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It is essential for one to ensure that he or she drinks enough water for one to remain healthy. Where one takes enough water, he or she can be assured of a youthful skin which comes with lesser headaches as well as lesser chances of illnesses. Of the mentioned benefits of drinking enough water, most people have gotten them correct. One would consider drinking more water the moment he or she realises the essence of water in human life. Find out for further details on water flavor right here. Uptake of water tends to relieve one from fatigue as well as increase energy levels the moment one has ensured that he or she has taken enough water. Brain tends to be composed of water. As a result, individuals who drink more water tends to have no issues in focusing, thinking and concentrating. In addition to helping one feel revitalised, water also tends to make one feel energetic. Here’s a good post to read about benefits of drinking water, check this out! To all individuals considering losing weight, they should try water. Apart from reducing appetite, uptake of water also tends to increase removal of fats byproducts from the body. Water would also be a good hunger suppressant to individuals who are dieting. Water also tends to increase metabolism and also tend to add zero calories to the body. Water is also known for flushing out any toxins from the body. Individuals who tend to drink water more tends to have lesser chances of experiencing urinary tract infection or kidney related illnesses. The skin complexion also improves making one look younger, have a soft and glowing skin. Where one wants to get rid of wrinkles, water is a good anti-aging formula. To individuals who tend to have constipation more often, they should consider taking more water. Drinking enough water also reduces chances of illnesses. Water has been associated with getting rid of cancer, heart attack as well as flu. Where one tends to have regular headaches, he or he should consider trying water as a remedy for his or her natural headache. Individuals involved in sports should also ensure that they take enough water. The moment one is into sports, he or she should ensure that he or she drinks enough water as a way of ensuring that the joints are well lubricated and that the joints are revitalized. There is a good percentage of people who find water not desirable and hence take lesser water even when they are willing to take more. Taking flavoured water is one of the avenues of ensuring that one takes enough water by the end of each and every day.

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When a person is addicted to drugs or alcohol they become desperate for more. Addiction can cause moral and ethical decay and the addict is unable to think clearly and make the right choices. The physical body and mind begin to feel “normal” during substance abuse and abnormal when the substance starts to leave their body. When they start to experience strong cravings, addicts can literally feel like they are losing their minds. Desperation takes over and they will say anything to get their drug or drink. They will lie, use manipulation and sometimes blame others for their plights. Top Ten Lies an Addict Tells Knowing how addicts think and behave will help us become aware of what to expect from them. Here is our list of the top ten lies that addicts use: - When an addict has been fired from his or her job, he or she will usually make up a story about why it happened. He may present himself as the victim in the situation, and that his being fired was not his fault. He may say that the boss or other workers were against him and he was pushed out. Another thing he may add is that he was not happy with the job anyway and he wants to take some time off. An addict’s wife or family may notice that his bills are not being paid and money is missing. He may become angry if he is questioned and not supported. He will play the victim until the family gives in to his will. The wife or family must get the support they need to fight against the lies and manipulation of the addict. - Addiction is a disease of denial and most addicts will lie to themselves about their addictions. Addiction creates irrational, unbalanced and unhealthy behavior patterns that are the result of an abnormal obsession. An addict will try to rationalize and justify their addiction so that they can continue in it. The addict will tell himself that he is different than most people and his circumstances are not ordinary. He believes that he is exceptional (terminal uniqueness) and that normal behavior, rules and norms do not apply to him. - When an addict relapses, his or her family is hurt and concerned about him or her. The addict will make promises that it will never happen again and the family usually believes these statements at first. But it may happen again and again and eventually the family may become disillusioned and bitter. The addict may play the victim and think he is being punished for not bearing his burden. He may feel that he is being treated unfairly and he may become estranged from his family. The family relationship may be destroyed because of mistrust and resentment. - An addict may ask his family and friends for a loan because he ran short and has to pay his rent. He will usually make up all kinds of stories about why he needs to have money today. And he will reassure you that he will repay you but you will probably never see that money again. - Some addicts will say that they can never stop using drugs or alcohol and they will present every excuse and argument to support their beliefs. If other people stop debating the issue with them, they usually feel that they are right in their beliefs. An addict will become defensive if he feels threatened, but he may listen to a skilled counselor’s opposing argument because he won’t feel threatened. - An addict will try to justify his bad behavior and will usually put the blame on someone else. He will rationalize why he had to do what he did and he expects you to believe him and understand. - Avoidance is another game that addicts play. They will skirt around issues and avoid giving you a straight answer. - Addicts will lie about where they were or where they are going. They will concoct all types of stories to cover up the truth. - When an addict is feeling shame or guilt about their addiction or bad behavior, their pride and ego feel threatened. To cover up their feelings they will tell lies and put the focus and blame on others. - To avoid facing the reality of their circumstances, an addict will tell you everything is great. They may say they have a good job and things are going well for them, but the truth may be that they are unemployed and practically homeless. Knowing the Part You Play Lies serve a purpose for an addict. They are a part of the disease of addiction and they keep an addict from facing the truth and recovering. Your part in the relationship with an addict is to gently call him out on his lies and offer your support. Addicts often lie and seek isolation when they feel threatened, so your stance is to facilitate trust and support. If you or a loved one needs help with abuse and/or treatment, please call the WhiteSands Treatment at (877) 855-3470. Our addiction specialists can assess your recovery needs and help you get the addiction treatment that provides the best chance for your long-term recovery.

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We have a number of activities for you to get involved in as part of our current projects. Scroll down to read about what activities you can do with us. - Why is genetic engineering important? - How is genetic engineering part of the field of engineering? - What changes has genetic engineering already made in the world? - How can genetic engineering change the world in the future? - A one-minute video of your activity and/ or photos (max. 10 photos) - A 200-word description of what you did - Media permissions form signed by the teacher - A question from the class for one of the three panellists The challenge is now open. Register your interest now to receive free resources and inspiring material by emailing us at email@example.com. Workshops: We are leading workshops for women’s groups across the UK. These help develop confidence in communication, as well as inviting groups to discover and respond creatively to some of the experiences of mothers explored through the project. The workshop can be anywhere between two and five hours, and is designed to suit the requirements each group we are delivering to. Creative commemoration: Your group can discover the stories and experiences of mothers who lost their sons and daughters whilst they were serving in the First World War, and respond creatively to them. Your group could use visual art, creative writing, music or more to commemorate these women and their experiences. Research: Your group can research mothers from the UK who lost sons or daughters whilst they were serving in the First World War. Research could include letter exchanges between mothers and sons during the First World War, poetry written about bereavement during the period, newspaper articles, and biographical information about the mothers and their experience of losing their children. You could look into your family histories, look at local archives, contact local history groups, use the Commonwealth War Graves Commission database, look for books or find memorials. We are searching for groups across the UK to take part in our project to raise awareness of the lives and experiences of British men and women who served as Labour Corps during the First World War. We have commissioned researchers across the UK to unearth little-known local Labour Corps heritage. Groups can access this research and plan thoughtful commemorative projects. Each researcher was also given a theme related to the British Labour Corps. The locations and of the researchers are Hertfordshire, Leeds, Hull, Brighton, Glasgow, Wales, Manchester, Leicester and South Shields. Find out more in our community call out document below. Could you take part as a community hub? You can be awarded up to £1,000 through our eligible expenses scheme. Visit our hubs page to find out more. Groups not based in the locations above can still engage with The Unremembered: The British story. We can share our database of over 5,700 Labour Corps service personnel who died whilst serving during the First World War and are buried or commemorated in the UK. Groups can access funding and resources to plan commemorative projects. Email firstname.lastname@example.org to take part. To find out more about how to take part, read the following document: Call for community groups to discover, remember and share local heritage for British Labour Corps Specially-designed No Barriers medals will be available for groups that hold events to mark Walter Tull’s centenary and stand up to discrimination for Tull100. Medals are awarded to groups, rather than to individuals. At the end of the year, 29 special medals will be awarded for exceptional achievements, one for each year of Tull’s life. To earn a No Barriers medal, you will need to: - Commemorate Walter Tull (there are lots of activity ideas in the resource pack) - Work together in a group - Include new members of the community in your group - Include a meaningful No Barriers conversation at your event. Alongside the No Barriers Medal Challenge, teams will also be invited to dedicate football matches to Walter Tull, and groups across the country can produce creative responses to his life, including writing and art. Trailblazers encourages young people to explore the incredible lives of women from the First World War, to discover Trailblazing women in your locality, and to develop as future Trailblazers. Schools and community groups across the country can research a contemporary Trailblazer in your local community and display posters celebrating the incredible achievements of women today. If you are a school or community group you can research and nominate a contemporary Trailblazer from your local community to be made into one of our Trailblazer posters. We will then help you display your poster alongside those that have been made by other schools and groups across the country, as well as the stories of women from the First World War. Email us at email@example.com with the subject heading Trailblazers posters to take part and find out more. Colour to Commemorate: Illustrate a commemorative, 30-page poetry book with your class to be kept in your school library. We commissioned poet and children’s author Jim Eldridge to write accessible poems about the RAF, flight, conflict, death and remembrance for children and young people for this poetry book. Research to Remember: Take part in Research to Remember this autumn by using the Remember RAF100 Database. Research your local area to find out about local, World War One, RAF graves and the stories behind those buried locally. Share these stories with your local community by inviting them to a commemorative event. Contact Big Ideas for a funding application and access to the Remember RAF100 database. Email RAF100@big-ideas.org to take part and find out more. Become a bell ringer to honour the bell ringers that died during the First World War. By joining Ringing Remembers you will: - Be part of a unique nationwide project to honour the 1,400 bell ringers lost during the First World War - Learn a new skill that is both a sport and an art, social, a mental exercise and good for focus and fitness - Be part of a local community and connect with an ancient British tradition - Have the opportunity to ring with others across the country on 11 November, marking the centenary of the Armistice.

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Asian hornets are invasive and have been known to eat honeybees and destroy their hives. As if honeybees didn’t have enough to contend with already with the excessive use of insecticides to prevent Zika and other diseases, the first confirmed sightings of Asian Hornets on the shores of Britain are causing alarm for local species. Image Credit: BBC With honeybees already in distress, this threat poses a problem that could drastically impact honeybee numbers even further if the problem isn’t dealt with swiftly. Britain says they’ve been expecting this to happen for years since the Asian hornet has already been popping up all across the European continent within the past decade, and fortunately, they’ve got plan to keep the Asian hornets at bay. They’ve most likely migrated from France and other neighboring well-established locations. They could have flown over, been carried by the wind, or been transported into the new region where they’re now settings up nests to live in. “We have been anticipating the arrival of the Asian hornet for some years and have a well-established protocol in place to eradicate them and control any potential spread,” said Nicola Spence, Defra Deputy Director for Plant and Bee Health. “We remain vigilant across the country, working closely with the National Bee Unit and their nationwide network of bee inspectors,” she continued. The plan is ultimately to locate and eradicate any Asian hornet nests as swiftly and effectively as possible. With these measures in place, it’s hoped that the number of Asian hornets in the region will be unable to grow to unsustainable amounts. By keeping their numbers low enough, or even removing them from the region completely, they can help preserve honeybee populations. Finding and removing the queen from the equation is a critical part of this process, and it’s not going to be easy. Related: Infographic: Can We Save the Bees? Source: UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs via BBC

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An international team of scientists has made a list of Earth's most "irreplaceable" places, highlighting more than 2,300 unique habitats that are key to the survival of rare wildlife. The goal of their research, published in the journal Science, is to help wildlife managers make existing parks and nature preserves more effective at preventing extinction. "Protected areas can only fulfill their role in reducing biodiversity loss if they are effectively managed," says Simon Stuart, chair of the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Species Survival Commission, in a press release about the study. "Given limited conservation budgets, that is not always the case, so governments should pay particular attention to the management effectiveness of highly irreplaceable protected areas." The study offers an irreplaceability score for 2,178 protected areas and 192 proposed sites, ranking their importance to rare wildlife in general and to specific biological groups. It also lists 78 "exceptionally irreplaceable" sites, which host the majority of the populations of some 600 bird, amphibian and mammal species, half of which are threatened. Many of the places already have UNESCO World Heritage protection, but half of the total land they cover does not. That includes the most irreplaceable site on Earth for threatened species, according to the study: Colombia's Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Natural National Park. "These exceptional places would all be strong candidates for World Heritage status," says lead author Soizic Le Saout. "Such recognition would ensure effective protection of the unique biodiversity in these areas, given the rigorous standards required." Here's a look at a few of the irreplaceable places; see the full list for more information. Manú National Park, Peru Photo: Vil Sandi/Flickr Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Photo: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/Flickr Western Ghats, India Photo: Prashanth Dotcompals/Flickr Khao Sok National Park, Thailand Photo: Kerem Tapani Gültekin/Flickr Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Natural National Park, Colombia Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico Photo: Umberto Nicoletti/Flickr Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar Photo: Ralph Kränzlein/Flickr Apuan Alps, Italy Northeast Greenland National Park, Denmark Photo: Rita Willaert/Flickr Tsavo East National Park, Kenya Photo: Roberto Faccenda/Flickr Related wildlife conservation stories on MNN: - Western black rhinos: Extinct, not forgotten - Why the U.S. just crushed its ivory stockpile - Can mountain gorillas coexist with oil rigs? - Sea turtles bouncing back in U.S. Southeast

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Subscribe for full online access and get... - Full, instant access to all stories - Customised email alerts straight to your inbox - Monthly print magazine Climate change means severe flooding will become five to ten times more frequent over the next century, the Environment Agency warned this week. The Agency has issued new flood warning codes in a bid to communicate risk more effectively to those in danger. These are 'flood watch', where flooding is possible; 'flood warning', where flooding is expected; 'severe flood warning', where there is imminent danger to life and property; and 'all clear'.

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Summer ST Math at Home with JiJi Dear Parents or Guardians: This school year, your child used the ST Math program at school. ST Math is a web based computer program where students play games designed to teach math. This summer your child can continue to play ST Math at home using a computer or a tablet. Attached to this letter are instructions for using ST Math at home this summer. In ST Math, the puzzles start off simple and then get more challenging as the student progresses. When they reach a challenging problem, your child should attempt the problem and use the visual feedback provided to help them figure out why their answer did or did not work. The feedback provided with each puzzle will help students figure out how to solve the problems. How to help your child when they get stuck: You should not give your child the correct answer to get them past the game with which they are struggling. The goal of ST Math is to promote problem solving. Ask you child the following questions to help them think through the problem: - What do you notice about the puzzle? - What can you do to get JiJi across the screen? - Describe the strategy that you are going to use? - Once you have done the strategy, pay attention to the feedback. What did you learn? - How will you change your strategy based on the feedback? You may need to ask these questions several times to help your child think through the math in the game. Encourage your child to take risks and ask them to explain what they learn from the wrong answers. Encourage your child to go back to the previous level and play that game. What did they learn from that level that can help them with the level on which they are stuck? Questions to ask to help your child explain what they are learning - Can you explain how you solved the puzzle? - Can you solve it in a different way? - What math skills are you using to solve the puzzle? Ideas to promote mathematics 1. When your child masters a level it will turn green. Have your child go back through and select a green level they have mastered. Have them teach you the game and make sure they share their understanding of the math in the games. This is a good opportunity to encourage communication. Take note of the vocabulary words that they use and build a summer math word wall. 2. Have your child identify their favorite game and do one of the following: - Create word problems that go along with each level in that puzzle - Write a math story based on the visual picture in the game - Create a game that can be played by the entire family. The game should include directions and a title On the links to the left is a Summer ST Math Challenge. Have your child track their ST Math usage over the summer and turn it in to their teacher at the beginning of the school year. For more ideas and information visit JiJi on social media

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How We Decide Who's Creepy New research into our 'creepiness detector' explains a lot. Posted May 19, 2015 "That guy is so creepy," we occasionally say about other people. But what does that really mean and why do we say it? Our “creepy” reaction is both unpleasant and confusing, and according to one study (Leander, et al, 2012), it may even be accompanied by physical symptoms such as feeling cold or chilly. What is Creepiness? Following casual conversation with colleagues about the psychology underlying creepiness, I decided to explore what's been studied about the phenomenon. Given how frequently creepiness is discussed in everyday life, I was amazed that no one had yet studied it in a scientific way. The little bit of research that was at all relevant focused on how we respond to things such as weird nonverbal behaviors, and being socially excluded. These studies did not use the word creepiness, but their results implied that our “creepiness detector” may in fact be a defense against some sort of threat. Creepiness may be related to the “agency-detection” mechanisms proposed by evolutionary psychologists. These mechanisms evolved to protect us from harm at the hands of predators and enemies. If you are walking down a dark city street and hear the sound of something moving in a dark alley, you will respond with a heightened level of arousal and sharply focused attention and behave as if there is a willful “agent” present who is about to do you harm. If it turns out to be just a gust of wind or a stray cat, you lost little by over-reacting, but if you failed to activate the alarm response and a true threat was present, the cost of your miscalculation could be high. We evolved to err on the side of detecting threats in such ambiguous situations. Creepiness May be a Response to an Uncertainty about Threat What, then, does our creepiness detector warn us about? It cannot just be a clear warning of physical or social harm. A mugger who points a gun in your face and demands money is terrifying. A rival who threatens to destroy your reputation by revealing secret information about you fills you with dread. Most of us would not use the word “creepy” to refer to either of these situations, yet in both cases there is no ambiguity about the presence of threat. I believe that creepiness is anxiety aroused by the ambiguity of whether there is something to fear, and/or by the ambiguity of the precise nature of the threat—sexual, physical violence, or contamination, for example—that might be present. Only when we are confronted with uncertainty about threat do we get “creeped out." Our uncertainty paralyzes us about how to respond. For example, it would be considered rude, and strange, to run away in the middle of a conversation with someone is sending out a creepy vibe but is actually harmless; it could be perilous to ignore your intuition and engage with that individual if he is dangerous. This ambivalence may leave you frozen in place, wallowing in creepiness. Yet this reaction could still be adaptive if it helps you maintain vigilance during such periods of uncertainty and manage the balance between self-preservation and social obligation. The First Empirical Study of Creepiness I began by trying to identify the components of creepiness. Since there was no previous body of research to build upon, I decided to pursue this question in a study with one of my students, Sara Koehnke. Our study was unavoidably exploratory in nature, but we had a few hypotheses: - If creepiness communicates potential threat, males should be more likely to be perceived as creepy than females, since males are generally more violent and physically threatening to more people (see McAndrew, 2009). - Related to the first prediction, females should be more likely than males to perceive some sort of sexual threat from a "creepy" person. - Occupations that signal a fascination with threatening stimuli, such as death or "non-normative" sex, may attract individuals that would be comfortable in such a work environment. Hence, some occupations should be perceived as creepier than other occupations. - Since we hypothesize that creepiness is a function of uncertainty about threat, non-normative nonverbal behaviors and behaviors or characteristics associated with unpredictability will be positively associated with perceptions of creepiness. We recruited volunteers to fill out an online survey through Facebook, and ended up with a sample of 1,341 individuals (1,029 females, 312 males) ranging in age from 18 to 77 with a mean age of 28.97 (SD = 11.34). In the first section of the survey, our participants rated the likelihood that a hypothetical “creepy person” would exhibit 44 different behaviors, such as unusual patterns of eye contact or physical characteristics like visible tattoos. In the second section of the survey, participants rated the creepiness of 21 different occupations, and in the third section, they simply listed two hobbies that they thought were creepy. In the final section, participants expressed their level of agreement with 15 statements about the nature of creepy people. Our study confirmed the following: - Perceived creepy people are more likely to be males than females. - Females are more likely to perceive sexual threat from creepy people. - Occupations do differ in level of perceived creepiness. Clowns, taxidermists, sex-shop owners, and funeral directors were at the top of the list. - Unpredictability is an important component of perceived creepiness. - A variety of non-normative physical characteristics and nonverbal behaviors contribute to perceptions of creepiness. - Participants did not believe that most creepy people realize they are creepy, nor did they believe that creepy people necessarily have bad intentions. However, they also believed that creepy people could not change. - The most frequently mentioned creepy hobbies involved collecting things, such as dolls, insects, or body parts such as teeth. Bones or fingernails were considered especially creepy; the second most frequently mentioned creepy hobby involved some variation of "watching," such as taking pictures of people, watching children, pornography, and even bird watching. The results are consistent with the idea that creepiness is a response to the ambiguity of threat. Non-normative non-verbal and emotional behaviors, unusual physical characteristics and hobbies, or suspect occupations set off our “creepiness detector." Men are considered more likely to be creepy by males and females alike; women are more likely to perceive sexual threat from creepy people. We have presented our results at several conferences and they have been published in New Ideas in Psychology. I plan to extend my research from creepy people to creepy places: We become uneasy, for example, in environments that are dark and/or offer a lot of hiding places for potential predators and also lack clear, unobstructed views of the landscape. These environmental qualities have been called “prospect” and "refuge” by British geographer Jay Appleton. Fear of crime and a pervasive sense of unease are experienced in environments with less than optimal combinations of prospect and refuge. In creepy places as with creepy people, I expect to find that it is not the clear presence of danger that creeps us out, but rather the uncertainty of whether danger is present or not. Appleton, J. (1975). The experience of landscape. London: John Wiley & Sons. Appleton, J. (1984). Prospects and refuges revisited. Landscape Journal, 8, 91-103. Barrett, H. C. (2005) Adaptations to predators and prey. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 200-223). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Fisher, B. S., and Nasar, J. L. (1992). Fear of crime in relation to three exterior site features: Prospect, refuge, and escape. Environment and Behavior, 24, 35-65. Leander, N. P., Chartrand, T. L., and Bargh, J. A. (2012). You give me the chills: Embodied reactions to inappropriate amounts of behavioral mimicry. Psychological Science, 23, 772-779. McAndrew, F. T. (2009). The interacting roles of testosterone and challenges to status in human male aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 330-335. McAndrew, F. T., & Koehnke, S. S. (IN PRESS). On the Nature of Creepiness. New Ideas in Psychology, Öhman, A., Flykt, A., and Esteves, F. (2001). Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 466-478. Szczurek, L., Monin, B., and Gross, J. J. (2012). “The Stranger effect: The rejection of affective deviants.” Psychological Science, 23, 1105-1111. Zhong, C. B., & Leonardelli, G. J. (2008). Cold and lonely: Does social exclusion literally feel cold? Psychological Science, 19, 838-842.

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Clandestine videos from inside industrial animal facilities have been in the news recently. An undercover video taken at one of the nation’s largest pork producers shows pigs being dragged across the floor, beaten with paddles, and sick to the point of immobility. … “The actions depicted in the video under review are appalling and completely unacceptable, and if we can verify the video’s authenticity, we will aggressively investigate the case and take appropriate action,” said USDA spokesman Adam Tarr (source). Another video followed shortly afterward, this one showing chickens being beaten and abused on factory farms in North Carolina. “We are appalled by the mistreatment and abuse by a contract catching crew and farm worker shown in the video. We are deeply disturbed that birds with obvious leg or health issues were left to suffer,” the corporate owner responded when the video came to light (source). But this is the price of cheap factory meat. Even when at their best, farm animals raised in confined animal feed operations (CAFOs) are treated unnaturally and inhumanely. A laying hen will spend her entire adult life, for example, standing on a piece of wire mesh smaller than a standard sheet of paper. Once her egg production starts to fall, she will be slaughtered and turned into soup or dog food. Sows (mother hogs) spend their entire adult lives in cages 7 feet long and 22 inches wide. Unable to even turn around, they are artificially inseminated. After they have produced, on average, 8 litters of piglets, they are slaughtered. No creature should be subjected to treatment like this. No one with an ounce of compassion for animals should be willing to eat animals that have been treated this way. Most of us have chosen cheap meat over the humane treatment of animals. But it doesn’t have to be this way of course. We don’t have to abuse and torture animals before we kill and eat them. Things are changing, and that gives me hope. Even a few years ago, it was rare to see any reference to “ethical eating.” But now, an increasingly large number of people want to know more about the animal products they eat than just the price of them. So where did the notion of ethical eating come from? Was it just dreamed up by some sentimental hippies over the last few years? At least in western culture, the idea that farm animals should be treated with compassion and respect goes back thousands of years. In one of the most famous poems of all time, the Psalmist says “The Lord is my shepherd.” He describes how “his shepherd” cares for and protects him. Of course, sheep weren’t pets. They were being raised to be sources of human food. Would a poet today choose a factory farm operator as a metaphor for God? Likewise, Jesus famously told of the “good shepherd” who risked his life to defend his sheep. Countless stained-glass windows have the image of Christ gently carrying a lamb. But that animal isn’t a pet. It is intended for human food. Here again, the care of a farmer for his animals was seen as an image of the divine love and care for humanity. But is that what we think of when we see animals being beaten and dragged onto an assembly line where they’re being slaughtered at a rate of 1,300 per hour? When Christ compared his compassion for Jerusalem to the love a hen shows for her chicks (Luke 13:34), he obviously did not have in mind hens confined to tiny battery cages, who exist only to crank out eggs as cheaply and quickly as possible, and who never even see a rooster, much less brood chicks. John Wesley and his followers were often ridiculed for their insistence on animal welfare, but they considered it essential to their faith. In our treatment of animals, Wesley said, we should “imitate Him whose mercy is over all his works.” “The Lord careth for them…not one of them is forgotten in the sight of our Father which art in heaven,” he wrote. Wesley taught and believed that when all things are redeemed and restored to their original and intended goodness, animal suffering will be no more, and that we should begin to live into that hope now. “Let us habituate ourselves to look forward, beyond this present scene of bondage, to the happy time when (animals) will be delivered therefrom to the liberty of the children of God.” The belief that we have a moral obligation to treat animals decently is not a recent invention, even if nowadays our sensibilities have been numbed. We condemn people for abusing pets and wildlife, while ignoring systematic abuse of farm animals. It’s easy to blame the corporate owners of these facilities for the abuse. And they deserve blame. But we need to step back and remember that corporations don’t have consciences. They exist to maximize profits to shareholders, while shielding them from liability. Period. Industrial food corporations are just meeting a demand that we create. They are not moral gatekeepers. We are. I choose to believe that the day is approaching when these disgusting facilities will be things of the past–embarrassing reminders of a less-enlightened time. But how quickly that day arrives, or even if it arrives at all, is up to us. Every time we choose our food, we’re voting for the kind of world we want to live in.

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Examples carbon dating errors Specifically, each nucleus will lose an electron, a process which is referred to as decay. This rate of decay, thankfully, is constant, and can be easily measured in terms of ‘half-life’. This provides good information, but it only indicates how long ago that piece of wood was cut from a living tree. Their work was detailed in a paper in the latest issue of the journal . For over 50 years, scientists and researchers have relied on carbon dating to find the exact age of organic matter. Prior to that, they had to depend on more rudimentary and imprecise methods, such as counting the number of rings on a cross-section of tree trunk. This all changed in the 1940s when US chemist Willard Libby discovered that carbon-14, a radioactive isotope, could be used to date organic compounds.

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We are talking about how to write a USB CDC driver in Silabs Arm Cortex M3 MCU. CDC class will simulate a COM port in PC OS which can be accessed by common serial tool. The chip we are using is SiM3U1xx. We can go through USB basic knowledge and then into detail design method to make it work on SiM3U167. USB device driver used be hard part due to limited PC OS driver support and firmware need to take care many electric layer operations. But now, PC support more and more USB classes by default. We don't need to write PC driver. And SOC with USB component make it easier to manage USB transfer behavior. We can focus on protocol layer, that is really benefit for us to write a USB driver. In this case, USB CDC device is supported by WinXP, Win7,etc. and only need one INF file. So let us start it to learn how to make it look simple. 2. USB background knowledge Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication and power supply between computers and electronic devices. USB interface include VBUS, GND, D+,D-. There are three USB specifications. USB1.1, USB2.0, USB3.0. · USB1.1 released in January 1998, USB 1 specified data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low-Bandwidth) and 12 Mbit/s (Full-Bandwidth) · USB2.0 Released in April 2000. Added higher maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbit/s (effective throughput up to 35 MB/s or 280 MBit/s) (now called "Hi-Speed"). · USB3.0 was released in November 2008. The standard claims a theoretical "maximum" transmission speed of up to 5 Gbit/s (625 MB/s). USB 3.0 reduces the time required for data transmission, reduces power consumption, and is backward compatible with USB 2.0. 2.2 System design. The design architecture of USB is asymmetrical in its topology, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Up to 127 devices, including hub devices if present, may be connected to a single host controller. USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device can have up to 32 endpoints. There are two types of pipes: stream and message pipes. A message pipe is bi-directional and is used for control transfers. Message pipes are typically used for short, simple commands to the device, and a status response, used, for example, by the bus control pipe number 0. A stream pipe is a uni-directional pipe connected to a uni-directional endpoint that transfers data using an isochronous, interrupt, or bulk transfer: · isochronous transfers: at some guaranteed data rate (often, but not necessarily, as fast as possible) but with possible data loss (e.g., realtime audio or video). · interrupt transfers: devices that need guaranteed quick responses (bounded latency) (e.g., pointing devices and keyboards). · bulk transfers: large sporadic transfers using all remaining available bandwidth, but with no guarantees on bandwidth or latency (e.g., file transfers). An endpoint of a pipe is addressable with a tuple (device_address, endpoint_number) as specified in a TOKEN packet that the host sends when it wants to start a data transfer session. If the direction of the data transfer is from the host to the endpoint, an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) having the desired device address and endpoint number is sent by the host. If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, the host sends an IN packet instead. Endpoints are grouped into interfaces and each interface is associated with a single device function. An exception to this is endpoint zero, which is used for device configuration and which is not associated with any interface. A single device function composed of independently controlled interfaces is called a composite device. A composite device only has a single device address because the host only assigns a device address to a function. When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices. 2.3 Device classes The functionality of USB devices is defined by class codes, communicated to the USB host to affect the loading of suitable software driver modules for each connected device. This provides for adaptability and device independence of the host to support new devices from different manufacturers. Device classes include: 3. USB protocol For USB 2.0 high speed device. There is a pull up resistor on D+. On USB host side, D+/D- has pull down resistors. Once USB device plug in, USB host find D+ voltage rise up, and then know USB device attached. USB host will execute a bus reset, and assign an address for this USB device. And then USB host want to get detail information of USB device. Know device class type, assign correspond class driver for this device for further communication. We can separate it into two stages: enumeration and class stage communication. Every packet transfer need ACK/NACK indicate status. Once host send a packet, it will show it is IN or OUT packet type. Here IN means host in, OUT means host out. For IN type, device should prepare data in IN endpoint and response NACK if data not ready, once data ready, sent it out and get ACK from host. For OUT type, device should response with ACK when data received. This is easy understand, just like handshake in any reliable communication. In this stage, USB host try to get essential information of USB device by a set of descriptors. Detail description can be found in USB 2.0 specification chapter 9. Let's see a capture snapshot of USB enumeration status by USB protocol analyzer. From above snapshot. Let's start with row 5 "Reset(15.0ms)".We can see PC execute a Bus Reset at first. And execute High speed Detection Handshake, this one to get know is high speed or full speed device. In our case, it is TIMEOUT which means it is full speed device. 3.1.1 After that, USB host assign an address to device with SetAddress command. The command package is 8 bytes size, we call it Setup data, the structure illustrate in USB2.0 spec chapter 9. Let's have a look on SetAddress command, the data is 00, 05,05,00,00,00,00,00. · So we got bmRequestType = 00, Host-to-device direction; standard type; device recipient. · bRequest = 05, it is Set_Address refer to Table 9-4 · wValue = 0005(LSB), this is assgigned address = 5. · wIndex = 0000(LSB), it is zero refer Table 9-3. · wLenght = 0000(LSB), it s zeron refer Table 9-3. Once device set address correctly, it ACK to USB host to indicate address assignment was done. 3.1.2. And USB host send a GetDescriptor setup data to know detail description of device. Let's have a look on the setup data. 80,06,00,01,00,00,12,00 · bmRequestType = 0x80, device to host direction, that mean device need to send back data to host. · bRequest = 06, GetDescriptor command refer Table 9-4. · wValue = 0001(LSB), Descriptor type is device refer Table 9-5. · wIndex = 0000(LSB), it is zero refer Table 9-3. · wLenght = 0x0012(LSB), descriptor length is 18 bytes. And then we can device send back 18 bytes descriptors (12,01,10,01,02,00,00,40,c4,10,02,a0,01,00,01,02,00,01), the data structure also can be found in chapter 9 Table 9-8. Standard Device Descriptor. Let's have good looking formation of these data. The idVendor is fix, 0x10c4 for Silabs, idProduct 0xa002 which need customer to ask Silabs assign an unique PID for them. bDeviceClass = 2 means CDC class. And others items are easy to understand, not to talk in detail. 3.1.3. And then USB host execute GetDescriptor(Configuration),GetDescriptor(Sting LangIDs),GetDescriptor(String iProduct),SetConfiguration(1). Those can be found in USB2.0 spec chapter 9 also. Then enumeration was done. 3.2 Class stage communication. We can see last two setup data was CDC class special command. Class special IN(0x21) and Class Special Out(0x22). We need to get detail information from class CDC spec usbcdc11.pdf. 0x21 is GET_LINE_CODING, 0x22 is SET_CONTROL_LINE_STATE. All above are endpoint 0 transfer. For CDC ACM USB class, we need on interrupt in endpoint, one bulk in endpoint, one bulk out endpoint. So let's capture some data when open USB CDC device, and data transfer. We can see at first USB host send GET_LINE_CODING(0x21) command to learn device status, device report 0x1c200(LSB), 115200 bps, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity. But we set BPS as 57600 in UART terminal tool, so we see SET_LINE_CODING(0X20) send 0xE100 to device and read back for comparison. Also, we capture data in bulk endpoint in/out, there is 'a' (0x61) in OUT endpoint(3), 'b'(0x62) in IN endpoint(2). 4· Write USB CDC device driver Now we are going to start programming. As we discuss above, the first thing is handle Setup Data in code; Second thing is handle Class special request; Last thing is realize function requirement. Of course, hardware initialization has to be done before USB run. 4.1 Hardware initialization. · Enable APB clock to PB0, UART0, USB0, FLASH module · Set flash access speed to 2 for 48Mhz system clock. · GPIO setup, SMV enable, PB2 for LED as push-pull,Crossbar0,1 enable, UART pin module enabled. // UART PINS TO PROPER CONFIG (TX = PB1.12, RX = PB1.13) · Enable USB oscillator, set AHB source as USB oscillator, and system clock as 48Mhz. SystemCoreClock = 48000000; · UART hardware initialize and interrupt enable SI32_UART_A_set_rx_baudrate(SI32_UART_0, (SystemCoreClock / (2 * 115200)) - 1); SI32_UART_A_set_tx_baudrate(SI32_UART_0, (SystemCoreClock / (2 * 115200)) - 1); // SETUP TX (8-bit, 1stop, no-parity) // SETUP RX · USB hardware initialize and interrupt enable // Enable Endpoint 0 interrupts SI32_USB_A_write_cmint (SI32_USB_0, 0x00000000); SI32_USB_A_write_ioint (SI32_USB_0, 0x00000000); USB_DeviceState = DEVICE_STATE_Unattached; USB_Device_ConfigurationNumber = 0; USB_DeviceState = DEVICE_STATE_Powered; // Uninhibit the module once all initialization is complete 4.2 USB Setup data handler. There is a default USB ISR entry "void USB0_IRQHandler(void)", we put ep0 handler in this entry. · Interrupt handle Once enter ISR, we clear interrupt flag, and check whether it is EP0 interrupt, and jump to ep0 handler if it is. uint32_t usbCommonInterruptMask = SI32_USB_A_read_cmint(SI32_USB_0); uint32_t usbEpInterruptMask = SI32_USB_A_read_ioint(SI32_USB_0); if (usbEpInterruptMask & SI32_USB_A_IOINT_EP0I_MASK) · EP0 Setup Data handle. o First, we need read 8 bytes from EP0 fifo for (uint8_t RequestHeaderByte = 0; RequestHeaderByte < sizeof(USB_Request_Header_t); RequestHeaderByte++) *(RequestHeader++) = Endpoint_Read_8(); o Second, we handler difference request type. The form look likes below 4.3 USB Class special request handler. For CDC class special command handle, we have four commands as we talked before. Here are sample code for reference. CDCInterfaceInfo->State.LineEncoding.BaudRateBPS = Endpoint_Read_32_LE(); CDCInterfaceInfo->State.LineEncoding.CharFormat = Endpoint_Read_8(); CDCInterfaceInfo->State.LineEncoding.ParityType = Endpoint_Read_8(); CDCInterfaceInfo->State.LineEncoding.DataBits = Endpoint_Read_8(); CDCInterfaceInfo->State.ControlLineStates.HostToDevice = USB_ControlRequest.wValue; 4.4 Realize virtual COM port function. For virtual COM port function, we need to received data from USB OUT and send it to UART TX, or receive data from UART RX and send out through USB IN request. We need define two ring buffer to store data for USB2UART and UART2USB. RingBuffer_InitBuffer(&USBtoUSART_Buffer, USBtoUSART_Buffer_Data, sizeof(USBtoUSART_Buffer_Data)); RingBuffer_InitBuffer(&USARTtoUSB_Buffer, USARTtoUSB_Buffer_Data, sizeof(USARTtoUSB_Buffer_Data)); o UART receive data interrupt uint8_t ReceivedByte = uart_get_byte(); if (USB_DeviceState == DEVICE_STATE_Configured) o USB receive data interrupt int16_t ReceivedByte = CDC_Device_ReceiveByte(&VirtualSerial_CDC_Interface); if (!(ReceivedByte < 0)) o Foreground logical control uint16_t BufferCount = RingBuffer_GetCount(&USARTtoUSB_Buffer); if(BufferCount > 0) RingBuffer_Peek(&USARTtoUSB_Buffer)) != ENDPOINT_READYWAIT_NoError) 4.5 Prepare INF file for CDC device. 5. Validate USB CDC function. We are talking about Win7 installation. Build project and download firmware into SiM3U1xx MCU card, plug in USB cable, it will show "SiM3U1xx CDC Class" under "Other devices" in Device Manger, Right click and choose "Update Driver Software" select "Browse my computer for driver software", enter directory path of your CDC_ACM.inf Windows will show below message, just choose install this driver software anyway. After done, it shows below message. Check in Device Manager, you can find new COM port appear in Ports(COM &LPT). And now you can access this COM port with any serial tool. That is to say, We have done with USB CDC driver development. It is quite easy, isn't? 6. Source code We don’t' want to reinvent the wheel, so this USB CDC base on open source project LUFA, in terms of MIT License. Source code can be found in https://github.com/MarkDing/USB_CDC.

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This article will soon be available in Spanish! Snakes have a lot more bones than we do, but they have a lot fewer types of bones. Aside from a few boas, pythons, pipesnakes, and blindsnakes with vestigial femurs, most snakes just have a few hundred vertebrae with one pair of ribs each (except in the neck & tail), and a skull. The snake skull is a remarkable structure. Snake skulls are highly kinetic, with a lot more moving parts than our skulls. Human skulls have just one movable part: the temporomandibular joint, which opens and closes your mouth. Snake skulls have many joints and moving parts; they can move the left and right sides of their jaws independently, as well as the outer (maxilla) and inner (palatine+pterygoid) parts of their upper jaws. Many bones that are tightly knit together in the skulls of most animals are loosely connected by stretchy ligaments in snakes, allowing them to stretch their jaws over huge prey (pardon the goofy music in the linked video). Contrary to the popular phrase, snakes cannot actually "unhinge" their jaws (Harry Greene explains this very well in this video). |The right side of the skull of an alethinophidian snake (nose pointing to the right).| Bones with teeth are the maxilla (mx), palatine (pal), pterygoid (pt), and dentary (d). From Cundall & Irish 2008. For a key to all abbreviations, click here. The bones or parts of bones that are shaded are not present in all snake species. Most snakes have teeth on four pairs of bones, two of which are the same as pairs of bones where humans do: the maxilla (most of our upper jaw) and the dentary (our lower jaw). In addition, almost all snakes have teeth on two bones that in humans form part of the roof of the mouth: the palatine and the pterygoid1, which are connected one in front of the other. This means that snakes have two upper jaws on each side: an outer one (the maxilla) and an inner one (the palatine+pterygoid). If a snake has fangs, they are always on the maxilla2. Some snakes, such as pythons, also have teeth on the premaxilla, where we humans have our incisors, although in most snakes the premaxilla is a part of the snout, has no teeth, and does not act as part of the jaws. |The right half of the skull of a snake, looking up from the bottom (nose pointing to the right).| Bones with teeth are the maxilla (mx), palatine (pal), pterygoid (pt), and dentary (d). The premaxilla (pmx) has no teeth. From Cundall & Irish 2008. For a key to all abbreviations, click here.The bones or parts of bones that are shaded are not present in all snake species. |Tooth marks left by a| python bite (upper jaw above, lower jaw below). You can sometimes see this pattern of tooth marks left behind when a non-venomous snake lets go after biting something, and in fact many resources suggest that you can use the tooth pattern to determine3 whether or not a bite has come from a venomous snake (a viper at least, which are responsible for >99% of venomous snakebites in the USA), since most dangerously venomous snakes have different tooth patterns on account of their fangs, and most of their non-fang teeth don't usually come into contact with the target. I mentioned above that fangs are always on the maxilla, and that's because the maxilla is the primary prey-catching bone in the snake skull. As far as we know, fangs evolved only once, as enlarged teeth at the back of the maxilla in the ancestor of all living colubroid snakes about 75 million years ago. In many living species of snakes, this is still the situation, and the vast majority of these are not dangerous to humans (although some can inflict painful bites if allowed to chew for a few minutes, and a few can be deadly). In at least three cases (vipers, elapids, and atractaspidids), the fangs have moved up to the front of the maxilla, through the developmental suppression of the front part of the maxilla (and its teeth) in the snake embryo. I covered this and the evolution of grooved and hollow fangs in more detail in my article about snake fangs. |The right half of the skull of a snake, looking down from the top (nose pointing to the right).| No teeth are visible. From Cundall & Irish 2008. For a key to all abbreviations, click here.The bones or parts of bones that are shaded are not present in all snake species. Roughly the same fang movements are made during striking and swallowing. Supratemporal (st), quadrate (q), mandible (ma), pterygoid (pt), ectopterygoid (ec), palatine (pa), prefrontal (pf), maxilla (mx). From Kardong 1977 |The independent left and right movement| of the upper jaws of a viper. Abbreviations as above. From Kardong 1977. The lower jaws or mandible participate in the process of feeding as well, and unlike in humans they have a loose attachment of the lower jaws to each other at the front of the dentary bones. The dentary bones are connected firmly at the back to the articular bones, which are connected to the quadrate bones at a flexible joint, which are connected to the back of the braincase by the supratemporal bones, also at a somewhat moveable joint. Together with the flexible palato-maxillary apparatus ("upper jaws"), this three-part lower jaw allows snakes to open their mouths very wide, walk their heads over, and consume things that are as big as they are without breaking them into smaller pieces or using their non-existent hands. The quadrate also attaches to the columella, which is the sole inner ear bone in reptiles; thus, the lower jaw also conducts sound to the ear. So there you have it. The snake skull is divided into four functional units: the braincase, the snout, the palato-maxillary apparatus ("upper jaws") and the mandibular apparatus ("lower jaws"), each of which can move independently (well, except for the braincase, which is relatively stationary). The upper jaws are divided into two partially separated structural-functional units, a medial swallowing unit and a lateral prey capture unit, both of which work with the lower jaws to accomplish their tasks. |From Frazzetta 1970. Click for larger size.| A quick note about a special case: one of my favorite snakes, and one of the first I wrote about on this blog, Casarea dussumeri, are often called Round Island boas, although I chose to use the more apt "splitjaw snakes" in my article. As if the usual kinesis of the snake skull isn't enough, these snakes have a maxilla that is uniquely subdivided into two movable parts, called the anterior and posterior maxilla. The anterior maxilla has 10 teeth and the posterior maxilla has 12. It is thought that the divided maxilla evolved through incomplete development, because the maxilla of other snakes forms in two parts before fusing together in the embryo, and the function is thought to be to help Casarea encircle hard, cylindrical prey such as skinks. We still have a lot left to learn about snake skulls. We didn't even cover half of the bones in this article. You don't actually so much find snake skulls as you do carefully prepare them. The individual bones are so small and light and fragile that they tend not to fossilize well, nor can they easily be found among the other bones of a snake's skeleton. Even normal cleaning and preparation methods can damage the fragile bones of tiny snake skulls. Thus, there is much left to discover about how they work! |Skull of Natrix natrix from Andjelković et al. 2017. Mobile connections marked with red dashed arrows and circles.Paired bones are shown in yellow (pa – palatine, pt – pterygoid, ec – ectopterygoid, mx – maxilla, st – supratemporal,q – quadrate, cp – compound bone, d – dentary, pf – prefrontal), unpaired bones are shown in green or grey (pmx – premaxilla, na – nasal, b – braincase, smx – septomaxillae & vomers).| 1 Although the pterygoids are stand-alone bones in the roof of the mouth of many vertebrates, in humans they are called the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone because they are fused to the sphenoid bone.↩ 2 There is one very strange snake, Pythonodipsas carinata from Africa, that has an ungrooved fang on the palatine bone. They aren't any studies of their functional morphology so we don't really know exactly how they use their palatine fangs, but they use constriction to subdue their prey.↩ 3 I don't necessarily recommend this, partly because if you've been bitten then it's too late, and partly because it's better just to learn the few venomous snake species that live in your area than it is to try to follow some "rule" that inevitably has exceptions.↩ 4 Atractaspidids have a ball-and-socket joint between the prefrontal (part of the braincase) and the maxilla, which along with a gap, bridged by a ligament, between the pterygoid and palatine, allows them to "strike" with their fang backwards, with a closed mouth, using just the fang on one side, a useful if terrifying adaptation for envenomating prey in underground burrows. A hook-like ridge on the fang increases the size of the wound, presumably enhancing the absorption of venom.↩ Thanks to gibby for the use of their photograph. Albright, R. G. and E. M. Nelson. 1959. Cranial kinetics of the generalized colubrid snake Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata. I. Descriptive morphology. Journal of Morphology 105:193-239. Albright, R. G. and E. M. Nelson. 1959. Cranial kinetics of the generalized colubrid snake Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata. II. Functional morphology. Journal of Morphology 105:241-291. Andjelković, M., Tomović, L., & Ivanović, A. 2017. Morphological integration of the kinetic skull in Natrix snakes. Journal of Zoology, 303:188-198 <link> Cundall, D. 1983. Activity of head muscles during feeding by snakes: a comparative study. American Zoologist 23:383-396. Cundall, D. and H. W. Greene. 2000. Feeding in snakes. Pages 293–333 in K. Schwenk, editor. Feeding: Form, Function, and Evolution in Tetrapod Vertebrates. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Cundall, D. and F. Irish. 2008. The snake skull. Pages 349-692 in C. Gans, A. S. Gaunt, and K. Adler, editors. Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 20, Morphology H. The Skull of Lepidosauria. The University Of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA <link> Frazzetta. T. 1970. From hopeful monsters to bolyerine snakes? The American Naturalist 104:55-72 <link> Frazzetta, T. 1971. Notes upon the jaw musculature of the Bolyerine snake, Casarea dussumieri. Journal of Herpetology 5:61-63 Irish, F. and P. Alberch. 1989. Heterochrony in the evolution of bolyeriid snakes. Fortschritte der Zoolologie 35:205. Juckett, G. and J. G. Hancox. 2002. Venomous snakebites in the United States: management review and update. American Family Physician 65:1367-1375 <link> Kardong, K. 1974. Kinesis of the jaw apparatus during the strike in the cottonmouth snake, Agkistrodon piscivorus. Forma et functio 7:327-354. Kardong, K. V. 1977. Kinesis of the jaw apparatus during swallowing in the cottonmouth snake, Agkistrodon piscivorus. Copeia 1977:338-348 <link> Lombard, R. E., H. Marx, and G. B. Rabb. 1986. Morphometrics of the ectopterygoid in advanced snakes (Colubroidea): a concordance of shape and phylogeny. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 27:133-164 <link> Maisano, J. A. and O. Rieppel. 2007. The skull of the Round Island boa, Casarea dussumieri Schlegel, based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Journal of Morphology 268:371-384 <abstract> Raynaud, A. 1985. Development of Limbs and Embryonic Limb Reduction. Pages 59-148 in C. Gans and F. Billett, editors. Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 15. Development B. John Wiley & Sons, New York <link> Rieppel, O. 2012. “Regressed” Macrostomatan Snakes. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences 5:99-103 <link> Life is Short, but Snakes are Long by Andrew M. Durso is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

