsey, L. (Eds.). (2009). 50 years of integer programming, 1958-2008: The early years and state-of-the-art surveys. Heidelberg: Springer. - Cook, W. (2007). History of the TSP. The Traveling Salesman Problem. Retrieved from http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/tsp/history/index.htm - Punnen, A. P. (2002). The traveling salesman problem: Applications, formulations and variations. In G. Gutin & A. P. Punnen (Eds.), The Traveling Salesman Problem and its Variations. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. - Laporte, G. (1992). The traveling salesman problem: An overview of exact and approximate algorithms. European Journal of Operational Research, 59(2), 231–247. - Goyal, S. (n.d.). A suvey on travlling salesman problem.

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School transmutation [air]; Level druid 5 Casting Time 1 standard action Components V, S Range 40 ft./level Area 40 ft./level radius cylinder 40 ft. high Duration 10 min./level You alter wind force in the area surrounding you. You can make the wind blow in a certain direction or manner, increase its strength, or decrease its strength. The new wind direction and strength persist until the spell ends or until you choose to alter your handiwork, which requires concentration. You may create an "eye" of calm air up to 80 feet in diameter at the center of the area if you so desire, and you may choose to limit the area to any cylindrical area less than your full limit. Wind Direction: You may choose one of four basic wind patterns to function over the spell's area. Wind Strength: For every three caster levels, you can increase or decrease wind strength by one level. Each round on your turn, a creature in the wind must make a Fortitude save or suffer the effect of being in the windy area. See Environment for more details. Strong winds (21+ mph) make sailing difficult. A severe wind (31+ mph) causes minor ship and building damage. A windstorm (51+ mph) drives most flying creatures from the skies, uproots small trees, knocks down light wooden structures, tears off roofs, and endangers ships. Hurricane force winds (75+ mph) destroy wooden buildings, uproot large trees, and cause most ships to founder. A tornado (175+ mph) destroys all nonfortified buildings and often uproots large trees.

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The medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) has been identified as a hub for spatial information processing by the discovery of grid, border, and head-direction cells. Here we find that in addition to these well-characterized classes, nearly all of the remaining two-thirds of mEC cells can be categorized as spatially selective. We refer to these cells as nongrid spatial cells and confirmed that their spatial firing patterns were unrelated to running speed and highly reproducible within the same environment. However, in response to manipulations of environmental features, such as box shape or box color, nongrid spatial cells completely reorganized their spatial firing patterns. At the same time, grid cells retained their spatial alignment and predominantly responded with redistributed firing rates across their grid fields. Thus, mEC contains a joint representation of both spatial and environmental feature content, with specialized cell types showing different types of integrated coding of multimodal information. Keywords: border cells; entorhinal cortex; grid cells; hippocampus; memory; nongrid cells; place cell; remapping; spatial navigation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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It is crucial to know that sleeping is essential for your health and interestingly, it is equally important as eating and exercising. Sadly, there are some factors that impair our natural sleeping patterns and these days, people do not sleep well as before. Below are some importance of sleep to the body - Body weight reduction People who do not sleep properly are likely to gain more weight than their counterparts. Besides, poor sleeping habits is one of the most profound risk factors for obesity. If you are looking forward to losing weight and fast, you need to sleep more often. - Fewer calories Our bodies do not need much calories and this is one of the benefits of sleeping well. People who struggle with sleep-related disorders like insomnia, are likely to store more calories in their bodies. The reason is because, sleep deprivation affects the normal functioning of the appetite hormones, and this causes poor appetite regulation. - Improved productivity and concentration If you want your brain to function well, you need to sleep well. You must have found out that, one of the reasons why you found it hard to perform well when you are stressed, is because you’ve not relaxed. If you want to enhance your concentration and productivity, you need to sleep more often. Sleep deprivation adversely affects some parts of the brain, and to revert this, you don’t need any medication or food. All you need is to sleep. - Better immune system function Do you know that sleep deprivation causes your immune system to decline? Various studies have pointed to the fact that, people who sleep more are likely to have stronger immune systems than those who don’t. - Better social interactions and emotions If you are looking forward to improving your social interactions and your emotional health, you need to get enough sleep. If you have a better emotional health, you will be able to recognize various emotions like anger, sadness and the likes. And you will be able to help yourself.

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The knowledge of distilling was discovered somewhere in Asia around 800 BC. Initially the technique was only used to make perfume, but there is evidence that the Chinese also distilled liquor from rice at this time. It is unclear exactly how the knowledge of distillation found its way to the British Isles, but we know that the craft was brought to Europe by the Moors. What most likely happened then was that the knowledge spread through Europe’s monasteries. A common theory is that it was St. Patrick, the Patron Saint of Ireland, who brought the art with him when he came to Ireland as a Christian Missionary in 432AD. In any event, the knowledge at some point came to the Celts who used it to make their Uisge Beatha, which is Gaelic for ‘water of life’. We have the Celts to thank for the word ‘whisky’ at least, since ‘whisky’ can be derived from the Gaelic word ‘Uisge’. The year 1494 is a milestone in the history of whisky; in the Exchequer Rolls of that year is recorded a purchase of ‘eight bolls of malt to Friar John Cor wherewith to make aqua vitae’. This is the first written proof of whisky production in Scotland. As with many other crafts the knowledge of distilling soon spread outside of the monasteries, and eventually the ‘water of life’ came to be produced on almost every farm in Scotland. This widespread household production was to continue until the 1820s when the Excise Act was passed and local government started to come down harder on illicit distilleries. Whisky back in the sixteenth century tasted very different from the drink we enjoy today. At that time whisky was consumed very young and had a brutal, raw taste. The discovery that whisky improves and mellows if it is allowed to mature was not made until the mid eighteenth century. As with many other breakthroughs the discovery was made by accident; an old forgotten cask was found, and the lucky owner realised that the whisky had in fact not been destroyed but instead tasted better than ever. The Act of Union in 1707 united the parliaments of Scotland and England. The treaty was the result of political and economic factors which all indicated that a union would be mutually beneficial. The government naturally wished to expand the treaty and the turn eventually came to malt. After a violent period with many riots with deadly outcomes an equivalent to the English Malt Tax was finally applied in 1725. This was the start of an era filled with illicit distilleries, smuggling and roving Excisemen. In the beginning of the nineteenth century more than every other bottle of whisky in Scotland was illegally produced. The following years saw a large number of tax raises, the introduction of different duties for different distilleries and other license regulations. Crime and violence was common and the administration of all the regulations eventually became unmanageable. In the 1820s the government had had enough and passed the Excise Act which made clear exactly what kind of production was legal and what was not. Another act was also passed that substantially increased the penalties for smuggling. The new acts had the desired results and illicit distilling and smuggling was greatly reduced in only a few years. In 1831 a former Inspector General of Excise in Ireland, Aeneas Coffey, invented a twin-column version of the patent still. This improved technique in continuous distillation lowered production costs and allowed simultaneous use of malted and unmalted barley together with other kinds of corn. The Irish never liked the idea but Coffey managed to introduce it in Scotland. In just a few decades, the Irish standpoint would make them loose the dominance over the whisky industry; the Coffey Still could produce great quantities compared to the traditional stills but produced an inferior product. The solution to this problem was to blend the spirit from the Coffey Still with whisky from traditional stills. Andrew Usher introduced this idea in 1852, and the blending trade was born. Because of the immediate success of blended whisky, the Scottish volumes soon far exceeded the Irish. This advantage in volume soon became important; at about the same time as the introduction of blended whisky the American vine louse Phylloxera vastatrix came to France. The pest rapidly spread and reached the Cognac region by the 1880s. The louse all but destroyed the entire brandy industry and the blended whisky was readily accepted as an alternative. By the time the French vineyards had recovered, whisky had ceased to be ‘only an alternative’ and was firmly established at the top. Whisky started out as a product for the British market in the 1820s, but today it has become a drink that is appreciated and loved around the world. Much of this incredible development is the result of the introduction of blended whisky; even today approximately 90 percent of all whisky that is produced in Scotland is used in blended whisky. However the interest of single malt whisky has increased in recent years and this development is likely to continue.

