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CLOSURE AT CANOE-SHAPED GRABEN TERMINATION Canoe-shaped graben termination at the base of a stock. The sides of the canoe are represented by curved (listric) fault surfaces showing curved bedding traces. The crestline of a stock (gray) raises the bow of the canoe, creating a structural high that could trap hydrocarbons that migrate laterally from deeper parts of the graben. To download the movie to your computer, right mouse click on the "VIEW ANIMATION" button and choose "Save Target As." Indicate where you would like the file saved, and click "Save."

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Dead for little more than one hundred years, Queen Victoria has already been the subject of more biographies than any other woman born since 1800. This newest biography from a well known historian is justified and distinguished by the incorporation of recent research on often-neglected aspects of her life and reign, as well as its relative brevity. Including much of Victoria's own writings from journals and letters, Arnstein takes a thorough look at her personal life and religious views, but also investigates her public role such as her involvement with Britain's army, her political initiatives and her connections with Ireland. The author's solid understanding of Victorian society and its relationship to the queen gives this book a solidarity missing in other biographies of the queen. The book provides enough economic, social, cultural and political background knowledge to make this book accessible even to readers unfamiliar with her now distant world. Back to top Rent Queen Victoria 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Walter L. Arnstein. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Palgrave Macmillan. Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.

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Dark Entry Forest In the valley below Dark Entry Forest, 1930s Private Collection By 1920, Cornwall’s population had declined to 834 people, from a peak of more than 2,000 in 1850. The low price and ready availability of Cornwall’s real estate, as well as its close proximity to New York City, made it very appealing to New Yorkers who sought refuge from the hustle and bustle of city life. "I would describe it as being the Utopian idea that… this would be self-sustaining as a garden of trees, with an inexhaustible supply that they would keep cutting out…. It was a place to get away from the trials and tribulations of New York." ~ Stephen G. Clarke, 1984 William C. Clarke, Jr. sledding near the Dark Entry ski area, 1930s Private Collection The work being done by the state in establishing public forests helped inspire the creation of private forests. In 1924, when Mohawk and Housatonic State Forests were being created, a group of New Yorkers acquired 800 acres of farmland on Bald Mountain in Cornwall with goals that included the promotion of forestation and conservation of nature. This society is planned to promote forestation, to run a wood mill, to promote conservation of bird, animal and wildflower life, and to afford a playground for you and your children and your children’s children. ~ Prospectus, Dark Entry Forest, March 1924 Trees planted at Dark Entry, 1930s Private Collection The group was formed by Dr. William Cogswell Clarke, who had purchased 300 acres of land in Cornwall in 1906. Ten years later, captivated by the beauty of the forest, Dr. Clarke recruited Yale Forestry School graduate Edward Behre to work as his forester, planting several thousand red pine saplings in 1916. Dr. William C. Clarke, 1934 The fence, built by William C. Clarke, Jr., was made from chestnut logged after the blight. There were many abandoned and open fields. This was not so much a question of soil deterioration as it was the result of the opening up of the west, which made farming on the rocky and hilly soils of New England unattractive. In this situation, foresters throughout the northeast were encouraging tree planting on these old fields. ~ Edward Behre, 1978 Tree planting; Dr. Clarke on the right Private Collection Dark Entry Forest was incorporated in December 1924 with 41 shareholders. The following April, they began planting 4,000 tree seedlings. By the summer of 1927, they had planted 10,000 seedlings, mostly red pine. Dr. Josephine Evarts with horse Harriet, 1930s Private Collection "Dr. Jo," as she was known, was later the local country doctor in Kent, CT and Millerton, NY, and a physician at the Harlem Valley State Hospital . In 1936, the red pine trees began to suffer from infestation of the pine shoot moth. The following summer, two bad brush fires destroyed numerous walnut seedlings. Norway pines were planted to replace lost trees. Around 1940, the federal government donated Japanese chestnut trees and one hundred hybrid poplars. Dark Entry Forest Summer Campers, 1930s Private Collection A summer camp for boys and girls was started in the 1930s and included horseback riding and sports. Dr. Clarke sometimes lectured to groups outside Dark Entry Forest: in 1935, he visited the CCC Camp Cross and spoke to the camp members about "Gaining the Most Out of Living." During the 1930s and early '40s, weekend residents included the Skidreiverein club from New York City. Kate Wolfe with horses Chief and Jerry, 1980s Private Collection Dark Entry Forest, Inc. continues to the present day. Despite rumors to the contrary, the area is as populated as any other part of Cornwall.

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Related categories 4 Introduction to programming using GNU's autoconf system. Autoconf simplifies the porting process and provides a consistent build interface for system administrators. Automake Home Page Automake is a tool for automatically generating Makefiles compliant with the GNU Coding Standards. A C, C++ and IDL documentation generator. Provides cross-referenced docs, in HTML, PDF and LaTeX formats GNU autoconf is a package for generating configure scripts. These scripts are present in a large number of free software packages and are used to detect system features at compilation time. Autoconf is mostly needed by people producing packages that run on a wide variety of platforms--particularly UNIX-a-likes. GNU Libtool - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF) NU libtool is a generic library support script. Libtool hides the complexity of using shared and static libraries behind a consistent, portable interface. Libtool supports building static libraries on all platforms. GNU Make - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF) Make is a tool which controls the generation of executables and other non-source files of a program from the program's source files. A graphical KDE based frontend for compiling. Linux Bug Tracking, project management, and other tools A survey of bug tracking, scheduling, metrics, trouble-ticketing, help-desk, call-, and project-management tools for Linux Makeheaders -- A program to generate header files for C or C++ The makeheaders program is a simple utility that will automatically generate all the ``.h'' files for large programming project based on information gleaned from the ``.c'' or ``.cpp'' source files. It operates by scanning the C and/or C++ source code, extracting appropriate macros, structure and subroutine declarations and writing this declarations, in the correct order, into the generated header files. A spec file generator. Currently it reads and writes several of the more commonly used spec files fields, like %pre, %prep, %patch, Source, and Name. Last update:March 1, 2015 at 9:15:09 UTC

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The revelation in 1801 of the secret agreement of 1800, whereby Spain retroceded Louisiana to France, aroused uneasiness in the United States both because Napoleonic France was an aggressive power and because Western settlers depended on the Mississippi River for commerce. In a letter to the American minister to France, Robert R. Livingston (1746–1813; see Livingston, family), President Jefferson stated that "The day that France takes possession of New Orleans … we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation." Late in 1802 the right of deposit at New Orleans, granted to Americans by the Pinckney treaty of 1795, was withdrawn by the Spanish intendant (Louisiana was still under Spanish control). Although Spain soon restored the right of deposit, the acquisition of New Orleans became of paramount national interest. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

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Independent Review of the Social Impacts of Golden Agri Resources' Forest Conservation Policy in Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan Plantation companies seeking to avoid destroying forests and causing climate change have been advised to set aside forests and peatlands within their concessions. But what are the implications for forest peoples? Do they benefit or does this further curtail their rights? This field study looks at how Golden Agri Resources (GAR) is piloting this approach in the centre of Indonesian Borneo, in Kapuas Hulu, an upland area famous for its large lakes, extensive forests and peat swamps, and productive inland fisheries. The findings are startling. Not only are ‘high carbon stock’ set-asides very unpopular but the whole operation is contested. Community lands have been taken without due process, in violation of the RSPO standard. Forest-living Dayaks, losing lands to plantations and set-asides, complain of land scarcity, while Malay fisherfolk accuse the company of river pollution, declining fishstocks and problems breeding fish. The main way for companies to avoid such problems is to recognise community rights and livelihoods first and negotiate for land for plantations and set asides, only once areas of high conservation value and ‘carbon stocks’ are identified. Otherwise, from the community point of view, set-aside schemes just intensify land grabs and lessen their food security. In this case GAR has now promised to put things right. This will mean starting again, by mapping land rights and renegotiating access to community lands – and accepting that when communities say ‘no’, then the company should back off.

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In smaller urban yards, a fence can be one of the largest features of the "landscape." Use the architecture of the fence as a backdrop, and create a landscape either in front of or upon it. For an attractive fence, choose landscape plants that highlight its presence. To cover up an unsightly fence, choose landscape plants that hide it. For purely vertical landscaping, choose a vine to scramble up and over your fence. Plant ivy for a calming wall of foliage or one of the many perennial vines, such as clemetis or honeysuckle. If you'd like to change the flowers from year to year, plant annuals. They're quick growing and you can change their color scheme every year. Morning glory and moonflower are fast-growing annual vines that quickly cover even the tallest fence. The flowers of morning glories open for a few hours in the morning and come in shades of blue, pink, purple and white-striped. Moonflowers' blossoms open at night and are pure white. Interestingly, they are related and their flowers are nearly identical, except for the times of day that they open. On cloudy mornings, they may be open simultaneously for a little while. Plant an ornamental shrub border with the fence as a backdrop. Use the shape and architecture of the shrubs and their silhouette against the fence as much as their color, leaf type, flowers and growth requirements when choosing which types to grow. The pyramidal shape of dwarf conifers, such as spruce or fir, make a bold statement silhouetted against the stark backdrop of a solid fence. Broad-leaf evergreens add a variety of shapes, as well as a softer touch of green, especially during the winter months. Deciduous shrubs, such as redosier dogwood, forsythia and euonymus, all possess interesting bark, flowers and autumn color, which provides interest all year long and brightens up the backdrop of evergreens. Espalier Fruit Trees Said to produce the tastiest and most perfect looking fruit, espalier is a technique where a fruit tree is pruned and trained to grow on a single vertical plane, although almost any type of shrub or tree can be trained as an espalier. They are perfect candidates for landscaping against a fence. Wires are fastened at several heights to posts secured into the ground directly in front of the fence at either end. The espalier "whips" are planted in front of the strung wire. As the trees grow, most branches are removed but a few are selected to form the skeleton of the tree and these are fastened to the wires. Most often espalier are trained into a "V" shape, with a central leader and three branches on each side making up the width of the "V." Another popular shape is the candelabra, in which the branches are gradually bent until they form a "U" shape. Espalier trees are labor intensive at all stages of their life and must be trained as espalier from the time they are planted.

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GRAND RAPIDS -- A fungal infection that has killed an estimated 500,000 bats over three years has led to increasing restrictions on caves, including a federal move to close thousands of caves and former mines in national forests in 33 states. News of the U.S. Forest Service's decision was announced Friday. Forest Service biologist Becky Ewing said an emergency order was issued last week for caves in 20 states from Minnesota to Maine. A second order covering the Forest Service's 13-state Southern region should be issued later this month. The sites will be closed for as long as a year, Ewing said. The orders follow March's request by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for people to voluntarily stay out of caves in 17 states. Whitenose syndrome first appeared in four New York state caves in 2006. It is a disease characterized by white fungus often found on a bat's face. Federal wildlife officials say it was unknown before. They also thought the problem was local. "We found bats with it and dying," said Lori Pruitt, a bat expert with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "We thought it was a localized fungus, but by the end of last year, it was in four states at 30 sites and this year it is in nine states and over 60 sites." The disease is spread from bat to bat, Fish and Wildlife Service officials said, but humans also may be contributing to its spread. The disease showed up this year in Virginia and West Virginia in caves regularly visited by cavers. The Forest Service order says people caught in a cave or mine face up to six months in jail and fines of up to $10,000. Ewing said Forest Service officials will enforce the bans. Officials said the orders do not affect commercial caves on private property. Cavers also are being asked to decontaminate any gear before entering caves in unaffected states. "Everyone is deconning," said Peter Youngbaer, a Vermont caver and liaison between the National Speleological Society and the Fish and Wildlife Service team studying the disease. "We have a lot of regional caving events planned for this spring, but there will be no caving at them." The NSS, a 12,000 member non-profit organization made up of recreational cavers, scientists and explorers, issued its own directive in April canceling all planned caving trips in the affected area. Exactly why and how bats are dying is not known. The leading theory, according to Pruitt, is the geomyces fungus. It exists in cold conditions such as caves, where bats hibernate during the winter. The bats are dying from starvation after being aroused during hibernation. They fly and leave the cave looking for insects that are not available. The result is they may burn off their fat reserves and die. Patty Fasbender, an NSS member from Big Rapids, said the restrictions will affect her summer caving plans. She and her husband, Ron, run an adventure program called Powerhouse Adventure Ministries. They take youths to West Virginia to go whitewater rafting, caving and to the X-Games. They also may go to Kentucky. "This effectively limits our caving activities," said Fasbender, founder of the West Michigan Grotto, a local NSS chapter. "I also signed up for cave rescue training and a wilderness EMT class, which were both canceled." Also on Friday, the Indiana Department of Natural Resources moved to close caves on state-owned property. The disease has not been found in Indiana, but officials decided to close caves there until April as a precaution. Pruitt, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Indiana bat recovery coordinator, is worried about that animal, a federal endangered species. Twenty-five thousand have died from the fungus so far, mostly in the state of New York. The disease has not yet shown up in Indiana. -- The Associated Press contributed to this report E-mail Howard Meyerson: email@example.com

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An Epidemic's Orphans Suffer at 'Gate of Hell' By JERRY GRAY, Published: July 27, 1994 NDOSHA, Zaire, July 26— In the doorway of a shacklike building that has been converted to a cholera ward on the grounds of an orphanage, Dr. Nimet Lallani stood bargaining today for the life of one of her frail, emaciated patients. "Can you take one more, just one more, please?" Dr. Lallani appealed to an Israeli medical team that arrived this morning with an offer to take charge of some of the hundreds of children who are under her care. Here, on a campus of shoddy buildings, lean-tos and makeshift tents of plastic sheeting that until a few weeks ago was a private orphanage for 40 Zairian children, is a stark lesson in the dimensions of the Rwandan refugee crisis. The population of the orphanage, the S O S Village, has swelled from 40 to more than 4,000 over the last two weeks. But in a sea of tragedy, the special problems of this small enclave of refugees went unattended until today by relief officials who had no choice but to focus their efforts and resources on other refugee camps teeming with hundreds of thousands of people. 6,000 Children Adrift Food and medicine and yards of plastic sheeting arrived here early enough. But for 15 days, Dr. Lallani, a Zairian medical officer who regularly visited the 40 orphans before the influx, fought alone against the diseases that have ravaged Rwandan refugees since they fled to Zaire to escape a civil war. Over all, the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimates, 6,000 children are adrift without any family member to care for them as a result of the Rwandan refugee crisis. "Virtually by the minute we continue finding unaccompanied children," said Raymond Wilkinson, spokesman for the refugee agency. "Some of these kids are obviously orphans, the others are separated from their families." The first of the orphans -- 164 of them -- were delivered to the S O S village by the French military after they were rescued from the area around Ruhengeri, a northern Rwandan town from which many refugees fled as rebels advanced two weeks ago. Fifty more children arrived after a mortar attack on a refugee camp at the border two weeks ago. Since then, children have arrived in tidal waves and in trickles. Most were dropped off by relief officials who found them wandering alone in the refugee camps as a cholera epidemic took its toll, or huddled by the corpse of a family member, or wandering the streets of nearby Goma. The incidence of cholera has risen and fallen with every tide of arrival. Deaths Go Uncounted "There are some days 20, some days 30, some days zero, some days 2," Dr. Lallani said of the arrivals. A general practitioner who was born in Zaire but describes herself as Pakistani, she has not had the time or the inclination to keep a tally of the deaths here. But she said children had died by the score as they contracted cholera and other diseases. She had plenty of intravenous drips and rehydration packages. "What we needed was hands," Dr. Lallani said as she found time for her first cigarette of the day, held between the fingers of a hand encased in a white surgical glove. "I was the only doctor for 3,500 kids" who needed treatment. "I can't do it." The Israeli Army medical team that showed up today arrived in the region on Monday to set up a 150-bed hospital at Goma, the town that is the center of the relief effort. 'The Gate of Hell' "It is too horrible," said Yossi Sarid, the Israeli Environment Minister, who is leading an Israeli relief delegation that includes the medical team. "It's the gate of hell, or maybe hell itself." Dr. Lallani said she had been promised that more medical help would begin arriving on Wednesday -- two nurses on loan from the aid group CARE, two more nurses from Spain, a doctor and a nurse from Germany and a medical team from Britain. "But during the last 15 days I lost a lot of kids," she said. "Why? Why did they come so late? We still have work to do, but all these deaths behind me, well . . ." 10 on the First Trip "How many can you take?" Dr. Lallani asked the group's chief medical officer, Dr. Dan Engelhardt, as they looked over a roomful of children lying naked on the floor atop thin blankets. At a glance, dozens seemed to be crying infants. "We can take now only 10," Dr. Engelhardt replied. "Only 10?" Dr. Lallani asked in a rush of disappointment. Dr. Engelhardt said his team would return for another group of the youngsters, but repeated that only 10 could make the first trip. "Should we take the ones that are most likely to die or those who are most likely to survive?" Dr. Engelhardt asked. "How will you make the choice?" Dr. Lallani responded. "Well, I don't know, that's what I am asking," Dr. Engelhardt said. "It's human to . . .," Dr. Lallani said, breaking off in mid-sentence. "I don't know. I think we should give equal chances to everybody." Then she methodically set about choosing the cholera patients she felt were in the worst condition. 'Give Him His Chance' "Take the very bad ones; maybe you can do more for them," Dr. Lallani said. She was cut off before she could finish by Dr. Engelhardt, who questioned her selection of a lethargic weeks-old infant boy with protruding ribs for the trip to the Israeli hospital about two and a half miles away. "I don't know if he is going to make four kilometers," Dr. Engelhardt said. "Maybe. We'll try." "Try, please," Dr. Lallani said, passing the baby toward the stretcher. "He must have his chance, yeah? Give him his chance." That child and another infant died on the trip to the hospital. Dr. Lallani never knew their names. Photo: A Rwandan suffering from cholera crawled by the corpses of another refugee and his son yesterday at the Mugunga camp near Goma, Zaire. (Reuters)

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The Role of the Supreme Court Why it was created, the power it holds in our government, and how justices make their often difficult decisions - Grades: 3–5, 6–8, 9–12 The Supreme Court has a special role to play in the United States system of government. The Constitution gives it the power to check, if necessary, the actions of the President and Congress. It can tell a President that his actions are not allowed by the Constitution. It can tell Congress that a law it passed violated the U.S. Constitution and is, therefore, no longer a law. It can also tell the government of a state that one of its laws breaks a rule in the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the final judge in all cases involving laws of Congress, and the highest law of all — the Constitution. The Supreme Court, however, is far from all-powerful. Its power is limited by the other two branches of government. The President nominates justices to the court. The Senate must vote its approval of the nominations. The whole Congress also has great power over the lower courts in the federal system. District and appeals courts are created by acts of Congress. These courts may be abolished if Congress wishes it. The Supreme Court is like a referee on a football field. The Congress, the President, the state police, and other government officials are the players. Some can pass laws, and others can enforce laws. But all exercise power within certain boundaries. These boundaries are set by the Constitution. As the "referee" in the U.S. system of government, it is the Supreme Court's job to say when government officials step out-of-bounds. How the Justices Make Decisions The decisions of the Supreme Court are made inside a white marble courthouse in Washington, D.C. Here the nine justices receive about 5,000 requests for hearings each year. Of these the Court will agree to hear fewer than 150. If the Court decides not to hear the case, the ruling of the lower court stands. Those cases which they agree to hear are given a date for argument. On the morning of that day, the lawyers and spectators enter a large courtroom. When an officer of the Court bangs his gavel, the people in the courtroom stand. The nine justices walk through a red curtain and stand beside nine tall, black-leather chairs. The Chief Justices takes the middle and tallest chair. "Oyez! Oyez! Oyez!" shouts the marshal of the Court. (It's an old Court expression meaning hear ye .) "God save the United States and this Honorable Court." The justices take their seats. The lawyers step forward and explain their case. The justices listen from their high seats and often interrupt to ask the lawyers questions. Several cases may be argued in one day. Finally, in the late afternoon, the Chief Justice bangs his gavel, rises from his seat, and leads the other justices through the red curtain out of the courtroom. The justices may take several days to study a case. Then they meet around a large table in a locked and guarded room. From their table, they may occasionally look up to see a painting on the wall. It is a portrait of a man dressed in an old-fashioned, high-collared coat. This man is John Marshall, one of the greatest Chief Justices in American history. More than anyone else, he helped the Supreme Court develop its power and importance. Before Marshall became Chief Justice, the Supreme Court had not yet challenged an act of Congress. The Constitution did not clearly give the Court power to judge laws passed by Congress. Therefore, the Court wasn't even sure it had this power. But Marshall made a daring move. In a famous court case in 1803, Marbury v. Madison, he wrote the Court's opinion, which declared a law passed by Congress to be unconstitutional. This decision gave the Supreme Court its power of judicial review. Ever since, the highest court has used the power to review the nation's laws and judge whether they were allowed under the Constitution. It has also reviewed the actions of the President. The Constitution does not allow Congress or state legislatures to pass laws that "abridge the freedom of speech." Freedom of speech is protected in the United States, and no lawmaking body may interfere with that freedom. Right? Usually. But there may be limits, even to free speech. No freedom, even one specifically mentioned in the Constitution, is absolute. People convicted of serious crimes lose their right to vote. Some religions encourage a man to have several wives. But that practice is forbidden in the United States, even though the Constitution says that there shall be no laws that prohibit the "free exercise" of religion. Even words themselves may pose a "clear and present danger" to the well-being of the country. When are mere words so dangerous that Congress (or a state legislature) may limit the freedom of speech? That is the sort of difficult question that the Supreme Court justices must often answer. Here's an example. The justices sat around the conference table in their locked room, trying to decide what to do about a man from Chicago named Terminiello. The year was 1949. It seems that Mr. Terminiello had given a speech to an audience in a hall in Chicago, attacking all sorts of people. A crowd had collected outside the hall to protest. Terminiello had called the crowd "a surging, howling mob." At other points in his speech, he called those who disagreed with him "slimy scum," "snakes," "bedbugs," and the like. The crowd outside screamed back: "Fascists! Hitlers!" Windows were broken, a few people were injured, and Terminiello was arrested. For what? All he did was talk. But by talking, he broke the law. This Chicago law outlawed speech that "stirs the public to anger, invites dispute, (or) brings about a condition of unrest." But maybe this law was unconstitutional. Justice William Douglas said that the Chicago law went against the First Amendment. He said that freedom of speech is important because it invites dispute. It allows people to raise tough questions, questions which should be answered in a democracy. Just because people get angry or annoyed at something that is said, Justice Douglas went on, does not mean that it should not be said. Justice Robert Jackson felt differently. Yes, he agreed, Terminiello had not said anything illegal. But because of the crowd and the anger around him, his speech was dangerous to the peace and order of the community. Therefore it was not protected by the First Amendment. There is a point, said Justice Jackson, beyond which a person may not provoke a crowd. Finally the Court voted. Each justice, including the Chief Justice, had one vote. Five agreed with one opinion, four with the other. One of the justices in the majority was then asked to write a long essay explaining the legal reasons for the majority's decision. Another justice announced that he would write a dissenting opinion. This was an essay telling why he disagreed with the Court's decision. How do you think the Court ruled in Terminiello v. Chicago? What if Terminiello had been a Republican campaigning for office among bad-tempered Democrats? What if he had been a Communist? Consider these and other important questions that might occur to you. Which is more important: protecting free speech, or the peace and order of the community? Where do you draw the line? If you had been on the Court in 1949, would you have voted to allow the Chicago law to stand, or would you have voted to rule it unconstitutional? Adapted from The Presidency, Congress, and the Supreme Court, Scholastic Inc., 1989.

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Air Quality Resources You will need Adobe Reader to view many of these publications. - Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, and J.C. Stevens. 2006. Air Pollution Removal by Urban Trees and Shrubs in the United States. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 4: 115- 123. [PDF] - Presents the factors behind pollution removal by trees, estimates the amount of air pollution removal for three Florida cities, and presents strategies for managing urban trees for air quality improvement. Escobedo, F. 2007. Urban Forests in Florida: Do They Reduce Air Pollution? FOR 128. School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. [PDF]

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Hi, I'm from Poland and I just came across this page by accident. My family cames from the the different region than Częstochowa, and as this name is a very common and wide spreaded one, unfortunately, I have some reasons to think that we are not related :-) I'd like to explain you a little what BOCHENEK name means and how to prounce it properly. It means "loaf of bread" indeed, but the ending "-ek" means nothing at the moment. In XIXth century it probably ment "little loaf", becaouse they also used word "BOCHEN" which ment "big loaf" or just "loaf". The word "BOCHEN" is not in usage in modern Polish any more, and the word "BOCHENEK" currently means simply "loaf of bread" without suggesting it's size. While pronouncing "BOCHENEK", one shall pronounce "CH" like "H" in the word "hierarchy", so it shall be so called "voiced sound". Someone, who posted on this page, was right that our ancestors could be just bakers, who specialised in loafs. It was a common way of creating names in Poland. Names created in this way could existed in the same time in different regions of Poland, and could belong to different, not related families. Hope these information will help you a little in your genealogy seaches. Sorry for not being more fluent in English. Magda from Poland

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BY W. C. RIGGS When the Choctaw people were removed from Mississippi to their reservation, in what is now southeastern Oklahoma, they maintained a tribal government, patterned in part after our own state and national governments. They enacted their own laws and enforced them, and their treaties with the United States gave them the right to eject outlaws and fugitives from justice from their country which was known as the Choctaw Nation. Their chief executive was called the Principal Chief, he was also commander-in-chief of the mounted police and other military bodies that the Choctaw Nation might deem necessary to, raise. Their legislative body was called the Tribal Council, and was divided into two houses similar to Congress or our state legislature. The Choctaw Nation for legislative purposes, also, judicial, was divided into fourteen counties, of which our state only saw fit to retain the name of two, and their borders do not conform to the old ones either. The two county names retained by the Oklahoma legislators are Atoka and Coal; Coal County, however, under Choctaw administration, was called Tobucksy instead of the English name. The old county names, such as Sans Bois, Skullyville, Nashoba, Shukalaf, Bokhoma, etc., went into discard. The Choctaw Nation was again divided into three senatorial districts and instead of being numbered were named in honor of former Choctaw Chiefs who had distinguished themselves years ago east of the Mississippi River: these districts were Apuckshanubbee, Mosholatubbee and Pushmataha. The modern legislators had forethought enough to name one county for Pushmataha. The tribal council was composed of two senators from each district, and one councilman from each county; their elections were usually held by the men of eighteen years of age and older assembling at some point, usually county court grounds, and a line was drawn, and one side of the line was chosen for one candidate and the other side for his opponent, and the voters lined up on the side they wished to vote for until their noses were counted. NO BALLOT BOX STUFFING There never was any ballot box stuffing at an election of this kind, however, during the last few years of the Tribal Government the ballot box was introduced for their major elections. The Choctaw County organization consisted of a County Judge, County Clerk, County Attorney, County Sheriff and County Ranger, the ranger was something similar to our township constable, except that his jurisdiction was only in civil matters of the court. The year 1850 the office of District and Supreme judges were created, the Supreme Court meeting once a year, namely: October. There were seventeen counties, and seventeen County Judges, three Circuit Judges and three Supreme Judges, the Circuit Court was changed to District Court about the year 1884. In lieu of a regular organized military organization, the Choctaw Nation maintained a body of mounted police, known as the Light Horsemen, and they were officered by a captain and under officers usually called captain, but subordinate to the commanding Captain. THE LIGHT HORSEMEN The light horsemen were what the name indicates; they were a hard riding, straight shooting, hard fighting body of men, who carried no excess equipment such as militiamen carry; a horse, saddle, rifle and revolver were the regular equipment, while a few hands full of parched corn and some jerked beef in their pockets or saddle bags, was the ration this army subsisted on while they moved swiftly from place to place. During the eighties various bands of outlaws infested the Indian Territory. It was often necessary for the United States deputy marshals to join their forces with those of the Choctaw Nation, (the Light Horsemen) in an attack on the outlaws, as both had the same object, that of ridding the country of renegades and tough characters. In the spring of 1883 or 1884, the Christie gang, a noted gang of desperadoes, had planned to rob the early morning M. K. & T. passenger train as it stopped at the Reynolds tank to take water. This place is about five miles north of Limestone Gap, at that time the residence of Captain Chas. Leflore,1 who was on the police force, and also member of the Choctaw Light Horsemen; news reached the Captain of the contemplated hold-up, and he immediately called the members of his force into action. They went to the tank and secreted themselves under the structure of the huge tank and awaited the approach of the would be robbers; Captain Leflore had about twenty-five men in his company, and the supposition was that the band of outlaws had about the same number, but Leflore reasoned that if they had possession of the place they would have the advantage. A short time before the passenger train was due to arrive, the outlaws made their appearance, and thinking every thing was O. K. they started to occupy the position already taken by the posse. Captain Leflore had given his men instructions not to move or fire until he signaled and allowed the outlaws to come within a few steps of the tank before he and the troopers opened fire. As the outlaws had been under fire before they soon rallied and offered a strong resistance and during the battle the Katy passenger approached from the north, but the engineer, ever on the alert for danger and trouble, brought his train under control and stopped a safe distance until the fight was ended. In this battle was a young Indian who had just recently joined the Light Horsemen, and you might say this battle was his baptism of fire. Some one of the outlaws using a powerful rifle shot a splinter off one of the upright supports of the tank, and the splinter hit the young trooper in the eye, knocking it out. He observed the Captain looking at him he called out, "Captain, we have them 1November 23, 1866, the General Council of the Choctaw Nation, granted Chas. Lefiore the privilege of erecting a toll bridge across Clear Boggy where the Fort Smith and Boggy Depot road crossed the stream. This bridge was operated for several years by Chas. Leflore. On December 14, the same year, the council granted Greenwood Thompson the privilege to erect a bridge across the stream at Limestone Gap, Chas. Leflore purchased this bridge in 1876, he was living here when he had the little affair with the outlaws mentioned above. Captain Chas. Leflore was one of the most valuable citizens of the Territory, he raised a nice family, one daughter became the wife of Lee Cruce, who was the second governor of the State of Oklahoma. The old Leflore home and the bridge are still in use. This road is spoken of as the road leading from Boggy Dept. C. N., to North Forktown. Creek Nation; North Forktown was on the North Canadian, northeast of where Eufaula is located. J. Y. B. whipped, they are out of ammunition and are now shooting at us with bows and arrows." I have heard the Captain tell this with quite a relish for the amusement of others many times. OUTLAWS WERE WHIPPED The result of the battle was two of the Captain’s men wounded, four or five of the outlaws killed, as many wounded, the balance fleeing when they realized that the gage of the battle had gone against them. The prisoners and the dead were loaded into the baggage car of the Katy passenger which came up to the tank as soon as they saw the Light Horsemen were victorious. The prisoners were turned over to Federal authorities for attempted mail robbery and possibly many other similar crimes already against their records. This battle broke up the major operations in the Choctaw Nation, but of course, small detached bands of criminals existed for several years afterwards, but nothing like they formerly were.