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Many people say they live happy and healthy lives when they are involved in meaningful relationships, but it's unclear how people achieve these close and caring relationships, and how such bonds promote well-being. In a new review that experts call a "gigantic contribution" to the field, scientists examined how relationships can encourage or thwart personal thriving. Relationships can help people cope with stress and adversity, and enable them to thrive as they achieve goals and cultivate talents, said Brooke Feeney, an associate professor of social psychology at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. [5 Ways Relationships Are Good for Your Health] "I would define a thriving person as someone who is happy, [and] pursuing and progressing toward meaningful life goals," Feeney told Live Science in an email. Thriving people often have purpose and meaning in life, a positive regard for themselves and others, healthy physical and mental health, and deep meaningful human connections, she added. Parents, partners, friends and mentors can help people thrive. The type of support needed, however, varies depending on whether or not the person is facing a setback, such as losing a job or going through a divorce. During times of adversity, a so-called "support provider" can buffer a person against the debilitating effects of stress and also help that person thrive. First, the support provider can offer a safe haven where the person feels sheltered and able to free him or herself of burdens. Once the person feels safe, the support provider can offer fortification, which involves helping to develop the specific strengths and abilities relevant to coping with the adversity, Feeney said. As the setback continues, the support provider can motivate and help the person get up and stay in the game by using strengths to rebuild, problem-solve or cope with the adversity in a positive way, she explained. Finally, the support provider can help the person redefine the adversity as something that isn't threatening, but rather is a catalyst for positive change. For instance, a man may feel undesirable if he goes through an unwanted divorce. His friends can help set up a safe haven and listen to the man's challenges. But they can also remind him that divorce is common and tell him that he's handsome and funny. Redefining the divorce as a positive change may help the individual move forward and meet a new partner, the researchers said. "Together, we refer to this as providing a source of strength (SOS) for thriving through adversity," Feeney said. The study helps reveal when and in what ways close relationships can bring out the best in people, said Eli Finkel, a professor of psychology at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, who was not involved in the study.[6 Scientific Tips for a Successful Marriage] "It adds important insights regarding situations in which people are struggling and look to their loved ones for support," Finkel told Live Science. "But the even larger contribution of this work is that it provides an insightful and compelling analysis of how loved ones can help us in our pursuit of personal growth." Even when setbacks aren't on the horizon, support providers can foster thriving in others. People who act as a "relational catalyst" can embrace opportunities for growth in everyday life, Feeney said. To start, they can encourage the person to leave his or her comfort zone and try new activities or pursue a goal. If a person is concerned by real or imagined difficulties, the support provider can help them focus on the positive aspects and point out that even if an endeavor doesn't work out, its pursuit may provide space for growth. "This also includes assisting the person in recognizing opportunities that might otherwise be missed," Feeney said. The support provider can help the person find an attainable goal and create a strategy to pursue it. Friends who are available, but not overly intrusive, can then celebrate the person's successes, such as getting a degree, or respond in a sensitive way to failures or setbacks, such as not getting a job promotion. Yet these supporters can also overstep their bounds, the researchers said. If they make a person feel weak, needy or inadequate, or even guilty or indebted, it can be hard for the person to thrive. Feeney named a variety of other ways a supporter can demean recipients, such as by making them feel like a burden, discounting their problems or accomplishments, blaming them for their misfortunes, restricting their independence, or taking too much control over the situation. "We suggest that unresponsive and insensitive support behaviors will undermine thriving because they promote either overdependence or under-dependence in relationships," she said. Science of relationships The new study draws on findings from about 400 studies that examined close relationships, including many written by Feeney and her colleague Nancy Collins, a professor in the department of psychological and brain sciences at the University of California, Santa Barbara, over the past 15 years. "It blends their best ideas from that era with a slew of new insights to generate a truly major contribution to the science of relationships and human thriving," Finkel said. The review's framework may provide a foundation for developing relationship-based interventions for families, and training for mentors who work to help others thrive, Feeney said. People can thrive if they have supporters who have their backs in both good times and bad, she said. "Building strong close relationships is a virtual prerequisite for human flourishing," Finkel said. "Whether we're seeking to persevere through adversity or to stretch ourselves in challenging new directions, support from our loved ones is crucial for success." The study was published online Aug. 29 in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Review. Copyright 2014 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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12. PRESERVATION PROGRAMS Renderings of two street views showing renovated housing units and landscaping. Responding to an increasing interest in our culture and architectural heritage and to a public need for more and better housing, Congress, state legislatures, cities and private groups have created programs and grants to aid preservation, conservation and rehabilitation projects. Agencies of the federal government are committed to full consideration of environmental impacts, including those affecting historic properties, and to coordinated efforts among the departments with state and local authorities, professional and private citizens' groups. Government programs and related private activities which might be helpful to a neighborhood rehabilitation project in Tucson are briefly described below. Further information may be obtained from the sources listed in the directory in Appendix 6. 1. The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a private non-profit organization chartered in 1949 by an Act of Congress to encourage public participation in the preservation of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects significant in American history and culture. In addition to owning and administering several histric properties, the Trust sponsors conferences and workshops on historic preservation, publishes a monthly newspaper, a quarterly journal and reprints from pertinent articles and speeches. It awards fellowships for advanced training through a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities. 2. The Department of the Interior, created in 1849, is concerned with the management, conservation and development of natural resources of the country. The Antiquities Act of 1906, written to protect historic monuments on government property, was the first federal legislation devoted to historic preservation. It was followed in 1916 by an act creating the National Park Service as an agency of the Department of the Interior, and in 1935 by the Historic Sites Act charging the National Park Service with the responsibility to effectuate a national policy of historic preservation. a. The National Register of Historic Places, authorized by the Historic Sites Act and greatly expanded by the Historic Preservation Act of 1966, is an inventory of properties worthy of preservation. In addition to all historical areas in the National Park System and properties eligible for designation as National Historic Landmarks, it now also includes properties of state or local significance nominated by the states and approved by the National Park Service. In addition to the quality of significance in American history, architecture, archeology or culture, an entry should possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association. It need not be associated with historically important events nor with the lives of significant persons if it embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or if it represents a significant and distinguishable entity the components of which may lack individual distinction. b. The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), a recording of important examples of American architecture, is conducted in cooperation with the American Institute of Architects and the Library of Congress. The records--photographs, measured drawings, written data--are deposited in the Library of Congress where they are available for inspection and study. Recording by HABS is evidence that a building is worthy of preservation, but it is not a guarantee of protection (half of the 12,000 buildings recorded since 1933 have been destroyed). c. The Grant-in-Aid Program provides funds on a matching basis to be used for statewide surveys, the preparation of statewide historic preservation plans and the acquisition and restoration of individual properties. To qualify for aid, properties must be listed in the National Register, be consistent with a statewide historic preservation plan approved by the Secretary of the Interior, and need financial assistance or be owned by the National Trust. Funds are distributed through the State Liaison Officer. 3. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was established in 1965 to administer and coordinate several existing agencies created under various housing acts beginning with the National Housing Act of 1934. Greatly increased by housing and Urban Development Acts almost every year since, HUD programs are directed toward providing all Americans with decent housing in suitable neighborhoods and toward helping urban communities create a healthful environment in which people can live and work. HUD aids may take the form of grants, guarantees, direct loans, morgage and loan insurance, technical and advisory assistance, or training assistance. A few of the programs are listed here; a more complete list and further information may be found in Catalog of HUD Programs (HUD-214-SP)(1971), available at any HUD area or regional office. (Tucson lies within the jurisdiction of the HUD Los Angeles area office and the San Francisco regional office; see Directory in Appendix 6.) a. Grants-in-Aid for historic preservation may be made to qualify public bodies for up to two-thirds of the cost of surveys and up to 50 percent of the cost of acquiring, restoring and improving sites, structures, or areas of historic or architectural significance in urban areas in accord with comprehensive local planning. Priority will be given to projects that exhibit vital, adaptive uses that serve the community such as cultural centers, educational and day care facilities, health units and senior citizen centers. The grants have ranged from $10,000 to $100,000. The Model Cities program, authorized by the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, was designed to rebuild entire urban areas by combining new innovations by the participating communities with the wide array of existing federal and local programs for a coordinated attack on blight. To qualify for aid, areas must be considered substandard according to federal guidelines. Historic preservation planning and restoration may be considered an integral part of the program. The Urban Renewal program was established by the Housing Act of 1954 to eliminate or halt urban blight, deterioration and obsolescence and to replace them with new or improved land uses. Besides grants and technical assistance for land acquisition, clearing and rebuilding, the program now encompasses new conservation and rehabilitation measures. These are designed to protect the qualities of older but essentially sound districts, and to repair structures to conform to decent standards. The programs supports historic surveys and preservation planning as well. Rehabilitation Grants up to $3,500 may be made to qualifying low-income owner-occupants of properties in federally assisted urban renewal areas to bring them up to public standards for decent, safe and sanitary housing. Other grants are available for demonstration projects to arrest the process of housing abandonment; for programs of concentrated code enforcement; for demolishing unsound structures; for interim assistance before planned urban renewal can be begun; for neighborhood development in urban renewal areas; for relocation of residents; for multipurpose neighborhood facilities; for the acquisition and development of open space; and many others. Rehabilitation Loans are available which allow owners to repair and improve buildings in qualifying areas. Residential property loans are up to 20 years and $12,000 at three percent interest and with limited exceptions are restricted to low-income applications. Nonprofit organizations, cooperatives, and limited-profit sponsors providing Senior Citizen Housing may qualify for direct federal, three percent, 50-year loans, covering 100 percent of development costs including costs of land and site improvements, construction, built-in equipment, and architectural, legal, advisory and other fees. Rent Supplement payments are made to owners of certain private housing projects. The payment amounts to the difference between 25 percent of the tenant's income and the fair market rental for the unit he occupies. Interest Supplements on mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration are paid to mortgagees to enable low-income families to buy a house or to reduce rentals to a level they can afford. The payment can cover up to the difference between the payment required on a market interest rate mortgage and that required if the mortgage bore interest at one percent. The Department of Transportation, created in 1966, is concerned with ways to provide maximum transportation efficiency and convenience and, at the same time, to reflect appropriate concern for the impact of that transportation system on the physical environment. Within the Department, the Office of Environment and Urban Systems was established to carry out the tenets of Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act of 1968 and the Federal Aid Highway Act of the same year, prohibiting, among other things, the use of recognized historic sites for transportation projects unless no feasible or prudent alternative exists. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 requires an environmental statement for major federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. The impact statement must consider various alternatives to any proposed project, including the alternative of not building the project at all, and it must be available to the public at least 15 days prior to any public hearing. Highway proposals require two hearings, first on the location, and second on the design, to give citizens additional access to the transportation decision-making process. In addition, federal funds may be withheld from highway construction which unfavorably affects a historic site or district which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Adverse effects include (a) destruction or alteration of all or part of a property, (b) isolation from or alteration of its surrounding environment, (c) or introduction of visual, audible, or atmospheric elements that are out of character with the property and its setting. The Department of Health, Education and Welfare, created in 1953 and concerned with all forms of public health and welfare including social service, offers through its Office of Education assistance to preservation-related studies. The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, established by the Historic Preservation Act of 1966, advises the President and Congress on matters relating to historic preservation. The Council recommends courses of action when National Register properties are threatened by federal highways, dams and other projects. The American Institute of Architects, a national professional organization chartered in 1857, maintains a Historic Resources Committee which sponsors educational workshops. It is currently exploring the feasibility of a major demonstration projects involving preservation in an old area which will involve other organizations such as the private foundations, preservation organizations and government agencies. The Arizona State Parks Board, created by the Governer in 1957, is responsible for the coordination of preservation activities in Arizona. Its director acts as State Liaison Officer with the National Park Service, channeling applications for the National Register and for federal grants in historic preservation. The Historic Sites Preservation Officer oversees statewide historic site surveys and the publication of a monthly bulletin. In response to a request from the National Park Service, the Board has prepared an interim plan outlining the state's preservation objectives. The Arizona Historical Advisory Commission advises the Governer on preservation matters and, through a seven-member sub-committee, acts as the state-level review body requested by the National Park Service. In accordance with the recommendations of a Special Committe on Historic Preservation, the Commission plans to present to the Governor a request for an Arizona Register of Historical Places which would be coordinated with the National Register but would also include such properties as churches and cemetaries. The Arizona Historical Society, founded by pioneers in 1884, and later authorized by the state legislature, receives both state and private funding. It houses a museum, library and publication facilities and provides professional advisory services, loan exhibits and film presentations. The library contains many early photographs and personal collections, the largest collection of Arizona newspapers extant, and is a valuable source of related research material. The Urban Renewal Division, through locally planned and executed improvement programs, deals with problems of industrial growth, poor housing, traffic congestion, and decay of downtown areas and neighborhood deterioration. Two programs are in execution, assisted by federal funds: (1) the Pueblo Center Development, and (2) the University Neighborhood Project. In addition, funds are reserved for the Holladay and Manzo Neighborhood Developments, both rehabilitation projects. The Division is currently preparing an application for survey and planning funds for the Barrio Historico District, a preliminary step in securing federal funds for a neighborhood development project. The Building Inspections Division supervises the enforcement of housing codes and the zoning ordinance, issues permits for new construction and modification of existing buildings, and checks existing buildings in an attempt to eliminate unsafe structures and to encourage renovation. The Administrative Services Division acts as the administrative office for the department. It assists in the preparation of applications for urban renewal, code enforcement programs and other related forms of federal financial assistance. The Planning and Zoning Division, a professional staff, is concerned with appropriate land uses, zoning administration, long-range comprehensive planning, federally assisted projects and housing development. It has prepared a plan for preservation and development of Tucson's historic districts and an ordinance for establishing historic zones, which provides for orderly development of future buildings within an existing framework. The Tucson Model Cities program was developed in response to federal concern over the crisis of the inner city. Its goal is to transform and regenerate blighted neighborhoods in the depressed areas by enlisting the aid and advice of the residents in a coordinated effort at innovative solutions. Private investments and city funds are supplemented by federal grants to develop housing, educational, health, and social services, environmental protection and crime prevention. The City of Tucson Planning and Zoning Commission is a nine-member advisory group of citizens appointed by the Mayor and Council to serve as a guide to the governing body in reaching decisions relating to the pattern of land use in Tucson. Working closely with the Planning and Zoning Division and with the Pima County Planning Department, the Commission studies programs of public improvements, master planning, neighborhood planning, open space, commercial and industrial land use, transportation, housing, zoning and other features of the future physical and economic development of the community. The Historical Committee of the City of Tucson, authorized by amendment to the Tucson Code (Chapter 10), is composed of 18 members appointed by the Mayor and Council to confer with and advise them on matters relating to the existing historic structures, sites, areas and districts in the community and to recommend which of these should be designated as historic and what changes should be made to encourage and create historic character in the area. The Tucson Historic Sites Committee under the auspices of the Arizona Historical Society is involved in determining which local sites are of historic interest. In 1969 it published a report, "Tucson Historic Sites," describing the sites selected at that time. The Tucson Heritage Foundation was organized in 1964 by a group of citizens recognizing the need for an organization to purchase, restore and administer historic sites. Their efforts resulted in the retention and restoration of the Carrillo-Fremont House within the new Community Center complex. The house has been donated to the Arizona Historical Society. The Junior League of Tucson, Inc., a women's volunteer service organization, maintains a continuous picture of the community's needs through its Community Research Committee, initiates pilot programs aimed at training its members in active voluntary participation in community affairs and finances its projects with several fund-raising activities. Junior Leagues have been active in historic preservation throughout the country (in Savannah the revolving fund was initiated with money raised by the League). The Tucson League is currently cooperating with the Tucson Art Center in research work on the Center's historic properties. Los Tucsonenses, a group of Mexican-American citizens, is dedicated to bringing their culture and heritage to the attention of the rest of the community. El Tiradito (the Wishing Shrine) Committee, a subgroup, initiated the nomination of the Shrine to the National Register, which was accepted in November, 1971. In addition to the wide range of government programs and private citizens' organizations aiding historic preservation rehabilitation, there are a number of procedures that have been implemented successfully elsewhere to make it economically feasible; they might well be adapted to a local situation. Revolving Funds have been used to help preserve historic districts in Charleston, Savannah, and Pittsburgh. The fund, administered by a non-profit civic group, may be used to buy property and initiate restoration; the property is resold with a restrictive covenant on the deed, or it may be rented, and the proceeds are returned to the revolving fund. In Tucson, a similar fund is being set up with a $50,000 HUD grant under the Model Cities program. It will be administered by a board of directors consisting of one representative from each of the 12 Model Cities units, 12 members selected from the business community including financial, construction and real estate circles, and 12 residents of the neighborhoods who are not already connected with the Model Cities structure. The fund will be available for loans to qualifying non-profit sponsors of housing developments. The banking of development rights may also be administered by a revolving fund. Buildings in historic districts often do not use their full allotment of space under the zoning code. For example, a one-story building may occupy an area where a multi-story building is permitted. The unused allowable building space, called excess development rights, becomes reus. The banking of development rights may also be administered by a revolving fund. Buildings in historic districts often do not use their full allotment of space under the zoning code. For example, a one-story building may occupy an area where a multi-story building is permitted. The unused allowable building space, called excess development rights, becomes reusable and may be sold to owners of properties in designated nearby high density areas. While the city's overall density is not increased (since development of the same amount of space is already premitted), the city gains a greater tax revenue from the increased development, and the established character of the historic district is maintained. The procedure was developed in New York, and the feasibility of its use in other areas of the country is being studied in depth under the auspices of the National Trust with an $75,000 grant from HUD. The owner retains the use of the interior of the building, and the historical character of the exterior is controlled. Tucson has accepted gifts of easements and deeds of rights of way in similar transactions, but has not yet used the method to safeguard historic buildings. Another form of tax abatement is available under a federal program in which qualifying private investors and developers of low and moderate income housing may be allowed double depreciation on the property. Rents and the rate of return on the investment are controlled within a fixed percentage based on local conditions. Tax Abatement measures to aid in historic preservation have been devised and enacted both in Puerto Rico and in Maryland. In Puerto Rico, owners who fully renovate historic structures are permitted a full 10 years of freedom from property taxes on the structures, or five years in the case of partial renovations (or rehabilitations). Maryland allows the owner of a historic building to pay taxes only on that fraction of the lot actually occupied by the building. To encourage restoration by private owners and to offset the high cost, a tax rebate based on a percent of the restoration costs may be given. In California, a proposed ordinance will permit a reduced assessed valuation rate for historic properties. Arizona needs legislation to permit this sort of tax relief.

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The Wicked Mate. The Antarctic Diary of Victor Campbell Ed. by HRG King The British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 and its aftermath dominates the history books. There is, however, like 'The Worst Journey in the World' a tale of courage and determination that remains largely untold and forgotten. In 1910 Scott in his infinite wisdom sent six men to explore King Edward VII Land (The Northern Party). This was under the command of Victor Campbell. His exploration took him and his party to Cape Adare and then to pick up the relief ship at Inexpressible Island. The ship failed to rescue them and left them marooned without shelter and little food. They overwintered in a cave and then walked 230 miles back to Cape Evans. They were in a sorry state but alive and this is their tale. Read it! Recently published by Bluntisham books. A general view of the southern continent extensive coverage of the geography and science with a token jesture chapter covering exploration. Does have some good photographs. Published Blanford Press in 1969

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OVERVIEW OF LABOUR STATISTICS This publication provides a comprehensive account of the concepts and definitions underpinning Australian labour statistics, and the data sources and methods used to compile them. It explains:What the statistics measure;How they can be used;How they relate to other economic series;How they are produced;Where they are published; andWhy they are subject to varying degrees of accuracy and reliability.It is designed to assist users in their understanding of Australian labour statistics, and thereby allow better analyses and interpretations of the resulting data. WHAT ARE LABOUR STATISTICS? Labour statistics are some of Australia’s key economic statistics. Labour is the aggregate of all human physical and mental effort used in the creation of goods and services. Labour statistics are, put simply, about people, their participation in the labour force, their success in finding employment, their earnings and other benefits, their type of work, their working hours and conditions.

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Forged iron was used by Spanish in Europe long before their arrival to Americas. Once they did they introduced hacienda style while building their colonial residences, churches and public office buildings. Forged iron lights including wall sconces, ceiling chandeliers and table lamps were big part of the style which was based too the large degree on fifteenth century European designs. Letter Spanish architecture of Mexico and the rest of Latin America involved and become unique in its own. Houses build during that period were large haciendas and they still have a big influence on modern architecture today. Often, contemporary homes have injected Spanish colonial style in their decor mainly by using rustic cantera stone and forged iron hacienda lighting fixtures.

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Researchers at The Scripps Research Institute revealed that healthy seniors’ immune system may hold the secret against cancer. The researchers suggest that elderly people who are older that 80 years of age were most likely to have defeated cancer in their lifetime due to the capacity of their immune system to build efficient antibodies to neutralize cancer cells before developing the disease. To unravel the ‘wellderly’ secrets as healthy adults aged 80-plus are known, the research team started to screen their DNA retrieved from blood samples, which included all the cells present in their blood, such as white blood cells. The data allowed the team to identify a signature of a successful immune system battle against past cancer cells. The team focused on triple negative breast cancer and observed that when exposed to the “immune library” generated from blood samples of wellderly, a protein within triple negative breast cancer cells was recognized by a specific antibody within the wellderly collection. Since the protein recognized was part of cancer signaling pathway, “This could be a driving pathway in this aggressive cancer, an indicator of where to look for therapeutic targets,” noted the study’s lead author, Dr. Brunhilde Felding, associate professor at the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute. The team hypothesized that, just as it happens during a pathogenic infection when the immune system can generate antibodies to neutralize the infectious agent and build memory cells ready to attack in case of re-infection, the same could apply to anti-cancer therapeutics. As Felding noted in a press release, “If there were aberrant cells at some point in a person’s body, but a noticeable cancer never developed, the immune system likely coped with those stray cells, and the antibody memory would still be there years later. Finding an effective therapy for these types of breast cancers is one of our main goals in cancer research.” Specifically, the team discovered that the protein recognized by wellderly antibodies was Apolipoprotein E, or ApoE, suggesting that antibodies against ApoE may hold a promise as a targeted therapy against certain highly-expressing ApoE cancers. “Overall, the concept of exploring the immune system is very promising. The fact that the wellderly blood donors are in their 80s means that their immune memories are very rich,” added Felding.

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Population Ecology of the Riparian Frog Eleutherodactylus cuneatus in Cuba MetadataShow full item record A population of the poorly known riparian frog Eleutherodactylus cuneatus was studied for 1 yr along a mountain stream in eastern Cuba. We examined population structure, seasonal and daily activity, growth, and habitat use using mark-recapture and call-point counts. Juveniles were observed during all survey periods with a spike in March. Higher numbers of adults were present in May-July, associated with longer day length, warmer temperatures, and the onset of the rainy season. This was coincident with higher calling activity away from the stream, suggesting an increase in both reproductive and nonreproductive activity in the warmer months between May and September. The number of individuals peaked at 2000-2200 h, but high numbers of individuals were visible throughout the night. Lower activity levels were observed throughout the day. Population size estimates were 84-131 adults and 124-304 juveniles, with averages of 110 and 236 individuals, survival rates were high but capture probabilities were low for a 5-d period in March 2004. Growth rate was negatively related to the size of recaptured individuals, although decreases in growth rate were slight. Frogs were found either in the water (49.7%), or in the banks and on the ground adjacent to the stream where most individuals were found on the ground under the cover of rocks, leaf litter, or large palm fronds. These results provide baseline knowledge of E. cuneatus population dynamics and ecology needed for a rapid detection of any decline this population may undergo in the future. Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified

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Welcome to the beginning of a series of writings I’ve been working on about Canada’s Prime Ministers. They’re a motley bunch: a bundle of worthless cakers, imperialists, and scumbags with a handful of clever, decent people who made the critical mistake of believing in making Canada a better place. John George Diefenbaker is of the latter class, though you wouldn’t know it to hear cakers scream about how the man who ensured universal franchise, eliminated the anti-Semitism of the Bank of Canada in the ballsiest way possible, and established the legal precedent for the Charter of Rights and Freedoms eliminated the Avro Arrow, a white elephant of a war project that epitomizes the jingoism that defines but one facet of caker revisionism. Let us now set the record straight on a worthy candidate for leadership of an unworthy people – John “the Chief” Diefenbaker. Diefenbaker was born on 18 September, 1895 in the tiny town of Neustadt, Ontario. In 1903, the Diefenbakers moved to Saskatchewan, giving Diefenbaker a much-needed chance to see the massive gulf in living standards between WASPish caker-nobility and the rest of the people of Canada. In his memoirs, titled “One Canada”, he wrote that this experience of Western Canada inspired his later concern for a singular, equal, uniquely Canadian identity. Which may explain why he nominated James Gladstone, the first Indigenous Senator and Ellen Fairclough, Canada’s first female Cabinet Minister. And that’s not mentioning the first Jewish head of the Bank of Canada (Louis Rasminsky). If Canada was as in love with the notion of inclusivity that it claims to be you’d think that Diefenbaker would be a national hero. Diefenbaker’s equalizing streak doesn’t end with a few appointments. Diefenbaker not only completed Canada’s universal franchise (in 1960 – Canada has allowed Indigenous people to vote for less than half of its actual history), but the 1962 election was also the first one in which Inuit ballots were taken seriously. It’s hard to overstate how important Diefenbaker’s regime was in terms of actually moving Canada towards the mythological tolerant cakerstan that Canada pretends exists in this hellish country today. Speaking of caker revision made possible by a forgotten hero, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms had its origins in the Canadian Bill of Rights. For whatever weaknesses the Bill had it was at least a conscious step towards a codification of Canadian rights and a well-intentioned attempt at making this heap a better place. As is the case with many of Canada’s good political ideas the concept of a Bill of Rights came from the Prairies back when they were populated by immigrants rather than their cakerized descendents. Saskatchewan’s Bill of Rights, written in 1947, was deeply important to Diefenbaker. Indeed, Dief’s Bill of Rights had a provision of property rights that the Charter forgot; because of this the Bill of Rights, frequently revised by grumpy cakers as to be ineffectual and pointless is in fact regularly cited today in legal cases. And with that established, allow me now to get through the idiotic revisionism that is the Avro Arrow. Really, the fact that disputing the mythological fighter jet that wasn’t has to take up so much of my piece on Diefenbaker is a pain in the ass. There’s a lot to the Chief that I’m skirting over to make sure that this fits in the rough word count I try to stick to. Frankly, the Avro Arrow was a white elephant of a project that is falsely used to undermine the Prime Minister who made arguably the greatest strides towards realizing the caker mythology of inclusiveness of any Prime Minister in…well, in ever. By the time the project was in the air, the Avro Arrow was obsolete. Despite this caker business tried its best to use nationalism and the fear of “ruining the industry” to try and force Diefenbaker’s hand into maintaining the project despite its obsolescence…and he refused. You know, like cakers desperately wish Ottawa would do with Bombardier? Do you really want your monies going towards garbage caker businesses that produce obsolete, shitty equipment? No? You pretty much agreed with Diefenbaker. He stood up to caker business and tried to make Canada a more honest place, and for his efforts he gets shit on. That’s cakers for you!

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We take the month of October to remember those who have suffered and those who continue to suffer from a very real and very cruel form of violence, domestic violence. I wish we lived in a world where there was no need for resources pertaining to any form of violence or abuse. But for now, resources like these are critical to the work we're all doing to prevent and ultimately end domestic and sexual violence. I hope the books, studies, and guides held in the NSVRC Library will be of use to those bravely working to end this and all forms of violence. Runaway Wives and Rogue Feminists: The Origins of the Women's Shelter Movement in Canada by Margo Goodhand The recently released Runaway Wives and Rogue Feminists: The Origins of the Women’s Shelter Movement in Canada by Margo Goodhand, highlights the subject of violence against women. In the 60s and 70s it was a widespread issue and yet women had few, if any options to escape their abusers. In 1973 with no money and very little public support, five groups of Canadian women quietly opened Canada’s first battered women’s shelter. Today there are over 600. Margo Goodhand tracks down the original feminists whose work created an underground railway for women and children. These women brought about changes in government, schools, courts, and law enforcement. Forty years later, these original women reflect on how Canada is now losing its ground in the battle for women’s rights. Serving-Male Identified Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence by Eric Stiles, Ivonne Ortiz, and Casey Keene Serving-Male Identified Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence by Eric Stiles, Ivonne Ortiz, and Casey Keene is a guide that supports advocates seeking to build capacity to recognize and respond to survivors across the gender spectrum, in a way that helps folks understand the root causes of violence and oppression. The guide also offers guidance for responding to the needs of male-identified victims. The guide also provides tools for outreach to males, gender inclusive service provision, building collaboration, and enhancing organizational policies. The guide is meant to be a resource for enhancing dialogue and supporting inclusive services for all victims and survivors seeking safety and healing. It can also be accessed through VAWnet. Everyday Magic: 16 Ways Adults Can Support Children Exposed to Violence and Trauma by Emily Bowen Studies suggest that by age 17, over one-third of children in the United States have been exposed to domestic violence. Everyday Magic: 16 Ways Adults Can Support Children Exposed to Violence and Trauma offers ways adults can support children exposed to violence and trauma, in order to help them heal and grow. The recommendations provided in the policy brief are for advocates, educators, and health care providers. The document can also be found through Futures Without Violence. These are just a small number of the wonderful resources the NSVRC Library has to offer. I can’t encourage everyone enough to check out the collection. As I mentioned, I wish we didn't have a need for these resources to exist and hopefully one day that will be the case. For now we have many wonderful individuals working to create a world free from violence and working to help others. We recognize this month as Domestic Violence Awareness Month, but my hope is that we don’t forget those who have, are, and may suffer from this form of violence in the future. We cannot stop working or lose hope in creating a better future. As always, I wish you all a wonderful day and happy reading!

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Describe the evolution of the field of industrial/organizational psychology. The area of Industrial and organizational psychology was created in the eighteen-hundreds out of experimental psychology (Spector, 2012). The creators of Industrial and organizational psychology were Walter-Dill Scott, Hugo Munsterberg, and also James Mckeen Cattel. These three creators of Industrial and Organizational psychology brought both the findings as well as the application of mental ethics into the area of businesses. When industrial and organizational psychology first started the aim was to enhance businesses organizational efficiency and productivity, mostly by employing psychology with an importance on specific dissimilarities, throughout ones selection and also their training. Throughout the earlier years of this type of psychology its main emphasis was on the industrial side (Spector, 2012). Within this time frame there was a joining in the area of industrial psychology linking both the field of engineering and the principles of psychology. Most of the people that helped with this area had some sort of background in the industry, some of these individuals also had a history in the law as well (Spector, 2012). The main purpose of industrial psychology would be to understand ones’ behavior in order to improve the selection of new employees and their training. The main purpose of organizational psychology would be to better understand ones’ behavior in order to better the satisfaction of employees as well as their well-being within the corporation. Explain why industrial/organizational psychology should be considered a science. Include an explanation of how descriptive and inferential statistics are used in I/O research. Most Industrial and Organizational psychologists do several different positions in a wide variety of situations (Spector, 2012). Those psychologists whom concentrate on industrial and organizational psychology are generally separated between both... References: Spector, P.E. (2012). Industrial and Organizational Psychology (6th Edition), Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Please join StudyMode to read the full document

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“Propaganda, to be effective, must be believed. To be believed, it must be credible. To be credible, it must be true.”* But what happens if the facts are skewed, estimated, or simply not true? Though still labeled “propaganda,” it transforms into something far more corrupting: an excuse for your friends to believe lies and for your enemies to ignore the truth. That’s what we have with The Story of Stuff, an animated explanation of how America’s rampant consumerism is destroying the planet. This video, which has been labeled “cautionary” and “anticapitalist,” is purportedly all the rage with American teachers seeking current, entertaining resources to supplement their curriculum. I’ve watched it twice and read through some of the supporting materials on the site. My conclusion: It’s a great, lost opportunity. (And, I hope all those teachers accompany the showing with a straight-talk discussion.) The themes and lessons presented by narrator Annie Leonard are deeply sobering, and preach a dire lesson about the true cost—in damage to the environment, public health, and human life—of our overconsumption. Tragically, some of the most shocking points—those that make you think “surely that can’t be true!”—turn out to be imprecisely presented. Here are a few: - Extraction is defined as “a fancy word for trashing the planet.” This means every industry that exploits (i.e., “uses”) natural resources for their product—from sea salt to blood diamonds—is a global vandal? No more paper for you. - “More than 50% of our federal tax money is now going to the military.” This estimate includes NASA, veterans benefits, military-related spending by other depts. (e.g., State, Energy, Homeland Security), 80% of the interest on the national debt, and an extra $162 billion to offset the government’s “misleading” 2009 cost estimates. - “In the United States, we have less than 4% of our original forests left.” Her source phrases it more clearly: “95–98% of forests in the continental United States have been logged at least once since settlement by Europeans.” So we still have more than 4% of our original forestland, but most of it has been logged since the mid-1600s. - “The food at the top of the food chain with the highest levels of many toxic contaminants [is] human breast milk.” A shocking fact, but apparently not as bad as it sounds because she then says, “Now breastfeeding is still best and mothers should definitely keep breastfeeding.” The simplest way to reconcile these opposing concepts is to discount one of them. - While discussing consumer shopping habits, and showing a person surrounded with goods they purchased, she says “99 percent of the stuff we run through this system is trashed within 6 months.” Despite the context and visuals, her footnote defines the word “stuff” here as the “upstream waste created in the extraction, production, packaging, transportation and selling of all the stuff you bought.” Consumers don’t actually throw away 99 percent of their purchases within six months. - “Our national happiness peaked sometime in the 1950s, the same time as this consumption mania exploded. Hmmm. Interesting coincidence.” Her suggestion comes across as a post hoc fallacy because she avoids labeling consumption mania as a contributing factor to national unhappiness—along with other possible factors such as television viewing, pornography, recreational drug use, irreligiousness, etc. (choose your scapegoat). The great tragedy here—and the reason this video irritates instead of motivates—is that her core facts don’t need embellishment. They’re appalling all on their own. But this sort of glossy simplification not only props up eco-evangelists with precarious arguments, it gives unbelievers an excuse to disregard the entire message, to everyone’s loss. Ian Smith blogs for Gemstone Media, located in Boise, Idaho. * Quote by Hubert H. Humphrey.

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Lung cancer can’t be recognized at the beginning because it doesn’t manifest any particular symptoms. About 40% of the patients have been diagnosed when the disease has progressed in the 3-rd stage. The early stage of lung cancer cannot be seen with the chest x-rays. CT scans are the most effective for diagnosing lung cancer. All the people that are between 55 and 80 years of age, and all the active smokers should implement this test, in order to be safe from the lung cancer diagnosis. Here are 7 early signs of lung cancer, that you should know in order to prevent it or to be prepared for the upcoming fight: If you notice some whistling or wheezing sounds while breathing normally, you should go to visit your doctor as soon as possible. These sounds could be result of numerous medical conditions which are benign and that can be healed. Also these sounds can be a sign of obstructed or inflamed airways. Shortness of Breath This lung cancer symptom could be result of obstructing or narrowing of the airways, or stored fluid in the chest because of lung tumor. So when you notice that you are lacking breath while you’re finishing some easy tasks that you haven’t got problems finishing them before, you need to visit your doctor as soon as possible, Don’t delay it. Pain in the Chest, Back or Shoulders Pain in the chest area could be caused by metastasis or aggravation of the lymph nodes or the ribs. You should go and visit your doctor. The chronic cough can be a sign of lung cancer. You need to know that if the cough stops in 2-3 weeks, it has been only an ordinary cough that is tcaused by cold or respiratory infection. But if you are coughing out mucus, don’t delay your visit to a doctor,in order to do the necessary tests on your lungs and chest, including x-rays. There can be some changes in the cough like: coughing up blood or extra mucus and frequent coughing with hoarse and deeper sound. If you notice that someone else is experiencing these symptoms, advise him to visit his doctor as soon as possible. The patient can experience headaches if the lung cancer is expand to the brain. But you should know that not every headache is related with the brain metastases. Sometimes, the lung tumor applies pressure on the main vein which is transporting the blood from the upper part of the heart. If you are suffering from excess pain in the bones or any other part of your body, that is a sign that you are affected by some health conditions. That means that you should visit your doctor as soon as possible. The cancer cells are draining our body’s energy that was generated thanks to the consumed food. This results with noticeable and rapid weight loss.

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Give us a call and we will write annotated bibliography for you yes, it's that easy – you tell us what exactly you need and we write a customized work. Bibme free bibliography & citation maker - mla, apa, chicago, harvard. This handout provides information about annotated bibliographies in mla notice that the bibliographic information above is proper mla format (use whatever style. [select 720p for sharper images] learn how to create an annotated bibliography we'll also talk about how to document online sources i believe the format. Citing sources prepare an annotated bibliography citing sources: prepare an annotated bibliography for more information on mla style. Here's an example of an entry from an annotated bibliography, with the citation of the book in turabian style and a brief description of the book. Should i double-space between paragraphs in my annotated bibliography in an annotated bibliography, the annotations should generally be no more than one paragraph. Mla annotated bibliography (orlov) anna orlov marginal annotations indicate mla-style formattingand effective writing the bibliography annotations are. This guides provides tips for creating an annotated bibliography and includes a sample bibliography sample mla style bibliography voter apathy: an annotated. This handout provides information about annotated bibliographies in mla, apa, and cms. Get more sample annotated bibliography mla when you click here check the quality and contact us if you need any assistance. Need someone to write your annotated bibliography for you edubirdie is just what you were looking for our professional writers can do your custom bibliography. Formatting mla annotated bibliography category education license standard youtube license show more show less comments are disabled for this video. What this handout is about this handout will explain why annotated bibliographies are citation style (mla annotated bibliography entries in mla. Mla annotated bibliography (orlov) an annotated bibliography adams in mla style, each entry begins at the left margin. 🌟mla format annotated bibliography: how it should look like and key elements that you need to include find out more about perfect content bibliography. Mla (7th edition) sample bibliography citations should be double-spaced here they are not, due to space limitations book with 1 author: author last name, first name. What is the mla style the modern language association (mla) set guidelines for writing research papers and annotated bibliographies this style is for history and.

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One of the very earliest, simple strategies children learn when they are beginning to add and subtract is to 'count on and back' from a given number. When they are adding, this is a step on from having to count all of the items in both sets. For subtraction, it is a simple way to begin to move away from always needing the concrete objects in front of them (although I definitely make sure the concrete manipulatives are still there to be used - kids need lots and lots of experience with them in order to internalise what they are actually doing when they add and subtract using numerals). So - while this is not a substitute for lots of hands on practice with concrete objects that they are adding together and taking away from, I've found that using fist numbers gives children an easily accessible way to solve simple addition and subtraction problems. Use along side of lots of concrete practice, I've found it can help get kids excited about their ability to 'do math'. Here's what we do: If we are solving the following sum: 5 + 1 = , we would put the number '5' in our fist (i.e., make a fist and say 'five'), then put up 1 finger as we count on to the next number ('six'). Thus, 5 + 1 = 6. When I'm doing this with Primary 1s, we always start with adding on and taking away 1, referring both to number lines and using concrete manipulatives while we also count on our fist. That way, they have the chance to connect this early computation strategy with the concrete experience of adding and taking away. Once they have mastered adding on 1, we move to adding on 2. So 5 + 2 would be solved by 'putting '5' in our fist' (e.g., making a fist and saying 'five'), then counting on '6, 7' as we raise 1, then 2 fingers. I always make a big deal about NOT raising any fingers when we say our fist number - that is the number we are starting with, so we haven't added anything yet - so no fingers allowed! The kids always find this quite funny...but they tend to remember. Check out the JUMP teachers' materials for a fuller explanation (you'll need to register, but registration is free and well worth a few minutes of your time).