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A keyboard typically incorporates keys for particular person letters, numbers and special characters, as well as keys for particular features. A keyboard is linked to a computer system utilizing a cable or a wi-fi connection. Keyboards used within the People’s Republic of China are normal or slightly modified English US ones with out further labelling, whereas various IMEs are employed to input Chinese characters. The most typical IMEs are Hanyu pinyin-based, representing the pronunciation of characters using Latin letters. However, keyboards with labels for different structural input strategies such as Wubi method can also be discovered, although these are often very old products and are extremely rare, as of 2015. For example, the “ISO” keyboard format is used all through Europe, however typical French, German, and UK variants of bodily equivalent keyboards appear totally different as a result of they bear completely different legends on their keys. Even clean keyboards – with no legends – are generally used to be taught typing skills or by user preference. Chinese keyboards are often in US structure with/without Chinese input methodology labels printed on keys. Without an input technique handler activated, these keyboards would simply reply to Latin characters as bodily labelled, supplied that the US keyboard structure is chosen accurately within the working system. Most modern input methods permit input of each simplified and traditional characters, and will merely default to one or the other primarily based on the locale setting. Bulgarian Phonetic Keyboard Structure Handheld keyboards enable the consumer the flexibility to maneuver round a room or to lean again on a chair whereas additionally being able to sort in entrance or away from the pc. Some variations of handheld ergonomic keyboards also embody a trackball mouse that allow mouse motion and typing included in a single handheld gadget. The typing keys include the letters of the alphabet, generally laid out in the same pattern used for typewriters. According to legend, this format, known as QWERTY for its first six letters, helped maintain mechanical typewriters’ metallic arms from colliding and jamming as folks typed. Some folks question this story — whether or not it’s true or not, the QWERTY pattern had lengthy been a standard by the time computer keyboards came round. If you could have a regular English keyboard but need to use particular characters from a unique language, most software used for writing textual content incorporates utilities to import those characters. A computer keyboard is an input system used to enter characters and functions into the pc system by urgent buttons, or keys. High Ten Computer Keyboard Shortcut Keys The ASCII communications code was designed in order that characters on a mechanical teletypewriter keyboard could possibly be specified by a manner somewhat resembling that of a manual typewriter. This was imperfect, as some shifted particular characters had been moved one key to the left, as the quantity zero, though on the best, was low in code sequence. Later, when computer terminals have been designed from cheaper digital elements, it wasn’t essential to have any bits in widespread between the shifted and unshifted characters on a given key. This finally led to standards being adopted for the “bit-pairing” and “typewriter-pairing” types of keyboards for computer terminals. Software keyboards or on-display keyboards typically take the form of computer programs that display a picture of a keyboard on the display screen. Another input gadget corresponding to a mouse or a touchscreen can be utilized to function every virtual key to enter textual content. Software keyboards have become very fashionable in touchscreen enabled cell phones, as a result of further cost and house necessities of other types of hardware keyboards. The Canadian Aboriginal syllabics could be discovered within the Capslock and AltGr shift states in both layouts as nicely. The Bhutanese Standard for a Dzongkha keyboard structure standardizes the layout for typing Dzongkha, and different languages utilizing the Tibetan script, in Bhutan. This commonplace format was formulated by the Dzongkha Development Commission and Department of Information Technology in Bhutan. The Dzongkha keyboard format may be very simple to study as the key sequence basically follows the order of letters in the Dzongkha and Tibetan alphabet. Some different layouts have also been designed specifically for use with cellular devices. Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and a few sorts of Linux embody on-screen keyboards that may be controlled with the mouse. In software keyboards, the mouse needs to be maneuvered onto the on-display letters given by the software program. On the press of a letter, the software program writes the respective letter on the respective spot. The visible layout includes the symbols printed on the physical keycaps. Visual layouts range by language, country, and consumer choice, and anyone bodily and functional layout may be employed with a variety of different visible layouts. The FITALY structure is optimised to be used with a stylus by putting probably the most generally used letters closest to the centre and thus minimising the gap travelled when coming into phrases. A comparable idea was adopted to analysis and develop the MessagEase keyboard structure for quick text entry with stylus or finger. The ATOMIK layout, designed for stylus use, was developed by IBM using the Metropolis Algorithm to mathematically minimize the motion essential to spell words in English. The ATOMIK keyboard format is a substitute for QWERTY in ShapeWriter’s WritingPad software program. ASETNIOP is a keyboard layout designed for pill computer systems that makes use of 10 enter points, eight of them on the home row. - The most widely used structure within the English language is known as QWERTY, named after the sequence of the primary six letters from the top left. - The individual keys for letters, numbers and particular characters are collectively known as the character keys. - The layout of those keys is derived from the original layout of keys on a typewriter. - A keyboard is a transportable wired or wi-fi digital device that accommodates all of the alphabets, numerics, symbols and special characters, which is used for entering enter data right into a laptop/ desktop computer system. The orthography used for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (“CJK characters”) require particular input strategies, because of the thousands of attainable characters in these languages. Various strategies have been invented to fit every chance into a QWERTY keyboard, so East Asian keyboards are essentially the same as those in different international locations. However, their input methods are significantly more complex, with out one-to-one mappings between keys and characters. Inuktitut has two comparable, although not identical, generally out there keyboard layouts for Windows. Both contain a fundamental Latin structure in its base and shift states, with a couple of Latin characters within the AltGr shift states.

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8 Interesting Things You Never Knew About Cats Teeth You may be well aware that your cat’s breath smells like cat food, but are you really familiar with what’s going on with her teeth? The inside of a cat’s mouth is a mystery to many pet owners (seriously, how often do you take a look in there?), but keeping up-to-date on your kitty’s dental situation is key to maintaining her overall health and wellness. When it comes to health matters the best defence is a good offence, so read on to begin your feline dental education. 1. Human teeth and cat teeth have some similarities. While cats’ teeth look quite different from humans’ pearly whites, both humans and cats are diphyodont animals. This means that we have two successive sets of teeth. The first set—the deciduous or baby teeth—fall out when we’re young. Then, a permanent set comes in. However, cats’ dental timeline is a bit more accelerated than humans’. “Cats are born without teeth, but their baby teeth start coming in when they’re about 2 weeks old,” describes Dr. Dan Carmichael, a board-certified veterinary dentist at NYC’s Animal Medical Center. “Then, the baby teeth start falling out at around four months to make room for the permanent teeth.” If properly cared for, a cat’s permanent teeth should last into his old age. BONUS FACT: Cats have 26 baby teeth and 30 permanent teeth. For comparison, humans have 20 baby teeth and 32 permanent teeth. Dogs have 28 baby teeth and 42 permanent teeth. 2. Cat teeth are optimised for hunting. “The crown shapes of cat teeth reflect the function of a true carnivore,” says Dr. Alexander Reiter, associate professor of dentistry and oral surgery and clinician educator at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine in Philadelphia. “There are no particular teeth for grinding; they are all for seizing prey and cutting and tearing flesh. Additionally, the groove on the labial surface of the canine teeth (the fangs) of cats has been referred to as a ‘bleeding groove,’ an adaptation of carnivore teeth, which is thought to allow prey to bleed around the tooth.” 3. Different teeth serve different functions. A cat’s incisors—those tiny teeth set between the canines in the front of cats’ mouths—aren’t of much use when hunting. They are good, however, for grooming. “They’re very helpful if a cat has to nibble at something,” Carmichael notes. Reiter adds that some cats use their incisors to chew on their claws and remove loose pieces of their nails, as well as “scratch” itches. 4. Cats don’t get cavities. Well, they don’t get cavities in the sense that humans or dogs get cavities, which can also be referred to as “caries.” This is due to the shape of their teeth. “Unlike humans and dogs, cats do not have occlusal tables [horizontal surfaces] on their molars; thus, they do not develop true carious lesions,” Reiter says. The sugar-eating bacteria that cause caries thrives on the pits and divots typically found in occlusal tables, which are meant for grinding food. As carnivores, cats’ teeth have evolved without such surfaces, making them much less susceptible to cavities. 5. However, cats can have other dental issues. Like humans, cats can develop periodontal disease (a condition that weakens the structures that support the teeth), as well as oral inflammation and oral cancer. They are also prone to a condition called tooth resorption. This happens when structures within one or more teeth are destroyed and eventually disappear. “This can be quite painful for cats,” Carmichael says. Tooth resorption can be difficult to diagnose, as symptoms range from an actual hole in the tooth to a little red dot at the gum line. If a vet diagnoses tooth resorption, he or she will likely extract the tooth. 6. Cats rarely show dental pain. “Cats hide their pain,” Carmichael says. “The most common symptom I see in cats with dental problems is no symptoms at all. It’s up to pet owners and veterinarians to be on top of cats’ dental issues and be proactive when looking for problems.” Remaining diligent involves keeping an eye out for drooling, red gums, and changes in a cat’s eating habits, as well as noting any changes in your cat’s breath. “Oral health issues often have a distinct, rotten odour,” Carmichael says “At its worst, it reminds me of the penguins in the Central Park Zoo—a really fishy rotten smell.” 7. House cats are pretty OK with having teeth removed. If your cat is diagnosed with dental issues that require extraction, don’t be too distressed. Cats can eat wet cat foods (and sometimes even dry!) without some or even all of their teeth and live a long and healthy life. “It's more important to have a healthy and a pain-free mouth than to have a mouth full of teeth,” Carmichael notes. 8. Regular dental visits and tooth brushing will protect your kitty’s dental health. Both Reiter and Carmichael tout the benefits of daily tooth brushing for cats. Like people, it prevents the buildup of bacteria that cause many dental issues. “Also, cat owners should always ask that an oral examination be performed during annual wellness visits,” Reiter notes. Carmichael adds that pet owners who are seeking dental care for their pets should actively search for veterinarians who have all the necessary equipment to diagnose dental issues on hand. “It is imperative that you visit a veterinarian who uses dental X-rays to diagnose and perform dental treatments. Vets have to know what’s going on under the gum line to properly plan procedures.” Veterinary dentists are available for the really tough cases.

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The qualities of cunning, disguise, and self-restraint are closely related in The Odyssey – in some ways, they're sides of the same coin. Odysseus is cunning, or clever, in many instances throughout his journey; one needs cleverness in order to survive in this ancient world of gods and monsters. As part of his cunning, Odysseus often disguises his identity – sometimes in order to survive a dangerous trial, as when he claims to be called Nobody in the cave of the Cyclops Polyphemus, and sometimes in order to achieve a goal, as when he assumes the appearance of a beggar upon his return to Ithaca (he also disguises himself as a beggar as part of a military maneuver in Troy: both disguises ultimately bring him glory). "The man of twists and turns" is like Proteus, who escapes his captors by changing shapes. Odysseus is also cunning in his capacity to separate his feelings from his actions. A "cunning tactician," he often chooses his actions based on previously formed plans rather than on present feelings. When Odysseus watches the Cyclops eat his companions, he does not charge at the Cyclops in blind rage and grief: he suppresses his grief and formulates a plan that allows him to escape with at least part of his crew. Just like in his encounter with the suitors in the second half of the book, he postpones the revenge he craves. Odysseus's self-restraint is symbolized in his encounter with the Sirens: he asks his men to tie him to the mast in order to survive. Similarly, Odysseus's many disguises are emblematic of his self-restraint: disguise separates the inside from the outside, just as self-restraint separates feeling from action. Penelope and Telemachus are also cunning in their own ways, and their cunning, too, is connected to self-restraint; and Odysseus's crew often meets with disaster because of a lack of self-restraint, as when they slaughter the Cattle of the Sun, or when they eat Circe's poisoned meal. The characters of the Odyssey need cunning, disguise, and self-restraint to survive the trials of the gods and achieve glory. Cunning, Disguise, and Self-Restraint ThemeTracker Cunning, Disguise, and Self-Restraint Quotes in The Odyssey The gods don't hand out all their gifts at once, not build and brains and flowing speech to all. One man may fail to impress us with his looks but a god can crown his words with beauty, charm, and men look on with delight when he speaks out. Never faltering, filled with winning self-control, he shines forth at assembly grounds and people gaze at him like a god when he walks through the streets. Another man may look like a deathless one on high but there's not a bit of grace to crown his words. Calypso the lustrous goddess tried to hold me back, deep in her arching caverns, craving me for a husband. So did Circe, holding me just as warmly in her halls, the bewitching queen of Aeaea keen to have me too. But they never won the heart inside me, never. So nothing is as sweet as a man's own country. Since we've chanced on you, we're at your knees in hopes of a warm welcome, even a guest-gift, the sort that hosts give strangers. That's the custom. Respect the gods, my friend. We're suppliants – at your mercy! Zeus of the Strangers guards all guests and suppliants: strangers are sacred – Zeus will avenge their rights! Even so, you and your crew may still reach home, suffering all the way, if you only have the power to curb their wild desire and curb your own. I tell you this – bear it in mind, you must – when you reach your homeland steer your ship into port in secret, never out in the open… the time for trusting women's gone forever! Any man – any god who met you – would have to be some champion lying cheat to get past you for all-round craft and guile! You terrible man, foxy, ingenious, never tired of twists and tricks – so, not even here, on native soil, would you give up those wily tales that warm the cockles of your heart! Would I were young as you, to match my spirit now, or I were the son of great Odysseus, or the king himself returned from all his roving – there's still room for hope! Then let some foreigner lop my head off if I failed to march right into Odysseus's royal halls and kill them all. And what if I went down, crushed by their numbers – I, fighting alone? I'd rather die, cut down in my own house than have to look on at their outrage day by day. Odysseus was torn… Should he wheel with his staff and beat the scoundrel senseless? – or hoist him by the midriff, split his skull on the rocks? He steeled himself instead, his mind in full control. Like an expert singer skilled at lyre and song – who strains a string to a new peg with ease, making the pliant sheep-gut fast at either end – so with his virtuoso ease Odysseus strung his mighty bow. What good sense resided in your Penelope – how well Icarius's daughter remembered you, Odysseus, the man she married once! The fame of her great virtue will never die. The immortal gods will lift a song for all mankind, a glorious song in praise of self-possessed Penelope.