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Solar energy is perhaps the best alternative for future energy humanity. Research suggests our sun has an estimated life of five billion years. As for the sun, our resources of oil and natural gas are being rapidly depleted, with savings experts to be achieved in ten years we could be in a real energy crisis if we act now. Solar energy is the answer to our energy needs? I want to share with you three interesting facts about the use of solar energy. 1. The best first energy our Sun environment is a clean source of energy for our environment because it has no moving parts, no emissions, no destruction of natural resources that can feed our little house for large power plants. Solar energy, unlike other energy sources like coal, oil, nuclear and natural gas, leaving no remains unknown. 2. Solar energy has many uses, the radiant energy for many. It is used to heat water, power cars, power and highway traffic signals will produce power for lighting, cooking, and is used in many other applications. The demand for solar energy systems will continue to grow with the question now before the supply. More and more people are using the growing demand for higher claims. 3. There are two types of solar energy is a passive type and the other is active. * Liability can best be described as using the sun's energy to heat water, air to heat our homes, heat and thermal mass. There are several types of water heating coils are tubes containing liquids are heated by solar energy. This becomes a very popular way to heat water in our homes for water heaters consume a third of our energy costs. You may have heard a wall of trammel nets, a wall is usually made of concrete, painted black, and look south for sun exposure. This can be used to heat a home using the stored energy from the sun during the night. * Active is best described as an electrically or mechanically by using the transfer of solar energy. Some examples of this type would be solar panels that generate electricity using light sensitive cells. This is called a solar system. When a system uses pumps or fans to deliver solar energy which is also an active system. Being an energy consultant and actively participate in alternative energy, I became more aware of the importance of "solar energy" is in our lives. Major advances in this technology have made it possible for homeowners to install solar panels on their homes. I gave you three interesting facts about solar energy, knowing that I could break later in more specific areas. Visit:- Solar Panels In South Australia

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You will use the arclength formula Now substitute this into the arclength formula and remember . I have tried this one over and over and can't get the right answer. Can anyone help? Consider the parametric equation x = 16(cosθ+ θsinθ) y = 16(sinθ− θcosθ) What is the length of the curve for θ = 0 to θ = [3/10] π? I have L=sqrt (dx/dt)^2 + (dy/dt)^2 dx/dt = 16t (sin(t)+sin(t)+t cos(t)) dy/dt= 16t (-cos(t)-cos(t)+t sin(t)) Is that right?

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Describing Images for Enhanced Assessments Overview:The Utah, Colorado, and Kansas state education agencies have examined the use of description as an accommodation for students with visual and print disabilities in order to provide access to visual and complex images within state assessments. The project tested image description with 302 students in grades 3-8, in three subjects English Language Arts, Math and Science. Of the 302 students, 182 had print disabilities and 120 had visual disabilities. Based on the results of this study, image description appears to be an unbiased accommodation. We recommend that it be permitted on statewide assessments and urge state departments of education to include description as an allowable accommodation for assessment and for instruction. - Braille readers were more likely to select the correct answers when given image description without tactile graphics. - All other students in the study were equally likely to select the correct answer when given image description or not. - Image description is an unbiased accommodation. - Teachers reported strong belief in the potential effectiveness of image description. - Preliminary qualitative data suggest strong student preference for image description. - Introduction to Image Description - Guidelines for Describing Images for Assessments - Professional Development for Educators - Project Background and Components - Project Results and Conclusions Funding for this project is from the U.S. Department of Education to the Utah State Office of Education under Grant Award #S368A090019. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations are those of the project team and do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Department of Education. Authors: Bryan Gould, Wendy Carver, Silvia M. Correa-Torres, Jennifer Johnson Howell, and Kay Alicyn Ferrell. 2012.

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FERPA defines "education record" as records containing information directly related to a student and which are maintained by an educational agency or institution or by a party acting for the agency or institution. One of the exceptions to that definition is a "sole possession record." In order to meet the criteria for exclusion as a sole possession record, the record must be kept only in the sole possession of the maker, be used as a memory jogger, and not be accessible or revealed to another party except a temporary substitute. A grade book does not meet the stated criteria. The information in the grade book is usually shared with other school officials; it isn't used only as an aide to memory; and it's revealed to many parties, at least in portions, to students and parents. The Family Policy Compliance Office in Washington, D. C., which administers FERPA, defines a grade book as multiple education records, in fact. The information and grades of each student are considered the education record of each of the individual students. In order for an instructor to properly disclose the grades for an individual student, the instructor would need to redact or otherwise cover the other student's grades when viewed by the student.

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Senior Secondary navigation - Curriculum Guides Home - The arts - Te reo Māori - Learning languages - Health and physical education - Mathematics and statistics - Social sciences - Contact us - About the guides This site offers information about the annual conference and regional associations, and resources that are available to support implementation of The New Zealand Curriculum and raising student achievement. A portal for English teachers wanting to access teaching and learning resources. Teachers can also engage in online discussions about topical issues. A portal through which to access resources for developing teaching and learning programmes based on the literacy needs of learners. A site with content designed to help teachers respond to the needs of their English language learners. Everything you need to know in relation to English and NZQA including the standards, clarifications, moderators’ newsletters, benchmarked samples for internally assessed standards and sample external examinations. This key community covers assessment in the classroom, effective use of evidence, and reporting to families and whānau. It offers news, assessment tools and resources, research, a glossary, FAQ, and related links. The linked site Consider the evidence promotes "evidence-driven decision making for secondary schools" and supports secondary educators in making best use of evidence to improve student achievement. For a view of how assessment can best serve learning, see Directions for Assessment in New Zealand, a report by Michael Absolum, Lester Flockton, John Hattie, Rosemary Hipkins, and Ian Reid (also available as a Word or PDF file). In 2007, ERO published reports on schools’ effectiveness in the collection and use of assessment: The following references will help you to plan teaching and learning activities. Over 500 000 items are available through the Schools Collection, including books, videos, and DVDs. Schools can also interloan music, books, and serials from the National Library’s general collections through their local curriculum information service centre. The On Disk library of audiovisual teaching resources for secondary schools includes over 40 titles covering a range of subjects, with more titles to be added. ON DISK has now ceased to operate as a lending library, however, all titles can be screened and guided by teachers from the Film Archive's team. Te ara in Māori means the pathway. Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand offers many pathways to understanding New Zealand. When complete, it will be a comprehensive guide to the country’s peoples, natural environment, history, culture, economy, institutions and society. This website provides an online biographical database on the people who have helped shape New Zealand. As well as the HTML version of The New Zealand Curriculum, this interactive site offers a variety of support and strategies, news updates, digital stories of schools’ experiences, and archived material relating to development of the curriculum. This site includes an English translation of the main sections of the draft marautanga. Only learning levels 1, 4, and 6 have been translated in the learning areas. This companion site to the New Zealand Curriculum online offers specific guidance to school leaders and teachers on integrating the key competencies into the daily activities of the school and its teaching and learning programmes. BES is a collaborative knowledge-building strategy designed to strengthen the evidence base that informs education policy and practice in New Zealand. Visit this site for all the BES syntheses and related resources. The secondary education portal provides links to information, resources and guidance, to support secondary teaching and learning. The home page now makes a clear distinction between resources for aligned standards and resources for non-aligned standards. Access to these is now much improved. This site provides a range of information, tools, and resources to support secondary middle leaders as they lead change in relation to The New Zealand Curriculum and Ministry of Education priorities. This resource describes the qualities, practices and activities middle and senior leaders need to lead in ways that enhance learner outcomes. It is the third in a series that includes Kiwi Leadership for Principals and Tū Rangatira: Māori-medium Educational Leadership. Use this site or phone 0800 660 662 for copies of Ministry of Education teaching and learning resources. Ka Hikitia–Accelerating Success 2013–2017 is a strategy to rapidly change how the education system performs so that all Māori students gain the skills, qualifications and knowledge they need to enjoy and achieve education success as Māori. This Ministry of Education professional development strategy focuses on improving outcomes for Māori students in English-medium schools. This strategy supports four main projects: He Kākano supports school leaders to become relational and pedagogical leaders with the capability that will enable schools and teachers to build educational success for and with Māori learners. Five Rangiātea case studies and exemplars examine five secondary schools, each of which is on a journey towards realising Māori student potential. Tātaiako sets out competencies integral to creating culturally responsive learning environments and contexts, based on knowledge, respect, and collaborative approaches to Māori students, their whānau, and iwi. Successful teachers of Māori learners need to develop these competencies in each phase of their careers. The purpose of this website is to support the achievement of Pasifika learners by providing links to quality resources, research and other materials for teachers and school leaders to use. Last updated July 16, 2015

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One day, our Lord Jesus Christ went to Galilee. He found Philip and said, “Follow Me!” Philip went and found Nathanael. He said, “Guess what, Nathanael! We found the Person that Moses and the prophets wrote about. His name is Jesus and He’s from Nazareth.” Nathanael said, “Can anything good come from Nazareth?” Philip told him, “Come and see for yourself.” So Nathanael went with Philip to meet Jesus. When Jesus saw them coming, He said that Nathanael was a very good man. Nathanael asked, “How do You know me?” Jesus answered, “Before Philip talked with you, I saw you under the fig tree.” Nathanael was amazed and said, “You are God’s Son! You are the King of Israel!” Jesus answered, “Do you believe in Me just because I said I saw you under the fig tree? You will get to see a lot more amazing things than that! You will get to see Heaven and angels.” 1. Jesus saw a man on the way to Galilee, and said, “Follow me.” Who was that man? 2. Jesus saw a man under a fig tree. What was his name? 3. Nathaniel was surprised that Jesus knew him. He said two things about who Jesus was. He said Jesus was the King of Israel. What else did he say about Jesus? 4. Now Jesus was surprised. He told Nathanael that he would see much greater things. 5. If you had just met Jesus, who would you tell first?

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It was a dark and stormy morning, but we stuck to our plan. Because of restricted access, we had organized our trip several weeks in advance and a little rain wasn’t going to interfere. Brooks Island, located off the Richmond shoreline, has a storied past. After numerous commercial proposals, the island finally became part of the East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD) in 1968. Access is now permitted only as part of an EBRPD naturalist tour. Photo by Joel Williams By Captain Ray Published: December, 2010 Brooks Island, a small and somewhat inconspicuous bit of land off the Richmond shoreline, has an area of only 75 acres and is 159 feet at its highest point. When viewed from almost anywhere around the Bay, it appears (if noticed at all) as a low, scrubby hill. Because it is so close to the shoreline, observers often fail to realize that it actually is an island. This tiny island and approximately 300 acres of marsh and water that surround it comprise the Brooks Island Regional Shoreline; all of it is a wildlife preserve operated by the East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD). The island consists of a rocky ridge that tapers down to a coastal plain surrounded by mud flats and very shallow water. The ridge is Franciscan chert, a dense, red, sedimentary rock; it is part of the same formation seen on Albany Hill (just 2˝ miles to the east) and the Coyote Hills in Fremont (about 25 miles to the southeast). The lower slopes are limestone. Though small, Brooks Island has had a colorful history. The Ohlone lived on the island for thousands of years, the shellfish in the surrounding shallows providing a dependable source of protein. The shellmounds they left are ample evidence of their presence. The Spanish named it Isla de Carmen in 1775, but by 1850 charts referred to it as Brooks Island. It has had several other names as well. For a time it was known as Rocky Island, because from 1892 until 1938 limestone was quarried from its south side. Reportedly, San Quentin prisoners used this stone to build Treasure Island and the south cell block of their prison. This limestone was also utilized when the Army Corps of Engineers constructed the Richmond breakwater that extends west from the island and protects the Richmond Inner harbor. Another name was Sheep Island, because ranchers tried (unsuccessfully) to raise sheep there. Over the years, other uses were proposed for Brooks Island. In the 1870s, the Central Pacific Railroad wanted to build a freight terminal there. The U. S. Navy proposed leveling the island to build a battleship dock during World War I, but opted for Hunters Point instead. In the 1950s, the City of Richmond had plans for a heliport. Developers also wanted to flatten the island and sell industrial and commercial lots. In the 1960s, Brooks Island was leased by the Sheep Island Gun Club, which counted amongst its members Bing Crosby and restaurateur “Trader Vic” Bergeron. The club stocked the island with a variety of exotic game birds, all of which have now died out. They even stocked the island with deer, but they kept swimming ashore. In 1968, the island’s commercial exploitation came to an end when it was made part of the park district. Access is now permitted only as part of an EBRPD naturalist tour. See their website, for the details. During our stroll around the island, we saw gulls, terns, surf scoters, and loons, white tailed kites and black oystercatchers, cormorants and Canada geese, red-tailed hawks and black-crowned night herons. But the high point for me (pun intended) was the view from Jefferds Peak, the top of the island. It is only 159 feet high, but it affords a unique view of the Bay, one that very few people have seen. Ray Wichmann, is a US SAILING-certified Ocean Passagemaking Instructor, a US SAILING Instructor Trainer, and a member of US SAILING’s National Faculty. He holds a 100-Ton Master’s License, was a charter skipper in Hawai’i for 15 years, and has sailed on both coasts of the United States, in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Greece. He is presently employed as the Master Instructor at OCSC Sailing in the Berkeley Marina.

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Have you ever wondered why some people appear more attracted to nature than others? Or did you know that your brain comes with its own unique naturalistic intelligence? Nature teaches people how to live life to the fullest, by providing lessons from an outside environment, to extend mental growth. You may relate patterns that show how frogs develop from eggs to tadpoles, for instance, to create solutions for life’s changing faces in other developmental areas. Naturalistic, like other intelligences, tends to grow stronger as people enjoy nature, research weather patterns, relate to pets, hike along park trails, or enjoy the bubbling brook on a windy day. Watch the stars, moon and galaxy for patterns and movement and you begin to stretch naturalistic acumen as astronomers do. Collect rocks, study shells, or identify insects, and you’ll grow dendrite connections for more of the same. People strong in naturalistic intelligence will likely offer the best solutions to help others respond to global warming threats. Yet all brains are equipped to observe nature for lessons in successful living and in caring for their naturalistic surroundings. Naturalistic often joins together with additional intelligences. In this video, for instance, music is used to create a background of appreciation. Hike in the woods to categorize trees and you take advantage of bodily kinesthetic intelligence, and so on. What does this video communicate about nature’s perspective on: Would you also agree that nature could have inspired Armstrong’s music here? Or does it seem reasonable to you that nature adds value at times to mental relaxation and harmony that most people crave?

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Definitions for graniteˈgræn ɪt This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word granite plutonic igneous rock having visibly crystalline texture; generally composed of feldspar and mica and quartz something having the quality of granite (unyielding firmness) "a man of granite" A group of igneous and plutonic rocks composed primarily of feldspar and quartz. Usually contains one or more dark minerals, which may be mica, pyroxene, or amphibole. Granite is quarried for building stone, road gravel, decorative stone, and tombstones. Common colors are gray, white, pink, and yellow-brown. Origin: From granit, from granito, from granire, from grano, from granum. Compare granita. a crystalline, granular rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and usually of a whitish, grayish, or flesh-red color. It differs from gneiss in not having the mica in planes, and therefore in being destitute of a schistose structure Origin: [It. granito granite, adj., grainy, p. p. of granire to make grainy, fr. L. granum grain; cf. F. granit. See Grain.] Granite is a common type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock which is granular and phaneritic in texture. This rock consists mainly of quartz, mica, and feldspar. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in which case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is sometimes known as a porphyry. Granites can be pink to gray in color, depending on their chemistry and mineralogy. By definition, granite is an igneous rock with at least 20% quartz by volume. Granite differs from granodiorite in that at least 35% of the feldspar in granite is alkali feldspar as opposed to plagioclase; it is the alkali feldspar that gives many granites a distinctive pink color. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors and rounded massifs. Granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite is usually found in the continental plates of the Earth's crust. Granite is nearly always massive, hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use as a construction stone. The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm³, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3-6 • 1019 Pa·s. Melting temperature is 1215 - 1260 °C. Chambers 20th Century Dictionary gran′it, n. an igneous crystalline rock, composed of grains of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and of a whitish, grayish, or reddish colour.—adj. Granit′ic, pertaining to, consisting of, or like granite.—n. Granitificā′tion.—adjs. Granit′iform, Gran′itoid, of the form of or resembling granite; Granolith′ic, composed of cement formed of pounded granite. [It. granito, granite, lit. grained—L. granum, grain.] Is a type of rock created in a variety of color, composition and texture. Granite is extensively used as a dimension stone and as worktop surfaces, flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments. angrite, ingrate, tangier, Tangier, tearing The numerical value of granite in Chaldean Numerology is: 3 The numerical value of granite in Pythagorean Numerology is: 2 Sample Sentences & Example Usage Granite Staters want to see you often, two or three times isn't enough. Hell is paved with great granite blocks hewn from the hearts of those who said, I can do no other. We have a 500-pound slab of granite that’s been cut at two different angles, water runs up and down it 24/7. We are using the election as a last resort because the different paths that different parties have tried have ended up smashing against a granite wall of incomprehension. As Granite State voters start to firm up their decision, it's looking more and more unlikely that Trump will be toppled from his perch. The real fight is for second place. Images & Illustrations of granite Translations for granite From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary - granit, graniteFrench - ōnewa, tokapataMāori - granittNorwegian Nynorsk Get even more translations for granite » Find a translation for the granite definition in other languages: Select another language:

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Monday, refreshed and recuperated, we rolled on south, and camped within some seventy-five miles of our home. Early the next morning I left my party and drove on, telling them to come as fast as they could, consistent with loaded carts. Late in the day I crossed the Ghost, and darkness was upon the scene before I began to climb the long hill up to the little fort on the summit, and was overjoyed to find all well. Old Whip-Cracker, "Pah-quas-ta-kun," had told Mrs. McDougall that John was coming. "He had sung his song, and had gone into his trance, and his spirit had met me, and our journey was prospering, and in two nights John would be home." What a welcome one received in those days of isolation and very possible disaster. Everybody would rejoice. It was as if the lost was found. My men turned up on the third day, and in the meantime I had met the Stoneys and delivered to them the message from the Government, and arranged with the head chief, Bear's Paw, to accompany me on my journey to the plains tribes. I wanted to strengthen the peace between these people. I also secured a first-class interpreter in one Lazarus, a Stoney, who spoke Blackfoot and Cree and Stoney equally well. We organized our party, and taking fresh horses, started out on the work of preparing the way for the incoming Government. The Stoneys and Crees had received our message with genuine gladness. It now remained to find out the state of mind of the Blackfeet and Bloods and Piegans and Sarcees. Starting out on this trip, our party consisted of the Stoney chief, Bear's Paw, interpreter Lazarus Peacemaker, and my two white men, Spencer and Robinson, and self, five in number. I had a small Union Jack on a short pole fastened to my lead cart, and, with this flaunting in the breeze, and with the dignity of our mission inspiring our hearts, we rolled out from the mountains and down the slopes of the continent on to the great plains. When we approached "the shoal across the river," as the Indians called what has now become the Blackfoot Crossing, we came upon fresh tracks of Indians, and also saw there were some white men camped across the river. We had: hardly got into camp ourselves on the north side when down over the hill came a lot of riders, who told us that Chiefs Crowfoot and Old Sun were encamped over on the "A-che-mans," or "Provision Bag," which is a valley away up the Crowfoot Creek, and almost due north of where we now were camped. He told us that the men across the river were Long Knife whiskey traders, and they were now going across to trade some firewater. I thought I would run the risk of requesting these traders to refrain from giving out whiskey for a day or so in order that I might have the Indians sober and able to understand my message from the Government to them. I accordingly wrote a note, requesting the gentlemen over the river to stay the outflow of stimulants for a wee bit, and telling them that I had a message from the Canadian Government, and desired a sober time, if possible. But by the way these Indians were supplied when they returned to our side of the river, and the little kegs they carried, and the noisy time we had with them that night, I judged that my humble request was not even considered by my white men brethren. They seemed to give more whiskey than ever to the Indians, and it consequently was a very lively night. Drunken and brutal and lawless white men across the river, and drunken and lawless and wild Indians all about us and our little camp—and there were hundreds more of these wild Indians within from ten to twelve miles—and with all this there came a tremendous downpour of rain, in which we were on guard all night.. When daylight came, as there were still some of the Indians with us, but now sobering up, I sent word by them to Crowfoot that I would be in his camp during that day to give him and his people a message from the "Queen Mother" and her Government in Canada. We found the camp some twelve miles north, in a fine grass country, and did not wonder that the buffalo frequented the spot which was so full of rich pasture and so well watered. Now the valley was occupied by the united camps of these big chiefs, Crowfoot and Old Sun. The Crees gave the Blackfoot name, Sa-po-max-eka, the full translation, "The Crow Indian Who Makes the Big Track." This man ranked as supreme in the councils of these tribes, and I was exceedingly anxious as to what his attitude might be towards the commission I represented in his camp. When we came there, a very big drunk was going on in some parts of it, but near Crowfoot's lodge all was quiet. Speedily we were ushered into the great man's presence and received by him most courteously. He told me that he knew my brother-in-law, Bed Head, or Hardisty, well, and was his friend, and he would like to be my friend also. I answered I was glad to hear this. Then I told him I had a message for himself and his people, and that if he would call the minor chiefs and head men together I would produce my commission and tell them my In a short time the big lodge was full of chiefs and leading men. Through my interpreter, I told them of the coming of the mounted force across the plains, and the purpose of their coming. Tribal war was to be suppressed, and whiskey trading and horse stealing and all crimes were to be done away with. I exalted British justice, and made much of the equality of men in the eyes of the law, and most keenly and patiently those men listened to my story. When I was done, Crowfoot took my hand and placed it on his heart, and said, "My brother, your words make me glad. I listened to them not only with my ears, but with my heart also. In the coming of the Long Knives, with their firewater and their quick-shooting guns, we are weak, and our people have been wofully slain and impoverished. You say this will be stopped. We are glad to have it stopped. We want peace. What you tell us about this strong power, which will govern with good law and treat the Indian the same as the white man, makes us glad to hear. My brother, I believe you, and am thankful." Old Sun and all the rest present gave assent to what Crowfoot had spoken. I told them I would give them tobacco to smoke, and, as they smoked, they would remember my words, and prepare their hearts for the great, good change now near at hand. Moreover, I would give them some tea and sugar to drink, and, as they drank, they would think of the great Mother Queen and the Government of Canada, and all the people I represented, as their friends and brethren, and at this they I found that still further north, on to the Red Deer, there were two more camps, and after finishing with Crowfoot and this camp we continued our journey towards these. Outside the camp we had some trouble shaking off some drunken Indians; but finally, with tact and patience, got away on our journey towards the North and the Red Deer River country. We camped in the hills, and watched our stock closely, and then the next day travelled on to the camps we were in search of. Here we found a more turbulent crowd of Indians. They had no firm hand like that of Crowfoot. However, we delivered our mission, and thoroughly prepared them, by explanation and exhortation, for the coming of government and law, as would be represented by the mounted force now on its way in. "When would this force be Ah, that was a question I could not answer definitely. I said, "Some time before winter."

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Despite prolonged combat missions to Iraq and Afghanistan, there has been no overall increase in mental health problems among UK soldiers, finds a review of the available evidence, published online in the Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. But certain groups of soldiers do seem to be more vulnerable to mental ill health on their return home, while alcohol problems continue to give cause for concern among regulars, say the researchers from King's College London. They retrieved published research looking at the psychological impact of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the UK Armed Forces, dating back 15 years. And where possible, they compared the research findings with those published on the mental health of US military personnel. The researchers focused on Iraq and Afghanistan because of the lengthy and challenging nature of the conflict experienced by British soldiers in these two countries, including protracted counter insurgency and repeated exposure to improvised explosive devices (IEDs), snipers, and suicide bombers. Their analysis, which draws on 34 studies, shows that, overall, most UK regulars returning from deployment have remained psychologically resilient, despite the adversities they faced. Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, among most UK regulars returning from deployment range between 1.3% and 4.8%, the evidence suggests; the prevalence of PTSD among the UK general population is 3%, say the authors. Not unexpectedly, troops involved in direct combat are more likely to experience mental health issues than their peers not deployed in this way. The rate of PTSD among these soldiers is around 7%, the data indicate. But not all combat troops have the same level of risk: elite forces, such as the Royal Marines and airborne personnel report fewer mental health problems. Combat troops are also twice as likely to experience mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)--short term loss of consciousness or altered mental state following a head injury or blast explosion--as those not deployed in combat. But mTBI rates are consistently lower than among the US military and the rate of mTBI in combat remains very low indeed, say the authors. Depression and anxiety are the most frequently reported common mental health disorders among soldiers who have served in Iraq and Afghanistan. But overall rates are no higher than among soldiers who have not been deployed to these regions--or indeed the general population, the research indicates. Harmful drinking, however, continues to give cause for concern, affecting up to one in five regular soldiers, while aggressive and violent behaviour is also more likely among those returning from deployment, particularly soldiers in combat roles who are experiencing mental health issues. But despite the unique stressors soldiers face, rates of suicide and self-harm are lower than they are among the general population, except for army recruits under the age of 20. And the evidence suggests that levels of social support during childhood and after leaving the Army have a greater impact on suicide rates than deployment. Overall, UK troops fare better than their US peers in terms of their mental health, possibly because UK Army recruits tend to be older, have shorter tours of duty, and have better access to healthcare, say the authors. But UK troops are more likely to report harmful levels of drinking than their US peers. There is also some evidence to suggest that good training, leadership and unit cohesion may help to stave off mental health problems, in addition to which the Army has invested heavily in initiatives to mitigate the effects of trauma and ease soldiers' return home. These include 'third location decompression'(TLD)--36 hours of social, supportive, and educational intervention after prolonged operational deployment before returning home--and the Trauma Risk Management Programme (TRiM)--peer support designed to pick up vulnerability to mental health problems in the wake of a traumatic incident. "The evidence presented [here] shows that, in the main, UK military personnel have remained resilient in spite of having suffered significant numbers of fatalities and casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan," write the authors. They acknowledge that there will be "a small but important group of veterans" who will need specialist mental healthcare services in the years ahead, and that it is too early to tell what the longer term psychological impacts of service in Iraq and Afghanistan might be. But they conclude: "There appears to be some evidence that the considerable efforts the UK Armed Forces have made to ensure that deployed personnel are well trained, well led, cohesive, have access to high quality mental health services and a number of evidence based mitigation measures, such as TLD and TRiM, are important." The mental health of the UK Armed Forces in the 21st century: resilience in the face of adversity Online First doi 10.1136/jramc-2013-000213

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About 15% of the land is potentially productive, but agriculture, cultivating mainly hay, potatoes, and turnips, is restricted less than 1% of the total area. Fruits and vegetables are raised in greenhouses. There are extensive grazing lands, used mainly for sheep raising, but also for horses and cattle. Fishing is the most important industry. Aside from aluminum smelting and ferrosilicon production, Iceland has little heavy industry and relies on imports for many of the necessities and luxuries of life. More than half of Iceland's gross national product comes from the communications, trade, and service industries. Tourism is also important. The country has expanded its hydroelectric and geothermal energy resources to reduce dependence on oil imports, and roughly 90% of all homes are now heated by geothermal energy. Fish and fish products, aluminum, animal products, ferrosilicon, and diatomite are the main exports; machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles, and manufactured goods are imported. Most trade is with Germany, Great Britain, the United States, and the Netherlands.) The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