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In today’s post, we’ll take closer looks at several lynchings that occurred this week in history. Using period newspapers, we’ll first cover yet another case of mistaken identity discovered far too late. Then, a short piece about a man lynched for stealing mules. Following that, we’ll hear from an eyewitness to a horrific mutilation, and finally another short article about a man lynching for passing an “indecent” note to a white girl. We’ll also hear from not one but two United States Senators from South Carolina as they defend the unconstitutional practice of lynching. Between the Civil War and World War II, the black community, especially in the South, was terrorized by an epidemic of lynchings. As opposed to public executions, the point of lynching was to avoid the court of law, judge and jury. Often times, the victim, in a holding cell for an offense, was kidnapped by a mob before even being arraigned. According to a recent report issued by the Equal Justice Initiate, there were 4,075 lynchings of black Americans across the South between 1877 and 1950. 1In this case, “The South” pertains to the dozen states where the most lynchings occurred: Mississippi (614), Georgia (595), Louisiana (559), Arkansas (491), Alabama (363), Texas (344), Florida (307), Tennessee (238), South Carolina (184), Kentucky (170), North Carolina (122), and Virginia (88). See the EJI site here. Rape Victim Witnesses Lynching of “Attacker” (1903) Eastman, Ga., July 14 – Ed Claus, a negro, was lynched near here tonight, while his victim, Miss Susie Johnson, was looking on. Claus was captured after being chased through seven counties by fifty farmers. Claus attacked Miss Johnson last Thursday as she was returning from a small school which she teaches. The negro kept her prisoner for several hours, and she was found next morning by a searching party. A posse was organized and the negro was trailed from here almost to Savannah before he was overtaken. He was brought here tonight by his captors and taken to the home of Miss Johnson. The young woman identified him, and when asked what she wanted done with him, she said: “He ought to be killed.” The negro was then tied to a tree and the members of the mob fired at him until he was literally cut to pieces. Not quite two weeks later, the same newspaper (the Chicago Record-Herald) ran a piece explaining that it was a case of mistaken identity: Savannah, Ga., July 26 – Several days ago a negro, supposed to be Ed Claus, was lynched near Eastman, Ga., for assaulting Miss Susie Johnson, a young school teacher. The negro protested he was not Claus and asked for time to prove his statement. But the mob was merciless. It now transpires that the negro was not Claus and had never seen Miss Johnson. Claus, who assaulted the girl, has been located near Darien, Ga., and officer passed through here tonight to secure him. It is believed Claus will be taken from the officers and lynched. Negro Hanged as Mule Thief (1914) Lake Cormorant, Miss., July 14 – James Bailey, a negro, was hanged today by a mob of about twenty masked men. He had been accused of the theft of three mules. Indescribable Tortures Were Inflicted on Williams (1921) From Moultrie, Georgia, scene of the burning of the Negro Williams, the [Washington] Eagle has obtained the following facts by an eyewitness. It is clearly shown that sworn officers of the law were leaders in mob violence and burning, acting with impunity. Says the Eagle‘s Correspondent: “There are many things about the Williams burning more disgraceful than have been published. A sick woman and her child, who had nothing to do with the matter, were beaten into insensibility and left to die because of hoodlumism of the mob. Colored churches were burned, all colored farmer’s fences were torn down and wealthy colored farmers chased form their homes. “Williams was brought to Moultrie on Friday night by sheriffs from fifty counties. Saturday court was called. Not a single colored person was allowed nearer than a block of the courthouse. The trial took half hour. Then Williams, surrounded by fifty sheriffs, armed with machine guns, started out of the courthouse door toward jail. “Immediately a cracker by the name of Ken Murphy gave the Confederate yell: ‘Whoo-whoo- let’s get the nigger.’ Simultaneously five hundred poor pecks rushed on the armed sheriffs, who made no resistance whatever. They tore the Negro’s clothing off before he was placed in a waiting automobile. This was done in broad daylight. The Negro was unsexed and made to eat a portion of his anatomy which had been cut away. Another portion was sent by parcel post to Governor Dorsey, whom the people of this section hate bitterly. “The Negro was taken to a grove, where each one of more than five hundred people, in Ku Klux ceremonial, had placed a pine knot around a stump, making a pyramid to the height of ten feet. The Negro was chained to the stump and asked if he had anything to say. Castrated and in indescribable torture, the Negro asked for a cigarette, lit it and blew the smoke in the face of his tormentors. “The pyre was lit and a hundred men and women, old and young, grandmothers among them, joined hands and danced around while the Negro burned. A big dance was held in a barn nearby that evening in celebration of the burning, many people coming by automobile from nearby cities to the gala event.” -Washington Eagle. 2Since it seems likely that a touch of hyperbole might have been used, more information about the lynching can be found here. Lynched for ‘Indecent’ Note (1934) Bolton, Miss., July 16 – Accused of writing an “indecent and insulting” letter to a young Hinds County white girl, James Sanders, 25-year-old negro, was riddled with bullets late today by a mob of armed citizens. The Lynching of Rubin Stacy (1935) Rubin Stacy was lynched in Florida on July 19, 1935. Though one of the later lynchings, his murder was celebrated by the townspeople who posed for pictures with his body. Most of the available photos feature young girls and women. The NAACP used one of the photos in material in support of the federal anti-lynching bill. This bill ultimately failed (with the help of one of the senators mentioned below). Once in awhile a high-profile official was found to be in favor of lynching. It’s rare, however, for such support to come from a United States Senator and former state governor. Coleman Livingston Blease served four years as South Carolina’s governor (1911-1915), and was then elected to the US Senate in 1924, a position he held for six years. During those years, he tried to push through a Constitutional amendment that would not only bar mixed raced couples, but punish them. This article ran on July 12, 1930 in the New York Telegram. A Southern Statesman (1930) The question whether lynching is justifiable is figuring in the United States Senatorial campaign in South Carolina, unbelievable as it may seem. Senator Coleman L. Blease, up for re-election, discussed the subject in a campaign address. “Whenever the Constitution comes between me and the virtue of white women in South Carolina, I say to hell with the Constitution, Blease is quoted as having said recently at the scene of a recent lynching where he was seeking the local vote. When he was Governor, he added pridefully, he did not call out the militia to protect Negroes against mobs, and asked that when a suspect was caught he not be notified until the next morning. It would be difficult to equal such a statement for sheer barbarity and demagogism. It is a deliberate invitation to the people of South Carolina by an acknowledged leader, who boasts that he has held more political offices than any other man in the history of the State, to supersede normal legal processes with lynch law and mob violence. And there has been plenty of that in the South in recent weeks. We cannot believe that such savagery reflects the views of the people of South Carolina. Obviously men like Blease have no place in the Senate or in any other public office. It will be interesting to observe whether the decent people of South Carolina are willing to bear the stigma of having him again represent them. Blease lost in the primaries to James F. Byrnes – 50.9% to 49.1%. Byrnes then ran in the general election unopposed. Incidentally, Byrnes was a Roman Catholic and a progressive, supporting FDR’s New Deal in the Senate. However, it seems his progressiveness did not come into play concerning lynching. Byrnes spoke in favor of lynching on the floor of the Senate when anti-lynching measures were proposed. He believed that lynching was necessary in order to hold the “negro in check.” Nearly Ninety Other Lynchings This Week What follows is a list of all known racially-motivated lynchings between July 11 and July 17, 1877-1935. It should be in the forefront of your mind that the “crimes” listed are only what the victims of the lynchings were accused of committing. They were allowed no trials, and thus they were not guilty in the eyes of the law. Certainly some may have done what they were accused of doing, but in a constitutional society that values law and order over mob rule, each and every lynching was a miscarriage of justice and a horrible wrong. 3For more information on all of this, please see our post here. Year Victim City State Race Sex Form Alleged Offense 1881 Henry Smith Prairie AR Black Male Hanged Outrage and murder of a 14 year-old white orphan girl 1888 William Henry Smith Wythe VA Black Male Hanged and riddled with bullets Criminal assault on a married white woman, “respectable lady” 1889 Felix Keys Lafayette LA Black Male Unreported Ax murder of his wife 1889 Prince Luster Tishomingo MS Black Male Hanged Seduction of an insane white girl 1892 Elmer Edwards McCracken KY White Male Shot Opposing a mob 1894 Unnamed Negro #1 DeSoto MS Black Male Hanged Unknown 1894 Unnamed Negro #2 DeSoto MS Black Male Hanged Unknown 1896 James Porter Webster LA Black Male Riddled with bullets Suspicion of murder of a white farmer 1896 Monch Dudley Webster LA Black Male Riddled with bullets Suspicion of murder of a white farmer 1898 John Henry James Albemarle VA Black Male Hanged/RwB Criminal assault of an unmarried white woman 1899 George Jones St. Charles LA Black Male Drown Horse theft 1904 Kitt Bookard Berkeley SC Black Male Stabbed Quarreled with a young white man, cursed him, and threatened to paddle him 1906 Edward Pearson Emanuel GA Black Male Hanged Found under a white girl’s bed 1908 Unnamed Negro Jones GA Black Male Shot Attacking a white man with a knife 1926 James Clark Brevard FL Black Male Hanged Unknown 1882 Wm. Ritter Henderson KY Black Male Hanged Rape and murder of a 12 year old black/mulatto girl 1884 Willis Hardin Troup GA Black Male Hanged Rape of a white woman 1885 Harris Trustall Lafayette MS Black Male Hanged Attacking two white girls, the eldest being 19 years-old 1892 Henry Purvine McCracken KY Black Male Shot Unreported 1893 Henry Fleming Lowndes MS Black Male Hanged/RwB Stabbing to death a white man 1893 Robert Larkin Marion FL Black Male Hanged Rape of a unmarried 18 year-old white woman of “high social standing” 1902 Will Jackson Panola MS Black Male Riddled with bullets Killing a white boy 1914 Rosa Richardson Orangeburg SC Black Female Hanged/RwB Murder of 13 year-old white girl 1915 Will Lozier Abbeville SC Black Male Hanged/RwB Murder of a young white man, son of a well-known farmer 1877 George Jackson Ashley AR Black Male Burned Outraged and murdered a young white girl 1884 Ned Mack Oktibbeha MS Black Male Hanged Poisoning a 12 year-old and 14 year-old white boys 1884 Newton Carpenter Oktibbeha MS Black Male Hanged Poisoning a 12 year-old and 14 year-old white boys 1888 Jim Torney St. Clair AL Black Male Unreported Eloped with 16 year-old white girl, daughter of a well-to-do farmer 1891 Samuel Gillespie DeSoto MS Black Male Riddled with bullets Aided larcenist 1893 Allen Butler Lawrenceville IL Black Male Hanged “Producing a criminal abortion” 1893 Meredith Lewis Tangipahoa LA Black Male Hanged Murder of his first wife 1898 Sidney Johnson Tuscaloosa AL Black Male Hanged/RwB Criminal assault on a widowed white woman and an attempted criminal assault on a 16 year-old white girl 1904 Unnamed Negro Concordia LA Black Male Hanged Assaulting a white man, a saw mill foreman 1911 Morris Daniels Colquitt GA Black Male Shot Attempted criminal assault on an aged white woman 1879 John Breckinridge Nicholas KY Mulatto Male Hanged Outraged an unmarried white woman 1879 Lucian Weaver Jefferson TN Black Male Riddled with bullets Rape of a married white woman 1884 Richard May Daviess KY Black Male Hanged Attempted rape of a young white woman, daughter of a prominent farmer 1887 Jim Riser Winn LA Black Male Shot Unreported 1888 Frank Stone St. Clair AL Black Male Attempted outrage on a married white woman, wife of a railroad section foreman 1889 Swan Burnes Tishomingo MS Black Male Hanged Killing a young white man 1892 Julien Mosely Desha AR Black Male Hanged Rape of his 17 year-old stepdaughter 1894 Charles Marie Harrison MS Black Male Hanged Attempted outrage on an unmarried 16 year-old white girl 1894 William Bell Dickson TN Black Male Riddled with bullets Barn burning 1895 Jack Ware Calhoun AR Black Male Hanged Murder of a white man 1895 Jim Ware Calhoun AR Black Male Hanged Murder of a white man 1898 Alexander Johnson Drew AR Black Male Riddled with bullets Murder of a rich planter and merchant 1898 James Redd Drew AR Black Male Riddled with bullets Murder of a rich planter and merchant 1903 Unnamed Negro Dodge GA Black Male Hanged/RwB Assaulted young unmarried white woman 1908 Hugh Jones Hardeman TN Black Male Hanged Attempted rape of an unmarried 17 year-old white girl 1913 Sam Townes Bolivar MS Black Male Riddled with bullets Killing his wife and a black man, and fatally shooting a member of a posse, a white man 1914 James Bailey DeSoto MS Black Male Hanged Stealing three mules 1915 James Jackson Bleckley GA Black Male Hanged Murder of three white men, including a white marshal 1915 Peter Fambrough Bleckley GA Black Male Unreported Complicity in murder of a white marshal 1915 Peter Jackson Bleckley GA Black Male Shot Complicity in murder of a white marshal 1922 Jake Davis Miller GA Black Male Hanged and shot Fathering a child with a white woman 1881 — Spence Caddo LA Black Male Hanged Entering the bedroom of two white women 1882 David Cook Kershaw SC Black Male Unreported Attempted rape of a white woman 1886 Jake Braswell Bulloch GA Black Male Hanged/RwB Rape and mutilation of 6 year-old white girl 1888 John Humphreys Buncombe NC Mulatto Male Hanged Criminal assault on 13 year-old white girl 1889 Jim Tillman Grenada MS Black Male Unreported Reporting persons for violating gaming laws 1893 John Cotton Lincoln AR Black Male Hanged/RwB Attempted criminal assault on a married white woman 1895 Ira Johnson Greenville SC Black Male Hanged/RwB Killing of a young white man 1897 Anthony Williams Lawrence TN Black Male Riddled with bullets Rape and murder of a 15 year-old white girl 1898 John S. Durrett Tuscaloosa AL Black Male Riddled with bullets Plotting to avenge the lynching of a black man 1901 Alexander Herman Lawrence AL Black Male Hanged/RwB Murdered a black woman and cremated her body 1901 Lewis Thomas Richland LA Black Male Hanged Assault on a white man, a merchant, and member of a “Black Mafia Society”; stealing a bottle of pop 1915 Thomas Collins Avoyelles LA Black Male Hanged Assaulting a white man, a marshal 1919 Robert Truett Humphreys MS Black Male Hanged Insulted a white woman; made indecent proposals to a white woman 1933 Unnamed Negro Lowndes MS Black Male Hanged Improper proposals to a white girl, daughter of a farmer; insulted a white woman 1935 Bert Moore Lowndes MS Black Male Hanged Attempted criminal assault on a white woman, wife of a farmer 1935 Dooley Morton Lowndes MS Black Male Hanged Attempted criminal assault on a white woman, wife of a farmer 1935 Joe Spinner Johnson Hale AL Black Male Unreported Leader of the Sharecroppers Union 1881 Silas Lee Lincoln LA Black Male Riddled with bullets Attempted rape; discovered naked under two white girl’s bed 1884 Joe Robertson Greene AL Black Male Hanged Attempted rape of a young, unmarried white woman 1891 Will P. Walker Decatur TN Black Male Hanged/RwB Outraged a young white woman 1892 Manuel Monday Grenada MS Black Male Hanged Rape and murder of an 8 year-old black girl 1893 Unnamed Negro Shelby AL Black Male Unreported Murder of two white women 1894 Marion Howard Allen KY Black Male Hanged Criminal assault on an under 10 year-old white girl 1895 Robert Haggard Clark KY Mulatto Male Hanged Attempting to criminally assault a young unmarried white woman 1902 Unnamed Negro Escambia FL Black Male Hanged/RwB Unknown 1903 Dennis Head Aiken SC Black Male Shot Refusing to give information on an escaped murderer 1908 Albert Godlin Catahoula LA Black Male Hanged Inciting arson of a white man’s cotton gin 1908 Miller Gaines Catahoula LA Black Male Hanged Arson of a white man’s cotton gin 1908 Sam Gaines Catahoula LA Black Male Hanged Arson of a white man’s cotton gin 1917 Poe Hibbler Pickens AL Black Male Hanged Entering the home of a white farmer; attempted criminal assault on a white girl, a farmer’s daughter 1934 James Sanders Hinds MS Black Male Riddled with bullets Writing an indecent and insulting letter to a white girl 1877 Simon Jenkins Amite MS Black Male Shot Unreported 1896 Dan Dicks Aiken SC Black Male Hanged Attempted outrage on married white woman 1897 — Edmonson Lauderdale AL Black Male Beaten with rocks and clubs; hanged Concealed a black man accused of murder and rape 1902 Jim Gaston Attala MS Black Male Shot Incendiarism 1902 Monroe Hallum Attala MS Black Male Shot Incendiarism 1902 William Ody Tunica MS Black Male Burned Criminal assault on an unmarried white woman, daughter of a planter 1903 John Adams Bradford FL Black Male Hanged Rape of a respected black woman References [ + ] |1.||⇡||In this case, “The South” pertains to the dozen states where the most lynchings occurred: Mississippi (614), Georgia (595), Louisiana (559), Arkansas (491), Alabama (363), Texas (344), Florida (307), Tennessee (238), South Carolina (184), Kentucky (170), North Carolina (122), and Virginia (88). See the EJI site here.| |2.||⇡||Since it seems likely that a touch of hyperbole might have been used, more information about the lynching can be found here.| |3.||⇡||For more information on all of this, please see our post here.|

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A secondary school revision resource for gcse english literature about the themes of shakespeare's romeo and juliet. Literary critique (romeo literary critique (romeo and juliet by william shakespeare) shakespeare’s version of romeo and juliet is no exception the play. Scholars apply their literary analysis and romeo and juliet by william shakespeare bible or how a later author draws on a play by shakespeare. Romeo and juliet (3,342) william shakespeare that predict events in the play romeo and mercutio both of fate and free will in romeo and juliet is a. Category: shakespeare, romeo and juliet title: fate in william shakespeare's romeo and juliet. 381 quotes from romeo and juliet: than this of juliet and her romeo” ― william shakespeare all quotes quotes by william shakespeare play the 'guess that. This essay fate in romeo and juliet and such as in william shakespeare's the tragedy of romeo shakespeare continues to interpolate fate into his play. A list of important facts about william shakespeare's romeo and juliet that of romeo and juliet occasionally the play uses romeo’s outbursts against fate. Romeo and juliet by william shakespeare, free study guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character profiles, theme analysis, metaphor analysis, and top ten quotes on classic literature. Fate in romeo and juliet essay romeo and never change one’s future fate romeo and juliet by william shakespeare william shakespeare’s play, romeo and. The initial relationship between romeo and juliet is based on impulse romeo in the play, romeo and juliet, by william shakespeare of the play are fate. The tragedy of romeo and juliet by william shakespeare dramatis personae chorus prince escalus, prince of verona paris, a. Romeo and juliet: analysis by act and scene shakespeare, william romeo and juliet ed shakespeare on fate. Romeo and juliet (film 1996) themes william shakespeare's romeo + juliet written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of romeo and juliet. Romeo and juliet fate in the opening scene of william shakespeare's play, 'romeo and juliet analysis of romeo and juliet by william. Romeo and juliet: character analysis by romeo and juliet by william shakespeare he disappears from the play after these failures, for fate has. Fitrana amalia hafizhah 14211141023 [email protected] drama analysis analysis name of play: romeo & juliet author: william shakespeare. Need help with act 3, scene 1 in william shakespeare's romeo and juliet check out our revolutionary side-by-side summary and analysis. This one-page guide includes a plot summary and brief analysis of romeo and juliet by william romeo and juliet shakespeare likely wrote the play. Romeo and juliet study guide contains a biography of william shakespeare, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Romeo and juliet (3,342) william shakespeare the concept of fate - romeo and juliet contrasting glimpses of lord capulet in his play romeo and juliet. A close analysis of shakespeare's romeo and juliet prologue their love is doomed by fate because of their birth to analysis: the play will tell the. Get an answer for 'what is the role of fate in the play romeo and juliet i want to know what is the role of fate in the play of romeo and juliet by the writer william shakespeare' and find homework help for other romeo and juliet questions at enotes. Theme of fate in romeo and juliet by shakespeare essay william shakespeare's play, romeo and juliet has fate as an. In this paper i will be showing the three main themes in romeo and juliet and how in romeo and juliet fate was a william shakespeare made the play romeo and. Romeo and juliet shakespeare homepage you are welcome, gentlemen come, musicians, play a hall romeo this day's black fate on more days doth depend. In act iii, scene 1 of the play romeo and juliet, william shakespeare so effectively uses timing, whereby the precise moment at which tragedy is. Aqa english literature romeo and juliet analysis juliet capulet key quotations language analysis theater character, play, william shakespeare, romeo. Essays and criticism on william shakespeare's romeo and juliet - analysis romeo and juliet analysis - essay william. Free essay on fate and free will in romeo and juliet there is ample evidence of both fate and free will in the play of william shakespeare's romeo and juliet. A critical analysis of william shakespeare's 'romeo and juliet' romeo and juliet - an analysis of the play and characters romeo and juliet - romeo's monologue.

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The Saskatchewan Rebellion raised up some 8,000 men in a Canadian Militia army. Much credit for its speedy organization went to the Minister of Militia, Adolph Caron, and to William Van Home. On March 23, Major-General F. Middleton, General Officer of Commanding Militia, was ordered to the West, and the Winnipeg Militia were put on alert. By March 24, one company was at Qu'Appelle, and two days later Middleton arrived. More militia was requisitioned. Two permanent artillery batteries from Quebec and Kingston arrived in Winnipeg on April 5, and other militia followed at intervals. The C.P.R. track did not cover all the distance, and supplies had to be unloaded and reloaded sixteen times. Railroad grades without tracks made excellent roads for sleighs. Middleton was to move from Qu'Appelle against Batoche. Colonel Otter from Swift Current was to relieve Battleford. Major-General Strange from Calgary was to proceed north to Edmonton, then east to Frog Lake and Fort Pitt to meet Colonel Otter. At Clark's Crossing, north of Saskatoon, Middleton split his force into two columns, to follow up either side of the Saskatchewan River forty miles to Batoche. On April 24, on the east bank at Fish Creek, Dumont's sharpshooters in a ravine picked off troops above them. Dumont, an excellent "tactics" man, had his adversaries in somewhat the same situation as buffalo forced into a "pound." The close-order tactics of the troops was partly their downfall. Dumont later withdrew, and Middleton spent two weeks awaiting reinforcements and organizing his supplies. Colonel Otter, with a combined police and militia force, marched into Battleford on April 24. A surprise move against Poundmaker's Crees at Cut Knife Hill, thirty miles west of North Battleford, failed, and the Indians advanced toward Batoche. Father Lacombe and C.E. Denny circulated among the Blackfeet, hoping to discourage Crowfoot from joining Poundmaker, his son. Strange's men were welcomed at Calgary by people who hadn't believed the government would really send troops. The 65th Carbiniers were from Montreal, and Colonel Osborne Smith headed the Winnipeg Light Infantry. Major- General Strange moved north. Father Lacombe and Reverend McDougall went ahead reasuring the peaceable Indians. Rivers were high and the troops reached Edmonton May 1, having travelled two hundred and ten miles in ten days. Most of the troops had gone east to Fort Pitt by May 14. Middleton moved toward Batoche on May 9. In the advance troops were the Midland (Ontario) Regiment under Colonel Williams and the Toronto Grenadiers under Colonel Grassett. Three days later Batoche fell. Dumont and Michel Dumas, two of the Council, fled to Montana. Middleton offered Riel protection, and on May 15 he surrendered to Mounted Police scouts. Nearly two weeks later Middleton took Poundmaker's surrender at Battleford. Big Bear surrendered on July 2. The rebellion had cost the government $5,000,000. Settlers had lost herds of cattle and horses in the months previous, and it was too late to seed the fields.

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APA, Counselor Training, Written Communication, Scientific Communication, American Psychological Association Style, Professional Voice, Writing Style The development of professional voice takes practice. At present, little literature exists to aid counselor educators helping students develop their writing style and adjust to APA style in academic writing. The author provides practical suggestions for teaching APA to counselors-in-training and offers a teaching resource for use in the classroom. Suggestions include: addressing why APA style is used in the profession, joining with colleagues to emphasize the importance of writing style, modeling strong style, requiring the use of APA, providing feedback specific to style, using style focused peer review, and providing examples of strong APA style. McDonald, K. E. (2011). Teaching the 6th Edition of APA Style of Writing in Counselor Education. The Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 3(2). Retrieved from https://repository.wcsu.edu/jcps/vol3/iss2/5

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- Annual Meeting - Get Involved OLD MILITARY ROAD OLD MILITARY ROAD. The Old Military Road between Fort Brown at Brownsville and Fort Ringgold at Rio Grande City was built as a possible supply route for Zachary Taylor during the Mexican War. Taylor had set up a supply base at Camargo, opposite Rio Grande City, for his movement into the interior of Mexico. Although most historians agree that the bulk of supplies and troops were transported upriver by steamboat, the road was used when the river was low and when time was short; the trip up the meandering river took almost two days. Writers disagree as to who actually laid out the road. Credit is given to both George Brinton McClellan and George Gordon Meade, who were engineers with Taylor. The road went through most of the old towns of the Rio Grande valley. In the 1960s most of the old road was paved and was a portion of U.S. Highway 281. BIBLIOGRAPHY:Virgil N. Lott, The Rio Grande Valley (MS, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin). J. Lee and Lillian J. Stambaugh, The Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas (San Antonio: Naylor, 1954). Image Use Disclaimer All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 related to Copyright and “Fair Use” for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Handbook of Texas Online, Dixie L. Jones, "OLD MILITARY ROAD," accessed September 20, 2018, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/exo02. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

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ADHD is a recognised neurological condition which remains with you. While having ADHD has many benefits, it frequently remains undiagnosed, or diagnosis may be obscured. Are you constantly faced with these challenges? Do you often get these physical symptoms? Cravings, addictions, allergy, hypersensitivity, migraines, headaches, dizziness, excessive thirst, eye troubles, digestive upsets, muscle aches such as twitching, tics, cramps, air hunger eg sighing, yawning, sleep disturbances, apnoea, insomnia, restless leg syndrome, excessive perspiration, skin, nail, hair abnormalities, poor temperature sense, thyroid problems. Just getting a diagnosis of ADHD and understanding that there was a reason for many of your past difficulties can be an enormous relief. Although there is no cure, there are treatments that can be useful in managing ADHD. Treatment must be tailored for you and should address all areas you may need help with. Common components of a tailored ADHD treatment plan might include:

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GHOSTS BY GASLIGHT SERIES The Spiritualist movement, like jazz, was purely an American invention. Although the idea that man was able to communicate with spirits had existed already for centuries, modern belief in such a practice came about in March 1848 in Hydesville, New York. The movement, which would come to be known as Spiritualism, would remain strong for nearly a century, enjoying its greatest revival after the Civil War. The practice was founded on the belief that life existed after death and that the spirit existed beyond the body. Most importantly, it was believed that these spirits could --- and did --- communicate with the living. Troy Taylor's GHOSTS BY GASLIGHT series takes a in-depth look at the history of Spiritualism, those who practiced it -- and the scientists, magicians and researchers who investigated the claims of those who said that the dead still walked among us. For everyone who has ever read a ghost book or watched a paranormal television show, the dawn of the Spiritualist movement is where it all began! To truly understand the history of ghost research, we have to look back to its beginnings. It has been said that if we do not understand our history, we can never learn from it, so we invite anyone with a passion for ghost research to discover where the field truly got its start. BOOK I: ...AND THE DEAD KNOCKED The first book in Troy Taylor's GHOST BY GASLIGHT series delves into the earliest days of the Spiritualist movement, from the knockings in Hydesville, New York to the rise of the movement in the middle years of the nineteenth century. Few can fathom today how the belief in Spiritualism swept across America, creating converts to a belief in spirit communication from every walk of life -- man and woman, rich and poor and even to the front door of the White House. Discover the lives of the pioneers of the movement and how belief in talking to the dead spread from coast to coast. Find out who held the very first séances in the America White House -- and why! See how Spiritualism affected daily life, politics, newspapers and the great literary works of the nineteenth century! And then see how the Civil War -- and Abraham and Mary Lincoln -- saved Spiritualism and helped to create its "golden age" after the Civil War! This is a fascinating look at a little-known period in American history and one that will fascinate even the most jaded readers of historical research into ghostly phenomena -- told by one of the most acclaimed historians of the supernatural writing today. Don't miss it! About the Author Taylor shares a birthday with one of his favorite authors, F. Scott Fitzgerald, but instead of living in New York and Paris like Fitzgerald, Taylor grew up in Illinois. Raised on the prairies of the state, he developed an interest in "things that go bump in the night" at an early age and as a young man, developing ghost tours and writing about haunts in Chicago and Central Illinois. He began his first book in 1989, which delved into the history and hauntings of Decatur, Illinois, and in 1994, it spawned the Haunted Decatur Tour -- and eventually led to the founding of his Illinois Hauntings Tours (with current tours in Alton, Chicago, Decatur, Lebanon & Jacksonville) and the American Hauntings Tours, which travel all over the country in search of haunted places. In 1996, Taylor organized a group of ghost enthusiasts into an investigation team and the American Ghost Society was launched, gained over 600 members in the years that followed. The organization continues today as one of America’s largest and most honored research groups. In 1997, Taylor launched the Haunted America Conference, regarded as "America's Original Ghost Conference" in Decatur, Illinois. After a number of years in Alton, Illinois, the conference has returned to its original site at the Lincoln Theater in Decatur. The Haunted America Conference remains the most imitated conference in the country and in 2012, held the 16th annual events in Illinois. In addition to the tour companies and Haunted America Conference, Taylor is also the founder of Whitechapel Press, a publishing company for books about the supernatural that he started in 1993, and Dark Haven Entertainment. In 2011, he also became one of the principal owners of the haunted Avon Theater in Decatur, Illinois. Along with writing about the unusual and hosting tours, Taylor is also a public speaker on the subject of ghosts and hauntings. He has appeared in scores of newspaper and magazine articles about the subject and in hundreds of radio and television broadcasts about the supernatural. Troy has appeared in documentary productions for TLC, The History Channel, A&E, Discovery Channel, & more!

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Flashcards in Thoracic Spine, Sternum, and Ribs Deck (84): What are the 2 routine thoracic spine projections? What are the 3 special thoracic spine projections? - Swimmer’s lateral view of upper thoracic region - Oblique views - Thoracolumbar or other coned views Why is the entire rib cage not often radiographed in an evaluation? Due to the great expanse of bone, multiplanar curves, and superimposition of muscular diaphragm The width between opposing paired pedicles is normally __ mm in the thoracic spine What 3 lines should be observed in the lateral thoracic view? - Line 1: anterior vertebral body line - Line 2: posterior vertebral body line - Line 3: spinolaminar line What does the spinolaminar line represent? The junctions of the laminae at spinous processes The thoracic spine is most commonly injured because of ____ forces What regions of the thoracic spine that are most common injured and why? Transitional vertebrae (C/T and T/L regions), because they are junctions between relatively immobile thoracic spine and more flexible cervical/lumbar spines At what segmental level do the majority of thoracic spine injuries occur? T12 - L1 Neurological injury complicates __% to __% of all fractures at the thoracic/lumbar level 15% to 20% What form of imaging is used to assess the thoracic and lumbar spine after blunt trauma? thorax-abdomen-pelvis (TAP) CT scans What form of imaging is used to assess the degree of neural compromise, cord edema, cord contusion, epidural hematoma, nerve root involvement, or ligamentous disruption associated with thoracic spine trauma? What type of fractures of the vertebral body are the most common spinal injury detectable on radiographs? Anterior compression fractures _____ forces account for approximately 90% of compression fractures. What accounts for the remaining 10%? What is a significant factor in vertebral body collapse in older adults? Are anterior compression fractures considered stable or unstable? Explain why... Stable because only the anterior column is involved Why do anterior compression fractures increase in incidence with age? There is demineralization of the bone which renders the vertebrae less elastic, more brittle, and more prone to fracture. Dehydration of the NP also renders the disks less resilient to compression What are the 6 radiographic signs of compression fracture? - step defect - wedge deformity - linear zone of impaction - displaced endplates - loss of IVD height - paraspinal edema What does a step defect look like? The superior endplate is anteriorly displaced causing a step-off of normally smooth concave anterior margin What does a wedge deformity look like? Because the anterior vertebral body collapses, the vertebral body appears triangular or trapezoidal in appearance What may a wedge deformity lead to? increased kyphosis and possibly scoliosis if the wedging is lateral What percentage loss of vertebral body height is required for a wedge deformity to be present on a radiograph? What is the linear zone of impaction? A linear band of increased density apparent beneath involved endplate in a compression fracture What does the linear zone of impaction represent acutely? What does it represent later on? Acutely it represents the enmeshed trabeculae of the compression fracture Later it represents callus formation in a healing fracture In what direction do the endplates displace in a compression fracture? Anteriorly, due to the anterior shearing of the IVDs What characteristics are present on the radiograph when a compression fracture is less than 2 months old? It has a step defect, wedge deformity, and the linear zone of impaction What characteristics are present on the radiograph when a compression fracture is older? It only was a wedge deformity How do vertebral body fractures heal? by both endosteal and periosteal callus formation How long does vertebral body fracture union take? Does vertebral body height return to normal after healing? No, the wedge deformity persists after healing Do the IVDs heal completely following compression fracture? Mildly damaged disks may revascularize and function normally. However, severely torn disks may calcify and form bony ankylosis at that segment What is the standard treatment for vertebral compression fractures? Non-operative, typically fitted with thoracolumbar spinal orthosis (TLSO) for 4-6 weeks Typically how long do severe symptoms last in vertebral compression fractures? One in ___ women and one in ____ men will have osteoporosis-related fracture in their remaining lifetimes What types of fractures are the earliest and most common of all osteoporotic fractures vertebral compression fractures What are vertebral compression fractures commonly associated with? chronic back pain, limited spine mobility, and social isolation The existence of one previous vertebral fracture increases risk for subsequent vertebral fractures at multiple levels ___fold and hip fractures ___fold What things are compromised as the spine and thorax lose flexibility? - ambulation impaired due to pain - compromised heart and lung volume - stressful compensatory cervical hyperextension required to bring eyes to horizontal What are the 3 characteristics of osteoporosis of the spine on a plain radiograph? - Increased radiolucency resulting in an "empty box” appearance of vertebral body - Cortical thinning - Trabecular changes Where is increased radiodensity first evident in the spine? at cancellous vertebral bodies Where is thinning of cortical margins first evident in the spine? at vertebral body margins, especially at endplates, where the cortical outline is normally relatively thick What do trabecular changes in the spine look like? distinct vertical striations When do wedge deformities occur in those with osteoporosis? When the spine is put under flexion or axial compressive forces What are 2 other vertebral body deformities that are evident in osteoporotic spines? - The vertebral bodies may appear biconcave due to chronic microfractures - The vertebral bodies may appear flat due to a single traumatic event What are flat-appearing vertebrae referred to as? What types of endplate deformities are evident in osteoporotic spines? - There are smooth indentations seen in the region of the NP (central) - There is also sclerosis along the endplates What are Schmorl’s nodes? Radiolucent nodes in endplates due to focal intrusion of nuclear material into the vertebral body What does DEXA stand for? Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry What does DEXA measure? bone mineral density What are the 3 reasons why DEXA is used over qualitative CT? - less expensive - exposes patient to less radiation - more accurate at measuring subtle changes in bone density a lateral deviation of the spine from the mid-sagittal plane combined with rotational deformities of vertebrae and ribs What are the 4 pathological changes that occur on the concave side of a scoliotic curvature - Narrowed disk spaces - Wedge-shaped vertebral bodies - Shorter and thinner pedicles and laminae - Narrowed IVF and spinal canal spaces What are the 2 pathological changes that occur on the convex side of a scoliotic curvature - Widened rib spaces - Posteriorly positioned rib cage Scoliotic curves over 5° appear in approximately _% of population Scoliotic curves over 10° appear in approximately _-_% of population Scoliotic curves over 25° appear in _ out of 1,000 individuals Which gender typically has a large scoliotic curve? Approximately __% of structural scoliosis cases are termed idiopathic scoliosis because the etiology remains unknown What are the 3 types of idiopathic scoliosis and when do each develop? - Infantile idiopathic scoliosis appears before age 3 - Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis appears between the ages of 3-10 - Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) appears between age 10 and skeletal maturity Scoliotic curves are named by the side of the con___ and in reference to the patient’s right and left sides What are the 4 distinct scoliosis patterns? - Right thoracic curve - Right thoracolumbar curve - Left lumbar curve - Left lumbar, right thoracic curve What is the most commonly seen scoliotic curve? right convex thoracic curve At what spinal levels does a right convex thoracic curve begin and end at? At what spinal levels does a thoracolumbar curve begin and end at? In which direction does a thoracolumbar curve occur in? either side, but right is most common At what spinal levels does a lumbar curve begin and end at? In which direction does a lumbar curve occur in? either side, but left is most common What is the most definitive and diagnostic modality in management of patient with scoliosis? What are the 4 purposes radiographs serve in assessing scoliosis? - To determine or rule out various etiologies of scoliosis - To evaluate curvature size, site, and flexibility - To assess skeletal maturity or bone age - To monitor curvature progression or regression What are the 4 radiographic series projections to diagnose and evaluate scoliosis? - Erect AP - Erect lateral - Erect AP lateral flexion views of spine - PA left hand Why is a radiograph of the left hand taken when assessing scoliosis? to provide accurate assessment of skeletal age What are 2 other indicators of skeletal maturity seen on spine radiographs? - Fusion of vertebral ring apophyses - Fusion of iliac crest apophysis to ilium What does Risser's sign refer to? the amount of calcification of the human pelvis as a measure of maturity Where do apophyses typically dirst appear in the pelvis? Describe their progression... Apophyses first appear at the ASIS's and progress over a year’s time posteromedially to PSIS's Approximately how long does it take for the pelvis to fuse completely? Describe the progression of ossification according to the Risser's sign scale - Grade 1 is given when the ilium is calcified at a level of 25% Grade 2 is given when the ilium is calcified at a level of 50% - Grade 3 is given when the ilium is calcified at a level of 75% - Grade 4 is given when the ilium is calcified at a level of 100% - Grade 5 is given when the ilium is calcified at a level of 100% and the iliac apophysis is fused to iliac crest What is the significance of Risser's sign to scoliosis? When Risser's sign is 5+ skeletal spinal maturity is complete and the progression of the scoliotic curve is strongly inhibited after this point What is another method of measuring scoliotic curves? The Cobb Methodof Measurement Describe the 3 steps to the Cobb method 1) Identify the uppermost involved vertebra of the curve that tilts significantly toward the concavity and a draw line along its superior endplate 2) Identify the lowermost involved vertebra of curve that tilts significantly toward the concavity and a draw line along its inferior endplate 3) Draw perpendicular lines through lines 1 and 2 and measure the resulting intersecting angle. This is the value of the scoliotic curve What are the 4 factors that determine how scoliosis is treated? - Patient’s skeletal age - Curve magnitude - Curve location - Potential for curve progression What type of curves are at higher risk for progression? thoracic more so than thoracolumbar or lumbar curves General treatment guidelines for scoliosis fall into 3 groups, what are these 3 groups? - For patients with curves of minimal magnitude: No active treatment but close observation for months or years to determine whether curve progressing - For patients with curves b/w 20°-40°: Spinal bracing combined with exercise for several months or years until skeletal maturity reached - For patients with curves over 50°: Surgical fixation required What is the primary goal f bracing for scoliosis? To stop the progression of the curve. However, any correction of the curve considered a bonus

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Summary and Analysis Faustus begins to repent that he has made a contract with the devil. Mephistophilis tries to console Faustus by telling him that heaven is not such a glorious place and that humans are more wonderful than anything in heaven. The Good Angel and the Evil Angel appear, and each tries to influence Faustus' decision. Faustus is haunted by the thought that he is damned. He thinks that he would have killed himself by now if he had not been able to conjure up Homer to sing and soothe him. Now he asks Mephistophilis to argue about theoretical matters. Faustus is not satisfied with the things that Mephistophilis is able to tell him and maintains that even Wagner knows the answers to such questions. He now wants to know about the power behind the universe and who made the world. Mephistophilis tries to get him to think of hell and other things rather than about these heavier philosophical matters. Faustus cries out for Christ to save him, and at this moment, Lucifer himself appears. Lucifer reminds him that he is breaking his promise by thinking on Christ. He tells Faustus that he has brought some entertainment to divert him. The seven deadly sins — pride, covetousness, wrath, envy, gluttony, sloth, and lechery — appear before Faustus in the representation of their individual sin or nature. Faustus is delighted with the show and Lucifer hands him a book and promises to return at midnight. After everyone leaves, Wagner appears and says that Faustus has gone to Rome to see the pope. In this scene, we see for the first time a definite change in Faustus. He begins to repent of his pact with the devil. In a reversal of their roles, Mephistophilis now chides Faustus for his lack of resolution, whereas in a previous scene, Faustus had to reprimand Mephistophilis for not being resolute enough. The manner in which Mephistophilis tries to convince Faustus is an instance of logic. He says that humanity is better than heaven because earth "'twas made for man, therefore is man more excellent." Note again that the Good Angel and the Evil Angel appear to Faustus at this point — that is, when he is once again in doubt about his decision. As previously, Faustus follows the path of the Evil Angel. Faustus is torn between two poles of belief which attract him. He desires to have the beauty of the classical world as represented by Homer and in a later scene by Helen, but at the same time he also wants to keep the best of the Christian tradition. Consequently, we have Christianity and classicism juxtaposed in these scenes; they are part of the tension in Faustus' mind. This tension also existed in the Renaissance world, which was interested both in the Hellenistic (Greek) world and the Christian world. The Renaissance tried to unify divergent interests in these two worlds. According to the traditional Christian view, Faustus is now tempted by another sin — that of suicide. Faustus' first sin had been to deny God. Then he also fell into the sin of despair, wherein he lost hope for redemption. In this scene, he considers suicide, which is another cardinal sin. As Faustus begins to demand deeper knowledge from Mephistophilis, he desires to know about the primary cause of the world, but Mephistophilis is unable to answer him. At every point when Faustus begins to question the universe or whenever Faustus begins to think about heavenly things, Mephistophilis tells him to "think on hell." Originally, Faustus made the pact in order to learn about the primal causes of the world; therefore, Mephistophilis is unable to fulfill his part of the bargain. Second, whenever Faustus brings up these questions, Mephistophilis tries to divert him because he possibly knows that thoughts of heaven would allow Faustus to break his contract with Lucifer. It is a highly dramatic moment when Lucifer himself appears on the stage. Faustus maintains that Lucifer looks extremely ugly, and again the implication is that hell is ugly. At the crucial moments when Faustus wavers, the devils always try to divert him in some sensual manner. When Faustus begins to question Mephistophilis about primeval causes, the devils try to take his mind off these noble questions and force him to think about carnal matters. Consequently, in this scene the powers of hell divert Faustus by bringing forth the seven deadly sins to entertain Faustus and to remove all these troublesome questions from his mind. The appearance of the seven deadly sins is a holdover from the morality plays and becomes another type of interlude in the play. Furthermore, the manner in which they describe themselves is somewhat comic. Whereas in a morality play the seven deadly sins would be paraded before the main character as a warning to abstain from evil, in Doctor Faustus they are presented to Faustus only to delight and distract him from heavenly thoughts. The seven deadly sins do have a philosophical significance and do carry forward the intellectual meaning of the plot, but they also function to appeal to the general audience, who would find entertainment in the grotesque physical appearance of these awesome creatures. Immediately after the appearance of these seven deadly sins, Faustus says "O, this feeds my soul!" Previous to this scene, Faustus had used the same metaphor of eating to express his great hunger for knowledge and power, and now this metaphor is used to show how low Faustus has fallen when the dreadful show of the sins can satisfy his soul. At the end of the scene, Wagner enters and takes over the function of the chorus by making expository explanations, filling in background material, and letting the audience know that Faustus has now flown to Rome, where he will meet with the pope.