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Language Change on the Dutch Frisian Island of Ameland Linguistic and sociolinguistic findings This book describes the role of social and socio-psychological factors in the process of dialect levelling. The political history of the Frisian Islands which have changed hands between Holland and Friesland in the course of history is still visible in its language varieties, as the dialects of Ameland and Terschelling are so-called mixed dialects: they contain both Dutch and Frisian elements, where the Dutch comes from the dialect that used to be spoken in the province of Holland. In this thesis, we study the present-day development of the mixed dialect spoken on Ameland. The influence of the surrounding standard languages on the dialects is measured on different linguistic levels, i.e. phonology and morphology. By comparing the dialect competence and obtaining data from three generations of dialect speakers the degrees of language maintenance and language loss will be assessed. The influence of both the Dutch and Frisian standard language is taken into account. One of the central questions is whether horizontal (cross-dialectal) convergence or vertical convergence (towards the Frisian or Dutch standard) is dominant in the levelling process. Do the islanders react against the huge numbers of tourists visiting the island each year? Attitude data will be adduced to focus on the individual language user. The attitudes towards the dialect and the surrounding standard languages may influence the process of dialect change.

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In 2021, human beings will discard an estimated 57.4 million tonnes (approximately 63.3 million U.S. tons) of electronic waste. That waste will outweigh the Great Wall of China, the world’s heaviest human construction. This is why the WEEE Forum is calling for these items to be repaired or recycled instead of discarded. “This year’s focus for International E-Waste Day is the crucial role each of us has in making circularity a reality for e-products,” WEEE Forum Director General Pascal Leroy said in a statement. “This is more important than ever as our Governments go into COP26 to discuss global action to reduce carbon emissions. Every tonne of WEEE recycled avoids around 2 tonnes of CO2 emissions. If we all do the right thing with our e-waste we help to reduce harmful CO2 emissions.” 2021’s mountain of waste didn’t grow out of nowhere. In 2019, humans generated 53.6 million tonnes (approximately 59.1 million tons), up 21 percent from 2014. If nothing changes, that number is supposed to hit 74 million tonnes (approximately 81.6 million tons) by 2030, meaning that e-waste is growing by about three to four percent every year. WEEE Forum attributes this growth to the growing consumption of electronics, smaller periods between new product releases and limited options for repairing broken items. One example of this cycle is the development and marketing of cell phones. “Fast mobile phone development, for example, has led to a market dependency on rapid replacement of older devices,” Leroy told BBC News. In the U.S., around 151 million phones end up in landfills or incinerators every year, which amounts to 416,000 a day, WEEE Forum said. Overall, only 17.4 percent of electronic waste is properly recycled worldwide. This is a major waste both financially and ecologically. “A tonne of discarded mobile phones is richer in gold than a tonne of gold ore,” Dr. Ruediger Kuehr, director of the UN’s Sustainable Cycles (SCYCLE) Programme, said in a statement. “Embedded in 1 million cell phones, for example, are 24 kg of gold, 16,000 kg of copper, 350 kg of silver, and 14 kg of palladium — resources that could be recovered and returned to the production cycle. And if we fail to recycle these materials, new supplies need to be mined, harming the environment.” Recovering these metals from electronic waste would also burn fewer greenhouse gas emissions than mining for new materials. In honor of International E-Waste Day, the WEEE Forum is calling on individuals to do their part by making sure they dispose of their waste correctly. “We hope to raise awareness among citizens of the importance of returning electricals that are no longer functioning or are unused,” Leroy told Australia’s ABC News. “In Europe, one out of seven electricals in the household is sitting in drawers because they are not used or not functioning.” However, industry and policymakers have important roles to play in creating the recycling and repair systems consumers can easily use. “Consumers want to do the right thing but need to be adequately informed and a convenient infrastructure should be easily available to them so that disposing of e-waste correctly becomes the social norm in communities,” Magdalena Charytanowicz of the WEEE Forum said in a statement. Olivia has been writing on the internet for more than five years and has covered social movements for YES! Magazine and ecological themes for Real Life. For her recent master’s in Art and Politics at Goldsmiths, University of London, she completed a creative dissertation imagining sustainable communities surviving in post-climate-change London. She has lived in New York, Vermont, London, and Seattle, but wherever she lives, she likes to go to the greenest place she can find, take long, meandering walks, and write poems about its wildflowers. Follow her on Twitter @orosane.

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Add to Spiritual Diary SWAMI SHANTATMANANDA recounts anecdotes about two key leadership qualities that Swami Vivekananda exhibited all through his life Swami Vivekananda suits the adage,‘Leaders are born and not made’. His leadership qualities were evident even from his boyhood. He was not a leader in the ordinary sense of the term, such as exercising one’s power and position to lord over lesser mortals. He was an extraordinary leader and his concept of leadership was founded on the twin ideals of sacrifice and service. He said, “The national ideals of India are renunciation and service. Intensify her in those channels, and the rest will take care of itself.”All other qualities such as fearlessness, ability to take team members along, leading from the front and enlightened leadership are based on these two principles. Vivekananda exhibited plenty of leadership qualities in his childhood — and all were based on these principles. There is this famous anecdote about Vivekananda: He was setting up a trapeze with his friends and they were unable to lift the heavy beam. A sailor, who was passing by, assisted them to lift the beam and fix the trapeze. The structure collapsed and fell on the sailor’s head, injuring him. While his friends ran away in fear, Narendra Nath Dutta (Vivekananda’s childhood name) fearlessly took up the responsibility of providing first aid to the sailor and accompanied him to the hospital. He then set about collecting money for his treatment. As he grew older, he became more and more established in these two ideals which helped him manifest all other qualities associated with leadership. His spiritual master, Ramakrishna was critically ill with throat cancer and Narendra and other disciples were serving him. Some of them were apprehensive that the disease might be contagious and were slightly guarded in their service, but not Narendra who unflinchingly served his guru in the most trying of circumstances. Vivekananda was emphatic that a leader should be ready to obey if he were to lead others. Ramakrishna once asked him what he really wanted to achieve in his spiritual life. In reply, Narendra said that he wanted to remain absorbed in samadhi continuously, coming out only once in a while to have a morsel of food for sustenance and then again diving deep into samadhi. Ramakrishna was not satisfied with this reply and ticked off his disciple. Why was Narendra thinking only about his own mukti, liberation? Although he was a Dhyana Siddha and meditative life came naturally to him, Narendra then and there abandoned his personal resolve and decided to work for the welfare of humanity. In fact, the rest of his life was totally dedicated to the service of humankind. Vivekananda said, “The real test of a leader lies in holding diverse people together along the lines of their common beliefs. The leader had to be one who could accommodate a thousand minds….” The Ramakrishna Movement initiated by him, in which he brought together both his western and eastern disciples, men and women, sannyasins and householders, culminated in the creation of the Ramakrishna Order, which remains a glorious testimony to this principle. The revered monk placed before the Ramakrishna Mission, the twin objectives of spiritual evolution of the individual as well as working towards the welfare of the world. This again is based on the twin ideals of sacrifice and service. That the Ramakrishna Mission continues to carry out philanthropic activities in educational, medical, rural and tribal welfare stands testimony to his capacity to bring together diverse minds. He was particular that a leader should recognise and acknowledge the fact when his role was complete and step aside, allowing others to take over. He would often say that a big banyan tree would not allow smaller trees to grow. So, within a few years of establishing the Ramakrishna Order, he handed over responsibilities to other monastics and stopped playing an active role in running the organisation. AlthoughVivekananda exhibited several leadership qualities, the main focus of his brand of leadership was ‘sacrifice’ and ‘service’, and this he exhibited in ample measure, leaving behind some shining examples of his leadership abilities. On examining the life and works of Vivekananda, we find that the twin ideals that he so strongly propagated were based on the profound idea of oneness of existence. His definition, “Each soul is potentially divine; the goal is to manifest this divinity…” is the key around which all his activities were based. His deep spiritual experiences resulted in his understanding and appreciation of the oneness of humankind. Incidents such as his carrying the shoes of his disciple Swami Sadananda during their wandering days are more examples of his being rooted in the idea of oneness of existence — the one principle that led him to practise the idea of same sightedness. 1. Vivekananda’s concept of leadership was founded on the ideals of sacrifice and service. 2. The real test of a leader lies in holding diverse people together on the lines of common beliefs. 3. Vivekananda believed each soul is potentially divine and that life’s goal is to manifest this divinity. Swami Shantatmananda heads the Ramakrishna Mission in New Delhi Follow Swamiji at speakingtree.in