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Until 1916, the Navy moved Marine Corps units using ships such as Prairie and Hancock, two converted commercial vessels that saw action during the US intervention in Vera Cruz. These ships were marginally capable of meeting the demands of individual contingencies, but the sea services nevertheless saw the need for transports specifically designed to carry Marines and their equipment. The General Board, an advisory body for the Secretary of the Navy, included two transports for the Marine Corps' Advanced Base Force (ABF) in its long-range naval building program proposal of 1908. However, Congress did not appropriate funds for any transports until 1912 (fiscal year 1914). That year, legislators approved the construction of one of two transports the Navy had requested, which allowed the General Board to finally submit its design requirements to the Secretary. Later, the ship was named Henderson (after the fifth Marine Corps Commandant, Colonel Archibald Henderson) and designated Transport Number 1 (AP 1). Henderson's design was shaped by the demands of the base-defense mission. Initially, the ship required sufficient internal volume to embark and support approximately 1,300 Marines, as well as their supplies, ammunition, and equipment. This equipment included eight artillery pieces and 32 horses that would transport the batteries once they were ashore. In addition, Henderson's crew would be able to provide limited surface fire support with their six 5-inch guns and then dismount them to the beach for use by the Marines. The ship would also carry mines for Marine shore defenses and two 50-foot picket boats to lay these mines and defend the forward base against small-boat attack. Henderson's other characteristics would reflect Navy and Marine Corps assumptions concerning the ship's employment and the threats she would encounter. To get men and material ashore quickly in the absence of defending forces, Henderson's design featured a shallower draft than that found on other naval auxiliaries, which would allow her to anchor closer to a landing beach. For ship-to-shore movement, the ship could launch embarked small craft that included 11 assorted boats and barges and two to four unpowered lighters, the latter to carry guns, supplies and horses ashore. Expecting the most serious attacks on the ship to occur during transit to a landing site, Navy designers wanted the transport to have torpedo bulkheads, a double bottom, and a watertight deck for survivability purposes. Driven by steam power generated by either oil or coal, Henderson's maximum speed of 14 knots would allow her to deploy and be protected with the rest of the fleet train. These general design elements carried through much of Henderson's design process, though there were tensions between General Board requirements, Marine Corps desires, and the realities of the detailed ship design. When commissioned, the ship had less internal volume than planned. She had eight rather than six 5-inch guns, but only four could be moved ashore. Her top sustained speed was slightly below 14 knots. Nevertheless, Henderson was essentially the type of ship the Navy and Marine Corps had envisioned. Henderson was the first large ship to be gyro-stabilized. The stabilizing unit was installed while the ship was being built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. The gyros being installed through the side of the ship, weigh four-fifths of one per cent of the displacement of the ship, approximately 80 tons. Each of these units contains a wheel weighing 26 tons mounted on a horizontal shaft lying in normal position athwartships. The units are secured to the ship in the gudgeon bearings, the trunions of which are visible on the top of each unit. This allows each unit to turn or precess about a vertical axis to give the spinning gyro rotors the second motion necessary to produce the gyroscopic action to help stabilize the ship. The gyros were capable of holding the ship down to three degrees of roll in the roughest weather. On numerous trans-Atlantic crossings experiments were conducted, rolling the ship with the stabilizers for experimental director gun fire as well as stabilizing the ship for economy in effort in operation and comfort of personnel on board. Henderson was well fitted for these experiments, being equipped with eight five-inch guns and a complete fire control director. Built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, the ship was launched on 17 June 1916 and commissioned on 24 May 1917. Entering service during World War I, the Navy quickly assigned the transport a new role: shuttling troops to the European theater. In this capacity as a "point-to-point" transport - as opposed to an expeditionary transport that would land troops as integrated combat units - Henderson carried between 1,700-2,200 men. All told, Henderson made eight more transits to France carrying men and supplies, including material used to establish two large base hospitals in France. During these voyages, the ship survived at least one U-boat attack on the convoy in which she was travelling, as well as a major fire in a cargo hold. Henderson's employment as a point-to-point transport continued into 1919, and the ship would be called upon to reprise this role repeatedly throughout its career. By December 1919, the transport returned to the mission of supporting the Marine Corps, but most of its tasking involved the rotation of Marine units and equipment between the United States and Caribbean countries such as Haiti and Cuba where the Corps was engaged in long-running expeditionary operations. After 1927 Henderson's operations focused primarily on the Pacific, where she transported men between the West Coast and the Pacific islands, the Philippines, and the China coast. In 1927, Henderson carried a Marine garrison to Shanghai, China, and from then until 1941 the ship operated between there, the U.S. west coast, the Philippines, and other Pacific islands. Nevertheless, Henderson reverted to the expeditionary transport role on occasion, participating in amphibious exercises for the first time in 1920. The ship also took part in Fleet Exercise # 3 in 1924, in which she embarked an armored lighter or "beetle boat" (officially known as "Troop Barge A") for testing during a mock amphibious assault on the Panama Canal Zone. The use of the beetle boat - a derivative of the "beetles" the British had used during operations at Gallipoli - marked the start of an intensive Marine Corps and Navy search for a true landing craft. Henderson continued in her dual role until World War II. Following the outbreak of war between the U.S. and Japan in December 1941, the ship was assigned duty transporting men and cargo between California and Hawaii. In the year and a half following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the ship carried people and cargo between California, Hawaii, and the South Pacific. Ultimately she made over twenty such voyages. On her last voyage as a transport, between July and September 1943, she delivered nurses to Noumea and Seabees to the Solomons. The transport was decommissioned in 1943 and entered an Oakland, California shipyard to be converted to a hospital ship, reentering service as USS Bountiful (AH 9) in March 1944. During the First World War, Navy nurses served aboard the troop transports USS Henderson and USS George Washington when transporting President Woodrow Wilson to France. After 1943, Navy nurses would yet again serve on Henderson when it was known as the Navy hospital ship USS Bountiful. Following her October 1943 decommissioning, the elderly transport Henderson (AP-1) was converted to a hospital ship at Oakland, California. Renamed Bountiful (AH-9), she was recommissioned in March 1944. Bountiful carried casualties from several Pacific amphibious operations - including the Marine assault on the island of Peleliu in 1944 - to rear areas for further treatment and convalescence. The ship also featured one of the few afloat blood banks in the Pacific theater. After a round trip between San Francisco and Honolulu, she arrived off the invasion beaches at Saipan in June. The hospital ship made three transits to Kwajalein with casualties of the Marianas invasions, then served into September as a floating hospital at Manus. During the rest of the year and into 1945 Bountiful transported casualties of the Peleliu landing to hospitals in the Solomons and carried veterans from Leyte to rear bases. In February 1945 she departed Manus to receive casualties of the Iwo Jima campaign, and over the next several months took on wounded from Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and fleet units at sea. Bountiful returned to Leyte in June, departed in July and arrived at San Francisco in late August 1945. Postwar, Bountiful was sent back across the Pacific and served as hospital ship at Yokosuka, Japan from November 1945 to March 1946. Bountiful hosted observers of the 1946 atomic tests at Bikini Atoll, then made a voyage to the U.S. West Coast. Between May and August she supported the atomic bomb tests at Bikini. USS Bountiful was decommissioned and turned over to the Maritime Commission in September 1946, stricken from the list of Naval vessels in the following month, and delivered to a scrapping firm in January 1948. |Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list|

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PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE JET PROPULSION LABORATORY CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011 Contact: Mary A. Hardin at JPL (818) 354-0344 AGU Newsroom (415) 905-1007 Cheryl Dybas National Science Foundation (703) 306-1070 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEDECEMBER 17, 1996 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE HASN'T STOPPED, HILLS HAVE RISEN Earthquake researchers measuring the movement of the Earth's surface with the Global Positioning System (GPS) have concluded that the Northridge earthquake has continued in a "quiet" way and the Granada Hills have risen about 16 centimeters (about 6 inches) since that first jolt in January 1994. Scientists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory will present their findings this week at the annual Fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco. "The Northridge quake occurred on a thrust fault that did not break all the way to the surface. However, the sedimentary layers of rock, in the top five kilometers located just below the surface near the epicenter, have continued to move in a fluid- like manner -- sort of like honey flowing off a spoon -- since the earthquake," said Dr. Gregory Lyzenga, a JPL geophysicist and professor at Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA. "The amount of motion that happened because of this 'stealth' earthquake is equivalent to the displacement that would accompany a magnitude Lyzenga and his JPL colleague Dr. Andrea Donnellan studied data from about a dozen GPS receivers that continuously measure the constant, yet nearly physically imperceptible, movements of earthquake faults throughout Southern California. These temporary GPS sites were part of a preliminary earthquake study that helped lead to a large effort called the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN). SCIGN uses an array of permanent GPS receivers placed throughout the region. GPS uses data transmitted from a constellation of 24 Earth- orbiting satellites that are jointly operated by the departments of Defense and Transportation. The satellites are arranged so that several of them are "visible" from any point on the surface of the Earth at any time. Scientists at JPL can determine the position of a user with a GPS receiver to better than 1 centimeter (0.4 inches) per day by correlating signals from the satellites and knowing the satellite orbital locations very "It is not clear yet if this continued post-Northridge 'after-slip' represents a loss of stress along a fault or if it is a transfer of stress to other areas," Lyzenga said. "Our GPS processing techniques are now better refined, making it easier to resolve vertical as well as horizontal movements of the Earth's What is clear is that the force of the after-slip has added about 16 centimeters (about 6 inches) to the Granada Hills since the earthquake. Granada Hills is a foothill community just to the north of the city of Northridge. "While similar post-seismic movements have been seen after earthquakes in other regions, this observation is significant because it highlights the difficulty of fully accounting for all of the strain that can potentially lead to earthquakes. If we hope to make realistic assessments of earthquake potential in different parts of the Los Angeles basin, we need to understand the processes and amounts of quiet movement, as well as the more obvious shifts that occur immediately during seismic events." In a related observation, researchers studying GPS measurements from a single site located in the foothills behind the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena have seen the rate of motion at that site change significantly since the Northridge "This extra motion cannot be easily explained by means of additional slip on the fault which ruptured during the Northridge earthquake, suggesting the possibility of slip on a second fault closer to JPL," said Dr. Michael Heflin, a JPL geophysicist. "The extra motion may represent a significant release of strain energy which is occurring without earthquakes. If such events turn out to be common, the overall earthquake hazard may need to The on-going measurements of the new and growing SCIGN array will help clarify the "earthquake budget", or the amount of strain accumulation that has built up in Southern California. If the observations show that significant strain energy is released quietly, then less total energy is left to be released and we may experience fewer damaging earthquakes, Heflin added. The GPS earthquake research is funded by NASA's Office of Mission to Planet Earth, the United States Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC), a National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center headquartered at the University of Southern California. For more information, visit the Southern California Global Positioning System home page.

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New Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter photos show Apollo sites in sharpest detail yet Posted By Jason Davis 08-09-2011 11:58 CDT The Apollo program continues to amaze, 42 years after Neil Armstrong took humankind's first steps on the moon. On Tuesday, September 6, NASA released new high-resolution photos of the Apollo 12, 14 and 17 landing sites, from vantage points as close as 21 kilometers from the surface. The pictures were taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), a mapping satellite that has been in lunar orbit since 2009. To date, the spacecraft has sent a whopping 192 terabytes worth of data back to Earth. LRO started snapping pictures of Apollo sites in 2009, but those images were shot from a height of around 50 kilometers. The orbiter spent the past month in its lower orbit getting the new high resolution pictures, before returning to its standard altitude. When compared with the old images of the three landing sites, the improvements are drastic. For example, the new images feature a sharper look at the Apollo Lunar Service Experiment Packages (ALSEPs) left behind by astronauts on each mission. In the case of Apollo 17, the detail is fine enough to make out individual package components, such as geophones (used to record seismic activity), heat transfer cables (used to measure heat emanating from the moon's interior), and discarded packing equipment. That's right – you can actually make out trash sitting on the lunar surface! Another improvement is the crispness of each mission's lunar module descent stage. Apollo lunar modules landed as a combined spacecraft, but separated into ascent/descent units when it was time to head home, using the descent stages as launch pads to blast the astronauts back into lunar orbit. Each lunar module had a meaningful name used to simplify communications during missions. Here's a quick rundown of the three Apollo missions as seen in the new images. For each image shot from above, I inserted a picture taken from the surface during the original mission in order to provide a sense of perspective and scale. My composite images have lower resolution than the actual pictures taken by LRO. If you want to see the original photos in all their glory, check out NASA's press release here or head over to Arizona State's Lunar Reconnaisance Orbiter Camera website for additional details. Landed: November 19, 1969 Astronauts: Pete Conrad (commander), Al Bean (lunar module pilot), Dick Gordon (command module pilot, stayed in orbit) Mission: Apollo 12 is said by many to represent the most congenial of the Apollo crews, featuring the boyish Pete Conrad, who made no attempt to hide his obvious elation while he was shuffling around on the moon. [EDIT: This funny photo of Pete Conrad exemplifies his personality. --ESL] The Saturn V rocket that launched the mission from Earth was struck by lightning twice during its ascent to orbit, but luckily, no serious damage occurred and the mission was a success. The crew landed in the moon's Ocean of Storms near Surveyor 3, a robotic probe that had previously landed on the moon two years earlier. To this date Surveyor 3 remains the only probe to have been sent to another world and receive a subsequent visit from its creators. Landed: February 9, 1971 Astronauts: Alan Shepard (commander), Ed Mitchell (lunar module pilot), Stu Roosa (command module pilot, stayed in orbit) Mission: After winning a long battle with Ménière's disease, Alan Shepard, America's first human in space, returned to active astronaut duty and secured a trip to the moon. Shepard and lunar module pilot Ed Mitchell landed at Fra Mauro, the original destination of Apollo 13, which never made it to the lunar surface due to a catastrophic oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon. Shepard famously teed up a golf ball and hit it with an improvised club, proclaiming the ball went "miles and miles." Landed: December 11, 1972 Astronauts: Gene Cernan (commander), Harrison Schmitt (lunar module pilot), Ron Evans (command module pilot, stayed in orbit) Mission: The final humans to walk on the moon also hold the majority of the lunar duration records, including the longest total walks on the moon and the biggest haul of moon rocks (115 kilograms). The mission featured the iconic lunar rover vehicle, and was also the first and only time a true geologist visited the moon (Harrison Schmitt). Schmitt, in addition to providing his services as a geologist and pilot, also provided comic relief in a series of well-documented falls on the lunar surface.

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Let the kids record the trip to the museum or let them dress up for the museum. Dallas, Texas (PRWEB) August 16, 2013 Fun activities that engage kids while they are discovering or exploring the museum include bringing a microphone and a fun prop. Ask the kids to put themselves in the scene at the exhibit and interview them. They will have a blast while being center stage during the visit. Another fun idea is helping the kids learn to observe closely by playing the I Spy game. Other tips include dressing up in character with the exhibit, preparing the kids with note cards to ask the curator, or playing the speed see game. Over 100 fun playtime tips have been published on Kids Activities Blog that include yummy homemade ice cream dough, mulitcolored cloud dough, creative small worlds, a gallery of magic dissapearing shapes, a construction sensory table, DIY homemade piggy banks, a Pringels can race car manual, and a fizzying volcano sensory bin. For detailed instructions and to get additional museum tips or fun playtime ideas, check out Kids Activities Blog this week. Come get inspired to sneak in a bit of learning while having a blast. About Kids Activities Blog Kids Activities Blog is a website created by two moms (who collectively have 9 children), Rachel Miller and Holly Homer from June Cleaver Nirvana. It is their daily goal to inspire parents and teachers to play with kids. This interactive website publishes simple things to do with kids twice a day. Kids Activities Blog is a great tool for moms and teachers to find kid-friendly activities that create memories and sneak learning into the fun.

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A 21-year-old female patient was referred to the Department of Operative Dentistry of the University of Rostock because of complaints in the right maxilla indicating pulpitis in a maxillary molar. Tooth 17 had an extra cusp with an additional root on the buccal aspect. The point of fusion of the additional root with the regular tooth created an environment conducive to caries. The pulp chamber of the supernumerary root was opened during caries excavation and the clinical examination suggested a separate, supernumerary root canal. A standard radiograph showed no extraordinary root canal configuration, so during the first appointment only the supernumerary root canal was treated. Owing to continuing discomfort, a more precise radiological diagnosis was made using computed tomography (CT). The CT scan clearly showed that the separate root canal under the extra cusp communicated with the regular root canal system. Therefore, the diagnosis ‘double teeth with incomplete gemination was made and followed by root canal treatment for all the root canals. Keywords: dental anatomy, fusion, gemination, hyperdontia, supernumerary teeth

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The University of London’s Institute of Education (IOE) has announced the release of a study showing that children who read for pleasure are likely to do significantly better at school than their peers. The study, which is one of the first to examine the effect of reading for pleasure on children’s cognitive development over time, finds that children who read for pleasure made more progress in learning math, vocabulary, and spelling between the ages of 10 and 16 than those who rarely read. The research was conducted by IOE researchers Dr. Alice Sullivan and Matt Brown, who analyzed the reading behavior of approximately 6,000 children being followed by the 1970 British Cohort Study, which is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. They looked at how often the teenagers read during childhood and their test results in math, vocabulary, and spelling at ages 5, 10 and 16. “It may seem surprising that reading for pleasure would help to improve children’s maths scores,” Sullivan says in the institute’s announcement. “But it is likely that strong reading ability will enable children to absorb and understand new information and affect their attainment in all subjects.” The researchers compared children from the same social backgrounds who had achieved the same test scores as each other at age 5 and at age 10. Their finding? Kids who read often at age 10 and more than once a week at age 16 gained higher results at age 16 than those who read less regularly. The study also found that reading for pleasure was found to be more important for children’s cognitive development between ages 10 and 16 than their parents’ level of education. The combined effect on kids’ progress of reading books often, going to the library regularly, and reading newspapers at 16 was four times greater than the advantage kids gained from having a parent with a degree. In addition, the study found that kids who were read to regularly by their parents at age 5 performed better in all three tests at age 16 than those who were not helped in this way.

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The Violet of Toulouse is characterised by its bluish purple colour. It has a double flower (twice the usual number of petals) and is therefore larger than most other varieties of violet. It flowers from October to April. Before the widespread use of greenhouses, it was one of the rare fresh flowers sold during the winter. A bit of History: Initially Violets of Toulouse were cultivated north of the town. Since the middle of the XIXth century the flowers have been sold at the Marché aux Violettes des Jacobins and in the streets of the city centre. The heyday of the Violet of Toulouse was in the first half of the XXth century when it was exported throughout Europe as far as Russia. The extremely severe winter of 1956 resulted in major losses for many producers. At the same time other plants were starting to be cultivated in greenhouses for the winter market. In 1985 only a handful of violet producers remained in business when the agronomist, Adrien Roucolle, decided to stimulate the cultivation of the Violet of Toulouse to avoid its extinction. He created a conservatory in the Municipal Greenhouses. Today the numerous producers of Violets of Toulouse are again thriving. The flower is sold as a bouquet and for a long time it was the only fresh flowers available during the winter months. However, numerous derivatives are also produced from the violet flowerviolet-flavoured sugar crystals have been available since the XIXth century. They are usually available in small boxes whose lids are decorated with violet flowers and used to decorate cakes and pastries. The first "Violette de Toulouse" perfume was created in 1936 buy on-line Violet syrup150 g violets 500 ml water 750 g sugar Separate the petals of the violets from the other parts of the plant. Put them in a bowl and cover with 250 ml of boiling water. Place a small plate on top of the flowers to keep them undern the water. Let them macerate for 1 h 30 to 2 h. Put the sugar and 250 ml water in a saucepan. When the sugar has dissolved heat it to boiling, skim and let simmer. When the syrup is "cassé" (dip the handle of a wooden spoon into the syrup and then plunge it immediately into cold water. The sugar which remains on the handle should be brittle and snaps ("casser") between the teeth) remove from the heat. Mix immediately the violet infusion and the syrup and stir for several minutes until well mixed. Let cool and poor into a bottle for storage. Champagne + violet syrup = Kir Royal à la violette - delicious!! Violet jellyViolet flowers (4 teacups) A packet of powdered pectin Sugar (4 teacups) Take 4 cups of violet flowers and cover with 2 cups of boiling water and leave for 24 hours. Filter the infusion through a coffee filtre and discard the flowers. Mix 2 cups of the infusion with the juice of a lemon and a packet of pectin. Bring the mixture to the boil. Add 4 cups of sugar and stir until the sugar has dissolved. Boil vigourously for 1 minute. Pour into sterile pots and seal them. Keep in a refrigerateur. gin, crème de menthe, violet liqueur milk, crème de cassis, violet liqueur vodka, apricot liqueur, cane sugar syrup, Canada Dry, violet liqueur vodka, violet liqueur, cranberry juice vodka, violet liqueur, Gini, Donjon Terre de violette grapefruit juice, gin, violet liqueur vodka, fresh cream, violet liqueur To learn more about the Violet of Toulouse read Sandrine Banessy's book "La Violette de Toulouse" A few links: Toulouse, cité des violettes - a personal site about Violets of Toulouse La Maison de la Violette - a barge on the Canal du Midi in Toulouse and dedicated to Violets of Toulouse Regals, Toulouse - for all violet products Cave spirituelle - violet liqueur, violet tea, violet sweets... Couleurs de Vie Zen - Original Berdoues® Violet of Toulouse perfume La Boutique de Bébrix - Violet perfumes and soaps; violet flavored Sweets, violet apéritif, liqueur and jam as well as numerous books about violets. ÓMike Briley & Chantal Moret 1999-2009

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The underground railroad wasn't actually a railroad but a code name for a group of persons who helped the slaves escape in the 1800's. Take a journey on the trackless train here. Map from The Underground Railroad Written & illustrated by Raymond Bial (1995). some history about trains: designed in 1787 Beginning in 1854, charitable institutions in New York City began sending orphans on trains to the west to find new families, feeling that the children would fare better out west than on the streets of New York. Read more at The Switchback Railroad, the world's first roller coaster, opened at Coney Island, New York, on June 13, 1884. Passengers seated sideways rode an unsophisticated train on tracks over a wooden structure 600 feet long. The train started at a height of 50 feet on one end and ran downhill by gravity until its momentum died. Passengers left the train and attendants pushed the cars over a switch to a higher level. The passengers then returned to their seats and rode back to the original starting point. Admission was 5 cents. Creator Lamarcus Thompson grossed an average $600 per day. In 1998 dollars, that translates to $12,000. The Carolwood Pacific, Walt Disney's miniature railroad with Mickey, Minnie, Donald & Goofy out for an afternoon ride "He [Mickey Mouse] popped out of my mind onto a drawing pad 20 years ago on a train ride from Manhattan to Hollywood at a time when business fortunes of my brother Roy and myself were at lowest ebb and disaster seemed right around the corner."

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Histamine and Histamine Receptors Histamine is a small molecule derived from the decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine. It is destroyed by the enzyme diamine oxidase (histiminase), which is also involved in the metabolism of other bioactive amines. Histamine is synthesized in all tissues, but is particularly abundant in skin, lung and gastrointestinal tract. Mast cells, which are present in many tissues, are a prominent source of histamine, but histamine is also secreted by a number of other immune cells. Mast cells have surface receptors that bind immunoglobulin E, and when antigen crosslinks IgE on the mast cell surface, they respond by secreting histamine, along with a variety of other bioactive mediators. Physiologic Effects of Histamine Histamine is best known as a mediator of allergic reactions, but it is now recognized to participate in numerous other normal and pathologic processes. The sensitivity and response of a particular cell to histamine depends upon which type of histamine receptor is present on that cell. An interesting illustration of the systemic effects of histamine is scombroid fish poisoning. Essentially histamine poisoning, this disorder is seen following consumption of fish, commonly tuna or mackerel, that have spoiled and within which bacteria have generated abundant quantities of histamine from histidine in muscle protein. Consumption of such spoiled fish results in the rapid development of a variety of clinical signs, including headache, sweating, diarrhea, a flushed face, and vomiting, all resulting from systemic exposure to histamine. The lession here: keep fish refrigerated! Allergic and Inflammatory Reactions Histamine playes a pivotal role in many types of allergic and inflammatory processes, including both acute and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. The source of histamine in such cases is tissue mast cells. The magnitude of such problems depends on the route of exposure (local versus systemic), sites of exposure (e.g. inhaled versus cutaneous), the dose of allergen, and the degree of previous sensitization to the allergen. Clinical manifestations of histamine release vary from life-threatening anaphylactic reactions, to uticaria (hives), to local wheal and flare reactions. The image on the right shows a dog with hives due to a drug allergy. Many of the signs of allergic reaction result from the ability of histamine to affect blood vessels, inducing increased blood flow, vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. Regulation of Immune Responses In addition to frank allergic reactions, histamine has significant effects on many aspects of immune reactions by binding to its diverse group of receptors expressed variously on B and T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages and a variety of hematopoietic cells. Among other things, histamine influences immune cell maturation and activation, secretion of several cytokines, and chemotactic responses of cells. Secretion of Gastric Acid Hydrochloric acid is secreted in abundance by parietal cells embedded in the epithelium of the stomach. One of the principle stimuli for secretion of acid by parietal cells is histamine, secreted from neighboring enterochromaffin cells. The histamine receptor on parietal cells is the H2 type, and blocking the binding of histamine to this receptor is a widely used method for suppressing gastric acid secretion. Smooth Muscle Contraction Smooth muscle around bronchi in the lungs and within the intestinal tract respond to histmine stimulation by contraction, although the magnitude of response varies considerably among species. These effects also depend on which receptor is being bound by histamine; for example, the H2 receptor mediates bronchodilation. One of the first bioassays for histamine involved measuring contraction of guinea pig intestinal muscle. These effects on smooth muscle are manifest in a number of allergic reactions, for example, bronchocontriction in response to inhaled allergens. Effects in the Nervous System Histamine acts as a neurotransmitter within the central nervous system. The (histaminergic) neurons that secrete histmine are localized in small regions of the hypothalamus, but those neurons send axons widely throughout the brain. Histamine appears to modulate a number of important processes in the brain, including wakefulness, cognitive ability and food consumption. Histamine Receptors and Receptor Antagonists Four histamine receptors have been identified, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors. These different receptors are expressed on different cell types and work through different intracellular signalling mechanisms, which explains, at least at a simple level, the diverse effects of histamine in different cells and tissues. |Major Tissue Locations||Major Biologic Effects| |H1||smooth muscle, endothelial cells||acute allergic responses| |H2||gastric parietal cells||secretion of gastric acid| |H3||central nervous system||modulating neurotransmission| |H4||mast cells, eosinophils, T cells, dentritic cells||regulating immune responses| The first histamine antagonists - antihistamines - competitively blocked the binding of histamine to H1 receptors, and have been used for many years in "cold pills" and sleeping aids. Examples of H1 receptor antagonists include diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and loratadine (Claritin). Interestingly, discovery of new histamine receptors largely followed the findings that the H1 antagonists did not block all actions of histamine. For example, H1 receptor antagonists do not effect secretion of gastric acid because that response is due to binding of histamine to H2 type receptors; mitigating gastric acid secretion requires an H2 receptor antagonist. Receptor antagonists for H3 and H4 receptors are being avidly investigated because of their potential benefit for function of brain and immune system. | References and Reviews| |Index of: Other Endocrine Tissues and Hormones| Last updated on December 20, 2008 |Author: R. Bowen| |Send comments via form or email to email@example.com|

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Blood Test Spots Lung Cancer Test Could Detect Cancer Earlier, at More Curable Stages Oct. 2, 2006 (Istanbul, Turkey) -- A new blood test may be able to spot lung cancer in its earliest stages, when it is potentially curable, French researchers report. The test has the potential to save millions of lives, says researcher William Jacot, MD, a cancer specialist at the Hopital Arnaud de Villeneuve in Montpellier, France. "While it's not ready for prime time, the test would ideally be given to seemingly healthy people at high risk of lung cancer -- for example, smokers aged 45 or older," he tells WebMD. "You want to give it before symptoms develop, perhaps repeating it every six months or so." Test Detects Protein Fingerprints Speaking at the annual meeting of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), Jacot says the test detects proteins produced by cancer cells in the blood. Cancer cells produce different types and amounts of proteins in the blood than other cells, giving them a unique fingerprint, he explains. For the study, Jacot analyzed blood samples from 170 people, 147 of whom had lung cancer and 23 of whom had smoking-related chronic lung disease. The test was able to identify unique protein blueprints in more than 90% of the people with lung cancer. Need for Early TestOther researchers stress the need for such a test. "One of the main problems with lung cancer is that we presently have no means for early detection," says Dirk Schrijvers, MD, a medical oncologist at Middelheim Hospital in Antwerp, Belgium, and chairman of the ESMO's Publication Working Group. "A blood test like this could overcome this problem." The implications are huge, he says, given that about 2 million people worldwide -- mostly smokers -- are diagnosed with lung cancer every year. In the U.S., the American Cancer Society estimates there will be about 174,470 new cases of lung cancer in 2006. According to Jacot, nearly three-fourths of people with lung cancer are diagnosed only after the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. That results in a dismal outlook, with only 6% to 16% of people still living five years later.

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Researcher works on restoring uranium mine sites Laramie, WY – A Texas researcher was in Wyoming this week to talk about a new technique for restoring groundwater to its natural state after uranium mining. Specifically this applies to in-situ uranium mining; where water is pumped into the ground to get uranium out. Texas A and M at Kingsville professor, Lee Clapp, says uranium companies try to get uranium levels back to original levels when they're done mining. "There are some sites that revert to baseline concentrations naturally. They're naturally reducing. There are other sites that are very difficult and it is those sites we're targeting." Clapp is working on a process of injecting hydrogen into the ground after the in-situ mining. The concern is that if uranium doesn't go back to its original concentration it could move through the ground into a drinking water aquifer. This technique has showed promise in Texas and Clapp says he is hoping to collaborate with researchers in Wyoming to test the process here. Clapp was in Laramie to participate in the Produced Waters conference hosted by the Ruckleshaus Institute of Environment and Natural Resources.