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You’re having a panic attack. It feels like an elephant is sitting on your chest. You’re short of breath and gasping for air. You want to breathe as hard as you can but this is the worst thing you could do. That’s why you need a technique called diaphragmatic breathing. Diaphragmatic breathing means deep breathing. When you have a panic attack, your heart is racing and adrenaline is pumping through your body. Your breath speeds up and you try to gulp in lots of air by taking short, quick breaths. This makes you feel lightheaded and dizzy, which makes you more alarmed, which makes you breathe harder, and so on (see the diagram below). You need to take control with your diaphragm. The diaphragm sounds like a character from Greek mythology but it’s really the muscle below your ribs. It helps you to take full, deep breaths. And most importantly, it counteracts panicked breathing, which is fast and shallow. Guided MP3s For Diaphragmatic Breathing - (Note that you do not need to sign up for dropbox, the server that hosts these files, in order to download them). - Introduction to diaphragmatic breathing. - Planned Practice – This track provides basic guidance on proper breathing. Set up a time and listen to this track often. It’s the preparation you do on a daily basis. The planned practice is also a great tool for general stress relief not just panic attack. - During a Panic Attack – This track help you when you have a panic attack. You can listen when you’re not stressed to get the hang of it but you can also listen during an attack if possible. Even if you aren’t a panicked breather, diaphragmatic breathing is a great relaxation techniques for anyone. Why Practice Even If You Don’t Panic - You may not breathe with your diaphragm when you’re stressed or panicked. - You can improve the efficiency of your breathing with practice. - Regular diaphragmatic breathing is a stress-management technique that can help stress, anxiety, depression, and lower your blood pressure. Are You A Chest or Diaphragm Breather? - Sit upright. - Put one hand on your chest and one hand on your belly. - Breathe normally. - Which hand moves the most? This is your dominant way of breathing. - If you’re having trouble feeling the breath, lay on the floor and try again. Instructions To Put Your Diaphragm To Work The Vacuum Technique - Blow out a little more air than usual through your mouth. (Create a vacuum in your lungs). - Hold your breath for a couple seconds. - Breathe in by letting the air fill your lungs. (Let the vacuum suck in the air). - Your stomach should pop out. - You shouldn’t work to breathe in. You’ve created a vacuum and you’re just allowing the vacuum to suck in air. - If it’s not working, you may be forcing the breath with your lungs (the hand on your chest will move in this case). - Just relax. Let the air come in. (The hand on your stomach will move). Fight The Urge To Breathe Hard Obviously, breathing during a panic attack is the hardest time. The urge will be to work to catch your breath, to breathe to get over the panic attack. You have to slow down: breathe more slowly, talk more slowly, pause between breathes, and use your stomach not your chest. Remind yourself that you won’t pass out – that’s just the fear talking. This is an effective tool but it only works to the extent that you put time and energy into it. As you do this, you’ll find it easier and easier to breathe in a natural, fuller way and kick that damn elephant off your chest. Photo by Internet Archive Book Images

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In the first lesson I learned that Databases are generally organized into individual entries or records of data, each of which include certain categories of data or fields. Records would be individual words and fields would be how it is pronounced or spelled. In the second week with, I learned that a database can be used to look up individual plants not only by scientific name and common name, but by the various plant characteristics. In the 3rd lesson, I learned that there is case sensitivity for example "home" is different from "Home" which are both different from "HOME". Also a wildcard search symbol is a *. The fourth week I learned that The Dublin Core has a basic set of 15 Metadata Elements and they are: Title, Creator, Subject, Description, Publisher, Contributor, Date, Type, Format, Identifier, Source , Language, Relation, Coverage , and Rights. The fifth lesson I learned that in a spreadsheet you have the option to filter data. This will temporarily remove unwanted records from view. The records still exist, the filter just needs to be removed in order to bring the records back. The sixth lesson I learned that, different types of charts are better suited for data. For Instance if showing data on a percentage, it would be better to use a pie chart. I also learned that some data could be misrepresented and that too much data can confuse a person looking at a chart. In the next week we learned about record management. I learned how important records were… How do computer viruses spread and in what ways do they affect computers? Muhammad A. Khan Computer viruses spread and in many ways they affect computers. A computer virus is a program written to enter your computer system and "infect" it by installing or modifying files or establishing itself in memory. Some viruses are benign and won't harm your system, while others are destructive and can damage or destroy your data. 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An interesting fact about this device A device for enter characters at the location on the screen. Most of computers including students’ laptops. Oakton’s Student Registration System Now even tablet pc(portable computers and mobiles) also able to use keyboard. A pointing device for moves around and click icons at the location on the screen Most of computers: any offices or houses. I used for ball mouse 8 years ago… life can be a bit busy with young children playing and going around the house. The normal household activities like cell phones and TV’s are always around you making noise. People tend to think that online classes can wait since they are on your computer, they don’t always understand the deadlines are the same, you just don’t have travel time to deal with. 3. What actions can you take to manage and eliminate distractions? If necessary leave your home and go to a quiet book store or coffee… Computers The Most Helpful Tool Of Technology The computer was not originally invented for the things we use it for today but out of the need to solve a number-crunching crisis. By 1880 the U.S population had grown so large that it took over seven years to tabulate the U.S census results. In a search for a faster way to get the job done, a punch card system was developed by Herman Hollerith which calculated the U.S census in three years. Earlier computers were… Table of Contents A REPORT ABOUT THE SUPPLY OF 6OO TABLET FOR STUDENT AND 30 FOR LECTURERE AT THAMES GATEWAY ACADEMY.2 2. OBJECTIVE 2 3. USER'S NEEDS2 5. REVIEWING FOUR TABLETS3 5.1 Tablet 13 5.2 Tablet 24 5.3 Tablet 34 6. COMPARING THE THREE TABLETS5 11. APPENDIX A6 12. APPENDIX B6 13. APPENDIX C6 A REPORT ABOUT THE SUPPLY OF 6OO TABLET FOR STUDENT AND 30 FOR LECTURERE AT THAMES… 500GB or 1TB hard drive, 256GB solid-state drive, or 1TB Fusion Drive; Mac mini with OS X Server: two 1TB hard drives or one or two 256GB solid-state drive Cost: $599 and up Computers are everywhere in today’s work place, for example I choose 3 professions that heavily dependent on computers to complete task list as follows: Graphic design or photographer: Though im a pc man myself I would have to say that ENVY phoenix and the MacBook pro are tied as far as being great for these… the Center for Writing Excellence via the Phoenix Library seem as though they will be useful, especially for creative writing and non-research papers, because I have the most technical ability in essays and research papers. What is your personal learning style (refer to the Ch. 1 Aplia homework)? Based on the book, I am watchful or visual learner. I learn best when I am observing someone. I always describe myself as a visual learner. During high school, whenever we took notes I always need to have…

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Calculating Standard Error Of A Sample Mean It could look like anything. Boost Your Self-Esteem Self-Esteem Course Deal With Too Much Worry Worry Course How To Handle Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Course Handling Break-ups Separation Course Struggling With Arachnophobia? Loading... Notation The following notation is helpful, when we talk about the standard deviation and the standard error. check my blog How to cite this article: Siddharth Kalla (Sep 21, 2009). And then when n is equal to 25 we got the standard error of the mean being equal to 1.87. Please try again later. It's going to be the same thing as that, especially if we do the trial over and over again. http://vassarstats.net/dist.html Standard Error Of Sample Mean Example However, many of the uses of the formula do assume a normal distribution. So if I were to take 9.3-- so let me do this case. Because this is very simple in my head. This is the variance of our mean of our sample mean. So when someone says sample size, you're like, is sample size the number of times I took averages or the number of things I'm taking averages of each time? This is more squeezed together. The standard error is an estimate of the standard deviation of a statistic. Standard Error Of Sample Mean Equation And so-- I'm sorry, the standard deviation of these distributions. So if I know the standard deviation-- so this is my standard deviation of just my original probability density function, this is the mean of my original probability density function. statisticsfun 463,503 views 4:35 How to find a confidence interval for a proportion - Duration: 3:31. Richard Ribaudo 10,287 views 4:04 Standard Error Bars on Excel - Duration: 5:01. Source And I'm not going to do a proof here. II. Standard Error Of Sample Mean Difference There's some-- you know, if we magically knew distribution-- there's some true variance here. So maybe it'll look like that. Then the mean here is also going to be 5. Standard Error Of Sample Mean Distribution So it turns out that the variance of your sampling distribution of your sample mean is equal to the variance of your original distribution-- that guy right there-- divided by n. That's why this is confusing because you use the word mean and sample over and over again. Standard Error Of Sample Mean Example Standard Error of the Difference Between the Means of Two Samples The logic and computational details of this procedure are described in Chapter 9 of Concepts and Applications. Standard Error Of Sample Mean Excel Related articles Related pages: Calculate Standard Deviation Standard Deviation . Watch QueueQueueWatch QueueQueue Remove allDisconnect Loading... click site And I'll show you on the simulation app in the next or probably later in this video. Learn More . I'll do another video or pause and repeat or whatever. Standard Error Of Sample Mean Formula All right, so here, just visually you can tell just when n was larger, the standard deviation here is smaller. So we've seen multiple times you take samples from this crazy distribution. So our variance of the sampling mean of the sample distribution or our variance of the mean-- of the sample mean, we could say-- is going to be equal to 20-- news So we got in this case 1.86. I take 16 samples as described by this probability density function-- or 25 now, plot it down here. Standard Deviation Sample Mean DrKKHewitt 15,693 views 4:31 Standard Error - Duration: 7:05. onlinestatbook 4,495 views 3:01 How to calculate Standard Deviation, Mean, Variance Statistics, Excel - Duration: 4:35. Now this guy's standard deviation or the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean or the standard error of the mean is going to be the square root Standard Error of Sample Estimates Sadly, the values of population parameters are often unknown, making it impossible to compute the standard deviation of a statistic. We do that again. So let me get my calculator back. http://bestwwws.com/standard-error/calculating-standard-error-sample.php What's your standard deviation going to be? If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. So we take 10 instances of this random variable, average them out, and then plot our average. n was 16. You're becoming more normal and your standard deviation is getting smaller. Footer bottom Explorable.com - Copyright © 2008-2016. Search this site: Leave this field blank: . Watch Queue Queue __count__/__total__ Find out whyClose How to calculate standard error for the sample mean Stephanie Glen SubscribeSubscribedUnsubscribe5,8985K Loading... Bozeman Science 171,662 views 7:05 Statistics for Biologists - Standard Error & 95% Confidence Limits - Duration: 9:32. The table below shows formulas for computing the standard deviation of statistics from simple random samples. The formula for the standard error of the mean is: where σ is the standard deviation of the original distribution and N is the sample size (the number of scores each Get All Content From Explorable All Courses From Explorable Get All Courses Ready To Be Printed Get Printable Format Use It Anywhere While Travelling Get Offline Access For Laptops and Advertisement Autoplay When autoplay is enabled, a suggested video will automatically play next. Statistic Standard Error Sample mean, x SEx = s / sqrt( n ) Sample proportion, p SEp = sqrt [ p(1 - p) / n ] Difference between means, x1 - So 9.3 divided by the square root of 16, right? Standard Error of the Mean. Thus if the effect of random changes are significant, then the standard error of the mean will be higher. I. Solution The correct answer is (A). This is a sampling distribution. This is the mean of our sample means. So if I know the standard deviation and I know n-- n is going to change depending on how many samples I'm taking every time I do a sample mean-- if

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By John Koku Awoonor-Williams, Elisabeth Tadiri, and Hannah Ratcliffe The Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) initiative in Ghana was created in 1994 with the aim of reducing barriers to geographical access to health care. This initiative is an evidence-based approach to providing community-based care to underserved populations through training and deploying nurses as Community Health Officers (CHOs). These nurses provide door-to-door services for the catchment area of their “CHPS zone,” as well as basic services at community-based CHPS compounds. The CHPS model is based on the premise that community engagement is both a critical function and enabler of strong primary health care systems. After preliminary success with an experimental trial in Navrongo in the Upper East Region during the early 1990s, CHPS became a part of the national health policy in Ghana in 1999. National scale-up of the CHPS model occurred gradually (Figure 1), and the Ghana Health Services (GHS) took advantage of the incremental rollout to conduct implementation research to identify the most effective components of the model. This careful study has led GHS to conclude that community engagement and participation are the most critical components of CHPS for ensuring effective primary health care, and where these components were neglected in the rollout of CHPS, the model has struggled to take hold and health outcomes have not been as positive as desired. Figure 1: Scale-up of Community-based Health Planning and Services model (CHPS) in Ghana from 2001 to 2008. Source: Awoonor-Williams et al. (2013) Lessons learned from scaling up a community-based health program in the Upper East Region of northern Ghana. Global Health Science and Practice. 1(1):117-133. A major part of the implementation guide will be the "15 Steps and Milestones for CHPS Implementation," which draw on lessons learned from the last 20 years of CHPS implementation to explicitly set forth the steps needed to properly and adequately engage communities and create a critical cohort of community health volunteers. These steps are tied to a set of specific activities, for example: situation analysis and problem identification with district teams, sensitization of health workers to the CHPS model, community outreach events such as durbars (traditional festive gatherings), selection of sites for CHPS compounds, and selection and training of Community Health Management Committees (CHMC). Research has shown that the successful completion of every step is critical to the success of CHPS zones, so each of the 15 Steps identifies a set of deliverables to ensure completion of all activities, as well as an individual or group who is responsible for implementation to ensure accountability. Clearly linking all the steps to the ultimate goal enables participants to see the value in working sequentially. Furthermore, the 15 Steps are organized into 6 Milestones to encourage a sense of accomplishment and progress within the district health management team (DHMT), as well as the community. Throughout the process of scaling CHPS, Ghana has employed a “District of Excellence” model to promote intra-country learning and peer-to-peer sharing. In this model, teams from districts about to begin the process of establishing a CHPS zone can participate in a week-long observation and training course at a “District of Excellence” CHPS zone selected for its model leadership and system Ghana has long been seen as a leader in health systems performance in sub-Saharan Africa. Previous work on the CHPS strategy has informed primary health care reforms in Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. With the new CHPS reforms, Ghana is again setting an example and drawing attention to the critical role of community engagement and participation in ensuring the success of PHC systems. To learn more about CHPS, visit their website at http://www.ghanahealthservice.org/chps. John Koku Awoonor-Williams MD, MPH, PhD, is Director of the Ghana Health Service Policy Planning Monitoring and Evaluation Division. Dr. Awoonor-Williams’ expertise includes health systems development, expanding access to healthcare for rural marginalized populations and emergency obstetric referral services Elisabeth Tadiri is a Primary Health Care Intern at Ariadne Labs, a joint center between Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Harvard T. H Chan School of Public Health. Hannah Ratcliffe, MSc is a Primary Health Care Research Specialist at Ariadne Labs.

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Root Canal Treament Root Canal is a method in dentistry also known as "paying off the nerve". In the Root Canal process the vascular nerve blocks inside the tooth causing enormous pain is extracted to avoid further suffering of a patient. What Is Root Canal ? Root Canal is a method in dentistry also known as "paying off the nerve". In the Root Canal process the vascular nerve blocks inside the tooth causing enormous pain is extracted to avoid further suffering of a patient. With specialised equipment, teeth and gum area are cleaned achieving infection-free operation. Each patient's tooth has a lot of blood vessels that expand forming a network of sensitive nerves. A root canal is usually a simple procedure with little or no discomfort involving one to three visits to a dentist. Most patients report that having root canal treatment today is as unremarkable as getting a filling. The best news is that it can save your tooth and your smile. Why Do I Need Root Canal Treatment ? The simple answer is because your tooth will not heal by itself. The infection will spread without treatment. The bone around the tooth will begin to degenerate and the tooth may fall out. Pain usually worsens until you are forced to seek emergency dental attention. The only alternative is usually extraction of the tooth which can cause surrounding teeth to shift crookedly resulting in a bad bite. Though an extraction is cheaper, the space left behind will require an implant or a bridge, which can be more expensive than root canal treatment. If you have the choice, it's always best to keep your original teeth. Root Canal Treatment Done by Dr. Rohan Virani :- Our Endodontist can conveniently do most root canal procedure to save the damaged or dead pulp in the root canal of the tooth by cleaning out the diseased pulp and reshaping the canal. The soft tissue around the tooth contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. Years ago, teeth with diseased or injured pulps were removed. Today, Root Canal Treatment has given our participating dentists a safe way of saving teeth. As scary as it sounds at Trisa Dental Solutions in Mulund (Mumbai) you can sit back and relax as our team of experienced doctors can do your Root Canal in a single sitting of about 45 minutes. Single Sitting Root Canal Treatment at Trisa Dental Solutions :- - A single visit procedure. - It takes only an hour to finish procedure thus saves time. - The patient does not feel discomfort by local anesthesia again and again every visit. - Instant relief from pain. - Imported German Protaper Technology which is more accurate and faster than manual Root Canal. - As single sitting Root Canal is done by Rotary Endodontic Technology from USA and Apex Locator which is the protocol followed in developed Western countries which requires lesser time and gives guaranteed results.

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The thought of coming down with Zika virus has people around the world in panic-mode. The tiny Aedes aegypti mosquito is the culprit that is responsible for spreading the virus, and there are an uncountable number of those pesky winged critters in breeding pools all over the world. Africa was the first continent to identify the Zika Virus. The first case was recorded in 1940. Countries in Asia had an outbreak of the Zika virus in the 1950s, but there were no reported cases of Zika in North or South America until 2015. That’s when Brazil’s chief medical man, Dr. Sergio Cortes put out a report about a potential Zika virus epidemic. The Zika virus is not a life-threating illness for most infected individuals, but the symptoms can be annoying for 3 to 7 days. But Dr. Cortes and his team found another side-effect of the Zika virus that put the world on notice. The Zika virus could potentially cause the disease known as microcephaly in newborn babies. Sergio Cortes and his team believes the Zika virus and microcephaly are related. Babies born with microcephaly have smaller, odd shaped heads, and there is usually brain damage as well. Infected babies live shorter lives, according to Dr. Cortes. On his official website, Dr. Cortes explains the side-effects of the Zika virus as well as the complications that exist when a baby is born with microcephaly. Brazil started a very aggressive program to eradicate the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The chemical Pyriproxyfen developed by a Japanese firm is the larvicide used to alter the genetic structure of the mosquito. Pyriproxyfen is a strong chemical agent, and some doctors believe that chemical rather than the Zika virus is the cause of microcephaly. Dr. Cortes says there is no scientific evidence to support that theory, but Brazil has a research program in place that is studying the effects of the Zika virus as well as the effects of Pyriproxyfen. Dr. Cortes thinks the presence of the virus in amniotic fluid, and the strong temporal and geographic relationship between the Zika virus cases and microcephaly is growing. The Pyriproxyfen theory has no scientific basis at this point, according to Dr. Cortes. For information about the Zika Virus and Dr. Cortes visit the Cortes LinkedIn page. Cortes also has a Facebook page that has more information about his work and the Zika virus. And Twitter users around the world follow Dr. Cortes.

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Excel 2016 - Advanced Formulas and Functions In this Advanced Excel course, you'll learn some more complex formulas functions such as VLOOKUP, IF statements, and more. Using practice files and activities, we'll walk through how to use these statements to take some of the work out of updating and managing data in workbooks. We highly recommend that you attend any prerequisite workshops listed below since familiarity with the skills and concepts taught in them is essential to benefit fully from subsequent workshops. However, if you have independently learned the skills and concepts of the required workshop(s), your "equivalent skills" will be accepted as a substitute for attending the prerequisite workshop(s). To help you determine your skill level, click workshop titles below (if any) for descriptions which outline the topics taught in each workshop and that are assumed in later sessions. You are expected to know the commands and concepts listed within the descriptions for the prerequisite workshop. In most cases, you can also refer to workshop handouts and other helpful materials from the workshop description page. In addition to any specific prerequisites listed, you should have, as a minimum, basic computing skills. While we don’t have any required prerequisites, you will want to be comfortable with creating basic formulas, navigating a workbook, and using autofill to copy and paste cells within a column or row. These are topics covered in our Excel 2016 – Essentials course.

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The results released last month of two different surveys on the Common Core State Standards painted vastly different pictures of the level of public support for the standards now adopted throughout the nation. Both surveys were conducted by respected research organizations. Yet the disparity in the results reflects a marked difference in perception about the nature of the Common Core. Advocates on both sides of the ongoing Common Core debate found their views reinforced by the results of one or the other survey. In the first poll, conducted jointly by Gallup and Phi Delta Kappa (PDK), respondents were first asked how much they knew about the "new national standards for teaching reading, writing, and math in grades K through 12, known as the Common Core State Standards." The question implies that the standards were developed at the national level. When asked, "Do you favor or oppose having the teachers in your community use the Common Core State Standards to guide what they teach?", 60 percent responded in the negative, most often citing that the standards limit teachers' flexibility in teaching what they believe is best. The second poll, conducted by Education Next, introduced the topic more neutrally with "in the last few years states have been deciding whether or not to use" the new standards. When asked whether they support or oppose use of the Common Core, 54 percent responded positively. Support jumped to 68 percent when the term "Common Core" was omitted and the standards were described simply as "standards for reading and math that are the same across the states." The highly politicized debate over how, why and by whom these standards were developed will continue. But it distracts us from what matters most in education: the teaching and learning that happens in every classroom, every day. Standards certainly play a critical role in education; they set consistent expectations for the minimum level of knowledge that students at each level must master. The Common Core standards are unique because they are the first set of standards to be developed and adapted by the majority of states. But their value ends there. Far more important factors influence a positive and successful learning experience. The curriculum must be high quality, easily accessible and understood, and accompanied by a rich library of resources. Teachers must have access to relevant and timely professional learning opportunities. School systems must set clear expectations, and even more importantly, must provide supportive environments where administrators and teachers have the latitude to innovate. Let's keep our focus on giving teachers the resources and independence to do what they do best — creative, engaging, and meaningful instruction. This is the surest path to the quality education that we all want for every child. Renee A. Foose, Ellicott City The writer is Howard County superintendent. To respond to this editorial, send an email to firstname.lastname@example.org. Please include your name and contact information.

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When the severe storm rolls out... we roll in... Did you know hurricane season has already started?? Its June 1st- November 30th to be exact. Are you prepared?? We can help you get prepared with simple knowledge. A thunderstorm is a rain shower during which you hear thunder. Since thunder comes from lightning, all thunderstorms have lightning. A thunderstorm is classified as "severe" when it contains one or ore of the following: - winds in excess of 58 mph - structural wind damage Warning VS Watch A severe warning thunderstorm warnings means that a severe thunderstorm is occurring or is imminent based on Doppler radar information or a reliable spotter report. A warning is issued by the local National Weather Service Office. A sever thunderstorm watch means that the potential exists for the development of thunderstorms which may produce large hail or damaging winds. A watch is issued by the Storm Prediction Center. Do you know what to have in your Emergency Supply Kit? It should include... - Water (one gallon per person per day) - Food (Non-perishable 3-day supply) - Manuel can opener - Battery operated radio, preferably a NOAA Weather Radio with tone alert and extra batteries - Flashlight and extra batteries - First aid kit - Whistle to signal for help - Duct mask or bandanas - Plastic sheeting, garbage bags, and duct tape - Wrench or pliers to turn off utilities - Local maps - Hygiene items - Important documents such as copies of insurance policies, identification, and bank account information - Fire extinguisher - Matches in waterproof container

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by Peter Dawkins Of all the Baconian illustrations, the title page engraving to the first continental edition of Francis Bacon's De Dignitate & Augmentis Scientiarum, published in 1645, shows Bacon most clearly as the philosopher-poet and secret dramatist. Like the other illustrations in the special Baconian set of pictures,which were printed in various books both during Bacon's lifetime and for some time afterwards by his 'successors', it is full of meaning. Bacon is shown seated on a similar chair as in the 1640 Advancement of Learning frontispiece illustration, hatted and robed as the Lord Chancellor. A large folio book lies open on the table in front of him, to a line or word of which he is pointing with the first finger of his right hand. This book, together with his right hand and arm, is illuminated and therefore 'in the light.' By contrast Bacon's left arm and hand is 'in the shadow', and is supporting and pushing the figure of a wildly dressed man up a rocky hill, on top of which is a temple, also in shadow. The figure is clothed in a tunic of fawn or goat skin and has an outsized face with an unusual nose that looks like a mask, all of which identifies him as a bacchant, a performer of the rites of Bacchus(i.e. Dionysus), the god of Drama. The rites of Bacchus involved a mixture of comedy and tragedy, reflecting the nature of life and the universal principle of strife and friendship taught in the Orphic schools of philosophy. When clothed in a fawn skin the bacchant(or female bacchante) wore soft sandals made of fawn skin, the original of the socks of comedy. The tragic actor or bacchant, by contrast, wore high-soled hunting boots made of goatskin,known as buskins, and a goatskin tunic. The bacchant in this picture is not wearing buskins, and therefore the deduction is that the bacchant is wearing fawn skin and is performing comedy which leads to resurrection(i.e. rebirth) and the Mystical Marriage, a goal symbolized by the temple on the hill. Held out in front of the bacchant, in both his hands, is a clasped book with the symbol of a mirror on its cover. In Baconian terms this is a representation of the Book of Nature, the mirror in which we see the image of ourselves, and is similar in meaning to the mirror held by Bacchus in which he sees his own reflection. It also represents the theatre, which imitates in microcosm the stage of the world. The mask has the same meaning, hence both the mask and the mirror-book are emblems of Bacchus and of the theatre. The mask was used in the Dionysian masquerades to represent the incarnate god. The bacchant or tragicomic actor who wore the mask was himself the mask or earthly representative, on stage, of the god Bacchus. Quite clearly the picture is showing that the actor is the mask of the poet-dramatist Bacon, which is not only depicted pictorially but also confirmed by the fact that the name of Bacon is associated with Bacchus, not only through the 'Bacco terminology but also because the pig, like the goat, was sacrificed in the Mysteries as a representation of the god. This is cleverly referred to in The Merry Wives of Windsor, Shakespeare ,IV, i. in Mistress Quickly's line:- Modern editors, completely misunderstanding the meaning, have usually changed the Folio's 'latten' to 'Latin' and reduced 'Bacon' to 'bacon', which kills the intended allusion and hidden meaning. In fact Mistress Quickly is referring to a witty(but deadly serious) incident concerning Francis Bacon's father, Sir Nicholas Bacon, which Francis recorded for posterity as one of his apophthegms( is defined as a terse, pointed saying, embodying an important truth in a few words'). This was printed as Apophthegm 36 in Resuscitatio, published by Dr. William Rawley in 1671:-- Sir Nicholas Bacon, being appointed a Judge for the Northern Circuit and having brought his Trials that came before him to such a pass, as the passing of Sentence on Malefactors, he was by one of Malefactors mightily importuned for to save his life, which when nothing he had said did avail, he at length desired his mercy on the account of kindred: 'Prethee,' said my Lord Judge,'how came that in?' 'Why if it please you my Lord, your name is Bacon, and mine is Hog, and in all Ages Hog and Bacon have been so near kindred, that they are not to be separated.' 'I but,' replyed Judge Bacon, 'you and I cannot be kindred, except you be hanged; for Hog is not Bacon until it be well hanged. This story is told for its value as a parable, which is pointed out by Evans in his rejoinder to Mistress Quickly in the following line, where he notes that she has spoken a 'prable' (parable) Shakespeare, Merry Wives, IV, i. :-- 'Latten' means a mixture of metals, particularly an alloy resembling or identical to brass. It is used elsewhere in the Shakespeare plays and in Bacon's letters as a word-play on 'Latin'. This word-play forms a series of puns, such that 'latten' infers a debased Latin or secret language, confirmed by the Latin word latentis, meaning concealed. The whole of Mistress Quickly's sentence is a remarkable example of punning, the Latin for 'to hang', for instance, being suspendere. Sus is the Latin for a sow, pig, swine or hog, and pendere means to hang down. The 'warrant' can be rendered in Latin as auctor , a word which is often used by Bacon to denote an inventor or author. Moreover, even Mistress Quickly's name is important in this context for 'quickly' is cito in Latin and cito also means to summon, call forward or name, especially in a court of law, or to call upon a god for help. (see Arden, 'Latten: Its meaning and Intention', Baconiana VolXXXVIII, No 148 (May 1954) All this is in keeping with the whole symbolism and meaning of the picture, for Bacchus is intimately associated with the duality of life which he and his mask represents. Tragedy, for instance, which developed out of the Dionysian Mysteries and centered around death or sacrifice, was born in the public theatre as a result of two actors being used on stage instead of one, supposedly first done by Aeshcylus, the reputed father of tragedy. But the roots of such a double act or dualism are much older and embedded as an essential feature of the Dionysian or Orphic Mysteries. Tragedy relates to the first cycle of Dionysian initiation, whilst comedy relates to the second. The first ends in tragic death and separation, whilst the second leads to resurrection, revelation and marriage. Mortality and immortality, natural and spiritual, human and divine, good and evil, birth and death, darkness and light, movement and stillness, sound and silence, irrational and rational, strife and friendship, frenzy and bliss, license and restraint, masculine and feminine, individuality and universality, affection and reason, concealed and revealed: these are some of the great dualities of life taught in the Bacchanlian rites, and which are represented so powerfully in the Shakespeare plays and in Bacon's own life and philosophy--the harmonious balance or middle path always being sought. Just as the actor in the picture holds the symbol of his own earthly image or mask, so Bacon in his chair holds his human mask, the actor, who looks back to Bacon, the author, for his words or instructions. Historically the actor can be none other than the actor Will Shakspere, since he was Bacon's mask for the Shakespeare plays, although in a more general way he could also be representing any Baconian bacchant or even the Shakespeare plays in production on stage. The theatrical productions, either on the stage of the Globe or the stage of the world, form the active part of Bacon's philosophy whilst the open book on the table represents the speculative or written part--the words and instructions. The active and the speculative balance each other like twins--an image Bacon loved to use--just as left and right hands balance each other, and as darkness and light also balance each other, for perfect harmony. It is also a cabalistic image : the creative Word of God, for instance, being associated with the right hand, and the expression of that Word in form being related to the left hand. The Word is light and the matter that gives it form is dark. The Word is equated with the spirit and the form with the soul. It is the human soul which acts out the play given it to perform on the stage of the world. The light and shadow is also symbolic of mind and nature, which the folio of poetry and philosophy, and the actor performing upon the rocky stage of the world, respectively symbolize. To make sure that the 'Shakespeare' significance is thoroughly understood, the open book is shown as a folio. It covers a smaller sized book lying beneath it. None of Bacon's philosophical writings published under his own name of Bacon were published in folio: but the Shakespeare plays were. Moreover the Shakespeare Folio was published in the same year, 1623 as the first edition of Bacon's De Augmentis Scientiarum. The smaller book hidden under the folio is the appropriate size of the De Augmentis publication. However, at first glance the casual reader would probably interpret the folio book as representing the De Augmentis Scientiarum, the very book the reader is about to read. This deception is part of the game, and even this is further used to give the sense of 'in the light' signifying what is made public and ' in the shadow' representing what is kept secret or concealed. Above the actor, on the crown of the rocky hill, is a temple, symbolic it would seem of the Temple of Philosophy which Bacon's method can build--the method being represented by the right and left-hand symbolism already described. But there is more to it than this, for the depiction of this precipitously rocky, flat-topped hill with the temple on it shows that it is an acropolis--the most famous and most fitting one for this Shakepeare-Bacon story being the acropolis of Athens, home of the speare-shaking goddess. However, the temple shown in the picture is circular, covered with a dome and having arches between its columns. There were not many circular temples built by either the Greeks or Romans in classical times. There was certainly not one on the acropolis of Athens, and the Greeks did not use domes or arches in their architecture. However, the Romans did, but they did not have a steep-sided rocky acropolis like Athens. Their famous round temple was the Temple of Vesta in Rome, the most sacred shrine in the imperial city where the vestal fire, representing the fire of the heart or hearth, was kept continually burning by the vestal virgins. The Baconian temple in the picture would appear, therefore, to represent an entirely new temple built on ancient principles and foundations, fusing together the best and most sacred elements of the martial Romans and mercurial Greeks, being a Temple of the Virgin Goddess, the buskinned Diana, sister of Apollo and the guardian mother of the flame of love. Such symbolism beautifully encapsulates Bacon's philosophy and goal. The picture is beautifully made, with every detail carefully thought out and executed. Just to demonstrate absolutely that this is so, look carefully at the cloak or cloth which covers Bacon's legs, hanging just beneath the folio book and his right hand. This cloak or cloth is not part of Bacon's clothing as Lord Chancellor. Instead he seems to hold it separately, and it may well represent a veil, or at least a cloak,--to the mystery which he(or the artist) has unveiled. If you look even closer you should be able to see the face that is picked out in dots upon the cloth--a face which appears to be that of the sun god, Apollo, crowned with solar rays. Bacon was known in his lifetime as 'Apollo.'

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09 Jul Things we can learn from the Life of Moses Moses is one of the most prominent figures in the Old Testament. Moses was the man who chose to bring about redemption. God chose Moses to lead the people of Israel out of their slavery to the land of milk and honey. Moses is also commonly known as the giver of law. The life of Moses is definitely worth examining and the following are some of the things we need to learn from the life of Moses. God picks up the humble: God calls Moses a humble person and he says that no other person on the earth is as humble as Moses. We read in the Bible on how he was one of the meekest men on the earth but God chooses Moses to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses was meek but God led him through many circumstances which helped him to become a great leader. You need to find your confidence in God than in yourself: Whenever you come across a tough and challenging situation we often lose our confidence. But when we build our confidence in God we will be able to face any situation without any hassle. Moses enjoyed most part of his life being a part of the Royal family. He was also quite popular among his people and this could have easily made him a man of pride. But as God was working with Moses, the proud Moses started to become a humble Moses. God will fight our battles: When Moses started his journey to take the Israelites out of Egypt, he had to face a lot of trouble. The Pharaoh’s army came chasing after him to destroy them and when they were stuck between the Pharaoh’s army and the red sea, God miraculously split the red sea, and when the Egyptian army came behind them, the sea closed and destroyed the entire army. So no matter how big your battles might be, if God is leading you, you will not have any trouble. All you have to do is to trust him and follow his path. Moses was not afraid to manifest the presence of God: Moses had a close relationship with God and he also manifested the presence of God. The life of Moses was incredible and he was blessed abundantly. Manifestation is a blessing and it makes our relationship with God much deeper. Moses was a brilliant representative of God: Moses was the ambassador of God. Moses stayed loyal, true and faithful to God all the time. Even the Israelites were constantly complaining and moaning about the things they did not have. They said that they did not have enough water or food but we read in the Bible how God provided them with everything they needed and they even had manna raining down from heaven. Moses never got tired of all their complaining and he made sure that all God’s laws and commandments were enforced.

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SOC 211: Ethnic and Race Relations Existing Course 3 hours, 3 credits 3 sections per semester; 35 seats per section Contact: Martin Eisenberg, [email protected] Area of Knowledge and Inquiry: Analyzing Social Structures (SS) Context of Experience: United States (US) Extended Requirements: None Course Description This course is an introduction to the study of race and ethnicity. In the first part of the course we focus mainly upon the U.S. experience of blacks/whites because this experience has been so central to U.S. development and because the black/white social structure has been a model for how racism was applied to other non-white and inferior white races in the U.S. Our focus on race develops a sociological and historical analysis of race as a social structural relationship that entails social practices and ideology. We begin by an analysis of the 19th century pseudo-scientific biology of race, and contrast those ideas with the current biological and anthropological criticism of the 19th conceptualization in order to emphasize the race relation as a social construction, i.e., a product of political, social and economic history. Then we examine and theorize the origins of slavery, the origins of racism, the development of caste, and the civil rights movement. We analyze how the social structure of race-as-status forms and how it sheds and acquires meanings in response to: the developing economy, the needs of dominant classes, the actions of the state, the status hungers of subordinate white classes, and the social struggles of subordinate groups, mainly blacks. We compare the experience of African Americans with the experience of Jews and Italians who were perceived as inferior white races at the turn of the 20th century, but who, in the post-WWII period, become “white” ethic groups. Finally, we examine both the persistence and moderation of race and racism since the Civil Rights movement with a special focus on the labor market, the housing market and residential segregation, the wealth gap, and whiteness, including white race projects and white privilege. Our goals are 1) to teach students how the social structure of race – as manifested in intergroup relationships, ideology and in practice -- is socially constructed over time; and, 2) to teach the differences between race and biology, race and ethnicity, and race and class . The second part of the course focuses upon and theorizes ethnicity as a changing process affected by the interaction of sub-cultural groups with surrounding social institutions. Assimilation/ resistance to assimilation is our central problematic. We examine aspects of the immigration and ethnic development of the late 19th and early 20th century and the sociological theory used to account for ethnicity and assimilation. We examine a new sociological theory of assimilation that incorporates and revises the older sociological theory and is primarily a response to the “new” immigrations that begin around 1970. We compare the social conditions faced by the descendants of early and new immigrants as well as how their ideas and values changed and are changing. We compare the experience of the second generation of three different “new” ethnic groups and how their assimilation rates are affected by the diverse social, human and financial capital of their immigrant parents, U.S. laws and political institutions, and U.S. capitalism in the light of a globalized economy, the ease of international transportation and communication, and their non-whiteness. Our goal is: 1) to enable students to reflect upon the changing nature of ethnicity and why groups assimilate at different rates or resist assimilating; 2) to enable students to see the changing nature of sociological theory in relation to new experience; and, 3) given the ethnic diversity of QC, we want to provide students with some tools to reflect upon their own experience. Justification 1) Our goals are: a. to enable students to see how sociology contributes to understanding how the concept, intergroup relationship and practice of race is not based in biology; that it is not the same as ethnicity or class; and that the meaning of race changes over time as a consequence of surrounding social factors; b. to show students how sociological concepts enable them to reflect upon how ethnicity and the norms, values and ideas associated with ethnic groups are not static; ethnic sub-cultures change over time through the interaction of ethnic group members with other ethnic groups and with surrounding and changing social institutions; c. and, to show students how sociology can enable them to reflect upon their own ethnic experience. 2) Sociology emphasizes that society creates the conditions of our lives; emphasizes that humans create the world and therefore there is always a possibility for changing the world and expanding democracy; and sociology enables society to reflect upon itself theoretically. . 3) See 1) above. 4) Central comparative elements of this course include: a. comparing social conditions faced by blacks and “inferior” white races and their differential rates of social mobility over generations; b. comparing social conditions faced by new and early 20th century immigrants and their different assimilation rates; c. examining why different ethnic groups, old and new, assimilate at different rates. Global elements include situating the origins of slavery in a context of global economic trade, and the new immigration in a context of a global economy and labor mobility. 5) The course explicitly focuses upon the nature of racial and ethnic diversity and the social construction of race and ethnicity over time. 6) The students are challenged to use theory and evidence to think about, discuss in class, and write about (in 2 papers) whether racism exists and to what extent, and whether U.S. ethnic groups are assimilating or not, and why groups assimilate at different rates. In addition, we want students to be aware of how historical conditions and social change are interwoven with, and affect the development of the sociologically analytic concepts we use to examine the development and practice of race and ethnicity. Course Materials, Assignments, and Activities 1)“Statement on Race” by the American Anthropological Association. An introductory summary of the current biology of race, which argues that biological differences among human groups are insignificant, and that racism develops as an ideology to justify enslavement, conquest and colonization. 2) “Race: The Power of An Illusion: the differences among us”, a film. Extended discussion, with many clear illustrations of current knowledge about genetics, race, and why the 19th and 20th Century pseudo-scientific knowledge of race was fictional. Among many points, the film makes clear that there are as many genetic differences within so-called races, as there are between them, that there are no pure races, that physical traits are not inherited concordantly, and that external, physical characteristics of groups tell us nothing about their abilities, personalities, culture, behavior, etc. 3)”Best of Friends, Worlds Apart”, by Mirta Ojito, New York Times, an extended article that examines how the lives of two Cuban immigrant young men, one black and on white, who were close friends in Cuba grow distant when they arrive in Miami. Everything about their lives changes because the black young man faces social obstacles because he is black, which the white young man cannot conceive. The article demonstrates how the social weight of race and discrimination is much more significant than that of ethnicity. 4)”The Social Origins of Race” by Audrey Smedley discusses the origins of slavery in North America, the three ideological justifications of slavery, and how racism, the justification of slavery by reference to biological differences between whites and black develops as a response to the abolitionist challenge. 5)”Back Toward Slavery”, from Black Reconstruction by W.E.B.DuBois discusses the origins and development of the Caste/Jim Crow system after 1877 as a consequence of the needs of Big Capital/Big Landholders for cheap labor in political alliance with the needs of white workers for jobs and a sense of status superior to blacks. 6) “Status” by Max Weber is a discussion on “Status” as a phenomenon of power that refers to unequal distribution of social honor. At least one powerful group successfully claims positive social honor for itself in order to monopolize economic and political opportunity and simultaneously imposes negative social honor upon a subordinate group to exclude them from jobs and political privilege. I argue that the societalized status relationship between blacks and whites is the most useful way to understand race as a social structure that entails a relationship of domination and subordination, apart from biology and ethnicity, and apart from, although related to class. 7) “No Color Barrier: Italians, Race and Power in the U.S.” by Thomas Guglielmo argues that despite the discrimination and poverty they faced, Italian immigrants were white on arrival to the U.S. and they and their descendants had political and economic opportunities that most blacks did not possess until after the Civil Rights Movement. “The Jewish Horatio Alger Story” in The Ethnic Myth by Stephen Steinberg examines why Jewish immigrants at the turn of the 20th century achieve social mobility more quickly than other immigrants of the time. He concludes that while their norms and values are important, at least as important if not more is the skills, knowledge and experience they bring with them, the time and place of their arrival. This essay challenges the notion that a group’s “culture” is their engine of success or failure, and insists upon the recognition of the availability of economic and educational opportunity, and skills and knowledge. I use both these articles to contrast the political and economic opportunities of white immigrants and the lack of opportunities available to blacks prior to the CRM. 8) “How Did the Jews Become White Folks” by Karen Brodkin argues that Jewish Americans do not become “fully white” until after WWII with the minimization of antiSemitic and other ethnic prejudices, the expansion of the economy with government help, and the educational, housing and employment assistance provided to Jewish and all other white veterans by the federal government that was disproportionately withheld from African American veterans. Brodkin likens this to a kind of affirmative action for whites only. I use this article to emphasize that white groups do not “make it on their own”, but that they have been boosted into the middle class by the aid of the federal government. 9) “The Civil Rights Movement: A Social and Political Watershed” by Aldon Morris and Cedric Herring, emphasizes how the tripartite oppression (i.e. the Jim Crow/Caste system) of blacks is fractured by the CRM and traces the some of the high-lights of the CRM. I use this article to emphasize that social change for African Americans did not occur without intense political struggle over many years and the passage of laws against discrimination in the economy and to guarantee the right to vote. 10) “The Great Transformation” from Racial Formation in the U.S. by Michael Omi and Howard Winant emphasizes the social conditions that make the CRM possible, the origins of new social movement politics, the redefining of “black identity”, and the shift to black power. This article emphasizes how the development of racial meanings is a product of social and historical struggle. Racial Issues Since The Civil Rights Movement: is this still a racist society? 11)”An Interview” with Dalton Conley that emphasizes the racially unequal distribution of wealth, how most people accumulate wealth, why wealth is important, and the historical advantages of whites in the wealth accumulation. “Racial Inequality and African Americans’ Disadvantage in the Credit and Capital Markets” by Gary Dymski and Patrick Mason, Racial discrimination has diminished since the CRM but remains significant. 12) “Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Conditions: by Douglas Massey emphasizes the persistence of residential segregation over the last 25 years, and the ways in which it significantly advantages white people in the areas of employment, education, and the appreciation in the value of their homes. “The Downward Spiral” emphasizes the responsibility of whites and white demand for the much more rapid appreciation in the value of white homes in white areas and the much more rapid depreciation of homes in black, in contrast with homes in interracial areas that remain interracial. 13) “Race, Ethnicity and the American Labor Market” by Roberta Spalter-Roth and Terri Ann Lowenthal (for the American Sociological Association) synthesizes 91 articles on labor force participation, occupational data, displaced worker outcomes by race and ethnicity. Also, this article discusses the extent of racial and ethnic discrimination (i.e., the “veil” in the labor market), how and where it occurs, and how most people get their jobs. “Persistent Racial Discrimination in the Labor Market” by Patrick Mason. 14) “New Marriages, New Families: U.S. Racial and Hispanic Intermarriage” by the Population Reference Bureaus shows (if intermarriage is an indicator of continuing prejudice) that the rate of both black-white, and Hispanic-white intermarriage has increased significantly (i.e., racism is diminishing) but, the rate of black-white intermarriage remains quite low (i.e., racism is still very powerful). “The Unrealized American Dream” by D. Muhammed compares social indicators such as income, wealth, high school and college education, poverty, stock ownership by race. “The Central Framework of Colorblind Racism” from Racism Without Racists by Eduardo Bonilla-Silva examines the components of “color blind racism”, how whites persuade themselves they do not have racial prejudice. 15) “White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack” by Patricia McIntosh examines the ways in which whites as whites have social privileges that blacks as blacks do not possess. “Behind Blue Eyes: Whiteness and U.S. Politics” by Howard Winant discusses how the conflict of political visions and strategies among whites groups (“Race Projects) across the political spectrum produce and change racial meanings (along with those of black groups). “Double Consciousness and the Veil”, examines black self-consciousness in the 20th century before the CRM, and how whites see blacks through a veil that consists of the white prejudices against blacks. On Ethnic Groups 16) “Sociological Reflections in the Melting Pot, Cultural Pluralism and Assimilation” by Martin Eisenberg. Basic definitions: the melting pot, cultural pluralism, assimilation, multi-ethnicity, multi-culturalism, social indicators. Conceptual responses to immigration in the early 20th century. Robert Park’s theory of assimilation as a response to mass immigration and the critique of Park’s theory. “New Assimilation Theory: The Conceptual Framework” from Re-making The American Mainstream by Robert Alba and Victor Nee. How this theory incorporates and differs from Park’s theory, how it is a response to the new immigration, what it explains that Park’s theory cannot explain. These articles emphasize how sociological theory changes as social conditions change and with reflection upon those conditions. 17) “Rules of Capitalism” by Martin Eisenberg situates immigration in a context of global capital and global labor mobility. I use this article to argue that immigration to the U.S. serves an economic function for the U.S. and is not merely the expression of the desires of immigrants for a better life. 18) “Evidence of Contemporary Assimilation” by R. Alba and V. Nee is used to demonstrate how to use Park and Alba and Nee to assess the extent to which many different ethnic groups of the new immigration are assimilating into U.S. society although at different rates. The next eight readings focus on the second generation of three ethnic groups: Dominican-Americans, Black English-speaking Caribbean-Americans, and KoreanAmericans. We examine social indicators of assimilation in relation to each groups including: educational accomplishments, economic positions, political participation, intermarriage, residential concentration and dispersal, politics, institutional participation and development, and norms and values. We examine the factors that contribute to different rates of assimilation and to resistance to assimilation. 19)”Ethnic and Post-Ethnic Politics in New York City: The Dominican Second Generation” by Nicole Marwell. “Somewhere Between Wall Street and El Barrio: Community Colleges as a Second Chance for Second-Generation Latino Students” 20) “Jamaicans: Balancing Race and Ethnicity” by Milton Vickerman. “’We’re Just Black’: The Racial and Ethic Identitites of Scond-Generation West-Indians in New York” by Sherri-Ann Butterfield. “’Isn’t Anybody Here from Alabama’?”: Solidarity and Struggle in a ‘Mighty, Mighty Union’” by Amy Foerster. 21) “Korean Americans”: by Pyong Gap Min “Class Matters: Racial and Ethnic Identities of Working and Middle-Class Second Generation Americans in NYC”, by Sara Lee. “Ethnic Futures: Children and Intermarriage” in Becoming Asian American by Nazia Kibria. The Future of Race in the U.S.: These articles are different perspectives on the future. 22) “Black, Honorary White, White: The Future of Race in the U.S.” by E. Bonilla-Silva “Racial Justice in a Black/Nonblack Society” by George Yancy. Exams: There are three non-cumulative, multiple choice, True/False, short answer examinations. Papers: There are two 5-6 page papers. In Paper # 1, the class is asked to use the empirical evidence and theoretical material assigned in the class to answer the following question: Do Whites still exercise domination over African Americans by treating them and other Blacks as a subordinated status groups? In Paper #2, the class is asked to use the empirical evidence and theoretical material assigned in the class to answer the following questions: Is the ethnic group you have chosen to examine from among the second generation of the new immigration assimilating, resisting assimilation, or both? And, what do you believe is the future for this group in 25 years in relation to the process of assimilation? Group Presentations: The class is divided into nine groups of four individuals. Each group presents the major ideas of one of the articles about one of the ethnic groups and discusses whether the group is assimilating or not. Assessment In conjunction with Middle Sates Accreditation requirements, the department of sociology is managing a pilot program—using Social Statistics (Sociology 205)—to develop measures to gauge student outcomes for our core courses. The outcome of this pilot will provide an assessment framework that we will apply to PLAS course assessment. Administration This course will be taught by full-time and adjunct faculty members. The department’s Curriculum Committee will oversee PLAS courses and suggest and approve course modifications. To insure ongoing quality control, the department will use the Teaching Observation to evaluate pedagogy in the PLAS courses. Conducted once during the fall and spring semesters, faculty evaluators will observe each PLAS class to examine course content and to evaluate how closely the syllabus reflects PLAS goals and objectives.

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“Eat more fiber.” “Whole grains are better for you.”` Over the past few decades, eating brown bread has become associated with being more health conscious, and it’s actually still trending. According to a recent USDA survey, Americans doubled their intake of whole grains over a ten-year period between 2004-2014. But, like many food trends, eating brown bread is nothing new. Worldwide, people have been doing it for millennia. However, the American take on it is unique and originated relatively recently, going back a few centuries. Here’s the scoop on why that is. New World, New Bread Recipe It all starts with thirded bread, which was a staple of European households. As the name implies, people would often make bread with equal amounts of flour from three different grains; in England, it was usually wheat, rye, and oats. Until the 20th century, wheat flour was considered expensive in most households, so thirded bread was a great way to make it stretch. According to Kathleen Wall, Living History Educator and Colonial Foodways Specialist at Plimoth Plantation in Plymouth, Mass., once they arrived in the 1600s, it didn’t take long for the Pilgrims to figure out that wheat didn’t grow as well in the New World as it did back home. To ensure they’d have food enough to survive, they learned to plant wheat and rye together. They’d never have planted two cereal grains together back in England, but it was a failsafe method, Wall explains, since New England weather is fickle, and conditions that were a curse to one crop were usually a boon to the other. Maize (aka corn) was new to the colonists’ diet, but plentiful in New England. As a result, the Pilgrims learned to plant it and make their thirded bread with a combination of wheat, rye, and maize (instead of oat) flour. Molasses, which, along with rum, played a major role in the colonial economy, is also a crucial ingredient in thirded bread. It’s also likely to have contained ground peas or beans, especially in the 17th and 18th century. However, since legumes were considered “poor man’s food,” they did not appear as an ingredient in any bread recipes at the time. Ready to Eat from the Can While thirded bread was originally baked in the hearth by the heat of hot embers, the colonists also enjoyed boiling it in a pot of water to make a steamed pudding. This evolved into what is now known as Boston brown bread. Like Boston baked beans, with which the bread is often served, it’s associated with traditional New England cuisine. For 151 years, B & M has been operating out of Portland, Maine and making brick-oven baked beans. Around the 1920s-1930s, the company also started making brown bread that — you guessed it — comes in a can. Now available either plain or with raisins, the bread is actually steam-cooked in the can, so it’s ready to eat when you open it. It even has a two-year shelf life. According to Associate Brand Manager Karen Hopper, the ingredients for B & M’s brown bread are very similar to those used centuries ago to make thirded bread, including whole wheat flour, cornmeal, and molasses. “Most people are stunned that it exists,” says Hopper. Regardless, there’s a market for nostalgic foods, and sales tend to spike during the holidays, especially Thanksgiving, Christmas, Easter, and Independence Day. Wall, who has experimented with making different brown bread recipes and recommends King Arthur Flour’s version, is also a fan of the canned stuff. It’s “uber New England comfort food,” she writes. But if you choose to make brown bread for scratch, she says, a word of advice: you can make it in a can, or even in a glass canning jar, but make sure it’s of the wide-mouth variety. You can also make it in a slow-cooker, which is a real game-changer. Whichever way you have it — homemade or bought canned online — brown bread is a hearty treat that goes well with soups, stews and a bit of New England folklore. Header image courtesy of King Arthur Flour.