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The bottom line of human division is our ability to think differently –we individually have a unique way to reason out and interpret inner thoughts and ideas which we always have in almost every minute of our lives. Think about something for a second and the other guy would think through it with a different Ideas. The writer of this article finds it interesting to associate forgiveness and forgetfulness towards transgressions. Here we’ll try to understand how these two elements work and ask; is it even achievable? –when one forgets the mistreatment He/She receives form other individual. This issue is directly link to health illnesses. It is said that the result of hatred to one’s self is ailments, it occurs in a different forms, sometimes prolonged anger or forgiveness triggers sickness in our body and would often translated as stress, high blood pressure, insomnia and a lot more. For some people, forgiveness is define in various ways, and rendered in different manner, some believe that forgiving is cleansing to their soul, others for some reason are just forced to render it because of their religious belief, while some people just don’t mind about it and often forgets it. For Whatever reason you felt why it is important to forgive and forget it is because if you don’t –something inside of you reacts and often resulted to a negative effect, on you mood, mind and body. There are continuous studies that links Hatred to ailments, and forgiveness to wellness. The findings are published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. It is well established that learning to forgive others can have positive benefits for an individuals physical and mental health, says Saima Noreen, lead author of the study. The ability to forget upsetting memories may provide an effective coping strategy that enables people to move on with their lives. From the perspective of cognitive science, overcoming strong negative emotions toward the person who did us wrong and quashing impulses for retribution or vengeance processes that are critical to forgiveness may be seen as a function of executive control. And research suggests that this executive control is also involved in our ability to forget something when were motivated to forget it. Noreen decided to examine whether this same cognitive mechanism might form a link between forgiveness and forgetting. The study involved participants reading 40 scenarios that contained hypothetical wrongdoings, … For whatever reasons, intentions and purpose of different people concerning the manner of they forgive, I believe (in my own opinion) that forgiving someone is knowing that we too are transgressors. That forgiveness is not held but shared to everyone whose kindness is limited but understandable. The most humble act a man could render to a fellow man is forgiveness. It sets you free from yourself, being prone to anger, hatred and negative mood that’s what make us so human, when you try to step out from it; you should learn how to forgive first. Please read the rest of the article at Nyrnaturalnews.com

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In the middle of “Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad” province, there is a large river called “Shah Bahram”, part of which originates from the slopes of Khami mountain. Khami mountain is one of the beautiful and rainy areas of “Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad” province, which is the source of many rivers with good rainfall. One of these rivers, which is also known as one of the tourist areas of this province, is known as “Rode Roneh” (Roneh River). The Roneh River, which flows through a long and lush valley, is one of the tributaries of the “Shah Bahram” river. “Shah Bahram” is one of the beautiful rivers of “Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad” province, which along its route causes the development and irrigation of many agricultural lands. One of the villages where this beautiful river can be seen well is known as the same river, namely “Shah Bahram”, and it is located on the way from Basht to Choram. Erosion caused by the water of this river; It has created deep valleys with high walls that, along with a small but lush oak tree, offer stunning views. The river bank is covered in many places by various trees and plants, which has added to the river’s attractiveness. After a long journey and crossing the Kowsar Dam Lake, “Shah Bahram” finally joins the Zohreh River, which originates from the north of Fars province. The Zohreh River joins the Persian Gulf near Hendijan, thus ending the long journey of these rivers from the Zagros Mountains to the beautiful Persian Gulf.

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Zika Virus During Pregnancy Can Hamper Vital Collagen Development in Babies’ Brains Zika virus can hamper vital collagen development in the brains of babies whose mothers were infected with the disease while pregnant, new research reveals, as the search for a vaccine continues. Collagen is crucial to the circulatory system, as it regulates the compression of blood vessels. A large amount of the collagen found in the human brain is located inside vein tissue. The research findings could explain the deaths of babies with microcephaly, a birth defect that causes a baby to be born with a smaller head and often smaller brains that may not have developed properly.

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Pink dress - Frederic Basil. 102,5x186 In the painting “Pink Dress” beautifully composed, the artist depicted a half-faced young woman in a light pink dress, which could be called elegant, but a black apron worn over a full skirt does not allow this. Maybe the artist needed this black spot from some coloristic whims, say - for contrast? We don’t know for sure. However, the dark tan on the girl’s face and hands more inclines us to the version that, probably, we are facing a girl who, according to the artist’s plan, sat down to relax after working on a stone parapet of a terrace located high above the city. Her gaze is fixed on the city, illuminated by the evening sunset sun. By all indications, the picture may well be attributed to the early period of impressionism. There is close attention to color, sunlight, color contrasts, and here is a momentary stop ... Only the performance technique is still quite traditional.

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An assembly is an AutoCAD Civil 3D drawing object (AECCAssembly) that manages a collection of subassembly objects. Together, assemblies and subassemblies function as the basic building blocks of a roadway or other alignment-based design. … This forms the design for a corridor section. What is an assembly AutoCAD? Assembly objects contain and manage a collection of subassemblies that are used to form the basic structure of a 3D corridor model. Adding one or more subassembly objects, such as travel lanes, curbs, and side slopes, to an assembly baseline creates an assembly object. This forms the design for a corridor section. How do I use assembly in Civil 3D? Click Home tab >> Create Design panel >> Assembly drop-down >> Create Assembly . In the Create Assembly dialog box, for name, enter Primary Road Full Section. Click OK. When the ‘Specify assembly baseline location’ prompt is displayed on the command line, click in the rectangle under the profile views. How do I make an assembly in AutoCAD? In a drawing, place the plant objects you want in an assembly. At the Command prompt, enter wblock. In the Write Block dialog box, select Objects. To create and use assemblies - In the Name list, click the assembly you just created, or click Browse to locate the drawing. - In the lower-left corner, select Explode. - Click OK. What is the purpose of assembly drawing? Assembly Drawings demonstrate how a number of separate subassembly drawings, detailed parts, standard components and specifications come together in a unified assembly. Assembly Drawings must provide sufficient information to enable the assembly of a component. How do I copy an assembly in Civil 3D? In the drawing area, right-click the assembly baseline and click Basic Modify Tools Copy. At the command line, you are prompted to specify a base point for the assembly. Pick an insertion point in the drawing area. The assembly is copied in the drawing and added as a new assembly to Assemblies collection. How do you create a corridor in Civil 3D? To create a corridor surface for each link - In the drawing, click the corridor. - Click Corridor tab Modify Corridor panel Corridor Surfaces Find. - In Corridor Surfaces dialog box, click the Surfaces tab. - Optionally, click to open the Name Template dialog box. … - Click to create a corridor surface from each link code. Does AutoCAD have assembly? An assembly is an AutoCAD Civil 3D drawing object (AECCAssembly) that manages a collection of subassembly objects. Together, assemblies and subassemblies function as the basic building blocks of a roadway or other alignment-based design. Is assembly possible in AutoCAD? What is an assembly drawing in Autocad? After the detailed views are drawn, you can create the assembly drawings. These drawings are created by combining views from the detailed drawings to show how the parts are assembled. What is an alignment Civil 3D? Alignment Overview: As in previous CAD versions, an alignment is a line that describes where you intend the centerline of your planned work to be. … But, in Civil 3D, that line is interactive with your profile, both existing ground and planned work. In Autodesk Civil 3D, you create alignments as objects.

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To recognize investment, it assists to initially comprehend the various kinds of financial investment. These kinds are long-lasting, short-term and stock market. These 3 are the most typical techniques of financial investment that are used by people throughout the world to earn money. Understanding them can help you select which kind of investment suits your way of living best. Long-lasting financial investments are all those you make with the intention of holding the asset for a longer period of time such as years or decades. The reason lots of select to make these investments is that they have a tendency to be much safer than temporary financial investments. As an example, stock market investments supply a greater danger contrasted to bonds. With supplies, even if the firm declares bankruptcy, you will still possess a large percent of that company. Nonetheless, with bonds, you might shed a massive part of your investment, unless the company is no more around. gainesville coins Temporary financial investments are those you make within a couple of days to a week. Frequently, these are saved up for a vacation, an upcoming costs repayment, or an unanticipated expense. Some investors select to conserve their cost savings for an emergency situation in case of a disaster such as a fire or an illness. There are advantages and downsides to every type of savings. One benefit is that rates of interest are typically lower than with longer-term financial investments. The downside is that you are subjected to greater risks in cases of a financial emergency situation and also rising cost of living can affect your financial savings in the temporary. Long-lasting financial investments are normally supplies, bonds as well as mutual funds. These kinds of investments offer lower rates of interest than stocks and bonds, but they likewise supply greater rates of interest than the majority of mutual funds. This type of financial investment enables financiers to acquire even more profits gradually; nevertheless, the threat of loss is higher than with short-term financial investments. Some investors pick to be a day trader. These sorts of financial investments involve purchasing and also offering shares of stock or various other financial investment safeties each day, with the objective being to make a profit by the end of the day. Day trading is not for every person, yet it can be a terrific means to earn money if you do know what you are doing. It can be a difficult task, however, so you require to have persistence as well as agree to learn about the stock exchange. lear capital Lots of capitalists opt for a balanced profile. A well balanced profile is one in which a section of each investment kind is purchased stocks, bonds and also other secure fixed return securities. The objective is to lower the threat of any kind of unfavorable adjustment in supply rates. Well balanced portfolios are more risk tolerant than spending done in one kind of safety, which means that they are much less risky than investing done in one sort of investment, yet they offer the benefit of lasting safety and security. Many people can not stay clear of making financial investments in the stock exchange. Despite handled funds, there are threats entailed. Therefore, some individuals prefer bond financial investments. These investments give a more secure yet reasonably stable investment option, particularly when the rate of interest are low. You do not require a great deal of cash to get going with a financial investment account. Actually, you most likely have just enough cash to get you by until your next paycheck. You can open an account either on a short-term or lasting basis, relying on your individual needs. Your financial savings will certainly be risk-free and safe in a savings account. There are lots of brokerage solutions available to assist you locate the appropriate financial investment choices and also mutual fund. If you need assistance deciding where to begin, speak with a monetary expert to assist you establish a strategy as well as a target investment goal. To purchase property is to place cash right into a financial investment with the hope of either a direct return/profit in the near future or a benefit that will last for a very long time. Simply put, to spend simply implies purchasing an asset with the key purpose of generating an earnings from the financial investment or perhaps the gratitude of that property over some period of time via the payment of rate of interest. Investments in property consist of several type of property. These could be advancements such as apartment, single-family residences, condominiums, townhouses, row houses, mobile homes, made houses, farming equipment, farming implements, and also toll road means. Different people have various reasons for investing. Some capitalists are worried just with creating an earnings, while others are serious about putting their money to help them via the purchase and sale of homes that generate income for them. Whichever reason somebody has for spending, it is essential to be reasonable and also recognize how investments will play out. One of the simplest ways to find out more regarding these investments is to get on-line. There are many websites that will certainly provide you the reduced down on what it is you need to recognize. For lots of investors, bonds are their front runner when it pertains to small-dollar financial investments. Bond rate of interest are typically dealt with throughout of the bond, so there is little space to fluctuate. Bond interests can likewise be repaid in a relatively brief quantity of time, and in doing so, the settlement terms are additionally somewhat adaptable. With these factors in mind, bonds are commonly deemed risk-free financial investments that will not shed a lot of value with time. The reduced risk aspect, paired with the capacity to create routine passion payments, make bonds a good area to begin when it involves finding out more concerning the basics of investments. gold investment companies An additional usual kind of financial investment is purchasing shares of supply. While there are some risks included when purchasing by doing this, shares of supply usually lug low threat degrees and also can earn potential rewards. Dividends are a positive cash flow from a firm’s supply that can either be made use of for itself or reinvested in the business to grow it.