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This article was published in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Supplementary Volume, (MUP), 2005 Antonius Tui Tonga (c.1850-1905), Pacific Islander community leader and farmer, was born probably on the island of Bau (Mbau), Fiji. By about 1876 he had arrived at Mackay, the main sugar-growing area in Queensland. In 1880, although described as under indentures, he was an overseer on Pleystowe plantation. On 14 June that year in Holy Trinity Church of England, Mackay, as 'Tui Thacambau' he married Lelia, a servant, from Myes (Emae) Island in the New Hebrides (Vanuatu). He claimed that his parents were Tui Thacambau (Cakobau), King of Fiji, and his wife Temonia, who may have been one of the two wives Cakobau divorced in 1857. Between 1880 and 1885 Tui Tonga acted as an agent provocateur and in 1890 as interpreter for the police, helping to obtain convictions of hoteliers and shopkeepers for selling alcohol and firearms to Islanders. On 16 November 1885, again at Holy Trinity Church, and again claiming to be the son of the King of Fiji, 'Tuie Tonga', a widower, married Fanny from Aoba, (Vanuatu). He gave his occupation as 'warder', and from that year he worked in the dispensary of the government hospital for Islanders. By 1892 Tui Tonga was living with Lilian, a woman from Malaita, Solomon Islands, and their son. On 21 January that year he shot Lily and attempted to kill himself. Found guilty of murder, on 25 May he was condemned to death. Over two hundred of Mackay's leading citizens petitioned the governor for leniency, claiming that he had been temporarily insane through jealousy at the time of the murder. The presiding judge noted that 'the Prisoner was a highly educated man speaking several European languages' and that if he had been White the jury would probably have found him not guilty. On 10 June the sentence was commuted to fifteen years penal servitude. Tui Tonga was discharged from St Helena prison, Brisbane, on 18 June 1897, with the remainder of his sentence remitted conditionally. Records described him then as a 47-year-old Catholic, with black hair and black eyes and with two stars tattooed on his right shoulder and a fern leaf, tree and fish on his right arm; he was 5 ft 8 ins (173 cm) tall and weighed 10 st. 4 lb. (65 kg). Tui Tonga returned to Mackay, where he operated a boarding house for Islanders and a farm. On 22 February 1901 at St Joseph's Catholic Church, Townsville, now styling himself Antonius Tuietonga, he married Agnes Davison Brown, a Scottish-born domestic servant, stating that he was the son of Daniel Tuietonga, labourer, and his wife Mary, née Mitchell. In November that year he founded at Mackay the Pacific Islanders' Association, to fight against the mass deportation ordered by the Australian government's Pacific Island Labourers Act (1901). The campaign spread in the southern Queensland and northern New South Wales sugar districts and helped to lead to a royal commission into the use of imported labour in the sugar industry, which eventually caused the Commonwealth government to ease its policy to deport all Islanders. Tui Tonga died of heart disease on 30 December 1905 at his Mackay farm and was buried with Catholic rites in the local cemetery. His 5-year-old daughter, and a son by an earlier marriage, survived him. Clive R. Moore, 'Tonga, Antonius Tui (1850–1905)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tonga-antonius-tui-13220/text23939, published first in hardcopy 2005, accessed online 27 June 2016. This article was first published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Supplementary Volume, (MUP), 2005

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This information is for reference purposes only. It was current when produced and may now be outdated. Archive material is no longer maintained, and some links may not work. Persons with disabilities having difficulty accessing this information should contact us at: https://info.ahrq.gov. Let us know the nature of the problem, the Web address of what you want, and your contact information. Please go to www.ahrq.gov for current information. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has found insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening for dementia in older adults. However, the Task Force notes that primary care clinicians should remain alert to signs of dementia whenever deterioration is suspected based on direct observation, patient report, or concerns raised by family members, friends, or caretakers. The Task Force recommendation appears in the June 3, 2003, issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine. Dementia is a progressive brain dysfunction. Symptoms of dementia include loss of recent memory, difficulty performing familiar tasks, problems with words, confusion about time and place, poor judgment, problems with abstract thinking, changes in mood and personality, and loss of initiative. In its review of screening for dementia in the primary care setting, the Task Force found: - Good evidence shows that some screening tests can successfully detect dementia. However, age and education of the patient affect the accuracy and interpretation of some tests, producing misleading results. - Medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors can slow the rate of decline in cognitive function, but the evidence is less clear on their ability to improve key activities of daily life. - The evidence is insufficient to determine whether the benefits observed in drug trials conducted in specialized neurological clinics can be generalized to patients in primary care settings. - No data are available to assess the potential harms of dementia screening, such as social stigma, depression, and anxiety. Dementia results from destruction of brain cells most often caused by Alzheimer's disease. People over age 65 are most at risk for dementia. Studies show that 3 percent to 11 percent of people over age 65 and 25 percent to 47 percent of people over age 85 have evidence of dementia. Between 60 percent and 70 percent of patients with dementia have Alzheimer's disease. The siblings and children of patients with Alzheimer's disease have twice the risk for the disease compared with the risk for the general public. Hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors also can be associated with increased risk for dementia. There is no way to prevent or cure dementia, leading many to question the potential benefits of earlier detection. Early detection of dementia could be beneficial if it led to improved treatment through informed decisionmaking and use of medications to slow progression of the disease. However, the evidence supporting these potential benefits is of poor quality, and patients still face a risk of potential harms such as needless anxiety from false-positive test results. Thus, the Task Force found that more research is needed to determine whether any benefits of screening outweigh the potential harms. The AHRQ-sponsored Task Force, the leading independent panel of private-sector experts in prevention and primary care, conducts rigorous, impartial assessments of all the scientific evidence for a broad range of preventive services. Its recommendations are considered the gold standard for clinical preventive services. The Task Force based its conclusions on a report prepared by a team of researchers led by Malaz Boustani, M.D., M.P.H., from AHRQ's Evidence-based Practice Center at RTI/University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The Task Force grades the strength of the evidence from "A" (strongly recommends), "B" (recommends), "C" (no recommendation for or against), "D" (recommends against) or "I" (insufficient evidence to recommend for or against screening). The Task Force found insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening for dementia in older adults ("I" recommendation). This recommendation is very similar to the 1996 Task Force recommendation that found insufficient evidence to recommend for or against screening for dementia with standardized instruments in asymptomatic persons. Select to access more information on recommendations and materials. Clinical information is also available from the National Guideline Clearinghouse™. Previous Task Force recommendations, summaries of the evidence, easy-to-read fact sheets explaining the recommendations, and related materials are also available online at http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspstopics.htm. Return to Contents Proceed to Next Article

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As the sun rose on April 28, 2011, it was obvious to anyone viewing the devastation that the tornado outbreak of April 27 was one of the worst in state history. People were quick to make comparisons to the April 3, 1974, Super Outbreak, when a deadly F5 tornado devastated the tiny town of Guin and two massive twisters struck Limestone County within half an hour. The April 27 outbreak outranked the Super Outbreak in many categories, but did you know both are outranked by the March 21, 1932, Deep South Outbreak in the number of fatalities? Here is a quick comparison between the state's three deadliest outbreaks: April 27, 2011: Super Dixie Outbreak 202 tornadoes in 15 states 4 tornadoes were ranked EF5 (highest intensity) **April 27 only. Outbreak continued from April 25-28 Source: The Weather Channel 3 ranked EF5 April 3, 1974: Super Outbreak 148 tornadoes in 13 states 7 ranked F5 3 ranked F5 March 21, 1932: Deep South Outbreak 36 tornadoes nationwide in seven states (estimate) 0 ranked F5 0 ranked F5, 8 ranked F4 Source: NWS Birmingham - The two tornadoes that struck Limestone County on April 3, 1974, were for many years ranked an F5 and an F4 by tornado research pioneer Theodore Fujita until the National Weather Service recently upgraded one of the tornadoes to an F5 based on historical reports. - The EF5 twister that struck Limestone County on April 27 followed nearly an identical path from Tanner to Harvest in Madison County as the twin twisters of 1974. - To date, meteorologists haven't settled on a name for the April 27 outbreak, which has been referred to as the Super Dixie Outbreak, the Mega Tornado Outbreak or simply the April 27 Outbreak.

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Q. Should my child be taking fish oil supplements? Which are the best for kids? A. Fish contain omega-3 fatty acids crucial to brain and vision development. Unfortunately, many fish are contaminated by the toxic metal mercury—which can result in developmental delays and learning disabilities in children—so the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends kids eat no more than two servings per week. Fish with the highest amounts of mercury, such as swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish, should be avoided altogether. By contrast, many fish oil supplements have been independently tested to ensure purity, so they can be a great way to get omega-3s without risking exposure to toxins. Any child can benefit from fish oil supplements, which support cognitive development and immune function and lower the risk of diabetes. In addition, fish oil supplements have been shown in studies to help children with asthma, eczema, allergies, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, behavioral and learning difficulties, and inflammatory bowel disease. Perhaps the best supplements for kids are the liquid fish oil products, available in fruit flavors that taste surprisingly unfishy. Give these to your child by the spoonful, or if using a plain-flavored oil, pour over steamed vegetables (follow the label for age-appropriate dose). The liquid oil can also be added to a smoothie. However, avoid heating or using fish oil in hot foods, because doing so will destroy the omega-3 essential fatty acids. Older children may prefer to swallow capsules. Cod liver oil, which contains vitamins A and D in addition to omega-3s, may be the best choice for children who get little sun (the skin makes vitamin D during exposure to sunlight). And even if a child is still breast-feeding exclusively, mom can take fish oil supplements herself to increase the omega-3 fatty acids conveyed through breast milk. If your child has a fish allergy, boost omega-3 fatty-acid intake with walnuts, flax oil, borage oil, and omega-3-enriched eggs. This Q&A was written by Victoria Dolby Toews, MPH, author of the The Soy Sensation (McGraw-Hill, 2002) and The Green Tea Book (Avery, 1998).

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For someone who was born after, say 1992, it's probably difficult to imagine, but there was a time when people didn't have e-mail, cell phones or digital books on Kindle. Back in the late 1800s, people mainly communicated long distance by letter or telegram. Even telephones were still a novelty. Our ancestors' lack of instantaneous communication may make the world of a century or more ago sound hopelessly slow-moving. But it didn't seem that way to them. One reason was that they did have a means of transmitting written and printed information — and other objects as well — in what seemed like a flash. In a sense, it was their version of the Internet, but it wasn't electronic. Instead, they had something called pneumatic tube transport — a bunch of pipelines in which air pressure is used to propel a canister through a system of tubes to its intended destination [source: Library – UC Berkeley]. Starting in the mid-to-late 19thcentury, numerous major cities in the U.S. and other countries built massive underground networks of pneumatic tubes, and relied as heavily upon them as we do upon e-mail today. Pneumatic tube systems worked so well, in fact, New York City's post office used one to move mail around the city until 1953, and Berlin had a similar system up and running until 1976 [source: Web Urbanist]. And while pneumatic tube transport has largely been supplanted by quicker and more convenient electronic methods of transmitting information, the technology still has valuable uses. In this article, we'll talk about how pneumatic tubes work, what they were once used for, and what they are used for today.

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Twenty-five years ago this week, some 250,000 Jews descended on Washington to demand freedom for their brothers and sisters trapped in the Soviet Union. It was an audacious, determined act, the culmination of a long period of activism that was not only instrumental in achieving its ultimate goal but also galvanized American Jewry in a way not seen before or since. It seems fitting that we mark this pivotal movement in Jewish history with local events (see page 8) and an online educational component (freedom25.net) at the same time we are celebrating Chanukah, which begins Saturday night. Chanukah marks the miracle of the oil found in the Temple in Jerusalem after it was sacked by forces trying to quash our ancestors’ religious freedom. The Communist regime, too, squelched religious freedom, not just for Jews but for all the citizens of the Soviet lands. Marking the 25th anniversary of “Freedom Sunday” is more than a nostalgic endeavor. Many of the activists who came of age during that time — with an outsized contribution from the Philadelphia Jewish community — now recognize the stunning gap in knowledge among our youth about this historic period. Ask most Jews under the age of 30 who Natan Sharansky is and you’ll likely get a blank stare rather than a recognition that he was among the most famous of Soviet refuseniks and is now a major public figure in Israel. The story of the Soviet Jewry movement is a compelling one on many levels. It grew among a generation of Jews motivated by the civil rights era and burdened by an emerging sense of guilt over what wasn’t done to try to save the Jews in Europe during the Holocaust. The movement gave Jews of all ages and across the nation a sense of solidarity, power and purpose. And when the Iron Curtain finally fell and the Soviet gates opened, more than 1 million Jews fled a land that had denied them the opportunity to practice their Judaism. The bulk of those Jews arrived in Israel but thousands more made their home in the United States, including in our area, and even in Germany. Now the lessons of those days are being re-examined. What did it mean to act in solidarity for a single and dramatic cause? How did we learn to use our political voices to effect change? Some would say the movement did as much for American Jews as it did for Soviet Jewry. Now, as we light the Chanukah candles, let us celebrate the freedom we all too often take for granted: the freedom to practice our religion, to live where we choose and to raise our voices when we know the cause is just. Let’s do it in honor of our past as well as the promise of our future. Happy Chanukah!

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I think that a fair number of teachers see the potential for using technology and games as a novelty to get students' attention. While this might work, it seems to me that there is a high cost of development when novelty only lasts a short time. With the resources available we might gain more from using techniques from games to increase motivation. I've watched some talks over the last year or so which bring different perspectives, but look at how games and game techniques can change our culture. - Jane McGonigal talks at TED about what we learn, and the skills we develop, playing games. - Seth Priebatsch talks at TEDxBoston about the game layer built on top of the world, both now and it's potential in the future to influence and motivate. - Jesse Schell's 'Visions of the Gamepocalypse' talk looks at ways in which these techniques might affect our lives in the future. Jessie Schell's talk includes a lot about reward systems. We’ve long had reward systems (Nectar points, Airmiles, etc) but the possibilities are expanding with services like foursquare and SCVNGR making it easier for smaller organisations to offer similar and potentially more interesting reward systems. SCVNGR is especially interesting as you can easily set tasks for people to do, and even offer them a reward when they have. In the HE context this could be used as a potentially interesting, alternative way of giving new students a list of tasks to do for induction. It would have to be voluntary and done on trust, but we could create more complex location aware tours of campus with QR codes to scan, or tasks to do such as check out a book on your reading list from the library or access an ebook on a topic you are interested in. I've created an example task to show how this works. You'll need the SCVNGR app on your phone, and you'll use it to search for the SOLSTICE Centre (there are two so find the one with the 'Pay us a visit!' quest on it). Scan the QR code on our door and you'll get 2 points. Woo hoo! I couldn't resist thinking up a list of Xbox style achievements relating to an induction and library activity: - 10 - Borrower: Check out and return a book from the library - 20 - Book Worm: Check out 15 books from the library - 10 - Are 'Books' Electric?: Log into the library catalogue and access an eBook - 10 - What Shelf are the eJournals on?: Access an eJournal article - 20 - Virtual Learner: Access Blackboard - 10 - Big Spender: Spend some money from your UniCard - 30 - Egghead: Complete the quiz at the end of InfoZone with 100% correct answers. Regarding concerns that motivational techniques might harm intrinsic motivation, I'm not really aware of the discussions around this. I think it might be less of an issue here as we are talking about games, which are by nature voluntarily participated in. Before you join in with the game you make a decision to do so, meaning that these techniques could be presented as a tool for the students to motivate themselves to do things that they know will help themselves learn. This post is a quick overview of my initial thoughts on an area which is being talked about a lot, and I'd be really interested to hear other people's too. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License.

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History of the College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources The College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts was established Feb. 24, 1870. The college has undergone several name changes since then. Most recently it was renamed the College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources. The college is the only one of its type remaining in Missouri today. George C. Swallow was the first professor and dean of the college. Although the program enjoyed immense growth during its early years, class sizes dwindled well past the turn of the century due to inadequate staffing and an underdeveloped academic curricula. With increased funding by the state and the appointment of Frederick B. Mumford as dean in 1909, conditions dramatically improved. In addition to producing positive results for the college, Mumford convinced university administrators that space was needed for the college to flourish. As a result, several new buildings were constructed to house the program. They were the veterinary building (1911), Schweitzer Hall (1912), the hog cholera serum plant (1915), Gwynn Hall (1920), Mumford Hall (1925) and Eckles Hall (1938). Many of these buildings are still used by the college. However, the main administrative offices are now located in the Agriculture and Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources buildings. In 1989, the School of Natural Resources was formed and housed within the College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources. However, some of its programs originated 50-80 years ago. It is the Midwest's only school with a comprehensive natural resources program, encompassing atmospheric science, fisheries, forestry, parks, recreation, soils, tourism and wildlife. Faculty conduct cutting-edge research and site-specific studies at research farms and centers across the state and through the Missouri Agricultural Experiment at Sanborn Field, the research branch of the college. Today, more than 2,000 undergraduate and 350 graduate students study in the college in a variety of fields. These include biochemistry, agribusiness management, agricultural journalism and plant sciences.

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Encrypting file system Encrypting file system is a feature in Windows 2000 that allows users to encrypt local files or folders to prevent unauthorized access to those files. You can encrypt an object by right clicking on it in Windows Explorer, selecting properties, and then, under the general tab, selecting advanced and checking Encrypt contents to secure data. The encryption uses public and private keys for encoding and decoding. But there are files you should not encrypt, as this tip, from Mitch Tullock's Windows 2000 Administration in a Nutshell, published by O'Reilly Associates, points out. Never encrypt files in the system directory where the Windows 2000 Server boot files are located. Since the key for decrypting these files cannot be accessed until the operating system has booted and a user has logged on, Windows 2000 will not be able to start. Of course, Windows 2000 safeguards against this by preventing you from encrypting files that have the System attribute set. But if you have removed the system attribute from these files using the attrib command (perhaps while troubleshooting startup problems) and failed to reset this attribute on the files afterwards, the possibility of encryption then exists. Did you like this tip? Like it or not, we want to know, so why not drop us a line to let us know? Or visit our tips page to rate this, and other, tips.

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What is Science On a Sphere®? Science On a Sphere® was invented by Dr. Alexander "Sandy" MacDonald, the director of the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, CO and OAR Deputy Assistant Administrator for NOAA Research Laboratories and Cooperative Institutes. Dr. MacDonald came up with the concept for Science On a Sphere® in 1995 as an outgrowth of other visualization projects he was directing within the former Forecast Systems Laboratory. SOS inventor Dr. MacDonald (Left) Former Director, National Hurricane Center Dr. Max Mayfield (Right) An early prototype of Science On a Sphere® was built in 1995, followed by an earnest effort to develop a complete system beginning in the year 2000. David Himes was the original lead software engineer on the project, who along with others, engineered, developed, and integrated all of the software and hardware components used to create a Science On a Sphere® system. A patent was awarded to NOAA for Science On a Sphere® in August 2005, with Dr. MacDonald credited as the inventor. Science On a Sphere® is a large visualization system that uses computers and video projectors to display animated data onto the outside of a sphere. Said another way, SOS is an animated globe that can show dynamic, animated images of the atmosphere, oceans, and land of a planet. NOAA primarily uses SOS as an education and outreach tool to describe the environmental processes of Earth. Science On a Sphere® was initially developed as a way to explore environmental data using new visualization techniques. It became quickly obvious that when combined with the narration and supporting educational material, a well-crafted visualization provides a unique and powerful teaching tool. Over the past several years, NOAA has been using SOS to support educational initiatives, primarily in informal education venues, such as those found in science centers and museums. Visit NOAA's Office of Education website. Science On a Sphere® is built from standard hardware components and at its very basics is composed of off the shelf PCs, video projectors, wires, and a sphere. The PCs run a version of Ubuntu Linux. When installed in a room, the sphere is generally suspended from above and surrounded at the corners of the room by four video projectors. Only one computer is required to operate the whole exhibit, with a second computer as a spare. Data is pulled from the disk, manipulated, re-projected and synchronized back onto the sphere. While the interactions between all of the hardware pieces are complicated, using the system is easy and straightforward. The system comes pre-programmed with various data sets that show the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere, to name just a few. The data sets are organized through playlists. An SOS playlist is analogous to the MP3 player concept of a playlist. A playlist is a simple text file that has a name and it contains the names of the various visualizations on the system. Playlists are used as a way to conveniently organize your SOS visualizations. Once a playlist is created, it can be loaded and used to give presentations. The items in a playlist can be randomly selected or played in sequence. The system allows for an unattended (or automatic) mode of operation or it can be controlled via a wireless bluetooth remote. What is NOAA? NOAA is a federal agency focused on the condition of the oceans and the atmosphere. It plays several distinct roles within the Department of Commerce with a broad mission. Some of NOAA's more widely-known divisions include the National Weather Service, The National Hurricane Center, and the National Marine Fisheries Service. NOAA's vision is to create "...an informed society that uses a comprehensive understanding of the role of the oceans, coasts and atmosphere in the global ecosystem to make the best social and economic decisions." The mission of NOAA is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment and conserve and manage coastal and marine resources to meet our nation's economic, social and environmental needs.NOAA Website

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One of these studies (the Growing Up in Poverty Project, headed up by Professor Bruce Fuller of the University of California at Berkeley) followed 948 mothers with young children entering the welfare system California, Florida and Connecticut for two to four years. In Connecticut, scholars were even able to randomly assign some mothers to a jobs program vs. the traditional welfare check. What did they find? The news is unambiguously good. In California and Florida, employment rates for welfare moms climbed from 22 percent to 53 percent. In Connecticut, 69 percent of moms randomly assigned to the reform program were employed three years later, compared to 58 percent of the control group. Earnings rose. Earnings for workfare mothers in Florida who worked rose from $5.45 an hour to almost $8 an hour. In California and Connecticut, working welfare moms earned more than $9 an hour. More work at higher pay translated into higher incomes. Overall, the average income of welfare moms in Florida and California rose by $275 a month in just two years. Why? People who work continuously get pay raises. People who stay on welfare do not. In Connecticut, welfare reform moms' income increased $135 a month compared to old-system welfare moms, even after accounting for any losses in aid. Ninety-two percent of welfare reform moms had health insurance for their children (including Medicaid), compared to 81 percent of old-system welfare moms. Did the children suffer? No. Measures of maternal affection, discipline, depression and child behavior were unaffected by welfare reform. Despite the dire predictions, the results of welfare reform are in: more work, higher earnings, lower dependency, no increase in child problems. Good news, right? You would never know it, however, from the story by Nina Bernstein splashed on the front page of The New York Times. A Yale University press release reported on this good news as follows: "The slight economic gains felt by millions of single mothers -- who have moved off welfare and into low-wage jobs -- have not discernibly improved the living conditions of families or the daily lives of young children, according to a report to be released in Washington today." The New York Times gloomily reports: "New research findings in two states show that the stricter work requirements of contemporary welfare policy significantly reduce the chances that a single mother will wed." Should we be concerned? Yes, of course. If there are ways to deliver welfare that are more marriage-friendly, we need to know about it. It is quite possible that, by ignoring marriage altogether, the current welfare-to-work programs inadvertently discourage it. It is also possible that work programs that aid only low-income single mothers, and ignore low-income married fathers, may help destabilize poor families. But the larger good news, impossible to disguise, is that since welfare reform, the trends in family formation have, for the first time, begun to reverse. Unwed childbearing stopped rising. Marriage rates in low-income parents rose, especially among African-Americans. Previous economic booms produced no such family turnaround. Looking (as this study does) only at single moms of preschool children who enter welfare ignores the biggest beneficiaries of welfare reform: women (and men) who because of welfare reform decided to postpone pregnancy, or to marry, or to avoid welfare altogether. Can we make welfare more marriage-friendly? Yes. Should we try? Of course. The good news is that by highlighting the alleged bad news about marriage rates, even The New York Times is now conceding that marriage matters.

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The City Hall from the northwest--looking from the Philadelphia Museum of Art back down the Benjamin Franklin ParkwayPenn's original plan set aside this central square for public buildings; once the city moved westward and Independence Square lost its centrality, this huge municipal building was constructed. According to Access Philadelphia with "more than 600 rooms, 14 entrances, and 14.5 acres of floor space, it is the largest municipal building in the world" (71). A central courtyard occupies the center of the building, accessed by arched entrances on all four sides. Crowning the building is a 548 foot tower topped by Alexander Milne Calder's statue of William Penn (at 37 feet tall). Calder also created the other sculpture on the building as well--more than 250 examples, some allegorical figures. The City Hall from the south--looking up South Broad Street The 548 foot towerThe tower is granite up to the clock but is painted cast iron above. View from the west Second Empire styleThe facade is ornate with projecting corner pavilions, mansard roof with dormer windows, curved and broken pediments, paired columns on the corner windows as well as on the entrance pavilions, and prolific sculptural decoration. The facade is granite or brick faced with white marble.

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Something interesting I came across, via IEET. The current mainstream narrative is that the easy and cheap availability of data makes greater transparency possible, and this in turn — thanks to the mediation of the well-designed infographic — increases the public’s awareness and control of governments, corporations, and other organizations it would do well to be aware and in control of. It’s more than a comforting story; it’s an inspiring one. Computing, from its mathematical core to its layering of protocols, is defined by the processing of information in its rawest, or perhaps its most refined, state: pure information, usually metaphorically described as a pure sequence of bits. That information alone, with the help of the transformational properties of good design, can make positive change possible has been the dream of everybody deeply involved with computers since long before a young Julian Assange read (we can assume) Neuromancer or one of its many inheritors. But although both the rise to power of data and the proliferation of transparency-seeking infographs, cable dumps, and APIs are true phenomenons, they are at odds at a fundamental level. Data is seldom useful, or seldom at its most useful, when it’s transparent — in the sense of accessible to and understandable through sight. None of the world-changing successes of information technology has ever been transparent. Google’s PageRank is a mathematical construct, not something that can be seen as obvious with the right infographic. High-throughput molecular biology (whether DNA sequencing, microarray experiments, or statistical meta-analysis) depends on sophisticated inference algorithms that are as opaque to simple depicting as any encrypted message. Cryptographic analysis, in fact, the original and most literal killer app of high-performance computers, is on itself a mathematical discipline altogether different from the highly visual ways in which it’s described in movies. In short, as a rule, data is not transparent. It can be in some cases, but those are usually the very cases in which it’s simply used to reinforce what we already knew or thought we knew. To extract value from data it must be subject to cryptic, or at least highly abstract, operations, at the end of which we are left not with a clear and evident sign of Truth — something already sought by Renaissance philosophers enthralled by a newly visual culture — but with mathematical patters whose validity, interpretation, and uses are themselves far from obvious. The passage from data to infographic, or to its much debased spiritual predecessor, the PowerPoint slide, is not an exercise in translation. It’s rhetoric; it takes the result of the hopefully careful analysis of hopefully relevant information, and then presents it in whatever form it’s more likely to be believed by the target audience. And the point of all rhetoric is that it needs not begin with truth, nor even with data-based assertions. In fact, it’s nimbler and more effective when it’s not fettered in this way. Medieval rhetoricians and their often uneasy masters were already aware of this through a centuries-long tradition, yet when we move from the statistical analysis of large data sets to the rhetorical synthesis of effective graphs (or, for that matter, blog posts, twitter messages, or any other form of human-targeted communication) we often believe or profess to believe that we are introducing a new element in political discourse, that somehow the data, the subtlety and richness of large data sets and immense processing power, is still with us, informing decisions. It’s not. We might have based our infographic on the best available data, but that has no impact on how credible it looks, and how much of an impact it has. What makes data-based decision processes so powerful when they work is not that they provide raw material for beautiful graphs, but that they themselves are granted a measure of power. When an algorithm decides what advertisement to show on your page, or whether your experiment has been a success, you have effectively given it power, by definition a political operation in itself. Nothing else could have been disruptive, because everything else would have still passed through the same well-worn bottlenecks and limitations of the human mind. This political compromise, the surrender of control over some decisions in exchange for a more powerful overall organization, is one that some companies, groups, and disciplines have managed to do, and others haven’t. It’s relatively easy to determine to what group something belongs: has it become radically more effective, positively and undeniably smarter during the last thirty years? The larger political bodies clearly haven’t. Both voters and their representatives haven’t. And why should they? Particularly politicians, a group tasked with specializing in the holding of power — it would have been exceedingly strange for them to surrender even an smidgen of discretionality to the inhuman, unapproachable coldness of statistical equations. Even voters, which as individuals hold relatively small power, are wary of, if not vocally opposed to, anything that would diminish their absolute, discretional control over the little power they have. This is perhaps a good thing. At the very least, it’s a, if not the, foundational core of representative democracies, the uncontested tyranny of humans, a feature that, it must be said, proved a clear advantage to the much more hypothetical, and usually less benevolent, tyranny of divine beings and their (self-)appointed delegates. But the alternative is no longer so binary. We have created symbolic systems, and embodied them in data processing devices, capable of outdoing ourselves in at least some fields of decision making. The benefits of giving them a greater share of power are, well, statistically demonstrable. But of course that’s not enough. Personalised radio service Last.fm has launched a new data visualistation called Listening Clock, which tracks how much music you listen to at different times of the day. When you play a track through any service that Last.fm has its database hooked into (like Spotify, iTunes, Windows Media player and Last.fm itself), it logs it. The company calls this process “scrobbling” and die-hard Last.fm fans will know that when it comes to music software, “if it doesn’t scrobble, it doesn’t count”. While you might be uncomfortable that someone out there knows that you have a habit of listening to weepy Alanis Morisette tracks at 3am, the aggregation of those statistics shows anyone with a Last.fm account who their most popular bands, albums and songs are. But if you’re a paid subscriber, then you can delve deeper than that. Using circular statistics formulas, a trio of researchers named Perfecto Herrera, Zuriñe Resa and Mohamed Sordo wrote a paper titled “Rocking around the clock eight days a week: an exploration of temporal patterns of music listening”, which will be discussed at a music recommendation and discovery conference called WOMRAD2010. I was going to do my own, but I’m not a subscriber Came across this PDF which is proving to be an interesting data source for an infographic.