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This is the story of a regular battalion from mobilization to the end of the Battle of the Aisne in September 1914. When war broke out 1st E Lancs, a regular battalion, was stationed in Colchester, part of 11th Brigade, 4th Division. The battalion arrived in France on 22nd August 1914 and we are given the list of officers who embarked with the battalion. This account of the battalion’s experiences in just three weeks includes the Battle of Le Cateau, the retreat to the Marne, the Battle of the Marne and the Aisne crossing. Among the officers killed was the CO, Lt Col Le Marchant It concludes on 10th October when the Battalion entrained for Flanders and we are given the nominal roll of officers who went with it. There is an interesing table showing daily distances marched during the retreat to the Marne (thirty miles on 27th August, the day after Le Cateau) and in the week following the end of the retreat and the advance across the Aisne (22 miles on 12th September). This is a graphic account of those first weeks of the war. Keywords: history, war, wwi, first world war, world war one, world war 1, ww1, england, english, british, britain, uk, france, europe, germany, battalion, regiment, army, soldiers, battles, historical

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Platinum has traditionally been used as the electrocatalyst in electrolysers that store electric energy as chemical compounds. However, platinum is a rare and expensive metal. Now, researchers have succeeded in developing a substitute to it that is cheap and effective. Researchers have exploited gold nanotubes with controlled length and tunable absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region for applications as photothermal conversion agents and in vivo photoacoustic imaging contrast agents. They developed a length-controlled synthesis to fabricate gold nanotubes with well-defined shape, high crystallinity, and tunable NIR surface plasmon resonance. Researchers found that silver nanowires can be made almost indestructible and highly bendable by covering the minuscule wire with silicon dioxide. The new material can be used for making next generation optical cables, which until now have been easily fractured if bent. The new material 'memorizes' its original position and regenerates when needed. Researchers have discovered through the in situ observation of the behavior of photoexcited carriers on the surface of a titanium dioxide crystal used as a photocatalyst that the carrier (electron and positive hole) lifetime on the crystal surface is an important factor to determine the catalytic activity. For the first time, scientists have succeeded in recording the current in membrane channels of contracting cardiac cells. To do this, the scientists combined an atomic force microscope with a widely used method for measuring electrical signals in cells. Researchers have developed a unique single-step process to achieve three-dimensional (3D) texturing of graphene and graphite. Using a commercially available thermally activated shape-memory polymer substrate, this 3D texturing, or 'crumpling', allows for increased surface area and opens the doors to expanded capabilities for electronics and biomaterials.

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Manipulatives are a wonderful way to keep students engaged and enthusiastic in math. They allow students to move from the concrete movement of objects to demonstrate mathematic calculations to the more abstract reasoning. Many math researchers recommend math manipulatives be in use in all grade classrooms, not just the early years. Here are the Top Uses for Manipulatives in Math: - Recognizing shapes - Explaining reasoning - Understanding base ten - Problem Solving - Building confidence Using manipulatives is also a lot of fun! Here are some of our NEW math manipulatives available at Quality Classrooms: Translucent Stackable Counters are a versatile alternative to base ten if base ten is not in your classroom. Individual counters can be stacked into rods of ten and then tens can be grouped to make one hundred. Playing on a light source encourages investigation of light, colour and shape. Adding light can also help to focus a group. Translucent plastic counters (2cm diameter) in 6 colours can be stacked into towers or used for counting, sorting, pattern making and sequencing. Includes reusable storage container. 500 pieces. Age 3+. Robust and tactile, this appealing set of Tactile Counting Stones displays number arrays from 1 to 10. Perfect for number bonds to 20, these stones are made from a unique stone mix and are durable for use in sand, water and outside. Use them to introduce and support math concepts including counting, number recognition, subitizing and number bonds. Contains 20 stones (two sets of 1–10) measuring approx. 7.5cm in length. Age 3+. Foam Factor Tiles will aid students in practicing their multiplication up to 12, learning the meaning of prime numbers, understanding factors and creating factor diagrams. Perfect for quiet group learning. The set contains 149 colour-coded foam pieces. Largest piece is 5cm high. Includes instruction guide with activities and games. Grade 3+. Put the power of the colour-coded Rainbow Fraction Teaching System to work! This comprehensive kit includes: Rainbow Fraction Circles (3), Rainbow Fraction Squares (3), Rainbow Fraction Tiles (3), Fraction Tower Cubes (3), Deluxe Rainbow Fraction Circle Flash Cards, Deluxe Rainbow Fraction Square & Decimal Flash Cards, Deluxe Transparent Rainbow Fraction Circles, Transparent Rainbow Fraction Tiles, Deluxe Fraction Tower Activity Set, plus a storage tub and Teaching Guide. Grade 1+. Explore plane geometry on the desktop with Connecting Bars that are able to snap together at any angle end-to-end. Investigate angles in polygons with included protractors that also connect to the connecting bars. Grade K+. Includes 10 student sets, 1 transparent set and activity cards all stored in a reusable container. An exciting way to play with algebra: The Four-Pan Algebra Balance is a unique balance and lets you demonstrate that -1 < 0. Weights placed on the outer pans represent negative integers, and those placed in the inner pans represent positive integers, making it possible to demonstrate that (-1) + (+1) = 0. Includes 4 plastic pans, 4 plastic canisters, a set of plastic weights, and Activity Guide. Some assembly required. Grade 6+.

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A View from Emily Singer Synchronized Brain Activity Helps Memories Form A procedure designed to locate the source of epileptic seizures could help scientists better understand memory. Why do we remember some seemingly mundane details of our day while forgetting others? Researchers from Caltech are chipping away at this question by studying the brains of epilepsy patients undergoing a procedure to locate the source of their seizures. Ueli Rutishauser, a researcher at the California Institute of Technology, in Pasadena, recorded electrical activity from single neurons in part of the brain responsible for memory in these patients as they looked at a series of pictures. He later showed the patients another set of pictures, some new and some previously shown, and asked them which they had seen before. He then searched for differences in the brain activity recorded when the patients were shown pictures that would later be forgotten or remembered. Rutishauser found that a patient was highly likely to remember a picture if the activity of a single neuron was correlated to a broader electrical rhythm in the brain called the theta rhythm–this four-to-eight hertz rhythm results from large populations of neurons firing synchronously. The correlation “also predicts the confidence that they will remember it,” he says. “If they remember it strongly, the correlation will be even stronger. If they are guessing, the correlation will be weak.” It’s not yet clear what regulates the phenomena, it might be a function of attention, motivation or some unknown property of the internal circuit dynamics of the brain, says Rutishauser. “We want to figure out what regulates it so that we can change it, perhaps allowing for the creation of stronger memories.” The research was presented at the Society for Neuroscience conference in Chicago this week. Become an MIT Technology Review Insider for in-depth analysis and unparalleled perspective.Subscribe today

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Gene Baur, President and Co-Founder of Farm Sanctuary. Photography: Derek Goodwin Gene Baur is the President and Co-Founder of Farm Sanctuary, a farm animal protection organization that runs the largest rescue and refuge network for farm animals in North America. Through his campaigns, Baur educates the public by uncovering the detrimental realities of factory farming. We asked him a few questions about the environmental impact of factory farms. How do you reach out to people? We want people to learn more, so we hand out literature about the truths of factory farming. We encourage people to be mindful of their food choices and to eat in a way that is consistent with their values and interest in preserving the environment. There is growing evidence that links animal farming to environmental destruction. We want to take care of the earth and not destroy it. What are some of the most important facts to know about factory farming's effect on our environment? Factory farms are the top contributors to global warming. Most people don't realize they require enormous amounts of fossil fuels. One meat meal requires 16 times more fossil fuels than one vegetarian meal. Taxpayers subsidize our food system by supporting government policy (which provides cheap corn and soybeans to farmers to feed their livestock). The prices of meat are artificially low. These crops are fertilized with petro-chemicals, so fuel is required to plant crops. Water is a precious resource. There is a 10:1 ratio in terms of water resources necessary for meat production versus vegetarian food production. The"externalities" or external costs of factory farms include polluted surface and ground water due to untreated manure lagoons that are basically just liquid waste. There was a theory that anaerobic decomposition would decay it all. However, when it rains, these lagoons overflow. This also causes a destruction of property values because of the stench. For those who don't want to make the switch to veganism, what are some ways they can make a difference? Try being vegan or vegetarian one day a week or make an effort to be vegan meal by meal. Explore new options. There are some great vegan restaurants. Encourage other people to learn more about their food and make more conscientious decisions. Try something creative in the kitchen. Eat more fruits and vegetables. That said, adopting a vegan lifestyle is the single most influential thing you can do to help the planet. Factory farms mislead consumers by saying that their animals are treated humanely. When there is transparency within these industries, change is inevitable. Anna Monette Roberts, Editorial Intern

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How to measure goes to the root of the experimental process. What to use as the measuring device? How do you know to trust it? Ultimately, measurements are the comparison of one unknown quantity againsts a known quantity, where the known quantity is used to determine the unknown quantity. The history of the lathe lead screw serves as a great illustration about how to go about solving this issue of understanding and trust in measurement. In this case a machine lathe is to be used to cut screw threads. This is done by engaging the “lead screw” of the lathe which the tool then follows when cutting the screw thread. In doing so, a reproduction of the thread pitch of the lead screw is created in the cut screw thread. But, where did the lead screw come from in the first place? More specifically, how was the first lead screw constructed? There was, of course, no lead screw lathe to use to make it. The sequence of logical arguments and constructs that is used to create a lead screw is instructive for understanding measurement and the construction of any comprehensive, precision device. And, I believe, in understanding how to build secure systems. I’ll cover this in an upcoming blog posting. The process described here is from one hundred years ago. A precision wire of fixed diameter is wound closely around a precision mandrel of fixed diameter that is mounted on a special lathe, so no gaps appear between the windings. The diameter of the mandrel and the wire thus determine the pitch of the resulting screw. This is the first logical argument, that a wound wire approximates a screw thread and can determine the pitch. Uncertainties exist in many places in the above setup, but principally in the wire and mandrel. Following the wire at one point around the mandrel while cutting the screw would reproduce the errors in the wire and mandrel identically. Here is where the second logical argument comes in. Recognizing this problem, the screw maker constructs a multi-thread cutting tool that will contact the work in multiple places and a nut is fashioned for following the wire that also contacts the wire over multiple turns of the wire. Thus, the errors of the wire and mandrel are averaged out over the multiple turns of the wire and a more precise thread is cut in the screw. How does this apply to cybersecurity you ask? It is the process of a sequence of logical arguments and constructs that is the template to follow in creating a secure system. First, limit to a simple system that may be fully described and understood, then reason about the elements of security that are needed at each point or stage of the system to ensure cybersecurity. Finally, implement and test those logical constructs in a rigorous manner to ensure that they are followed. This is the only way to build a system that inspires confidence that it is actually secure. “Making Precision Screws For Scientific Instruments”, Machinery Magazine, August 9, 1917

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Researches from Microsoft Research, the University of Tokyo and Georgia Tech have successfully developed a system that lets them print fully-functional electrical circuits using nothing more than "commodity inkjet printers and off-the-shelf materials" at the nimble cost of $300 and the 60 seconds it takes to print them. Recent advances in chemically bonding metal particles allowed the researchers to use silver nanoparticle ink to print the circuits and avoid thermal bonding, or sintering, a time-consuming and potentially damaging technique due to the heat. Printing the circuits on resin-coated paper, PET film and glossy photo paper worked best. Researchers also made a list of materials to avoid, such as canvas cloths and magnet sheets. Everything we introduced in our research is available in the market and makes it possible for people to try this at home, said Yoshihiro Kawahara, Associate Professor at the University of Tokyo and the primary investigator who developed the methodology while in Atlanta. The method can be used to print circuit boards, sensors and antennas with little cost, and it opens up many new opportunities. |Solar Panel Made with Human Hair| |Goodbye Microwave Oven, and Thanks for All the Popcorn| |Bitponics: Control Your Garden from Your Computer| |Vanish: Self-Destructing Digital Data| |"By changing the spacing of atoms on one surface, they observed a point at which friction disappears."| |How to Avoid Jury Duty| |The Pirate Supply Store| |“A dystopian vision of the future is already happening in China.”| |“When Life Gives You Lemons.”| |“The world’s first hydrogen-powered train.”| |Japanese Robot Serves Ice Cream From Inside a Vending Machine| |Flying into Pape station. #ttc| |“Rejuvenation is Finally an Industry.”| |“Google isn’t liable because it is nothing and nowhere and endless.”| |Why, Typewriters Are Alive and Well, Thank you| |CaptchaTweet: Write Tweets in Captcha Form| |“The first-ever driverless mass transit test program.”|

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Catalonia, the autonomous Spanish region, seventh most populous urban area in the European Union, and home of surrealist eccentric Salvador Dalí, is at odds with its ruling state. Or at least part of it is. What’s the Deal with Catalonia? The movement for independence has been ingrained in the Catalan political culture since the 19th century, and it developed the first pro-independence political party Estat Català, or Catalan State, in 1922. Pro-independence representation in seats of power has fluctuated over the past century, but the debate has reached a boiling point in recent years. Incumbent Catalan President Carles Puigdemont is a devoted member of the Catalan European Democratic Party, characterized mainly by its unyielding support for Catalonia’s independence. In the past three years, Catalonia has held two separate (and according to the Spanish Constitutional Court, unconstitutional) independence referendums, and in each, the pro-secession vote dominated by an overwhelming margin. But in both cases, the voter turnout hovered around 42% which is largely underwhelming, even by American standards. This is can be explained by two reasons: Firstly, many opponents of Catalan nationalism refuse to participate in any referendum condemned by the national government. And secondly, the Spanish police engage in violent voter suppression to thwart the movement towards independence. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that the numbers on both sides of the issue are likely to be vastly underreported. Thus the results could appropriately be interpreted as unreliable. Nonetheless, the rickety coalition of parties constructed by the region’s leadership is set on independence and battening down the hatches for a rhetorical battle with the Spanish government. Days after the latest referendum, Puigdemont made an official declaration of independence; however, it came with a caveat. He revealed that the declaration will not become active for several weeks, and he was hasty to reach out to the national government with offers of negotiation. In response, Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy issued an ominous ultimatum: Withdraw the declaration of Catalan independence, or Catalonia’s autonomy will be temporarily revoked. The Catalan government has not responded. Is Secession Trending? But to look at the bigger picture, a large, diverse nation is torn by a historically individualistic region that predictably yearns for outright independence. Does that sound familiar? Because it should. Putting aside largely farcical independence movements such as California or Texas’s separation from the United States and far more intricate political minefields such as Taiwan or Palestine, the world might be diagnosed with a fever of secession. Scotland faced a similar situation in 2014. After considering many of the same political and socioeconomic factors that Catalonia is plagued with today, Scottish voters decided to remain apart of the United Kingdom by a ten point margin. Conversely, the UK voted to leave the European Union by a narrow three point margin just last year. Similar democratic, though not necessarily bloodless, departures include East Timor from Indonesia in 2002, Montenegro from Serbia in 2006, and South Sudan from the Republic of Sudan in 2011. However, not every goodbye is mutual. Some self-declared sovereign nations, including Kosovo, Northern Cyprus, and Western Sahara, are still very much in dispute with their former ruling states. Is there a trend of independence? As political scientists put it, is there concrete evidence of a “contagion theory,” wherein one region with an independence movement inevitably infects others? Is the world ricocheting back from the Age of Imperialism, unintentionally but steadily dividing smaller and smaller among more homogeneous populations? Probably not. But as with Catalonia, caught in its whirlwind between the voters, the politicians and parties, and the competing governments, the final results have yet to be determined.

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This PEP proposes the introduction of a new built-in type, bool, with two constants, False and True. The bool type would be a straightforward subtype (in C) of the int type, and the values False and True would behave like 0 and 1 in most respects (for example, False==0 and True==1 would be true) except repr() and str(). All built-in operations that conceptually return a Boolean result will be changed to return False or True instead of 0 or 1; for example, comparisons, the "not" operator, and predicates like I've collected enough feedback to last me a lifetime, so I declare the review period officially OVER. I had Chinese food today; my fortune cookie said "Strong and bitter words indicate a weak cause." It reminded me of some of the posts against this Anyway, here are my BDFL pronouncements. (Executive summary: I'm not changing a thing; all variants are rejected.) 1) Should this PEP be accepted? There have been many arguments against the PEP. Many of them were based on misunderstandings. I've tried to clarify some of the most common misunderstandings below in the main text of the PEP. The only issue that weighs at all for me is the tendency of newbies to write "if x == True" where "if x" would suffice. More about that below too. I think this is not a sufficient reason to reject the PEP. 2) Should str(True) return "True" or "1"? "1" might reduce backwards compatibility problems, but looks strange. (repr(True) would always return "True".) Almost all reviewers agree with this. 3) Should the constants be called 'True' and 'False' (similar to None) or 'true' and 'false' (as in C++, Java and C99)? => True and False. Most reviewers agree that consistency within Python is more important than consistency with other languages. 4) Should we strive to eliminate non-Boolean operations on bools in the future, through suitable warnings, so that for example True+1 would eventually (in Python 3000) be illegal? There's a small but vocal minority that would prefer to see "textbook" bools that don't support arithmetic operations at all, but most reviewers agree with me that bools should always allow arithmetic operations. 5) Should operator.truth(x) return an int or a bool? Tim Peters believes it should return an int, but almost all other reviewers agree that it should return a bool. My rationale: operator.truth() exists to force a Boolean context on its argument (it calls the C API PyObject_IsTrue()). Whether the outcome is reported as int or bool is secondary; if bool exists there's no reason not to use it. (Under the PEP, operator.truth() now becomes an alias for bool(); that's fine.) 6) Should bool inherit from int? In an ideal world, bool might be better implemented as a separate integer type that knows how to perform mixed-mode arithmetic. However, inheriting bool from int eases the implementation enormously (in part since all C code that calls PyInt_Check() will continue to work -- this returns true for subclasses of int). Also, I believe this is right in terms of substitutability: code that requires an int can be fed a bool and it will behave the same as 0 or 1. Code that requires a bool may not work when it is given an int; for example, 3 & 4 is 0, but both 3 and 4 are true when considered as truth 7) Should the name 'bool' be changed? Some reviewers have argued for boolean instead of bool, because this would be easier to understand (novices may have heard of Boolean algebra but may not make the connection with bool) or because they hate abbreviations. My take: Python uses abbreviations judiciously (like 'def', 'int', 'dict') and I don't think these are a burden to understanding. To a newbie, it doesn't matter whether it's called a waffle or a bool; it's a new word, and they learn quickly what it means. One reviewer has argued to make the name 'truth'. I find this an unattractive name, and would actually prefer to reserve this term (in documentation) for the more abstract concept of truth values that already exists in Python. For example: "when a container is interpreted as a truth value, an empty container is considered false and a non-empty one is considered true." 8) Should we strive to require that Boolean operations (like "if", "and", "not") have a bool as an argument in the future, so that for example "if :" would become illegal and would have to be written as "if bool():" ??? Some people believe that this is how a language with a textbook Boolean type should behave. Because it was brought up, others have worried that I might agree with this position. Let me make my position on this quite clear. This is not part of the PEP's motivation and I don't intend to make this change. (See also the section "Clarification" below.) Most languages eventually grow a Boolean type; even C99 (the new and improved C standard, not yet widely adopted) has one. Many programmers apparently feel the need for a Boolean type; most Python documentation contains a bit of an apology for the absence of a Boolean type. I've seen lots of modules that defined constants "False=0" and "True=1" (or similar) at the top and used those. The problem with this is that everybody does it differently. For example, should you use "FALSE", "false", "False", "F" or even "f"? And should false be the value zero or None, or perhaps a truth value of a different type that will print as "true" or "false"? Adding a standard bool type to the language resolves those issues. Some external libraries (like databases and RPC packages) need to be able to distinguish between Boolean and integral values, and while it's usually possible to craft a solution, it would be easier if the language offered a standard Boolean type. This also applies to Jython: some Java classes have separately overloaded methods or constructors for int and boolean arguments. The bool type can be used to select the boolean variant. (The same is apparently the case for some COM interfaces.) The standard bool type can also serve as a way to force a value to be interpreted as a Boolean, which can be used to normalize Boolean values. When a Boolean value needs to be normalized to one of two values, bool(x) is much clearer than "not not x" and much more concise than Here are some arguments derived from teaching Python. When showing people comparison operators etc. in the interactive shell, I think this is a bit ugly: >>> a = 13 >>> b = 12 >>> a > b If this was: >>> a > b it would require a millisecond less thinking each time a 0 or 1 There's also the issue (which I've seen baffling even experienced Pythonistas who had been away from the language for a while) that if you see: >>> cmp(a, b) >>> cmp(a, a) you might be tempted to believe that cmp() also returned a truth value, whereas in reality it can return three different values (-1, 0, 1). If ints were not (normally) used to represent Booleans results, this would stand out much more clearly as something completely different. The following Python code specifies most of the properties of the def __new__(cls, val=0): # This constructor always returns an existing instance __str__ = __repr__ def __and__(self, other): if isinstance(other, bool): return bool(int(self) & int(other)) return int.__and__(self, other) __rand__ = __and__ def __or__(self, other): if isinstance(other, bool): return bool(int(self) | int(other)) return int.__or__(self, other) __ror__ = __or__ def __xor__(self, other): if isinstance(other, bool): return bool(int(self) ^ int(other)) return int.__xor__(self, other) __rxor__ = __xor__ # Bootstrap truth values through sheer willpower False = int.__new__(bool, 0) True = int.__new__(bool, 1) The values False and True will be singletons, like None. Because the type has two values, perhaps these should be called "doubletons"? The real implementation will not allow other instances of bool to be created. True and False will properly round-trip through pickling and marshalling; for example pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(True)) will return True, and so will marshal.loads(marshal.dumps(True)). All built-in operations that are defined to return a Boolean result will be changed to return False or True instead of 0 or 1. In particular, this affects comparisons (<, <=, ==, !=, >, >=, is, is not, in, not in), the unary operator 'not', the built-in functions callable(), hasattr(), isinstance() and issubclass(), the dict method has_key(), the string and unicode methods endswith(), isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), islower(), isspace(), istitle(), isupper(), and startswith(), the unicode methods isdecimal() and isnumeric(), and the 'closed' attribute of file objects. The predicates in the operator module are also changed to return a bool, including operator.truth(). Because bool inherits from int, True+1 is valid and equals 2, and so on. This is important for backwards compatibility: because comparisons and so on currently return integer values, there's no way of telling what uses existing applications make of these It is expected that over time, the standard library will be updated to use False and True when appropriate (but not to require a bool argument type where previous an int was allowed). This change should not pose additional problems and is not specified in detail by this PEP. The header file "boolobject.h" defines the C API for the bool type. It is included by "Python.h" so there is no need to include The existing names Py_False and Py_True reference the unique bool objects False and True (previously these referenced static int objects with values 0 and 1, which were not unique amongst int A new API, PyObject *PyBool_FromLong(long), takes a C long int argument and returns a new reference to either Py_False (when the argument is zero) or Py_True (when it is nonzero). To check whether an object is a bool, the macro PyBool_Check() can The type of bool instances is PyBoolObject *. The bool type object is available as PyBool_Type. This PEP does *not* change the fact that almost all object types can be used as truth values. For example, when used in an if statement, an empty list is false and a non-empty one is true; this does not change and there is no plan to ever change this. The only thing that changes is the preferred values to represent truth values when returned or assigned explicitly. Previously, these preferred truth values were 0 and 1; the PEP changes the preferred values to False and True, and changes built-in operations to return these preferred values. Because of backwards compatibility, the bool type lacks many properties that some would like to see. For example, arithmetic operations with one or two bool arguments is allowed, treating False as 0 and True as 1. Also, a bool may be used as a sequence I don't see this as a problem, and I don't want evolve the language in this direction either. I don't believe that a stricter interpretation of "Booleanness" makes the language any Another consequence of the compatibility requirement is that the expression "True and 6" has the value 6, and similarly the expression "False or None" has the value None. The "and" and "or" operators are usefully defined to return the first argument that determines the outcome, and this won't change; in particular, they don't force the outcome to be a bool. Of course, if both arguments are bools, the outcome is always a bool. It can also easily be coerced into being a bool by writing for example "bool(x (See also the Review section above.) - Because the repr() or str() of a bool value is different from an int value, some code (for example doctest-based unit tests, and possibly database code that relies on things like "%s" % truth) may fail. It is easy to work around this (without explicitly referencing the bool type), and it is expected that this only affects a very small amount of code that can easily be fixed. - Other languages (C99, C++, Java) name the constants "false" and "true", in all lowercase. For Python, I prefer to stick with the example set by the existing built-in constants, which all use CapitalizedWords: None, Ellipsis, NotImplemented (as well as all built-in exceptions). Python's built-in namespace uses all lowercase for functions and types only. - It has been suggested that, in order to satisfy user expectations, for every x that is considered true in a Boolean context, the expression x == True should be true, and likewise if x is considered false, x == False should be true. In particular newbies who have only just learned about Boolean variables are likely to write if x == True: ... instead of the correct form, if x: ... There seem to be strong psychological and linguistic reasons why many people are at first uncomfortable with the latter form, but I believe that the solution should be in education rather than in crippling the language. After all, == is general seen as a transitive operator, meaning that from a==b and b==c we can deduce a==c. But if any comparison to True were to report equality when the other operand was a true value of any type, atrocities like 6==True==7 would hold true, from which one could infer the falsehood 6==7. That's unacceptable. (In addition, it would break backwards compatibility. But even if it didn't, I'd still be against this, for the stated reasons.) Newbies should also be reminded that there's never a reason to if bool(x): ... since the bool is implicit in the "if". Explicit is *not* better than implicit here, since the added verbiage impairs redability and there's no other interpretation possible. There is, however, sometimes a reason to write b = bool(x) This is useful when it is unattractive to keep a reference to an arbitrary object x, or when normalization is required for some other reason. It is also sometimes appropriate to write i = int(bool(x)) which converts the bool to an int with the value 0 or 1. This conveys the intention to henceforth use the value as an int. A complete implementation in C has been uploaded to the SourceForge patch manager: This will soon be checked into CVS for python 2.3a0. This document has been placed in the public domain.

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In just under two weeks, standard 100 Watt incandescent light bulbs will be officially banned in the US, in the first step of a gradual phaseout of Edison's technology. However, as a result of recent Congressional action, enforcement of this regulation has been delayed by about a year, leaving the bulbs and the retailers who sell them in a temporary limbo. This change adds to the confusion consumers now face when purchasing lighting products, as our choices have multiplied to include compact fluorescent lights (CFL), LEDs, halogen incandescents, and shortly another new option, the "electron stimulated luminescence" (ESL) bulbs produced by VU1 Corporation. The lighting efficiency standard of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 helped to create this diversity, although it remains to be seen to what extent the desired improvement in household energy consumption will actually appear, and whether it will be accompanied by unintended consequences such as a black market in outlawed light bulbs. When considered carefully, the lighting efficiency standard contains a paradox: It has had the effect of multiplying consumer choice, but by means of a mechanism that will actually limit choice, once it is fully implemented. Nor is this just a US concern. One reason we're seeing so many new lighting technologies on store shelves is that incandescent lights are being phased out in much of the developed world. As shown in Exhibit 17 of a recent report by McKinsey & Company, the phaseout of incandescent lighting is even farther along in the EU and Japan, with Russia and Brazil also winding down sales of these lights. The new lighting options that these measures helped stimulate didn't appear out of thin air; they occurred as a result of significant investments in technology and manufacturing by various companies, all of which are looking for a return on those investments that could be jeopardized by delaying the implementation of the standard. The ESL bulb is a case in point. The market for it might not exist without the congressionally mandated lighting standard. I learned about VU1's technology through a press release and was immediately intrigued, because the company seems to have circumvented some of the biggest drawbacks of the CFL bulbs that have become the de facto alternative to incandescents in the last few years. ESL lights work like miniature cathode-ray TV tubes--the kind we had before flat-screen TVs became popular--and they apparently contain no mercury. That makes them inherently much safer than CFLs, particularly in households with children or pets. (Anyone unconvinced of the mercury hazard of CFL bulbs should visit the EPA web page providing instructions for how to remediate a broken one.) At an expected price point just under $15 for a 65W-equivalent R30 bulb at Lowe's hardware stores this winter, they should at least be competitive with CFLs. In addition, the manufacturer claims that ESLs are not susceptible to overheating. That's a valuable feature, because heat buildup in recessed and other fixtures has shortened the life of several of the CFL bulbs I've bought, particularly in "can" fixtures. Without multiple years of additional service, compared to conventional light bulbs, the already situationally dependent economics and environmental benefits of expensive alternative bulbs turn sharply negative. Economics are a key factor for all these new light bulbs. That even includes the halogen bulbs that are the nearest substitute for conventional incandescents, in both lighting quality and cost. Like many other energy efficiency technologies, advanced light bulbs trade higher initial costs--in some cases dramatically higher--for reduced operating expenses in the form of electricity savings and less frequent replacement. If you can afford to pay cash for them and your opportunity cost is a bank savings account yielding 1% or less, they're generally a good deal, paying for themselves within several years--or even quicker if you live in a region with high electricity rates. However, if your rates are near or below the national residential average of $0.12 per kilowatt-hour, or if you install them in fixtures that aren't used for at least a few hours each day, the payout will take longer. And if you purchase them on a credit card that you don't pay off in full every month, the advantage compared to conventional bulbs can disappear after tallying finance charges. I plan to try out the ESL lights once they're readily available, but I also believe Congress was right to impose a delay in enforcing the lighting standard, although I would have preferred a less ambiguous method for achieving that. Mandates like the lighting standard, the federal Renewable Fuels Standard and the state Renewable Portfolio Standards for electricity are effectively taxes. In this case, the tax isn't paid to the government or utilities but to retailers and manufacturers. And while such mandates can be effective at achieving environmental targets, they also tend to be regressive, affecting lower-income consumers disproportionately. With a bi-partisan consensus on the undesirability of raising taxes on the middle class in the current, flat economy, the lighting standard delay arguably falls into the same category. The losers from this step will be companies that made investments on the assumption the standard would go into effect as planned. Let's hope their planning included some contingencies for regulatory risk, or some of our new lighting choices might be jeopardized, even as existing choices are preserved.

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21st Century Climate Change Prediction of climate change over the next 100 to 150 years is based solely on climate model simulations run on computers. The vast majority of modelling has concentrated on the effects of continued man-made pollution of the atmosphere by greenhouse gases, and to a lesser extent, atmospheric aerosols. The main concern at present is to determine how much the Earth will warm in the near future. Significant results from some of the best climate models available indicate that a global average warming of 0.3°C per decade can be expected to occur during the 21st century, assuming that mankind fails to control current emissions of greenhouse gases, although it could be as high as 0.6°C. In addition regional variations in the patterns of temperature and precipitation change will occur, with greater warming likely in the polar regions. Currently, models suggest that if the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, is doubled from pre-industrial levels, the Earth will warm by between 1.5 and 4.5°C sometime over the next 200 years or so. The large margin of error in future prediction of temperature emphasises that modelling the climate is inherently a difficult business. Part of the problem stems from trying to guess what climate feedbacks might occur that may enhance the initial warming due to an enhanced greenhouse effect. Melting ice in the polar regions for example could accelerate warming because exposed ground absorbs more energy from the Sun than snow and ice, which reflect about 80 to 90%. Whilst uncertainties concerning the actual response of the global climate to man-made greenhouse gas emissions exist, most scientists agree that the global warming trend of the 20th century will continue into the 21st century. The projected rate of warming is faster than at any time during recent Earth history. If nations fail to respond, the world may experience numerous adverse impacts as a result of global warming in the decades ahead.

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An introduction to the importance of the treaty of versailles after the world war one The paris peace conference the treaty of versailles: a reassessment after 75 years the pity of war: explaining world war one. Germany also lost one eighth of its “hitler successfully appealed to a germany that was humiliated by defeat in world war i and the treaty of versailles of 1919. Hatred of the versailles treaty the first global war also helped to spread one of the world. Asses the significance of the treaty of dismantled like it was after world war 2 the treaty of versailles importance is one of the strongest countries. Was later one of the main antecedents of world war the introduction of aggressive germany by the treaty of versailles after the war. An introduction to the history of the united states at the the importance of a prized an analysis of the treaty of versailles after the world war one. The treaty of versailles was supposed to ensure a you rarely find a modern historian agreeing that the treaty solely caused world war whether one wrong. Treaty of versailles is justified - treaty of versailles world war i was ultimately ended in processes were to start after the finishing of world war one. A short summary of history sparknotes's world war i countries of the central powers signed armistice agreements one by one under the treaty of versailles. The treaty of versailles the treaty of versailles was the peace settlement signed after world war one had ended in 1918 and in the shadow of the russian. Introduction the first world war went down of versailles on germany world war i was one of the and world war ii each of the one treaty which. A look at a major controversy of twentieth-century history: how the treaty of versailles contributed to hitler's rise to power. The territorial terms of the treaty of versailles: you will be asked how you think he should handle the ottoman empire after world war one introduction to. Find out more about the history of treaty of versailles one can never know whether either that no formal peace treaty was ever written to end world war. Wilson subsequently used the fourteen points as the basis for negotiating the treaty of versailles that ended the war world war one and wilsonian diplomacy. An analysis of the treaty of versailles after the world war one an introduction to the history of the kyoto global the importance of the north atlantic treaty. Assess the impact of the treaty of versailles on germany, 1919-1930 the terms to the treaty of versailles given to the world war: an introduction to the. Arms control and disarmament study case: cfe treaty arms control and disarmament study case the first world war the existence of the treaty of. 1919 - needs to be finished (the results of world war 1 (pearsons) continuation) the american public had no interest in the treaty of versailles after the war. Treaty of versailles 20-02-12 treaty of versailles introduction: about the importance of the same one treaty of versailles make world war ii. Treaty of versailles: facts, causes and effects one of the chief contributing causes of the second world war was the treaty of versailles of versailles: facts. Listen to the audio of this blog post about world war one – causes the first world war began in august 1914 the treaty of versailles world war one. 'should the treaty of versailles punish or rehabilitate germany' dr ruth henig examines the question that divided the allies at the end of world war one. The causes and effects of the treaty goals of the treaty of versailles was the signed after world war one ended in 1918 and occurring. The treaty of versailles, which ended world war i introduction and the transcript americans expressed toward wilson’s efforts after the war. What did the treaty of versailles overlook the treaty of versailles was one of the peace if you mean treaty of versailles then it basically ended world war. Which resulted in the first world war initially the conflict was one of a articles of the treaty of versailles importance of world war i in the.

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Exploratory research methods Exploratory research is conducted to clarify ambiguous problems management may have discovered general problems, but research is needed to gain better understanding. Determine the best methods to be used in a subsequent study you define your study as exploratory research, then you need to clearly define theresearch methods. According to lambin (2000, p143) conducted in order to determine the nature of the problem, exploratory research is not intended to provide conclusive. Exploratory research methods website for earning money online with best survey and how to earn money from internet free send money to friend paypal make money from my. Created new environments for conducting survey research like all research methods researchers conducting exploratory research usually look introduction——3. Bringing together the work of over eighty leading academics and researchers worldwide to produce the definitive reference and research tool for the social sc. What is exploratory research an example of an exploratory research the felt need for innovation with regard to research methodologies and new research methods. Qualitative research is designed to explore the human elements of a given topic, while specific qualitative methods examine how individuals see and experienc. Marketing research case history: mixed mode research conducted in 2 stages: a qualitative stage followed by a quantitative stage that included discrete choice modeling. 3 types of survey research, when to use them, and how they can benefit your organization posted by fluidsurveys team june 3 unlike exploratory research. In this lesson, you'll learn about a type of research called exploratory research you'll achieve a general understanding of the topic through. Exploratory researchfrom wikipedia exploratory research qualitative research methods such as case study or field research are often used in exploratory. Exploratory research is the researcher through the different research methods to build your research objectives: http://fluidsurveyscom/university. Exploratory research is defined as the initial research into a hypothetical or theoretical go to introduction to research methods ch 2 principles of. Survaymonkey exploratory research methods with survey making websites and how to scheme money fast get cash for surveys australia passport paperwork drawbacks of. - University of south florida scholar commons textbooks collection usf tampa library open access collections 2012 social science research: principles, methods, and. - Different methods of exploratory research design are: survey of concerned literature, analysis of insight stimulating cases, experience survey, focus groups. - Multiple testing for exploratory research 3 ideal multiple testing procedure for exploratory in-ference methods have been formulated for selective. We offer a wide range of exploratory research and efficacy models to support your drug discovery, proof of principle and screening studies by blending our unique. Research methods is a broad term while methods of data collection and data analysis represent the core of research methods, you have to address a range.

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As a home gardener you may want to grow potatoes in a bucket or grow bag instead of the ground. The reason is 1) you don’t have to dig them up, 2) if you don’t get every single piece of potato, you will have them forever. If you are wanting to grow pounds and pounds of potatoes, then grow them in the ground. I am going to talk about growing potatoes in buckets and grow bags. First, purchase seed potatoes from a certified distributor. Seed potatoes are not seeds, they are potatoes. They are like a mother plant. Potatoes from the grocery store may have been treated with sprayed with a sprout inhibitor. Seed potatoes are best planted between mid-January to mid-March. Next, cut the seed potatoes into pieces with at least 2 eyes each. Store pieces at room temperature for 1 to 2 days before planting to allow the cuts to form a callus. If you are using a bucket or another container make sure there is adequate drainage. Grow bags have drainage. In your bucket or grow bag, put about 6 inches of soil. Put in the potato pieces about 6 inches apart then cover with about 3 inches of soil. Plant them with their eyes up. As the leafy part of the potato grows add straw or shredded paper or even some soil around the stems. I put my buckets on my regular drip system. Once the rain stops the buckets are watered twice a week. Potatoes are ready to harvest when the vines die back. Yes, it’s that easy! I know this is going to sound odd, but growing potatoes makes me feel like a real farmer! Visit the UC Master Gardener Program of Colusa County website for a list of recommended trees for our area: www.cecolusa.ucanr.edu

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

http://williamspioneer.com/article/75526

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Linda Benedict, Blazier, Michael | 6/23/2012 12:22:45 AM Southern pine forests are a major part of the Louisiana landscape, covering nearly one-third of the state’s land. This abundant resource is the predominant source of timber for Louisiana’s forest products industry, which provides the Louisiana economy with $3 billion to $5 billion per year and nearly 21,000 jobs. Forest products (paper, sawtimber, furniture) are currently the top commodity among Louisiana’s $10 billion agricultural industry, and the forest products industry is the state’s second-largest manufacturing employer. Generations ago, southern pine forests covered much less of the state and contributed far less to its economy. The progression of an industry that increased its production of forest products more than 800 percent since the late 1940s has been aided by generations of forestry researchers based at the LSU AgCenter Hill Farm Research Station. The landscape of north central Louisiana where the Hill Farm Research Station is located is nicknamed “pine hills country.” However, when the station was established in 1947, the region looked considerably different. Cotton and corn farms dominated the area, but a shift in land use was under way. The hilly topography and relatively less fertile soils of the region made it more difficult to farm profitably. The Soil Bank Program, predecessor to the modern Conservation Reserve Program, was created around this time to pay farmers to retire their land from farming. The program proved popular, and as farmers retired their lands from row-crop agriculture, their lands became forested through tree planting and natural seedling processes. Farmers were drawn to growing forests for timber on their retired lands because the housing market was rapidly expanding as suburbs were built across the post-World War II United States. The land use changes that took place in north Louisiana occurred across much of the rest of the southeastern United States. As such, the practice of tree planting exploded, and tree nurseries strained to produce enough seedlings to meet demand. It was this conversion of old fields into southern pine forests that would drive the research program of the first forestry project leader of the Hill Farm Research Station, Thomas Hansbrough. Hired immediately after graduating with a B.S. in forestry from LSU in 1949, he initiated research that would have an impact on loblolly pine planting practices that continues throughout the southeastern United States today. At a time when the convention was to “plant ‘em thick” (greater than 700 trees per acre) to be sure there were more than enough trees that would survive to get tree plantations established, Hansbrough began research trials on tree spacing to find the optimum number of trees to plant. His research determined that contrary to conventional wisdom, planting at 400 to 500 trees per acre promoted better early growth in loblolly pine plantations by reducing tree-to-tree competition. In 1958, Robert Merrifield joined Hansbrough’s forestry research program at the Hill Farm Research Station. The two continued to refine knowledge about early-plantation research for loblolly pine in the region. Merrifield found dramatic increases in loblolly pine growth in response to fertilization at the time of planting. Merrifield’s research was some of the earliest done on fertilization of loblolly pine. Hansbrough and Merrifield demonstrated that wood quality was improved by pruning limbs from the lower 16 feet of the tree, resulting in wood relatively free of knots. To enhance survival and growth of newly planted seedlings, they also tested the efficacy of insecticides such as carbofuran to control insects including the pales weevil and the Nantucket pine tip moth. Merrifield remained at the Hill Farm Research Station until 1967. By the 1960s, the plantations established in the 1940s and 1950s were getting large enough to harvest as pulpwood, and optimal timing and levels of thinning (partially harvesting) loblolly pine plantations became a research focus at the Hill Farm Research Station. In 1960, Rodney Foil joined the Hill Farm Research Station as forestry project leader to replace Hansbrough, who had left to establish the forestry school at the University of Kentucky. Foil’s research focused on optimum thinning practices. The convention at the time was for paper mills to accept only trees with a diameter of 4 inches at the end of the log. Foil showed that thinning trees earlier, when the diameter at the end of the log was 2 inches, was of greater benefit to loblolly pine plantation growth because trees were harvested before tree-to-tree competition for light, nutrients and water reduced tree growth. Foil also demonstrated that in the sandy upland soils of north Louisiana, the primary competition among trees was for water rather than light, which was the prevailing wisdom of the time. Foil served as forestry project leader at the Hill Farm Research Station until 1967. Foil was succeeded by Robert Shepard, who served as forestry project leader from 1969 through 1974. In his time as project leader, Shepard continued the experiments of Hansbrough, Merrifield and Foil. Shepard inherited those experiments as the trees were reaching the size at which they could be harvested as the most valuable forest product, sawtimber. Shepard found that among all planting spacings established by Hansbrough and Merrifield that the 10-foot-by-10-foot spacing produced the greatest sawtimber yields and revenue. Shepard also notably compared the practice of planting loblolly pine seedlings to the practice of allowing forests to regenerate from seed of nonharvested trees, which was gaining some popularity at the time because of its cheaper cost. Shepard showed that by the time trees reached the size at which they are harvested as pulpwood that forests established by planting seedlings had greater yields and better tree uniformity than those established by natural seeding. By the mid-1970s, plantations of the region established during the 1940s and 1950s were being harvested as sawtimber, followed by replanting. Unlike the old field conditions into which the seedlings of a generation prior had been planted, newly planted seedlings of the 1970s faced aggressive competition from a vast seedbank of herbaceous grasses and hardwood sprouts that had naturally accumulated in plantations. Foresters were seeing lower growth of plantations under these conditions than had been seen before. Overcoming this competition obstacle to optimize loblolly pine plantation growth became an integral part of the forestry research program of the Hill Farm Research Station under the guidance of Terry Clason, who joined the station as forestry research project leader in 1976. Clason’s research helped to show that it was the competing vegetation that was limiting plantation growth across the southeastern United States more than soil factors. Clason tested the efficacy of several herbicides, and his research helped bring to market several herbicides integral to loblolly pine plantation management today, including hexazinone, imazapyr, sulfometuron and metsulfuron, which were developed under the trade names of Velpar, Arsenal, Oust and Escort, respectively. Another novel line of research conducted by Clason was the development of an agroforestry management system called silvopasture for southern pine. With silvopasture management, Clason showed that forages for cattle could be established and managed under loblolly pine trees and that return on investment from silvopasture was better than cattle and loblolly pine managed separately. Clason integrated planting and thinning information gained from research begun by Hansbrough, Merrifield and Foil into guidelines for planting and thinning loblolly pine silvopastures. He was the longest-serving forestry research project leader of the Hill Farm Research Station, retiring in 2001. By the early 2000s, timber values were at an all-time high because of the growth of the U.S. housing market. Producing more timber more quickly became a research priority at the Hill Farm Research Station under the direction of research project leader Michael Blazier, who began his career at the station in 2003. Blazier conducted research focused on optimizing the use of fertilizer to improve loblolly pine plantation growth. Blazier showed that contrary to the conventional practice of fertilizing plantations with nitrogen soon after mid-rotation thinning, plantations on the upland sandy soils of the region responded more fully to nitrogen fertilization by waiting at least one year after thinning in order to match plantation nitrogen demand and supply. Continuing work begun by Clason on planting container seedlings instead of bareroot seedlings that are more commonly planted in the region, Blazier showed that return on investment for plantations on upland, rocky soils of the region was improved by planting container seedlings. Studies comparing the best conventionally bred loblolly pine seedlings of the Southeast to newly-developed clonal loblolly pine seedlings demonstrated greater growth and better form of clonal seedlings when planted in north Louisiana. In recent years, the forest products industry has faced one of its greatest challenges with the drastic downturn of the U.S. housing market. In response to this challenge, new research projects are under way at the Hill Farm Research Station to explore the prospect of diversifying loblolly pine plantations to produce new products, such as biofuels, in addition to conventional forest products. Additionally, growth and yield data from the legacy of studies conducted at the station are being used to develop economically optimal management practices for today’s market conditions. All of the former forestry project leaders continued to shape forestry and agriculture after their tenures at the Hill Farm Research Station. Tom Hansbrough returned to the LSU AgCenter from Kentucky and served as Director of the LSU AgCenter School of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries until his retirement. One LSU forestry student influenced by Hansbrough’s pioneering ideas on loblolly pine management was Terry Clason. Robert Merrifield had an illustrious career at Texas A&M University. Merrifield became the first head of its forest science department, and by his retirement Merrifield was Deputy Director and Head of Texas AgriLife Research. Rodney Foil likewise had a successful career at Mississippi State University, becoming head of the forestry department and eventually director of the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station. Robert Shepard had a successful career as a professor at the University of Maine, retiring in 2005. Terry Clason continues to draw from the knowledge he gained in his research career to develop forest establishment and improvement programs for the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service as state forester for Louisiana. While he was at the Hill Farm, Clason gave many tours of his research projects to forestry students from nearby Louisiana Tech University. One of the students that learned about tree spacing influences on plantation and silvopasture development on those tours was Michael Blazier. Forests are unique in agriculture because of their long-lived nature. The management decisions of one generation of owners strongly affect what is possible for the next generation. When done well, forest management leaves the next generation with an invaluable resource. Such has been the case at the Hill Farm Research Station. Each forestry research leader has been able to build from the biological and ideological legacy of his predecessor to provide forest owners and managers of Louisiana and the rest of the southeastern United States with new forest management options. Michael Blazier, Associate Professor, Hill Farm Research Station, Homer, La.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

http://www.lsuagcenter.com/portals/communications/publications/agmag/archive/2012/spring/forestry-research-at-the-hill-farm-a-heritage-of-guiding-forest-management-in-louisiana

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It is now possible to collect a large amount of data about personal movement using activity monitoring devices such as a Fitbit, Nike Fuelband, or Jawbone Up. These type of devices are part of the "quantified self" movement -- a group of enthusiasts who take measurements about themselves regularly to improve their health, to find patterns in their behavior, or because they are tech geeks. But these data remain under-utilized both because the raw data are hard to obtain and there is a lack of statistical methods and software for processing and interpreting the data. This assignment makes use of data from a personal activity monitoring device. This device collects data at 5 minute intervals through out the day. The data consists of two months of data from an anonymous individual collected during the months of October and November, 2012 and include the number of steps taken in 5 minute intervals each day. The data for this assignment can be downloaded from the course web site: - Dataset: Activity monitoring data [52K] The variables included in this dataset are: steps: Number of steps taking in a 5-minute interval (missing values are coded as date: The date on which the measurement was taken in YYYY-MM-DD format interval: Identifier for the 5-minute interval in which measurement was taken The dataset is stored in a comma-separated-value (CSV) file and there are a total of 17,568 observations in this dataset. This assignment will be described in multiple parts. You will need to write a report that answers the questions detailed below. Ultimately, you will need to complete the entire assignment in a single R markdown document that can be processed by knitr and be transformed into an HTML file. Throughout your report make sure you always include the code that you used to generate the output you present. When writing code chunks in the R markdown document, always use echo = TRUE so that someone else will be able to read the code. This assignment will be evaluated via peer assessment so it is essential that your peer evaluators be able to review the code for your analysis. For the plotting aspects of this assignment, feel free to use any plotting system in R (i.e., base, lattice, ggplot2) Fork/clone the GitHub repository created for this assignment. You will submit this assignment by pushing your completed files into your forked repository on GitHub. The assignment submission will consist of the URL to your GitHub repository and the SHA-1 commit ID for your repository state. NOTE: The GitHub repository also contains the dataset for the assignment so you do not have to download the data separately. Loading and preprocessing the data Show any code that is needed to Load the data (i.e. Process/transform the data (if necessary) into a format suitable for your analysis What is mean total number of steps taken per day? For this part of the assignment, you can ignore the missing values in the dataset. Make a histogram of the total number of steps taken each day Calculate and report the mean and median total number of steps taken per day What is the average daily activity pattern? Make a time series plot (i.e. type = "l") of the 5-minute interval (x-axis) and the average number of steps taken, averaged across all days (y-axis) Which 5-minute interval, on average across all the days in the dataset, contains the maximum number of steps? Imputing missing values Note that there are a number of days/intervals where there are missing values (coded as NA). The presence of missing days may introduce bias into some calculations or summaries of the data. Calculate and report the total number of missing values in the dataset (i.e. the total number of rows with Devise a strategy for filling in all of the missing values in the dataset. The strategy does not need to be sophisticated. For example, you could use the mean/median for that day, or the mean for that 5-minute interval, etc. Create a new dataset that is equal to the original dataset but with the missing data filled in. Make a histogram of the total number of steps taken each day and Calculate and report the mean and median total number of steps taken per day. Do these values differ from the estimates from the first part of the assignment? What is the impact of imputing missing data on the estimates of the total daily number of steps? Are there differences in activity patterns between weekdays and weekends? For this part the weekdays() function may be of some help here. Use the dataset with the filled-in missing values for this part. Create a new factor variable in the dataset with two levels -- "weekday" and "weekend" indicating whether a given date is a weekday or weekend day. Make a panel plot containing a time series plot (i.e. type = "l") of the 5-minute interval (x-axis) and the average number of steps taken, averaged across all weekday days or weekend days (y-axis). The plot should look something like the following, which was created using simulated data: Your plot will look different from the one above because you will be using the activity monitor data. Note that the above plot was made using the lattice system but you can make the same version of the plot using any plotting system you choose. Submitting the Assignment To submit the assignment: Commit your completed PA1_template.Rmdfile to the masterbranch of your git repository (you should already be on the masterbranch unless you created new ones) PA1_template.htmlfiles produced by processing your R markdown file with the knit2html()function in R (from the knitr package) If your document has figures included (it should) then they should have been placed in the figure/directory by default (unless you overrode the default). Add and commit the figure/directory to your git repository. masterbranch to GitHub. Submit the URL to your GitHub repository for this assignment on the course web site. In addition to submitting the URL for your GitHub repository, you will need to submit the 40 character SHA-1 hash (as string of numbers from 0-9 and letters from a-f) that identifies the repository commit that contains the version of the files you want to submit. You can do this in GitHub by doing the following: Go into your GitHub repository web page for this assignment Click on the "?? commits" link where ?? is the number of commits you have in the repository. For example, if you made a total of 10 commits to this repository, the link should say "10 commits". You will see a list of commits that you have made to this repository. The most recent commit is at the very top. If this represents the version of the files you want to submit, then just click the "copy to clipboard" button on the right hand side that should appear when you hover over the SHA-1 hash. Paste this SHA-1 hash into the course web site when you submit your assignment. If you don't want to use the most recent commit, then go down and find the commit you want and copy the SHA-1 hash. A valid submission will look something like (this is just an example!)