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The Examiner (1808–1886) |Founder(s)||Leigh Hunt and John Hunt| The Examiner was a weekly paper founded by Leigh and John Hunt in 1808. For the first fifty years it was a leading intellectual journal expounding radical principles, but from 1865 it repeatedly changed hands and political allegiance, resulting in a rapid decline in readership and loss of purpose. While The Examiner was in the hands of John and Leigh Hunt, the sub-title was "A Sunday paper, on politics, domestic economy, and theatricals", and the newspaper devoted itself to providing independent reports on each of these areas. It consistently published leading writers of the day, including Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats and William Hazlitt. The Hunt brothers failed in their initial aspiration to refuse advertisements in an effort to increase impartiality. In the first edition, the editor claimed The Examiner would pursue "truth for its sole object"; the paper's radical reformist principles resulted in a series of high-profile prosecutions of the editors. A tradition of publishing accurate news and witty criticisms of domestic and foreign politics was continued by Albany Fonblanque, who took over the paper in 1828. Until Fonblanque sold The Examiner in the mid-1860s, the newspaper took the form of a sixteen-page journal priced at 6d, designed to be kept and repeatedly referred to. Albany Fonblanque, the journal's political commentator since 1826, took over The Examiner in 1830, serving as editor until 1847. He brought in such contributors as John Stuart Mill, John Forster, William Makepeace Thackeray, and most notably Charles Dickens. Fonblanque also wrote the first notice of Sketches by Boz (28 February 1836) and of The Pickwick Papers (4 September 1836). Forster became the magazine's literary editor in 1835, and succeeded Fonblanque as editor from 1847 to 1855. Forster himself was succeeded by Marmion Savage. The Examiner's reputation was undermined when the new owner, William McCullagh Torrens, halved the price of the publication in 1867. Although its tradition of radical intellectual commentaries was revived in the 1870s under the editorship of William Minto, The Examiner was repeatedly sold until the final edition appeared in February 1881. The magazine ceased publication in 1886. - Paul Schlicke (3 November 2011). The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition. OUP Oxford. pp. 288–. ISBN 978-0-19-964018-8. - T. Bose; Paul Tiessen (1 January 1987). A Bookman's Catalogue Vol. 1 A-L: The Norman Colbeck Collection of Nineteenth-Century and Edwardian Poetry and Belles Lettres. UBC Press. pp. 405–. ISBN 978-0-7748-0274-1. - Andrew Motion (7 July 2011). Keats. Faber & Faber. pp. 66–. ISBN 978-0-571-26604-3. - Philip V. Allingham, "Charles Dickens, the Examiner, and The Fine Old English Gentleman" (1841) - Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. . - Media related to Examiner at Wikimedia Commons

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All of us are exposed to a cocktail of toxic synthetic pesticides linked to a range of health impacts from our daily diets. Certified organic food is produced without these pesticides. But can eating organic really reduce levels of pesticides in our bodies? In these peer-reviewed studies, we compared pesticide levels in the bodies of four American families for six days on a non-organic diet and six days on a completely organic diet. We found that eating organic works. An organic diet rapidly and dramatically reduced exposure to pesticides in just one week. Levels of all detected chemicals dropped an average of 60.5 percent with a range of 37 percent to 95 percent depending on the compound. New findings! Glyphosate (aka Roundup) drops 70% after six days on an organic diet Top Four Pesticide Decreases in each Family All detected pesticides dropped in each family, these charts show the top four decreases per family. These are glyphosate, pyrethroids (FPBA, 3PBA, cDCCA, tDCCA), a neonicotinoid (clothianidin), and organophosphates (MDA = malathion and in these charts OPs = organophosphate metabolites DMP + DMTP + DMDTP). Pesticide Levels Before and After Switching to an Organic Diet We found 16 pesticides and the chemicals that pesticides break down to in the body, called metabolites, in every study participant. Together, these represent potential exposure to 40 different pesticides, including glyphosate, organophosphates, pyrethroids, the neonicotinoid clothianidin and the phenoxy herbicide 2,4-D. The most significant drops occurred in a class of neurotoxic pesticides called organophosphates. The metabolites for malathion (MDA) and chlorpyrifos (TCPy) decreased 95 and 61 percent respectively, and a set of six metabolites representing organophosphates as a class (DAPs) dropped 70 percent. These pesticides are so harmful to children’s developing brains that scientists have called for a full ban. Chlorpyrifos is a neurotoxic pesticide linked to increased rates of autism, learning disabilities and reduced IQ in children and is also one of the pesticides most often linked to farmworker poisonings. The neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin dropped by 83 percent. Neonicotinoids are among the most commonly detected pesticide residues in baby foods. They are associated with endocrine disruption and changes in behavior and attention, including an association with autism spectrum disorder., Neonicotinoids are also a main driver of massive pollinator and insect losses, leading scientist to warn of a ‘second silent spring’. Levels of pyrethroids were halved. Exposure to this class of pesticides is associated with endocrine disruption, adverse neurodevelopmental, immunological and reproductive effects, increased risk of Parkinson’s and sperm DNA damage. Glyphosate dropped by 71 percent, and its main metabolite, AMPA (aminomethyl phosphonic acid) dropped by 76 percent. Glyphosate is the main ingredient in Roundup, the most widely used pesticide in the world. Glyphosate is a probable human carcinogen. It has been linked to high rates of kidney disease in farming communities and to shortened pregnancy in a cohort of women in the Midwest. Animal studies and bioassays link glyphosate and its formulations to endocrine disruption, DNA damage, decreased sperm function, disruption of the gut microbiome, and fatty liver disease. Finally, 2,4-D dropped by 37 percent. 2,4-D is one of two ingredients in the Vietnam War defoliant Agent Orange. It is among the top five most commonly used pesticides in the U.S. and is associated with endocrine disruption, thyroid disorders, increased risk of Parkinson’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, developmental and reproductive toxicity and damage to the liver, immune system and semen quality. These results show that eating organic works. And in addition to reducing eaters’ exposure to toxic pesticides, organic farming systems protect the health of farmworkers, farmers, rural communities, our air, water and soil, and pollinators and other critical species. We need a food system where organic is for all. No one should be exposed to toxic pesticides in the food they eat. No farmer or farmworker should have to sacrifice their health or their children’s health to grow the food we all eat. And the way we grow food should protect rather than harm the ecosystems that sustain all life. Pesticides detected in the Organic For All study

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What's ideal in central Europe is the "Buddleja davidii". Buddleja davidii (spelling variant Buddleia davidii), also called summer lilac, butterfly-bush, or orange eye, is a species of flowering plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, native to Sichuan and Hubei provinces in central China, and also Japan.1 It is widely used as an ornamental plant, and many named varieties are in cultivation. They are an ideal nectar source for many butterflies. As already stated it's even called the "butterfly-bush". Buddleja davidii cultivars are much appreciated worldwide as ornamentals and for the value of their flowers as a nectar source for many species of butterfly, though the species and cultivars are not able to survive the harsh winters of northern or montane climates, being killed by temperatures below about −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F). However, I don't know if it's suitable for your region. I believe (!) that it's a very uncomplicated plant due to the fact that it was imported from China long time ago. Butterfly Garden Collection There's a great flower collection called "Ann and O.J. Weber Butterfly Garden". It states nearly all suitable plants to attract more butterflies. It's also possible to narrow the search (left side in the page) to filter it by region, height etc. You may also consider to use some "host plants" like described on "Gardens With Wings". By including both host plants and nectar plants in your garden, you can attract a wider selection of butterflies while providing an environment that supports their entire life cycle. List of host plants: Flowers: Aster (Aster spp.) Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa) Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) Coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea) False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica) Hollyhock (Alcea rosea) Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja spp.) Mallow (Malva spp.) Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) Pussy-toe (Antennaria plantaginifolia) Rue (Ruta graveolens) Ruellia (Ruellia spp.) Shasta Daisy (Leucanthemum spp.) Silver Brocade (Artemisia stellariana) Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) Spider flower (Cleome hasslerana) Sunflower (Helianthus spp.) Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) Swamp Verbena (Verbena hastata) Tall Verbena (Verbena bonariensis) Violet (Viola spp. ) Water Dock (Rumex verticillatus) Wild Senna (Senna hebecarpa) Woodland Stonecrop (Sedum ternatum) Herbs: Dill (Antheum graveolens) Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Parsley Grasses: Little Bluestem Grass (Schizachyrium scoparium) Orchard Grass (Dactylis glomerata ) Panic Grass (Panicum spp.) Shrubs: Coontie (Zamia pumila) False Indigo (Baptisia australis) Spicebush (Lindera benzoin ) Vines: Passion Flowers (Passiflora spp.) Pipevine (Aristolochia Trees: Aspen Tree (Populus spp.) Common HopTree (Ptelea trifoliata) Elm Tree (Ulmus spp. ) Flowering Dogwood (Cornus) Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) Sweet Bay (Magnolia virginiana) Willow (Salix)