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The Importance of an Alkaline Diet By Dr. Ritamarie Loscalzo Did you know that our blood pH must stay within a very narrow range or serious illness and death can result? This is so essential to being human that our bodies have a wonderful maintenance mechanism to keep our blood in balance. This mechanism protects our blood at all costs, sometimes at the expense of our tissues. When our tissues become acidic, that in turn can result in impaired function of some major systems, including organ, digestion, skin integrity, and repair from injury. pH is so important, and there’s an easy way to check your pH, and if needed, an easy way to correct it. Our body’s internal system needs a pH just above 7.0. We call this range alkaline. (As an example, dogs maintain an acid pH range, which is much lower on the scale.) Since we are human, our enzymatic, immunologic, and repair mechanisms all function their best in this alkaline range. However, our metabolic processes--the processes of living, tissue repair, and the metabolism of food--produce a great deal of acid. In order to maintain our internal alkaline state, we need a few tools. These tools are all around us: oxygen, water, and acid-buffering minerals. Exercise - When we exercise or move around, we produce lactic acid and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid is by its nature acid and the carbon dioxide becomes acidic, turning into carbonic acid and water. Digestion - Digestion of foods generates acids. For example, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid are produced from the metabolism of the phosphorus and sulfur contained in many foods, such as, meats, grains, and beans. Immune Responses - Immune system responses, such as allergies and hypersensitivities, directly and indirectly generate substantial amounts of acidic products. Many lifestyle and environment factors also influence acid-alkaline balance. Let’s look at stress as an example. When we are under tremendous stress, our acidity will likely increase because of the demands on our cells to become more active. Chronically hectic schedules (sound familiar?), inadequate sleep (any parents out there?), and rushed, imbalanced meals (anyone eating their To-Go meals on-the-run?) can all contribute to this unhealthful condition. And here’s the kicker… An underlying metabolic acidity (low pH) is a common denominator and likely contributing factor to all degenerative and autoimmune diseases. Why? Because an acid environment, for us humans, has several adverse effects on cell metabolism including… - impaired energy production - fluid accumulation and edema, and - a likely increase in free radical production. Since the correct pH is so essential to our daily lives (and to all the countless chemical reactions necessary for life), the body has many checks and balances to maintain the correct pH, within a perfect but narrow range. Step 1: Know your pH A good measure of average body pH is easily obtained by using pH paper to assess the pH of your first morning urine. Ideally, the first morning urine is between 6.4 (slightly acidic) and 6.8 (slightly alkaline), which indicates that the overall cellular pH is appropriately alkaline. You can also test your urine pH later in the day, and this will indicate the impact of foods and supplements which you have taken earlier in the day. Another way to check pH is through saliva (also using pH paper). You should check your morning saliva pH immediately after arising, before you think about or eat your breakfast, and while in a calm state of mind. (Even thinking about food changed your pH.) After a meal, your saliva should normally become alkaline. Checking saliva pH after a meal can indicate whether or not this normal mechanism is intact. Optimal range for first morning saliva pH is 6.8 to 7.2. So, what do you do, when your pH is not perfect? You take steps to re-establish your health-promoting alkaline state so that you can regenerate your immune system and improve your overall health. Step 2: To regain the life-supporting alkaline state, acids from all sources must be buffered or neutralized through combination with alkaline minerals. Alkaline minerals include calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chromium, selenium, and iron. In fact, the most readily available pool of alkaline minerals is in the bone, and as the body works to maintain optimal blood pH, minerals are depleted from the bone, leading to increased risk of osteoporosis. If you are in an acid state, it may be helpful to fortify your system with supplements of some or all of these alkalinizing mineral compounds in order to turn the tide and restock your depleted stores. An interesting note here is that Dr. Susan Brown, leading researcher in the area of osteoporosis, and author of the book “Better Bones, Better Body,” has found that the single most important factor in changing bone density and decreasing osteoporosis risk is maintaining optimal pH through an alkaline diet and lifestyle. So let’s talk about an Alkaline Diet. Many organs and internal systems, especially the kidneys, adrenals and lungs, play important roles in maintaining proper pH. They require the right nutrients to do this. That's why a diet that is predominantly alkaline-forming is essential to the maintenance of good health. An Alkaline Diet is one in which the balance of foods is predominately alkaline. If what you put inside your body is Alkaline, your body will eventually have the resources it needs to rise to the appropriate Alkaline level for great health. So, which foods are alkaline and which foods are acid-forming? Foods that are high in protein, including milk, meat, and even whole grains, are acid-forming. Most fruits are alkaline-forming but some, like prunes, plums, and cranberries, are acid-forming because our bodies can't break down the types of acids they contain. (It may seem odd, but oranges are alkaline. We’re not talking about citric acid or a tart taste when talking about alkaline and acidic in this context. We’re talking about what your body does with the food. How the food reacts in your system.) You’re probably not surprised when I tell you that highly refined foods, such as oils, sugars, soft drinks, and simple starches are acid forming. After all, you’ve heard they’re bad for other reasons as well. So as you can see, in our society we consume a very imbalanced diet high in acid-forming foods. This imbalanced diet pushes us towards an acid state. And now you can see that our body responds by removing calcium and other alkalinizing minerals from our blood, bone, and tissues. Just eating an acid-forming diet automatically sets you up for health problems. However, on a balanced, whole-foods diet, the net acid/alkaline balance is maintained in proper proportion. I use a food chart of acid/alkaline foods is a guide to show my patients which foods will help create a more alkaline, and therefore healthier, environment for their bodies. I guide them to select a diet that is weighted in favor of these alkaline foods. Usually, to regain an alkaline environment, 80-90% of the foods eaten should alkaline. Once optimal pH is attained, it can usually be maintained by eating 60-80% of the diet as alkaline forming foods. As I work with my patients, I keep in mind that the absorption of nutrients and alkalinizing mineral salts from their diet or supplement program depends upon proper digestion in their stomach and upper small intestine. When long-term pH trends indicate depletion of alkaline reserves, it becomes important to assess digestive function. Furthermore, overgrowth of certain abnormal bacteria can impair the lining of your stomach, and food allergy and other factors can impair the lining of your upper small intestine. These conditions also feed into digestion and absorption issues that some of my patients face. It’s a balancing act. But right now, you can help yourself a lot just by switching over to a predominately Alkaline diet. Dr. Ritamarie Loscalzo likes to think of herself as a health coach. She is a doctor of chiropractic and a certified clinical nutritionist. In addition, she has a masters degree in human nutrition, advanced training in nutrition and integrated health care, and is certified in acupuncture. Her philosophy of health care stems from her belief that the body is born with enormous self-healing potential. Unfortunately, lifestyle, habits, and beliefs often short circuit the self-healing mechanisms, and illness and dysfunction result. Uncovering the underlying cause of health challenges, and integral part to the work that Dr. Loscalzo does, can be tricky. Dr. Loscalzo incorporates a wide range of healing modalities into her practice, including lifestyle and nutrition counseling, stress management, manipulation, acupuncture and acupressure, craniosacral therapy, various forms of therapeutic massage, kinesiology, and supplementation of biocompatible nutrients, herbs, and homeopathic formulations. This article and all content of her website are copyrighted to Dr. Ritamarie Loscalzo. Feel free to share this information with friends and family. However, reprint in all forms (including electronic and old-fashioned print) are by permission only. You will find her receptive to most requests. Just drop her an email. This article has been reprinted with Dr. Loscalzo's permission and was originally published on http://www.goss.com/ihcs/importance_of_an_alkaline_diet.htm.

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- Download PDF 1 Answer | Add Yours Increasing communication between teachers and students can take on different forms. One such way is the simplest of approaches in writing notes or letters to students. Students find the personalized approach of writing notes something extremely meaningful. In general, letters are a lost art form. When a child receives a letter from a teacher that is personalized, speaking honestly and openly about areas of strength and improvement, rapport is developed. Sending copies of these letters to parents is good practice to increase communication. Along these lines, sending emails to parents and copying students on the email is a good idea to increase communication. I think that being able to reach out to parents through email can often provide quick feedback to ensure greater partnership is evident. If email is not present, sending letters home to students/ parents, or even hand delivering such notes could be effective means of communication. Another informal means of increasing communication can result in taking a personal interest in student life. Attending students' extra curricular opportunities can help to develop an "in" where communication becomes evident. During a time out in a basketball game or in the set up before a play or recital, a well inserted conversation about student success, achievement, and potential areas of growth can be quite meaningful. It might be good practice to follow up with the student the next day about what transpired. Finally, I think that student- led conferences about student growth can be another realm in which communication to parent and student about where they are and where they need to be can transpire. We’ve answered 327,651 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question

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What is Evidence-Based Teaching? Like Evidence-Based Medicine, Evidence-Based Teaching uses methods which have been thoroughly tested and proven to be effective. Teachers can make a huge difference to their students' learning. Using evidence will have a direct impact on grades. What is the Evidence-Based Teacher's Toolkit? Making evidence accessible. While there is a lot of good evidence available, much of it is hidden in academic journals and books. 'The Evidence-Based Teacher’s Toolkit' presents this evidence in accessible and practical ways for teachers. - The Evidence-Based Teacher’s Top Ten Methods DVD Shows thetop ten methods in action and clips from real classrooms. - Learning from Good Lessons DVD A look at three Ofsted Outstanding lessons from an evidence-based pouint of view - How Brains Learn DVD Using the latest research, this video explains, in a jargon-free and accessible way, how the brain learns, and why some students find learning difficult. - How Brain's Learn eBook As above but eBook version - A 15 minute free video: "The case for Evidence-Based Teaching" An introduction to Evidence-Based Teaching This page contains recommended reading materials

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Religiously and culturally, the Slavs fall into two main groups—those traditionally associated with the Orthodox Eastern Church (the Great Russians, most of the Ukrainians, some of the Belorussians, the Bulgarians, the Serbs, and the Macedonians) and those historically affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church (the West Slavs, most of the Belorussians, some of the Ukrainians, and the Croats and Slovenes). The cleavage into Eastern Church and Western Church is symbolized by the use of the Cyrillic alphabet by the first group and of the Roman alphabet by the latter. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

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If not spaced correctly, tilted rows of PV modules—a common layout for low-slope roofs and ground-mounted arrays—can end up with the tops of one row shading the bottom of the row behind it. In some cases, the entire production of the partially shaded rows can be curtailed. A common approach is lay out the array to avoid interrow shading between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. on the winter solstice—the day when the sun is at its lowest angle and has the narrowest range of azimuth angles. The shadows cast on this day are longer than on any other day of the year. The amount of shading depends on the row spacing. The required spacing can be calculated based on the site’s latitude (the higher the latitude, the longer the shadow); the row height above the ground or the roof surface (the taller the rows, the longer the shadow); and the desired solar window (more space will be required to avoid interrow shading with a wider solar window). For this example, the PV array is assumed to be facing true south and on a flat surface. If the height (H) of the modules’ top edge above the roof or ground is known, along with the sun’s altitude (y) and azimuth (z) angles at the start (or end) of the desired solar window, then the required distance (D) between the back of one row and the front of the next can be calculated as: D = [H ÷ tan(y)] × cos(z) But, let’s face it: Many people prefer to avoid trigonometry, so the formula was used to draw a graph which gives the interrow spacing factor to avoid shading from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. The graph’s x-axis is the latitude of the site and the y-axis is the row-space factor. Simply multiply the factor for your latitude by the row height to calculate the space required between the back of the one row and the front of the next. This graph works for arrays facing true south on a flat surface. If the array isn’t facing true south, and/or the mount surface is pitched, then the calculations become more complicated and you’ll have to brush up on your trig!

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What Your DOS Manual Doesn't Tell You about Linux So, you decided to see what all the fuss was about. You installed Linux, logged in to your own Unix machine, and are ready to race. Hmmm, strange prompt: It's not quite C:>: but it can't be that hard. You put in a floppy disk and type: george:~# dir a: ls: a:: No such file or directory The commands and output of commands in this article assume you are using the bash shell. Also, you do not type in the prompt. “I wonder how you look at floppies?” You type help at the prompt and get a screen full of cryptic command templates. Nothing on dir though. Ah! There in the second column it is—dirs. “No problem,” you think, as you confidently type: george:~# dirs a: ...and get dirs: unknown option: a:. “Oh, that's right,” you mutter, “Unix doesn't have a: and c: drives. help again, and let's have a closer look. Here we go, it says: help [pattern...] so you enter: george:~# help dir dirs: dirs [-l] Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get back up through the list with the `popd' command. The -l flag specifies that `dirs' should not print shorthand versions of directories which are relative to your home directory. This means that `~/bin' might be displayed as /homes/bfox/bin Getting a bit puzzled now you try: george:~# dir total 1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Aug 2 21:39 INSTALL -> /var/adm/ lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 Aug 2 21:39 linux -> /usr/src/linux/ drwx------ 2 root root 1024 Aug 3 18:05 mail/ Phew, something works. What does it all mean though? Different colours, arrows, your login name is there twice on each file and you still don't know how to list what's on a floppy. In fact, you're starting to wonder why you thought this Linux thing was a good idea in the first place. If Linux is your first foray into the Unix world then you're at a bit of a disadvantage compared to starting out on a commercial system: no manuals. Fortunately, Unix has a long history of carrying its documentation on-line. In fact, the first system I worked on, about eleven years ago, normally shipped with only the vendor-specific manuals in printed form and the majority of the documentation on-line. So here's a few tips on how to discover what you need to know without a set of printed manuals. A whistle-stop tour of man, apropos, whatis, more or less, ls and find. Where to look for information on Usenet other than comp.os.linux.help and where to look for information off Usenet, as well as in Linux Journal. First stop is the helpful trinity of man, apropos and whatis. The most essential of these three is man. man is your access to the on-line manual set. apropos is a keywork searching tool for the manual set, and whatis is a quick reference to commands. man also has the ability to do both the keyword searching of apropos and the quick reference of whatis. The best way to start is to try typing: george:~# man man which is asking the on-line manual for the manual page on itself. The header of the ”man“ man page has ”man(1)“ followed by a NAME entry, a SYNOPSIS entry and then the description. The NAME entry gives the name and a short description of the things explained on this man page. The SYNOPSIS is a template for running the command which shows the required format, the options, and the parameters. The DESCRIPTION entry is the detailed description of the command, its calling conventions, options, parameters, and other details. Near the end of the man page are two very useful sections, the SEE ALSO and where appropriate the FILES section. The SEE ALSO section lists other man pages which are relevant to the one you have just looked up. The FILES section lists files which are relevant to the command you are looking at, for instance, configuration files. There are three very useful options to the man program. They are -a, -f, and -k. The -a option tells the man program to not stop looking for pages at the first one it finds, but to scan all the man page sections and present you with all the relevant pages. You're probably now wondering what those sections are and why they exist. The man pages themselves can help us out with that one. If you recall, when you typed man man the resulting man page was headed ”man(1)“. This means the page was found in section one of the manual. If you now enter: george:~# man -a man you will be presented with the ”man(1)“ man page again. Now type q to leave the man page viewer. Instead of being put back to the prompt, you will be given another man page to view, which is headed ”man(7)“. This is a description of the way to create man pages and is from section seven. On about the third screen of ”man(7)“ is a list of the various man sections. If you knew that you just wanted to see the page on how to create man pages, you could bypass the ”man(1)“ page by entering: george:~# man 7 man If you remember the name of a command but can't remember what it does, the whatis command (or man -f) is what you need. These commands search a special ”whatis“ database and return a list of matches with a short description. george:~# whatis man man (1) - Format and display the on-line manual pages man (7) - Macros to format man pages man.config (5) - Configuration data for man In this case, it also got us a pointer to another man-related man page on which we can do a man man.config or man 5 man.config. Often you'll know what you want to do, but won't know the command name. To do a keyword search of the ”whatis“ database, you can use either the apropos command or man -k. For example, to find out how to copy a file, neither man copy nor whatis copy are of any help. Using either apropos copy or man -k copy returns 22 lines of matches, including the entry cp(1) - Copy files. Another valuable way of finding information is to ”cruise the filesystem“. The tools you need are cd, ls, and either more or less. Another valuable little helper is the command find. What do I mean by ”cruise the filesystem“? It just means to look through the filesystem for interesting files, reading any text files, and looking at the man pages for any executable files. You use ls to list the files and directories, cd to move into interesting looking directories, and the pager programs more and less to read any text files. So on my system I can cd /usr and one of the directories which I see in the ls output is called doc. When I do an ls doc, I see one of the directories is faq. I do an ls doc/faq and see one of the directories is called howto. An ls of the howto directory shows me that it's got a collection of Linux HOWTO documents. I cd /usr/doc/faq/howto and then I can, for example, more README or less Mail-HOWTO. What about executables? Let's take an example a friend of mine had. He was having a look around when an ls /bin came up with a program called dialog. Thinking it looked interesting, he did a man dialog and found it was a program for creating dialog boxes for use in shell scripts. About three days later a Linux Journal arrived with an article on dialog boxes. I still want to know why my copy of man doesn't automatically cause Linux Journal articles to be written. One important caveat about cruising a filesystem: don't randomly execute programs. Murphy's Law indicates that only data that's important and hard to replace will be lost when you try some innocuous-looking program. Find and read the man pages before trying the program. If there are no man pages, then look for other documentation. Use the find command to help you search for more information; it is a powerful and flexible command, allowing you to do searches through a filesystem on a number of file attributes. I'll just give you an example of searching by name. I can look for any filenames with the string readme in them and print the names on my screen with the following construct: george:~# find / -iname `*readme*' -print where find is the command, / is the place to start the search, -iname means do a case-insensitive filename search on the following string (*readme*) and -print means to display the result. If I were doing a case- sensitive search, I would replace -iname with -name. Why don't I just do all my looking with the find command? You build a better roadmap of your system by walking the directories, and you find things you didn't know to search for. How can you get find to search for the HOWTO documents when you don't know such documents exist? A warning on the Linux documentation: all the documentation is provided by volunteer efforts and, since many people find writing documentation not as much fun as writing programs, inevitably there will be times when the on-line documentation isn't complete. There may be a program without a man page or other documentation. The documentation may be out of date, or there may be inaccuracies. So be prepared for some inconsistencies. Another thing to be aware of is that the placement of files in a distribution is entirely up to the person creating the distribution. Where they think the files should be, which is how it's documented in the man page, may not be where they actually are in your distribution. The name of the file is unlikely to have been changed, so it's simple enough to use find to resolve such differences. Programs for which there are no man pages aren't so simple. However, Linux is a type of Unix. There are many books published on Unix and most of those would be relevant to a Linux system. There are books on learning to use Unix, Unix reference books, and Unix system administration books from publishers such as O'Reilly and Associates, The Waite Group, and others. In addition I would strongly recommend one of SSC's Unix command summaries. These summaries are like having your ”whatis" database extended to include both the synopsis and the options from the man page and to have them printed out. If you have access to Usenet news, then you probably already look at one or more of the Linux discussion groups. In addition to those groups, there are many other Unix discussion groups in the comp.unix hierarchy. There are regular postings to news.answers of many Unix FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions); in particular, there is a Unix books FAQ. There are newsgroups on news readers (news.software.readers), on editors (comp.editors, comp.emacs), on mail (comp.mail hierarchy), and many other topics, so don't limit yourself to just the comp.os.linux groups. Oh, and if you still can't get that directory listing on your A: drive, here's a hint: man mount. Fast/Flexible Linux OS Recovery On Demand Now Join Linux Journal's Shawn Powers and David Huffman, President/CEO, Storix, Inc. Free to Linux Journal readers.Register Now! - Download "Linux Management with Red Hat Satellite: Measuring Business Impact and ROI" - Profiles and RC Files - Astronomy for KDE - Understanding Ceph and Its Place in the Market - Maru OS Brings Debian to Your Phone - OpenSwitch Finds a New Home - Git 2.9 Released - What's Our Next Fight? - SoftMaker FreeOffice - The Giant Zero, Part 0.x

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Definition: 'Tragicus (muscle)' tragicus (muscle)Type: Term 1. one of the auricular muscles occurring as a band of vertical muscular fibers on the outer surface of the tragus of the auricle. The definition information for tragicus (muscle) is provided by Stedman's. You can search our medical dictionary here.

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About This Project - The classification is based on vegetation collected from stands currently existing in the field. - The range of vegetation includes natural to cultural stands (forests to plantations, prairies to lawns). - Those stands are described using field plot data. - Vegetation types are characterized by vegetation patterns from these plots, organized by their ecological and biogeographic relations. - Vegetation types can be defined using a number of differentiating vegetation criteria. The most useful criteria are those that express ecological and biogeographic relationships. - The classification facilitates but is distinct from vegetation mapping. - The classification is multi-leveled, allowing users to zoom in or zoom out to the scale of ecosystem classification that meets their needs. - The various levels are connected, allowing users to readily link up and down among types. - The scientific rigor of the classification is maintained through peer review, administered by a classification panel. The International Vegetation Classification (IVC) provides a comprehensive multi-level structure to describe and classify the world’s ecosystems. The classification is based on vegetation and ecological criteria, including vegetation growth forms and structure, plant species, and ecological characteristics such as site, disturbance, bioclimate, and biogeography. The International Vegetation Classification addresses many core needs for conservation and resource management: - Describes existing ecosystem patterns, including both natural systems (forests, prairies, alpine) and cultural systems (plantations, orchards, lawns). - Describes types at multiple thematic scales, from formations or biomes (Temperate Grassland, Amazonian Lowland Rain Forest) to fine-scale associations (Mesic Northern Tallgrass Prairie). - Supports documentation of status and trends of vegetation and ecosystems (e.g., trends in areal extent and ecological integrity), including for IUCN Red Lists of Ecosystems, and North American global ranks for ecological community types. - Facilitates interpretation of long-term (even paleo-ecological) change with short-term change. - Provides a structure to track real-time ecosystem responses to invasive species, land use and climate change, by tracking semi-natural types that form by human disturbances and invasive exotic species.

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A shoal in the North Sea, off the Thames mouth, outside the Long Sand, fifteen miles N.N.E. of the North Foreland. It measures seven miles north-eastward, and about two miles in breadth. It is partly dry at low water. A revolving light was set up in 1840. This text comes from a footnote on a diary entry in the 1893 edition edited by Henry B. Wheatley.

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We asked, “What makes science so cool?” The experts answered... “From cosmology to molecular medicine, the origin of life and exobiology, being a scientist allows me to explore nature’s deepest mysteries without necessarily having to ‘grow up’ along the way. Imagine, playing at a shoreline of the universe on a beautiful starlit day.” - Professor Tom Keane “Studying science, at a molecular level, provides us with the opportunity of understanding our development, why we behave the way we do, how disease states progress and possibly how to treat those conditions. What could be more rewarding than to have a true understanding of who we are from the time we are born and using that same information to help us as we grow older?” - Professor Stacie Kutz “What makes science cool is science itself, the process of discovery, which can be highly systematic and organized with carefully crafted hypotheses and experimental designs and sometimes discovery can just be plain luck. But when you finally add a piece to the puzzle of scientific knowledge...wow!” - Professor Mary Rea “I believe science is so cool because of the undiscovered. The future of this field relies on the creativity and hard work of thosewho chose to take on the challenge.” - Michelle Pautler ’07

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Incidents of Peanut Allergy Dropping? Better Labeling and Heightened Public Awareness Credited With Slashing Accidental Ingestion Rate June 16, 2006 -- The number of children with peanut allergieswho accidentally eat a food containing the legume has dropped dramatically in Canada in recent years, thanks largely to increased public awareness and better product labeling. A new study shows that about 14% of Canadian children with peanut allergies were accidentally exposed each year from 2000 to 2005 -- a dramatic drop from the annual incidence rate of 50% reported in a 1989 study, and the 55% rate reported in a recent British study. Canadian peanut consumption is similar to that in the U.S., researchers say, but many Canadian schools have peanut-safe areas, and the country also has some of the strictest food-labeling regulations in the world. Peanut allergies are a common type of food allergy, which in severe cases can lead to anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. Accidental Peanut Exposure Rates Down In the study, researchers surveyed 252 children diagnosed with peanut allergy at Montreal Children's Hospital from January 2000 to February 2005. The average age of the children was 8. The surveys asked the children and their caregivers about the children's eating habits and whether they had accidentally been exposed to peanuts in the previous year. Results appear in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. They show 35 accidental peanut exposures in 29 children, which translates to an annual rate of about 14%, according to the researchers. This is much lower than in previous studies. Sixteen of the reactions caused by peanut exposure were moderate. Four were severe, the researchers say. Although most exposures were from peanut ingestion (26), seven were from skin contact, and one was from mucosal contact with a peanut self-inserted into a nostril by a child. Other findings include: - 12 of the reactions were caused by a food overtly containing peanuts. - 22 reactions resulted when the peanut content was unknown. - Most of the accidental peanut exposures occurred at home (14) or at the home of a friend or relative (12). - Only one exposure occurred at school (80% of Montreal schools are peanut-free). Researchers say that although accidental peanut exposure rates are down, there is still much room for improvement. They suggest better education of allergic children and their parents on how to avoid peanuts, and enforcement of more stringent food manufacturing and labeling standards.

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|Claims for Brain Games Are Exaggerated, Scientists Say Marketing for computer- or mobile-based “brain games” often lure consumers with claims about long-term improvement in cognitive health. However, a scientific consensus panel recently found scant evidence to support these assertions. The panel expressed concern that playing brain games could divert people from engaging in behaviors for which there is stronger research on the benefit to general and cognitive health, such as physical activity. To review the existing evidence for brain games, the Stanford Center on Longevity and the Berlin Max Planck Institute for Human Development convened more than 70 cognitive experts from neurology, psychology, and psychiatry for a comprehensive review of the evidence. The group found companies bolster these claims with references to small studies that are often just tangentially related. Also, the cited studies tended to demonstrate gains only in specific cognitive tasks, but did not provide evidence of changes in overall cognitive ability and functioning. Based on this review, the panel overwhelmingly rejected marketing claims that brain games can reduce forgetfulness, improve everyday functioning, or help prevent Alzheimer’s disease. The scientific consensus statement concluded, “The promise of a magic bullet detracts from the best evidence to date, which is that cognitive health in old age reflects the long‐term effects of healthy, engaged lifestyles.” Seniors with Dementia Not Talking to Their Doctor More than half of seniors with dementia have never talked to a doctor about memory issues, according to a new study published in Neurology. Researchers conducted dementia evaluations on 845 community-dwelling seniors aged 70 and older who are part of the Health and Retirement Survey. They found nearly 300 study participants met clinical criteria for dementia. Researchers then asked the spouses and children of these individuals if the person with dementia had ever seen a doctor for memory complaints or impaired thinking. Over half with the disease—55.2 percent—had never spoken to a physician about cognitive complaints. This study underscores the need for public health officials to promote early detection. Talking to a physician about difficulties in thinking and memory can lead to the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Early diagnosis can greatly improve the quality of life for both those living with the disease and their caregivers and may reduce health care costs by delaying placement in nursing homes. The Public Health Road Map, jointly developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Alzheimer’s Association, provides specific action items that public health officials can take, including supporting education and training for health care workers on recognizing the early signs of dementia (action item W-03) and educating health care providers about validated cognitive assessment tools (action item W-06). Midlife Diabetes Linked to Later Memory Problems Midlife diabetes may raise the risk of cognitive issues later in life, according to new research. The study found that diabetes, prediabetes, and poorly-controlled diabetes all raised the risk of thinking and memory problems 20 years later. The cohort study followed more than 13,000 black and white participants over a 20-year time period, with an average starting age of 57. Researchers tested participants’ memory and cognitive functioning three times over the course of the study as well as assessed for diabetes. They found that those with diabetes at the beginning of the study had a 19 percent greater decline in thinking and memory compared with those who did not have the disease. Similarly, those with prediabetes had greater cognitive decline than those without prediabetes. Even among those with diabetes, those with poorly-controlled diabetes experienced more cognitive issues than those whose diabetes was well-managed. This study adds to the body of evidence showing that preventing and controlling diabetes may help protect brain health in old age. By incorporating this message into existing public health campaigns on diabetes as well as relevant state or local government plans (such as diabetes prevention or coordinated chronic disease plans), the public health community can help promote healthy bodies and minds. New Mortality Data Show Continued Burden of Alzheimer’s The number of deaths from Alzheimer’s disease has grown 69 percent since 2000, according to new mortality data released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In 2012, Alzheimer’s disease remained as the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, though the number of Alzheimer’s deaths is often underreported. Alzheimer’s disease is a likely contributor in many other leading causes of death. In addition to the well-known symptoms of increased confusion and disorientation, those with advanced Alzheimer’s may experience immobility, problems with swallowing, and malnutrition. All of these factors can complicate care and treatment and can contribute to death, particularly from pneumonia. It has been estimated that as many as 700,000 people died with Alzheimer’s in 2014, whether directly from the disease or as a potential contributing factor. Resources Available on Healthy Aging, Financial Planning Public health has a large role to play in promoting healthy aging, but it is not always easy to know the best way to do so. Two recently-developed, educator-led resources can help. Public health officials can download and present both programs to targeted audiences (such as at nursing homes or senior centers) or in conjunction with various community partners (such as religious institutions or banks). Brain Health as You Age: You Can Make A Difference! Developed by the Administration for Community Living in partnership with the CDC and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), this program provides current evidence-based information to promote brain health among older adults and their caregivers. The program includes a PowerPoint presentation and educator guide covering topics such as the normal aging brain, threats to brain health, and healthy aging for your body and brain. Smart Money for Older Adults Developed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), this program educates seniors on advanced financial planning and preventing elder financial abuse. The program, available in both English and Spanish, includes a PowerPoint and educator guide. It provides information on planning for a secure financial future, making informed financial decisions, and identifying and reporting financial abuse. The Alzheimer’s Public Health E-News is supported by Cooperative Agreement #5U58DP002945-05 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the Alzheimer’s Association and do not necessarily represent the official views of the CDC. For subscription services or to view previous issues of Alzheimer’s Public Health News, please visit http://alz.org/publichealth/public-health-news.asp or contact John Shean (email@example.com).

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The Congregational Pulpit And the child grew, and was weaned: and Abraham made a great feast the same day that Isaac was weaned.… I. THE BIRTH OF ISAAC.Observe on this event — 1. That God has a fixed time for fulfilling his word (see v. Genesis 21:2.) 2. When the time comes he is always found faithful. 3. The birth of Isaac connects itself with a blessing imparted to his parents. Each renewed his or her youth. II. THE CONTEST BETWEEN THE BROTHERS. 1. That which is carnal always hates and despises that which is spiritual. 2. The world seems to be much stronger than the children of promise. 3. But, in the end, Isaac prevails over Ishmael. III. THE EPISODE. Hagar means "fugitive." First, she fled from Egypt, of which country she was a native; then, from her mistress (see ch. 16); and now from her master and husband. Ishmael means " God heareth." God heard Abraham's prayer for him (Genesis 17:18); and now he hears Hague's cry. (The Congregational Pulpit.) Parallel VersesKJV: And the child grew, and was weaned: and Abraham made a great feast the same day that Isaac was weaned.