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en

In an earlier post, I described the problem of dynamic feedback when the population becomes aware of the big data that others are using to try to predict that same population’s behavior. The earlier successes of big data often shared the common trait that the population was not aware of the big data projects. They did not realize their activities were being recorded, or the extent to which their data was being collected and combined with other data. They also did not comprehend the goals of the analytics performed. The early successes of big data benefited from a double blind trial. The subjects were not aware of the data and the data collectors were not aware of the purposes of the analytics that requested the data. This seems similar to controlled psychological or medical trials involving double-blind studies to eliminate the possibility of bias in the experiment. I argued in that earlier post that the early successes of big data may be temporary because they worked best when people were not aware of the project. In recent years, big data has become a popular topic for general discussions involving a variety of big news events ranging from revelations of the extent of data collections by government and businesses to how those projects can impact individuals lives. Many news stories have become controversial enough to make the extent of data collection and analytics widely recognized. The subjects are no longer blind. Today, people are aware that they are leaving data trails that are being collected by multiple entities for a wide variety of purposes arguably rarely in the person’s best interest. Even targeted marketing that has good reason to assume I may want a product may not be in my best interest if it arrives at a time I had no intention of buying anything like that product. Other big data projects have less beneficial objectives. Also, today people are aware of the scale and precision of the data being collected. They understand that they are being sampled for their demographic and geographic categories in order to be compared with all of the other categories. With this awareness comes the opportunity for feedback loops. I suggested that people may begin to game the system by manipulating their behaviors in a way to influence the big data analytics perhaps in a way that would be to their benefit. Initially, this may occur within competing big data projects. Different companies competing for the same customers will be collecting and analyzing data from this same population. They will be using the data to come up with optimal strategies. However, they are also aware that their competitors are doing the same thing and they are aware of the tools and techniques their competitors may be using. One team may attempt to predict what the competitor is observing in their analytics. For example, they may predict their competitor to be using machine learning that creates a specific category of a population of a certain characteristic. The first team may then proceed on a marketing plan to influence that population so that their behaviors change enough to no longer fit the predicted category. The competitor’s algorithm will fail to find the population they are seeking and this will allow the first team to have more exclusive access to this population. I realize that discussion is a little dense. Competing big data projects become game-players similar to participants of old-style board games. The players understand the basic rules of the game and can observe each other’s positions while they try to outsmart their competitors. Big data projects will analyze the data both for their private benefit and for what their competitors may be observing. This presents the possibility of manipulating the data that to confuse the competitor’s analytics. Influencing the population using big data analytics is a form of a feedback loop. The feedback changes the behavior of the population. If some of the existing feedback mechanisms are not recognized, the behavior of the population will become less predictable and less stable over time. The population will begin to behave in new ways and in ways that contract our notions of how people should behave. The predictive power of the analytics will decline. Eventually the feedback actors (the game players) will include the targeted population itself. The population is able to access and analyze the same data available to the various groups that are trying to take advantage of that population. This can result in a a multitude of feedback looks and a system that will be impossible to predict. There may be no way to know all of feedback loops are in place and what purposes they are attempting to achieve. The previous success stories of big data analytics exploiting cleanly separable homogeneous categories will become a thing of the past. The past successes of Big Data will become less frequent because the data will become disturbed by all of the feedback loops. An analogy in cooking may be the project of skimming floating fat off the top of some broth. The historic success of big data is analogous to the broth being still so that the fat settles at the top. In that case it is simple to just skim the top. The effect of feedback would be like putting the broth and fat in a blender so that that fat is distributed throughout the broth. Separating the fat from that emulsion is much more difficult. Just this week, we in USA have had a national election for federal government offices. The election results surprised many for being so different than the latest polls predicted. In the past, polling has been much more accurate to predict actual election results. One explanation is that this was a unique situation that is described as a wave election: recent news events motivating different people to vote than who usually vote. This is a reasonable explanation. I am suspicious though that there may be more at play than that. Each election occurs with some element of influence of the most recent news events. Often the latest news has no relevance to the campaigns or even candidate experiences up to that point. The polling practices have done well in the past because they include mechanisms to consider these factors along with the longer-term factors. In 2014, there were multiple concerns about foreign relations and epidemic but these news stories were already pretty old and widely recognized. I expect that the polls included these considerations in their computations, but the polls were still unusually inaccurate this year. In the past two years (since the last national election), there has been a lot of sensationalized news about big data and how various groups are using it in ways that appear manipulative or invasive to privacy. There is a public awareness of the big data projects. They may not yet have access to the data, but they are no longer the blind subjects in an experiment. Their more complete awareness of the scope and purposes of the data may be biasing their answers to polling questions. Obviously, polls are not blind a blind experiment. When people answer a poll, they know the pollster is collecting data on their personal opinion. What is different today is that people are more aware of how their responses will be used in analysis. The pollsters will combine responses across wide areas. The pollsters will also attempt to infer attitudes by how certain questions are answered. For example, a poll may explicitly ask for party affiliation but also ask an opinion question whose answers correlate with party affiliation. A specific example is a person claiming to be independent but answering opinion questions that strongly correspond to one of the parties. The pollster may infer that he independent voter is likely to vote for that party instead of some independent candidate. Polling has a long history of being accurate. Over that history, improvements to polling techniques has improved the accuracy. And yet now it seemed to have failed. It may have failed because of some historic wave of last-minute opinion-changes. Alternatively, it may have failed because the population has fundamentally changed in a way that it defeating the established methods of interpreting polls. The population today is more educated about the polling and the cross-tabulations used for weighting the results. They may more cautious or more devious in their answers to those cross tabulation questions. The polls worked earlier because they could isolate large groups as having similar behaviors. The early successes benefited from broad geographic locations or ethnic identifications can predict something. Feedback can cause these broad groups to fragment and disperse. New polling results will have to identify increasingly larger numbers of tinier groups in order to find similar predictive power. This will increase the cost of polling by requiring many more samples. Eventually, the polls (and data) will have to be micro-targeted to characterize views and motivations for each individual. This micro-targeting of polling may be necessary soon because the feedback is already becoming similarly micro-targeted. The campaigns are using big data to target individualized appeals instead of group appeals of the past. A recent example even explicitly warned individuals “Who you vote for is private but whether or not you vote is public record”. People are aware they can no longer be anonymous member of a larger group or community. They now know they are being targeted individually. I suspect this individual targeting will change people’s behavior to become more individualistic and more distant from their previously associated groups. The individualized targeted campaigning is fragmenting the broad groups that benefited historic polling analysis. It make sense to me that the political polling should be at the same granularity as the campaign targeting. For example the 2012 campaign targeted single women as a specific group. It makes sense that to be relevant the polls would have to isolate the respondents who happen to be single women. When campaign targeting becomes more individualized, the polling must also become equally individualized. As the polling becomes more individualized, the individuals will become even more aware of their contributions to the data. They will also have incentive to observe the data or at least observe what others are reporting on the data about the groups they belong to. I imagine that more will begin to adjust their behaviors to distinguish themselves from the broader group that they may not agree with. They may give different answers, not necessary wrong ones, but answers that will better reflect how they want to be categorized. A simple example may be to report a higher interest in voting so that they will receive fewer get-out-the-vote calls. Broader examples may come from an organized campaign by some group to suggest that acting in a particular way will associate the person with that group and thus strengthen the influence of their positions. I suspect some element of behavioral modification from awareness of data analytic polling may already have happened in the 2014 election cycle. I offer no evidence that this happened. But I note the coincidence of the poor performance of the polls with the recent news in the past two years that popularized the notions of big data analytics and how intrusive they can be. That coincidence suggests it is possible some people may be adapting to the new reality of government by data. Even within the profession of political data analysis (including polling), the field has become very competitive. The various polling groups are competing with each other to get the best estimates by using the most data with the best algorithms. On election night, the data project becomes calling races as early as possible. The winning analyst who calls the race the earliest with good data justification and who turns out to be right. Calling elections early are only valuable on election night for the news cycle. The actual vote counts that matter are officially reported usually within a day or so. By that time all the ballots will be counted and there is no need for analysis. There is a just short window of time when the analysts have a marketable product of a calling an election based on a fraction of the ballots being counted. Of particular interest to me was the US senate race in Virginia that ultimately was won by the Democrat who pollsters expected to win by a wide margin. The surprise for the evening was that the race was much closer than expected. Despite the final very close race, one analyst group called the election 30 minutes after the polls closed and they turned out to be correct. The above link is their explanation for their confidence of the early call. They based it on historical data analysis to identify a bellwether county that matches the results for the entire state. In particular, they noted that a republican cannot win the state unless he also wins this county by at least 55% of the vote. This county reported earlier than the other counties and it was clear this threshold was not going to be close to the threshold. As a result, they were confident in their call of the election based primarily on this bellwether county. I applaud the data work to identify this bellwether from all of the other possibilities and to measure its strength in predicting the outcome. I mention this example because they worked with data that was available to everyone else. All of their competing analysts had access to the same data but either did not identify this county as a bellwether or did not recognize its predictive strength. I recall that during that night, the other analyst groups not calling this election until much later and probably with their own justifications. They missed the bragging rights of calling it first. I think there could be fair bit of luck involved in this call. The logic of the call appeared to be summarized as follows: - Republicans who win a statewide election always gets at least 55% of the vote in this one county - The republican in this race did not meet this threshold - The state will be not be won by the republican The results for this early-reporting county will predict the winner for the entire state. While that was true in the past, it did not have to be true in the present. Most of the later reported votes that ultimately decided the election came from counties in a different metropolitan area. There may be differences local concerns and voting motivations that could have made a difference. Given that final result was so close, some previously unknown issue could easily have negated this result. But there was no such surprise. The prediction was correct. I offer an argument for having less confidence in this prediction. This argument is that everyone else had access to this same data. In particular, the competing campaigns had access to the same data and they could have discovered this same bellwether county. Given the above logic that almost suggests a causal relationship, the republican candidate could have invested more time in this county to win it by a wider margin while still not campaigning in the regions where there are more votes for the democrat. In that case, the campaign effort could have moved the data enough to at least delay the call for the state, or even mislead the call to call it for the republican before the bigger totals arrived from the more populous regions. I am attempting to use this example to illustrate how multiple groups with access to the same data may be able to recognize how the competing groups are using this data and then set about a strategy to produce numbers that will trick the competing group to making a bad decision. In this particular case, there would be no incentive to do this. The only vote count that mattered to the campaign was the official count that would come later. In addition, the announcement of vote counts only started after all of the polls were closed so there was no way an early call of the election could influence the voting. The only thing at stake is the few hours of newsworthiness of an projected call before the official numbers are announced. I present the example only as an illustration the vulnerability that occurs when multiple groups have access to the same data and the same tools but attempt to use those results for conflicting purposes. One of those purposes may be to deliberately mislead the competing users of the same data. As we get deeper into this new age of big data, I anticipate that even more people will have access to the big data and have the means to influence the data to suit their purposes. In particular, I anticipate more individuals to get involved in gaming the data through the use of quick organization through social-media campaigns. A social-media flash-mob event can fragment preconceived groups to an extent that would invalidate the historic data for making a prediction. With the 2014 election surprising the polls, I wonder if this may already be occurring. The population may already be fragmented into smaller categories than the pollsters expected.

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A CubaNews translation. Edited by Walter Lippmann. On March 10, 1952, with a door slam, a chapter of Cuban history came to a close. Fulgencio Batista –who, two decades before, had introduced a harsh dictatorship– seized power once again with a handful of his former collaborators had liquidated the revolutionary government of just one hundred days which had emerged in 1933 after the fall of Gerardo Machado. The new coup took place without major setbacks and thus ended Cuba’s brief experience with “representative democracy”. This had lasted for only two terms of the Cuban Revolutionary Party (Autentico), which had governed for little more than seven years. The “Autentico” Party presented itself as heir to the Revolution of 1933, in which its leaders had had played an outstanding role, but did not go beyond national-reformism, creating some necessary institutions and showing an independent foreign policy on some important issues at the UN and the OAS. Its work was, however, hampered by government corruption which invaded almost all branches of the administration. Besides, its adherence to McCarthyism led to the division among the trade union and popular movement, and the assassination of some of its main leaders. The prevailing dishonesty caused the split in the “Autentico” Party and the emergence of the Cuban People’s Party (Orthodox) which raised the slogan “Vergüenza contra Dinero [Shame against money]” as its main banner. Among its founders was a recently graduated lawyer named Fidel Castro Ruz. The general elections scheduled for June 1952, brought face-to-face, according to all polls, two candidates: the “orthodox”, headed by a respected university professor [Roberto Agramonte], and the government official, led by an “autentico” whose honesty was beyond doubt. A third candidate, Batista, supported by reactionary groups, appeared in a distant last place and no one gave him the slightest chance of winning in the polls. Everyone in Cuba knew this, including Batista who, for that reason, prevented the people from deciding. The coup and its immediate aftermath deeply wounded Cuban society. Batista received immediate support from the big property owners as well as from the conservative political forces and corrupt trade union bureaucracy. Political parties –the ones close to the government as well their opponents– were trapped in inaction and inconsistency. Authenticism and orthodoxy were divided into contradictory trends and new parties emerged from them; some willing to collaborate or compromise with the new regime. These and all other parties engaged in endless controversies unable to articulate a path against tyranny. Resistance found refuge in the universities. Out of these came the first demonstrations and acts of protest. Among the students there was a growing awareness of the need to act and to do so using methods different from those of the politicians who had failed miserably. There was talk of armed struggle, but nobody knew how to wage it or had the resources to undertake it. There were some isolated attempts while rumors spread about plans led or linked to the president overthrown on March 10. For those of us who were still in secondary education, the assault on the military barracks in Santiago de Cuba (Moncada) and Bayamo (Carlos Manuel de Cespedes), on July 26, 1953, was a complete surprise. We knew nothing of an event that would change our lives forever. The news highlighted the name of someone previously unknown to us: Fidel Castro. The political crisis deepened. The tyranny became even more aggressive. The Communist Party (Partido Socialista Popular [Socialist People’s Party]) was banned and its publications closed, while increased repression against the student movement became the norm. Batista’s accusations against the Communists sought the sympathy of Washington, but had nothing to do with reality. The PSP was not only alien to those events, but rather condemned the action of the young revolutionaries as did the other opponents to Batista, almost without exception. With Puerto Rican Independentists, Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irving Flores and Oscar Collazo, Havana 1979. Once again it fell to the students to replace the parties that had proved incapable of fulfilling their role. The Federation of University Students (FEU) sympathized with the attackers of the Moncada garrison and called for a campaign for their release. This soon acquired a national dimension and forced the dictatorship to grant them amnesty in 1955. That same year, Fidel founded the July 26th Movement. Along with the survivors of the initial action, it counted especially on young people who, in neighborhoods and study centers, identified themselves with that heroic deed against tirades and criticism from Tiryns and Trojans. Their ranks were filled with youths, no few of them teenagers, who rebelled amid frustration, inertia and division, inspired by a feat that had shaken the tyranny and its opponents as well. Antonio López (Ñico), who had led the attack on the barracks in Bayamo, was responsible for organizing the youth brigades of the M-26-7 until he went to Mexico to return with Fidel and die fighting in the Sierra Maestra. He was replaced in Havana by Gerardo Abreu (Fontán), a black man of very humble origin, who had not completed primary school. He managed, on his own, to acquire a broad cultural background and a poetic sensibility that caused astonishment among us college students who had the privilege of fighting under his leadership. Ñico and Fontán –both from the Orthodox Youth– knew Marxism, shared socialist ideals, and were profoundly anti-imperialist. They were determined to create an organization that would massively bring in the new generation. They succeeded. Their followers were identified with a single word: “fidelistas”. The presence of the Brigades was felt quickly by sending their message directly to the people. While the press and politicians criticized Fidel and the Moncada action, everywhere, in every corner of the capital –on walls and facades– using very modest resources, Brigade members painted a brief slogan which everyone understood: M-26-7, or a name that others wanted to silence: Fidel. In view of the hostile environment which made it impossible to wage open political struggle, Fidel went to Mexico in order to organize the return to carry out the battle that would end the tyranny. He proclaimed it openly, undertaking a historic commitment: “In ’56, we will be free or we will be martyrs” thus challenging the followers of inaction and despair once again. And also their jokes: a government newspaper carried on its front page every day the number of days which had elapsed that year without the defiant promise being kept. Well into November, the propaganda against the Moncadistas intensified. Demonstrations, organized by the FEU and the newly created Revolutionary Directorate, climaxed and led to the closure of the university. The last day of the month, to support the landing [of the Granma expedition], the M-26-7 carried out an uprising in Santiago de Cuba. Two days later Fidel and his companions arrived at the eastern shores aboard the yacht Granma, in what Che described as a “shipwreck”. Scattered and persecuted by the Army, a small group finally managed to reunite in the Sierra Maestra. Many members of the expedition died fighting, or were assassinated. Among these, as the US news agencies reported, was its main leader. Fidel’s death was reported on the front page of every newspaper. Anguish and uncertainty remained until after a passage of time that seemed endless. Gradually and by clandestine channels, the truth came to be known. The last two years of the dictatorship were rife with crimes and abuses in the urban areas while the initial guerrilla force grew to become the Rebel Army. “Fidelismo” reached massiveness. On the night of November 8, 1957, one hundred simultaneous explosions rocked Havana, each in a different neighborhood and distant from one another. They were practically heavy firecrackers –rather homemade devices– that only made noise. No one was injured and no one was arrested by the police who went around frantically from one place to the other. It was sound evidence that the “26th” was everywhere and showed the youth brigades’ efficient organization. The murder of Fontan, on February 7, 1958, sparked a students’ general strike which lasted until May. It paralyzed all education centers, including private universities and academies, and led to the consecutive resignations of two of Batista’s Education Ministers of Batista. Never before had such a movement occurred in Cuba to such extent and for so long. For three months, all attempts, violent or “peaceful” to end it failed. The student walkout continued, even several weeks after the movement suffered in its most painful and bloody defeat in Havana. The failure of the attempted general strike by the workers, on April 9, was a very severe blow. It decimated urban militancy, almost completely destroyed the underground structures, and allowed the dictatorship to mobilize thousands of troops to launch what it thought would be the final battle in the Sierra. Once again everything depended on Fidel and his leadership. PHOTO Elian and Juan Miguel Gonzalez, at the Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the Moncada assault. Batista’s offensive proved a complete failure. The Rebel Army –well-established in the East– sent two columns led by Che and Camilo Cienfuegos, which crossed half the island and won many battles in its central region. The rebels were close to liberating the cities of Santiago de Cuba and Santa Clara. The last day of December, the dictator arranged his escape and –in close coordination with the US Ambassador– left behind a military junta in Havana that would have been the continuity of his regime. To thwart the maneuver, Fidel called for a general strike. In the early hours of the first day of the New Year, the people took over the streets in the capital. The youth brigades –almost totally unarmed– occupied all police stations without meeting resistance from the demoralized and nervous troops of the regime. However, in other parts of the city, armed paramilitary groups of Batista henchmen had to be confronted. The strike continued until the total collapse of the tyranny. On January 8, Fidel rode triumphantly into a city that was already and finally “Fidelista”. The victorious Revolution would have to face more powerful obstacles and even greater risks for over half a century: Political, diplomatic and propaganda aggression, armed attacks, subversion and sabotage, and the economic blockade that is still ongoing and is the longest genocide in history. Another blow was the collapse of the U.S.S.R. and the disappearance of allies and trading partners plus the complete isolation of the island. It has been a long and stormy path that the people have weathered under Fidel’s guidance. Ninety years of age has now come to the man who had to face more than six hundred assassination plots against his life and whose death has been announced countless times by imperialist propaganda. Maybe someday his enemies will have to admit that they were never able to kill him. This is because Fidel and his people are one and the same. And that people, largely thanks to him, is invincible. By Ricardo Alarcón de Quesada A CubaNews/Google translation. Edited by Walter Lippmann. He came to Cuba often. The last time was in February 2015, on the occasion of the International Book Fair in which the Spanish edition of “Who Killed Che? How the CIA Got Away with Murder” was presented. It was the result of painstaking research and more than ten years demanding access from relevant authorities to official documents jealously hidden. The work of Michael Ratner and Michael Steven Smith proved beyond doubt that the murder of Ernesto Guevara was a war crime committed by the US government and its Central Intelligence Agency, a crime that does not have a statute of limitations, Although the authors are on the loose in Miami and flaunt their cowardly misdeed. We met again in July on the occasion of the reopening of the Cuban Embassy in Washington. We were far from imagining that we would not meet again. Michael Ratner looked healthy and showed the optimism and joy that always accompanied him. Then we celebrated the return of our Five anti-terrorists Heroes to the country and also the fact that President Obama had no choice but to admit the failure of Washington’s aggressive policy against Cuba. Michael was always in solidarity with the Cuban people since as a very young person he joined the contingents of the Venceremos Brigade. That solidarity remained unwavering at all times. His participation in the legal battle for the freedom of our companions, including the “amicus” he presented to the Supreme Court on behalf of ten Nobel Prize winners, was decisive. A tireless fighter, for him no cause was alien. He stood always on the side of the victims and faced with courage, even at the risk of his life, the oppressors who dominated that judicial system. He also did it with rigor, integrity and love. More than a brilliant legal professional, he was a passionate fighter for justice. He was present in 1968 at the Columbia University strike before completing his studies, and fought racial discrimination together with the NAACP. The recent graduate represented the victims of brutal repression at the Attica prison. Thus he began a remarkable career –impossible to describe in an article– which knew no borders: Nicaragua, Haiti, Guatemala, Palestine, and so on. When nobody did, he undertook the defense of the hostages in the illegal naval base in Guantanamo. He convened more than 500 lawyers to do so –also for free– and achieved a legal victory with an unprecedented decision by the Supreme Court recognizing the rights of the prisoners. Many other cases absorbed his time and energy, working in a team, without necessarily appearing in the foreground. He did not hesitate, however, to legally prosecute powerful characters like Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush whose “impeachment” he tried very hard to obtain. He also accused Nelson Rockefeller, when he was governor, and more recently Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. He published books and essays in favor of legality and human rights. He was considered one of the best American lawyers and chaired the National Lawyers Guild and the Center for Constitutional Rights and founded Palestine Rights. He combined his work as a litigator with university teaching at Columbia and Yale and helped train future jurists able to follow his example. He was the main defender of Julian Assange and Wikileaks in the United States. An insuperable paradigm of a generation that wanted to conquer the sky, he was an inseparable part of all their battles and will remain so always until victory. Muchas veces vino a Cuba. La última fue en febrero del 2015, con motivo de la Feria Internacional de Libro en la que fue presentada la edición en español de “¿Quién mató al Che? Como la CIA logró salir impune del asesinato”, fruto de minuciosa investigación y más de diez años reclamando a las autoridades el acceso a documentos oficiales celosamente ocultos. La obra de Michael Ratner y Michael Steven Smith demostró de manera inapelable que el asesinato de Ernesto Guevara fue un crimen de guerra cometido por el gobierno de Estados Unidos y su Agencia Central de Inteligencia, un crimen que no prescribe aunque sus autores andan sueltos en Miami y hacen ostentación de la cobarde fechoría. Nos encontramos de nuevo en julio en ocasión de la reapertura de la Embajada cubana en Washington. Lejos estábamos de imaginar que no nos veríamos más. Michael Ratner parecía saludable y mostraba el optimismo y la alegría que siempre le acompañaron. Celebramos entonces que ya nuestros Cinco Héroes antiterroristas habían regresado a la Patria y que el Presidente Obama no tuvo otro remedio que admitir el fracaso de la política agresiva contra Cuba. Porque Michael fue siempre solidario con el pueblo cubano desde que muy joven integró contingentes de la Brigada Venceremos y esa solidaridad la mantuvo sin flaquezas en todo momento. Fue decisiva su participación en la batalla legal por la libertad de nuestros compañeros incluyendo el “amicus” que presentó a la Corte Suprema a nombre de diez ganadores del Premio Nobel. Incansable luchador para él ninguna causa fue ajena. Se puso siempre del lado de las víctimas y encaró con valor, aun a riesgo de su vida, a los opresores que dominan aquel sistema judicial. Y lo hizo, además, con rigor, entereza y amor. Más que un brillante profesional del derecho fue un apasionado combatiente por la justicia. Estuvo presente en 1968 en la huelga de la Universidad de Columbia y antes de concluir sus estudios combatió la discriminación racial junto al NAACP. Recién graduado representó a las víctimas de la brutal represión en la prisión de Attica. Inició así una trayectoria admirable imposible de describir en un artículo y que no conoció fronteras: Nicaragua, Haití, Guatemala, Palestina, y un largo etcétera. Cuando nadie lo hacía asumió la defensa de los secuestrados en la ilegal base naval de Guantánamo, pudo incorporar a más de 500 abogados que lo hicieran también gratuitamente y alcanzó una victoria jurídica sin precedentes con la decisión de la Corte Suprema reconociendo los derechos de los prisioneros. A muchos otros casos también dedicó su tiempo y energías, trabajando en equipo, sin aparecer necesariamente en primer plano. No vaciló sin embargo en encausar legalmente a personajes poderosos como Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton y George W. Bush cuyo “impeachment” trató afanosamente de conseguir, y acusó también a Nelson Rockefeller cuando era Gobernador y más recientemente al Secretario de Defensa Donald Runsfeld. Publicó libros y ensayos a favor de la legalidad y los derechos humanos. Considerado uno de los mejores abogados norteamericanos presidió el National Lawyers Guild y el Center for Constitutional Rights y fundó el Palestine Rights. Conjugó su labor como litigante con la docencia universitaria en Columbia y Yale y ayudó a la formación de futuros juristas capaces de seguir su ejemplo. Era el principal defensor en Estados Unidos de Julian Assange y Wikileaks. Paradigma insuperable de una generación que quiso conquistar el cielo fue parte inseparable en todas sus batallas y lo seguirá siendo hasta la victoria siempre. by Ricardo Alarcón Published on December 19, 2015 in Opinión, Política, Ricardo Alarcón de Quesada December 17 marks the first anniversary of the announcement that Cuba and the United States would reestablish diplomatic relations. Presidents Raul Castro and Barak Obama did it at the same time from Havana and Washington, respectively. They both admitted that it was barely the first step of a process toward the elimination of a hostile policy maintained for over half a century but failed in the end, as the White House resident himself acknowledged. Since then, Embassies were reopened, some senior officials have visited Havana, several minor or relatively important problems have been solved, and representatives of both governments have held meetings to discuss a thick agenda of essential topics, including the economic blockade —still in place— the permanent occupation of Cuban territory in Guantanamo, and the subversive projects that remain in operation to undermine the Revolution. As long as Washington makes no radical changes in its policy —lifting the blockade completely, returning Guantanamo to Cuba and ending its interference in our affairs— calling such diplomatic relations “normal” would be a bad joke. There is a question, however, that seems to be a favorite on the American side and to which several of that country’s most read publications have devoted their attention: the claims filed there for alleged losses suffered by corporations and individuals as a result of Cuba’s nationalization laws of 1960. This issue would have to be discussed together with Cuba’s own claims for the damages caused by fifty years of economic war and aggression which are incomparably greater and have had a serious impact on the island’s population. An official document that used to be secret, but no longer is, recognizes that the purpose of the policy was to make the Cuban people “suffer” by “hunger and despair”. Approved in the spring of 1960, the text was written before the Cuban nationalizations, and its words are literally consistent with what the Geneva Convention calls the “crime of genocide”. The revolutionary laws always included the right to fair compensation by the former owners. All those foreign companies that respected Cuba’s sovereignty and accepted our legislation benefited, without exception, from such laws, and have kept normal links with us through business and new investments. It was also the case, by the way, with individuals living in Cuba who adopted the same attitude. The North American companies were the only ones excluded, owing to their government’s rejection of the Cuban legislation and their economic attacks. Still, there is an aspect of this issue that the U.S. media are carefully ignoring. It’s been a long time now since those who were expropriated in Cuba received special and privileged treatment that allowed them to get compensation for what they supposedly lost to the revolutionary measures. Starting in 1964, and ever since, regulations were amended and unique laws were adopted exclusively for that group of people that made it possible for them to obtain compensation for their losses by means of substantial tax deductions. No other American taxpayers were granted similar benefits. As far as taxes were concerned, it was an exceptional treatment only comparable to what migrants receive under the Cuban Adjustment Act, which also came in handy to individuals who in 1960 had not yet become American citizens but also enjoyed those advantages and helped create the myth of a successful Cuban-American business sector. It was the Cuban people who never got any compensation whatsoever. The blockade has been not only the main obstacle to the island’s development, but also the main cause of that people’s suffering. It’s a genocidal policy, the longest genocide in history. The United States has an obligation to lift it now, immediately and unconditionally, and they must try to compensate their victims if they wish to have relations with their neighbors worthy of being considered “normal”.

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What is copyright? Can I be sued for using someone else’s work? The concept of copyright and infringement is complex and often confusing. Absent a statutory exception such as “fair use” one must obtain written permission from the creator of an original work of authorship to reproduce the creator’s work. What is Fair Use Doctrine? The “fair use doctrine” embodied in the Act of 1976, as amended, allows for the limited use of another’s original work of authorship, including quotes,. for purposes such as commentary, criticism, news reporting and scholarly reports. But for this exception, any unauthorized use would be an infringement of the author’s rights in his or her original work of authorship. How to Perfect a Copyright- The current U.S. Copyright Act subsists in an original work of authorship upon its creation and fixation in a tangible form. With certain exceptions copyright endures for the life of the author plus 70 years. There is no renewal and at the expiration of the term, the work goes into the public domain for all to use. Registration, while not required to perfect rights, provides public record notice of ownership and is necessary to maintain a lawsuit for infringement in federal court.

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- Written by Clyde McMillan-Gamber Clyde McMillan-Gamber Common, everyday house sparrows are abundant in cities, towns, and farmyards the year around in southeastern Pennsylvania and across most of the United States and other countries around the world. They are small, plain, and unknown, ignored or despised by most people because of their omnipresent abundance, the “dirt” they create with their droppings and nest materials, and their pushing native birds out of nesting sites to use those spots themselves. But the adaptable, assertive, and prolific house sparrows, which are Old World weaver finches, are part of human-made habitats and food chains. Adult house sparrows mostly consume grain, weed, and grass seeds in fields. This species has spread around the world in great numbers because of its adapting to agricultural practices in the last 10,000 years. But this species also ingests what is easily available, including cast-off food in garbage cans, dumpsters, and parking lots. They also feed on seeds in birdfeeders and pick out chewed, but undigested, bits of corn from manure strips in fields and horse droppings on rural roads. Adult house sparrows feed protein-packed invertebrates to their offspring in their nurseries, which causes those youngsters to grow rapidly. I’ve seen adult house sparrows killing invertebrates as large as Japanese beetles and annual cicada grubs to feed their young. A variety of city and suburban predators catch and eat house sparrows, mainly housecats, blue jays, crows, Cooper’s hawks, sharp-shinned hawks, and merlins. I’ve seen blue jays kill weaver finches a couple of times. Jays don’t have sharp claws to quickly grab and stab their victims, so they bludgeon their prey to death with their heavy beaks. I saw a sharp-shinned hawk catch a house sparrow on our lawn during a snowfall. The sharpy quickly killed the sparrow with its talons and ate its victim on top of the snow while snow fell around the hawk. After the hawk had eaten and flew away, snowflakes quickly covered the sparrow’s remains. Cooper’s hawks regularly prey on house sparrows on our lawn through each year. Coops even dive into and scramble through shrubbery to catch their prey. Those hawks perch on trees to consume their catches, while the victims’ feathers float to the ground. House sparrows are small and disliked by most people, but they are big in the impact they have on wildlife in cities, suburbs, and barnyards. They are part of several food chains of who eats whom. Clyde McMillan-Gamber is a retired Lancaster County Parks naturalist.

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American Flags near Holliday. 100% Made in the USA! The American flag is a strong icon of American identity and also national pride. Likewise called Old Glory, the American flag has a vibrant history and also has gone through numerous modifications from the first main flag of 1777. Today the American flag includes thirteen horizontal stripes, 7 red rotating with 6 white stripes. The stripes stand for the initial 13 colonies; the stars stand for the 50 states of the country. The colors of the flag are symbolic also: red symbolizes strength and also valor, white symbolizes pureness and innocence and blue represents vigilance, perseverance as well as justice. Nevertheless, the factor the Continental Congress initially selected the red, white, and blue colors was not explained in the resolution taking on the flag. Chroniclers think it was possibly a color option based on the British Union Jack, which had previously flown over the colonies. Over time, some have actually associated slightly different significances to the three shades, as an example, the shade red symbolizing the bloodshed spilled to protect our freedoms, but the significance of the initial meaning has actually been fairly regular since 1782. Exactly how did the American flag grow into exactly what it is today? It is a lot greater than the 3 colors or a “decoration”. Think of the locations around the world that the American flag has actually flown, think about the change it has gone through throughout the years on American soil. It is genuinely humbling to think about all that was provided and also compromised to ensure that the American flag could fly openly throughout this nation. The flag that started with just 13 stars expanded to 50 with the addition of other states to the Union. The variety of stars on the flag slowly increased to its present number today in which a new star would be included in the blue area on the 4th of July after the date of each new state’s admission. The variety of rotating straight red and also white stripes has stayed at thirteen except from 1795 to 1818 when fifteen stripes showed up on the flag to show the admission of Kentucky as well as Vermont to the Union. In 1818, it was decided that including a stripe to the flag for each and every brand-new state would certainly not happen as it will make the flag look crowded as well as it would certainly make the flag unwieldy. It was decided then that the flag would certainly go back to including only thirteen stripes to represent the initial colonies. The American flag is an icon not only of strength, valiance, purity, innocence, vigilance, perseverance and justice; it is an icon of liberty. Freedom that has actually been fought so hard for over the years. Liberty that has cost this nation and also the families within a lot, and yet it is still a beacon to those wishing they had the freedom that the country has. Folding up the American flag. Standard flag rules suggests that before an American flag is kept or raised, its handlers must two times fold it in half lengthwise; after that (from the other end opposite the blue area) make a triangular fold, remaining to fold it in triangles up until the other end is reached. This makes a triangular “pillow” of the flag with just heaven starred field showing on the outside, as well as it takes thirteen folds to produce: 2 lengthwise folds and also eleven triangular ones. The flag isn’t really folded in this way since each of the folds has a unique symbolic definition; the flag is folded in this manner due to the fact that it provides a sensible ceremonial touch that differentiates folding a flag from folding a regular object such as a blanket, and because it results a visually pleasing, easy-to-handle form. This thirteen-fold procedure was a common practice long before the development of a ritualistic assignation of “suggesting” to each of the steps. A sophisticated flag folding event incorporating these significances has since been created for unique occasions such as Memorial Day and also Veterans Day. These connections are “real” in the sense that they mean something to the people that participate in the ceremony, but they are not the reason why a flag is folded up in the typical thirteen-step manner. This is America and also its symbol is the American Flag. This honorable icon has actually been shot at, burned, spew upon and stepped on, and yet she rises repeatedly. Although many Americans near Texas state proudly fly the flag outside their homes and businesses on a daily basis, it is fitting that we, as a country, have reserved one certain day yearly to honor our flag and to keep in mind that it represents the ideals and values that we must aim to uphold. May God bless America and those who protect her. Holliday ZIP codes we serve: 76366