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Lacene Nélya August 16, 2021 worksheet Subtraction worksheets help a child learn the skills required for subtraction. It also gives you, as a parent or teacher, an opportunity to understand how much he has grasped and what the best way of making him learn more will be. Subtraction is integral in math and it is something children will be using all their lives. There are various levels of subtraction worksheets available which match the skill levels of different children. So what is the concern? There are three big concerns, actually. A Word of Warning In life we should not have one goal setting worksheet. We need to have multiple goal setting worksheets because in life we want to accomplish many goals, not just one big goal. Life is a series of goals. The above mentioned methods are just a few of the many ways that you can go about saving money with preschool worksheets for your child. Of course, these steps are optional, but they can help you save money, as well as prolong the life of your child’s preschool worksheets. In today’s age where kids are glued to digital devices, let them disconnect and benefit from the beauty of a stimulating activity. Engage them to learn something valuable. Transform their learning experience with the simple, fun and creative worksheets for kids. Creating a monthly budget is really quite simply when you use the right worksheets. However, it does require a consistent effort on your part to both create and to live within your budget.

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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its latest assessment report in August on the state of the global climate. This latest report is the strongest statement to date on the relationship between human-caused emissions and changes in global temperatures and weather patterns. UN Secretary-General António Guterres referred to the report as “code red for humanity”, noting that “the evidence is irrefutable: greenhouse‑gas emissions from fossil-fuel burning and deforestation are choking our planet and putting billions of people at immediate risk.” The report notes: - Temperatures will continue to rise, regardless of actions we take now; - Deep reductions in carbon dioxide and other emissions could hold temperature increases within a 1.5 degrees Celsius limit; - If temperatures exceed that limit, extreme weather events will become more common and more dangerous; - Natural carbon sinks—oceans, soil and forests—will become less able to absorb extreme levels of carbon dioxide; - Rapid escalation in technologies and strategies to reduce emissions can prevent further damage to parts of the global system, including loss of Arctic and Antarctic ice, receding glaciers and sea level rise. The report comes before the next meeting of the parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP26) in Glasgow, and calls for action by governments, companies and individuals. Mercy Investment Services will use this report and the outcomes of COP26 as we continue to engage companies on their role in the climate crisis. We are pushing the heaviest emitting companies and industries to reduce their emissions quickly; in the past year, many of those companies, including utilities and airlines, have pledged to reach net zero by 2050. Now they must also set ambitious short- and medium-term goals.

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This online course examines conflict as a natural and inevitable aspect of human relationships, and explores opportunities for listening, dialogue, storytelling, forgiveness and reconciliation. Students will be introduced to major theorists and practitioners and will have occasion to engage in praxis as well as theory. The course will focus on the interdisciplinary nature of conflict transformation and address questions such as: What are the causes and consequences of social conflict? How do we come to know and understand conflict? How do our assumptions about conflict affect our strategies for management, resolution, and/or transformation? What are methods for engaging conflicts productively rather than destructively, particularly within our vocational callings?

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What are lettered drill bits used for?Asked by: Mr. Isaac Hermiston Score: 4.6/5 (3 votes) Letter and numbered drill bits were developed to make up the gaps in between metric and fractional sizes. The most common use is for using taps. There will not be an exact match for fractional sizes but you can refer them to closest fractional bit that is larger than the numbered bit. What do drill bit numbers mean? Number drill bit gauge sizes range from size 80 (the smallest) to size 1 (the largest) followed by letter gauge size A (the smallest) to size Z (the largest). Although the ASME B94. 11M twist drill standard, for example, lists sizes as small as size 97, sizes smaller than 80 are rarely encountered in practice. What are drill bits with points for? Brad point drill bits are specially designed to drill and bore clean holes in hard and soft woods without wandering. These drill bits have been designed with a center pin as seen in the images below and on the right. A Brad Point Drill Provides a clean, straight, and accurately sized hole in wood. What is the advantage to using a brad point drill bit? Advantages. Brad point bits can drill neat holes in wood, quickly and accurately. They do not splinter wood grain when they first make contact. They are versatile, and can be used on plastic and thin sheet metal, or harder materials depending on the material from which the tool is made. What does a countersink do? Countersinks are mainly used for countersinking drill holes, countersinking screws and deburring. Countersinking widens the drill hole and facilitates subsequent tapping. When countersinking screws, space is created for the screw head so that it closes with the surface of the workpiece. Basics of Drill Selection - Haas University What is the point angle of a drill bit? The most common twist drill bit (sold in general hardware stores) has a point angle of 118 degrees, acceptable for use in wood, metal, plastic, and most other materials, although it does not perform as well as using the optimum angle for each material. What is a drill point? It should come as no sur- prise. , then, that the drill point is where a majority of the tool's cutting geometry is located. The drill point is crammed with a complex array of lands and edges, clearances and margins that all must work in unison in order to optimize a drilling operation. What is a drill bit split point? A split point drill bit is a type of high-speed bit known for its accuracy and efficiency. A split point drill bit has more cutting edges than a standard drill bit and is useful for cutting hard material like metal. It is one of the highly favored quick action bits DIY love to use. What can I use instead of a 5/16 drill bit? 5/16 converts to 10/32. Assuming your bit set is that granular, the next larger size is 11/32, and the next smallest size is 9/32. Those aren't necessarily common sizes, however. The next size up in x/16 would be 6/16, which is 3/8. What is the closest drill bit to 5 8? If you break it down to 16th's, 5/8ths is 10/16ths. So the next size larger would be 11/16th's. If you want to stay in 1/8ths, than obviously it's 6/8ths or 3/4". If you break it down to 16th's, 5/8ths is 10/16ths. Is 3/8 drill bit the same as 10mm? 3/8" bits have a nominal size being just ever so slightly under 10mm. You can't drill a hole of any size and put something in it the same size. It must be a bit smaller than the hole you drill. What is an R drill bit? Drill bit "R" is .339" in diameter. Hope that helps. danc46 , 09-14-2007 03:39 PM. Registered User. It's smaller than the Q drill bit and larger than the S drill bit. Is there a 9/16 drill bit? The DEWALT DW1620, 9/16-in black oxide drill bit has a helix of 31 degrees which minimizes the over aggressiveness of a true parabolic flute. With a black oxide coating and a split point, this is a drill bit with great wear resistance that won't walk across your project. Who is the father of drill? United States military drill originated in 1778, as part of a training program implemented by Baron Friedrich von Steuben to improve the discipline and organisation of soldiers serving in the Continental Army. What are the 5 types of command in a drill? - Right (Left) Face. - Present Arms and Order Arms. - Forward March and Half. - Double Time. - Mark Time. - Half Step. Why is a drill point 118 degrees? The two most standard point angles are 118 and 135. The 118 is generally used for drilling into soft material like wood. ... Due to the amount of pitch, this makes it easier to drill repeated holes into hard material. The difference will be in the shape; a 118 is more aggressive and has a smaller chisel. What are the two main types of drill bits? Roller cone bits and fixed cutter bits are the two main types of drilling bits. What is the best drill bit angle? For hard materials such as steel and stainless, 135-degree bits are best. The shallow angle allows the bit to cut into the material without dulling quickly, however that same shallow angle makes for a bit that wants to walk around, requiring a center punch. The 135 angle is much flatter, as you can see here. Are most drill bits 118 degrees? The two most common drill bit point angles are 118 degrees and 135 degrees. The difference between the two is the shape; a 118-degree bit is steeper, more pointed and has a smaller chisel. The 118-degree bit cuts more aggressively and is generally used for drilling into soft material like wood. Are Brad point drill bits for metal? Brad point bits are not suitable for drilling metals because, unlike on wood, the sharp point in the center of the bit cannot be forced to penetrate into hard materials such as metals. To drill metal, what you need is a twist drill (multi-purpose drill bit) made out of high-carbon steel, HSS or carbide. What is the smallest masonry drill bit? The smallest masonry bits are around 3/16 inch in diameter, with larger bits topping out at the ½-inch size. Hole saw bits have sizes that go up to 4 inches or more. What is a HSS drill bit? DRILL BIT MATERIALS High-Speed Steel (HSS) is a popular material good for drilling into soft steels as well as wood and plastic. ... It should not be used in hand drills or even drill presses. These drill bits are designed for the most demanding and hardest materials.