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By Brian Turner | Once considered a “miracle mineral”, the properties of asbestos that made it so desirable for use in construction and products are the same properties that turned it into a curse for many families. Asbestos exposure is the known cause of mesothelioma and other rare and deadly asbestos-related diseases. Despite being considered a rare cancer, the places where asbestos exposure can happen are surprisingly common and still exist. With such a serious outcome from simply being in the presence of friable asbestos, it’s important for individuals to learn about products that may be the link to these deadly diseases. In the exclusive images provided to the MCA, learn more about the common asbestos-containing products that may still be hidden in your home where asbestos can be found: Asbestos Paper and Boards When putting up walls, siding, or roofing in commercial and residential buildings, asbestos can be found in all of those areas. Between asbestos paper used for backing and drywall to permaboard, like National Gypsum Gold Bond Asbestos Permaboard pictured to the left, these dangerous fibers could be found in almost every corner of a home. If venturing on some DIY projects on your home, like replacing drywall or a roof (especially on an older home), consider having your home tested by a professional asbestos abatement company. Used in flooring and ceilings, tiles made from mineral fibers were known to contain asbestos. Those who installed asbestos-based tiles, like the Flintkote tiles pictured to the right that were produced between 1945 and 1980, were at the greatest risk of asbestos exposure. For stone tiles that aren’t manufactured, some of the compound used to place tiles could have contained asbestos, so do your research about the age of your home and the possible presence of asbestos before replacing any tiles. When putting up drywall in a room, joint compound is the product used to create a seamless finish between the boards. Commonly called “mud,” products like USG Durabond joint pictured to the left is applied in thin coats, sometimes multiple coats, and sanded for a smooth finish. Having asbestos within the compound would make it stronger and longer lasting. Plaster, filler and other putties had the same properties as well. During the building process, workers would be exposed during the mixing of the product if it came in dry form and while sanding it smooth. Today, exposure can happen when tearing down old drywall that was installed during the height of asbestos products usage. Insulating cement was a versatile construction material used extensively in building projects. Insulating cement, like the Philip Carey MW-50 Cement pictured left, was filled with large amounts of asbestos to be used in places where heat was to be high and constant, like power plants and oil refineries for example, because asbestos is well known for it’s fire resistant property. Pipe Insulation and Gaskets For pipes transferring liquids or gasses with extremely hot or cold temperatures, insulating the pipes to keep them in peak condition was necessary. Asbestos was added to pipe insulation for just that purpose. Along the same lines, pipes were fitted together with gaskets also needing to be able to withstand the same conditions. Gaskets used for pipe fitting, and in many other areas where gaskets were needed, asbestos could be found within their makeup. When these materials become old and brittle is when they pose a danger to anyone who comes in contact with them. Boilers and Mechanical Products In the 1920’s, companies like Babcock & Wilcox began producing best-in-class boilers with more efficient heating and safety properties. Asbestos, being well known for its heat and fire resistance, became a major product used in the construction of boilers and similar products to make it safer to have in homes. Firebricks were also another product within boilers and other places like chimneys that contained a lot of asbestos material to withstand the intense heat temperatures that they are exposed to. One main part of vehicles that is exposed to extreme heat is the brakes of a vehicle. Because of the extreme friction needed to stop a vehicle and temperatures rising to over 2000 degrees Fahrenheit during the process, asbestos became a valuable product to be used in brake pads, shoes and linings. Auto mechanics were at the greatest risk for exposure because they dealt with brake repairs most frequently, but car enthusiasts from the peak of asbestos use and even car collectors today still face the risk of asbestos exposure. Have you found these products in your home or garage? If you’re uncertain about asbestos being in your home, it is safest to contact a professional asbestos abatement company to perform tests on your home and create a plan for safe removal instead of risking your health and the health of your loved ones. Join our community to learn more about the dangers of asbestos and spread awareness to your loved ones. Click here to see the original article from The Mesothelioma Cancer Alliance Blog.

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A new study in animals suggests that skipping meals sets off a series of metabolic miscues that can result in abdominal weight gain. In the study, mice that ate all of their food as a single meal and fasted the rest of the day developed insulin resistance in their livers — which scientists consider a telltale sign of prediabetes. When the liver doesn’t respond to insulin signals telling it to stop producing glucose, that extra sugar in the blood is stored as fat. These mice initially were put on a restricted diet and lost weight compared to controls that had unlimited access to food. The restricted-diet mice regained weight as calories were added back into their diets and nearly caught up to controls by the study’s end. But fat around their middles — the equivalent to human belly fat — weighed more in the restricted-diet mice than in mice that were free to nibble all day long. An excess of that kind of fat is associated with insulin resistance and risk for type 2 diabetes and heart disease. “This does support the notion that small meals throughout the day can be helpful for weight loss, though that may not be practical for many people,” said Martha Belury, professor of human nutrition at The Ohio State University and senior author of the study. “But you definitely don’t want to skip meals to save calories because it sets your body up for larger fluctuations in insulin and glucose and could be setting you up for more fat gain instead of fat loss.” The research is published online in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. Belury and colleagues were able to tie these findings to the human tendency to skip meals because of the behavior they expected to see — based on previous work — in the mice on restricted diets. For three days, these mice received half of the calories that were consumed daily by control mice. Food was gradually added so that by day six, all mice received the same amount of food each day. But the mice that had been on restricted diets developed gorging behavior that persisted throughout the study, meaning they finished their day’s worth of food in about four hours and then ended up fasting for the next 20 hours. “With the mice, this is basically binging and then fasting,” Belury said. “People don’t necessarily do that over a 24-hour period, but some people do eat just one large meal a day.” The gorging and fasting in these mice affected a host of metabolic measures that the researchers attributed to a spike and then severe drop in insulin production. In mice that gorged and then fasted, the researchers saw elevations in inflammation, higher activation of genes that promote storage of fatty molecules and plumper fat cells — especially in the abdominal area — compared to the mice that nibbled all day. To check for insulin resistance, the scientists used a sophisticated technique to assess glucose production. The liver pumps out glucose when it receives signals that insulin levels are low — for example, while people sleep, the liver supplies glucose to the brain. But that production stops after a meal, when insulin is released by the pancreas and performs its main task of removing sugar from the blood and shepherding the glucose to multiple types of cells that absorb it for energy. With this research technique, Belury and colleagues found that glucose lingered in the blood of mice that gorged and fasted — meaning the liver wasn’t getting the insulin message. “Under conditions when the liver is not stimulated by insulin, increased glucose output from the liver means the liver isn’t responding to signals telling it to shut down glucose production,” Belury said. “These mice don’t have type 2 diabetes yet, but they’re not responding to insulin anymore and that state of insulin resistance is referred to as prediabetes.” Insulin resistance is also a risk for gaining abdominal fat known as white adipose tissue, which stores energy. “Even though the gorging and fasting mice had about the same body weights as control mice, their adipose depots were heavier. If you’re pumping out more sugar into the blood, adipose is happy to pick up glucose and store it. That makes for a happy fat cell — but it’s not the one you want to have. We want to shrink these cells to reduce fat tissue,” Belury said. Skipping meals may seem like an easy answer to an overcrowded schedule. As this study points out though, it may have some very negative effects for our bodies. FoodFacts.com is already aware that skipping meals does have a negative effect on weight. Now, this study draws a clear connection between skipped meals and belly fat. Let’s remember to take time out of our day at mealtimes. Making meals a part of our schedule instead of disposable time that can be rearranged is the healthy thing to do!

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Hey, did you know that Online Clock can show the correct time up to the nearest second? This is because our clocks are all set to show you the time based on your computer’s own time settings. Since all modern computers give you the option of syncing your computer’s time settings with a time server over the internet, this also enables us to show you truly accurate time on OnlineClock.net! To start with, you might not yet know what a Time Server is. A Time Server is a computer with access to a highly accurate clock that it reads the time from. After getting the accurate time, this computer called a Time Server then then distributes the current time to all kinds of computers over a network. Time servers can be set up to communicate the time to all kinds of different computers over the internet; but some of them instead serve just the computers found in their own local networks. The most common protocol, or formatting rules, used to transmit time information to and from Time Servers is called NTP, which is an abbreviation for Network Time Protocol. But you don’t have to geek out with all of this information in order to get truly accurate time displayed on your computer and on our Online Clocks. All you need to do is follow our instructions below. For our demonstration purposes we’ll be using the Windows Operating System, but similar procedures are also available if you use a Mac or some kind of Linux Operating System (even Clockux, haha!). The screenshots below are from various flavors of Windows (i.e., Windows XP and Windows Vista). Although the individual dialog boxes may look a tiny bit different from one version of Windows to the next, they all look quite similar. So, how do you sync your computer’s time settings with the very accurate time of an internet Time Server? Just follow these simple steps. Step One: Locate the small digital time display on the bottom right of your Windows Task Bar. Step Two: Right-click on the clock and choose “Adjust Date/Time“. (Alternately, you can simply double-click on the small digital clock in your Task Bar.) The Date & Time Properties dialog box pops up: Step Three: Click on the tab at the top labeled “Internet Time“. (Note: in some special cases, if your computer has been set up in a particular kind of network, this tab will not be visible for you. If this is the case, contact your computer administrator for assistance.) Step Four: You have to then choose an Internet Time Server. It seems that time.windows.com and time.nist.gov are listed by default. We highly recommend selecting time.nist.gov, because nist.gov are truly the experts when it comes to keeping accurate time! Step Five: Finally, make sure the checkbox next to “Automatically synchronize with an Internet time server” is checked. This is necessary in order for your computer’s clock to sync to the Time Server’s time: That’s it – you can close all the dialog boxes and be assured that your computer will sync it’s time regularly in the future with the Time Server you’ve chosen. Just be sure that you computer continues to have regular internet access. To test it, you can click on “Update Now” Button and your computer’s time will begin to sync with your chosen Time Server. If your computer had been showing the incorrect time previously, it should now be corrected. Also, the next time you access one of our Online Clocks, it will also instantly show the correct time. Online Clock updates itself simultaneously with each correction to your computer’s clock settings – feel free to test this and watch it in action! Is anyone else interested in summing up how you sync a computer to an internet time server when using Linux or Mac? If so, we’d be thrilled if you’d share your tips via the comment form below. Until next time…the Online Alarm Clock wishes all of you a very accurately good time!

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Fact and Opinion Downloads 22,877 23 With the use of this Smart Board lesson, the teacher and students will be provided with an engaging, interactive lesson that differentiates the skills of fact and opinion with high order thinking. File Type: SMART Notebook lesson Subject: English Language Arts Grade: Grade 2, Grade 3 Date submitted: March 13, 2010 Search terms: Fact and Opinion Fact or Opinion Submitted by: P.Mack Note: By using any resource from this site, you are agreeing to these Terms.

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We first became interested in the opium traffic during a visit to the Far East in 1916. Like most Americans, we had vaguely heard of this trade, and had still vaguer recollections of a war between Great Britain and China, which took place about seventy-five years ago, known as the Opium War. Excise Department ... the chests of "provision" opium, for export, are sold at monthly sales, which take place at Calcutta.' For the meaning of the curious term, 'provision opium' we have only to read on a little further. 'The opium is received and prepared at the government factories, where the out-turn of the year included 8,774 chests of opium for the Excise Department, about three hundred pounds of various opium alkaloids, thirty maunds of medical opium; and 51,770 chests of provision opium for the Chinese market.' There are about 140 pounds in a chest.... Last year the government had under poppy cultivation 654,928 acres. And the revenue to the treasury, including returns from auction sales, duties and license fees, and deducting all 'opium expenditures' was nearly $22,000,000." As the blue book states, this opium is auctioned off once a month. At that point, the British Government, as a government, washes its hands of the business. Who buys the opium at these government auctions, and what afterwa

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A grassroots bioblitz is an event where local volunteers organize and conduct an intensive survey of the biological diversity of a park or other natural area. Participants record observations of as many different organisms as possible – everything from algae to alligators. The event typically lasts for a few hours to a day, and observations are recorded through a smartphone application. In 2014, Nerds for Nature held eight grassroots bioblitzes where 221 iNaturalist users logged 7,155 observations. Those observations fell into 1,536 unique identification assignments (anywhere from no taxa down to subspecies). More than half, 3,601 observations, were "research grade," which means that multiple people confirmed the ID and those observations are useful for science and fed into state, national, and global biodiversity databases. The map below shows the locations of all eight bioblitzes in 2014 and then overlays those with a timelapse of observations throughout the year. You can use the "Visible Layers" picker in the upper right to turn off the timelapse and turn on other views, like observations by animal type or by quality.

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Pig farmers are calling for the growing population of wild boar to be culled in order to prevent the spread of disease and cross-breeding. French pig farmers have had problems with wild boar With increasing numbers of pigs kept outside, the National Pig Association warns wild boar are breaking in and intermingling with farm-kept pigs. The Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs is conducting a review. But NPA spokesman Ian Campbell warned wild boar can harbour classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease. "We have been pressing the vets within Defra that they should be monitoring the small wild boar populations that have established themselves," said Mr Campbell. "We would be extremely concerned if they were to spread out of their existing pockets and on that basis, regrettably, would prefer to see them culled," he added. "One of the main problems is that wild boar harbour classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease and we have seen problems with this on the Continent," he said. There is also a cost issue as any cross-bred piglets would not be eligible for sale. Pigs have to be kept on fresh ground each year so it would also be costly for farmers to build impenetrable fences every time their pigs are moved. Pig farmers say their stock is being threatened The Department of Food, Agriculture and Rural Affairs said it has begun talking to farming and countryside organisations, including the NFU, to get details of how feral wild boar affect agriculture and the environment. The department is planning to draw up a wild boar management report by the end of March. This will then be put out to consultation if the minister approves, a Defra spokesman said. The culling call is supported by the Pig Veterinary Society as feral wild boars are a source of disease. Society president David Chennells said: "Wild boar are quite capable of getting through any kind of barrier that is put up." But, he added, it should be an organised cull carried out by trained marksmen.

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Slavery in Modern Islam More images at White Slavery Gallery Slavery has been abolished in almost every country in the world. However, the practice still continues in a number of countries. Mauritania is 100% Muslim It is also a country with the largest proportion of its population in slavery, about 20% of the population. From Wikipedia: Slavery in Mauritania is an entrenched phenomenon the national government has repeatedly tried to abolish, banning the practice in 1905, 1981, and August 2007. The descendants of black Africans abducted into slavery now live in Mauritania as "black Moors" or haratin and partially still serve the "white Moors", or bidhan (Arab Muslims), as slaves. The number of slaves in the country was not known exactly, but is was estimated to be up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population of 3,069,000 people. Even though slavery is illegal, sociologist Kevin Bales believes that Mauritania is the country with the largest proportion of its population in slavery. According to Wikipedia: Slavery in the Sudan predates Islam, but continued under Islamic rulers and has never completely died out in Sudan. In the Sudan, Christian and animist captives in the civil war are often enslaved, and female prisoners are often used sexually, with their Muslim captors claiming that Islamic law grants them permission. According to CBS news, slaves have been sold for $50 a piece. In 2001 CNN reported the Bush administration was under pressure from Congress, including conservative Christians concerned about religious oppression and slavery, to address issues involved in the Sudanese conflict. CNN has also quoted the U.S. State Department's allegations: "The [Sudanese] government's support of slavery and its continued military action which has resulted in numerous deaths are due in part to the victims' religious beliefs. Mali is 90% Muslim According to the U.S. State Dept Trafficking in Persons Report, June, 2009: Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and, to a lesser extent, commercial sexual exploitation. In Mali, victims are trafficked from rural areas to urban centers, agricultural zones, and artisanal mining sites. Victims are also trafficked between Mali and other West African countries. Some notable destination countries for Malian child victims are Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, Niger, and Nigeria. Women and girls are trafficked primarily for domestic servitude and, to a lesser extent, forced prostitution, while boys are trafficked for forced begging and forced labor in gold mines and agricultural settings both within Mali and to neighboring countries. Reports in the last year indicate that Malian boys and girls are trafficked to Senegal and Guinea for labor in gold mines and to Cote d’Ivoire for forced labor on cotton and cocoa farms. Boys from Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso and other countries are trafficked by Koranic masters within Mali and across borders for forced begging and other forms of forced labor. Adult men and boys, primarily of Songhai ethnicity, are subjected to the longstanding practice of debt bondage in the salt mines of Taoudenni in northern Mali. Some members of Mali’s black Tamachek community are subjected to traditional slavery-related practices rooted in hereditary master-slave relationships. Chad is 53% Muslim According to UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks) of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reports children being sold to Arab herdsmen in Chad. As part of a new identity imposed on them the herdsmen "...change their name, forbid them to speak in their native dialect, ban them from conversing with people from their own ethnic group and make them adopt Islam as their religion. Niger is 80% Muslim According to Wikipedia: In Niger, where the practice of slavery was outlawed in 2003, a study found that almost 8% of the population are still slaves. Slavery dates back for centuries in Niger and was finally criminalised in 2003, after five years of lobbying by Anti-Slavery International and the Nigerian human-rights group Timidria. More than 870,000 people still live in conditions of forced labour, according to Timidria, a local human rights group. Nigeria is 75% Muslim At least one million Nigerian children are sold into internal and external slavery annually, according to experts who say this has put the country on an odious list of the world’s eight worst abusers of the rights of children. According to U.S. State Dept Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2009: Nigeria is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. Within Nigeria, women and girls are trafficked primarily for domestic servitude and commercial sexual exploitation. Boys are trafficked for forced labor in street vending, agriculture, mining, stone quarries, and as domestic servants. Religious teachers also traffic boys, called almajiri, for forced begging. Women, girls, and boys are trafficked from Nigeria to other West and Central African countries, primarily Gabon, Cameroon, Ghana, Chad, Benin, Togo, Niger, Burkina Faso, and The Gambia, for the same purposes listed above. Benin is a primary source country for boys and girls trafficked for forced labor in Nigeria’s granite quarries. Nigerian women and girls are trafficked through Libya, Morocco, and Algeria to Europe, primarily for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, and to the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia, for forced prostitution and forced labor. While Italy is the primary European destination country for Nigerian victims, other common destinations are Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, France, and Greece. Children from Nigeria and other African countries are trafficked from Lagos to the UK’s urban centers for domestic servitude and forced labor in restaurants and shops. I could continue to document another few dozen countries, but it is not necessary; It is very simple and easy to know whether there is slavery in a particular country: if a country is Muslim majority, then there is slavery in that country. I have had Muslim readers leaving comments that forced servitude is not slavery. And even if they are slaves, they are treated well. Just wait for the comments to appear below, excusing slavery in Islam by saying that slavery is an age-old institution, that Islam forced masters to treat their slaves well, that there is no slavery in Islam today.

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Irvinebank, a rural village and former mining and tin-smelting town, is 80 km south-west of Cairns. In 1880 the Great Northern tin discovery was made at Herberton, 25 km east of Irvinebank. Two years later three prospectors, James Gibb, Andrew Thompson and James McDonald, found promising tin lodes in the catchment of the Gibbs and McDonald Creeks, in the vicinity of the future Irvinebank. The Glen Smelting Company in Herberton, managed by John Moffat, acquired several of the tin shows in Gibbs Creek in 1883. Moffat, an experienced and cautious entrepreneur, identified Gibbs Creek as a good location to centralise his operations. It had a drier climate west of the Divide, a good supply of water for smelting operations and the prospect of vertical integration - control of both ore supplies and smelting. In 1883-84 Glen Smelting opened a battery and smelters at Gibbs Creek, renaming it Irvinebank. John Moffat was born in a small village on the Irvine River in Ayrshire, Scotland, and he built Loudoun House (his residence) and the Loudoun Mill, both named in memory of Loudoun Parish, Ayrshire. A fairly complete little town emerged in a couple of years: Tait's Hotel, a general store, a draper, a butcher, a baker, a primary school (1886), a school of arts and Catholic and Methodist churches. Moffat's house overlooked a large timber-walled weir across Gibbs Creek. Moffat gained a benevolent ascendency over the Irvinebank community by willingly taking privately mined ore for his Loudoun mill, encouraging efficient and uninterrupted production by promptly paying his suppliers. A member of the New (Swedenborgian) Church, Moffat's religious convictions obliged him to treat his neighbours well, a rarity among mining entrepreneurs. Moffat also owned the Stannery Hills mine, 15 km north of Irvinebank, and acquired a controlling interest in the immensely rich Vulcan mine discovered in 1888 at Irvinebank. In 1902 a tramway was built from Stannery Hills to the Mareeba-Chillagoe railway line, and in 1907 the tramway was extended to Irvinebank. The extension was costly, and put a strain on Moffat's finances, coinciding with a fall in metal prices. The Irvinebank mining industry underwent retrenchments after Moffat's retirement in 1912. In 1919 the battery, smelter and tramway were sold to the Queensland Government as a State enterprise. At the peak of Irvinebank's prosperity it had two brass bands, a busy social centre in the school of arts/public hall (1901), a large primary school and a well fitted out hospital. Ivinebank was the administrative centre of Walsh Shire from about 1902 until the shire was absorbed by Mareeba Shire in 1932. The local doctor had an astronomical observatory and a skating rink under his house. His death from influenza in 1919 symbolised the coming of decline of Irvinebank throughout the next two decades. The tramline was closed in 1936 and the lines pulled up for reuse in 1941. Much of the township and industrial areas are heritage-listed, although privately owned. In 2004 an owner removed artefacts and architectural fittings, but police action secured their return. Irvinebank has a tavern/motel, a primary school and the Loudoun House museum. The former State treatment works, former Queensland National Bank building and the Vulcan tin mine, 1.5 km west of Irvinebank, are on the Australian heritage register. The School of Arts and Loudoun House are on the Queensland heritage register. The annual John Moffat festival was revived in 2005, coinciding with the opening of the John Moffat gardens on Gibbs Creek. Irvinebank's census populations have been: K.H. Kennedy, ed, Readings in North Queensland mining history, vol 1, Townsville, History Department, James Cook University, 1980 Ruth S. Kerr, John Moffat's empire, St Lucia, J.D. & R.S. Kerr, 1979 Ruth S. Kerr, John Moffat of Irvinebank, St Lucia, J.D. & R.S. Kerr, 2000 Ray Langford, Two white swans, Atherton, Ray Langford, 2002

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They hope molecular signature shows when disease will respond to cancer drug TUESDAY, Sept. 8 (HealthDay News) -- Researchers say they have gained insight into whether certain aggressive cancers -- including those that attack the pancreas, breast and skin -- will respond to a certain anti-cancer drug. The key appears to lie in a molecular signature inside tumors, researchers reported in the Sept. 6 online issue of Nature Medicine. Researchers at the University of California, San Diego, found that a receptor on the surface of some tumor cells can start a process that leads cells to become more aggressive. An anti-cancer drug called dasatinib (Sprycel), approved for treating a form of leukemia, blocks the process. Researchers say figuring out whether the receptor exists on tumor cells could indicate whether the tumors might respond to the drug. "These results could enable us to identify the subpopulation of cancer patients who are likely to respond to treatment with dasatinib," study author David Cheresh, vice chair of pathology at the UC San Diego School of Medicine, said in a news release. "Rather than treat all patients with a given tumor type the same way, we can customize the treatment in such a way that we impact the patients most likely to be sensitive to a drug." In pancreatic cancer, for example, about 60 percent of tumors appear to have the receptor, meaning they would be susceptible to the drug. The next step is to design a clinical trial to test the theory. Learn more about cancer from the National Cancer Institute. SOURCE: University of California, San Diego, news release, Sept. 3, 2009 All rights reserved

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As much as we enjoy playing games, they can be more than just fun – you can even learn something! This collection of educational board games will help to teach math, science, geography and more, in a way that not only engages kids (and adults), but makes learning painless and fun. 10 Days In Europe 10 Days In The USA BrainBox: All Around the World Brainbox: The World Brain Quest Smart Game Dicecapades Number Ninjas Game of Knowledge Great States Board Game Head Full of Numbers Math Dice Jr. Nickelodeon Rummikub Kids' Edition Parts of Speech Challenge Scrambled States of America The Sci or Fi Files Trivia Game Totally Gross! The Game of Science U.S.A. License Plate Game Other Educational Games ABCmouse.com helps kids learn to read through phonics, and teaches lessons in math, social studies, art, music, and much more. Games for kids age 2 to Kindergarten. FunBrain provides online educational games for kids of all ages, including math, grammar, science, spelling, and history games. - Making Math More Fun Math skills are vital to every child's future, but many kids struggle with math and don't enjoy it at all. But now you can get kids engaged in math and wanting to do more day after day, with these 4 books jam-packed with kids math games and fun math activities to make math exciting and easy to learn! Play free online games for kids on PrimaryGames. Site features learning games, action games, puzzles, card games, virtual worlds, coloring pages, and more! - Rainbow Reader Reading Games and Phonics Games Improve kids reading skills with these reading games and phonics games for school or homeschool education. You can create professional reading games with the click of a button, and kids will love them! - The Math Board Games Book Printable math board games to make math practice fun! This is a great math resource for teachers and parents, perfect for students to use at school or at at home to practice basic math skills.

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The Hammer of God Summary Brief expositions of two prior Earthmeteorite collisions ground the novel's main premise in historical reality: the Tunguska, Siberia impact of June 30, 1908, and prehistoric reality, an impact at Chicxulub on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico sixty-five million years ago. A near miss is cited in the chapter "Oregon 1972." However, the specific location from which a tourist captured the passage of the meteor on film is said to be "Grand Teton National Park," which lies in the State of Wyoming — leaving the reader to ponder whether the meteor's lowest point in trajectory came while it passed over Oregon, or whether the author inadvertently relocated a national park. Clarke's acknowledgments cite additional strikes and near misses, and the published concerns of government agencies and academic astronomers which have led to discussions of a possible Spaceguard Survey intended to identify moving bodies in space which could pose a serious threat to... (read more from the Short Guide) The The Hammer of God Study Pack contains: The Hammer of God Short Guide Arthur C. Clarke Biographies (4) 1,669 words, approx. 6 pages Known as one of the modern masters of science fiction, English novelist Arthur C. Clarke (born 1917) created the immensely popular 2001 series, which became the basis for a classic film in 1968.Arthur... 4,998 words, approx. 17 pages Arthur C. Clarke is renowned not only for his science fiction--which has earned him the title of Grand Master from the Science Fiction Writers of America and the unofficial "poet laureate of the space... 6,464 words, approx. 22 pages Arthur C. Clarke is author of over fifty books, six hundred articles and short stories, several television series, a number of screenplays, and has even acted in movies and commercials. Clarke, in his... 7,267 words, approx. 25 pages Sir Arthur C. Clarke has published a great deal of scientific nonfiction, most of it speculative essays about the future. These works include The Exploration of Space (1951), a Book-of-the-Month-Club ...

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Coral reef experts gathering in far north Queensland this week are to urge Australia’s political leaders to ‘‘step up’’ on the protection of the Great Barrier Reef. Marine scientists from throughout the world have gathered for the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium to discuss the latest in research and management practices. The Australian Research Centre’s director of coral reef studies Terry Hughes said the effects of climate change were already being seen on the Great Barrier Reef. ‘‘For us, climate change is not some hypothetical possibility, it’s something we can measure,’’ Prof Hughes said. He said UNESCO’s recent critical report on Australia’s management of the reef highlighted the threats facing the region. The report warned that the reef could be listed as a World Heritage site in danger if threats posed by coastal development were not better dealt with. ‘‘I don’t want to overstate it, but some of our onshore reefs are quite denuded, just as some are quite magnificent,’’ Prof Hughes said. ‘‘Australia does a great job generally of managing its reef because we are quite unusual - we are a wealthy country with a tropical reef. ‘‘But if we can’t keep the Great Barrier Reef off the World Heritage in Danger list, then who the hell can?’’ The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority’s science co-ordinator Laurence McCook said Australia needed to ‘‘step up’’ its efforts to protect the reef. ‘‘We have estimates that the reef is worth $5.5 billion to the economy each year, and the cost of managing it is around 0.7 of that figure,’’ he said. ‘‘It’s not a difficult equation to realise that it is a wise investment.’’ The symposium is expected to release a consensus statement signed by more than 2600 scientists urging better protection of the world’s reefs.