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Mandala Of Indic Traditions Review: Complementary and alternative medicine: an overview. Pal, S.K. 2002. Current Science 82(5): 518-524 by D.P. Agrawal Dr. S.K. Pal has rightly emphasised on the orientation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) towards self-healing and health promotion (salutogenesis rather than pathogenesis) that makes alternative medicine approaches to chronic diseases especially attractive and affordable for the developing countries. Pal also explains the theoretical differences between CAM and allopathy. Pal has estimated in this interesting essay on Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), that that two-thirds of the world's population seek health care from sources other than conventional biomedicine (allopathy). While many of these individuals undoubtedly self-medicate, most of them seek care from learned practitioners of traditional, indigenous systems of medicine, viz. Ayurveda, Kampo, Native American Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Hawaiian Medicine, Unani, Latin American folk systems, etc. It is interesting to note that despite diverse cultures, languages, geographic locations, world views and health beliefs of the peoples from which these medical systems originated, they have common characteristics, including (i) the use of complex interventions often involving multiple botanical products; (ii) individualized diagnosis and treatment of patients; (iii) an emphasis on disease prevention versus disease treatment; (iv) maximizing the body's inherent healing ability; and (v) treatment of the 'whole' patient (physical, mental, and spiritual) versus a single pathology. These healing philosophies, approaches and therapies that exist largely outside the main frame of the conventional treatment are known as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The number of patients seeking CAM is now growing exponentially. The reasons for this changing scenario are many. Pal highlights the current trends and projects and the future scenario of CAM. Pal explains that complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) refers to a broad range of healing philosophies, approaches and therapies that exist largely outside the institutions where conventional health care is taught and provided. But some of these are now institutionalized. Complementary medicine is an increasing feature of health-care practice, but considerable confusion remains about what exactly it is and what position the disciplines included under this term should hold in relation to conventional medicine. The Western health-care system has expanded and changed remarkably in recent years. Medical practices outside the mainstream of 'official' medicine (allopathy) have always been an important part of public health care. The prominence and configuration of these 'irregulars' as they were called, has waxed and waned depending on the perceived value of the orthodox medicine, the needs of the public, and the changing values of the society. The prominence of these practices subsided with the development of scientific medicine and its dramatic advances in the understanding and treatment of the disease. However, in India, diverse systems of medicine are official and professional as to their service in education Pal reports that CAM has now undergone a revival in the West. According to a recent study, no less than 42% of American households tried it during the recent years. A similar trend exists worldwide. Recognition of the increasing use of alternative medicine and other non-traditional remedies led to the establishment of the Office of Alternative Medicine, a unit of National Institutes of Health (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA) in 1992, which alone supports over 50 investigations into the usefulness of various alternative therapies. The relative popularity of alternative therapies differs among countries, but public demand is strong and growing. Complementary medicine is quite popular in Europe, Australia, China, Israel. It has increased dramatically throughout the Western world and plays a significant role in primary health care in India. Recently, a Select Committee of the House of Lords of the British Parliament had categorized Ayurveda in the third group, which was changed to the first group after a scientific presentation. Media coverage, specialist publications and the number of complementary therapists have all increased dramatically in the past 20 years. Approximately 1500 articles on CAM are published annually in the literature covered in medicine. What is CAM? Pal defines defines the 'complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)' as a broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities, practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. CAM includes all such practices and ideas defined by their users as preventing or treating illness or promoting health and well-being. Boundaries within CAM and between the AM domain and that of the dominant system are not always sharp or fixed. According to Eskinazi alternative medicine can be defined as a broad set of health-care practices (i.e. already available to the public) that are not readily integrated into the dominant health care model, because they pose challenges to diverse societal beliefs and practices (cultural, scientific, medical and educational). This definition brings into focus factors that may play a major role in the prior acceptance or rejection of various alternative health-care practices by any society. Unlike criteria of current definitions, those of the proposed definition would not be expected to change significantly without significant Alternative medicine comprises a large and heterogeneous group of treatments, many of which are procedures that are not readily testable under double-blinded conditions. Furthermore, alternative medicine therapies may also possess a theoretical basis, may stem from a cultural tradition that is seemingly antithetical to a quantitative, biomedical framework, or may possess little foundational research on which to base a controlled evaluation. It is also argued that the different sets of axioms in diverse systems require new modes of evidence than the currently dominant chemical paradigm. In the 1970s and 1980s the therapeutics that were mainly provided as an alternative to conventional health care were collectively known as 'alternative medicine'. Pal explains that the name 'complementary medicine' developed as the two systems began to be used alongside (to complement) each other. Over the years, 'complementary' has changed from describing this relationship between unconventional health-care disciplines and conventional care to defining the group of disciplines itself. Some authorities use the term 'unconventional medicine', synonymously. Pal also informs that other terms that are also used for CAM are unproven, unorthodox, fraudulent, dubious, integrative, questionable, quackery, irregular, unscientific and naturopathic propaganda-based medicine and opinion-based medicine Such a diversity of labels bespeaks of judgmental attitudes, conditioned by cultural According to Fontanarosa and Lundberg there is no alternative medicine. There is only scientifically-proven, evidence-based medicine supported by solid data or unproven medicine, for which scientific evidence is lacking. Whether a therapeutic practice is 'Eastern' or 'Western', is conventional or mainstream, or involves mind-body techniques or molecular genetics is largely irrelevant, except for historical purposes and cultural interests. Conceptual differences and commonalities The characteristic common to traditional (alternative) system of health (vital force, spirituality and holism) Pal thinks that it seems to distinguish it from biomedicine. Biomedicine is founded in part on materialism (in contrast to the vital force explanation) Materialism, in this context refers to the theory that 'physical matter is the only or fundamental reality, and that all beings and processes and phenomena are manifestation or result of matter'. While biomedicine does not necessarily reject religion or spirituality, it does not routinely incorporate these aspects into diagnosis and treatment (unlike the traditional system). It negates any evidence of the role of the spirit, and the mind is viewed as merely a product of the brain. Explaining the theory, Pal states that traditional medicine teaches that energy flows within, around and through all things in the universe. Energy cannot be destroyed, but can be affected negatively, leading to flow imbalance or disease. Traditional medicine does not exclusively view disease as an invasion or poisoning of the body by a foreign organism. Instead it sees the disease as a condition when the human body is out of balance with its milieu. Healing, therefore, is the art of manipulating the flow of energy to re-establish balance in the whole person, rather than just the area of complaint. Spirituality, unlike in allopathy, is an integral part of traditional medicine and, as a result, traditional medicine therapy can be very individualized, with no two people receiving the same treatment, despite similar complaints or the same disease. In contrast, Western medicine tends to divide the body into systems and compartments and measures functions by evaluating tissues and examining body fluids. Although there is a great deal of knowledge regarding the body's complex interactions, abnormalities are often diagnosed and treated as individual entities apart from the patient. Western physicians frequently subspecialize and view disease as an invasion of the body by foreign organisms or a proliferation or death of individual cells. The focus of Western medicine is therefore to provide a cure for a specific ailment. The Western scientific method is applied rigorously and claims of its efficacy are documented and proved by repeated independent studies. Like traditional medicine, biomedicine also now advocates some changes in diet, environment and lifestyle to promote health. Different types of CAMs Pal broadly divides CAM into seven major categories viz. (i) mind-body medicine, (ii) alternative medical systems, (iii) lifestyle and disease prevention, (iv) biologically-based therapies, (v) manipulative and body-based systems, (vi) biofield, and (vii) bioelectromagnetics. Within each category, medical practices that are not commonly used, accepted or available in conventional medicine are designated as CAM. Those practices that fall mainly within the domains of conventional medicine are designated as 'Behavioural Medicine'. Practices that can be either CAM or behavioural are designated as overlapping. Mind-body medicine involves behavioural, psychological, social and spiritual approaches to health. It is divided into four subcategories: (i) mind-body system, (ii) mind-body methods (e.g. yoga, internal Qi Gong, hypnosis, meditation), (iii) religion and spirituality (e.g. confession, spiritual healing, prayer), and (iv) social and contextual areas (e.g. holistic nursing, intuitive diagnosis, In contrast, alternative medical systems involve complete systems of theory and practice that have been developed outside the Western biomedical approaches. They are divided into four subcategories: (1) acupuncture and Oriental medicine; (ii) traditional indigenous systems (e.g. Ayurvedic medicine, Siddha, Unani-tibbi, native American medicine, Kampo medicine, traditional African medicine); (iii) unconventional Western systems (e.g. Homeopathy, psionic medicine, orthomolecular medicine, functional medicine, environmental medicine), and (iv) naturopathy. Lifestyle and disease prevention category involves theories and practices designed to prevent the development of illness, identify and treat risk factors, or support the healing and recovery process. This system is concerned with integrated approaches for the prevention and management of chronic disease in general, or the common determinants of chronic disease. It is divided into three subcategories: (i) clinical prevention practices (e.g. electrodermal diagnosis, medical intuition, panchakarma, chirography); (ii) lifestyle therapies and (iii) health promotion. Biologically-based therapy includes, Pal explains, natural and biologically-based practices, interventions and products. Many overlap with conventional medicine's use of dietary supplements. This category is divided into four subcategories: (i) phytotherapy or herbalism (plant-derived preparations that are used for therapeutic and prevention purpose, e.g. Ginkgo biloba, garlic, ginseng, turmeric, aloe vera, echinacea, saw palmetto, capsicum, bee pollen, mistletoe); (ii) special diet therapies (e.g. vegetarian, high fibre, pritikin, ornish, Mediterranean, natural hygiene); (iii) orthomolecular medicine (products used as nutritional and food supplements and are not covered in other categories. These are usually used in combinations for prevention or therapeutic purpose. e.g. ascorbic acid, carotenes, folic acid, vitamin-A, riboflavin, lysine, iron, probiotics, biotin), and (iv) pharmacological, biological and instrumental interventions (include product and procedures applied in an unconventional manner, e.g. Coley's toxin, ozone, enzyme therapy, cell therapy, EDTA, induced remission therapy, chirography, neural therapy iridology, MORO device, bioresonance, apitherapy). Manipulative and body-based systems are based on manipulation and/or movement of the body. They are divided into three subcategories; (i) chiropractic medicine; (ii) massage and body work (e.g. osteopathic manipulative therapy. kinesiology, reflexology, Alexander technique, rolling, Chinese tui na massage and acupressure), and (iii) unconventional physical therapies (e.g. hydro therapy, colonies, diathermy, light and colour therapy. heat and electrotherapy). Biofield medicine involves systems that use subtle energy fields in and around the body for medical purpose, viz, therapeutic touch, Reiki and external Qi Gong. Bioelectromagnetics refers to the unconventional use of electromagnetic fields for medical purposes. A number of complementary and alternative medicinal systems are popular in India; with Ayurveda being the most popular. CAM is mostly associated with the treatment of chronic diseases. Patients are also found using naturopathy, herbal medicine, biopathy, home remedies, wheat-grass therapy, hydrotherapy, electro energizers, auto urine therapy, vipasana and traditional healing methods for the treatment of cancer pain. Fish medicine is tried out in a large number of patients for the treatment and prevention of asthma. Mass meditation is practised for treatment of chronic problems. Ayurvedic medicines are tried for epilepsy. Other popular CAMs in India are yoga, massage, prayers, spiritual healing, tantra/mantra, astromedicine, gem therapy, hypnosis, acupuncture and magnet therapy. India is literally a 'therapeutic jungle' with awaited serendipitous discoveries as well as lurking prelature of hazardous practices. Why do people use CAM? The increasing popularity of CAM reflects, Pal thinks, the changing needs and values in modern society in general. This includes a rise in prevalence of chronic diseases, an increase in public access to worldwide health information, reduced tolerance for paternalism, an increased sense of entitlement to quality life, declining faith that scientific breakthrough will have relevance for the personal treatment of disease, and an increased interest in spiritualism. In addition, concern about the adverse effect and skyrocketing cost of conventional health care are fuelling the search for alternative approaches to the prevention and management of illness. As there are many factors like the sociocultural and personal (health status, belief, attitude, motivation, etc.), underlying a person's decision to use alternative therapies, at present, there is no clear or comprehensive theoretical model to account for the increased use of alternative forms of health care Three assumptions have been proposed to explain the use of alternative medicine: (1) Dissatisfaction: Patients are dissatisfied with conventional treatment because it has been ineffective, has produced adverse side effects, or is seen as impersonal, too technologically-oriented, and/or too costly. (2) Need for personal control: Patients seek alternative therapies because they see them as less authoritarian with more personal autonomy and control over their health care decisions. (3) Philosophical congruence: Alternative therapies are attractive because they are seen as more compatible with patients' values, world-view, spiritual/religious philosophy or beliefs regarding the nature and meaning of health and illness. It is interesting to note that the surveys of users of complementary medicine indicate that about 80% are satisfied with the treatment they receive. Interestingly, this is not always dependent on a simultaneous improvement in their condition. For example, one survey of cancer patients in the UK suggested that the users were more hopeful about their future and were emotionally stronger and less anxious, even if the cancer remained unchanged. Previous research has indicated that patients with higher levels of education and poor health status are likely to be alternative medicine users. How to regulate CAM Discussing the US scene, Pal says that the interaction of politics and science in the arena of health care, one of the most lucrative industries in the US, has played a significant role in the recent development of alternative medicine there. In October 1991, the US Congress instructed the NIH to create an Office of Unconventional Medical Practices, later renamed the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM). The mandate was met with a less-than-enthusiastic response from the NIH, but simultaneously with high public expectation. Compounding the difficulties other key governmental agencies, in particular the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), were overlooked in the mandate, although their role was necessary and complementary to that of the OAM. Similar to other federal programmes, the activities of the OAM must comply with FDA regulations and policies. Yet, FDA regulations designed for conventional drugs are devices not applicable for alternative medicine products. Many contemporary cures are not pills and potions, but lifestyle-oriented remedies. These remedies are usually beyond the regulatory responsibility of the FDA. Often the remedies of CAM are masked under the label of 'dietary supplements'. Regulation of CAM practitioners varies widely. In most countries only registered health professionals may practice, but in the UK practice is virtually unregulated except for osteopathic and chiropractic. The General Osteopathy Council and the General Chiropractic Council have been established by the act of parliamentary and statutory self-regulation status with similar powers and functions as those of the General Medical Council. A small number of other disciplines, such as acupuncture, herbal medicine and homeopathy, have a single main regulatory body and are working towards statutory self-regulation. Germany and some Scandinavian countries have intermediate systems. Belgium's parliament has recently paved the way for formal recognition of four types of complementary medicine, viz. cupuncture, homeopathy, osteopathy and chiropractice. In India since independence, four systems of medicine, viz. Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Unani and Siddha have received considerable encouragement from both the central and state governments. These systems are regulated by national health services. In India there are more than 500,000 Ayurvedic practitioners and 100,000 homeopathic Safety issue of CAM CAM remedies are popular among patients with chronic diseases such as cancer, AIDS, arthritis, asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, etc. Cancer patients throughout the world use alternative medical methods. Treatments include vitamins, herbs, diet, healing, 'psychological' treatment, folk medicines and homeopathy. However, the recent failure of the Luigi Di Bella cancer therapy and the wonder anti-cancer drug advocated by Asru Kumar Sinha has raised questions on the effectiveness of alternative therapies in dealing with chronic diseases like cancer. According to Durant most of the alternative cancer therapies are nothing but an attractive nuisance. However, there are remarkable cases of anecdotal cure and survival up to five years in cancer patients treated with CAM, which need to be studied. All medicines can be toxic under specific circumstances, there is always a risk that an adverse reaction will present a hazard to patients with licensed medicines. However, regulations are expected to ensure that the risk is small and the pharmaceutical industries monitor the medicine's efficacy, safety and quality. No such global control over natural medicine or herbal medicine exists. India has ayurvedic and herbal pharmacopoeias and the approval process for manufacturers of CAM. Patients with cancer and AIDS should be warned that some of the adverse effects of natural medicines are often similar to symptoms of problems associated with their disease or treatment, thus making it difficult to discern if the disease or the 'remedy' is the problem Pal warns that the harm caused by unproven therapies or poor quality CAM is not only medical, but also societal and can be summarized as follows: (i) Economic harm- through loss of resources. It is estimated that four times more money is spent on quackery than on cancer research. In 1983 an estimated $ 200 million was to have been spent on cancer chemotherapy, and in 1981, $ 1 billion was estimated to have been spent on laetrile, which was found to be ineffective, despite anecdotal success. (ii) Direct harm- cyanide toxicity death related to laetrile; metabolic disturbances caused by some diet, harmful effect of some megavitamin regimens and ruptured colons with coffee enemas. Transmission of viral and bacterial diseases with contaminated serologic product, etc. can recur. (iii) Indirect harm- the harm of omission, total avoidance or delay in seeking responsible therapy while pursuing alternative therapies. Utilization of diet for cure rather than nutritional preservation. The psychological effect of prolonged denial, guilt associated with inability to self-control the disease and feelings of inadequacy. The incorrect diagnosis of cancer by iridology, kinesiology or a variety of serologic tests, and the resultant questionable treatment with its consequences. (iv) Societal harm - the impact of large groups advocating mistrust of established institutions, frequently supported by the media, legislative bodies, etc., distorts progress by altering expenditure of funds, delaying public health measures and formation of laws. Pal emphasises that alternative medicine offers more than physical and mental health care. In the words of one observer, it comprises a medical system that also dispenses a heavy dose of unconventional religion. Through the patient's participation in Nature, vital forces and a 'human' science, the quest for health takes on sacred proportions, allowing the patient to discern the ultimate meaning and make profound connections with the universe. Since ancient times, it has been known that the state of mind of a sick person influences the response to treatment. Pal informs that a recent study by Harris et al suggests that prayer may be an effective adjunct to standard medical care. However, the general uses of prayer as a modality of treatment for the sick is not itself a prima facie argument in favour of the efficacy of prayer. In a recent incident, fundamentalist Christian parents resisted the conventional treatment of their son suffering from osteogenic sarcoma and believed a regimen of vitamins and prayer would heal their child which was really unfortunate. There is no doubt that the faith of an individual patient is relevant to recovery, but not at the cost of neglecting Complementary practitioners do not need a conventional diagnosis to initiate treatment. In fact, many think that their treatments are most effective in patients without organic pathology. The risks of missing serious conditions if complementary treatments are given to patients without definite diagnosis are of great concern. Little is known about the malpractices of practitioners of CAM or about the relationship between conventional and alter native medicine. The amount of money some patients spend on complementary medicine is considerable. Costs vary widely, and higher prices do not necessarily mean better or more effective treatment. The lack of evidence concerning many complementary interventions means that the likelihood of a successful outcome is often impossible to predict, patients should be aware of the risk. Pal pleads that they should also know in advance about the estimated cost for a complete course of treatment, including tests and medications, before starting complementary therapy. Pal notes that little information has been published on the combined use of complementary and conventional treatment, but some serious interactions have mostly involved herbal products or dietary supplements. In a recent instance several women developed rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis after taking Chinese herbs prescribed by a slimming clinic. Doctors in Belgium have discovered recently that a Chinese herb, Aristolochia fangchi, is not only linked to kidney failure, but may cause cancer as well. At several institutions in India, continued therapy of two systems of medicine is used. This needs good documentation, as to their safety and utility. Pal warns, most herbal products in the market today have not been subjected to the drug approval process to demonstrate their safety and effectiveness. Some of them contain mercury, lead, arsenic, corticosteroids and poisonous organic substances in harmful amounts. Hepatic failure and even death following ingestion of herbal medicine have been reported. A prospective study shows that 25% of corneal ulcer in Tanzania and 26% of childhood blindness in Nigeria and Malawi were associated with the use of traditional eye medicine. Ayurvedic tablets for epilepsy cure were found to have higher phenytoin and phenobarbitone contents. Such adulteration, though not universal, emphasizes the need for quality control of herbal drugs. Herbal preparation should be used with caution and only on the advice of an herbalist or CAM practitioner who is familiar with he relevant conventional pharmacology. There are case reports of serious adverse effects after administration of herbal products. In most cases, the herbs involved were self-prescribed and bought over the counter or obtained from a source other than a registered practitioner. The lack of a formal adverse drug reaction reporting system makes their true incidence unknown and therefore more reliable information is needed. Encouraging patients who are taking conventional medication to disclose and discuss intentions to use complementary therapies, and to initiate treatment only under medical supervision may help reduce the risk. Future of CAM Throughout the world, Pal notes, patients in unprecedented numbers are going outside of conventional medicine to look for help. This is a movement that has been building up since the late 1960s and it is now reaching the point that visits to alternative practitioners exceed visits to primary care providers. Many alternative therapies are now moving to the hospital sector. The review by Austin suggests that a large number of physicians are either referring to or practising some of the more prominent and well- known forms of CAM and that many physicians believe that these therapies are useful or efficacious. Yoga, for example, is being tried out for the management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Yoga lifestyle intervention is also found to increase the regression of coronary athero-sclerosis in patients with severe coronary artery disease. Hypnosis is being tried out in cancer clinics for the management of pain. The American Medical Association (AMA) and other medical associations have formally recognized hypnosis as a viable medical treatment. Clinical outcome and research papers in several areas of complementary therapies now find a place in orthodox medical journals, and it is no longer possible to maintain the traditional medical stance that referring patients to complementary therapists is unethical. The Union Ministry for Health and Family Welfare has asked the Medical Council of India to include the basic principles and concept of the Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy in the course content of MBBS. The rapid increase in public interest and use of complementary and alternative therapies is exerting a powerful influence on medical education and has gained ground in several medical universities A significant number of medical students want instructions in complementary therapies. Medical educators increasingly realize that it is not a question of whether to address these issues in the education of future physicians, but rather how to respond to these relentless The AMA has recognized the need for medical schools to respond to the growing interest in alternative health care practices. Pal informs that the result of the 1996-97 and 1997-98 Annual Medical School Questionnaire Part II distributed by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education indicated a notable increase in instruction in 'alternative medicine'. Although no medical school reported offering a separate required course in complementary health care practice, medical schools covering these areas as part of a required course increased to 63 (from 46 in 1996-97) and medical schools offering a separate elective course increased to 54 (from 47 in 1996-97). In the 1996-97 academic year, 34 medical schools offered instruction as part of an elective course, and 28 offered other educational Multicentric clinical trials and research on CAM are lacking due to paucity of specific funding. In the UK, the Medical Research Council spent no money researching complementary therapies in 1998-99 and in 1999, the UK medical research charities spent only 0.05% of their total budget. In the past 12 years, the Indian Council of Medical Research has set up a unique network through out the country for carrying out controlled clinical trials for herbal medicines. Using this network, the council has shown the efficacy of several traditional medicines, including Picrorhizia kurroa in hepatitis and Pterocarpus marsupium in diabetes. As a result of the trials, these medicines can now be used in allopathic hospitals. Double-blinded and well-designed clinical trials have also been conducted with Arogyawardhini in viral hepatitis, Mucuna prurieiis in Parkinson's disease, Phyllanthus amarus in hepatitis and Tinospora cordifolia in obstructive jaundice. But these have not been widely emulated. Key policy issue of integrating CAM with mainstream medicine has been outlined by Commonwealth health ministers. The ministers established the Commonwealth Working Group on Traditional and Complementary Health Systems to promote the integration of traditional health systems and complementary medicine into national health care. Pal informs that nearly 80% of the world's population does not have access to modern medicine. Most of the money for health care in the developing world goes to the remaining 20% of the population. Healthcare costs are predicted to double in the next 10 years. Low-cost intervention such as lifestyle changes, diet, supplement therapy and behavioural medicine can be delivered as substitute for high cost drugs and technological intervention. All the major alternative medicine systems approach illness first by trying to support and induce the self-healing process of the person. If recovery can occur from this, the likelihood of adverse effect and the need for high-impact, high-cost intervention is reduced. Concluding the arguments Pal says that it is this orientation towards self-healing and health promotion (salutogenesis rather than pathogenesis) that makes alternative medicine approaches to chronic disease especially attractive. Weblink for Current Science: www.ias.ac.in/currsci

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Martin Jenkins (text) Richard Jones (illus.) Bird Builds a Nest: a Science Storybook about Forces, Walker Books Australia, 1 March 2018, 32pp., $24.99 (hbk), ISBN 9781406355130 Bird Builds a Nest is a ‘science storybook about forces’. It is a picture book for young children telling a story about a bird building a nest but in the process, it imparts information about pushing and pulling. The deceptively simple story which can be read to very young listeners follows Bird as she finds a worm for breakfast and then embarks on the tasks involved in building a nest. In the course of doing this, she does quite a bit of pulling, lifting, pushing and occasionally dropping things. Sentences in smaller font size explain that these actions involve forces. At the end of the book is a suggested experiment involving balls of different weights, and a simple index. Martin Jenkins has written many non-fiction books for young readers. His text unobtrusively introduces physics to a straightforward tale about a bird building a nest in which to lay eggs which then hatch. Richard Jones has used a muted colour palette in earth tones which suits the subject matter and his animals and plants are depicted in a stylised manner. Walker Books has the successful scientific picture book down to a fine art and the production quality is very high. This is a useful book for pre-schoolers which can be read on several levels. Recommended. Reviewed by Lynne Babbage

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Learning is not linear. There is no straight line from ignorance to mastery. The assembly line works for non-thinking robots, not for the complex process of learning. This is especially the case when the learners are image bearers of a God who is revealed in the sometimes unexplainable complexities of life. This is where the simple child’s game of Snakes and Ladders is so profound. Why is it so easy to encourage students to take risks, to fail and slide down a snake, and yet refuse to encourage this in our own professional learning and within the learning culture of the staff? Read the full article in The Link Online, SCSBC’s quarterly newsletter: To help with planning and focus, we have created this poster for you:

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Detailed Notes on Childhood ObesityKnowledge how little ones turn into overweight in the first place is a vital phase towards breaking Otherwise prevented or handled at an early age, obesity has the potential to get a lifelong affliction, growing the chance of developing interrelated non-communicable ailments, which include form 2 diabetic issues, cardiovascular disease and stroke, musculoskeletal disorders, and a few forms of cancer. The good news is always that childhood obesity and its associated diseases are largely preventable. Skip directly to lookup Skip directly to A to Z list Skip directly to navigation Skip straight to page selections Skip straight to web page material In summary, Healthy folks give that our children for the future are increasingly being unsuccessful. Nutritious residing has to be taken critically. Progressively households have the two mother and father working full-time jobs to provide shelter, food items, and garments for his or her families. Providing the basic prerequisites is not really ample for a healthy loved ones. Mother and father want to be extra anxious inside their child's existence. You will discover more than 30 professional medical circumstances which might be associated with obesity. Individuals who are obese are susceptible to developing a number of of these critical professional medical circumstances, triggering poor wellness or, in extreme circumstances, early Dying. g., feeding on fewer fruits and vegetables, much more saturated fats), participating in less Actual physical exercise, additional sedentary behavior, and cultural attitudes about body excess weight.sixty nine Evidently these things have a tendency to co-arise and therefore are more likely to add jointly to differentials in improved chance of obesity in little ones. your child you’ll be “education” for it alongside one another. You should definitely celebrate once you complete this Overweight and obesity are connected to psychosocial troubles such as very poor self-esteem and despair. Though not each and every obese little one will have these health conditions, Health professionals are viewing lots of of these problems in young and young youngsters. As an example, the incidence of kind two diabetes has amplified promptly in teenagers, with obesity existing in almost all situations. Also, obese small children are more likely to be obese as Older people. So, obesity places a child's overall health at lifelong higher hazard. Causes of childhood obesity Has our details served you? Tell us what you consider this web site We’d adore to find out what you concentrate on what you’ve just been studying and searching at – we’ll use it to further improve our data. If you’d like to present us some opinions, our brief form underneath will get just a couple of minutes to finish. This has changed, for many kids at the very least, The chance for Actual physical activity. It is this surroundings, referred to by researchers as "obesogenic," that assists genetically inclined individuals to achieve fat. Small children are particularly at risk of their setting as they have less ability to condition it. They have tiny Management in excess of how they get all over and what They can be given to consume. Youngsters are inclined to acquire identical eating habits and Bodily action patterns as their mothers and fathers – 1 environmental cause why obesity and obesity-connected Ailments generally operate in people. Other environmental factors appear into Participate in in addition. There is expanding proof which the ecosystem in the womb helps to "plan" a Kid's metabolism. Exposure to gestational diabetic issues or maternal obesity, large delivery weight, and intrauterine expansion retardation with rapid "capture-up" growth are all linked to obesity later on. In contrast, breastfeeding in infancy may lessen the risk of obesity, as could other well being tactics like acquiring more than enough snooze and consuming in reaction to appetite cues. It is important to note that a little but crucial team of youngsters create check here obesity as the results of An additional clinical situation. When evaluating a baby, the health practitioner must rule out challenges like genetic Issues, endocrine sickness, and neurological injury. Lots of medicines, like steroids and antidepressants, could also contribute to bodyweight attain or allow it to be more durable to lose weight. Furthermore, some become overweight or obese pursuing therapy, which include some neurosurgical treatments and most cancers therapy. Can we change the risk elements for childhood obesity? Make an energy to decrease the length of time both you and your spouse and children commit in sedentary things to do, such as viewing Television or enjoying movie game titles. When you've got an overweight baby, it is essential that you simply let her or him to know that you will be supportive. Kid's feelings about on their own typically are centered on their own mom and dad' feelings about them, and if you acknowledge Your sons or daughters at any weight, they will be a lot more very likely to experience good about on their own. Be a part of us on a mission above four everyday living-switching months to stop childhood obesity and provide all children with the most beneficial early begin to a healthier lifestyle. It's tricky to correlate nutritional selections and childhood obesity working with observational investigation. Nevertheless, trend facts propose some adjustments in eating designs and consumption Which might be correlated with boosts in obesity. Normally, children and adolescents are having far more foods absent from home, drinking extra sugar-sweetened beverages, and snacking much more routinely.

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Please use and enjoy the following Explanatory, Narrative, and Persuasive lessons. Write Bright provides curriculum for both Common Core "Source Writing" as well as traditional "Prompt Writing". Schools taking PARCC or Smarter Balanced should focus on "Source Writing" content. Write Bright gives teachers 2 options: teaching a projected lesson or allowing the lesson to be taught by our writing coach via video. Video Lessons: Make copies of the printable for each student in your class. Double click on the video to view in full screen. You will need to press the pause button each time the writing coach gives the students a task. Don’t forget to share your experience with your principal! Videos will not play? Try different browsers to see what works best for your system. For Internet Explorer choose "Tools" "Compatibility View" must be checked. Go to "Compatibility View Settings", add website writebrightstation.com, and check display all websites in C.V. For Firefox users: Go to "tools", "add ons", "Plugins", and make certain java and windows presentation is enabled. - For more information visit the "Training" tab-"Teacher Videos" and you are welcome to watch our workshops.

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If you are someone who is soon going to go for bathroom remodeling, then the one thing that you must definitely keep in mind is to use as many eco-friendly ideas and materials as possible. Not only will this enable you to protect the environment in your own little way but will also help you save costs and will make you feel good about conservation of both water and the environment. There are many ways to remodel or redecorate your bathroom using green materials and resources and the following are some of the tips and suggestions for the same. One of the major parts of your bathroom is the surfaces of walls. If you wish to remodel the walls using eco-friendly ways then what you can do is that you can choose paint over wallpaper since to create wallpaper, paper obtained from trees has to be used. Moreover, wallpaper can get moist and hence damaged when used in bathrooms and may need constant replacement, which again hurts the environment. Some other ecofriendly and durable choices for wall surfaces include natural stone and ceramic tiles. When it comes to remodeling the floor using eco-friendly ideas, you can use materials like natural linoleum and recycled content ceramic tiles. Avoid using carpet in bathrooms. Natural linoleum is a sustainable and environment friendly option and does not harm the environment in any way. Cabinets and Countertops It is better to avoid using materials like particleboard and medium density fiberboard for cabinets. It is a better idea to use exterior grade plywood or solid wood since these materials are more sustainable and eco-friendly. For countertops, the materials that you can go for include glass, bamboo and wood. One of the most important things to remember when going for eco-friendly bathroom remodeling is to make efforts to conserve as much water as possible. These days, many new and low flow toilets are available which can be used to avoid wasting unnecessary amount of water while flushing. Also, you must opt for aerator equipped faucets that make for a wonderful option. These faucets do not throw out a huge volume of water and hence help to conserve its consumption. If each one of us starts using these options, then we can together save thousands of gallons of water every year. Thanks to latest technology and science, these days there are many electrical equipments and appliances which you can use to save electricity. In the bathroom too, you can replace your water heater with a tankless or solar power system so that you can cut down on the energy that you consume. This will also reduce your utility bill every month. Another money saver option that you can pick as an eco-friendly choice is using radiant floor heating. This is a wonderful way to heat your bathroom as it does not waste energy and lowers the energy cost at the same time.

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Weimar is a small yet pretty town of around 60,000 inhabitants. Its fame, however, extends far beyond the borders of Thuringia. Foreigners generally associate Weimar with the ill-fated Weimar Republic; founded here in 1919, but ruled from Berlin where it floundered in the early 1930s after the Nazis came to power. Still, for Germans as well as the average tourist, visiting Weimar is all about classicism. Although never a large town, and never of real strategic importance, Weimar attracted artistic talent for centuries. During the late 18th century, under the reign of the talented Duchess Anna Amalia and later her son Carl August, the Duchy Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach reached its classical period and for a few decades, this town of less than 5,000 was the center of intellectual thought in Germany. The Duchess came to power in 1758, and acquired the services of Christoph Martin Wieland to educate her son. The greatest coup was inviting the brilliant young, but upcoming, writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. He would stay in Weimar from 1775 until his death in 1832, playing a major role not only in the arts but also in the administration of the duchy. He attracted other writers such as the dramatist Friederich von Schiller and the theologian Gottfried Herder. These four elevated German literature to an unknown level, leading to the period generally referred to as the classical. For most German tourists, and students of German, visiting Weimar is primarily a pilgrimage to the sites associated with these writers. Through the centuries Weimar also attracted other talents such as Lucas Cranach the Elder, who died here; Johann Sebastian Bach, who was organist and choirmaster in Weimar from 1708 to 1717; and Franz Liszt, who, beginning in 1848, filled the same position as Bach and created a famous musical school that currently bears his name. In the 20th century, Weimar played a major role in the foundation of modern architecture and design. From 1902, Henri van de Velde, the Belgian exponent of Art Nouveau, worked in Weimar. After the First World War, the Bauhaus was founded in Weimar under the leadership of Walter Gropius. However, the ideas of the Bauhaus were too radical for the conservative town and by 1925 Bauhaus moved to Dessau. Ischgl is a small mountain village turned hip ski resort, with massive appeal among the party-hearty young crowds. It is... Read More Andorra la Vella is its own little world, and not just because it’s a 290-square-mile independent principality (a fifth the... Read More Bariloche (officially San Carlos de Bariloche) is the place to be seen. It is to Argentina what Aspen is to the... Read More Aspen is America's most famous ski resort. And that's an understatement. For, as a ski complex, Aspen is unsurpassed. Its... Read More Zermatt is a small but glamorous mountain resort town, with a population of approximately 5,700. It is one of Switzerland's... Read More St. Moritz is a glitzy, alpine resort town in the celebrated Engadin Valley of Switzerland, with huge notoriety as the... Read More Lake Tahoe is the premier lake resort of America, and the largest alpine lake in all of North America. It is an absolutely... Read More St. Anton, Sankt Anton am Arlberg in German, is Austria's premier ski-bum resort! It's actually a small village cum... Read More Kitzbühel, a small, Tyrolian resort town in the Kitzbüheler Alps, comes with international renown and huge snob appeal, and... Read More

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Oct 31, 2014 04:37 PM EDT It's a photo worth a thousand words, and one of a near impossible candidate. Captured in the national forest near Grand Canyon National Park, authorities revealed Thursday Oct. 30 that a collared endangered gray wolf from the northern Rocky Mountains may be roaming the lands. A species that environmentalists and national park officials haven't seen since the 1940's when the gray wolf was driven to extinction in the area. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service spokesman, Jeff Humphrey, says that the "wolf-like creature" has been reported and photographed several times since it first arrived three weeks ago in the Kaibab National Forest, however, local officials have yet to confirm it is the rare species. Potentially a wolf-dog hybrid, researchers originally investigated reports, but as growing photographic evidence and reports detail the creature more clearly, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has confirmed to environmental groups that they are on the lookout for a lone gray wolf. While federal officials have yet to identify the exact individual, as they are working to collect enough trace evidence to analyze its DNA, they have confirmed that its collar is similar to those use in the northern Rocky Mountain wolf recovery effort, ruling out it being a different species of Mexican wolf. "Until determined otherwise, we're assuming that it may be an endangered [gray] wolf" recovery coordinator for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Sherry Barrett says. However, further conclusive evidence will be obtained once authorities are able to analyze its specific DNA. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service spokeswoman, Charna Lefton told reporters Thursday that the service is sending a team of specialists to the canyon area where the wolf was first seen, to attempt to capture it and equip it with a new radio collar. The service confirms that traps will be set within the next 48 hours, and DNA analysis will be able to positively identify the species after samples have been collected. Earlier this morning National Park Service and Game & Fish officials flew over the area where the animal was photographed, however no radio signals from the collar were able to be tracked. "That means the animal is either not from the wolf recovery project or, more likely, the battery is just dead" field supervisor Steve Spangle says. While conservation advocates and environmental groups almost immediately disclosed the presence of the wolf, in an effort to bring attention to the canine so that hunters do not make a fatal mistake, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has kept secret for weeks. And the service says that it was irresponsible for the conservation groups to say the creature is a wolf, until it is positively identified with DNA evidence. "A statement like that has no value till we wait a short time to capture and ID it" Jim DeVos, of the Arizona Game and Fish Department, says. "Certainly the presence of a true gray wolf is important. That's why we need to go capture it and take a tissue sample, and that's why we have not made a big deal out of it." 2. Aug 21, 2018 Study: Length of opioid prescription spell highest risk for misuse after surgery 3. Aug 06, 2018 NASA Introduces First Batch Of Commercial Astronaut Crew 4. Jul 31, 2018 Pair of colliding stars spill radioactive molecules into space 2. Jul 26, 2018 New system can identify drugs to target 'undruggable' enzymes critical in many diseases 3. Jul 26, 2018 Health benefits of moderate drinking may be overstated, study finds

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While his cultural situation may look like a disadvantage—especially in comparison to the erudite plautus' name, is, in fact, a bridge between. Perhaps the most common assignment in a composition course is the comparison and contrast essay five points of difference between the two things that we want to. Get an answer for 'what were some major differences between the elizabethan and modern difference between modern and elizabethan theater had to film adapted. What's the difference between operas and notes and queries at 8 melbury road has plaques for the artist marcus stone and for film director michael. This handout will help you determine if an assignment is asking for comparing and contrasting, between texts or ideas for the comparison/contrast and. The actors shift roles by changing vocal characteristics 2011, from comparison between. How to review a play preparing to write a play review writing the review preparing to write a play review below are some tips to help you prepare to write a play. Comparison films the comparison films consisted of the two highest box office grossing films in the same year of release as each animated film, excluding sequels. A comparison between 35 mm and 15/70 another imax 3d theater was also while still not matching the theoretical resolution of traditional imax film,. A comparison between the world of beowulf since characteristics of human nature have stayed the same, today theater, operas,. A sine wave clearly demonstrates the three fundamental characteristics of a sound wave between two similar sound noise level of the theater is.The economic history of the international film industry gerben bakker, university of essex introduction like other major innovations such as the automobile. Get an answer for 'how do theatres of shakespeare's time and modern times comparecompare and contrast the theatre-going experience of shakespeare’s. Characteristics of drama genres most notably the ctv award for best proposed documentary film comparison between drama & comedy in theater. Analyzing the characteristics between the facial expressions third person such as novel or theater, fourth expression of an animated film character. In modern times, a musical could be a stage show or film or television show, difference between musical and opera differencebetweennet september 28,. Distance between the projector and but for the sake of comparison, this is because different screen surfaces have different reflectivity characteristics,. My two words on film vs digital i love film i loved to read the comparison between analogue the characteristics of a tube amplifier when you. Origin and characteristics of the theatre of the absurd 'the theatre sound film (laurel and the theatre of the absurd between man and his life, actor. Comparison between drama & comedy in theater learning about the similarities and differences between drama has come to refer to a genre of play or film,. Foreign vs american film quality overall home theater the film industry the films have been affected by the political struggles in the region between the. The literal difference in physical location between theatre and film is understanding the unique characteristics stage vs screen: what’s the big difference. Realism vs non-realism (drama journal) look back in anger is a british play about a love triangle between jimmy, his wife alison, and her friend helena. Narrative, lyric, drama poetry subsists no longer in the relations between words and theater can no longer compete with special effects and personal camera. Relationship between the number of tickets sold at theater venues in that of the festival and characteristics of festival attendees is in comparison. The black arts movement, produced a classic split in umbra between those who wanted to be development of black theater groups and black. We provide excellent essay writing service 24/7 enjoy proficient essay writing and custom writing services provided by professional academic writers. Traditional and modern media over the ages, and the ways in which the lines are blurring between street theater. This unit will seek to show students the relationship between film and one of the endearing characteristics of ability to rent or go to a movie theater to.

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Fine structure describes the splitting of the spectral lines of atoms due to electron spin and relativistic corrections to the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation. Hyperfine structure, with energy shifts typically orders of magnitudes smaller than those of a fine-structure shift, results from the interactions of the nucleus (or nuclei, in molecules) with internally generated electric and magnetic fields. - Hyperfine Structure - The hyperfine structure is caused by interaction between magnetic field (from electron movement) and nuclear spin. Thumbnail: Schematic illustration of fine and hyperfine structure in hydrogen atom. Image used with permission (Public Domain; Edudobay).

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In teens ages ten to nineteen, the most common method of suicide is by firearm, followed closely by suffocation (mostly hanging) and poisoning. All guns and other weapons should be removed from the house, or at least locked up. Other potentially harmful items such as ropes, cords, sharp knives, alcohol and other drugs, and poisons should also be removed. Providers and parents should ask regularly about thoughts of suicide. Providers should remind parents that making these inquiries will not promote the idea of suicide. Behaviors to watch for in children and teens include: If a child has depression, feels suicidal, and drinks a lot of alcohol, the person is more likely to take his or her life. Parents are usually unaware that their child is drinking. If a child is drinking, the parent will need to discuss this with their child and the clinician. Work with patients and parents to decide how to proceed if a child feels suicidal. It is important to be specific and provide adolescents with accurate names, phone numbers and addresses. (Adapted by GLAD-PC with permission from materials prepared by Families for Depression Awareness: http://www.familyaware.org/parentandteenguide.php)

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Alloy: a mixture of 2 or more base metals combined to create a new metal, usually in order to add strength and durability. Anodized Aluminum: aluminum that has undergone the process of having a color coating applied to its surface via an electric current. Vibrant colors can result, but the color can be easily scratched off when using uncovered metal tools. Base Metal: a more common, less expensive metal such as brass, copper, nickel, tin & aluminum. Beads: small, decorative objects that are formed in a variety of shapes and sizes of a material such as stone, bone, shell, glass, plastic, wood or pearl and with a small hole for stringing. Bronze: an alloy composed of mostly copper and some tin which creates a metal with a dark golden-brown color. Brass: an alloy of copper and zinc which creates a metal with a bright gold-like color. Chainmaille: originally a type of battle armor composed of small metal rings linked (woven) together in a pattern to form a mesh. Today, we can use the weaving techniques to create beautiful mesh & chain jewelry. Crimp [Bead & Tube]: a tiny, metal, collapsible finding used to secure (block off or clamp) the ends of bead stringing wire so that the beads don’t slip off during the design process. Crimp Beads are rounded & look like tiny metal beads, except they’re hollow. Crimp Tubes are simply tiny metal tubes. Both work by having the stringing wire put through them, then the crimps are flattened either with Crimping Pliers or Chain Nose Pliers. Crochet: the process of creating fabric by interlocking loops of a chosen textile (such as yarn & thread), or also leather & wire, using a crochet hook. Crochet Hook: (or crochet needle) is an implement used to make loops in thread or yarn and to interlock them into crochet stitches. It is basically a round shaft pointed on one end, with a lateral groove behind it. The point eases the insertion of the hook through the material being crocheted and the groove makes it possible to pull a loop back through the material. Drape: to hang, fall, lay or become arranged in a specified manner or style. Fabulousity: the state of being exceedingly fabulous! Finding: a jewelry-making term for any metal component used to connect and/or assemble jewelry. Gauge (Wire): the measurement of the thickness of wire or metal sheet: the higher the number, the thinner the metal. Jump Ring: a piece of wire formed into a loop, usually round, and used to connect together jewelry components. Jump rings are sometimes offered in other shapes besides round, including oval, triangle, square and more. They are the primary components of chainmaille weaving. Kerf: the gap (space) between the cut ends of a jump ring that indicate the width of the saw blade used to cut the jump rings. Macrame: the art of hand knotting natural, synthetic or leather fiber using specific techniques which results in elaborately patterned, lace-like webbing that is used for decorative, utilitarian or adornment purposes. Memory Wire: a steel wire which holds (or “remembers”) its preformed circular shape. Available in multiple sizes to make necklaces, bracelets and rings. Memory wire jewelry does not require a clasp, using wire tension to keep jewelry on. Memory Wire Cutters: shears made specifically to easily cut hard wires such as steel memory wire and precious metals. They create a straight, flat cutoff and work just as effectively for headpins as well. Pliers, Chain Nose: available versions are long-nose, short-nose & curved/bent-nose styles. All are used to grip components at difficult angles; reach into tight places; open/close jump rings; bend wire & help to stabilize a design while working. Long-nose allows a further reach into tight spaces, while short-nose provides more strength & stability. Curved/bent-nose also provides strength & stability, but does so without obstructing one’s line of vision. Pliers, Crimping: pliers that are designed with multiple grooved openings that will accommodate crimp beads & crimp tubes. Pliers, Flat Nose: available in long-nose & short-nose versions, they are used to bend wire and hold beads & other components in place without damaging them. The jaws have a flat inside surface that’s useful for stabilizing jump rings, flattening wire & creating sharp corners for wireworking. The long version gives greater reach, and the short version provides stability & strength. Pliers, Needle Nose: are quite similar to chain-nose styles, as they have flat inner jaws and curved outer jaws. These pliers have a longer and thinner jaw that tapers to more of a point at the end. This shape difference makes them useful for gripping items in especially small spaces. Pliers, Parallel Action: pliers used for compressing or bending when flattening wire and setting stone mountings. Their smooth jaws will not mar metal. They are also indispensable when using stainless steel and bronze jump rings for chainmaille creations. Pliers, Round Nose: primarily used to make various sized loops in wirework applications. Great for wire-wrapping and making headpins & eyepins. Sequins: disk-shaped beads with a center hole that are used for decorative purposes. In earlier centuries, they were made from shiny metals. Today, sequins are most often made from plastic. They are available in a wide variety of colors and geometrical shapes. Sequins are commonly used on clothing, jewelry, handbags, shoes and other accessories. Soldering : is a process in which two or more items (usually metal) are joined together by melting and putting a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Stainless Steel: a steel alloy composed primarily of iron and at least 10% – 11% chromium. Its resistance to staining and corrosion increases with increasing chromium content. The chromium content is also what helps stainless steel maintain its lustre, thereby making it an ideal material for myriad applications – including jewelry making. Statement Necklace: a necklace that makes a very dramatic impression due to its size (usually large & eye-catching), its color(s), its components, or all of the above. It can be constructed of virtually any type of material(s), and fashioned with multiple layers. (In my opinion you’ll either love it or not; rarely is there much room for ambivalence.) Textile: a type of material composed of natural or synthetic fibers suitable for weaving. Types of textiles include animal-based material such as wool or silk, plant-based material such as linen and cotton, and synthetic material such as polyester and rayon. Textiles are often associated with the production of clothing. Wire, Craft: an inexpensive, easily manipulated type of wire used to make jewelry. The two most common types are colored plastic coated & colored enamel coated wire. While Craft Wire is generally sold without a defined level of hardness specified on the packaging, it is usually soft & malleable. Care must be exercised when handling Craft Wire because the plastic or enamel coating can be scratched off if the wire is handled carelessly. Also, the color coatings can change if exposed to ultraviolet light. Wire, Beading: composed of multiple strands of metal wire woven or twisted together and coated with a thin layer of nylon or plastic. it is soft and flexible.