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How do Free Trade Agreements Affect the Domestic Economy? Evidence from the United States Public opinion in many developed countries is clearly becoming more hostile to Free Trade Agreements. Nearly 3.5 million Europeans have now voted against both the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). Protectionist policies are also on the rise. The use of protectionist measures in 2015 was up 50% on that seen in 2014, according to the Centre for Economic and Policy Research. While it might be several years before the UK enters formal trade agreements with third countries, the protectionist retrenchment across the world still threatens to undermine the Government’s plans to reset its global trading relationships. It is very unlikely that Britain will be able to negotiate new FTAs without strong public support at home and abroad in favour of free trade. The growing hostility to FTAs may lie in the fact that it is often easier to identify the losers than the winners from these deals. Most economists would share the view that bilateral FTAs are sub-optimal arrangements. They distort trade flows, and theoretically reduce consumer welfare by diverting trade through discrimination from the most efficient supplier (i.e. lowest cost) to the preferred trading partner. The EU’s Common External Tariff, for example, imposes tariffs on all goods imported from outside, artificially increasing the price of some goods made more cheaply in third countries. An interesting study published recently by the United States Congressional Budget Office (CBO) casts light on some of these issues. The CBO study summarises the evidence on FTAs between America and its top 20 trading partners, assessing the direct and indirect impact on trade flows, productivity, employment, wages and consumer spending. In short, the CBO study shows that these preferential deals have boosted trade by a small amount but had damaging consequences for the workers it has displaced. The impact on trade was small because of the relative size of the US in relation to other partners and because trade barriers were already low. Only NAFTA, the preferential trade deal between the US, Canada, and Mexico, has had a material impact on US trade activity. FTAs have substantially hurt some US workers, particularly those in low skilled occupations or manufacturing. Workers displaced by FTAs often face a costly transition to a new job, and lower lifetime earnings as a result of the displacement. The increased competition from FTAs has also stifled wage growth in certain occupations and industries. One study cited suggests that NAFTA decreased the cumulative growth rate of wages of low skilled workers by 16 percentage points in the US textiles and plastics industries between 1990 and 2000, compared to workers with no decrease in tariff rates under NAFTA. Assessing the impact of FTAs is not straightforward. It is difficult to isolate their effects from other factors that affect the performance of an economy such as relative prices, automation, and free trade more generally. Studies that directly attribute job losses to FTAs should therefore be treated with caution. The impact of FTAs on the economy will also vary by country. FTAs have only had a small impact on overall trade activity in the US because it already has a very large internal market. For a relatively small country like Britain, FTAs will have much greater potential to improve productivity and output by significantly lowering the costs to business of accessing much bigger markets overseas. Ultimately, the CBO study shows what we have always known – free trade is preferable in the long-run but produces losers in the short-term. Government has always had the unenviable task of trying to maintain their support for free trade despite the fact that a certain subsection of the population is being permanently displaced by it. The task for the new Government will be to ensure that its plans for an Industrial Strategy are properly targeted at alleviating the worst affects of free trade on vulnerable workers.

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Publications about Quality Control This document contains a growing list of resources (peer-reviewed publications) about quality control that we find useful. For publications about sensors, equipment, or networks, please upload to the Sensor Resources page. Sensor networks are revolutionizing environmental monitoring by producing massive quantities of data that are being made publically available in near real time. These data streams pose a challenge for ecologists because traditional approaches to quality assurance and quality control are no longer practical when confronted with the size of these data sets and the demands of real-time processing. Automated methods for rapidly identifying and (ideally) correcting problematic data are essential. However, advances in sensor hardware have outpaced those in software, creating a need for tools to implement automated quality assurance and quality control procedures, produce graphical and statistical summaries for review, and track the provenance of the data. Use of automated tools would enhance data integrity and reliability and would reduce delays in releasing data products. Development of community-wide standards for quality assurance and quality control would instill confidence in sensor data and would improve interoperability across environmental sensor networks. Missing data represent a general problem in many scientific fields above all in environmental research. Several methods have been proposed in literature for handling missing data and the choice of an appropriate method depends, among others, on the missing data pattern and on the missing-data mechanism. One approach to the problem is to impute them to yield a complete data set. The goal of this paper is to propose a new single imputation method and to compare its performance to other single and multiple imputation methods known in literature. Considering a data set of PM10 concentration measured every 2 h by eight monitoring stations distributed over the metropolitan area of Palermo, Sicily, during 2003, simulated incomplete data have been generated, and the performance of the imputation methods have been compared on the correlation coefficient ðrÞ, the index of agreement (d), the root mean square deviation (RMSD) and the mean absolute deviation (MAD). All the performance indicators agree to evaluate the proposed method as the best among the ones compared, independently on the gap length and on the number of stations with missing data. (abstract) The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) has an extensive program to reduce greatly the chances of transmitting degraded measurements. These measurements are taken from its network of buoys and Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) stations (Meindl and Hamilton, 1992). This paper discusses improvements to the real-time software that automatically validates the observations. In effect, these improvements codify rules data analysts—who have years of experience with our system—use to detect degraded data. (abstract) A recent comprehensive effort to digitize U.S. daily temperature and precipitation data observed prior to 1948 has resulted in a major enhancement in the computer database of the records of the National Weather Service’s cooperative observer network. Previous digitization efforts had been selective, concentrating on state or regional areas. Special quality control procedures were applied to these data to enhance their value for climatological analysis. The procedures involved a two-step process. In the first step, each individual temperature and precipitation data value was evaluated against a set of objective screening criteria to flag outliers. These criteria included extreme limits and spatial comparisons with nearby stations. The following data were automatically flagged: 1) all precipitation values exceeding 254 mm (10 in.) and 2) all temperature values whose anomaly from the monthly mean for that station exceeded five standard deviations. Addi- tional values were flagged based on differences with nearby stations; in this case, metrics were used to rank outliers so that the limited resources were concentrated on those values most likely to be invalid. In the second step, each outlier was manually assessed by climatologists and assigned one of the four following flags: valid, plausible, questionable, or invalid. In excess of 22 400 values were manually assessed, of which about 48% were judged to be invalid. Although additional manual assessment of outliers might further improve the quality of the database, the procedures applied in this study appear to have been successful in identifying the most flagrant errors. (abstract) Estimating the mean and the covariance matrix of an incomplete dataset and filling in missing values with imputed values is generally a nonlinear problem, which must be solved iteratively. The expectation maximization (EM) algorithm for Gaussian data, an iterative method both for the estimation of mean values and covariance matrices from incomplete datasets and for the imputation of missing values, is taken as the point of departure for the development of a regularized EM algorithm. In contrast to the conventional EM algorithm, the regularized EM algorithm is applicable to sets of climate data, in which the number of variables typically exceeds the sample size. The regularized EM algorithm is based on iterated analyses of linear regressions of variables with missing values on variables with available values, with regression coefficients estimated by ridge regression, a regularized regression method in which a continuous regularization parameter controls the filtering of the noise in the data. The regularization parameter is determined by generalized cross-validation, such as to minimize, approximately, the expected mean-squared error of the imputed values. The regularized EM algorithm can estimate, and exploit for the imputation of missing values, both synchronic and diachronic covariance matrices, which may contain information on spatial covariability, stationary temporal covariability, or cyclostationary temporal covariability. A test of the regularized EM algorithm with simulated surface temperature data demonstrates that the algorithm is applicable to typical sets of climate data and that it leads to more accurate estimates of the missing values than a conventional noniterative imputation technique. Systematic planning is used to develop programs and to link program goals with cost, schedule, and quality criteria for the collection, eva- luation, or use of data. Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) quality system, the data quality objective (DQO) process was developed to assist systematic planning (U.S. EPA, 2000; Batterman et al., 1999). While not mandatory, this process is EPA’s recommended planning approach for many environmental data collec- tion activities. It is based on the assumption that the ultimate goal for these activities is to make some decision (e.g., a regulatory compliance determination). This process uses a statistical approach to establish DQOs, which are qualitative or quantitative statements that clarify project objectives, that define the appropriate type of data, and that specify tolerable error levels for the decisions. The process finally de- velops a quality assurance (QA) project plan, including measurement quality objectives (MQOs), to collect data with uncertainties within these tolerable error levels. (abstract) Collecting natural data at regular, fine scales is an onerous and often costly procedure. However, there is a basic need for fine scale data when applying inductive methods such as neural networks or genetic algorithms for the development of ecological models. This paper will address the issues involved in interpolating data for use in machine learning methods by considering how to determine if a downscaling of the data is valid. The approach is based on a multi-scale estimate of errors. The resulting function has similar properties to a time series variogram; however, the comparison at different scales is based on the variance introduced by rescaling from the original sequence. This approach has a number of properties, including the ability to detect frequencies in the data below the current sampling rate, an estimate of the probable average error introduced when a sampled variable is downscaled and a method for visualising the sequences of a time series that are most susceptible to error due to sampling. The described approach is ideal for supporting the ongoing sampling of ecological data and as a tool for assessing the impact of using interpolated data for building inductive models of ecological response. (abstract) Quality assurance (QA) procedures have been automated to reduce the time and labor necessary to discover outliers in weather data. Measurements from neighboring stations are used in this study in a spatial regression test to provide preliminary estimates of the measured data points. The new method does not assign the largest weight to the nearest estimate but, instead, assigns the weights according to the standard error of estimate. In this paper, the spatial test was employed to study patterns in flagged data in the following extreme events: the 1993 Midwest floods, the 2002 drought, Hurricane Andrew (1992), and a series of cold fronts during October 1990. The location of flagged records and the influence zones for such events relative to QA were compared. The behavior of the spatial test in these events provides important information on the probability of making a type I error in the assignment of the quality control flag. Simple pattern recognition tools that identify zones wherein frequent flagging occurs are illustrated. These tools serve as a means of resetting QA flags to minimize the number of type I errors as demonstrated for the extreme events included here. (abstract) With the widespread use of electronic interfaces in data collection, many networks have increased, or will increase, the sampling rate and add more sensors. The associated increase in data volume will naturally lead to an increased reliance on automatic quality assurance (QA) procedures. The number of data entries flagged for further manual validation can be affected by the choice of confidence intervals in statistically based QA procedures, which in turn affects the number of bad entries classified as good measurements. At any given station, a number of confidence intervals for the Spatial Regression Test (SRT) were specified and tested in this study, using historical data for both the daily minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax), to determine how the frequency of flagging is related to the choice of confidence interval. An assessment of the general relationship of the number of data flagged to the specified confidence interval over a set of widely dispersed stations in the High Plains was undertaken to determine whether a single confidence factor would suffice, at all stations, to identify a moderate number of flags. This study suggests that using a confidence factor ‘f ’ larger than 2.5 to specify the confidence interval will flag a reasonable number of measurements (<1%) for further manual validation and a single confidence factor can be applied for a state. This paper initially compares two formulations of the SRT method. This comparison is followed by an analysis of the percentage of observations flagged as a function of confidence interval.