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- How do you talk to someone who has cancer? - About cancer - Hearing the news - Ways people cope with a cancer diagnosis - Living with cancer - Sources of support - Concern for the family and caregivers - Help and information - If your loved one decides to stop getting treatment - If your loved one refuses cancer treatment - Facing the final stage of life - Summing up: Talking to the person with cancer - To learn more You may find it helps to learn a little about cancer. Cancer touches people of all ages, races, and incomes. At some time in their lives, everyone will talk with a person who has cancer. There are no rules to follow when talking with them, because each person and each case is different. The word “cancer” itself is upsetting. It often makes people think about death. But death is not the outcome for many people with cancer. Nearly 14.5 million people who have had cancer are alive in the US today. And more and more cancers are being found early – when they’re small and easier to treat. So the fear you might feel when you learn that someone you care about has cancer can and should be mixed with hope. Most cancers can be treated, and researchers are finding new and better ways to find and treat cancer every day. Some people live with cancer for many years. This means they may have to “fit” cancer into their everyday lives. They also may have to adjust to different types of treatment and different stages of the disease. Family and friends must also adjust to these changes and try to keep giving support and hope along the way. In many cases, cancer doesn’t have a clear beginning, middle, and end. There may be a beginning and an end to a treatment plan, and maybe a time when there’s no sign of cancer. But for some people, the cancer comes back after treatment. And sometimes treatment goes on for years just to keep the cancer under control – it never really goes away. Some people live many years with cancer. This means that they may have to adjust to different types of treatment and different stages of the disease. Last Medical Review: 06/09/2014 Last Revised: 02/05/2015

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Santa Rosa National Park is not only the oldest national park in the country but also the largest one, stretching to up to 49, 515 hectares. Initially built to protect the scene of the Battle of Santa Rosa which only lasted for fifteen minutes, it has now become even more than just a historical monument. It is the home of one of the last dry tropical forests of the country as well as myriads of flora and fauna in the province of Guanacaste. The park was established in 1972 and houses majority of the Santa Elena Peninsula. It is part of a collective mosaic of interdependent wildlife and forest reserves namely Rincón de la Vieja National Park,Junquillal Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Bolaños Island Wildlife Refuge and the Horizontes Experimental Station. That’s a total of approximately 110,000 hectares of Guanacaste property. 10 Habitats Protected One fact that separates Santa Rosa National Park apart from all the other parks in the entire world is that it protects ten different habitats. Two swamps, desidious forests, littoral woodland, mangrove and mesquite-nacascol, savannahs and marshlands, oak and evergreen forests can all be found in this park. These areas are well preserved because Santa Rosa National Park is lucky enough to not suffer droughts. The Beaches of the Park Playa Naranjo- Surfers love especially love this beach. Even if its sands are pale gray, it still is flocked by surfing enthusiasts as it is a take-off point to Witch’s Rock- the world-renowned surf spot because of its killer waves and breaks. Playa Naranjo also boasts of a diverse wildlife with occasional sightings of crocodiles, monkeys, iguanas to name a few. Playa Nancite- this Santa Rosa beach is most famous for being a nesting site of multitudes of arribadas or olive ridley turtles which only happens in this beach and in the southern Ostional area. Over 75,000 turtles come here every year, although the reason why they choose this area is still a bit of a mystery. Playa Portrero Grande- Double overhead waves are the highlight of this Santa Rosa beach. It’s located in the northern part of Nancite and is practically inaccessible by land. Boats can take you there if you’re looking for some hardcore waves and you can also try scuba diving in an area of this beach called the Bat Islands. The Sectors of the Park There are two sectors found in the Santa Rosa National Park. The first which is considered as the more important sector is the Santa Rosa Sector and the other one is the Murciélago Sector. Santa Rosa Sector La Casona is the main attraction in this area which is the historical and colonial homestead. Near it is a stone corral where the battle with William Walker took place. Inside of the casa are some of the illustrations, photographs and a small collection of guns which stand as a commemoration the 1856 battle. Huge wooden mortars and pestles are also on display as well as centenary riding gear. Don’t be afraid of the bats flying around the are as they are harmless. Occasional sightings of wild animals can also be found here. The flora and fauna here goes well with the small nature exhibit found in the area. This sector covers the northern area of the Santa Elena Peninsula and is the take-off point to the beaches and bays of the Santa Rosa National Park. This houses Playa Blanca-the most isolated beach in the country. and is home to a lot of pelicans and frigate birds. There are also waterfalls surrounding the Cuajiniquil Canyon and this sector also features Poza El General which is a famous watering hole that draws multitudes of waterfowls the whole year round. The Santa Rosa National Park has come a long way since its start as a refuge of the historical battlesite and forested areas. Offering almost everything you’d like to discover about nature and all that surrounds it, this national park is one for the record worldwide. The park is 260 km. away from San Jose and 35 km. north of Liberia but the long drive ahead isn’t hard and boring as there are many signs that will lead you to your destination and panoramic views of valleys and beaches. Places to Stay Four Seasons Resort Occidental Allegro Papagayo

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The FOCUS staff would like to introduce our readers to the second in a series of our newsletter feature, the book review. In this feature, ABA employees share their thoughts about a book they have recently read with themes that apply to the goals of ABA and/or the University. "Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking," Author Malcolm Gladwell. By Elena Compo "Call it instinct, insight, intuition or psychic ability, some people are particularly adept at making subconscious assessments of a situation or person. In Blink (written by Malcolm Gladwell), the author identifies this ability as thin slicing. I was interested in a concise definition of this phrase, so I googled it. Wikipedia defines thin-slicing as the ability to find patterns or make decisions based on narrow windows of experience. The author cites studies, examples and his personal experiences to support his contention that often a person’s first decision or observation is the most accurate decision with the most favorable outcome. As an amateur student of human nature, the examples of this type of subconscious decision making presented in Blink were interesting and compelling. Other influences in a person’s initial impression are bias, greed and pre-conceived notions. Gladwell also mentions it is human nature to distrust this type of rapid decision making. We warn ourselves not to jump to conclusions, to analyze the pros and cons of situations before making decisions. I am familiar with this type of analysis paralysis, and was hoping to develop skills to overcome my personal tendency to overthink my decisions. I was, however disappointed that the author did not discuss how I could work at developing this skill. While the book is a worthwhile read, in my opinion, it fell short of its potential by not providing examples of how the reader can improve their own subconscious decision making. Overall grade: B-" Elena Compo is a Resource Analyst in Business & Administrative Services, ABA

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A popular trend in the marine hobby is the belief that a reef aquarium should mimic natural ecosystems as much as possible. This means replicating the food sources, water quality, lighting conditions, and water movement found in nature. If you're interested in taking a more natural approach to reef keeping, consider these great tips: The water-volume-to-organism ratio in an aquarium is very small when compared to a natural reef, therefore, supplementary filtration to enhance water quality is an essential place to begin building your natural ecosystem. The key to a natural filtration method is using a refugium. These auxiliary aquariums recreate on a small scale the sea grass beds that are commonly found in association with a natural reef. Experts in the field have used this method of filtration for years with excellent results. Refugiums housing live sand, live rock, and micro crustaceans, which feed and thrive on the detritus and wastes from the main aquarium, add to the bio-diversity of the system. Macroalgae is often grown in refugiums to further boost natural filtration. Macroalgae feeding upon the nutrients within the water aids in keeping waste levels from becoming problematic and reduces the number of necessary water changes. Refugiums will keep macroalgae confined, avoiding overgrowth in your main display. Certain macroalgae are also thought to release compounds into the water which aid the fish immune systems. Lighting is an integral part of a saltwater reef aquarium that contains photosynthetic invertebrates. The most natural-looking light is produced by metal halides and LED systems. These create glitter lines, which are light waves intensified by the water's surface and thought to aid photosynthesis in certain invertebrates and corals. For the refugium, use power compacts or T-5 fluorescent bulbs with a Kelvin rating between 5500°-7500°K. And by illuminating your refugium at times when the main aquarium is not, it will provide essential oxygen, thereby reducing nighttime pH fluctuations. Water movement is essential for an optimal reef environment. For example, many SPS hard corals require a moderate to strong intermittent water flow. Inadequate water movement may hinder the corals from opening their polyps and feeding, resulting in a slower growth rate. In order to provide proper water flow in the aquarium, you may want to incorporate a wave-making device. The EcoTech Marine VorTech QuietDrive Propeller Pump delivers impressive water movement and represents a new generation of highly controllable aquarium water movement. The installation of a water flow diverter, which splits your return line, allows water flow to be alternated within the aquarium, mimicking a natural current. For larger aquariums, more than one valve can be used to provide multiple alternating outlets. With the many new products available, it is now easier than ever to provide an environment that is similar to that of a natural reef. In response, the reef inhabitants will display faster growth and reproduction rates, fuller expansion, and better overall health.

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John I (John the Great), 1357?–1433, king of Portugal (1385–1433), illegitimate son of Peter I. He was made (1364) grand master of the Knights of Aviz and exercised his influence in opposition to Leonor Teles, the queen of his half-brother, Ferdinand I. After Ferdinand's death (1383), his widow and her lover, the conde de Ourém, set up a regency in the name of Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice, wife of John I of Castile. This provoked a popular national revolt, led by John of Aviz, who murdered Ourém, and Nun' Álvares Pereira. The Castilians invaded (1384) Portugal, but their forces were decimated by the plague while they laid siege to Lisbon. John was elected king in 1385, and in the same year a great victory over the Castilians at Aljubarrota assured Portuguese independence (though peace was not finally concluded until 1411). John's position was strengthened by an alliance with England, sealed by a treaty (1386) and by John's marriage (1387) to Philippa, daughter of John of Gaunt. The reign of John the Great was one of the most glorious in medieval Portuguese history. His popularity was heightened by his administrative reforms. His sons, Duarte, Peter, Henry the Navigator, John, and Ferdinand, were important in inaugurating the era of Portuguese colonial and maritime expansion. Ceuta in N Africa was conquered from the Moors in 1415. John was succeeded by his son Duarte. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

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In the early 1950s, an American, Paul Fisher, noticed that although there were many types of ballpoint pen available on the market, each pen required a different type of cartridge. In 1953, Fisher invented the universal refill which could be used in most pens. It sold well, as stationers were able to reduce their stocks of assorted refills. Research and Development In the mid-'50s Fisher established the Fisher Space Pen Company, based in California, USA. Currently, its headquarters are in Boulder City, Nevada. In July 1958, using practical experiments, Fisher undertook the development of the ballpoint pen. Ballpoints rely on gravity to feed the ink and have an opening in the top of the ink cartridge to allow air to replace the ink as it is used. Fisher developed the pen so that there was no hole in it. This eliminated the problems of wasted and evaporated ink. In addition, it prevented ink leaking from the rear of the ink reservoir. Initially, the cartridge was pressurised with nitrogen to a level of 50 pounds per square inch (about 350kPa). This means that gravity is not needed for the pen to work, as ink is continuously fed to the tungsten carbide ball. The original design was manufactured in aluminium. A further development was to use thixotropic ink. The ink has a consistency similar to thick, rubber cement. It is held in a semi-solid gelatinous state, until the shearing action of the rolling ball in its socket liquefies the ink. Thus, the ink only flows when needed, allowing the pen to write smoothly and dependably on most surfaces. Results from tests indicated that the shelf-life of a space pen is an estimated 100 years. This compares very favourably with standard ballpoint pens, which have an estimated life span of two years. The pen can perform in a variety of temperatures from -25°C to 120°C. It can write on wet surfaces, so it can be used in the rain, snow and even underwater. It can write on coated plastic, carbonless paper and through images of fingerprints. It is not affected by dirt or grease. It can write on latex gloves, without the gloves tearing. It can write on wet timber, sheet metal duct work and camera film. Users can write at any angle, even upside down. The Space Missions Fisher soon realised that a major advantage to the design was that standard ballpoint pens are unable to perform in zero gravity conditions and patented his design as the Anti-gravity Pen in 1965. Having completed two years of testing, NASA selected the pen for use on all the Apollo missions, as it proved extremely accurate. Beginning with the Apollo 7 mission in 1968, astronauts used the Fisher AG-7 Space Pen and cartridge. Currently, the pen is used for all manned space flights, both American and Russian. Due to its unique design and reputation for writing in extreme conditions, the pen has been chosen for use by the United States Air Force, undersea explorers, ski teams and mountain climbers. In 1997, the pen was used during the Everest North Face Ski Expedition. In 1998, it was used on the Russian Space Station Mir. The pen was used to write the letters of a shopping TV channel, and became the first product sold in space. The Modern Space Pen Fisher's original pen, designed in 1948 was the No 400 Chrome Bullet Pen. Cited as an outstanding example of industrial art, it is exhibited in the New York Museum of Modern Art. It was designed to take standard refills but coupled with the new cartridge is still a one of the most popular of the Fisher pen designs. Fisher developed the pen further, so that currently the pen is available in a range of styles, colours and materials. The pens can be purchased with a rubber lower barrel, which gives additional grip. The cheapest space pen costs around $10. All Space pens are supplied in a gift box and each contains a black ink refill. The inks can be supplied in a range of colours including gold and silver. Customised pens can be engraved. Speciality pens were designed. One design of pen includes the Triple Action Space Pen. It has the advantage of being able to use black ink, red ink or a 0.7mm mechanical pencil. All of these are contained in the one pen. The Alan Shepard Golf Space Pen features a unique telescopic pull action mechanism, which exposes the ink cartridge, forming the design into a full-length writing instrument. This design can be fitted into the top pocket of a shirt, and has the advantage in that the user does not have to remove a cap. In 1985, the range developed to include the Stowaway Pen. It is manufactured in gold, taken from the treasure recovered from the 1622 Spanish Galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha. The disadvantage to the design is that refill ink cartridges are needed, and can only be supplied through the Fisher organisation, which is ironic, given Fisher's initial concept.

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On this page - What is surrogacy? - Is surrogacy for me? - How does surrogacy work? - What is my chance of having a baby with surrogacy? - What are the risks of surrogacy? - Legal issues associated with surrogacy - Surrogacy treatment abroad - Payment issues - Where do I start? What is surrogacy? Surrogacy is when another woman carries and gives birth to a baby for the couple who want to have a child. The HFEA does not regulate surrogacy. We recommend that you should seek legal advice before proceeding with this option. Is surrogacy for me? Surrogacy may be appropriate if you have a medical condition that makes it impossible or dangerous to get pregnant and to give birth. The type of medical conditions that might make surrogacy necessary for you include: - absence or malformation of the womb - recurrent pregnancy loss - repeated in vitro fertilisation (IVF) implantation failures. How does surrogacy work? Full surrogacy (also known as Host or Gestational) - Full surrogacy involves the implantation of an embryo created using either: - the eggs and sperm of the intended parents - a donated egg fertilised with sperm from the intended father - an embryo created using donor eggs and sperm. Partial surrogacy (also known Straight or Traditional) - Partial surrogacy involves sperm from the intended father and an egg from the surrogate. Here fertilisation is (usually) done by artificial insemination or intrauterine insemination (IUI). What is my chance of having a baby with surrogacy? It is quite difficult to determine a success rate for surrogacy, as many factors are relevant, including: - the surrogate’s ability to get pregnant - the age of the egg donor (if involved) - the success of procedures such as IUI and IVF - the quality of gamete provided by the comissioning couple. The age of the woman who provides the egg is the most important factor that affects chances of pregnancy. What are the risks of surrogacy? The risks associated with surrogacy depend on the type of surrogacy (full or partial) undertaken. Generally, the risks associated with full surrogacy are similar to those for IVF. There is also a risk of transferring HIV and hepatitis, and so screening of everyone involved in surrogacy involving IUI is recommended, and required in surrogacy arrangements involving IVF. If a registered donor at a licensed clinic is used, the donor will automatically be screened. Legal issues associated with surrogacy Surrogacy involves complicated legal issues and we recommend that you seek your own legal advice before making any decisions. It is important to know that surrogacy arrangements are unenforcable. It is also advisable to receive counselling before starting the surrogacy process, to help you think about all the questions involved. Surrogacy treatment abroad According to various surveys, many patients who travel overseas for treatment are very satisfied with the standard of care and quality of treatment they receive. However, if you are considering travelling abroad for treatment, you are advised to carry out thorough research. We have created a page that specifically discusses the considerations around treatment abroad The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) has launched guidance on surrogacy overseas to give parents information about the process to help inform them of the sort of issues they may face when embarking on a surrogacy arrangement in a foreign country. The guidance urges prospective parents to ensure they are fully aware of the facts and are well prepared before starting what can be a long and complex process. Paying surrogate expenses- You are not allowed to pay for a surrogate in the UK – commercial surrogacy is illegal. However, the intended parents are responsible for the reasonable expenses of the surrogate (for example, clothes, travel expenses and loss of earnings). Extra expense may be incurred should the surrogate have twins or more. Clinic surrogacy fees - Fees to the clinic will depend on whether the arrangement involves insemination only or IVF procedures. The fees will also vary depending on which clinic is used and how many attempts you have. You should ensure that you know the full costs involved before starting surrogacy treatment. Remember: commercial surrogacy is illegal in the UK – people thinking about surrogacy should be wary of agencies purporting to offer this service. Where do I start? Once you have decided, in consultation with your fertility specialist, that a surrogacy arrangement is suitable for your circumstances, you must find a surrogate. Fertility clinics are not allowed to find a surrogate mother for you. There may be unregulated organisations in the UK that may be able to help you – the Infertility Network UK (INUK) may be a good starting point. You should also be prepared to make the appropriate legal arrangements in order to be recognised in law as the parent of the child. Choosing a surrogate - You will want to choose a woman capable of having a safe, healthy pregnancy and birth. It is also vital that you build up a trusting relationship with the surrogate. Page last updated: 05 August 2014

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The National Monument, or "Monas" as it is popularly called, is one of the monuments built during the Sukarno era of fierce nationalism. The top of the National Monument (Monas) is Freedom Square. It stands for the people's determination to achieve freedom and the crowning of their efforts in the Proclamation of Independence in August 1945. The 137-meter tall marble obelisk is topped with a flame coated with 35 kg of gold. The base houses a historical museum and a hall for meditations. The monument is open to the public and upon request the lift can carry visitors to the top, which offers a bird's eye view on the city and the sea. Go early to beat the crowds and the haze. It is easy for the less physically able as lifts take visitors to the top. The diorama exhibition in the basement gives such a distorted view of Indonesian history - thanks to the dictator Suharto wanting to brainwash the nation - it's amusing. This imposing obelisk is Jakarta's most famous landmark. Construction started in 1961 under President Soekarno but was not completed until 1975, under President Soeharto. The monument houses a couple of museums. The Freedom Hall depicts Indonesia's struggle for independence through a series of dioramas, whereas the Hall of Contemplation displays the original Declaration of Independence document and a recording of the speech. An elevator takes one to the observation platform, which commands a bird's-eye view of the cityscape. Hotels In Jakarta is an application that loading information and references to some accommodations in Jakarta. There will be categories that show the location according to Jakarta’s administrative areas and categories for the stars of the hotels that you need … Continue reading Yapong Dance Yapong dance is typical of traditional happy dance that having delicate and kind of erotic moves. The term of Yapong was taken from the song that follows the dance which sounds ‘ya ya ya’ and the sound of … Continue reading Betawi Mask Dance Jakarta native community or better known as Batawi people has a lot of traditional art, one of which is the Betawi mask. Betawi mask has at least three main elements: music, dance, and theater. The dance in … Continue reading Tidung Island Tidung island is one of Kelurahan or the smaller sub-district in Thousand archipelago or Kepualuan Seribu. This island is divided into two islands which is Tidung Besar island and Tidung Kecil island. Between Tuding Besar and Tuding Kecil … Continue reading

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About the artist 'Half-Length Portrait of Dürer', 1645 by Wenceslaus Hollar (1607-1677) Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) was the first great artist to achieve fame through prints. His meticulous use of detail, outstanding technique and clever use of perspective and the human figure made his work extremely popular. Dürer's home city Nuremberg and his family had a significant influence on his success. Nuremberg was a prosperous city on the trade route between Italy and Northern Europe and a centre of Renaissance learning. Dürer's father was a goldsmith and his godfather ran an important publishing house which traded with Venice. In this environment, Dürer witnessed the production of prints for books and learnt about artistic developments in Italy. Dürer established his own workshop in Nuremberg in 1495 after his first journey to Italy. Italian influence is evident in his early engravings. By 1505, when Dürer went again to Italy, he had made many of the woodcuts that make up his great Biblical series, as well as engraved masterpieces such as the 'Prodigal Son', 'St Eustace' and 'Adam and Eve' that in turn made a dramatic impact on Italian art. Dürer is one of the best documented artists of the Renaissance. Letters, a journal and a family chronicle tell us about his artistic relationship with Italy. In 1568 the first art historian Giorgio Vasari also described the creative relationship between Dürer and the Italian artist Raphael and how vital prints were for artists as sources of inspiration and as channels of communication with other European art centres.

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Please find below some frequently asked questions about 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. If you do not find the question and answer you are looking for, please contact us. The 22q deletion is caused by a missing piece of chromosome 22. A parent with 22q has a 50% chance of passing it on to his or her offspring. However, only 10% of people “inherit” 22q from a parent. The remaining 90% develop 22q as a new mutation, meaning the missing piece of chromosome 22 happens spontaneously. Parents who have a child with this “de novo” form of 22q do not have a higher risk of subsequent children being affected. A genetic disorder is a disease whose signs and symptoms are the result of an abnormality in the body’s genetic material. This material is found inside cells and is made up of genes, which reside on chromosomes. The abnormality may be due to missing genetic material (as in 22q), additional genetic material (as in Down Syndrome), or the result of specific inherited or mutated genes. Genetic material, in the form of genes and chromosomes, is like a blueprint for the development and maintenance of all body systems. When this blueprint is defective, development and maintenance of the affected system becomes disordered and health problems arise. If the brain and central nervous system are affected by the genetic disorder, learning problems and other mental disabilities may occur. Anyone who is concerned about passing an inherited disease to their offspring should consult a genetic counselor. Since 22q can be passed on in this way, it’s a good idea for those with the 22q deletion to speak with a genetic counselor before having children. Keep in mind, however, that 90% of people with 22q are affected because of a spontaneous and unpredictable genetic mutation. The 22q deletion is thought to affect 1 in every 4,000 people. This number, however, will likely rise as awareness of the condition and its many presentations come to light. VCFS stands for the Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome. Before the discovery of the q11.2 deletion on chromosome 22, the 22q deletion disorder was known by several names, including DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS), conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (CTAF), Opitz G/BBB syndrome, and Cayler cardiofacial syndrome. Those diagnosed with any of these disorders all have the same underlying condition: the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. The expression of 22q varies widely from individual to individual with regard to severity and body systems affected. Your child’s specific medical needs will depend upon these factors. Potential problems include heart defects, learning and language delays, hypernasal speech, cleft palate, feeding difficulties, immune system deficits, kidney problems, growth delay, and behavioral and psychiatric differences. For this reason, it’s a good idea to have a multidisciplinary team on your side—like the 22q Center at Nationwide Children’s Hospital. 22q Center is on Facebook Listen to Dr. Baylis on PediaCast

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The WITCH is back! After a three-year restoration project at The National Museum of Computing, the Harwell Dekatron computer has gone on show today as the world's oldest original working digital computer. Also known as the WITCH, the computer is now in its seventh decade and fifth home. Originally put together in 1951, the computer weights approximately 2.5 tonnes and features 828 flashing Dekatron valves, 480 relays and a bank of paper tape readers. With its flashing lights and clattering printers and readers, it's expected to provide an inspiring display for visiting school groups and the general public keen to learn about the museum's rich computer heritage. Kevin Murrell, trustee of TNMOC who initiated the restoration project, said: "In 1951 the Harwell Dekatron was one of perhaps a dozen computers in the world, and since then it has led a charmed life surviving intact while its contemporaries were recycled or destroyed. As the world's oldest original working digital computer, it provides a wonderful contrast to our Rebuild of the wartime Colossus, the world's first semi-programmable electronic computer." The Harwell Dekatron computer first ran at Harwell Atomic Energy Research Establishment in 1951 where it automated the calculations that were being performed by people using mechanical hand calculators. Designed for reliability rather than speed, it could carry on relentlessly for days at a time delivering its error-free results. You can find out more at http://www.tnmoc.org/ Want to receive up-to-the-minute tech news straight to your inbox? Then click here to sign up for the completely free PCR Daily Digest and Newsflash email services. You can also follow PCR on Twitter and Facebook.

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On a Saturday morning in 1851, it was also the chosen venue for a famous duel between two prominent Augustans. The feud, according to historical accounts, was over an article in Augusta’s Chronicle and Sentinel newspaper authored by a “Dr. Thomas.” The doctor’s blunt words so enraged associate editor J.M. Smyth of the rival Constitutionalist & Republic that a fight to the death was arranged. On Sept. 27, 1851, the combatants and their respective entourages traveled about 35 miles up the Savannah River to the McCormick County, S.C., town, each vowing to kill the other. The men marched, turned and fired – and both shots missed. A second round had the same result. “Upon the third fire, the ball passed through Smyth’s right thigh, and nearly through the left, but the wound is not considered mortal,” according to an account published on Oct. 1, 1851, in The New York Times. “He reached Augusta on Sunday night and is doing well.” Thomas, the story said in conclusion, “was not touched.” While it remains unclear whether the feud in Augusta was deemed settled, Vienna – established in the late 1700s as a shipping hub for cotton and tobacco – was already bound for extinction because of the decline of tobacco and commerce along the river. In his book, The Making of McCormick County, author Bobby F. Edmonds described the vanished village as the area’s first commercial center, located just five miles from today’s Mount Carmel community. It was also the place where travelers forded the Savannah River, and it was a stop on a short-lived stagecoach route from Milledgeville, Ga., to Washington D.C. “Not only did Vienna outdistance (the S.C. town of) Ninety Six as a trade center, but it was considered a distinct rival of Augusta,” Edmonds wrote. James Calhoun, the brother of statesman John C. Calhoun, operated a store in Vienna, as did Alexander Noble, the brother of Patrick Noble, a politician who in 1838 became South Carolina’s governor. Vienna was also one of the places where famed Presbyterian educator Moses Waddel established his schools that led – eventually – to the famous academy in nearby Willington, S.C. According to historical accounts, Waddel lived in Columbia County’s Appling community – near Augusta – where he founded his first “log cabin academy” before moving to Vienna in 1801 to establish a school there. Three years later he moved to Willington, where he remained until 1819, when he became president of Franklin College – known today as University of Georgia. Reach Rob Pavey at (706) 868-1222, ext. 119, or firstname.lastname@example.org.

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Warming arctic temperatures are threatening sensitive Eskimo archaeological sites in Alaska, according to researchers from the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. At a September 7th press conference, which was held in conjunction with the British Science Festival in Aberdeen, archaeologist Rick Knecht and colleagues discussed their work at the Yup’ik Eskimo site of Nunalleq. The site, now under threat, was inhabited from approximately 1350 AD to 1650 AD. At the press conference, Knecht said that the site is “preserved by permafrost, and the permafrost is melting due to climate change.” As the permafrost melts, he explains, “it exposes the very soft soil to marine erosion. The shoreline retreats and the sites get damaged.” The University describes the work of Knecht’s team as “the first large-scale archaeological investigation into the prehistory” of the region. Knecht said the Nunalleq site is “an early Eskimo winter village.” The site “has yielded tens of thousands of in situ archaeological artifacts and tools, including preserved beach rye grass baskets and cordage” that are “extremely rare in any archaeological context.” He also noted that “the preserved human hair, fur, plant and other bioarchaeological materials are also among the largest and best preserved collections of their kind ever recovered.” Photos: The Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta by NASA; Yup’ik artifacts by University of Aberdeen

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Think the memory card in your camera is high-capacity? It's got nothing on DNA. With data accumulating at a faster rate now than any other point in human history, scientists and engineers are looking to genetic code as a form of next-generation digital information storage. Now, a team of Harvard and Johns Hopkins geneticists has developed a new method of DNA encoding that makes it possible to store more digital information than ever before. We spoke with lead researcher Sriram Kosuri to learn why the future of archival data storage is in genetic code, and why his team's novel encoding scheme represents such an important step toward harnessing DNA's vast storage potential. Humanity has a storage problem. Recent surveys conducted by IDC Digital Universe suggest that the perfusion of technology throughout society has triggered an explosion in the volume of information that we as a species produce on a daily basis. Between photos, video, texts, tweets, Facebook updates, unsolicited FarmVille requests, Instagram posts and various other forms of digital data production, the world's information is doubling every two years, and that raises some important questions, chief among them being: where the hell do we put it all? "In 2011 we had 1.8 * 1021 bytes of information stored and replicated" explains Sriram Kosuri, a Harvard geneticist and member of the Wyss Institute's synthetic biology platform, in an email to io9. "By 2020 it will be 50 times that. That's an astounding number; and doesn't include a much larger set of data that's thrown away (e.g., video feeds)." As Kosuri points out, not all of this information needs to be stored, but — being the diligent little hoarders that we are — a good deal of it will be cached away somewhere for posterity; and at the rate we're generating information, we'll need to find new storage solutions if we want to have any hope of keeping up with our demand for space. "Our ability to store, manage, and archive such information is being constantly strained already," notes Kosuri. "Archival storage is also a large problem." The (Theoretical) Solution: The Advantages of DNA Storage Archival storage is where DNA comes in. As storage media go, it's hard to compete with the universal building blocks of life. In an article published in today's issue of Science, Kosuri — in co-authorship with geneticist Yuan Gao and synthetic biology pioneer George Church — describes a new technique for using DNA to encode digital information in unprecedented quantities. We'll get to their novel storage method in the next section, but for now let's look at some numbers that help contextualize what Kosuri identifies as the two major advantages of DNA storage: information density and stability. At theoretical maximum, one gram of single stranded genetic code can encode 455 exabytes of information. That's almost half a billion terabytes, or 4.9 * 1011 GB. (As a point of reference, the latest iPad tops out at 64 GB of storage space.) DNA strands also likes to fold over on top of themselves, meaning that, unlike most other digital storage media, data needn't be restricted to two dimensions; and being able to store data in three-space translates to more free-space. DNA is also incredibly robust, and is often readable even after being exposed to unfavorable conditions for thousands of years. Every time researchers recover genetic information from a woolly mammoth specimen, or sequence the genome of a 5,300 year-old human mummy, it's a testament to DNA's durability and data life. Just try recovering files from a 5,000-year-old CD or DVD. Hell, try it with a 20-year old disc; odds are it just isn't going to happen. That being said, DNA has its shortcomings. "It's not re-writable, it's not random access, and it is very high latency," explains Kosuri, "so really the applications are for archival storage (not to downplay the importance of archives)." The (Practical) Solution 5.27-megabits probably doesn't strike you as a lot (that comes out to roughly 660 kilobytes of information, about what you'd find on a 3.5" floppy from the 80s), but it's impressive for at least three reasons: One: It positively crushes the previous DNA-storage record of 7,920 bits. Two: The novel encoding method employed by Kosuri and his colleagues allowed them to address issues of cost and accuracy, two long-standing technical hurdles facing DNA storage: The major reason why this would have been difficult in the past is that it is really difficult to construct a large stretch of DNA with exact sequence, and make it cheaply. We took an approach that allows us to use short stretches of DNA (basically by having an address (19 bits) and data block (96 bits), so each short stretch can be stitched together later after sequencing. Using short stretches allowed us to leverage both next-generation synthesis [for writing data]… and next-generation sequencing [for reading data] technologies to really lower cost and ease. Three: It offers a compelling proof of concept that DNA can be used to store digital information at remarkable densities. "What we published in terms of scale is… obviously small compared to commercial technologies now," explains Kosuri, but "using our method, a petabyte of data [one petabyte = 1,024 terabytes] would require about 1.5 mg of DNA." Since that genetic information can be packaged in three dimensions, that translates to a storage volume of about one cubic millimeter. The logarithmic plot featured here illustrates how the storage density demonstrated by Kosuri and his team (labeled "This Work") compares to technologies of today and tomorrow. You should really just reference the graph, but to summarize: DNA wins out by a landslide. "For example," explains Kosuri, "we are ~10 orders of magnitude (100 billion fold) more dense than a CD, a million-fold more dense than the best commercial storage technologies, and about ~1000 fold more dense than [other] proof-of-concept work (e.g., position atoms on a surface)." He says the secret to DNA's superiority harkens back to the fact that it can be stored dry in three dimensions; "thus there is no surface that requires a thickness, which really kills 3D data density." DNA storage has its limitations. As I mentioned earlier, it's not re-writable, and it's not random access. Its latency is also too high for it to be practical for anything other than archival storage, but we've already established that we're in dire need of space for archiving, anyway. The only other big limiting factors, at present, are synthesis and sequencing technologies — and those won't be an issue for much longer. According to Kosuri, the costs of DNA synthesis and sequencing have been dropping much faster than Moore's law. In the supplementary information section of their paper, Kosuri and his colleagues imagine what a petabyte of storage would require, from the standpoint of synthesis and sequencing costs, and conclude that they would need a roughly 6 order of magnitude drop in sequencing, and 7-8 in synthesis for storage media of that capacity to become feasible. "To give perspective," explains Kosuri, "costs have been dropping for the past 5-10 years at 10x and 5x per year for sequencing and synthesis respectively." In other words: this tech is right around the corner. Are you ready for your DNA drive? The researchers' results are published in the latest issue of Science.