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While we can all feel sad, moody, low or irritable from time to time, some people experience these feelings intensely, for extended periods of time and sometimes without any apparent reason. This is called a depressive episode if those symptoms, combined with others, last for at least 14 days in a row. Then it is more than just a low mood or feeling irritable and it can be a serious illness that has an impact on both physical and mental health. Depression affects how people feel about themselves. They may lose interest in work, school, hobbies and doing things they would normally enjoy. They may lack energy, have difficulty sleeping or sleep more than usual. Some people feel irritable and some find it hard to concentrate. Depression makes life more difficult to manage from day to day. And in some rare cases, it can result in the death of the sufferer due to suicide. Depression in men Depression is a loaded word in our culture. Many associate it, however wrongly, with a sign of weakness and excessive emotion. This is especially true with men. Depressed men are less likely than women to acknowledge feelings of self-loathing and hopelessness. Instead, they tend to complain about fatigue, irritability, sleep problems, and loss of interest in work and hobbies. Other signs and symptoms of depression in men include anger, aggression, violence, reckless behaviour, and substance abuse. Even though depression rates for women are twice as high as those in men, men are a higher suicide risk, especially older men. Depression in women Rates of depression in women are twice as high as they are in men. This is due in part to hormonal factors, particularly when it comes to premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), postpartum depression, and premenopausal depression. As for signs and symptoms, women are more likely than men to experience pronounced feelings of guilt, sleep excessively, overeat, and gain weight. Women are also more likely to suffer from seasonal affective disorder. Depression in teens While some depressed teens appear sad, others do not. In fact, irritability—rather than depression—is frequently the predominant symptom in depressed adolescents and teens. A depressed teenager may be hostile, grumpy, or easily lose his or her temper. Unexplained aches and pains are also common symptoms of depression in young people. Left untreated, teen depression can lead to problems at home and school, drug abuse, self-loathing—even irreversible tragedy such as homicidal violence or suicide. But with help, teenage depression is highly treatable. Depression in older adults The difficult changes that many older adults face—such as bereavement, loss of independence, and health problems—can lead to depression, especially in those without a strong support system. However, depression is not a normal part of aging. Older adults tend to complain more about the physical rather than the emotional signs and symptoms of depression, and so the problem often goes unrecognised. Depression in older adults is associated with poor health, a high mortality rate, and an increased risk of suicide, so diagnosis and treatment are extremely important. Older adults are particularly vulnerable to becoming over medicated and the consequent negative side effects. The Kusnacht Practice has pioneered the treatment of depression without the use of prescription medications. Treatment is based on a treatment plan precisely tailored to the client’s needs and is created following: a review of their medical file, a comprehensive medical examination, three assessments, biochemical (including neurochemistry) and genetic testing and analysis that we complete during the first few days of their stay with us. We treat the entire person: body, mind and soul. Our priority is to identify and treat the underlying causes of the depression, not just the symptoms with prescription medication. In our experience, prescription pharmaceuticals often don’t work well enough for many people and their side effects create new psychological and physical health problems. Our goal is for the client to leave The Kusnacht Practice with the knowledge and skills to live a happy and productive life, free from depression and prescription medications. Read more about our treatment approach here. Dr. med. Konrad Hitz, Medical Director, The Kusnacht Practice

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Below the Cascades of the Columbia River the Corps of Discovery passed into yet another natural region, the thick rain forest of the Northwest Coast. Many Indian villages dotted the banks of the Columbia, some of them inhabited by people frightened by the coming of strangers. Fortunately the sight of Sacagawea and her baby convinced them that the newcomers were not a war party. Near the mouth of the Willamette River they reentered the world of previously known geography, for boats of George Vancouver's British expedition had penetrated this far up the Columbia in 1792. For November 7, 1805, Clark was able to note "Ocian in view! O! the joy." In fact, he was premature, for what they were seeing was only the wide estuary of the Columbia. Within a few days, however, Lewis and a few men pushing ahead did reach the coast. Their satisfaction at attaining their long-sought goal was considerably dampened by the weather, the characteristic rain and storms of the Northwest Coast winter. The party was trapped for days on the northern shore of the estuary, unable to move because of high winds and gigantic waves. "All wet and disagreeable" is an expression occurring frequently in Clark's journals, and on November 22, still immobilized, he burst out. "O! how horriable is the day." Their discomfort was not altered by seeing the Chinook Indians paddle their canoes across rough waters the explorers did not dare attempt. They had arrived where they had longed to be, and they knew that the mountain winter would make the return east impossible for some months. Their immediate problem was to find a place near the coast to wait out the winter. There seemed to be no really suitable spot on the north side of the Columbia. Considering whether to winter on the coast, intolerably wet but offering the possibility of contact with a ship, or to seek some drier inland spot up the Columbia, the captains took the step, rare in the annals of exploration, of taking a vote of the party. Even York, the slave, and Sacagawea, the Indian woman, had their opinions recorded. The final decision was to cross to the south side of the Columbia to seek a location with adequate game and proper timber to build a stockade. After a few days of searching, on December 7 they picked a site on the banks of what is now called Lewis and Clark River some miles from the coast. While Clark set out on the next day for the coast to find a site for a saltmaking camp, Lewis and the men began felling trees for what they would call Fort Clatsop after the local Indian tribe. Here would be their home for the next three and one half months, until March 23, 1806. It was a sojourn marked not by the fierce cold and snow of the previous winter at Fort Mandan but by rain, storms, and gray skies. They did not starve, but food was neither plentiful nor good. The inability to preserve meat in the damp climate meant that they lived much of the time on spoiled elk, fish, and roots. Relations with the local Indians were not as satisfactory as they had been at Fort Mandan. The captains found many of the natives' customs and attitudes repugnant and thought they demanded too high a price for the food and other goods they furnished. Although the Indians never manifested real hostility, the commanders took strict security measures to insure the safety of the party. The quest for food kept hunting parties out constantly, elk being the chief game animal. Reports of a whale stranded some distance down the coast led Clark to set out on January 6 to seek this possible source of meat, with a party of eleven men. Sacagawea insisted on going to see the ocean and the big fish, taking her baby and her husband with her. Clark found that the Tillamook Indians had already stripped the whale, but he was able to purchase a few hundred pounds of meat and a few gallons of oil and returned to the fort on January 10. The captains had had hopes of meeting American or British seagoing traders, from whom they might obtain supplies and send dispatches home, but none were in the area during the winter although there was abundant evidence of their contact with the local people. A Russian ship seeking a location for a new settlement arrived off the mouth of the Columbia just before the Americans left, but they were unable to enter the river and the two parties never met. The captains did not lack occupation. Lewis resumed his journal-keeping on the first day of 1806, after a lapse of over three months. For the remainder of his stay at Fort Clatsop he devoted himself to making a detailed record of the natural history and human culture of the coast and the region west of the Rockies. Clark has occasionally received credit for the first descriptions of many new species, but it now appears that he simply borrowed material originally written by Lewis, while copying Lewis's journals. At no other time did they devote so much space to the description of plants and animals and the life and material culture of the native peoples, the record of a land little known to the outside world. Included with these descriptions were an unprecedented number of sketches, in the journals themselves, of plants, animals, and artifacts. The number of drawings other than maps in these Fort Clatsop journals far surpasses those found in the rest of the captains' writings, the product of enforced leisure in a strange, new environment. Besides the many plant and animal species pictured, there was a record of the great variety of canoe types, of native clothing, implements and weapons, and diagrams of the local methods of deforming the heads of infants, with the results. The captains first noted the transition in the Columbia gorge from the dry ponderosa pine–white oak forest on the east to the moist Douglas fir–western hemlock–Sitka spruce forests on the west. Among plant species first described by Lewis are the Oregon crabapple, Oregon grape, dull Oregon grape, and salal (all sketched in the journals and appearing in this volume), along with trees like Sitka spruce, grand fir, and western white pine. Among new animal discoveries were the greater white-fronted goose, the northern fulmar, the eulachon, and the sage grouse (all pictured in volume 6), and also the Columbia black-tailed deer, the steelhead trout, the mountain beaver (which is not a beaver), and the Oregon bobcat. While Lewis wrote, Clark worked on his maps of the first transcontinental journey by Anglo-Americans. We know much less about the enlisted men, except that they were kept busy hunting and making moccasins for the return trip, and that the captains were sufficiently concerned about veneral disease that they finally asked for a pledge that none of the party would have anything more to do with the native women. Minor illnesses flourished because of the dampness and cold. Boredom, sickness, a monotonous diet, and the dreary weather all enhanced their impatience to start on the trip for home as soon as they reasoned that the melting snows of the Rockies would allow their passage. The captains knew that the Nez Perces, with whom they had left their horses on the trip west, would head east of the Rockies to hunt buffalo as soon as the snow in the higher mountains receded. They were anxious to secure their horses, cross the mountains, and explore new trails the Shoshones had told them about—a more direct route from the eastern end of the Indian road across the mountains to the Great Falls of the Missouri and also to carry out a separate exploration of the Yellowstone River. They had planned to leave on April 1, after preparing what food and clothing they could obtain and leaving messages in the fort and with the Indians for any sea traders who arrived after their depature. If any disaster overwhelmed the Corps on the journey home, some record of their achievement might thus still reach the United States. Eagerness to be on the move prompted them to move up the date to March 20, then bad weather and the need to secure additional canoes held them another two days. Lewis and Clark feared that the price the Indians wanted for another canoe would so badly deplete their small stock of trade goods as to cripple their ability to obtain needed supplies on the way home. The captains succumbed to temptation and violated their longstanding and consistently observed rule against stealing Indian property and sent out a party to take an unattended canoe nearby, rationalizing that the Clatsops had taken elk that the expedition hunters had shot and left. On March 22, Lewis wrote, "we determined to set out tomorrow at all events."

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How educators could help tackle religious segregation Educators could be doing more to address the challenges and obstacles faced by Muslim students in modern times, a new research report published today in the Journal of Language, Identity and Education suggests. The research examines the experiences of Muslim ESL (English as a second language) students whilst studying in the US to identify what challenges they are faced with in their day-to-day life and how these could be overcome with the help of educators. Based on his own experiences or experiences of those known personally, author Mohamed Yacoub outlines what "knapsack of invisible privileges" Muslim ESL students would like to possess. These include basic wishes which most students would take for granted such as being seen equally alongside other classmates in all senses, with similar political, personal and educational concerns. The research highlights some ways in which anti-Muslim hostility takes place, including vandalizing mosques, online cyberbullying and writing racist graffiti. Author Yacoub commented, "students undergo situations that indicate public space and some cities in the USA are exclusive to the dominant culture, and that any religious diversity is not welcome." It is identified that there are four main external factors which shape the identity of Muslim ESL students including other students, the media, society and importantly professors. In the current political climate, it is identified that Muslim ESL students feel weakened and marginalized and henceforth do not speak up or protest about inappropriate treatment. Yacoub outlines how educators could be assisting Muslim ESL student's positive self-image with activities such as coming up with counter arguments to rhetoric from anti-Muslim media channels, or creating a better dialogue or events that tell people who they really are. Partaking in activities such as these would allow the students to understand how important they are to the United States, and how important the United States is to them. Author Yacoub said, "In the current political climate it is essential to highlight the unheard voice of international Muslim students in the United States." It is warned however that these findings are not representative of the entire Muslim population in the US and should not be taken as such. The author recommends more empirical research into Muslim students' identity would be beneficial in order to further the field of the study and the findings of this research.

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I keep thinking to myself…there has to be a better way to explain Preterite vs Imperfect verbs! My students often struggle to comprehend the “completed action vs. no definite beginning or end” etc. etc. etc. I haven’t figured out a better way to ‘explain’ it. But I figured perhaps through manipulating the language, identifying the differences, practice, practice, practice, etc., perhaps it’d reinforce the difference and students would be more successful. The unit includes a movie script and several worksheets which students will use to practice, identify and discuss preterite vs. imperfect. I made a speaking activity, where students walk around and have other students describe the picture they’re given. I’ll be trying the speaking activity on Monday. Fingers crossed it’s a raving success!

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Veterinary nurses, also known as veterinary technicians, work under the supervision of a veterinarian to help treat and care for injured or sick animals. Much like a nurse helping a doctor, a veterinary nurse performs many of the same duties a veterinarian does during the treatment of an injured or ill animal. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, veterinary technologists and technicians earned a median annual salary of $29,710 in May 2010. Employment is expected to grow 52 percent from 2010 to 2020, much faster than the 14 percent growth projected for all occupations. There are many jobs around the clinic for a veterinary nurse. You'll need to hold the animals and help calm them down during checkups and while treatment is being administered. Every animal in your care will need a nursing plan. If they need blood, urine or other samples, it's the nurse's job to obtain the samples and, in many cases, do the lab work in the clinic. Animals might also need X-rays, stitches removed or vaccines administered. The veterinary nurse is responsible for sterilizing instruments and equipment before surgery and assisting during operations. If an animal needs emergency first aid, the veterinary nurse needs to be able to administer it. Anyone entering veterinary nursing should like working with animals since a large part of the job is hands-on. A veterinary nurse is responsible for caring for the animals staying in the clinic. This can include feeding animals, cleaning their cages, grooming them and taking them out for exercise. It can also include observing the behavior and condition of animals. Medications and injections must be administered at the correct time, and post-op animals need to be monitored to ensure that any complications are caught quickly. Animals that are scheduled for surgery need to be prepped, which means shaving animals before spaying them or ensuring they don't have food before surgery. In biomedical labs or other research facilities, veterinary nurses might ensure that all animals are treated humanely. Administrative and People-Related Duties In addition to helping with animals, veterinary nurses update owners on their pets' progress and dispense advice about proper animal care. At a smaller clinic, you might be expected to take on reception or administrative duties and handle extra paperwork. The position usually requires collecting, recording and maintaining case histories. If furry patients are panicking in the waiting room or not getting along, you might have to step in and help get the animals under control. A veterinary nurse might work for a private clinic, animal hospital, testing lab, rescue league, boarding kennel, biomedical lab, zoo or government entity. Although helping sick or injured animals recover is a rewarding achievement, the job does present certain challenges. Nursing animals back to health can be emotionally and physically demanding. A veterinary nurse's day may involve helping to euthanize an abused animal or helping an owner deal with the loss of a beloved family pet. Handling sick or injured animals presents the risk of being bitten or scratched. - Thinkstock/Stockbyte/Getty Images

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In a Marsden Hartley painting beats the dark heart of the twentieth century. The thin slice of globe-trotting work from 1913-1915 presaged some of the most ecstatic and iconic tropes to come. In a Marsden Hartley painting is the synthetic seed of Pollock’s urgency and John’s cool, detached symbology. Both men seemed to filch from Hartley’s rainbow palette, alternately whipped into creamy pastels or shot through with matte, inky blacks. The brief period straddling the outbreak of World War I that is the whole of this show covers three distinct styles from these three crucial years in three modest rooms. There is an an almost ecclesiastical triangularity in the clamoring, upwardly mobile composition of the paintings done in pre-war Berlin, on a Steiglitz-funded jaunt through Europe intended to “complete” the then 36-year-old’s education. The plaintive joy of pageantry in The Warriors (1913) is anchored by a central curving shape, like a pope’s hat, or a section of cupola off the Florence Cathedral, or a seated Buddha—yet the ultimate point of convergence seems just out of frame. Marsden Hartley, Portrait, c.1914-15, Oil on canvas, 32 1/4 x 21 1/2 inches; The Collection of Frederick R. Weismen Art Museum at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Bequest of Hudson D. Walker from the lone and Hudson D. Walker Collection. In a Marsden Hartley painting is a picture of Modernism as a broken promise. After the death of Lieutenant Karl von Freyberg, a young soldier whose exact relationship to Hartley is never fully parsed, the colors grow bolder, popping against those heartbreaking chalkboard-black backgrounds. (The conservationist’s referendum makes it yet unclear if this development is a straightforward act of mourning or simply a by product of Hartley’s reuse of canvases at that time.) The spectacle of war is no longer an orderly parade, but an inextricable field of signs. Portrait of a German Officer (1914) is not a neatly arranged stack of traits, but a wrangling of evocations, a radial composition on the verge of explosion. Marsden Hartley, Abstraction (Military Symbols), 1914-15, Oil on canvas, 39 1/4 x 32 inches; Toledo Museum of Art, Purchased with funds from the Libbey Endowment, Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey, 1980. In a Marsden Hartley painting is the wintry tang of a college crush—the aloof magnetism of that well-traveled American boy who somehow alighted in the periphery of your mundane suburban topography. You can never know this boy because he loves boys, but this hurt allows the interiority of men to be as vast and unknowable as your own. Maybe it allows you to leave as well. In a Marsden Hartley painting is hidden the key to its own mysteries, made just for you: “What I have to say is not local or material.” (Image on top: Marsden Hartley, The Iron Cross, 1915, oil on canvas, 47 ¼ × 47 ¼ inches; © Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, Washington University in St. Louis; university purchase, Bixby Fund, 1952)

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April 9, 2010, Wageningen, the Netherlands – Scientists from the Plant Sciences Group of Wageningen UR have developed a system for the automated evaluation of the germination capacity of large quantities of seed samples. |Start of the germination of a seed of Arabidopsis, seen through a microscope. PHOTO COURTESY WAGENINGEN UR| Details of the system, called the ‘Germinator,’ have been published in the scientific journal The Plant Journal. Germinator uses image analysis among other methods and was initially intended for the research of thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) seeds. The system is available free of charge to laboratories that carry out major research into plant seeds, including inspection authorities, universities, research institutes and seed companies. All will save a great deal of time and money thanks to Germinator. Ronny Joosen, scientist at the Plant Physiology chair group of the Plant Sciences Group, is one of the developers of the Germinator system and the principal author of the article in The Plant Journal. “Germinator is an intelligent combination of three elements,” Joosen explains. “Firstly, it involves designing the test and creating the administration required for the research to ensure that the samples are studied in sufficient repeats and ‘at random.’ Germinator then uses image analysis to determine the un-germinated seeds in a fast and reliable way. Unlike other systems, Germinator does not require precise positioning of the seeds and this flexibility means the system can be used effectively in large-scale experiments. Thirdly, the system rapidly calculates hundreds of germination curves, allowing for the comparison of the germination characteristics of large numbers of seed samples.” Germination capacity is a very important characteristic of plant seeds. Seeds that do not germinate sufficiently affect the initial phase of the crop, which eventually results in lower yields or a lower yield quality. The germination percentage of seeds is so vital that seed batches can be rejected because of it. Rejected seed batches represent an enormous loss for seed companies. The research group that developed Germinator studies the genetic background of seed quality using thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), among other species. Thale cress is a model plant that is often used for biological research. However, seeds of thale cress are very small and the challenge of manually counting the germination has prevented it from being deployed in large-scale experiments. The development of Germinator means this time-consuming and mind-numbing process is a thing of the past and many seed laboratories have already started using the system. In addition to thale cress, Germinator is also being used to evaluate rapeseed germination and it is expected the system will be suitable for many more plant species. Calculating germination curves is a separate module and thus applicable to all plant species. The scientists have also used Germinator in their own research, including a successful study into the natural variation of saline tolerance in the germination of thale cress seeds. “This study proved that by using Germinator a single person could easily evaluate thousands of germination tests in one day,” says Joosen. “Now we can finally start focusing on some very large-scale experiments.” More information is available at http://www.wageningenseedlab.nl/germinator.

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Yet for many of these refugees, married off against their will, the terror has already begun. They are 11 and 13 and 14 years old. Some of them are pregnant. Some are already mothers at 14. Their husbands are 25 or 38 or 40. And there is no escape. "Child marriage existed in Syria before the start of the conflict," reports Girls Not Brides, a global partnership aimed at ending child marriage worldwide, "but the onset of war and the mass displacement of millions of refugees has led to a dramatic rise in the number of girls married as children." Indeed, since the start of the refugee crisis, UNICEF reports, as many as "one-third of registered marriages among Syrian refugees in Jordan between January and March 2014 involved girls under 18," with some as young as 11. In many cases, these marriages are set up by well-meaning parents who believe their daughters would be safer in the asylum centers if married and so, less likely to be approached sexually by strange men. In other instances, the daughters are sold off by parents who can no longer afford to keep them, or given in marriage to men already planning to leave Syria in the hopes that, once the couple arrives in the West, the parents can then legally join them. But girls married in their early teens and younger face dark futures, according to Girls Not Brides. They are more likely to live in poverty, often are physically and emotionally abused, are at higher risk for sexually transmitted diseases, and are vulnerable to complications during childbirth – some of them fatal. The plight of refugee child brides, which some authorities now call a crisis, first came to light in October last year, when 14-year old Fatema Alkasem vanished from a refugee center in the Netherlands along with her husband. She was nine months pregnant at the time. Alkasem's disappearance led to an emergency session of Parliament, and the ratification of a long-delayed bill that would automatically dissolve the marriage of a minor, even if performed legally in the country where the nuptials took place. Under the revised law, the husbands of minors who continue living with their wives could be prosecuted for rape and deported. Where needed, the wives would receive special medical and psychological care and, wherever possible, placed in Dutch foster homes. The impact of the case reached far beyond the Netherlands, where an average of three child brides arrives each week. With 15 million girls worldwide forced into marriage every year, and with child marriages among Syrian refugees skyrocketing, the problem of protecting these girls is now a global one. But while the Netherlands has taken an aggressive stance to protect these young brides, who are often sexually abused, other countries are more circumspect, even as the crisis deepens. In Norway, for instance, officials determined in December that 61 underage migrants were already married when they arrived (including one 11-year-old girl). But it was the publicized tale of a 14-year-old girl arriving with her 18-month-old child and 23-year-old husband, also in December, that ignited public outcry and prompted new focus by the government on the issue. Police sought to prosecute the case on criminal grounds, noting that Norway's age of consent for sexual relations is 16. Yet others, such as feminist activist Unni Wikan, argued to the contrary, that Norway "might have to accept that underage refugees are married and have children." At this writing, the debate is still ongoing. Opinions are also mixed in Denmark, where a January report of the country's asylum system revealed that 27 underage girls were married, including two 14-year-olds, one of whom was pregnant. Speaking to newspaper Metroexpress, conservative party spokesman Naser Khadir minced no words: "It's called pedophilia when a man gets a 14-year-old pregnant," he said. "We can give asylum to the 14-year-old, but we should kick the grown man out." The husband in this case is said to be 24. In the interim, asylum-seekers under the age of 15 – Denmark's legal age of consent – are to be separated from their spouses and their cases reviewed by immigration officials. But here, too, some believe that it is better to recognize such marriages. Prominent Danish imam Oussama El Saadi of Aarhus told Metroexpress that these marriages are "part of the culture" of the refugees, and so should be looked at "differently," according to the Copenhagen Post. Whatever one thinks of such reasoning, there is one urgent argument to support the idea that Europe should recognize these marriages, or at least find alternatives to simply rejecting them: the risk these girls face of becoming the targets of honor killings, murdered by their estranged husbands or even their own parents. A young woman who has been married – and especially one who has given birth – is no longer seen as "pure" in strict Islamic culture, thereby sullying her family's reputation. The only recourse, in far too many Muslim families, is to cleanse the family through her blood – or murder. Even if she were to be spared such a fate, a Muslim man would be unlikely to marry her in future. These are concerns European governments must consider in helping these young women. In the Netherlands, officials already are taking the threat of honor killings seriously. In an e-mail, Parliamentarian Aatje Kuiken, a member of the Dutch labor party (PvdA) who was instrumental in changing the minority marriage laws, said that special teams have been set up to focus on the issue, and give the girls extra protection where needed. Hopefully, other countries will swiftly follow suit. In Norway, however, officials are taking a different approach: providing classes for migrant men on the appropriate treatment of women. Such courses in European codes of behavior and ideas about sexuality and sexual norms, according to the New York Times, establish "a simple rule that all asylum seekers need to learn and follow: 'to force someone into sex is not permitted in Norway, even when you are married to that person.'" Such classes currently are voluntary, suggesting that those men who most need them, those more inclined to insist on the social norms of their home countries, and who firmly maintain that their wives are their property, are actually the most unlikely to enroll. Still, the initiative offers hope and could provide a model for other states and the possibility of long-term progress – if not to change the lives of these young child brides, perhaps, one day, to change their daughters'. Abigail R. Esman, the author, most recently, of Radical State: How Jihad Is Winning Over Democracy in the West (Praeger, 2010), is a freelance writer based in New York and the Netherlands.

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The sudden abundance of natural gas in the US triggered a startling divergence of crude oil and natural gas prices that, in turn, has energized the advocates of using more gas in transportation. Yet despite the availability of wholesale natural gas at less than $0.60 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE), and with retail compressed natural gas (CNG) prices under $2.00/GGE in many locations, natural gas accounted for less than 3% of US transportation energy consumption in 2011--most of it attributable to pipeline compressors. The picture is very different in countries like Italy and Pakistan, where CNG has a significant market share in motor fuels. As the US looks ahead to greater reliance on secure domestic gas for road transport, it's worth considering why other countries have such a big head start. The obstacles to greater market penetration by natural gas in transportation are well known. CNG and LNG (liquefied natural gas) require new infrastructure. Many more retail gas facilities would be needed to assure motorists of convenient access at service stations. CNG takes a separate dispenser and compressor on the forecourt, while LNG requires both a new pump and insulated storage. Where pipeline gas is unavailable, such as in parts of the northeast, additional investments in the local "gas grid" may also be necessary. Vehicle conversion costs represent another significant barrier. Engine modifications and crash-resistant fuel tanks add significant costs for both new vehicles and retrofits. Even with gas priced well below gasoline or diesel fuel, the payback for these costs can be lengthy. That's one reason that gas has made greater strides in bus, truck and delivery fleets in the US than for personal cars, since the more intensive use of such vehicles substantially shortens the resulting payout periods. Countries with high gas-vehicle penetration typically have government policies and incentives in place to promote the use of gas by mitigating these obstacles. Italy leads the EU in CNG vehicle adoption, with more than 11% of new passenger cars equipped for natural gas last year. That compares to 0.01% for the US in 2012, where only one CNG model, a Honda, was sold. The Italian government promotes natural gas use in vehicles both directly and indirectly. The country provides a subsidy of €700 ($945) to purchasers of CNG automobiles, while manufacturers like Fiat offer discounts to expand their market for CNG cars. Incentives were even larger a few years ago. The government also makes retail petroleum products extraordinarily expensive with high taxes. So even though Italy is a large net importer of natural gas, CNG is much cheaper than gasoline or diesel at the pump. Fuel availability may also have something to do with the disparity in adoption rates. Despite having an 83% smaller overall vehicle population , Italy has over 40% more CNG or "Autogas" refueling stations than the entire US, at around 900. This is due in part to state-level incentives, with 50-70% of the cost of a new CNG filling station reimbursed by regions such as Liguria, Lombardy, and Piemonte. In terms of market penetration, Pakistan, which appears to be self-sufficient in gas, leads the world in natural gas vehicles, at 80%. That translates into over 2 million CNG vehicles, the result of a determined effort on the part of the government to reduce imports of petroleum by shifting to domestic fuels, with gas as its best option. This is a common theme in the non-oil-exporting developing world, where oil imports impose a large drag on national trade balances. CNG use in Iran is even higher than in Pakistan, as an unintended consequence of protracted international sanctions. For the US, where oil production is increasing and oil imports declining, a shift to natural gas for transportation is likely to remain an opportunity, rather than a matter of necessity. The "NATGAS Act", a bill proposing incentives for CNG and LNG along the lines of the Italian model has languished in the US Congress for several years. It remains to be seen whether this will become a higher priority in the new Congress, which has shown early signs of interest in breaking the recent logjam on energy legislation. In the meantime, adoption of natural gas vehicles in the US will proceed based on market forces, supported by a small advantage in the way CNG cars are counted in manufacturers' fleets under the stringent federal fuel economy regulations issued last summer. That could lead to natural gas fueling 3% of US vehicles --mostly trucks--by 2020, based on the analysis of a partner at McKinsey & Co. Much like the case for energy efficiency investments, the available savings indicate a much larger potential, but funds for CNG/LNG transport must compete with other priorities. A slightly different version of this posting was previously published on the of Pacific Energy Development Corporation.

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Controlling The Commissariat Of all the tasks that faced the First Fleeters, both before sailing and on arrival in N.S.W., that of managing the commissariat must have been, to use a modern expression, "mind-blowing". What to take ? There were literally thousands of items that were quite basic. The list included such items as axes, shovels, hoes, iron pots, wooden platters, fishing nets and hooks, candles, bedding and clothes. How to issue the stores ? What they brought with them were virtually the only supplies in the colony. The officer in charge of the stores was the Commissary. The first man to hold this important position was Andrew Miller. He came on H M S Sirius with Phillip, and for a short time, he was Secretary. Miller found the job fraught with problems, even when he was given a trustworthy assistant, Zachariah Clark. There was no coinage, and assigned servants had to be paid in rum, tobacco, tea, sugar, clothing, flour, salt pork or rice. Free workmen were paid in notes on the British Treasury. Miller's health broke down under the strain, and he resigned in 1790. He died on the return journey to England. Another first fleeter, John Palmer, took up the task of handling the stores. He had the experience at handling and issuing stores as the purser on the "Sirius". He became the commissary in June 1791. The job had become more complicated now, for, besides issuing government stores, he was responsible for negotiating with merchants to buy in new stores. He arranged the deals, fixed the prices and drew up treasury bills for payments. He had to keep accounts and virtually act as banker to the colony. Palmer, sophisticated and self-confident, with a friendly personality and good intellect, handled his great responsibilities well. He decided to stay in the colony, brought out his family and built himself a fine house at Woolloomooloo. Here he entertained the highest gentry in the colony. He was seated at the Governor's table on the night of Bligh's arrest in the Rum Rebellion. His support of the governor involved him in difficulties with the N.S.W. Corps, but he was re-instated by Macquarie. However, the commissariat was re-structured, and Palmer lost some of his power. But he remained an influential man in the colony till his death in 1833. Another first fleeter employed in the commissariat was William Broughton who came on the "Charlotte" as servant to surgeon White. He was the first storekeeper at Rose Hill, but his most important work was done as acting deputy commissary of Norfolk Island. He also held the position in the commissariat in Sydney and Hobart. he was highly praised for his honesty and hard work by Macquarie. Later he took up farming and stayed to found a family in the colony. Australia was fortunate to have men of such character to put in charge of the housekeeping requirements of the young colony. Return to Stories

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Home Remedies To Prevent Bladder Infections. Bladder infections also known as cystitis or inflammation of the bladder or urinary tract infection (UTI) are common in women. They are caused by bacteria or germs that enter through the urethra and travel into the bladder. Usually, bladder infections are not serious if treated immediately. Fortunately there are some precautions that can be taken in order to prevent this infection. Continue Reading To Learn About The Different Ways To Prevent Bladders Infection 1. Increase Your Fluid Intake To reduce the risk of developing a bladder infection, make sure to drink an ample amount of water throughout the day. Drinking more water helps in two ways. It helps flush out the infection-causing bacteria from your bladder, and also helps dilute your urine so that you can urinate more easily without feeling pain or burning sensations. - Drink at least 8 to 10 glasses of water daily. - Also, drink fruit and vegetable juices or smoothies regularly. - You can also drink soups or broths to increase fluid intake. Note: If you have kidney problems, consult a doctor before increasing your fluid intake. 2. Maintain Good Hygiene Maintaining good hygiene is important for your bladder as well as overall health. - After using the toilet, wipe properly from front to back with toilet tissue. This will prevent germs from entering the urethra. Never wipe twice with the same tissue. - Do not use douches, soaps or deodorants in your vaginal area. The chemicals in these products can destroy the good bacteria in your system. - Wear sanitary pads instead of tampons and change the pads at regular intervals. - Take a shower daily, instead of a bath. If you take a bath, do not use bubble bath products. - After taking a shower, pat dry the vaginal and anal areas with a soft towel rather than rubbing them. - Keep your bathroom clean and avoid using dirty bathrooms or public toilets. 3. Empty Your Bladder as Needed Keeping a full bladder for a long time or delaying the urge to urinate can contribute to a bladder infection. Holding your urine increases the risk of bacterial growth. In addition, it increases pressure on the kidneys, which can cause kidney problems. Hence, urinate frequently to reduce the risk of bladder infections as well as kidney problems. - Use the bathroom as soon as you feel the urge to urinate. Try to empty your bladder completely whenever you urinate. - It is also important to urinate after having sex. It will help flush bacteria away from the urinary tract. 4. Eat Immune-Boosting Foods One of the main functions of the immune system is to prevent and fight off infections. Hence, you need to strengthen your immune system by including some immune-boosting foods in your diet. - Start your day with a glass of lemon water. - Drink 2 to 3 cups of green tea daily. - Drink a glass of warm turmeric milk daily before going to bed. - Eat vitamin C-rich foods like broccoli, kiwi, bell peppers, strawberries, sprouts and tomatoes. Drinking unsweetened cranberry juice can also help prevent infection as it blocks the spread of bacteria. - Eat vitamin D-rich foods like salmon, mackerel, organ meats, cheese and egg yolks. You can also eat vitamin D-fortified foods. - Include ginger and garlic in your cooking. ………..10. Avoid Triggers Several common foods and drinks can irritate your bladder and increase the risk of developing infection. If you have a higher risk of bladder infections, you should avoid such irritants. - Avoid caffeinated drinks like tea and coffee. Instead, drink non-caffeinated herbal teas. Chocolates and certain soda drinks also contain caffeine so avoid them as we well. - Avoid beer, wine and other alcoholic beverages as they can even irritate the bladder and even cause dehydration. - Steer clear of spicy foods. - Stay away from sugary foods and artificial sweeteners. Check Out Top 10 Remedies For All The Ways To Prevent Bladder Infection

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Нашли опечатку? Выделите ее мышкой и нажмите Ctrl+Enter Название: Measurement and Meaning: Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods for the Analysis of Poverty and Social Exclusion in Latin America Авторы: Gacitua-Mario E., Wodon Q. Over the past decade, the World Bank has evolved its analysis and reporting on poverty to a multi-dimensional view which includes issues of social disadvantage, vulnerability, and powerlessness. This broader construct, which considers the concepts of social exclusion and social capital, suggests the need for a greater degree of qualitative research. Qualitative research has proved particularly valuable in identifying social issues while improving the accuracy of quantitative research. This report presents three case studies drawn from World Bank work in Latin America. Each of these studies—one each from Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay—illustrates the gains that can be derived from combining the use of quantitative and qualitative research methods.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

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|Central Asia is a unique territory, where for many centuries interaction between different cultures, ethnic groups and religions took place. The Culture and art of Central Asia was shaped and enriched as a result of influences from such ancient states as Greece, Sasanid Iran, China, India and Byzantium. The influence of these states had effect not only on the works of art, architecture and religious outlook, but also on the numismatics, where traces of the influences of these ancient states can be followed. | | At the same time, it’s possible to see the manifestation of independent unique subjects not only in art, but also in numismatics produced in Central Asia. This is can be seen by coins Chach from 3d-4th centuries A.D., copper coins of Bukhara from 7th-8th centuries A.D., and also numerous emissions of the Turkic rulers of Sogdiana. Of equally great interest are coins - imitations of the Sasanid dirhams - which circulated on Chaghanian territory; here highly interesting and very unusual in their expression are miniature portrait counterstamps of the local rulers, counterstamps of legends in the Bactrian italic script, which convey the names and titles of rulers. The coins of ancient Khwarezm are highly interesting. Surprising in their expression and distinctiveness are images of such Khwarezm rulers as Savshafan, Bravik, etc. The coins of Sogdiana from 1st century B.C. – 1st century A.D. are extremely interesting. They are both imitative emissions, derived from the Seleukid coins, and also independent types such as, for example silver coins of Girkod. The coins issued based on the Chinese coins with square holes in the middle are quite diverse. On these coins Chinese characters are replaced by the Sordian inscriptions conveying names and titles of the Sogdian rulers and tamghas. On this web site, presented are available to us images and descriptions of coins, which had circulated on the territory of Central Asia in the pre-Islamic period. We would appreciate any information about other coins, known to you but missing from our catalog. To the best of our abilities, we will try to consult you on any questions about the numismatics of Central Asia. Copyright ©2002-2010,"VLD & OK"

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Continuing Professional Development (also called CPD) describes the procedure of tracking and recording the abilities, understanding and knowledge that you gain both officially and unofficially as you advance in your career. It’s a record of what you practice, for example, CSCS practice tests, or what you learn and apply on the job and in your daily life. The term is used to mean your physical folder or documentation of your advancements in your career path. Nonetheless, different people use the term “CPD” to indicate a training or development strategy, or which most experts would argue is not especially a fair description of CPD. The CPD process helps you manage your very own development on a continuous basis. The main idea of CPD is to assist you in keeping track of all your accomplishments as you progress both professionally and personally. It helps you reflect and evaluate on what you discover in your journey. Don’t mistake a CPD for a checklist or tick box to keep track of all your training; it is of course more than just that. It would seem to most people like an added responsibility to spend time training, knowing, and carrying out activities. Then monitoring and reporting all those events to make sure that you have proof (for whatever reason). But nowadays, there exist many ingenious ways to preserve your CPD effortlessly. So just how can you keep track of your CPD? Well, the tips below should give you a head start if you struggle to keep an organised record of your CPD 1. Be creative with your thoughts CPD is any task that has aided you to create and expand in your role; it doesn’t necessarily need to be an official assignment or training. Hence, you must always remember every last detail of your activities that count. This could be from networking to completing online tutorials and reviewing publications. 2. Tape-record CPD regularly It only looks like a tremendous job when you delegated everything at the eleventh hour. Put aside a little time weekly to tape-record your CPD task so that you don’t need to do every little thing at the end of the year in one go. Nice and steady is the key here. With consistently doing this, it will quickly become a way of life. 3. Always share your CPD with friends and colleagues It is true with everything that a burden shared is a worry halved. This is no different when it comes to CPD. You should make a habit of sharing your CPD events with others. Also be open to CPD invitations from others. This will help you work on your CPD with other like-minded professionals, thus giving you an extra boost. 4. Check out local opportunities Usually, your CPD will depend on a vast array of regional occurrences and tasks that will no doubt boost your CPD. And in most cases, such events are usually accessible, cost-effective and straightforward to register your attendance. Hence, start looking out for such opportunities and attending them to boost your CPD. 5. Personal and professional With the help of CPD, you can easily navigate through workplace challenges as well as personal hurdles. Hence, make it your mission to push yourself out of your perceived weaknesses continuously. For some, this could be the fear of public speaking. You could challenge yourself to do this, and record it in your CPD. 6. Prevent repetition Following from the above, you may want to avoid repeating the same things over and over again. Why not challenge yourself with new skills, challenges and opportunities? The most benefit from your CPD can come when you decide to step out of your convenience zone. By now, you can understand the importance of CPD. Hence, the benefits resulting from this must not be under-looked. It could mean a career-long defining moment for most professionals. CPD codes of conduct In some cases, a company may require its employees to adhere to the company’s Continuing Professional Development policy or code of conduct. But, the very essence of CPD lies in the individual’s use for personal growth and development. It offers professionals the chance to maintain their knowledge and skills so that they can consistently deliver top quality services in their primary areas of speciality. How can I benefit from CPD? Most will argue that a CPD should be an exciting, fun and engaging process to encourage many professionals to do it. For example, it is often a challenge locating a CPD program that fits in with your other work or personal obligations. In some cases, as you walk out of a program or workshop it is hard sometimes even to recall what was taught. Nonetheless, CPD is essential and you ought to allocate time for it in your busy routine. Here are a few ways CPD can help you: CPD guarantees your capacities keep pace with the current job market requirements in your niche. With CPD you can develop your knowledge and maintain your skills to ensure you provide logical professional solutions to your clients, employers and the community. CPD ensures your expertise remain relevant and up to date. The alternative is that if you stand still, you will get left behind. CPD helps you continuously make a purposeful contribution to your organisation. You will discern an improvement in your level of proficiency in the office as well as in other aspects of your life. This makes it possible to gain career promotions and take on more leadership roles quickly. Furthermore, CPD aids you to stay fired and engaging. No doubt, practice is an extraordinary teacher, since we tend to do what we have done before better. Likewise, CPD opens you new potentialities, a new perception and unique talents. CPD can provide a much more in-depth comprehension of the meaning of being a professional. It can take you to the next level. Moreover, CPD helps you to advance your understanding and knowledge within your profession. Based on your niche, industry or occupation, CPD can have a significant contribution to your way of life, financial situation, safety and overall outlook on life.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

http://techmadeeasy.co.uk/tips-continuing-professional-development/

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The Chaldean Account of Genesis, by George Smith, , at sacred-texts.com Click to enlarge OANNES. FROM NIMROUD SCULPTURE. 2. Reverse of inscribed terra cotta tablet, containing the account of the Deluge, showing the various fragments of which it is composed, 10. 3. Oannes and other Babylonian mythological figures, from cylinder, 39. 4. Composite animals, from cylinder, 41. 5. Fight between Merodach (Bel) and the dragon, to face p. i 6. Sacred tree or grove, with attendant cherubim, from Assyrian cylinder, 89. 7. Sacred tree, seated figure on each side and serpent in background, from an early Babylonian cylinder, 91. 8. Bel encountering the dragon, from Babylonian cylinder, 95. 9. Merodach or Bel armed for the conflict with the dragon, from Assyrian cylinder, 99. 10. Fight between Bel and the dragon, from Babylonian cylinder, 102. 11. Eagle-headed men, from Nimroud sculpture, to face 12. Sacred tree, attendant figures and eagle-headed men, from the seal of a Syrian chief, ninth century B.C., 106. 13. Men engaged in building, from Babylonian cylinder, 158. 14 and 15. Men engaged in building, from Babylonian cylinders, 159. 16. View of Birs Nimrud, the supposed site of the Tower of Babel,162. 17. View of the Babil mound at Babylon, the site of the temple of Bel,163. 18. Tower in stages, from an Assyrian bas-relief,164. 19. Izdubar strangling a lion, from Khorsabad sculpture, to face p. vii 20. Migration of Eastern tribe, from early Babylonian cylinder,188. 21. Bowareyeh Mound at Warka (Erech), site of the temple of Ishtar,237. 22. Izdubar and Heabani in conflict with the lion and bull,239. 23. Izdubar, composite figures, and Hasisadra (Noah) in the ark, from early Babylonian cylinder,257. 24. Composite figures (scorpion men), from an Assyrian cylinder,262. 25. Hasisadra, or Noah, and Izdubar, from an early Babylonian cylinder,283. 26. Mugheir, the site of Ur of the Chaldees,297. 27. Oannes, from Nimroud sculpture, to face p. xv

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This course is aimed at non-technical audiences; although it has been found that technical audiences benefit from this at the start of more in-depth communications courses. The course takes us through the basics of Ethernet switching using short presentations which are then backed up by a series of group (party hats) exercises where people role play data network elements. The course continues in the same way to explore IP routing (baseball caps and sombreros) this time using role play to act out the basic operation of routers and other network devices. The basic function of other networking devices such as DNS and e-mail are also covered in a fun but memorable way. Who would benefit Anyone who wants to have fun whilst learning about Ethernet switching and IP Routing, this course is aimed at both non-technical and technical audiences. No prerequisite knowledge is required although a basic awareness of datacoms and telecommunications would be advisable. Topic areas include - History of the Internet - Introduction to IP Ethernet Essentials - Ethernet Fundamentals - Exercise ‘Ethernet Switching’ - Router Fundamentals - Exercise ‘Routing’ - Applications in IP Networks - Exercise ‘E-mail’ - Life of a Packet We can arrange classroom training, one to one training, or online training to suit your requirements. Learn more We are pleased to be associated with some unique training locations in the UK and further afield. Learn more

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http://www.wraycastle.com/courses/course/ip-ethernet-essentials.aspx

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At Oaklandon School of Environmental Studies, students develop a love and respect for nature as they become strong readers and writers. Students work individually and in small groups to develop problem-solving skills. Hands-on projects that encourage the use of technology and scientific learning tools like microscopes and beakers help to foster children’s natural curiosity. Environmental studies are at the core of the curriculum. Students develop a respect and understanding for the world they live in by participating in hands-on experiences. Oaklandon has an outdoor learning laboratory, pond ecosystem, vegetable and flower gardens, and opportunities to care for live chickens and ducks. Students have the opportunity to work in these areas year-around so they can see first-hand how these environments change and living creatures adapt. All grade levels utilize a Core Curriculum based on Indiana State Standards, taught in all Lawrence Township Schools. The Readers and Writers Workshop approach is used in Language Arts, Balanced Math, Science, Social Studies, and Social Skills & Community Building. Oaklandon is one of four elementary sites that house the district High Ability program. Students in the High Ability program are given learning opportunities and curriculum that address their need for more advanced and accelerated content. High Ability teachers provide many ways for students to use a variety of thinking skills and self-direction to allow for authentic learning at their level. Students are grouped by skills, abilities, and interests among a range of grade levels to ensure that they receive differentiated instruction.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

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The holidays are behind us and before we know it Valentine’s Day will be upon us. We are getting a head start on Valentine’s Day with this Tissue Paper Valentine Heart Craft. Seasonal fun mixed with fine motor practice makes this a great activity to add to your February plans! The two main supplies in this craft are paper plates and tissue paper; items we use for crafts frequently. They are both cheap and easy to find. They come in a large quantity, making them great for a group or class project (or lots of craft projects at home). - Tissue paper- I used red, but pink is also good for Valentine’s Day. - Paper plate - Glue Stick - Printable heart template: Valentine Heart You need something thicker than just regular paper for this project. When I can, I often use a paper plate in place of card stock. I can buy a package of paper plates at the dollar tree for $1. You can also pick up tissue paper there, making this a very inexpensive craft project. The directions for this heart craft are simple and easy, making it ideal for young kids. - Print the heart and use it as a template to cut a heart from the paper plate or card stock if that is what you choose. - Cut or tear the tissue paper into small pieces. - Working in small sections, apply the glue to the heart paper plate. - Crumple the tissue paper and apply to the heart. Continue with this step until the plate is covered. Short on time or need to simplify this craft? Make a smaller heart and/or use bigger pieces of tissue paper. This is a lovely, fun Valentine craft that also works on some areas of development. Fine motor skills get a great workout with this project when they have to separate the pieces of tissue paper, when they tear or cut the tissue paper into smaller pieces, and when they crumple it. The paper also offers a sensory experience for kids as they hear and feel the crumpling of the tissue paper. More Valentine’s Day Fun For even more activities and inspiration for Valentine’s Day, grab our free Valentine alphabet match, work on addition with our candy heart addition cards, or get ideas for fun (and healthy!) Valentine snacks for kids! For math and literacy for the entire month, grab our February Printables Bundle! Latest posts by Kim (see all) - Do a Dot Flower Craft for Kids - April 2, 2017 - Seed Starter Pots That You Can Do in the Classroom - March 4, 2017 - Rainbow Craft for Kids - February 8, 2017

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One of the secrets of escaping underemployment is to be in an occupation where there are lots of college-level jobs—even if a graduate starts off in a non-college job. In our latest report, The Permanent Detour, conducted by Burning Glass Technologies and Strada Institute for the Future of Work, we examined underemployment and its impact on college graduates. Four in 10 graduates end up in jobs that don’t require a degree, and if a worker is underemployed in their first job, they tend to stay that way. Nearly two-thirds of graduates who are underemployed in their first job are still underemployed five years later, with a significant cost in lost salary and opportunities. Yet while the overall picture is clear, workers are more likely to escape underemployment in some occupations than others. For example, underemployed graduates who get their first job in Computer and Mathematical occupations have a roughly 50-50 chance of moving into a college-level job. The “likelihood of escape” is nearly as high for fields like Life, Physical, and Social Sciences; Community and Social Service; and Architecture and Engineering. By contrast, occupations like Building, Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance; Farming, Fishing, and Forestry; and Food Preparation have low likelihood of escape. In these fields, only about a quarter of underemployed graduates move into appropriate jobs within five years. What’s the difference between these occupations? The more college-level jobs there are in an occupation, the more likely it is that graduates will be able to move up into appropriate work. Help desk technicians and community health workers are both non-college jobs, and bachelor’s degree holders in those roles would be underemployed. But information technology and health care both offer many college-level jobs that these workers can move into over time. The non-college jobs can be the “foot in the door” for future advancement. Graduates who start out as restaurant waitstaff don’t have the same long-term career outcomes. Restaurant jobs do offer room for advancement into “back of the house” management and chef roles. But there are far fewer college-level jobs in these fields, and therefore fewer opportunities to move up. In addition, workers in fields with fewer college-level jobs don’t have the same opportunities to develop technical skills employers expect in jobs that require a bachelor’s degree, and may face bias by employers who don’t want to hire workers from lower-skill positions, even if they have the right qualifications. The first job after college is a high-stakes decision, and graduates need to treat it as one—and so does higher education. Postsecondary institutions need to make the transition from school to work as smooth as possible, ensuring that graduates have the skills needed to get and succeed in a first job that offers real opportunities. Otherwise, students will spend up to a decade just trying to catch up with their peers. Read our full report on the Permanent Detour today. To stay up-to-date on the latest news in today’s labor market, follow us on social media and subscribe to our newsletter today.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

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