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Why A Digital Signal Is Never Accurate The signal that comes from the output of your microphone preamplifier is pure and perfect. But as soon as it is converted to digital, something is lost. Why does that happen? Let's assume you have a great performer, with a great instrument in a wonderful acoustic space. You choose the ideal microphone and use a really good preamplifier. You have the perfect audio signal, right there at the output of the preamp. That is the art you and your performer have created. But to record that signal, it must be converted to digital form. And in that process, something is lost, and noise and distortion are added. Why is that? The process of digital conversion involves measuring the level of the signal, thousands of times every So at each of these measurement points, the signal is 'sampled', which means that its voltage is held constant for a short time while it can be measured. The measurement is then 'quantized'. In a CD-quality digital audio signal, there are only 65,536 allowable values. So the actual value of the signal is pushed up or pulled down to the nearest allowable quantization interval. This is where the inaccuracy lies. The signal was almost certainly somewhere in between quantization intervals, but it has to be approximated by the one that was closest. This happens at every measurement point - 44,100 per second in CD-quality audio. So in every second, there are 44,100 tiny little inaccuracies in the digital signal. Since these are mostly random, the effect is heard as noise. But since they are not entirely random but related to the signal, they also produce distortion. Distortion is where the shape of the waveform is changed from what it should be and additional frequencies are So the process of digitization adds noise and distortion. 'Quantization noise' and 'quantization distortion' we Fortunately there are two ways the problem can be lessened. The first is to add 'dither noise' to the signal. Oddly enough, adding noise randomizes the quantization noise and, done properly, removes the harshness. The second is to sample at a higher resolution - 24 bits instead of 16, for example. This makes the Even so, no matter how fine the resolution, detail is always lost and noise and distortion are added. Your signal will never again be as pure and perfect as it was at the output of the preamplifier. Having said that, the inaccuracies produced even in CD-quality audio are tiny, and in 24-bit audio they are tinier still. It is worth knowing about, but most people would find it difficult to tell the difference between the raw output of the preamp, and the (Note - the delta-sigma type of analog to digital converter operates in a rather different way to the converter described. However it is still subject to similar errors in David Mellor - Record-Producer.com 2007

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By Georgia Hartmann Naturopath, Nutritionist & Women’s Health Expert Over the past decade, the bacteria in the gut (termed gut microbiome) has received considerable attention as a novel factor contributing to the development of weight gain and obesity. This area of research dates back to a ground-breaking study in the early 2000s which showed that obesity could be transferred from one being to another via the gut. Yes, that’s right. Faecal matter from an obese mice was transferred to a germ-free mice, causing it to become obese (despite no change in kilojoule input or output). This has sparked great interest in the link between weight and gut health. So how does the gut microbiome influence weight gain? First, weight can be influenced by a lack of diversity in the bacteria living in the digestive system. While defining exactly what constitutes an ‘obese microbiome’ is still being defined (and debated), what we do know is that lower concentrations of Akkermansia muciniphila, bifidobacteria and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii have been observed fairly consistently in obese individuals.[2-5] Interestingly, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis out of Norway reported that probiotic supplementation resulted in a significantly greater reduction in body weight, body mass index (BMI), and fat percentage compared with placebo. Another study showed that supplementation with specific strains of Lactobacillus species can decrease body weight and body fat. Though, it is important to know that the beneficial effects of probiotics are strain-specific (meaning that you cannot simply pick up a probiotic off the shelf and expect it to work). For example, when combined with a lower-calorie diet, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus have beneficial effects on weight.[6-7] The gut microbiome also affects metabolism through its production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In terms of balancing weight, SCFAs are important as they increase fat burning and decrease fat storage. However, for SCFAs to be produced, they need healthy gut bacteria which is dependent upon a number of factors including the amount of fibre in the diet. Here’s what we know about fibre. Around the globe, a variety of dietary patterns are promoted for weight loss. From a Mediterranean-style diet to a low–glycemic index diet, plant-based diet, high-pulse diet, to a variation of fasting, it can be overwhelming to know where to start. What we do know (and what consistently shows up in large prospective cohort studies) is that there is a strong association between fibre intake and body weight. In fact, a recent meta-analysis published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that consuming a minimum of 6.7g of fiber per day for 10 weeks can reduce body weight, BMI and waist circumference. Considering the recommended daily intake of fibre is 25-30g (and that increasing daily fibre intake to reach this target will only have added benefit), we each need to ensure we include fibre into each meal. Think oats. Think psyllium husk. Think apples. Think vegetables. Think nuts. Think seeds.[9-10] If you are in need of additional digestive, metabolic and hormonal support, click here and book an online consultation with our in-house Naturopath, Georgia. Turnbaugh, P.J., et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature, 2006. 444(7122). PMID: 17183312. Turnbaugh, P.J., et al. The core gut microbiome, energy balance and obesity. Journal of Physiology, 2009. 587(Pt 17). PMID: 19491241. Andoh, A., et al. Comparison of the gut microbial community between obese and lean peoples using 16S gene sequencing in a Japanese population. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry & Nutrition, 2016. 59(1). PMID: 27499582. Yassour, M., et al. Sub-clinical detection of gut microbial biomarkers of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Genome Medicine, 2016. 8(1). doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0271-6. Kalliomaki, M., et al. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2008. 87(3). PMID: 18326589. Borgeraas, H., et al. Effects of probiotics on body weight, body mass index, fat mass and fat percentage in subjects with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity Reviews, 2018. 19(2). PMID: 29047207. Crovesy, L., et al. Effect of Lactobacillus on body weight and body fat in overweight subjects: a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials. International Journal of Obesity, 2017. 41(11). PMID: 28792488. Kim, K.N., et al. Short Chain Fatty Acids and Fecal Microbiota Abundance in Humans with Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 2019. 11(10). PMID: 31635264. Jovanovski, E., et al. Can dietary viscous fiber affect body weight independently of an energy-restrictive diet? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2020. 111(2). PMID: 31897475. Miketinas, D.C., et al. Fiber Intake Predicts Weight Loss and Dietary Adherence in Adults Consuming Calorie-Restricted Diets: The POUNDS Lost (Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies) Study. Journal of Nutrition, 2019. 149(10). PMID: 31174214. About the author: Having been diagnosed with Premature Ovarian Failure two years prior to conceiving her first child naturally, Georgia’s passion lies within helping women overcome their hormonal imbalances through the blend of conventional and complementary medicine. For additional support, you can contact Georgia via:

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By Pratishtha Kadambi Ravi Equality, more specifically, gender equality as a concept has largely remained evasive in India’s history as a republic nation. Gender inequality in India refers to the health, education, economic and political inequalities between men and women in India. Despite the projected rapid economic growth, the explosion of initiatives to increase women’s political participation, increased microcredit programmes and self-help groups, gender disparities have continued to grow unabated and persistently in India. What is the first thought that comes into the minds of most of the people of our country upon seeing a woman drive a car? “oh look! It’s a woman. Be careful, “they” don’t know how to drive. But is it? Social media, being the most powerful tool to broadcast your thoughts to a larger public has nowadays become a warzone with intellectuals from all around our country demanding equal rights for women. But do women actually NEED TO BE GIVEN THEIR RIGHT? The ones which they already have? The ones which are written on the world’s largest constitution of the world’s largest democracy? How do you give a person the rights he/she already has? Yes, there is no doubt that women in our country are portrayed as weak but that keep them at par from the basic right of equality? A fundamental right granted to each and every individual of our country. Why drag gender into this? Why can’t we just perceive an individual just as human being and be gender neutral? Gender sensitization typically means a process where all genders are taught to respect everyone irrespective of gender differences. However, the stereotype and bias around gender roles and rights have existed in our society and have been deep-rooted within our cultural institutions and the way we behave as a collective. A pervasive phenomenon, discrimination against women and girls characterizes almost all sections of Indian society and at all levels. Ideas about gender-appropriate behavior and gender inequality are primarily driven by the cultural institutions in India, especially those of patrilineality and patrilocality. A preference for sons Cultural institutions in India, particularly those of patrilineality (inheritance through male descendants) and patrilocality (married couples living with or near the husband’s parents), play a central role in perpetuating gender inequality and ideas about gender-appropriate behavior. A culturally ingrained parental preference for sons - emanating from their importance as caregivers for parents in old age - is linked to poorer consequences for daughters. The dowry system, involving a cash or in-kind payment from the bride’s family to the grooms at the time of marriage, is another institution that disempowers women. The incidence of dowry payment, which is often a substantial part of a household’s income, has been steadily rising over time across all regions and socioeconomic classes. These practices create incentives for parents not to have girl children or to invest less in girls’ health and education. Such parental preferences are reflected in increasingly masculine sex ratios in India. In 2011, there were 919 girls under age six per 1000 boys, despite sex determination being outlawed in India. Covid-19 aggravates gender inequality Back in March 2020, when one of the strictest lockdowns in the world was imposed in India, more than 120 million workers lost their jobs overnight. Majority of these workers were from the informal sector and half of them were women. With restrictions eased and economic activities struggling to achieve normalcy, by November 2020, men who had lost their jobs had regained most of it and left behind were women – with no jobs, and no social security net. In India, the virus has unsympathetically burrowed deep and has adversely affected the social and economic composition of the country. A composition that is already marred by gender inequalities, gender roles and stereotypes. The pandemic has disproportionately affected women, especially those who are part of the labour workforce. According to an analysis, COVID-19 and gender equality: Countering the regressive effects, conducted by McKinsey Global Institute in the year 2020, women are more vulnerable and susceptible to COVID-19-related economic effects because of the already existing gender inequalities. Using the unemployment data, trends and surveys in the United States and India, the study estimates that female job loss rates owing to COVID-19 are about 1.8 times higher than the male job loss rates globally, at 5.7% versus 3.1%, respectively. To say that only time will tell, if India rises to the challenge up ahead, will be imbecile because the time to rise is now. The future is gender inclusive and social norms are liable to change. We need to decide whether we choose to build a better resilient and equal society or leave half of the population to teeter on the edges. The choice is ours and we need to be wise about it. Being a woman is a gift of nature. She is where all life on earth began from and we the people have successfully defamed, ignored and casted away a whole gender. Being a woman is not being weak. They don’t need equal rights, all they need is to be seen as an individual, be recognized on their achievements, be praised upon doing a job no man can do. Women don’t need equal rights, they deserve equal respect.

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