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Perhaps as important as any trend in technology is the process of making dumb technology smart. This shift is more commonly referred to as “The Internet of Things” (IoT), and it’s a topic we tackled recently in TMP Labs. The Internet of Things: What Is It? The Internet of Things is the process of bringing offline objects online. This isn’t a new concept. Originally coined in 1999, it has been a dominating theme at the Consumer Electronics Show, and this year there were 18 sessions at SXSW dedicated to hardware compared to only 2 in 2012. So what does this have to do with recruitment? Well, first of all, in TMP Labs we talk about that which is disruptive, or, in other words, things that both create new markets and disrupt existing ones. And little is more disruptive right now than IoT. Second, the impact on recruiting as a result of this shift is, and will continue to be, significant. Recruiters once tasked with finding engineers and manufacturing talent are now looking for iOS, Android, cloud, and mobile hardware talent to help bring the products the engineers are manufacturing online. More on that later. What are some of the best-known examples of IoT? Well, maybe this is cheating, but in my opinion, the best example is the use of the QR code. QR codes were ahead of their time. When QR codes first came out, most mobile devices did not support them without downloaded software, and even when they did, the experience was often unrewarding – a product of low bandwidth and poorly designed mobile experiences. However, QR codes were the genesis of connecting the offline and online worlds. Simultaneously, hardware manufacturers started to bring their traditionally offline devices online. Two of the most talked about examples are the Nest Learning Thermostat and the Google self-driving car. The Nest Learning Thermostat replaces your home thermostat. Through a Wi-Fi connection and built-in motion sensor, it learns the temperatures you like, turns itself down while you’re away, and can gather information about the temperature outside to make decisions about the temperature inside. This is a great example of taking a typically “dumb” device and making it smarter. Google, as you’re likely already aware, has been developing driverless car technology, and as of August of 2012 had completed 300,000 autonomous-driving miles, accident free. Through a combination of mounted cameras, a laser radar system, connectivity, and the rich data Google has gathered through its Street View program, Google has brought the automobile online, allowing decisions to be influenced by real-time data and made by the car itself. Why should employers and their recruiters care? It’s important because we’re in the process of shifting how we look at technology. Things like a refrigerator have always been looked at simply as a place to store your perishables. The inventory of what’s in your fridge was managed in your head, or on a piece of paper. However, even refrigerators are being brought online to manage that inventory for you. They’ll even connect to services like Peapod to have the essentials delivered just as you’re about to run out. Impacted by this are staffing and training. This newly connected hardware can only thrive if it’s accompanied by equally innovative software. An emphasis on hiring and training people who can communicate this vision to suppliers and customers will become a challenge for many employers. Maybe this sounds like your company, or maybe it doesn’t. But even if you feel somewhat sheltered from this shift, you’re probably not. The people proficient in the principal technologies that power the web today, and that will tomorrow, are in high demand. “iOS”, “Android”, “HTML 5” and “Mobile App” represent 4 of the top 5 growth positions on Indeed.com. The Internet of Things is a paradigm shift that’s creating new opportunities for some businesses and dictating obligations for others. Needed will be the talent to help make devices more intelligent and the way we interact with them more integrated. Learn more (from Meshworking by TMP Worldwide): Follow the topic: http://mashable.com/category/internet-of-things/ Nest Learning Thermostat: http://nest.com About the Author: As Vice President, Product Innovation Todd Maycunich co-manages TMP Labs — an internal design and product think tank comprised of a diverse group of the agencies most forward looking thinkers and rounded out with a dedicated development team designed to help bring ideas from TMP labs to our clients to help them innovate within and grow their organization. Prior to that Todd oversaw the Media and Analytics teams, helping to ensure our clients were reaching candidates effectively and efficiently and that we were measuring their results comprehensively, making the data actionable and the digital media strategy informed. Todd started his career with TMP in July of 2006 as the Campaign Management Product Manager, responsible for product development, marketing, and vendor relationships. Additional responsibilities include developing cross-product integration strategies, as well as helping to define the overall product roadmap. In 2007, Todd took on the role of Director of Platform Development, overseeing the development and deployment of TMP’s new Pathways platform – an innovative distribution and marketing vehicle for jobs, active and passive candidate mining, and employer brand. Prior to TMP, Todd spent six years with Aon Corporation, leading various roles including, database management, email marketing, search engine marketing, and most recently as a web designer/developer having built and maintained 20 production websites.

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Holiday decorations are up and chances are good holly is one of the plants used to brighten arrangements. The bright red berries and glossy dark green leaves have been used as Christmas trimmings for centuries. Florida has 11 species of native holly plus many cultivars, hybrids and imports from England, China and elsewhere. Of the native varieties, there is at least one for every habitat from coastal marshes to dry uplands and from sun to shade. The American holly tree (Ilex opaca) is native to the eastern and southern United States. It grows in full to partial sun and can be 30 feet tall and 20 feet wide. It makes a good specimen tree as it is slow growing with a natural pyramid shape. The opaca is evergreen and produces white flowers in June. The leaves have rolled edges and short spines along the margins. Birds and other wildlife are attracted to the berries. East Palatka and Savannah hollies are cultivars of American holly. Another native variety is Ilex vomitoria or Yaupon holly. This is well known for its use in traditional Native American ceremony and for medicinal uses as the leaves contain caffeine. Native to maritime forests, this is a great ornamental plant with shiny red berries and is often used in hedges. Dwarf cultivars are available. Ilex cassine, or Dahoon holly, grows in freshwater swamps. Only the female trees bear fruit. Myrtle-leaf holly (Ilex myrtifolia) is sometimes considered to be a variety of Ilex cassine and sometimes called Myrtle Dahoon. The leathery evergreen leaves of this small tree have smooth margins. Myrtle-leaf holly grows well along the coast. The red berries on this tree grow in clusters interspersed with small leaves. It is adaptable to a wide variety of growing conditions. Not so well known is the Possumhaw holly (Ilex decidua). The leaves are narrow and deciduous with serrate margins. After the leaves fall, the branches of this shrubby tree found in river bottoms and in low thickets retain the fruits, making it ideal for decorating, but pet owners should pick up any fallen berries or leaves.

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Inquiry-based science education (IBSE) is imperative for boosting students’ learning process and developing a bond with them, said Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF) Chairman Dr Manzoor Soomro on Monday. He was addressing the inaugural ceremony of a one-day teachers’ training workshop on “Collection, Preservation and Identification of Plant Diversity” at the Pakistan Museum of Natural History (PMNH) Shakarparian, Islamabad. Dr Soomro said PSF was actively engaged in promotion of science and technology in the country through a number of programmes including funding for scientific research, industry research and development and science caravans. The chairman said the PSF organises training workshop to train teachers to arouse students’ interest in science through interesting experiments under the IBSE programme. He advised teachers to set up herbariums in their institutions so that students could identify plant species, on which depends the survival of all living beings. Dr Soomro said PSF and PMNH would extend all possible assistance for the venture. PMNH Director General Dr Hasan highlighted the museum’s role in conservation of biodiversity. “Many species of plants and animals are threatened with extinction and the museum is working to mitigate this danger to biodiversity in collaboration with other stakeholders. He said the workshop was part of a series of programmes undertaken by PMNH in connection with the Decade of Biodiversity (2010-2020) celebrations declared by the United Nations to highlight the importance of biodiversity and educate people on their conservation and sustainable use. “Teachers can play an important role in motivating students to conserve biodiversity at the grassroots level”. He said plants were an important source of food and water and issues of food and water scarcity could be addressed through their conservation. Science teachers were awarded certificates at the workshop organised by the PSF and PMNH. Published in The Express Tribune, May 22nd, 2012.

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Research linking bad habits such as smoking and the direct impact on a senior's health will be presented during the American Geriatrics Society's Annual Meeting April 29 - May 3 in Chicago, IL. The study followed more than 2,000 seniors who were current smokers, past smokers and had never smoked. All three groups were compared to show a link between smoking and the speed at which participants walked. After five years, it was discovered that smokers showed a significantly slower pace in their gait than those who had previously smoked. These study results suggest that even at an older age, changing bad habits such as smoking can positively impact a senior's health later in life. Eliminating bad habits such as poor food choices and lack of exercise which can lead to weight gain or poor muscle condition has been an ongoing struggle for seniors. And, according to Alison Moore, M.D., member of the American Geriatrics Society (AGS), the most important part of successfully changing bad habits is to go into the transformation with a positive attitude. Dr. Moore offers the following suggestions to help older adults conquer some of the more common bad habits: Bad Food Choices: Excess weight can cause multiple health problems and complications, including diabetes, heart disease and stroke. Substituting good carbohydrates (sweet potatoes, wheat bread, brown rice) for bad carbohydrates (white potatoes, white bread, white rice) and adding lean proteins, while limiting foods with high fat and sugar contents, will help seniors maintain a healthy weight. Smoking and Drinking: Smoking and excessive alcohol intake is proven to have negative health effects on a person at any age, but seniors who smoke and drink regularly increase their chances of more advanced medical problems. The effects of many medications are altered when mixed with alcohol, which can pose serious health risks, especially for seniors taking multiple medications. "Couch Potato Syndrome": As people age, they often slow down and feel like they can't do as much as they did when they were young. While physical activity sometimes becomes restricted due to health ailments, that doesn't mean the brain needs to slow down. There are a variety of activities seniors can do to keep their minds focused and sharp, including word puzzles, interactive games, joining a book club or participating in other social and volunteer activities. Adjusting Medications: The majority of seniors are on multiple medications and sometimes find it difficult or too bothersome to remember when and which medications to take each day. As a result, some seniors "adjust" their daily medication routine without talking to their physicians. To help keep medications organized and alleviate frustration, seniors should use weekly or monthly pill boxes and have a family member or friend help them fill pill boxes on a regular basis or make a color coded chart to help keep track of their pills and the times they need to be taken. Lack of Exercise: Keeping physically active is integral to keeping the heart, mind and bones healthy. For some seniors, physical restrictions make exercise a challenge, but there are still small ways to incorporate physical activity into a daily routine, such as parking further away from the store to get in a short walk. And, programs such as yoga, Pilates or Tai Chi can help with balance and weight loss and can be adapted to all levels of physical ability. |Contact: Jennifer Bender| American Geriatrics Society

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In Inhabiting the Earth Foltz undertakes the first sustained analysis of how Heidegger's thought can contribute to environmental ethics and to the more broadly conceived field of environmental philosophy. Through a comprehensive study of the status of "nature" and related concepts such as "earth" in the thought of Martin Heidegger, Foltz attempts to show how Heidegger's understanding of the natural environment and our relation to it offer a more promising basis for environmental philosophy than others that have so far been put forward. Indeed, Dr. Foltz finds that to ecofeminism and social ecology, whose prescriptions are based on historically oriented etiologies of domination and oppression, Heidegger's work offers what is arguably the first comprehensive and nonreductive philosophy of history since Hegel that can embrace both nature and humanity in one narrative, and the first since Augustine that can do this while granting to nature a messure of selfstanding. But it is probably for the environmental philosophies of deep ecology, bioregionalism, and ecological holism that Heidegger's work has the most immediate, as well as the most extensive implications, because it is to them that it has the most affinity. Finally, as a corrective and a major challenge to deep ecology, which has tended to valorize the scientific approach to nature, Heidegger's work provides a sophisticated basis for showing the primacy of the poetic in the task of learning to inhabit the earth rightly. Back to top Rent Inhabiting the Earth 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Bruce V. Foltz. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Humanity Books. Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.

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This Sunday school craft idea is for the lesson on Noah’s Ark. Use these Sunday school craft ideas exactly or modify them to your needs, but use them and see how easy it can be to plan a lesson in just a few short minutes! Sunday School Craft: “Noah’s Ark” Bible passage: Genesis 7:1-5 “And the Lord said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the ark; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation. Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female: and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female. And Noah did according unto all that the Lord commanded him.” Sunday School Craft: Decorate a paper plate to look like Noah’s ark and glue animals inside to represent the Great Flood. Materials: Paper plates, markers/crayons, glue/tape, construction paper, scissors 1.Give each student 2 paper plates. 2.Have the students cut 1 paper plate in half. Students can share with their neighbor so that both halves of the plate get used. Each student should end up with 1 ½ paper plates. 3.Turn the whole paper plate right-side up, so that the scooped out part is facing up. 4.Students should color ½ of the whole plate to look like a boat. Most students will want to color this part of the plate a solid brown. 5.Turn the ½ paper plate wrong-side up, so that the scooped out part is facing down. 6.Students should color the ½ plate they have to also look like a boat. 7.After both parts of the plates are colored, students should glue the ½ paper plate to the whole paper plate, so that both inside and out are brown like the ark. There should be a space between the plates where the animals will fit later. 8.Students should take various colors of construction paper and draw or trace animal shapes, such as those found on the ark. 9.After drawing the animals, students should cut out the shapes and finish decorating them with markers or crayons. 10.When the animals are decorated, students should glue or tape them into the space between the two sides of the boat. It should look like the animals are looking out over the edge of the boat. 11.Students can finish the undecorated half of the whole paper plate with blue for the sky, white for clouds, or with several colors for the rainbow that symbolizes God’s covenant with His people. Will you be trying this Sunday school craft with your students? Share your classes experience with us by leaving a comment below. And be sure to Follow me on Twitter, where I will share more Sunday school craft ideas!

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Scientists have been studying ways to use synthetic DNA as a building block for smaller and faster devices. DNA has the advantage of being inherently "coded". Each DNA strand is formed of one of four "codes" that can link to only one complementary code each, thus binding two DNA strands together. Scientists are using this inherent coding to manipulate and "fold" DNA to form "origami nanostructures": extremely small two- and three-dimensional shapes that can then be used as construction material to build nanodevices such as nanomotors for use in targeted drug delivery inside the body. Despite progress that has been made in this field, assembling DNA origami units into larger structures remains challenging. A team of scientists at Kyoto University's Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS) has developed an approach that could bring us one step closer to the nanomachines of the future. They used a double layer of lipids (fats) containing both a positive and a negative charge. DNA origami structures were weakly absorbed onto the lipid layer through an electrostatic interaction. The weak bond between the origami structures and the lipid layer allowed them to move more freely than in other approaches developed by scientists, facilitating their interaction with one another to assemble and form larger structures. "We anticipate that our approach will further expand the potential applications of DNA origami structures and their assemblies in the fields of nanotechnology, biophysics and synthetic biology," says chemical biologist Professor Hiroshi Sugiyama from iCeMS. The study was published in Nature Communications on August 27th, 2015.

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The Body’s Cooling System Most people realize they sweat more when they exercise and that in order to stay healthy they need drink water. However, many people aren’t aware of how much water they need to drink and why it’s important to do so. When engaged in physical activity, body temperature rises as much as three degrees. Your body’s natural cooling system – sweating — kicks in to lower your body temperature. Under extreme exercise and heat stress, a body can lose half a gallon of water per hour! If the lost water is not replaced, dehydration occurs and serious consequences may follow. When too much water is lost through sweating, your blood volume decreases. This decreases blood pressure, which in turn reduces blood flow between the muscles and skin. To overcome this, your heart rate increases. Because less blood reaches the skin, heat loss is reduced and the body overheats. Just like your car, your body can quit running. If you fail to replace the water you lose, you run the risk of becoming dehydrated. When you are dehydrated by more than four or five percent of your body weight, your exercise performance declines by 20 to 30 percent. Not only that, the impact of dehydration on the cardiovascular system can produce heart problems in people with coronary heart disease and diabetes, as well. Lastly, dehydration is hard on the kidneys. Sweating is not the only way you lose water. Another is through respiration; in other words, you lose water every time you exhale. This water loss increases as your physical activity increases because you breathe more. How do you prevent your body from “breaking down?” It’s simple: Put in as much water as what’s going out through your perspiration and respiration. Generally speaking, you should drink water before, during and after exercise. Drinking about two cups (16 fl. oz.) of water one hour before and one cup half an hour before is a good start. Then you should drink half a cup to one cup or more every 15 to 20 minutes (This amount varies depending on the air temperature, your body weight and how hard you are exercising.) So drink up to keep your body running!

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10 am to noon Taught by Mark Kent Surface tension is a physical phenomenon that occurs when a liquid is in contact with a gas; the surface of the liquid acts as if it were a thin elastic sheet. Surface tension is caused when intermolecular forces draw the liquid particles together, as shown in the drawing immediately below. Because the molecules at the surface are not surrounded by other molecules, they are more strongly attracted to other molecules at the surface, which creates a pseudo-film at the surface. Price is per child attending, parent or guardian can attend class with child for no additional fee. $30 for non-members, $20 for members of BioCurious* Saturday Morning Science is for ages 5 and up. Under 7 require an adult present to assist them with the lab. *If you are a member please let us know and we will sign you up and send you directions how to pay

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100 Great Resources for Middleschool Students The move to middle school is an exciting time in a student’s life. A student can expect to experience many changes when transitioning from elementary school to middle school. Middle school students have more independence and freedom than elementary school students. However, the expectations and responsibilities placed upon middle school students are much greater than those of elementary school students. Students in middle school may find that subjects are a bit more challenging than they were in elementary school. The education you receive in language arts, math, science and social studies will all become more detailed and in-depth. Good study skills will become critical to your success. The links below can help middle schoolers adapt to the academic changes of middle school. Emotional and physical changes accompany the move to middle school as well. New friendships may develop, and old friends will become dearer. The development of social skills is essential to having a happy middle school experience. Staying away from harmful substances and knowing how to handle difficult people and situations will also help to enhance your middle school experience. - Kids Love A Mystery – Middle school students are encouraged to read on this website, through the intrigue of mysteries. - Good Reading Online – Chapter books that are suitable for middle school students are featured on this site, as well as tools to help in comprehension of the stories. Produced by - Story Writing Tips for Kids – This website sponsored by a writer includes many writing tips for middle school students who might want to pursue a career in writing. - Preposition Practice – Although this site is billed as an English as a Second Language website, it provides valuable practice for middle school students in using prepositions. - Rooting Out Words – This site uses prefixes and suffixes to help middle school students understand the roots of words and guess their definitions. - Conjunctions Quiz – A quiz on conjunctions for middle school students is presented here, along with answers after each guess. - Rats! Parts of Speech – Nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives are just a few of the parts of speech offered for practice here for middle school students. - Comparatives Mega-Quiz – This site presents a middle school practice site for comparatives. - The Choking Dog: Exercise on Passive Voice – Middle school students must change sentences to read in passive voice on this website. - Get It Write – This site for middle and high school students offers beginning writers information on punctuation, grammar, word usage and more. - Visual Fractions – Middle school students can practice comparing, adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing fractions with visual clues on this site. - Math Goodies – Middle school math students who need some quick help can examine integers, probability and statistics, and many other mathematical topics on this website. - Math Advantage –Harcourt School Publishers produced this website that features interactive math problems and activities for middle school students. - Math Playground – Math exercises are included here for both elementary and middle school students. - Sixth Grade Math Practice – Math skills common to sixth grade are presented here for middle school students to practice. - Seventh Grade Math Games – Games focusing on memory, attention, spatial reasoning and other mathematical skills targeted at seventh graders are included on this website. - Why Study Fractals? – An explanation of fractals and why middle school students need to learn about them is featured here. - Ask Dr. Math – Middle school students may ask Dr. Math questions about mathematical problems and concepts on this website. - Algebra Help – Lessons, calculators, worksheets and more are presented here for middle school students to gain help in algebra. - Math in Daily Life – Targeted at middle schoolers, this site offers practical information on how mathematical principles are used in everyday life. - ScienceLab – The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science sponsors this site that explores scientific topics like coral reefs, atoms and earthquakes in language middle school students can grasp. - Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools – This inquiry-based middle school science curriculum was created by Smithsonian/Natural Sciences Resource Center. - Exploratorium – A variety of science-related topics of particular interest to middle school students are presented here. - Animal Corner – Information on many types of animals is presented here in language that is easily understood by middle school students. - National Wildlife Federation –The National Wildlife Foundation sponsors this website that features articles for elementary- and middle-school aged children. - Sea World/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database – A variety of animal-related information is presented for elementary- and middle-school aged students on this official site of Sea World/Busch Gardens. - NASA Students Grades 5-8 – This NASA website is targeted to middle school students from grades five through eight, and presents a vast array of information on topics related to space science. - EPA Student Center – The Environmental Protection Agency presents this site geared toward middle school students, which tells them how to start their own environmental projects or pursue environmental careers. - Saving Energy at Home – The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement presents this website, which offers middle school children ways to save energy in their own homes. - Cool Science for Curious Kids – This website presented by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute allows middle school students to explore biology and learn cool facts. - Xpeditions – Sponsored by National Geographic, this website offers fun learning activities and projects that middle school students can participate in with their families. - The World of Benjamin Franklin –The Franklin Institute sponsors this site, which offers middle school students much information on Benjamin Franklin’s life and achievements. - Germany: An Exploration of the People and Culture – This website presents a comprehensive study on Germany for middle school students. - Our World – A variety of informational and educational sites from around the world that are appropriate for middle schoolers is presented here. - iCivics – The Democracy Lab – This fun, interactive website for middle school students offers a unique way to learn about democracy and our government. - You Are Here – The Federal Trade Commission presents this website for middle school students that examines advertising and commerce. - White House 101: Facts and Fun for All Ages – Sponsored by the White House, this site offers facts and fun for middle schoolers and all ages. - Getting a Job at the CIA – Middle school students who might be considering a career at the CIA will enjoy this informative website sponsored by the agency. - H.I.P. Pocket Change – The U.S. Mint presents this website, which examines coins and money in a fun, interactive way that middle school students can enjoy. - FBI Adventure – Sections of this website for middle schoolers examines the profession of FBI agents and offers them an adventure of their own. Physical Activity & Health - Healthy Youth! Physical Activity – Sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control, this website offers facts for middle schoolers about the benefits of physical activity. - BAM! Body & Mind – This fun, interactive site produced by the CDC offers information, activities and games about keeping one’s body and mind healthy. - CDC Kids Quest – This website explains common childhood disabilities (like ADHD and mobility impairment) to kids in detail, so that middle schoolers can better understand some of their fellow students. - KIDD Safety – The Consumer Product Safety Commission presents this website, which offers fun activities to teach middle schoolers about transportation safety, food safety, toy safety and product safety. - Tox Town – This website presented by the National Library of Medicine allows middle schoolers to click on an interactive map and learn about the toxic materials and chemicals commonly found in those areas. - The President’s Challenge – This website explains the President’s Challenge to kids, in which the President asks all Americans to commit to a certain level of physical activity daily. - Milk Matters for Kids – The National Institutes of Health presents this website, which has fun activities and games to teach middle schoolers about the benefits of milk and other foods with calcium. - How Loud Is Too Loud? – The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders sponsors this website that educates middle schoolers about keeping the volume of music, games, and television at an acceptable, healthy level. - Fire Safety for Kids – Games, activities and educational information about fire safety targeted at older elementary and middle school students is presented here. - Yo, It’s Time for Braces – This ThinkQuest site presents information about braces, what they are, who needs them, and what to expect when you get them, for middle school students. - Muscles and Basketball Quiz –This quiz focuses on how muscles are used in basketball and complements a middle schooler’s physical education unit. Computer & Technology - Forest Middle School Computer Lessons – A variety of computer lessons students can do by themselves are offered on this middle school site. - You Innovate 21 – This Scholastic website helps middle schoolers focus on technology necessary to function and excel in the 21st century. - NC Computer Skills Test Practice Page – This website prepares North Carolina middle schoolers for the state’s mandatory computer skills test. - Wayland Middle School Computer Class – Lessons for seventh and eighth graders are presented on this do-it-yourself website sponsored by a middle school. - Online Keyboarding Practice – This website offers middle school students an opportunity to practice various keyboarding skills. - Peter’s Online Typing Course – Free typing lessons and exercises are presented here for typists at all levels, from beginner to excellent. - Exploring Computers Worksheet – This website produced by a middle school computer teacher offers students the chance to explore computers through various exercises and activities. - Admongo.gov – Advertising in the world all around us is presented on this interactive website for middle schoolers featuring activities and games. - All Terrain Brain – This website is targeted at youth entrepreneurs and presents fun and educational activities. - Free Typing Test – Users of all ages can take a free typing test on this site, in which users type a paragraph for a minute and are then given their words per minute typing speed at the end of the test. Fun & Games - Games for Kids in The Stacks – This website sponsored by Scholastic features online games for middle schoolers, including puzzles, arcade games and writing games. - Ambleside Arcade – Suitable for younger middle schoolers, this website by Ambleside Primary School in the United Kingdom offers fun and interactive arcade games. - Magic Show – Popular magic tricks that kids enjoy, like card tricks and money tricks, are demonstrated on this website. - Thinkfinity Student Interactives – A variety of interactive games for middle school students are presented on this website sponsored by Verizon. - The Puzzle Factory – Various types of puzzles and online games are presented for middle schoolers to enjoy, from Mario games to strategy games. - Woodlands Games – United Kingdom school Woodlands Junior produced this website, which offers many fun online games for middle school students. - Balloon HQ – This fun website offers information for kids on all aspects of balloons, including making balloon animals and digital games. - Sports Illustrated for Kids – The magazine’s kids’ website presents sports information of interest to older elementary and middle school students. - The Art Zone – The National Gallery of Art presents this website, which allows kids to make their own interactive works of art online. Study Skills & Homework - Study Skills Guide for Students – General study skills and testing study skills are just a few of the guides presented here for middle school students. - Middle School Debate Topics – This website offers a multitude of topics on which middle schoolers may debate, including “cell phones should be allowed in schools” and “television is a bad influence on children.” - 25 Middle School Speech Topics – Topics on which middle schoolers could give speeches, such as “suggestions for a fun weekend” and “aviation pioneers” are presented here. - Study Skills for Middle School – Information critical to studying, such as planning, organization and taking notes, is offered here for middle schoolers. - How to Study – Over 80 articles offering studying tips for middle school students are available on this website. - Middle School Study Tips – This website presented by a middle school offers middle schoolers tips on studying, such as memory information and highlighting techniques. - Middle School Homework Tips – Tips for studying and doing homework targeted at middle schoolers are offered here, from organization to having a routine. - Discovery Education Homework Help – Discovery Education presents this website, which offers middle schoolers help for homework in subjects including science, English and mathematics. - BJ Pinchbeck Homework Helper –Middle school homework help in a variety of subjects, including foreign languages, social studies and computer science, is offered here. - How to Study in Middle School – This website offers practical study tips for middle schoolers, such as using a planner and looking for key words and phrases while studying. Extracurricular Activities & Hobbies - Stamp Collecting for Kids – The American Philatelic Society presents this website, which focuses on stamp collecting for older elementary and middle school students. - Boy Scouts of America – The official website of the organization offers information for middle school boys on how to become active in Boy Scouts. - Girl Scouts of America – The Girl Scouts’ official website provides information for girls on joining the organization. - People to People International – This website offers information for middle and high schoolers on becoming involved in foreign exchange programs. - Boys and Girls Clubs of America – The organization’s official website presents information for interested middle schoolers on how to participate. - How to Collect Baseball Cards – This article presents information for beginning baseball card collectors. - American Cheerleader Magazine – The magazine’s official website offers a variety of information for middle schoolers and high schoolers interested in cheerleading. - The Black Belt Club – Scholastic produced this interactive website, which offers information for older elementary and middle schoolers on the martial arts. Middle School Psyche - Coping With Cliques – Nemours presents this website, which offers information for middle schoolers on how to deal with cliques. - It’s My Life – Middle School – This website sponsored by PBS Kids offers a variety of information for kids going into and already in middle school. - Alcohol, Peer Pressure, Teenage Underage Drinking – The Cool Spot presents this website which offers kids of middle and high school age information on alcohol and peer pressure. - NIDA for Teens: Mind Over Matter – This website presented by the National Institute for Drug Abuse explains different types of legal and illegal drugs and their abuse to middle and high schoolers. - Teens Against Bullying – This is an organization of young people who have joined to prevent bullying among kids. - Students Against Violence Everywhere – This organization consists of middle and high school students who are fighting violence and offering prevention tips and alternatives. - Save a Friend – This website by the National Association of School Psychologists offers information for middle and high schoolers on recognizing warning signs and helping save friends from suicide. - Get It Straight – The Drug Enforcement Agency presents this site, which offers information for middle and high schoolers on drugs. - Reality Check – This website presents financial education for students on financial literacy and understanding economic concepts. - BLS Career Information – Presented by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, this website offers information on a variety of careers for middle and high school students. - Social Skills for Middle School Students – Various social skills necessary for middle students, including maintaining friendships and showing respect to adults, are explained here. - Friendships: Information for Preteens – The Palo Alto Medical Foundation presents this website, which offers middle schoolers information on making and keeping friends.

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When this teacher says "team," he's not speaking about soccer or lacrosse, he's talking solar energy and social justice. Doug Hollinger, a Pavilion Faculty Association member and 28-year science teacher, formed the Global Youth Service Team — or GYST — five years ago to fuse alternative energy with an action plan to provide young people in less fortunate situations access to clean water, education and training. One of nine chapters across the country, GYST allows students to apply physics to alternative energy, creating solar electric and water purification systems thousands of miles away in high-need countries. First, they start at home. A wind turbine system in back of Pavilion High School, Genesee County, and a rooftop solar system are tied to the electric grid — the electricity produced goes into the grid. In return, the school, as a small producer, gets its electric bill reduced. A third, independent system, designed and built by Hollinger's physics students, supplies power to the science lab. "The alternative energy systems at school are first and foremost educational tools to teach renewable energy," said Hollinger, who works with earth science teacher Dawne Adams. Just as energy is the core of electricity, so is education at the heart of Hollinger. He instructs his students how to set up alternative energy systems and then teaches them how to teach. Hollinger and the students, who pay their own way, then head to the Thailand/Burma border during the summer to help "some of the millions of refugees who live without electricity and access to water." The team builds solar-powered electrical systems at clinics, so medics can operate at night, and in schools, so students can study. The team also builds ultraviolet water purifiers that are operated off the solar systems. Students travel to regions "where people are in need due to energy and natural resource poverty, natural disasters or human rights violations," said Hollinger. Members of the Global Youth Service Team, who meet after school and on weekends, learn to be solar technicians and to teach those they are helping how to build and maintain their own systems. Fundraising before the trip helps pay for solar panels, batteries and control systems. "This past summer we did three schools at the refugee camps," said Hollinger. The schools are made of bamboo and can house up to 120 students. They are boarding schools with dorms, so lighting is vital. "Kids feel safer. Teachers are more confident about safety," he said. Without solar energy, many schools use candles or kerosene, which are highly flammable sources. Having purified water prevents illness and saves time from having to build wood fires and boil all the water. Relying less on firewood reduces deforestation. "This is where science meets social justice," Hollinger said. "It gives kids the opportunity to participate in the renewable energy field and also see how they can make an impact on the human rights problems in South Asia. We're also addressing climate change by reducing dependence on fossil fuels."

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